iiiiiiiiii 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
AT   LOS  ANGELES 


SUPPLEMENT 

TO    THE 

ENCYCLOPEDIA, 

OR 

DICTIONARY 


OF 


ARTS,      SCIENCES, 

AND 

MISCELLANEOUS  LITERATURE. 

IN     THREE     VOLUMES. 
Illustrated   with   Copperplates. 


NON    IGNORO    QU^    BONA    SINT,    FIERI    MELIORA    POSSE    DOCTRINA,    ET    QU.E    NGN    OPTIMA, 
ALIQUO    MODO    ACUI    TAMEN,    ET    CORRIGI    POSSE. — CiCERO. 


VOL.     II. 
ELE PHI 


^|)ilatjelpi)ia : 


PRINTED   Br  BUDD   AND   B^RTR.iM, 

FOR  TIIOiMAS  DOBSON,  AT  THE  STONE  HOUSE, 
N"  41,  SOUTH  SECOND  STREET. 

1803. 


SUPPLEMENT 


TO    T.HE 


AE5 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA. 


E  L  E 
Elfarome-  T^  LECTROMETER,  is  an  inarument  which  mea- 
''^'■-  I  J  lures  the  quantity  of  ele>5lricity  in  any  eleiflrified 
body.  The  moll  common  elecflrometers  are  defcribed 
in  the  article  Electricity  (EncycL),  n"  27,  and  182 
— 233.  A  very  valuable  one  is  likewile  defcribed  in  n° 
85.  of  the  article  Electricity  in  this  Supplement; 
but  there  are  ftill  two  eleftrometers,  of  which  we  have 
hitherto  given  no  account,  though  they  are  of  fuch  va- 
lue, that  to  pals  them  unnoticed  would  be  unpardon- 
able. The  firft,  which  is  by  much  the  moll  accu- 
rate  and  delicate  inflrument  of  the  kind  that  we  have 
leen,  was  invented  by  Mr  Coulomb,  and  is  adapted  to 
afcertain  the  fmalled  quantity  of  redundant  electricity. 
The  fecond  is  a  late  invention  of  Mr  Cuthbertfun,  the 
ingenious  improver  of  the  air-pump,  and  is  employed 
only  to  meafure  the  charge  of  large  jars  and  batteries. 

Electrometer,  by  Mr  Coulomb  of  the  Royal  A- 
cademy  of  Sciences  at  Paris,  defcribed  in  the  Memoirs 
for   1785. 

Mr  Coulomb  had  made  fome  experiments  in  exami- 
nation of  Dr  Hooke's  theory  of  fprings  "  ut  tenjlo  ftc 
vis  ;"  and  found,  that  it  was  furprifingly  exad,  in  re- 
gard to  the  force  neceifary  for  twilling  eladic  wires. 
Having  fufpended  a  nicely  turned  metal  cylinder  by  a 
fine  wire  in  the  direiftion  of  its  axis,  and  having  given 
it  feveral  turns,  and  left  it  to  regain  its  natural  pofilion, 
heobferved,  that  it  performed  all  its  revolution  of  un- 
tvv'illlng  and  twilling  in  times  precifcly  equal,  whether 
ihefe  oTcillations  were  of  a  few  degrees,  or  confiiled  of 
feveral  revolutions.  He  thence  concluded,  that  the 
force  with  which  the  wire  endeavoured  to  regain  its 
natural  pofition  was  exactly  proportional  to  its  dillance 
from  it.  Engaged,  foon  after,  by  order  from  the  Mi- 
nifter  of  Marine,  in  an  examination  of  the  phen^  mcna 
of  the  mariner's  compals,  he  took  this  method  of  fuf- 
pcnding  his  needles,  in  order  10  obtain  exafl  me.ifures 
of  the  forces  which  caul'td  them  to  deviate  from  the 
magnetic  meridian.  He  made  ibmc  obfervations  with 
needles  I'o  fulpendcd  ;  whicii  are  highly  valuable  to  the 
philulbpher  engaged  in  that  liudy.  When  Iiis  fuccefs 
in  this  relearch  had  fully  gratilie  J  liis  wifhes,  he  turned 
his  thuughis  10  the  exuinina'ion  ot  tlie  law  of  electiic 
aiflion  by  the  help  of  an  ck Urometer  liifpendcd  in  the 
fame  manntr.     It  is  con(lru(5leJ  as  loUovs  : 

ABDC  (li^.  I.)  repreiVnts  a  gl  ifs  cylinder,  12 
inclies  in  dianictjr  and  in  heiglit.  This  is  covered  by 
a  gl.ifs  plate  fitted  to  it  by  a  prcjciSing  fillet  on  the  un- 
der lurlace.     This  cover   is  pierced    with  two   round 

SuppL.  Vol.  II. 


Plate 
XXVII. 


E     L     E 

holes  of  i|th  inches  in  diameter.  One  of  them  /  Is  in  Elcar<.me- 
the  centre,  and  it  receives  the  lower  end  of  the  gl.ifs  icr. 
tube  /  />,  of  24  inches  height,  which  is  fixed  in  the  hole  ''■^""'^^^ 
with  a  cement  made  of  fealing-wax,  or  other  eleflric 
fubftance.  The  top  of  this  tube  receives  the  brafs 
collar  H  ( fig.  2 .  n°  3. ),  bored  truly  cylindrical,  and  hav- 
ing a  fmall  flioulder,  which  rells  on  the  top  of  the  tube. 
This  collar  is  fadtned  with  cement,  and  receives  the 
hollow  cylinder  *  (fig.  2.  n"  2.),  to  which  is  joined  the 
circular  plate  a  b,  divided  on  the  edge  into  360  degrees. 
It  is  alfo  pierced  with  a  round  hole  G  in  the  centre, 
whichreceivesthecylindfical  pin/' (fig.  2.  n°  i.),  having 
s  milled  head  b,  and  an  index  i  0,  whofe  point  is  bent 
down,  fo  as  to  mark  the  divifions  on  the  circle  a  b.  This 
pin  turns  lliffly  in  the  hole  G,  and  the  cylinder  * 
turns  lleadily  in  the  collar  H.  To  the  lower  end  of  the 
centre  pin  is  faftened  a  little  pincer  q,  formed  like  the 
end  of  a  port-crayon,  and  tightened  by  the  ring  q,  fo 
as  to  hold  fad  the  fufpenfion  wire,  the  lower  end  of 
which  is  grafped  by  a  (iinilar  pincer  Po  (fig.  3.),  tighten- 
ed by  the  ring  <p.  The  lower  end  9  0  is  cylindrical,  and  it 
is  of  fuch  weight  as  to  drain  the  wire  perfedly  draight, 
but  without  any  tifk  cf  breaking  it.  It  may  be  made 
half  of  the  weight  that  will  jud  break  it. 

This  pincer  is  enlarged  at  C,  and  pierced  with  a  hole, 
which  receives  tightly  the  arm  g  Q,  q  of  the  elc<5lroir.c- 
ter.  Tiiis  is  eight  inches  long,  and  confids  of  a  dry 
filk  thread,  or  llend.er  draw  of  fr>me  grafs  completely 
dried,  and  dipped  in  melted  gum  lac  or  fine  fealing- 
wax,  and  held  upiight  belore  a  clear  fire,  till  it  form 
a  (lender  cylinder  of  about  -j'^thof  an  inch  in  diam;tcr. 
Tliis  occupies  fix  of  the  eight  inches,  from  _g- to  7  : 
the  remaining  two  inches  is  a  fine  thread  of  the  lac  or 
fcaling-v.' IX,  as  it  drains  off  in  forming  the  arm.  A:  a 
is  a  ball  of  pith  of  elder  or  fine  cork,  one-fourth  or  one- 
half  of  an  inchindiameter,madeveiyrmooib,and  glided. 
It  is  balanced  by  a  vertical  circle^  of  paper,  of  large  di- 
menlions  ftilTened  with  varnifh.  Tlie  relidance  of  tlie 
air  tJ  this  piano  loon  checks  the  ofcill  itions  of  the  arm. 

The  v/hole  is  feeii  in  its  place  in  fi  j.  i.  where  the 
arm  hangs  horiz'^nially  abnvit  tl;e  middle  of  the  height 
if  the  great  cylinder.  In  its  ofclUations  the  ball  ^r 
moves  round  in  a  circle,  whol'e  centre  is  in  the  axis  of 
the  whole  indrunient.  Its  fituation  is  indicated  by  a 
graduated  circle  Z  O  Q_j  drawn  on  a  ilip  of  paper,  and 
adhering  to  the  glafs  witli  varnilli.  The  ele^Trified  bo- 
dv»  whole  aflion  is  to  be  obfervtd,  is  another  fmall  ball 
ot  cork  /,  alfo  gilt,  or  a  brafs  ball  well  poldhid.  This 
A  is 


39'^ 


OXO 


'>4 


E     L     E 


[ 


] 


E     L     E 


is  carried  bv  a  flalk  of  gum  lac  m  <?,  iiiclofing  a  dry  filk 
thread.  This  ft;ilk  is  grafped  by  a  clamp  of  cleft  deal, 
or  any  fimilar  contrivance  which  lies  fii  ni  on  the  glafs 
covtr.  When  this  ball  is  let  down  tlirough  the  hole 
m,  it  (lands  fo  as  to  touch  the  ball  a  on  the  arm  when 
tliat  ball  is  oppofite  o  on  the  graduated  circle. 

To  elediify  the  ball  /,  v/e  employ  the  infulating 
handle,  fi;^.  4.  which  is  a  flender  ftick  of  foaling  wax  or 
l.ic,  holding  a  metal  wire  that  carries  a  fmall  polilhed 
inetil  ball.  We  tcucli  with  it  fome  eleftiified  bcdy, 
fuch  as  the  prime  conduftor  of  a  machine,  the  knob  ot 
ajar,  &c.  Iniroduce  tiiis  elciftrilied  ball  cautioully  in- 
to the  hole  m,  ai.d  tonch  the  ball  /  witli  ir.  Tlie  ball 
a  is  immediately  repelled,  and  goes  to  a  dillance,  twill- 
ing the  fulptnfujn-wire,  till  the  force  ot  twill  exerted 
by  the  wire  balances  the  mutual  lepulfion  of  the  balls 
/  and  a. 

Such  is  the  procefs  f-r  examining  tlie  law  of  elec- 
tric ailion.  But  when  we  would  examine  the  aftion  of 
diiiercnt  bodies  in  diiftrent  flaCes,  another  appar;itus  is 
w.mted.  This  is  rsprefented  by  the  piece  cAd  {^g. 
5.),  confining  cf  a  plug  of  ftalingwax  A,  which  fits 
tight  into  the  hole  m,  and  is  pierced  by  the  wire  c  d, 
hooked  ate,  to  receive  a  wire  conne..1ing  it  occafionally 
vlth  an  slearified  boJy,  and  having  b;low  a  polilhed 
nietal  ball  d. 

The  iniliument  is  fitted  for  obfervation  In  the  follow- 
ing manner :  Turn  the  milled  button  b  at  top,  till  the 
twift-index  /"  0  is  on  the  mark  n  of  the  twill  circle.  Then 
turn  the  whole  in  the  collar  H,  till  the  bull  a  Hands 
rippolite  to  the  mark  0  of  the  paper  circle  z  0Q_,  and  at 
the  fame  time  touches  the  ball  /  or  d. 

Tlie  obfervation  is  made  thus  :  The  ball  /  is  elec- 
trified as  already  faid,  and  a  is  repelled,  and  retires 
from  /,  twilling  the  wiie,  and,  after  a  few  ofcillations, 
fettles  at  a  dillance  correfponding  to  the  repulfion.  Now 
turn  the  twill-index,  fo  as  to  force  the  ball  a  nearer  to 
/.  We  eltimate  the  force  of  this  new  repnllion  by  add- 
ing the  motion  of  th.e  twift-index  to  the  angle  at  which 
the  ball  firll  relied.  By  turning  the  tv/ill-index  ftill 
more,  we  bring  the  balls  Hill  nearer,  and  have  a  mea- 
fure  of  another  repulfion. — And  thus  m.ay  we  obtain 
as  many  meafures  as  we  pleale. 

In  this  way  Coulomb  afcertained  the  relation  be- 
tween the  repulfion  and  the  dillance  to  be  the  inverfe  du- 
plicate ratio  of  the  dillances.  He  difcovered  the  law 
cf  dilFipation  by  air  in  contaft,  and  the  relation  which 
this  bears  to  the  primitive  repulfion,  by  obferving  the 
gradual  approach  of  o  to  /  as  the  eleiflricity  diflipates 
from  both,  and  by  llackcning  the  twill-index  till  the 
ball  a  retires  to  its  primitive  dillance.  He  afcertained 
the  dilFipation  along  iinperteifl  condiidlors,  and  tlie 
length  necelfary  for  infulation,  by  completely  infulating 
the  hall  /,  and  obferving  the  lol's  by  air  in  contail  \\  itli 
it,  and  then  Aiding  a  metal  rod  down  the  infulating 
fialk,  till  the  dilFipation  began  to  exceed  what  took 
jlace  by  t!ie  air  alone.  He  examined  the  proportion 
cf  redundant  fluid  in  communicating  bodies,  by  con- 
r.e(fling  them  alternately  with  the  piece,  fig.  5. ;  as  alio 
by  eleflritying  one  ball,  and  obferving  its  npulfiveforce, 
and  then  Iharing  its  elei-lricity  with  anotlier,  and  ob- 
ferving the  diminution.  He  examined  the  graduation 
of  his  eleilrometer,  by  fliaring  the  ele^ftriclty  ol  one 
ball  with  an  equal  ball,  v.hich  gave  him  the  pofition 
that  indicated  one  half ;  and,  by  repeating  this,  for  one- 


fourth,  &c.  in  the  fame  manner  as  we  praflifed  and  re-  ElcSrome- 
lated  in  Electricity  (Sii/>pl.),  n"  141,  5cc.  '<•"■'■ 

An  example  of  one  or  two  ot  thofe  trials  will  give  a 
clear  conception  of  the  conclufions  deduced  from  thefe 
obfervations. 

The  ball  /  was  introduced  and  ele>flrified  ;  a  was  re- 
pelled, and  fettled  at  40"  ;  the  index  was  twifted  140'', 
which  brought  a  to  20  ;  and  the  time  was  noted.  'I'lie 
eleiflricity  gradually  dilFipated,  and  u  came  neaier  to  /. 
The  index  was  untwilled  30'^,  and  .;  retired  a  little  be- 
yond 20"  ;  but  on  waiting  a  few  feconds,  it  llo<  d  tx- 
a^^ly  at  20".  The  time  was  again  noted.  The  inter- 
val was  exaiTlly  three  riiinutes.  The  conclufion  from  the 
experiment  was  as  foll.ws  : 

When  the  ball  was  brought  to  20",  the  repullion  was 
evidently  140  -{-  20,  or  160.  Three  minutes  after- 
wards it  was  1 10,  -J-  20,  or  130  ;  and  30"  were  loll  in 
three  minntes,'or  10°  per  minute.  The  mean  force  was 
145.  Therefore  the  mean  lifs  per  minute  was,  -rVr" 
Obierve  alfo,  that  the  primitive  force  correfponding  to 
the  diftance  was  40  :  and  the  force  correfponding  to 
20  was  160,  or  inverfcly  as  20*  to  40*. 

But  obfcrve,  that  the  dillances  were  not  meafured 
by  the  angles,  but  by  tho  chord  of  the  angles.  The 
obliquity  of  adion  muPc  alfo  be  accounted  for  ;  and  the 
real  levar  is  lefs  than  the  arm,  in  the  proportion  of  ra- 
dius to  the  coline  of  I  the  angle. 

The  wire  ufed  by  Coulomb  in  his  firft  experiments 
on  the  law  of  adion  was  of  fach  llrength,  that  -j-Joth 
of  a  French  grain,  applied  at  the  point  a,  held  it  taft 
till  the  twill-index  was  turned  360°;  fo  that  one  de- 
gree correfponded  to  tt-jVo^  "^  *  eraln.  A  foot  of 
this  wire  weighed  t'o'Ii  ofagiain.  Experience  having 
fhewn  that  this  was  a  fenfibility  far  exceeding  what  was 
neceflary  lor  the  meafures  that  he  had  in  view,  and 
made  the  iuflrument  too  delicate  for  comm.cn  ul'es,  he 
fabllituted  much  llronger  and  (horter  wires,  and  recom- 
mends muchlmaller  dimenlirnstorthe  wholeinflrurocnt. 
We  have  made  two  of  only  five  inches  in  diameter  and 
14  inches  high  ;  the  aim  ii  ^  being  2\  inches,  and  the 
fufpenfion  a  fingle  fibre  vt  lilk,  carryin;^  30  grains. 
It  is  far  more  fenlible  than  Bennet's  gold  leaf  elec- 
trometer. The  fame  inftrument,  with  a  filver  wire  fuf- 
penfion, and  a  thread  of  lac  projecting  from  the  end  g, 
as  an  index  to  coincide  more  clofely  with  the  fcale,  is 
fufficiently  nice  for  all  experiments  of  meafurement.  It 
is  always  proper  to  have  the  diameter  of  the  cylinder 
double  the  length  of  tlie  arm,  that  tlie  ailiun  of  the 
glafs  may  not  dillurb  the  pTifition  of  the  arm.  It  is 
greatly  improved  by  having  a  round  hole  in  the  bottom 
of  the  iiillrumenr,  in  which  the  cylinder  C  0  of  the 
lower  pincer  may  iiang  freely:  this  pi  events  much  tedi- 
ous ofcillation.  Eor  ordinary  experiments,  for  meafur- 
ing  char^'es  of  batteries,  and  the  like,  a  much  kfs  deli- 
cate inllrument,  with  a  fufpenfion-wire  llrained  at  both 
ends,  is  abundantly  delicate,  and  vallly  more  manage- 
able. The  wire  Ihould  extend  as  far  below  the  arm  as 
above  ir,  and  fhould  be  grafped  below,  by  a  pincer  turn- 
ing by  a  milled  head  in  a  hole  at  the  end  of  a  flender 
fpring.  This  enables  us  to  adjuft  the  inftrument  fpeedi- 
ly.  Having  placed  the  twift-index  at  o,  turn  this  lower 
button  gently  till  the  ball  a  points  exactly  to  o  on  the 
paper  circle.  Even  in  thiscoarfeft  ftate  we  have  found 
it  more  delicate,  and  much  moie  exaft,  than  the  eledlro- 
meter  defcribed  in  Electricuy  {Sup/>/.)  n*'  85.  which 

was 


E    L     E  C    3     ]  ELK 

Eleflrome-  wp«  much  more  collly,  and  liable  to  accidents.     Cou-    head  ;  the  ball  B  has  two  holes,  one  at  the  top,  and  the  Elcclronn- 
^^^_^^5l,  l"nib's  eleclrometcr  has  the  great  advantage  of  walling    other  at  the  bottotti  ;  the  Ufper  hole  is  f)  wiJe,  as  to        t^'- 

very  little  electricity  ;   whereas  Henley's,  or  Brookes's,    let  the  head  of  the   pin  pifs  through  it,  but  to  flop  at  ^•^~'''^*-' 
or  de  Lne's,  walle  it  very  fall  when  it  is  intenfe.  the  under  one  wiih  its  Ihank  hanging  freely  in  l>  ;  i  is 

We  improved  it  greatly  by  taking  away  the  appara-  a  common  Henley's  quadrant  elciftronietcr ;  and  wlierj 
tiis  with  the  ball  /,  and  hibftitiiting  the  piece,  fig.  5.  in  ufe  it  is  fcrewed  upon  the  top  off. 
for  it,  after  changing  its  conllrudlion  a  little.  Inftead  It  is  evident,  from  the  conftruaion,  that  if  the  foot 
c{  the  wire  c  d,  we  ufed  the  fmalJtft  glafs  tube  that  we  ftand  horizontal,  and  the  ball  B  be  made  to  touch  b,  it 
could  varniih  on  the  infide,  by  drawing  through  it  a  will  remain  in  that  pofition  without  the  help  of  the 
filk  thread  dipped  in  varniih.  Having  varniflied  it  with  weight  ;  ;  and  if  it  fiiould  by  any  means  receive  a  very 
lac  both  within  and  wiihuut,  a  bral's  ball  d  was  fixed  low  charge  ol'eledlric  Huid,  the  two  balls  b,  B,  will  re- 
on  its  lower  end,  and  a  fine  wire,  with  a  ball  at  tf  p,  pel  each  ither  ;  B  will  begin  to  afcend,  and,  on  account 
was  put  d"wn  into  the  tube,  fo  as  to  touch  the  ball  be-  of  the  centre  of  gravity  being  above  the  centre  of  mo- 
low.  When  the  plug  was  fitted  in'o  the  hole  tn  once  tion,  tlie  afcenfion  will  continue  till  A  reft  up.,n  a.  If 
for  all,  the  litualion  of  the  ball  (^fuirered  no  alteration,  the  balance  be  fet  again  horl/oi  al,  and  the  pip.  /  be 
When  delicate  experiments  are  to  be  made,  the  upper  put  into  its  place  in  B,  it  will  caule  B  to  reft  ution  b, 
bnll  c  is  icisched  l>y  the  charger,  fig.  4.  which  eleiftrifies  with  a  prelfure  equal  to  that  weight,  fo  that  more  elec- 
d.  C  is  immediately  drawn  out  with  a  glafs  forceps  ;  tiic  fluid  muft  be  communicated  than  foimerly  before 
and  thus  d  is  kit  completely  infulated.  When  external  the  balls  «ill  fcparatc  ;  and  as  tlie  we'ght  in  B  is  increa- 
eleihicity,  fuch  as  tJie  faint  eledricity  of  the  atmo-  i'ed  or  diminilhed,  a  greater  or  lefs  quantity  cf  eleftric 
fpi;ere  is  tn  be  examined,  the  v.'ire  is  allowed  to  re-  fluid  will  be  required  to  effe.ft  a  feparation. 
main  in  the  tube. — N-  B.  A  fcrupulous  experimenter,  When  this  inftrumeut  is  to  be  applied  to  a  jar,  or 
who  may  objefl  to  the  Itraining  fpring  lecommended  battery,  one  end  of  a  wire  L  muft  be  inferted  into  a 
above,  may  Cubftiiute  u  I'mall  weight,  which  will  be  con-  hole  iti  b,  and  the  other  end  into  a  hole  of  any  ball  pro- 
flant  in  its  iiflion.  ceeding  from  the  infide  of  a  battery,  as  M.     A  chain. 

The  reader  will  obferve,  that  this  eleSrometer,  as  or  wire,  or  any  body  through  which  the  chaige  is  to 
hitherto  managed,  meafures  only  repullions.  It  is  not  pals,  muft  be  hung  to  the  hook  at  m,  and  carried  from 
fo  eafy  to  meafure  attrailions  with  it  ;  and  Mr  Con-  thence  to  the  outlide  of  the  battery,  as  is  reprefented 
lomb  was  obliged  to  take  a  very  circuitous  method,  du-  by  the  line  N.  k  muft  be  fcrewed  upon  c,  with  its  in- 
ring  which  a  great  deal  of  tleiftricity  was  diflipated.  dex  towards  A.  The  realon  of  this  inllrument  bein" 
In  this  refpefl,  the  elecflrometer  defcribed  in  the  article  added,  is  to  fhew,  by  the  index  continuing  to  rife,  that 
Electricity  (^'k/i/'/.)  has  theadvantage;  but  in  every  the  charge  of  the  battery  is  increafing,  becaufe  ths 
other  refpec'l,  Mr  Coulomb's  is  the  fineft  eleilrometer  other  part  of  the  inftruraent  does  not  ait  till  the  battery 
that  has  yet  been  publilhed,  giving  a/yo/a/c  meafures, and    has  received  its  required  charge. 

this  with  great  accuracy.  The  Hon.  Mr  Cavendilh  It  is  almnft  ncedlefs  to  oblerve  that  this  inftrument 
has  employed  the  conftrudion  in  his  moft  valuable  ex-  confifts  ot  three  eleflrometers,  viz.  Henley's  eleflrome- 
peiiments  on  the  force  of  gravity  (P/.;7.  Trajif.  1798,  ter.  Lane's  dilcharging  cledrometer  confideiably  im- 
Part  II.)  ;  an  experiment  which  Newton  would  have  proved,  and  Brookei's  fteclyard  eleflrcmeter  improved 
been  delighted  with  obfervlng.  likewile.   By  this  combination  and  thefe  improvements, 

Cu'hberifon's  Elf.ctro.metf.r  is  thus  defcribed  by  we  polfefs  all  that  can  be  required  in  an  eleiflrometer 
himfelf  in  the  lall  number  of  the  fecond  volwme  of  Ni-  lor  batteries  and  lar^;e  jars  ;  f.ir,  l)y  /,  we  fee  the  pro- 
cholfoti's  Phtlofophical  Journal.  GH  (fig.  6.)  is  an  grels  of  the  charge  ;  by  the  feparatfon  of  B  ^,  we  luve 
oblong  piece  of  wood,  about  18  inches  in  length,  and  fix  the  repulfive  power  in  weight  ;  and  by  the  ball  A,  llie 
in  breadth,  in  wiiich  are  fixed  three  glafs  fupporters,  difcharge  is  caiiied  when  the  charge  has  acquired  the 
D,  E,  F,   mounted  with  brafs  balls,  o,  ,,-,  b.     Of  thefe    ftrength  propofed. 

fupporters,  E  and  F  are  exacftly  of  the  fame  length  ;  In  thejournal  from  wliich  this  abftraifl  is  taken,  the 
but  D  is  four  inches  Ihorter.  Under  the  brafs  ball  a  reader  will  find  fome  curious  experiments  made  with 
is  a  long  brals  hook  ;  the  ball  c  is  made  of  two  hemi-  b.itteries  by  means  of  this  electrometer  ;  but  one  will 
fpheres,  the  under  one  being  fixed  to  the  brafs  mount-  be  fulBcient  to  explain  its  ule.  Prepare  the  clei-lro- 
ing,  and  the  upper  turned  with  a  groove  to  ihut  upon  meter  in  the  mtnner  Ihewn  in  the  figure,  with  the  jar 
it,  lb  that  it  can  be  taken  oil  at  pleafiire.  The  ball  b  M  annexed,  which  contains  about  168  fquare  inches  of 
has  a  brafs  tube  fixed  to  it,  about  three  inches  long,  coating.  Take  out  the  pin  in  B,  and  obferve  whether 
cemented  on  the  top  of  F,  and  the  fame  ball  has  a  hole  the  ball  B  will  remain  at  reft  upon  i  ;  if  not,  turn 
at  the  top,  of  a'Mint  one-hair  inch  diameter,  corrcfpond-  the  adjufting  I'crew  at  C  till  it  jull  remains  upon  A. 
ing  with  the  itilide  of  the  tube.  AB  is  a  ftraight  br.ii's  Put  into  B  the  pin,  maiked /',  weighing  15  gr.iins  ; 
Wire,  with  a  knife  edged  centre  in  the  middle,  placed  a  take  two  inches  ol  watch-pendulum  wire,  (■.':  to  each 
little  below  the  centre  of  gravity,  and  equally  balanced  end  a  pair  t>l  fpiing  tongs,  as  is  reprefented  at  G  >//, 
with  a  hollow  brals  ball  at  each  end,  the  centre,  or  hook  one  end  to  hi,  and  the  oiher  to  the  wire  N,  com- 
axis,  refting  upon  a  proper  Ihaped  piece  cf  brafs  fixed  municating  with  the  ontfide  of  the  jar  ;  let  the  uncoat- 
in  the  infide  of  the  ballc  :  that  fide  of  the  hemifphere  cd  part  ot  the  jar  be  made  very  clean  and  dry  ;  and  let 
towards  c  is  cut  open  to  p.rmit  the  end  c  A  of  the  ba-  the  prime  condin^or  ot  an  eleJrical  machine,  or  a  wire 
lance  to  defccud  till  it  touches  the  ball  a,  and  the  upper  proceeding  trom  it,  touch  liie  wire  L  ;  then,  if  the  m.i- 
hemifphere  C  is  alfo  cut  open  to  permit  the  end  cV>  to  chine  be  put  in  motii^n,  li.e  jar  and  electrometer  will 
afcend  ;  <  is  a  weight,  weighing  a  certain  number  oi  chaigc,  as  will  be  feen  by  the  riling  ot  the  index  of  i  ; 
grains,  and  made  in  llie  form  of  a  pin  with  a  broad    and  vvhench.irgcd  high  enough,  B  will  be  repelled  by 

A  3  bt 


E    L     E 


[     4     ] 


E    L     I 


Elcphanti- 

ufis. 


P,'f»r»-  ^,  anJ  A  will  dcTccnd  and  difcharge  the  jar  tlirough 
pliorin  ,j,£  y^,|,g  which  was  confined  in  the  tongs,  and  the  wire 
will  be  filled  and  run  into  balls.  The  ingenious  author, 
bybreatliing  through  a  glafs  pipe  into  the  jar,  damped 
it  a  liule  in  tlie  infide.  Then  loading  B  with  a  pin  of 
30  grains,  he  obtained  fuch  a  charge  as  lufcd  eight 
inches  of  watch  pendulum  wire,  difpofed  exatflly  as  the 
two  inches  were  difiiofed  in  the  firmer  experiment.  15y 
icpeatirg  and  varying  his  experiments,  he  found  that 
double  quantilies  of  ele<flrical  Haid,  ia  the  torni  of  a 
difcharge,  will  melt  four  times  the  length  of  wire  of  a 
certain  diameter. 

ELECTROPHORUS.  See  Electricity  in  this 
Suppie-iu  tit . 

ELEPHAS,  the  Elephant.  See  Encychpxd'ta ; 
where  the  natural  hiflory  cf  this  huge  and  fagacicus 
animal  is  detailed  at  confiderable  length.  S.nce  that 
article  was  publilhtd,  we  have  feen  the  third  volume  of 
the  Afiatic  Refeaiches,  in  which  fomc  important  quef- 
lions,  which  we  were  then  (obliged  to  leave  in  uncer- 
tainty, feem  to  be  decided  by  Jolm  Corfc,  Efq.  They 
relate,  \Jl,  To  the  mode  in  which  elephants  copulate  ; 
which  BufFon  afferts  (and  in  proof  of  his  affertion  ad- 
«iuces  the  llruvfture  and  pofuion  of  the  generative  organ 
in  the  female)  to  be  performed  while  that  female  re- 
mains  recumbent  on  the  back  ;  but  which  Mr  Corfe  in- 
fills, from  ocular  evidence,  takes  place  after  the  manner 
in  which  the  hcrfe  copulates  with  the  mate,  zd.  To 
the  method  of  receiving  nourifhment  Irom  the  mother  ; 
which  is  not,  as  BufFon  avers,  by  the  trunk,  but  by  the 
mouth,  which  fucks  the  dug,  while  the  trunk  of  the 
young  animal  grafps  it  round  to  prefs  out  the  milk. 
3<y,  To  the  period  of  their  going  v.'iih  young  ;  which 
Mr  Corfe  conceives  cannot  be  lefs  than  two  years  ; 
\shereas  BufFon  and  Pennant  affign  only  nine  months 
for  the  geHation  of  their  young.  His  realons  tor  this 
fuppofition  are  unanfwerable,  and  (hall  be  given  in  his 
own  words. 

"  As  far  as  I  know,  the  exaiJl  lime  an  elephant  goes 
with  young  has  not  yet  been  afcertained  ;  but  it  cannot 
be  lefs  than  two  years,  as  one  of  the  elephants  brought 
forth  a  young  one  twenty-one  months  and  three  days 
aiter  (he  was  taken.  She  was  obferved  to  be  wiih 
young  in  April  or  May  1788,  and  (he  was  only  taken 
in  January  preceding  ;  fo  tliat  it  is  very  likely  llie  muft 
have  had  connection  wi:h  the  male  feme  monihs  before 
(lie  was  fecured,  otherwife  they  could  not  have  difco- 
vered  that  Ihe  was  with  young,  as  a  fcetus  of  lei's  than 
iu  months  cannot  well  be  fuppofcd  to  make  any  alter- 
ation in  the  fize  or  (hape  of  fo  large  an  animal.  The 
young  one,  a  male,  was  produced  October  16,  1789, 
and  appeared  in  every  relpefl  to  have  arrived  at  its  lull 
lime.  The  gentleman  to  whom  it  belongs  examined 
its  mouth  a  tew  days  after  it  was  brought  forth,  and 
found  that  one  cf  its  grinders  on  each  lide  had  partly 
cut  the  gum." 

When  Mr  Corfe  wrote  his  memoir,  the  young  ele- 
phant was  active  and  well,  and  beginning  to  eat  a  little 
gral's.  In  Africa  the  Hottentots  feed  on  the  elephant  ; 
and  M.Vaillant  declares,  that  an  elephant's  foot,  when 
baked  in  their  manner,  is  a  moft  delicious  morfel. 

ELEPHANTIASIS  (fee  Medicine,  11^352.  En- 
(vcl.)  is  one  of  the  moft  dreadful  maladies  with  which 
the  human  race  is  any  where  afflifled .  It  is  not  indeed 
■common,  if  it  be  found  at  all,  in  the  temperate  climates 


of  Europe  ;  but  it  is  frequent  in  the  E:ifl  and  Weft  In-  Elcjihantl- 
dies,   where  it  too   often  baffles   the   ikill  of  the  ahlell        ^''* 
phyhcians.      In  the  fecond  volume   of  the  Afiatic  Re-  _,     I    ■ 
fearches  we  h.ive  the  following  prefcription  for  its  curt :  v^f-v->«^ 

"  Take  (>f  fine  trefli  white  arfenic  one  to'a,  or  105 
grains ;  of  picked  black  peppi-t  fix  times  as  much:  let 
both  be  well  beaten  at  interv.ds  for  four  days  fucceffive- 
ly  in  an  iron  mortar,  and  then  reduced  to  an  impalpa- 
ble powder  in  one  of  Hone  with  a  Hone  peftle,  and  thus 
completely  levigated,  a  little  water  being  mixed  with 
them.  Make  pills  of  them  as  large  as  tares  or  fniall 
pulfc,  and  keep  them  diy  in  a  (tiady  place.  Or.e  of 
thofe  pills  muR  be  fwallowed  morning  and  evening  with 
f;me  betel  leaf,  or  in  countries  where  betel  is  not  at 
hand,  with  cold  water  :  if  the  body  be  dcanled  t'rom 
foulnels  and  oblli unions  by  gentle  cathartics  and  bleed- 
ing belore  the  medicine  is  adininiftered,  the  remedy  will 
be  fpeedier." 

This  prefcription,  we  are  told,  is  an  old  fecret  of  the 
Hindoo  phyficians,  which  they  conlider  as  a  powerful 
remedy  againlF  all  corruptions  of  tlie  blood,    whether  » 

occalioned  by  the  elephantiafis  or  the  venerial  difeafe, 
which  they  call  the  Perjian  fire,  and  which  they  apply 
likewife  to  the  cure  of  cold  and  moift  diftempers,  or 
palfy,  dillortions  of  the  face,  relaxation  of  the  nerv«s, 
and  fimilar  difcafes.  As  the  Hindoos  are  an  ingenious 
and  fcienlific  people,  it  might  be  worth  fome  European 
phyfician's  while  to  make  trial  of  this  ancient  medicine 
in  the  Well  Indies,  where  the  elephantiafis  or  kindred 
difeafes  prove  lo  frequently  fatal. 

ELEVATION,  in  architeflure,  denotes  a  draught 
or  defcription  of  the  principal  face  or  fide  of  a  building  ; 
called  alfo  \X.i  upright  ox  orthographi. 

ELEUTHERA,  or  Alabafer,  one  of  the  Bahama' 
or  Lucaya  iflands,  where  above  60  families  formerly 
fettled  under  Dep.  Gov.  Holmes,  and  ereded  a  fmall 
fort. — Morse. 

ELIAS,  Mount  St.  a  mountain  near  the  (hore  of 
theN.  W.  coallofNonh-America,N.W.  of  Admiralty 
bay,  and  S.  E.  of  Prince  William's  found. — ///. 

ELIZABETH  CITY  Co.  in  Virginia,  lies  between 
York  and  James  rivers,  having  Warwick  and  York 
counties  on  the  W.  and  Chelapeak  bay  m  the  E. 
and  N.  There  are  I'everalfniall  iOands  on  its  fea-coaft, 
the  chief  of  which  are  Long  and  Egg  iflands.  Point 
Comtort  is  the  S.  eallern  extremity  of  the  co.  It  con- 
tains 3450  inh.;bi;ants,  of  whom  1876  are  flave.-. — ib. 

Elizabeth  Ijlands,  fsveral  imull  iilands  on  the  S. 
E.  lide  ct  Buzzard's  bay,  extending  S.  A'ederly  from 
the  extremity  of  Barnftable  co.  in  MalTachufetts,  and 
bearing  N.  W.  frcm  Martha's  Vineyard  ;  fituated  be- 
tween 41.  24.  and  41.  32.  N.  lat.  and  between  70.  38. 
and  70.  56.  W.  long.  They  are  about  16  in  number; 
the  chief  of  which  are  Nafhawn,  Pafqui,  Nafhawenna, 
Pinequefe,  and  Cattahunk  illands.  All  thefe  belong 
to  Duke's  county. — ib. 

Elizabeth,  a  Ihort  fouthern  arm  of  James  river  in 
Virginia.  It  aiFords  an  excellent  harbor,  and  large 
enough  for  300  lliips.  The  channel  is  from  150 
to  200  fathoms  wide  ;  and  at  common  flood  tide  it  has 
l8  feet  water  to  Norfolk,  which  Hands  near  the  mouth 
of  its  eadern  branch.  The  S.  branch  rifes  in  the  Dif- 
mal  Swamp.  Craney  idand,  at  the  mouth  of  Eliza- 
beth, lies  5  miles  S.  W.  of  Point  Comfort,  at  the  mouth 
of  James  river. — il). 

F.Liz.\- 


^,tw*cn    fe 


ELK 


[     5     ] 


EMM 


Elizabeth's 
Ifland, 
Queen 

II 
Elk. 


Elizabeth's  Island,  Queen,  in  the  ftraits  of 
Magellan,  in  S.  America.  Here  fre(h  water,  herbs  fit 
forTallaJ,  and  wild  fowl  may  be  had  in  great  plenty. 
The  rtiores  alfo  abound  with  fhell  filh, — ib. 

Elizabeth,  a  tcwnfhip  in  Lancaller  co.  Pennfylva- 
uia,  containing  abcut  30  houfes,  and  a  Dutch  church  ; 
18  miles  N.  W.  by  W.  of  Lancafter,  and  84  W.  by  N. 
of  Philadelphia. — ib. 

ELIZABETHTOWN,  a  pott  town  and  borough, 
in  ElFex  county,  New-Jerl'ey  ;  pleafantly  fituated  on  a 
fmall  creek  which  empties  into  Arthur  Kull.  Its  foil 
is  equal  to  any  in  the  Rate.  In  the  compaft  part 
of  the  town,  there  are  about  150  houles,  two  brick 
churches,  one  fur  Prefbyterians,  very  handfome,  the 
other  for  Epifcopalians,  and  an  academy.  This  is  one 
of  the  oldeli  towns  in  the  Rate,  havin'j;  been  purchafed 
of  the  Indians  as  early  as  1664,  and  fettled  ibon  after. 
It  lies  6  miles  foutherly  of  Newark,  and  15  S.  W.  by 
W.  of  New- York  .—;■*. 

Eli  zABETHTOWN,  a  village  of  Alleghany  CO.  Penn- 
fylvania,  fituated  on  the  S.  E.  fide  of  Monongahela 
river  between  Rcdilone  Old  Fort  and  Piilfburg,  about 
18  miles  from  each,  and  6  above  the  mouth  of  the 
Youghagany.  Many  boats  are  built  here  for  the  trade 
and  emigration  to  Kentucky,  and  in  the  environs  are 
feveral  faw-milU.    N.  lat.  40.  13.  W.  long.  79.  22 — ib. 

Elizabethtown,  a  port  town  ct  Maryland,  and 
capital  of  Walliington  en.  formerly  calkd  Hagarftowii, 
fcated  in  the  fertile  valley  of  Cimegocheague.  It  has 
feveral  ftreets  regularly  laid  out.  Tiie  houfes  are 
principally  built  of  brick  and  (lone,  in  number  about 
300.  Epifcopalians,  Prtfbyterians,  and  &:rman  Lu- 
therans have  each  a  church.  The  court-houfe  and 
market-houfe  a;e  handfome  buildings,  and  the  gaol  is 
of  (lone,  and  rubft'ntial.  The  trade  with  the  weftern 
country  is  confiuerable  ;  and  there  are  a  number  of 
mills  in  the  neiglibourhood,  on  Antietam  creek. — ib. 

Elizabethtows,  the  chief  town  of  Tyrrel  co.  in 
Edenton  diftrict,  N'rth-Carolina,  has  a  gaol,  court- 
houfc,  and  a  few  dwelling-houfes.  It  is  40  miles  from 
Fayetteville,  and  55  from  Wilmington. — ib. 

Elizabethtown,  a  pott  t wn  and  the  chief  in  Bla- 
den CO.  N.  Carolina,  is  fituated  on  the  N.  W.  branch  of 
Cape  Eear.  It  contains  a  court-houfe,  gaol,  and  abcut 
30  houfes ;  36  miles  fouthward  of  Fayetteville,  and  47 
N.  W.  of  Wilmington. — ib. 

ELK,  a  creek  in  Northumbsrland  co.  Pcnnfylvania, 
which  uniting  with  Penn's  creek,  falls  into  the  Sufque- 
hanna,   5  miles  below  Sunbury. — ib. 

Elk,  a  navigable  river  of  the  eallern  (hore  of  Mi- 
ryland,  which  rifes  in  Chctter  co.  Pennfylvania,  by 
two  branches  ;  Big  and  Little  Elk  crscks.  At  their 
confluence  llands  Elkton.  The  canals  in  contemplati- 
on from  Elk  river,  to  Delaware  b.iy,  are  noticed  under 
Dehware  bay. — ib. 

Elk,  a  fliort  navigable  river,  in  the  (late  o{  Ten- 
nclTee.  It  rifes  on  the  N.  W.  lide  of  Cumberland 
mountain,  runs  S.  wefterly,  and  falls  into  the  Ten- 
neflee  a  little  above  the  Mufcle  ihoals  ;  about  40  miles 
W.  N.  W.  of  the  Creeks'  CrolUn^  Place.— /i. 

Elkhorn,  a  fmall  water  of  Kentucky  river.  The 
Elkhorn  lands  are  much  elleemed,  being  fituated  in  a 
bend  of  Kentucky  river,  in  Fayette  co.  in  which  this 
iiaaall  river,  or  creek,  rifes — ib. 


Elk,  Laie,  ore  of  the  chain  of  fmall  lakes  which 
conneils  the  lake  cf  th»  Woods  with  lake  Superior. 
N.  lat.  48.  41.  W.  long.  93. — ib. 

Elkridce,  a  fmall  town  in  Ann  Arundel  co.  Mary- 
land, fituated  on  the  S.  bank  of  Patapfco  river,  and 
on  the  W.  fiJe  of  Deep  Ru:i.  This  place  is  famriu 
for  the  bright  tobacco  called  kite's  foot.  It  is  8  miles  S. 
W.  of  Baltimore,  and  19  N.  W.  of  Annapolis.  N. 
lat.  39.  12.  30. — ib. 

Elkton,  a  p 'ft  town  of  confiJerab'e  trade,  at  the 
head  of  Chefapeak  bay,  in  Maryland,  and  the  capital 
of  Cecil  CO.  It  is  fituated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
head  branches  of  Elk  river,  13  miles  from  its  mouth 
at  Turkey  Point,  and  a  mile  above  French  town.  The 
tide  flows  up  to  the  town,  and  it  enjoys  great  advan- 
tages from  the  carrying  trade,  between  Daltiraore  and 
Philadelphia.  Upwards  of  250,000  bu(hels  of  wheat 
are  colleded  here  annually,  for  fupplying  thofe  mar- 
kets, or  the  neighbouring  mills.  Elkton  confifts  of  one 
flreet,  in  which  are  about  90  houfes,  a  court-houfe,  and 
gaol.  On  tlie  W.  fide  of  the  town  is  an  academy.  It 
is  12  miles  S.  W.  oi  Chrifllana  bridge,  10  N.  E.  of 
Charleftown,  47  S.  W.  of  Philadelphia,  and  56  N.  E. 
of  Baltimore. — ih. 

ELLINGTON,  a  townfliip  of  about  20c  families, 
in  Tolland  co.  Conneflicut.  It  lies  about  12  miles 
N.  E.  ot  Hartford  city,  and  6  W.  of  Tolland. — ib. 

ELLIrSE,  or  Ellipsis,  is  one  of  the  conic  fee- 
tions,  popularly  called  an  oval ;  being  called  an  ellifife 
or  eHipJis  by  Apollonius,  the  fir  (I  and  principal  author 
on  the  conic  fedion?,  becaufe  in  this  figure  the  fquares 
of  the  ordinates  are  li/s  than,  or  defellive  of,  the  rec- 
tangles under  the  parameters  and  abfcHfes.  See  Conic 
.Ssffiom,  Encycl. 

ELLIPSOID,  is  an  elliptical  fpheroid,  being  the 
folid  generated  by  the  revolution  of  an  ellipfe  about 
either  axis. 

ELLIPTOIDE,  an  infinite  or  indefinite  elllpfis,  de- 
fined by  the  indefinite  equation  ay  "  +  "  =  i  x  ''■''.a — .v" 
when  m  or  n  are  greater  than  1  :  for  when  they  are 
each  =  I,  it  denotes  the  common  ellipfe. 

There  are  feveral  kinds  or  degrees  of  elllptoides,  de- 
nominated from  the  exponent  m-j-n  of  the  ordinate  y. 
As  tlie  cubical  cUiptoide,  expreifed  by  a  j '  =  b  x^ 
.a  —  .V  ;  the  biquadratic,  or  furfolid  u  _y'=  3  .\  '  .a — .v '  ; 
&c. 

ELMORE,  the  fouthernmott  townlhip  in  Oile?.ns 
CO.  in  Vermont ;  and  contained,  by  tl»e  cenfus,  only 
12  inhaliitants. — Moru. 

EMERY'j  River,  a  fmall  river  in  Tennelfce,  which 
runs  S.  E.  into  the  Tennelfce,  7  miles  N.  by  E.  of  the 
moutli  of  Clinch  river. — ib. 

EMINENrL-\L  equation,  a  term  ufed  by  fome 
algebrairts,  in  the  invcdigation  of  the  areas  of  curvili- 
ne';^  figures,  for  a  kind  of  aflumed  equation  that  con- 
tains another  equation  eminently,  the  latter  being  a  par- 
ticular c.ife  of  the  former. 

EMMAUS,  a  Moravian  fettlcment,  8  miles  from 
Bethlehem,  in  Pennfylvania. — Moric. 

EMMITSBURGH,  or  Emnitjlurgh,  11  flourifiiing 
village  in  Frederick  co.  Maryland,  fituated  between 
Flat  Run  and  Tom's  creek,  wtlltrn  h.-ad  waters  cf 
the  Monococy,  and  about  a  mile  S.  of  the  Pennfyl- 
vania 


E     N     A 


C     6     ] 


E     N     A 


F.iianiclliii^  v.iui.i  line  It  is  24  miles  N.  E.  by  E.  of  Frcd.'rick, 
^''"^''^*~^  ;iiul  50  N.  W.  ot'  Baltimore.  N.  lat.  39.  10.  30. 
—ih. 

ENAMELLING  or  Vf.ssels  for  the  Kitchen. 
Tn  the  ye.ir  1779  the  Society  of  Err.utation  in  Paris 
propofcJ  IS  a  piize  queltimi  "  To  difcnvcr  a  compo- 
(Itli)n  tic  r>r  in:iking  kitchen  utcniils  which  (hould  he 
ticcfrom  the  dirailv.int^;:;cs  att-.Midii.g  copper,  l.-ad,  tin- 
ned vtflels,  gUzed  earthen  WMrc,  &c.  wliith  (hould  be 
a^i  ftrong  as  pniTilile,  Icfs  collly  ih.in  the  ved'cls  tiled  :it 
prefent,  nnd  winch  fliould  be  able  to  bear  tli2  liii-hcll 
degree  of  kiichen  fire,  and  the  moll  luddvjn  changes 
frum  heat  to  ci'lJ." 

In  coiifeqner.ce  (  f  this  propofal,  Mr  SvEN  Rinman  of 
the  Royal  .-^cadamy  of  Stockholm,  williout  any  inten- 
tion of  being  a  candidate  for  the  premium  ofl'ercd  by 
the  Society  of  Emulation,  inftituted  a  fet  of  experi- 
jiicnts  on  fmall  veifeU  of  copper  and  hanimeied  iron, 
with  the  view  of  giving  to  ihem  a  coating  of  what 
ni.iy  properly  be  called  enamel,  which  Ihonld  not  have 
tlie  defeifl.'.  of  tinning,  and  which,  when  applied  to  iron, 
(li'iuld  take  from  it  the  inconveniency  of  rnlline,  and 
of  blackening  many  ftirts  of  vic>nals  when  they  i;re 
drclFed  in  it.  'I'hele  experiments  lie  fubmitted  to  the 
academy  of  which  he  was  a  member  ;  and  as  we  think 
them  important,  we  ihall  lay  the  fubllance  of  them  be- 
fore our  readers. 

The  moft  common,  and  the  cheapetl  kind  of  v\hite 
enamel  that  is  to  be  met  with  in  the  lliop<.  (which  is  an 
opaque  white  glafs,  compofed  of  powdered  quartz,  of 
elafs  of  lead,  and  of  calx  of  tin),  vi-a5  tried  for  coat- 
ing kitchen  utenfils ;  and  he  found  that  it  was  excellent 
for  the  purpofe,  as  it  produced  a  coating,  which  was 
not  only  clean  and  agieeable  in  its  appearance,  but  pof- 
felfed  hkewife  all  the  power  of  refilfing  the  ad^ion  of 
trie  and  of  acids  that  could  be  defired.  But,  as  it  is 
very  difficult  to  apply,  is  very  dear  for  common  ufe, 
and  is  befides  conndered  as  not  being  capable  of  rcfifl- 
ing  violent  blows  or  falls,  he  made  various  experiments 
with  fubllances  of  lefs  jirice  ;  of  which  the  following  are 
certainly  worthy  of  being  related. 

I.  The  white  femi-tranfpartnt  lluor  fpar  was  reduced 
into  a  fine  powder,  wiili  an  equal  quantity  of  unburnt 
gypfum,  and  afterwards  calcined  in  a  llrong  fire  with  a 
white  heat  ;  the  whole  being,  from  time  to  time,  care- 
fully fiirred.  The  velfel,  which  he  intended  to  coat, 
having  firll  been  wetted  by  dipping  it  in  water,  had  as 
much  of  the  aiorefaid  powder  applied  to  its  infide,  by 
means  of  a  very  fine  filk  fieve,  as  would  adhere  to  it  of 
itfelf,  or  could  be  made  to  do  fo  by  prell'ing  it  with 
the  finger.  After  this  velfel  had  been  dried  and  gra- 
dually heated,  it  was  expofed  to  a  i'udden  and  violent 
heat,  partly  in  a  coal-fire,  kept  up  by  a  pair  (f  bellows 
(the  veflel  being  at  the  fame  time  covered,  fo  that  no 
coals  or  allies  could  fall  into  it,),  and  partly  in  an  allay- 
ing furnace. 

In  the  coal  fire,  and  with  the  heat  as  violent  as  is  com- 
monly ufed  to  make  copper  folder  run,  the  mixture  was 
melted,  in  about  the  fpaceofa  minute,  into  an  opaque 
white  enamel,  which  evenly  covered  the  furface  of  the 
copper,  and  fixed  itfelf  pretty  firmly  to  the  metal  ;  it 
alio  bore  hard  blows  without  breaking,  and  refifted  the 
trials  made  by  boiling  things  in  it,  and  by  applying 
acids  to  it.  The  forementioned  mixture  was  alfo  redu- 
ced into  a  fine  powder  in  a  glafs  mortar,  and  made  into 


a  fort  o(  thin  paflc  with  water  ;  it  was  tiien  applied  to  EnameDing 

the  velfel  with  a  fmall  brufli,  an  operation   as  eafy  as  "^-^"^'"^^ 

that  of  applying  any  other  wet  colouring  matter.     He 

like  wife  tried  this  palle,  by  covering  vclfels  vi-ith  it  in 

the  fame  way  the  potters  apply  their  common  glazing 

for  (lone  ware.     By  both  the  above  mentioned  procefles 

he  obtained  a  very  Imooth  coating,  particularly  by  the 

latter,  which  is  more  quickly  performed.  When  the  pafte 

is  applied,   the  velfel  Ihould  be  made  a  little  waim,  fo 

alfo  Ihould  tlie  palle  itfelf. 

Il  the  conlliment  parts  of  thefe  two  fubRanccs  be  con- 
fidtred  (th.  it  is  to  fay,  that  gypliim  is  compofed  nf  calca- 
reous earth  fatnraled  with  viiiiolic  (fnlphuric)  acid,  and 
flnor  fpar  ot  a  particular  acid  united  to  lihceous  eartil  ; 
alio,  that  the  whole,  when  put  into  the  fire  without  the 
addition  of  any  other  fubllance,  is,  of  all  earthy  or  ftony 
mixtures,  that  which  the  mull  eafily  melts  into  an  o- 
paque  white  glaf',  not  very  brittle)  and  if,  on  the 
other  hand,  the  a(5tion  of  acids  be  attended  tc — we  fiiall 
eafily  conceive  thefe  fubllances  niufl  attach  themielves 
llrongly  to  copper,  and  that  the  varnilh  formed  by  them 
cannot  afterwards  be  dillolved  or  a<5led  upon  by  acids. 

The  greatell  difficulty  attending  on  this  fimple  mix- 
ture is,  the  llrong  and  fuddtn  heat  necelfary  to  apply  it 
with  eifeifl,  that  heat  being  greater  than  is  commonly 
to  be  obtained  in  an  allaying  furnace.  On  that  ac- 
count, M.  Rinman  endeavoured  to  render  it  more  fu- 
fible  by  the  addition  of  fome  other  fubllance. 

Of  his  experiments  made  with  this  view,  fome 
failed,  and  others  fncceeded.  We  Ihall  record  only 
fuch  as  were  fuccefsful,  and  at  the  fame  time  attended 
with  fuch  moderate  expence  as  not  to  preclude  them 
from  common  life. 

2.  With  the  fubllances  employed  in  his  firft  experi- 
ment, which,  with  the  author,  we  Ih.ill  henceforth  call 
n"  I.  he  mixed  an  equal  quantity  of  what  is  called/«- 

/:b!e  glafs  (vitnmt  fujibilej,  compofed  of  fix  parts  of 
lime,  lour  ol  fiuor  fpar,  two  of  quartz  reduced  into  a 
fine  powder,  and  one-tenth  of  a  part  of  mang  inefe  ; 
the  whole  having  been  calcined,  and  ground  with  wa- 
ter, in  the  manner  colours  are  ground,  he  fpread  it  on 
the  velfel  with  a  brulh.  This  mixture  ran  pretty  well 
upon  the  copper  in  the  coal  fire  ;  it  alfo  attached  itfelf 
very  ftrongly  to  it,  and  produced  an  enamel  which  was 
firm  and  hard,  and  feemed  likely  to  bear  wear;  but 
it  was  of  a  dark  grey  colour,  and  without  any  brillian- 
cy. The  mixture  did  not  melt  more  readily  in  the  af- 
faying  furnace. 

Two  parts  of  n°  i.  with  one  part  of  the  fufible  glafs, 
and  a  quarter  of  a  part  of  manganefe,  had  nearly  the 
fame  effefl.  This  lall  mixture,  indeed,  was  rather  more 
eafily  melted,  but  it  had  a  darker  colour. 

3.  Eight  parts  of  \\°  i.  with  one  half  of  a  part  of 
borax,  one  quarter  of  a  part  of  nitre,  and  half  a  part 
of  manganefe,  were  melted,  in  the  fpace  often  minutes, 
into  a  brown  liver-coloured  glafs  ;  which,  in  the  af- 
f  lying  furnace,  produced  upon  the  copper  velfel  a  black 
enamel,  which  had  a  dull  furface.  In  other  refpedls  it 
was  firm,  even,  and  hard;  but  it  did  not  fufficiently  co- 
ver the  veffel  by  a  fingle  application,  nor  was  it  capable 
of  refilling  theaftion  of  acids. 

4.  One  part  ot  the  brown  glafs  mentioned  in  the  lad 
experiment,  with  three  parts  of  n°  1.  became,  in  the 
allaying  furnace  with  a  red  heat,almofl  as  fluid  as  the 
lall,  and  had  an  even  and  fmooth  furface ;  but  it  was  of 

a  dark 


E      N     A  [ 

Enamelling  a  dark  colour,  and  had  not  any. brilliancy.     It  was  not 
"'^'^''"*'~' lenfibly  acted  upon  by  vitriolic  (falphuric)  acid. 

J.  Four  parts  of  n"  i.  mixed  with  one  half  of  a  part 
of  litharge,  were  melted  in  a  crucible,  with  the  help  of 
the  billows,  in  five  minutes,  fo  as  to  become  as  fluid  as 
water.  This  mixture,  during  the  fudon,  emitted  a 
fmell  of  fulphureous  acid,  and  formed  an  opaque  gl.ifs 
of  a  draw  colour  ;  which,  after  being  grouud,  as  ufuai, 
and  fpread  upon  a  copper  veifel,  produced  an  enamel 
which  covered  the  velfel  very  evenly,  and  was  wJtli- 
oul  bubbles.  It  was  liitewife,  perhaps  the  hardeft  of 
all,  but  could  net  be  melted  in  the  alF.iying  furnace, 
requiring  a  ftronger  fire  kept  up  by  the  bellows.  It 
preferved  its  ftraw  colour,  but  without  any  luftre,  and 
refifted  the  aftion  of  acids  better  than  the  common  gla- 
zing of  the  potters. 

6.  Mr  Rinnian  mixed  together  equal  quantities  of 
gypfum,  fluor,  fpar,  and  what  the  potters  call  ivhitc 
lead  {a),  and  which  ferves  for  the  bafis  of  their  glazing. 
This  mixture,  after  being  calcined,  melted  in  five  mi- 
nutes, with  the  afflllance  of  a  pair  of  bellows  into  a 
very  white,  hard,  and  opaque  enamel,  which  was  very 
eafily  poured  out  of  the  crucible.  This  enamel,  treat- 
ed like  the  others,  ran  very  freely,  equally,  and  with- 
out bubbles,  by  the  heat  of  the  alFaying  lurnace.  It 
was  alfo  pretty  hard  and  ftrong,  but  without  any  luftre, 
and  had  green  and  yellow  fpots,  occafiuned  by  the  acids 
of  the  gypfum  and  fluor  fpar,  which  had  aifled  upon 
the  copper  during  the  fufion  vi  the  enamel.  It,  how- 
ever, bore  melting  two  or  three  times,  and  tlien  ap- 
peared of  a  white  colour  ;  it  WaS  but  very  little  affedcd 
by  other  acids. 

7.  Equal  parts  of  fluor  fpar,  of  gypfum,  of  litharge, 
and  of  pure  flint  glafs,  powdered  and  mixed  together, 
melted  in  five  minutes,  by  the  help  of  a  pair  of  bellows, 
and  produced  a  white  and  hard  gUfs,  very  like  that 
of  the  lafl  experiment,  but  rather  haider.  After  being 
applied  on  the  veflel  in  the  ufual  manner,  it  formed, 
with  the  greateft  heat  of  an  affajing  furnace,  an  ena- 
mel of  a  yellowifh  white  colour,  firm  and  liard,  but 
without  lullre.  In  order  to  avoid  the  formation  of 
bubbles,  care  was  taken  (as  ought  always  to  be  done 
in  enamelling)  to  remove  the  veliel  from  the  fire  as  foon 
as  it  had  acquired  a  brilliant  appearance  therein,  or  as 
foon  as  the  enamel  was  completely  melted. 

8.  Twelve  parts  of  glafs  of  lead  or  of  litharge,  with 
eight  parts  of  flint  glafs,  and  two  of  flowers  of  zinc. 
Were  melted,  in  the  fpacecf  fcven  minutes,  into  a  clear 
yellow  glafs,  which,  when  ufed  for  enamelling,  was  dil- 
pofed  to  form  bubbles  ;  but,  by  continuing  the  heat  for 
a  longer  time,  the  bubbles  were  difperftd,  and  he  ob- 
tained a  prettv  good  enamel,  ol  a  yellow  brown  colour 
with  a  greenilh  caft,  very  hard  and  firm.  It  refilled 
the  adion  of  the  vegetable  acids,  like  the  enamels  al- 
ready fpoken  of,  but  it  was  a  little  attacked  by  the  mi- 
neral acids. 

9.  Hepowderedandmixed  together  five  parts  of  fluor 
fp^r,  five  parts  of  gypfum,  two  parts  ot  minium,  one 
half  of  a  part  of  borax,  two  pans  of  flint  glaG,  one  hall 
of  a  part  of  calx  of  tin,  and  only  one  twenty-fifth  of  a 
part  of  calx  of  cobalt.  This  mixture  was  melted  in  a 
crucible  in  fix  minutes,  by  help  of  the  billows,  and  pro- 
duced an  opaque  glafs  of  a  pearl  colour,  a  little  incli- 


7    ] 


E     N     A 


ning  to  blue,  on  account  of  the  calx  of  cobalt.  It  Enamelling 
was  pretty  hard,  and,  alter  being  ground  with  water  ^-'^^^*«-' 
in  the  ufual  way,  it  became  of  a  very  good  confiflence, 
lo  as  to  be  very  fit  for  fprcadmg  over  vefftls,  to  which 
it  adhered  very  llrongly.  If  any  toLhles  formed  on 
the  velfel  during  its  drying,  they  might  b;  rut>bed  down 
with  the  finger,  and  the  whole  furf.ice  rendered  fmooth 
and  even.  After  being  warmed,  and  gradu  illy  hcited, 
it  was  put  into  an  aiiaying  furnace,  made  very  hot  with 
birdi  charcoal,  which  had  been  juil  kindled  under  the 
mufBe.  After  a  niin  jte  it  melted,  and  began  to  appear 
brilliant  ;  lb  that  he  found  it  necelfary  10  take  out  ihe 
velfel  very  quickly,  which  was  already  very  evenly  coat- 
ed wi;h  a  tiiick,  and  fulli.;iently  hard,  enamel,  the  fur- 
face  of  which,  however,  had  no  brilliancy. 

The  colour  lemtii.cd  always  inclining  to  green,  be- 
c  lufe  ilie  copper  had  been  a  little  attacked  by  the  arids 
of  the  gypfum  and  fluor  fp.ir  during  tlie  lufion;  but 
in  other  refptfts  this  enamel  was  very  firm,  was  very 
little  hurt  by  flight  blows,  and  b'>re  very  well  fudden 
changes  of  lieat  and  cold.  Weak  acids  had  no  aOion 
upon  it  ;  but  he  had  fjme  reafon  to  think  that  it  would, 
in  length  of  time,  have  been  aded  t'pon,  to  a  certain 
degree,  by  vitrijlic  (I'ulpburic)  acid.  I.s  colour,  ex- 
cept the  lotemeniioncd  fliade  of  green,  was  white,  with 
a  dull,  and  rather  changeable,  furface. 

The  calx  of  cobalt,  which  has  beenju.1  mentioned, 
and  which  Mr  Rinman  made  ufe  of  merely  with  the  in- 
tention oi  obtaining  a  fine  colour,  was  prepared  by  (a- 
turating  a  folution  of  cobalt  in  aquafortis  (nitric  acid) 
w  ith  common  fait,  and  evaporating  to  drynefs ;  by 
which  means  lie  obtained  a  fine  rofe-coloured  calx.  A 
very  fniall  quantity  of  this  calx,  when  mixed  witii  any 
fufible  glafs,  gives  it  a  beautiful  blue  colcur. 

Of  the  various  fpecies  of  enamel,  which  have  been 
defcribed  in  the  courfe  of  thefe  experiments,  and  which 
may  be  all  applied,  with  more  or  kfs  advantage,  to 
kitclien  utenfils,  the  leaft  expenfive  are  n"*  i,  2,  and 
5. ;  but  they  are  alfo  thofc  which  require  the  greaieli 
heat.  On  the  other  hand,  n"  9  may  be  recommended 
as  the  moll  eafy  of  fulicn,  and,  at  the  fame  time,  very 
durable  when  ufed  for  coating  veffels  in  which  victuals 
are  to  be  drelled,  which  is  here  the  principal  objeft,  and 
is  of  far  greater  importance  than  the  brilliant  appear- 
ance refultingfrom  the  enamel  generally  ufed  l>y  artilli, 
which  however  may  be  employed  when  the  faving  of 
expence  is  not  regarded. 

The  enamels  hitherto  defcribed  are  not  applicable  to 
vclFcls  made  of  iron,  though  tliey  may  be  employed  to 
cover  copper  with  great  advantage.  Iron  will  not  iii- 
deed  bear  the  common  praftice  of  cnamellers,  namely, 
to  be  put  into  the  fire  and  taken  out  again  leveral  times  ; 
for  the  i'parks  which  fly  from  iron,  when  in  a  hot 
fire,  detach  and  carry  off  the  enamel  from  the  parts 
Contiguous  to  ihofe  where  tliC  fpark^  are  formed.  The 
acids,  too,  of  the  gypfum  and  Huor  fpar,  made  ufe  of 
in  the  enamels  already  mentioned,  aOed  upon  the  iron 
during  the  fulion  of  the  cmmtl,  from  which  rel'ulted 
bubbles  and  bire  fpots,  which  entirely  fpoiled  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  work.  Oar  author  theielore  continu- 
ed his  experiments  with  a  view  to  difcover  a  proper 
enamel  tor  vellels  made  o!  ihi-,  metal. 

10.  He  reduced  into  a  very  fine  powder,  and  groun^ 

together 


(a)  This  fubftance  is  itfelf  a  mixture,  being  compofed  of  four  pirts  of  lead  and  one  of  tia. 


E     N     A 


C    s    ] 


E     N     F 


1  ndincllliig  together,  rine  parts  of  minium  (leil  oxyd  cf  lead), 
llx  parts  oC  rtint  glafs,  two  parts  of  pure  potalli,  two 
pans  (f  purified  nitre,  and  one  part  of  borax.  This 
mixture  was  put  into  a  large  crucible,  whicli  it  only 
half  fiilfd  ;  lie  covered  the  crucible  fo  that  no  coals 
coulJ  fall  into  it,  and  gradually  increafcd  the  fire  under 
it.  When  the  cfferviifcence  had  entirely  ceafed,  he 
caufcd  the  mixture  to  melt,  by  ufing  the  bellows  for 
four  or  five  minutes;  by  thefc  means  he  obtained  a 
clear  and  compact  glaf>,  which  he  poured  out  of  the 
crucible  upon  a  piece  of  marble.  Having  quenched  it 
in  water,  and  reduced  it  to  a  very  fine  powder  in  a 
glafs  nioriar,  he  ground  it  with  water  to  the  confulence 
of  a  very  thin  pafle.  He  then  covered  an  iion  vclfcl 
\vi;h  it  on  both  fides,  which,  after  having  dried  and 
lie.iteJ  it  by  degrees,  he  put  under  a  muffle  well  heated 
in  an  alfiyingluinace.  The  enamel  melted  very  readily 
in  the  fpace  ol  half  a  minute,  .iiid  with  a  very  brilliant 
appearance.  He  immediately  withdrew  the  vcifel,  and 
let  it  cool.  It  was  found  to  be  entirely  coated  with  a 
beautilul  enamel  of  a  bLick  colour;  which  colour  ap- 
peared to  be  caufed  by  a  thin  layer  of  calcined  iron, 
which  might  be  fecn  through  the  tranfparency  of  the 
enamel. 

A  copper  vclFel,  having  been  covered  with  the  fame 
enan.el,  the  fine  colour  of  the  copper  was  vifible  through 
the  thin  coat  of  glafs  ;  and  it  was  as  well  defended  from 
rull  by  this  coaling  as  il  would  have  been  by  an  enamel 
of  a  rtronger  kind. 

11.  To  hinder  the  colour  of  the  metal  from  being 
feen  through  llie  coating,  he  added  to  the  mixture,  ufcd 
in  the  preceding  experiment,  only  one  hundredth  part 
cf  the  calx  of  cobalt  delcribed  in  n'^  9.  Tlie  whole 
was  melted  into  a  beautiful  blue  glafs  ;  it  was  prepa- 
red for  enamelling,  and  applied,  in  the  manner  before 
defcribed,  upon  another  iron  veli'e!.  The  enamel  pro- 
ved to  be  fmooth,  thick  and  brilliant,  like  the  piece- 
ding,  but  it  covered  the  velfel  more  perfe>ftly  ;  it  was 
of  a  fine  blue  colour,  with  fome  black  fpots  in  thofe 
parts  where  it  had  been  moft  thinly  applied. 

12.  The  glafs  of  n°  10.  reduced  into  powder,  and 
ground  with  potters  white  lead,  o{  which  mention  has 
already  be;n  made,  melted  with  the  fame  facility  ;  it: 
produced  a  very  fmooth  enamel,  of  a  grey  colour,  but 
more  firm  and  hard  than  the  lormer,  and,  on  account  of 
the  aduiiion  made  to  it,  of  a  ftill  lefi  price.  By  mixing 
with  the  fame  glafs  a  fmall  quantity  of  crocus  martis.he 
obtained  a  very  fipe  enamel,  of  a  dark  red  colour,  not 
to  mention  other  colours  in  it  liill  more  beautiful.  The 
ciocus  martls  he  ufed  in  this  experiment  was  prepared 
irom  a  folution  of  iron  in  aqua  regia  (nitro-miiriatic 
acid),  which  was  evaporated  to  diynefs,  and  the  matter 
thus  eJukurated  and  calcined. 

13.  In  order  to  render  the  forementioned  enamel 
more  folid,  and  to  give  it  what  is  called  io./y,  he  melt- 
ed together  a  mixture  of  twelve  parts  of  Hint  glafs, 
eighteen  parts  of  minium,  four  parts  of  potulli,  four 
p.ir.s  of  nitre,  two  parts  of  borax,  three  parts  of  calx 
if  tin,  and  one  eighth  part  of  calx  of  cobalt,  obferving 
always  the  ufual  precautions.  He  (.htained  a  glafs  of 
a  li^ht  blue  ci.lour,  which,  after  having  been  ground 

■  with  warer,  and  fpread  upon  fmall  iron  b^fins,  or  tea 
cups,  produced,  by  means  of  a  brifc  fire  in  an  a/Taying 
furnace,  an  enamel  which  was  fmooth  and  even,  and  of 
a  pearl  col&ur.     The  coating  was  of  a  proper  thicknefs, 


Enfield- 


to   obtain  which  require  a  certain  degree  of  dexterity  Enamelling 
and  pra<flice.     He  alfo  tried  to  paint  upon  this  enamel 
with  what  is  called  vi'inerjl  purple  (purpura   mineralis),  , 
which  he  ufed  with  a  little  powdered  quartz,  nitre,  and 
borax.     It  produced  a  very  beautiful  red  colour. 

Though  this  lall  mentioned  compofition  is  morebeau- 
tiful  when  applied  upon  iron,  and  more  even  than  the 
preceding,  it  has  the  difadvantage,  on  account  of  the 
flits  which  it  contains,  of  not  refilling  the  aflion  of  the 
ftronger  vegetable  acids,  and  ftill  Icfs  that  of  the  mine- 
ral ones.  But  as  a  velfel  when  coated  with  this  ena- 
mel bears,  without  any  injury,  fudden  changes  of  heat: 
and  cold,  and  alfo  to  have  any  greafy  mixtures  baked 
or  boiled  in  it,  (even  tiiofe  which  are  of  a  caudic  alka- 
line name,  or  thofe  which  contain  the  ufual  weak  acids 
which  arc  ufed  in  the  preparation  cf  our  food),  it  may 
be  applied  to  velfels  of  various  kinds,  among  others  to 
tea  cups ;  particularly  as  it  is  neither  brittle  nor  fub- 
jeit  to  crack,  provided  it  is  not  expofed  to  violent 
blows.  It  is  hardly  necelTary  to  fay,  that  this  enamel 
can  only  be  applied  upon  veifels  made  of  hammered 
iron,  and  not  upon  thoie  of  caft  iron,  thefe  la(f  being 
always  too  thick  to  be  heated  with  fulficient  quicknefs : 
for  the  greater  is  the  fpace  of  time  neceiTary  to  make 
tlie  velfels  red  hot,  the  greater  is  the  quantity  of  fcalcs 
formed  upon  them,  and,  of  courfe,  the  enamel  becomes 
more  injured. 

Our  author  makes  fome  other  judicious  obfervations 
on  the  enamel  for  iron,  of  which  he  has  defcribed  the 
compofition,  and  fays,  that,  independent  of  its  ufe  for 
coating  kitchen  utenfils,  it  might  be  made  to  ferve 
m.my  other  purpofes,  fuch  as  preferving  things  made 
of  that  metal,  not  only  from  rull,  but  alfo,  as  he  proved 
by  experiment,  to  a  certain  degree,  from  calcination. 

ENCAUSTIC  Painting.  See  Painting  in  this 
Supplement. 

ENDEAVOUR  Straits,  are  between  the  N.  point 
of  New-Holl.iiid,  and  the  S.  coaft  of  New-Guinea.  S. 
lat.  10.  E.  long,  from  Paris  140. — Morse. 

ENFIELD  (William,  L.  L.  D.),  well  known  in 
the  leirned  world  by  feveral  ufeful  and  elegant  publi- 
cations, was  born  at  Sudbury,  on  Mirch  29,  O.  S. 
1741,  of  parents  in  a  humble  walk  of  life,  but  of  very 
refpeifiable  charaders.  His  amiable  diipofition  and 
promifing  talents  early  recommended  him  to  the  Rev. 
Mr  Hextall,  the  diffenting  miuiiler  of  that  place,  who 
took  great  care  of  his  education,  and  infuled  into  his 
young  mind  that  tafte  for  elegance  in  compofition  which 
ever  afterwards  diftinguiflied  him. 

In  his  17th  year  he  was  fent  to  the  academy  at  Da- 
ventry,  then  under  ths  diredion  i:'i  the  Rev.  Dr  Afli- 
worth,  where  he  palfed  through  the  ufual  courfe  of  in- 
(Irudicn  pieparalory  to  the  oiiice  of  the  miniftry  ;  and 
with  fiich  fuccefs  did  he  cultivate  the  talents  of  a 
preacher,  and  if  an  amiable  man  in  fociety,  that,  on 
leaving  the  academy,  he  was  at  once  chofen,  in  1763, 
minifter  of  the  very  refpeifiable  congregation  of  Benn's 
Garden  in  Liverpool. 

In  ih.it  agreeable  town  he  pafTed  feven  of  the  happieft 
years  of  his  lif.",  very  generally  beloved  and  efteemed. 
He  married,  in  1767,  the  daughter  of  Mr  Holland  dra- 
per in  Liverpool,  with  whom  he  palfed  all  the  reft  of 
his  days  in  mf4t  cordial  union.  His  literary  reputation 
was  extended,  during  his  refidence  in  this  place,  by  the 
publication  of  two  volumes  of  fermons,  which  weie  very 

well 


E     N     F 


[     9    1 


E     N     F 


Enfield,    well  received,  and  have  ferved  to  grace  many  pulpits 

"''"'''^^  befides  that  in  which  they  were  originally  preached.    A 

colle(ftion  of  hymns  and  of  family  prayers,  which  he 

alfo  puhlifhed  at  Liverpool,  did  credit  to  his  tafte  and 

judgment. 

About  1770,  he  was  invited  to  take  a  fhare  in  the 
condud  of  the  academy  at  Warrington,  and  alfo  to  oc- 
cupy the  place  of  minifter  to  the  dilfcnting  congrega- 
tion there,  both  vacant  by  the  death  of  the  Rev.  Mr 
Seddon.  His  acceptance  of  this  honourable  invitation 
was  a  fouTce  of  a  variety  of  mixed  fenfations  and  events 
to  him,  of  which  anxiety  and  vexation  ccmpofed  too 
large  a  (hare  for  his  liappinefs.  No  alTiduity  on  his 
part  was  wanting  in  the  performance  of  his  various  du- 
ties ;  but  the  difeafes  ot  the  inlUtutron  w-ere  radical  and 
incurable  ;  and  perhaps  jiis  gentlenefs  of  temper  was  ill 
adapted  to  contend  with  the  difficulties,  in  matter  of 
difcipline,  which  fecm  entailed  on  all  dilfenting  acade- 
mies, and  which,  in  that  fituation,  fell  upon  him,  as 
the  domeflic  reiident,  with  peculiar  weiglit.  He  al- 
ways, however,  jiofleifed  the  refpcdl  and  atfedion  of  the 
befi  difpofed  of  the  (ludcnls  ;  and  there  was  no  reafon 
to  fuppofe  that  any  other  perfon,  in  his  place,  could 
have  prevented  that  dUFolution  which  the  academy  un- 
derwent in  1783. 

During  the  period  of  his  engagement  there,  Iiis 
indefatigable  indullry  was  exeried  in  tlie  compofi- 
tion  of  a  number  of  works,  moftly,  indeed,  of  the 
clafs  of  ufeful  compilations,  but  containing  valuable  dif- 
plays  of  his  powers  of  thinking  and  writing.  The  moll 
confiderable  was  his  "  Inftitutes  of  Natural  Philofo- 
phy"  (quarto,  Johnfon,  1783  ;)  a  clear  and  well-arran- 
ged compendium  of  the  leading  principles,  theoretical 
and  experimental,  of  the  fciences  comprifed  under  that 
head.  And  it  may  be  mentioned,  as  an  extraordinary 
proof  of  his  diligence  and  power  of  comprehenfion, 
that,  on  a  vacancy  in  the  mathematical  department  of 
the  academy,  which  the  Ifate  of  the  inflituiion  render- 
ed it  impoflible  to  fupply  by  a  new  tutor,  he  prepared 
himfelf,  at  a  fliort  warning,  to  fill  it  up;  and  did  fill 
it  with  credit  and  utility,  though  this  abftrufe  branch 
of  fcience  had  never  before  been  a  particular  objeft  of 
his  ftudy.  He  continued  at  Warrington  two  years 
after  ihe  academy  had  broken  up,  taking  a  few  private 
pupils. 

In  1785,  receiving  an  invitation  from  tlie  principal 
diflenting  congregation  at  Norwich,  he  accepted  it, 
and  firR  fixed  his  refidence  at  Thorpe,  a  pleafing  vil- 
lage near  the  city,  where  he  purfued  his  plan  of  taking 
a  limited  number  of  pupils  to  board  in  his  houfe.  He 
afterwards  removed  to  Norwich  itfelf ;  and,  at  length, 
fatigued  with  the  long  cares  of  education,  entirely  cea- 
lisd  to  receive  boarders,  and  only  gave  private  inftruc- 
tions  to  two  or  three  feleft  pupils  a  few  hours  in  tiie 
morning.  This  too  he  at  laft  difcontinued,  and  devo- 
ted liimfelf  folely  to  the  duties  of  his  congregation,  and 
the  retired  and  independent  occupations  of  literature. 
Yet,  in  a  private  way  and  fmall  circle,  few  men  had 
been  more  fuccefbful  in  education,  of  which  many  flrik- 
ing  examples  might  be  mentioned,  and  none  more  fo 
than  the  members  of  his  own  family.  Never,  indeed, 
was  a  father  more  defervedly  happy  in  his  children  ;  but 
the  eldell,  whom  he  had  trained  with  uncommon  care, 
and  who  had  already,  when  juft  of  age,  advanced  in  his 
profedional  career  fo  far  as  to  be  chofen  town-clerk  of 

SuppL.  Vol.  II. 


Nottingham,  was  moft  unfortunately  fnatched  away  by    EnficH 
a  iever  a  few  years  fince.  \.x~v-">«-i 

This  fatal  event  produced  effei5ts  on  the  doiflcr's 
health  which  alarmed  his  friends.  The  fymptoms  were 
thofe  of  angina  pecloris,  and  they  continued  till  the  ufual 
ferenity  of  his  mind  was  redored  by  time  and  employ, 
ment.  Some  of  the  laft  years  of  his  life  were  the  moft 
comfortable  :  employed  only  in  occupations  which  were 
agreeable  to  him,  and  which  left  him  mafter  of  his  own 
time;  witnelTing  the  happy  fettlemenl  of  two  of  his 
daughters  ;  contraded  in  his  living  within  the  domeflie 
privacy  which  he  loved  ;  and  conncded  wiih  fome  of 
the  moft  agreeable  literary  companions,  and  with  a  fct 
of  the  moll  cordial  and  kind-hearted  friends  that  per- 
haps this  ifland  aiFords,  hefeemed  fully  to  enjoy  life  as 
it  flowed,  and  indulged  himfelf  in  pleafing  profpeifls  for 
futurity.  Alas !  an  unfufpeifled  and  incurable  difeafe 
was  preparing  a  fad  and  fudJen  change  :  a  fchirrous 
contradlion  of  the  rectum,  the  fymptoms  of  which  were 
miliaken  by  himfelf  for  a  common  laxity  of  the  bowel>, 
brought  on  a  total  ftoppage,  which,  after  a  week's 
ftruggle,  ended  in  death.  Its  gradual  approach  gave 
him  an  opportunity  to  difplay  all  the  icndernefs,  and 
more  than  the  ufual  fjrmnefs,  of  his  nature.  He  ditd 
November  3,  1797,  amidll  the  kind  offices  of  mourn- 
ing friends,  and  his  laft  hours  were  peace  ! 

Befides  the  literary  performances  already  mentioned, 
Dr  Enfield  completed,  in  1791,  the  laborious  tafk  of 
an  abridgment  cf  "  Brucker's  Hlftory  of  Pbilofophy," 
which  he  comprifed  in  two  volumes  quarto.  It  may 
be  truly  faid,  that  the  tenets  of  philofnphy  and  the 
lives  of  its  profeiiors  were  never  before  difplayed  in  fo 
pleafing  a  form,  and  with  fuch  clearnefs  and  elegance 
cf  language.  Indeed  it  was  his  peculiar  excellence  to 
arrange  and  e^.prefs  other  mens  ideas  to  the  utmoft  ad- 
vantage. Perhaps,  at  the  time  of  his  deceale,  there 
was  not  in  England  a  more  perfeifl  mafter  of  what  is 
called  the  middle  ftyle  in  writing,  combining  the  qua- 
lities of  eafe,  elegance,  perfpicuity,  and  correiflnefs,  en- 
tirely free  from  afieflation  and  fingularity,  and  fitted 
for  any  fubjecl.  If  his  caft  of  thought  was  not  original, 
yet  it  was  free,  enlarged,  and  manly.  \Vhatlie  was  in 
the  capacity  of  a  teacher  of  religion,  his  feveral  congre- 
gations will  teftify  with  grateful  and  afFe(flionate  re- 
memberance.  Few  minifters  have  paid  fuch  unremit- 
ting attention  to  the  perfection  of  their  pulpit  compo- 
fitions ;  nor  was  it  only  by  detached  difcourles  that  he 
inculcated  the  truths  of  mordity  and  religion,  but  by 
methodical  plans  of  inftruflion,  drawn  up  with  great 
care  and  comprehenuon.  The  valuable  (lores  of  this 
kind  which  he  left  behind  him,  will  not  be  configned 
to  oblivion  ;  but,  it  is  hoped,  will  inform  and  improve 
numbers  to  whom  the  voice  of  the  preacher  could  never 
Lave  extended.  In  delivery,  his  manner  was  grave  and 
imprtffive,  depending  rather  on  the  weight  of  juft  enun- 
ciation than  in  tlic  arts  of  oratory.  Little  need  be 
added  to  this  fketch  ci  the  moral  qualities  of  the  excel- 
lei.t  man  above  commemorated.  If  moderation,  com- 
pliancy, and  gentlenefs  were  ever  prevalent  in  him  to  a 
de_i;ree  of  excefs,  who  that  knew  him  will  blame  an  ex- 
cels which  opened  liis  foul  to  every  emoiion  and  oflice 
cf  afFedion  and  fricndfliip? 

This  account  "(  Dr  Enfield,  which  is  taken  from  the 

Monthly    Magazine,  is   acknowledged   by  its  author  to 

be  the  elFufion  of  fricndlliip  j  but  we  believe  that  the 

B  panegyric, 


Eolipile. 


ENG  [lo]  EOL 

panegyric,  though  high,  is  in  general  jufl.     It  is  our  clafi.    We  confefs  ourfelves  to  be  unwilling  to  relinguifli  Engraltinj 

duty,  however,  to  warn  our  re.iuers  .igiinlt  placing  iin-  this  opinion  ;  but  it  would  be  very  unf.iir  to  withhold 

'  plicit  confidence  in  the  Doflor's  reprel'enialion  of  an-  fnnn  the  public  any  i'.iS.  which  feenis  to  militate  againll  , 

cicnt  philofophy  ;  for  though  we  li.ive  iVequenily  Ibiind  it,  and  has  come  to  our  knowledge.     We  ihall  therefore 

him    correft,   and  have  iheiefore  quoted  him  with  ap-  trunfciibi;   from   the    Philnfophlcal  Magazine  \.\\e.  io\\r,w- 

pr(-bition  ouifwlves,  we  have  likewil'c  itjund  him  fonie-  ing  communication  iVoni  Dr  Thornton,  ledurer  on  nie- 

tinies  miftaking  the  Lnfe  of  his  au;hois.     In  a  work  dical  botany  at  Guy's  Hofpi'.al,  refpeftiiig  a  fuppoled 

like  his,  millakes  were  indeed  unavoidable;  for  when  Lufus  naiur£,  which  he  confiders  as  the  confcquence  of 

he  refolved  to  comprefs  tlie  fubllance  of  Erucker's  live  engrafting. 

volume?  within  the  ccmpais  of  two,  he  could  not  avoid        In  the  firfl  volume  of  the  rhi'bfphkal  TranfaShns, 
fonietimes  giving  what  he  thought  the  fenfe  of  the  an-  N"  XXIX.  publilhed  November    1667,  you  have  tlic 
cients,  when  accuracy  required  their  very  'worth  to  be  following  communication,  intided, 
given.     This  wc  believe  to  be  the  fource  of  thofe  errors        "Some  HortuLn  Experiments  about  the  engraft- 
in  his  elegant  hiflory,  vvhii;h  we  have  heard  otliers  un-  ing  of  Oranges  and  Lemons  or  Citrons,   whereby  is 


piuduced  an  individual  Fruit,  liaU  Oiange  and  lialf 
Lemon,  growing  K^getlier  as  one  Body  upon  the  fame 
Tree." 

We  liave  here   orange    trees  (faith  the  intelligence 


juftly  atliibute  to  dtfign  ;  for  had  it  been  his  ilcj.gn  to 
deceive,  he  would  not  fui  tly  have  llored  his  margin  with 
leferenccs  to  enable  every  rc.idcr  to  detefl  the  deceit. 

Enfield,  a  townlliip  in  Hailford  co.  Connciflieut, 
on  the  E.  bank  of  Connecticut  river,  oppodte  to  Suffield,  from  Florence)  th.it  bear  a  fruit  which  is  citron  on  one 
and  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Milfachufetts  line:  fide  and  orange  on  the  other.  They  have  been  brought 
it  was  granted  by  the  court  of  Maifichufetti,  to  hither  out  of  other  countries,  and  they  are  now  much 
Springfield,  in  1648,  and  was  fettled  in  16S1.  In  propagated  by  engratting.  This  was  confirmed  to  us 
1769  it  contained  214  Englifli  families.  In  the  town  (fays  the  editor  of  the  Tranfaiflicns  of  the  royal  Sc- 
are two  Congregational  churches,  and  ameeting-houfe  ciety)  by  a  very  ingenious  Englilh  gentleman,  who  al'- 
for  Shakers.  The  compact  part  of  tlie  town,  contigu-  ferted,  that  himfcU  not  only  had  feen,  but  bought  of 
ous  to  the  river,  is  very  pleafint.  It  is  16  or  18  miles  them,  anno  i66o,  in  P.iris,  whither  they  had  been  fent 
N.  of  Hartford. — 3forse.  by  Genoa  merchants ;  and  that  on  fome  trees  he  had 

Enfield,  a  townfhip   in  Grafton  co.  New-Hamp-  found  an  orange  on  one  branch  and  a  lemon  on  ano- 

(hirc,  about  11  miles  S.  E.  of  Dartmouth  College.    It  ther  branch  (which  is  not  fo   remarkable  as  what   fol- 

was   incorporaied   in   1761,  and  his  724  inhabitants,  lows);  as  aUo,  one  of  the  fame  fiuit,  half  orange  ard 

chiefly   farmers. — jl).  half  lemon  ;  and  fomctiraes  three  quarters  of  one,  and 

ENGANNO,  TKO^i?t\jK,  or  Fa//t  Cape,  istlieeaft-  a  quarter  of  the  other, 

ernmoll  land  of  the  ifland  of  St.  Domingo,  5-'  leagues  In  the  third  part  of  the   Reports  of  the  Board  of 

northerly  of  Pointe  de  I'Epte,  and  22    S.  E.  of  Cape  Agriculture,  among  the  foreign  communications,  we 

Raphael,  or  Round  Mountain.  N.  lat.  19.  3.  W.  long,  fee,  with  equal  plcafure  and  altonilhment,  an  account 

from  Paris  71.  25. — ii.  of  the  American  apple,   which,  by  a  peculiar  mode  of 

ENGINEER  is  the  appellation  of  him  whofe  pro-  budding  (a),  is  half  fweet  an  half  four,  h.df  white  and 

fefllon  it  is  to  contrive  or  make  any  kind  of  ufetul  en-  half  red,  without  the  leaft  confufion  of  the  refpeflive 


gine  or  machine.  He  Is  denominated  either  a  civil  or 
military  engineer,  according  as  the  objects  of  liis  pro- 
feflion  refpeifl  civil  or  military  purpofes.  See  Forti- 
fication, Encycl.  and  Machine  in  this  SupplcmeKl. 

ENGLISH  Harlot,  one  of  the  bell  harbors  in  the 
ifl.md  of  Antigua,  on  the  S  (hore,  a  mile  S.  E.  of  the 
mouth  of  Falmouth  harbor.     It  it  well  fortified,  and 


halves 

At  Mr  Mafon's,  florid,  Fleet-ftreet,  oppofite  the 
Bolt  and  Tun,  there  is  a  produdlion  now,  September 
1  79^*,  to  be  feen  half  peach  and  lialf  neflariiie.  It  has 
all  thefoftnefs  and  yellDw  down  of  the  peach,  and  the 
fleek  red  irnootlinefs  c-f  the  necftarine  ;  fuppofed  to  be 
a  lufus  nature,  but   probably  is  rather  tlie  I'p.irtings  of 


has  a  royal  navy  yard  and  arfenal,  with  conveniences    art  than  of  nature,  and  which  perhaps  will  be  tlie  caufe 


why  we  fliall  in  future  fee  many  other  fuch  vegetable 
wonders,  which,  as  we  fee,  were  known  to  our  an- 
ceftors. 

ENNEADECATERIS,  in  chronology,  a  cycle  or 
period  of  19  folar  years,  being  the  fame  as  the  golden 


for  careening  fliips  of  war.     N.  lat.  17.  8.  25.  W.  long 
61.  27.  30. — Morse. 

English  Neighbourhood,  a  village  in  Bergen  co. 
New-Jei-fey,  on  a  N.  E.  branch  of  Hackinfack  river, 
W.  of,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Lee. — ib. 

Englishtown,  in  New-Jerfey,  almall  village  in  the  number  and  lunar  cycle,  or  cycle  of  the  moon 

N.  weftern  part  of  Monmouth  co.   on  the   road  from  ENO,  a  river  in  N.   Carolina,  which   unites   with 

Princetown  to  Shrewffaury,  2  1  miles  from  the  former.  Little  and   Flat  rivers   in  Orange  co.  and  forms  the 

6  W.  of  Monmouth  court-houfe,  and  i8  E.  of  Prince-   Neui,  about  17  miles  below  HiUiborough Morse. 

ion.— ib.  ENOREE,  a  N.  W.  branch  of  Broad  river  in  S. 

ENGONASIS,  in  aftronomy,  the  fame  as  Hercules,  Carolina.     It  feparates  Pinckney  and   Ninety-Six  dif- 

one  of  the  northern  conftellations.  tridls,  and  joins  Broad  river  about  5  miles  below  Tyger 

ENGRAFTING.     See  Grafting,  Encycl.  where  river. — Ih. 

it  is   faid  that  there  is  little  hope  of  producing  miied  ENSETE.     See  Musa,  Encycl. 


fruits  by  engrafting  one  tree  upon  another  of  the  fame        EOLIPILE.     See  .Solipile,  Encycl. 


EPAULE, 


(a)  The  manner  in  which  the  extraordinary  neftarine  peach  firft  produced  in  this  country  was  efFei5led,  was 
>y  inferting  the  bud  of  one  fruit  upon  the  ftock  bearing  a  different  fort. 


E    P    I 


C    11    ] 


E     P    I 


Epaule  EPAULE,  or  EspAULE,  in  fortification,  the  fhoul. 

I         d.r  of  the  baftion,  or  tlie  angle  mnde  by  the  face  and 
fPJf^^PJ^-  liink,  otherwife  called  the  angle  of  the  epaule. 

El'HRATA,  or  D.tnLanlToiun,  a  village  in  Lan- 
cafter  co.  Pcnnfylvania,  fituated  on  the  N.  \V.  fide  of 
Calico  cieek,  which,  joining  the  Cjnelloga,  tails  into 
the  Sufquehanna.  It  lies  12  miles  N.  ot  the  town  of 
Lancaller,  and  upwards  of  60  W.  of  Philadelphia.  It 
is  fituated  in  a  romantic  and  feijuellered  vale,  and 
poffell'td  by  a  religious  community  called  Tunkers,  who 
are  moftly  of  German  delcent,  and  believe  in  general 
redemption.  They  ufe  great  plainnils  of  drefs  and 
language,  and  will  neither  fvvear,  nor  tight,  nor  go  to 
law,  nor  take  inlerell  for  the  mon^y  they  lend.  They 
have  many  peculiarities  ;  but  their  innocent  man- 
ners have  acquired  them  the  name  of  the  harmlefs 
Tunkers.  This  fcttlement  is  fomctimes  called  Tunker's 
Town,  and  conllfls  of  about  40  buildings;  of  which 
3  arc  places  of  v.-orfliip.  They  fublift  by  cultivating 
their  lands,  by  aitending  a  printin-^-officc,  a  grift-mill, 
a  paper-mill,  an  oil-mill,  &c.  and  tlie  (liters  by  fpin- 
ning,  weaving,  fewing,  &c.  Befides  this  congregation 
at  Ephrata,  there  were  in  1770,  14  others  of  this  fed 
in  various  parts  of  Pcnnfylvaiiia,  andfomein  Maryland. 
The  whole,  cxclufive  of  thofe  in  Maryland,  amounted 
to  upwards  of  iOOO  fouls. — Morse. 

EPISCOPACY  is  a  fubjeft  of  which,  in  cur  own 
opinion,  enough  has  been  faid  in  the  Eiuychpxdla.  VVe 
are  requefled  however  to  infert  in  this  place  an  argu- 
ment additional  to  \\°  17.  of  that  article  ;  and  we  com- 
ply  with  the  requell  the  more  icadily  that  we  find  the 
argument,  which  has  been  fuggefted  to  us,  in  tiiat  very 
work  of  Dr  Beikeley's  which  we  were  permitted  to 
abridge  even  before  our  amiable  friend  had  pubhlhed  it 
himl'tlf.  The  argument  indeed  is  not  new.  It  was, 
we  believe,  ^;y?  uled  by  Dr  Wells  in  fome  controver- 
fial  IcUers  ag.iinlt  the  Englilh  dilfenters,  which  were 
publillied  early  in  the  current  century.  Dr  Berkeley 
adopted  it  from  Dr  Wells ;  and  other  doflors  have 
taken  it  from  Dr  Berkeley.     It  is  as  follows : 

That  the  apoltles  ellablilhed  fwo  orders  of  miniilcrs 
in  the  Chridian  church  is  admitted  by  all  who  contend 
not  for  tlie  equal  and  common  tights  of  Chrillians  ;  and 
that  the  perfons  occupying  the  higher  order,  by  what- 
ever title  they  were  known,  or  however  limited  may 
have  been  the  jurifditflion  of  each,  poireifed  authority 
as  well  to  ordain  others  as  to  preach  thegofpel  and  ad- 
minifter  the  facraments,  is  the  very  point  on  %vhich  the 
advocates  for  the  divine  right  of  prcfbytery  infill.  At 
the  reformation,  however,  and  for  1400  years  before, 
there  was  an  intermediate  order  of  minifters  between 
thefe  two,  known  by  the  name  of  priefts  or  prefbytcrs, 
authwiftd  indeed  to  preach  the  gofpel  and  to  adminiller 
its  facraments,  but  not  authorifed  to  f-nd  labourers  of 
any  kind  into  Chrift's  vineyard.  This  inlertmJ'uite  or- 
der therefore  being,  by  the  fuppofition,  diltinift  from 
the  two  apojlolical  orders  of  miniRer';,  niuft  have  been, 
at  whatevei  period  it  was  introduced  into  the  chunh, 
an  order  of  human  invention  ;  but  it  ii  from  this  order 
of  minifters  that  the  clergy  of  ihofe  churches,  which 
are  m  t  Epifcopal,  derive  ail  their  authority  to  miniller 
in  holy  things.     The  confequcnce  is  obvious. 

Scotch  EFiscoFALiJi\s  area  iociety  of  Chriftians  cer- 
tainly as  relpciflable,  if  not  fo  numerous,  as  any  otiicr 
in  the  kingdom  v.'hich  dillcnts  from  the  worftiip  and  dif- 


r 

Eflablifii- 
nicut  of 
Kpifcopacy 
iubcotUnil. 


No  liturgy 
ufcil  in  the 
Scutch 
diurch, 


cipline  of  the  eftabliftied  church.  For  many  years,  J^pircopacy. 
however,  the  public  woilhip  of  that  fcciety  was  pro- ''~'^^'"*^ 
fcribed  by  the  legill.Uuie  ;  and  there  is  reafon  to  fufpcft 
that  its  real  principles  are  not  yet  univerfally  under- 
ftood.  If  this  be  fo,  it  furely  becomes  the  editors  of  a 
work  in  which  fjme  acco'int  is  given  of  almoft  every 
denomination  of  Chrillians  down  to  the  novel  ic6i 
which  ftiks  its  members  Bereaks,  to  do  juftice  to  the 
venerable  remains  of  what  was  once  the  eftabliflud 
church  of  their  native  country. 

That  the  reformation  from  popery  was  in  Scotland 
tumultuous  and  irregular,  is  known  to  all  Europe  :  and 
very  lew  of  our  readers  can  be  ignorant  that  there  was 
neitiier  order  in  the  reformed  church,  nor  decency  in 
her  worlhlp  till  James  VT.  with  much  addrels,  accom- 
piiihid  the  eftablilhmerit  ot  a  very  moderate  epil'copacy. 
To  ihib  form  cf  church  government  the  belter  part  of 
the  nation  was  fufficiently  attaclied;  and  it  continued 
to  be  the  ecclefiafticul  polity,  fupported  by  the  ftate, 
till  the  grand  rebellion,  when  it  was  overthrown  by  the 
partlzans  of  the  nalioual  covenant.  It  was  rellored, 
however  in  1662  ;  and  again  abol.lhed  in  x68i;  by  tliat 
convention  which  placed  the  Prince  and  Princefs  of 
Oianeeonthe  ancient  throne  of  the  Scottifli  monarchs. 

Thefe  events  are  fo  univerfally  known,  that  it  it  fuf- 
ficient  in  this  place  barely  to  mention  them  ;  but  there 
are  probably  many  of  our  readers  who  do  not  know, 
that,  during  the  whole  period  of  her  legal  eftablilhment, 
the  Scotch  epifcopal  church  had  no  public  liturgy.  It 
appears  indeed,  that  tlie  firfl  reformers  made  ule  of  the 
Englilli  book  of  common  prayer  ;  and  there  is  on  re- 
cord fufticicnt  evidence  that  John  Knox  himiielf,  though 
he  difapproved  ol  fome  things  in  that  book,  had  no  ob- 
jedlion  either  to  ftated  forms  <  f  prayer  in  general,  or 
to  a  fubordlnation  among  the  minillers  of  the  gofpel  ; 
but  his  fuccelfor  Andrew  Melvil,  who  polTelfed  nei- 
ther his  learning  nor  his  worth,  had  influence  enough 
to  introduce  into  the  church  a  perfect  parity  cf  mini- 
fters, and  to  excite  among  the  people  a  very  general 
abhorrence  of  liturgical  worlliip.  So  rooted  indeed  was 
that  abhorrence,  that,  as  every  one  knows,  an  attempt 
to  introduce  into  the  church  oi  Scotland  a  book  <  f 
commrn  prayer,  copied  with  fome  alterations  from  that 
of  England,  produced  the  fulemn  league  and  ccvitiaiU, 
which  involved  in  one  common  ruin  the  unfoitunate 
Charles  andhisdarling  Epifcopacy.  At  the  reftoration  of 
the  monarchy,  the  Epifcopal  conllltution  of  the  church 
was  rcftored,  but  no  new  attempt  was  made  to  eftablilh 
the  ufe  of  a  public  liturgy,  and  except  at  the  ordina- 
tions of  the  clergy,  when  the  Englilh  forms  «cre  ufcd, 
no  fervice  book  was  itsn  in  a  Scottiih  church. 

Forfomo  years  alter  Epifcopacy  liad  ceafcd  to  be  the 
religion  of  the  ftate,  the  deprived  clergy  made  no  alte- 
ration in  tlieir  modes  of  focial  worlhip.  Having  re- 
fufed  to  transfer  to  King  William  tiiat  allegiance  which 
they  had  fworn  to  Kmg  J  imes,  they  were  treated,  du- 
ring his  rtign  with  fuch  fcverity,  that  on  the  Lord's 
day  they  diirft  not  venture  fuitlierthan  to  officiate  "in 
their  own  hijed  houfcs.  where  they  received  fuch  friends 
a'  chofc  t"  conic  in  unto  them  ;"  and  in  thofe  fmall 
congregations,  if  congregations  they  may  be  called, 
they  continued  to  pray,  it  not  extempore,  at  leaft  with- 
out book,  till  the  acceilion  of  Anne  to  the  throne  of 
her  a'lceftors.  The  attachment  of  that  Princefs,  not 
orily  to  the  cjnftitution,  but  alfo  to  the  worfliip  of  the 
B  2  church 


3 
Except  at 

ordiniti- 


r.rlfcopacy. 


4 
Introiluc- 
tion  of  the 
Englilh  li- 
turgy. 


i^ourccs  of 
divifion  a- 
niong  the 
Scotch  E- 
pifcopali- 


E     P     I  [ 

clmrch  of  Eii;'l  ind,  was  well  known  to  them  ;  and  they 
very  reafouably  thought  that  they  could  not  more  et- 
feiflually  recommend  themCelves  to  her  proteflion  than 
by  adopting  the  uib  of  the  Englifli  liturgy,  which  the 
mofl  enlightened  among  them  had  long  profelTed  to  ad- 
mire. It  was  accordingly  introduced  by  degrees  into 
Scotland;  and  an  aft  of  parliament  being  palTed  on  the 
3d  of  March  1712,  "to  prevent  the  difturbing  ot  thofe 
of  the  Epifcopal  communion  in  that  part  of  Greit  Bri- 
tain called  Scotland,  in  the  exercife  of  their  religious 
worlTiip,  and  in  the  ufe  of  ihe  liturgy  of  the  church  of 
England,"  tlvat  liturgy  was  univerfally  adoptsd  by  the 
Scotch  Epifcopalians  ;  ar.d  public  chapels,  which  had 
hitherto  been  prohibited,  wcie  everywhere  built,  and 
well  frequented. 

That  thofe  who  had  refufcd  idlegiance  to  King  Wil- 
liam and  Quten  Anne  fhould  fcruple  to  pay  it  to  a 
new  family,  clogged  as  it  was  by  fo  many  oaths,  can 
excite  no  wonder  ;  nor,  is  it  at  all  wonderful,  that,  for 
their  attachment  to  the  abdicated  family,  the  public 
worlhip  of  the  Scotch  Epifcopalians  was,  after  the  in- 
furrtaionof  17 15  and  1716,  laid  under  fomereftraints. 
Thefe,  however,  were  neither  rigoroufly  fevere,  nor 
of  long  duration  ;  and  by  the  year  1720,  their  con- 
gregations were  as  numerous  as  formerly,  confiftuig, 
efpecially  in  the  northern  counties,  of  men  of  all  ranks, 
even  fuch  as  held  offices  of  truft  under  the  ellablifhed 
government,  who  frequented  the  Epifcopal  chapels  in 
preference  to  the  paiilh  churches. 

Hitherto  the  Epifcopalians  had  been  fafely  conduiff- 
ed  through  all  dangers  and  difficulties  by  the  prudence 
of  Dr  Rofe,  the  deprived  bilhop  of  Edinburgh  ;  but 
foon  after  his  death,  which  happened  on  the  20th  ot 
March,  1720,  divifions  broke  out  among  them,  which 
threatened  to  prove  more  fatal  to  their  church  than  any 
perfecution  to  which  they  had  yet  been  fubjeded.  For 
realbns  which  will  be  feen  afterwards,  it  is  proper  to 
trace  thofe  divifions  from  their  fource. 

No  native  of  Britain,  who  knows  any  thing  of  the 
hiftory  of  his  country,  can  be  ignorant,  that  Dr  Sail- 
croft,  the  archbilliop  of  Canterbury,  and  five  other  bi- 
fliops,  were  at  the  Revolution  deprived  of  their  fees 
by  an  aft  of  parliament  ;  becaufe,  like  the  Scotch  bi- 
(hops,  they  could  not  bring  themfelvcs  to  transfer  to 
King  William  and  Queen  Mary  that  allegiance  which 
they  had  fo  lately  fworn  to  King  James.  As  thofe 
prelates  were  extremely  popular  for  the  vigorous  oppo- 
iition  which  they  had  given  to  fome  of  the  Popilh  pro- 
jeas  of  the  late  king,  and  as  a  number  of  inferior  cler- 
gymen, of  great  eminence  for  piety  and  learning,  were 
involved  in  the  fame  fate  with  them  ;  it  need  not  excite 
great  furprife,  that  a  fweeping  deprivation,  which,  in 
all  its  circumftances,  was  perhaps  without  a  precedent 
in  ecclefiaftical  hil^ory,  produced  a  fchifm  in  the  church 
of  England.  The  deprived  clergy,  confidering  the 
bifhops  who  were  placed  in  the  fees  thus  vacated  as  in- 
truders, and  all  who  adhered  to  them  as  fchifmatics, 
opened  feparate  chapels  under  the  authority  cf  the  pri- 
niate  and  his  nonjuring  fuffragans  ;  and  contended,  that 
ihey  and  their  adherents  conftituted  the  only  orthodox 
and  catholic  branch  of  the  church  in  England. 


2       ]  E      P       I 

Both  churches,  however,  made  ufe  of  the  fame  litUT-  Epifcopacy. 
gy  :  and  during  tlie  lives  of  the  deprived  prelates,  there 
was  no  other  apparent  difference  in  their  worlhip  than 
what  necelfarily  refulted  from  their  paying  allegiance 
to  different  foverei^ns.  But  this  uniformity  was  not  of 
long  duration.  The  bilhops,  who  had  been  polfelfed 
of  fees  before  the  Revolution,  were  fcarcely  dead,  when 
their  fucce(r)rs,  being  under  no  civil  reftraint,  found, 
in  the  principles  which  they  had  hrouqht  w-ith  theni 
from  the  eftablilhment,  the  means,  not  only  of  dividing 
their  own  little  church,  but  likewife  of  fowing  the  feeds 
of  diffenfion  among  their  brethren  in  Scotland. 

It  has  been  oblerved  elfewhere*,  that  in  the  church 
of  England  there  are  three  opinions  refpecling  the  na- 
ture and  end  of  the  Lord's  Supper,    which,  in  oppofi- 


tion  to  eucl)  other,  have  been  all  patronifed  by  men  of  •'' 
great  eminence  for  theological  learning.  It  appears, 
indeed,  from  the  firll  liturgy  fet  forth  by  authority  in 
the  reign  of  King  Edward  VI.  that  the  reformers  of 
that  church,  from  the  errors  of  popery  unanimoufly 
held  the  Lord's  Supper  to  be  a  euchariftical  facrifice  ; 
and  this  opinion,  which  has  been  adopted  by  great 
numbers  in  every  age  fince,  feems  to  have  been  the  moll 
prevalent  of  the  three  among  thofe  clergy  who  were 
deprived  of  their  livings  at  the  Revolution.  It  is  in- 
deed countenanced  by  feveral  paffages  in  the  prefent  or- 
der for  th:  aJminiftration  of  the  Lord's  S'lpper  ;  and 
therefore,  though  there  are  other  things  in  that  order 
which  cannot  be  ealily  reconciled  to  it,  archbilliop  San- 
croft,  and  bis  fuffragans,  whatever  their  own  opinions 
might  be,  chofe  not  to  widen  the  breach  between  them- 
felvcs and  the  eltablifliment,  by  deviating  in  the  fmalleft 
degree  from  the  form  in  which  they  had  been  accuftom- 
ed  to  celebrate  that  facrament.  Their  fucceffors,  how. 
ever,  in  office,  were  men  of  different  difpofitions.  Con- 
fidering themfelves  as  totally  unconneifted  with  the 
(late,  and  no  longer  bound  by  the  aft  of  uniformity, 
one  party,  at  tl;e  head  of  which  was  bidiop  Collier, 
the  celebrated  ecclefiaftical  hiftorian  (a),  judged  it  pro- 
per to  make  fuch  alterations  in  the  communion  office 
as  might  render  it  more  fui table  to  their  own  notions 
of  the  Lord's  Supper,  and  bring  it  nearer,  both  in  mat- 
ter and  form,  to  the  nioft  ancient  hturgies  of  the  Chri- 
ftian  church. 

Of  the  propofed  alterations,  fome  were  perhaps  pro- 
per in  their  circumllances  ;  whilll  others,  to  fay  the 
beft  of  them,  were  certainly  needlefs,  if  not  inexpedient. 
They  were  accordingly  all  oppofed  by  another  power- 
ful party  of  nonjurors  ;  and  the  queftions  in  difpute 
were  referred,  firll  to  Dr  Rofe,  the  deprived  bifhop  of 
Edinburgh,  and  afterwards  to  Dr  Atterbury  and  Dr 
Potter,  tlie  bilhops  of  Rocheller  and  Oxford.  What 
judgment  the  two  Englifli  prelates  gave  in  this  contro- 
verfy  we  know  not  ;  but  that  of  bifhop  Rofe  did  him 
much  honour.  Declining  the  oflice  of  umpire  between 
the  parties,  he  recommended  mutual  forbearance  and 
occafional  communion  with  each  other,  according  to 
either  form  ;  and  employed  a  gentleman,  well  verfed  in 
ecclefiaftical  literature,  to  prove  that  fuch  a  compliance 
of  biftiops  with  each  other's  innocent  prejudices  was 
not  uncommon  in  the  pureft  times. 

Thefe 


Supper 
of  the 
Lord,  En- 

(I. 


(a)  This  very  learned,  though  violent  man,  of  whom  the  reader  will  find  fome  account  in  the  Encyclopitiiay 
was,  with  Dr  Hickes  and  others,  confecrated  by  the  deprived  prelates,  for  the  purpofe  of  preferving  the  Epif- 
copal fucceffion  in  what  they  confidered  as  the  true  church  of  England. 


E    r    I  [    I 

Epifcopacy.  Thefe  difputes  among  the  Engllfh  nonjurors,  and 
^■^"^'"^  the  appeal  which  was  made  to  Dr  Rofe,  drew,  more 
clofely  than  hitherto  it  had  been  drawn,  the  attention 
of  the  Scotch  Epifcopal  clergy,  not  only  to  their  own 
liturgy,  which  had  been  authorifed  by  King  Charles  I. 
but  likewil'c  to  the  moll  ancient  liturgies  extant,  as  well 
as  to  what  the  fathers  of  the  fird  three  centuries  have 
taught  concerning  the  nature  of  the  Lord's  Supper. 
The  confequence  was,  th.it  fuch  of  them  as  were  fcho- 
lars  foon  difcovered,  that  the  Scotch  communion  office 
approached  much  nearer  to  the  moll  ancient  offices  than 
the  Englirti  ;  and  a  powerful  party  was  formed  for  re- 
viving the  ufe  of  it  in  Scotland. 

Had  thofe  men  aimed  at  nothing  farther,   it  is  pro- 
bable they  would  have  met  with  very  little  oppofition. 
Their  opponents,  who,  in   general,  were  lefs  learned 
than  they,  were  fo  llrongly  attached  to  the  houfe  of 
g         Stuart,  that  they  would  have  adopted  almofl  any  thing 

Revival  of  fanftioned  by  the  royal  martyr's   authority  ;  but   the 

ancicntufa-  advocates  for  the  Scotch  office  ivnew  not  where  to  flop. 

£'*•  They  wilhed  to  introduce  fome  other  ufages  of  the  pri- 

mitive church,  fuch  as  the  commemoration  of  the  faith- 
ful departed,  and  the  mixture  of  the  eucharitlic  cup 
(See  Sui'i'ER  of  the  Lord,  n°  2.  and  3.  Encycl.);  and 
their  brethren,  perceiving  no  authority  from  Charles  I. 
for  thefe  things,  and  being  accuftomed  to  confider  them 
as  Popidi  praiftifes,  a  violent  controverfy  was  ready  to 
burft  forth  about  what  every  enlightened  mind  mull 
confider  as  matters  of  very  little  importance. 

That  the  eucharillic  cup  was  in  the  primitive  church 
mixed  with  a  little  water,  i?  a  fadl  incontrovertible  ; 
that  the  pradlice  was  harmlefs  and  decent,  it  is  wonder- 
ful that  any  man  lliould  deny  ;  but  that  fuch  a  niix-- 
ture  is  ejfiniiol  to  the  facrament,  we  cannot  believe,  for 
the  reafons  affigned  in  the  article  referred  to  ;  and 
therefore  it  ought  furely  to  have  been  no  object  of  con- 
tention. 

That  the  faithful  departed  were  commemorated  in 


3     ] 


E     P     I 


I 


the  primitive  church  long  before  the  invention  of  pur-  Epifcopri'y. 
gatory,  is  known  to  every  fcholar  ;  that  In  thofe  days  ^-^'"■''"^»' 
fuch  a  commemoration  tended  to  invigorate  the  faith 
and  the  charity  of  Chriftians,  it  would,  in  our  opinir-n, 
be  very  eafy  to  prove  ;  and  that  at  prefcnt  every  Chri- 
(lian  prays  in  priv.ite  for  his  deceafed  friends,  we  have 
proved  elfewhere  by  arguments,  of  the  eonfutation  of 
which  we  are  under  no  apprehenfion  (See  GRF.FKchaich 
in  this  SuppUmeni)  :  but  we  (it  not  the  ncccjfi'.y  of  in- 
troducing fuch  prayers  into  public  worfhlp  at  any  pe- 
riod ;  and  we  perceive  impropriety  in  di'ing  it  at  a  pe- 
riod when,  from  various  circurallances,  they  may  caufe 
weak  brethren  to  err.  But  tiiofe  who  pleaded  for  the 
revival  of  this  practice  in  the  beginning  of  the  current 
century,  were  blinded  by  their  very  erudition  (b)  ;  and 
thofe  who  oppofcd  it  feem  not  to  have  been  acquainted 
with  the  workings  of  a  benevolent  and  devout  mind,  or 
indeed  to  have  known  in  what  the  ellence  of  a  prayer 
confills. 

The  ancient  uf  iges,  however,  were  not  the  only  fub- 
jeifts  which,  on  the  death  of  bilhop  Rofe,  furnifhed 
matter  for  controverfy  among  the  Scotch  Epifcopalians. 
That  excellent  prelate,  together  with  the  deprived  arch- 
bilhop  of  Glafgow,  and  the  deprived  bilhop  of  Dun- 
blain,  had,  from  time  to  time,  as  they  faw  occafion, 
raifed  to  the  Epifcopal  dignity  fome  of  the  moft  defer- 
ving  Prefbyters  of  the  church  ;  but  it  was  refolved,  for 
what  reafon  we  do  not  very  well  know,  that  none  of 
the  new  bilhops  fhould  be  apixiinted  to  vacant  diocefes 
daring  the  life  of  any  one  prelate  who  had  polfclTed  a 
legal  eftabliOiment ;  fo  that  billiop  Rofe,  who  furvived 
all  his  brethren,  was  for  feveral  years  the  eccleliaftical 
governor  of  the  whole  Epifcopal  church  in  Scotland. 
On  his  death,  therefore,  though  there  were  four  billiops 
in  Scotland,  and  two  Scotch  bifliops  refiding  in  Lon- 
don, there  was  not  one  of  thofe  prelates  who  could 
claim  to  himfelf  the  authority  of  a  diocefan  over  any 
portion  of  the  Catholick  church.    This  they  at  firft  una- 

nimoufly 


(b)  Paradoxical  as  this  aflertion  may  at  firft  fight  appear,  nothing  is  more  certain  than  that  erudition,  and 
even  fcience,  if  partially  cultivated,  is  as  likely  to  blind  as  to  enlighten  the  underft.mding.  When  a  man  de- 
votes all  his  lime,  and  all  his  attention,  to  om  purfuit,  he  contraifls  fuch  a  fondnefs  for  it,  as  gradually  to  confi- 
der it  as  the  only  valuable  purfuit,  which  will  infallibly  lead  to  truth,  and  to  nothing  but  truth  ;  and  in  this  dif- 
pofition  of  mind,  he  is  ready  to  embrace  the  moft  extravagant  ablurdity  to  which  it  may  conduct  him.  Of  this 
the  reader  will  find  one  very  ftriking  inftance  in  page  62S  vol.  L  of  this  Suppl.  where  the  celebrated  Euler  appears 
fo  devoted  to  his  darling  analyfis,  as  to  place  implicit  confidence  in  it,  even  when  he  iiimfelf  feems  fenfible  that 
it  had  led  him  to  a  conclulion  contrary  to  common  fenfe,  and  the  nature  of  things.  That  Dr  Bentley  was  a 
very  eminent  philologift,  is  univcrfally  known  ;  that  his  emendatory  criticifms  on  the  ClalFics  are  often  happy, 
no  man  will  deny  ;  and  yet,  mifled  by  his  favourite  purfuits,  he  never  pronounces  more  dogmatically  than  when 
the  dogma  which  he  utters  is  untenable.  We  appeal  to  his  criticifms  on  Milton.  Perhaps  there  is  not  a  man 
alive  who  will  refufe  to  Dr  Waburton  the  praife  of  learning  and  ingenuity.  The  addrel's  with  which  he  de- 
tefls  the  double  doflrines  of  the  ancient  philofophers,  is  fometimes  almofl  allonilhing  ;  yet,  mifled  by  his  own 
ardour  in  this  purfuit,  he  difcovers  hidden  meanings  everywhere,  and  has  found  a  rational  fylleni  of  religion  in 
fome  of  the  ancient  myfteries,  where  there  is  every  reafon  to  believe  that  nothing  in  reality  was  to  be  found  but 
atheifm  and  vice.  Juft  fo  it  is  with.tlie  ardent  reader  of  the  Chriftian  fathers.  If  he  devote  all  his  time  to 
tlie  Itudy  of  their  writings,  he  not  only  becomes  enamoured  of  his  employment,  but  acquires  gradually  fuch  a 
veneration  for  the  character  of  hismafters  (and  venerable  they  undoubtedly  are)  as  renders  him  afraid  to  quef- 
tion  any  thing  wliich  they  advance,  and  unable  to  dilllnguilli  between  their  tcftimony,  whicli  is  delcrving  of  all 
credit,  and  their  reafonings,  which  are  often  inconclulive.  We  trull  it  is  needlefs  to  difclaim  any  wilh  to  dlf- 
courage,  by  this  note,  the  ftudy  either  of  the  Chriftian  fathers,  the  Greek  piiilofophcrs,  philologic.il  criticifni, 
or  the  modern  analyfis  ;  we  only  wilh  to  dilfuade  men  of  letters  from  devoting  their  whole  time  to  any  one  purfuit 
whatever  ;  for  they  may  depend  upon  it,  that  fuch  partial  ftudies  contrail  tlie  mind.  One  of  the  moft  eminent 
matiiematicians  at  prefent  in  England  is  reported  to  have  declared  his  contempt  of  the  ParaJifc  Lo/l,  becaufe  he 
found  in  it  nothing  Jmonjhatnl ! 


E    r    I 


C    H    ] 


E     P    I 


Epiroypacy.  nimoufly  acknowledged  ;  and  one  of  iliem,  in  tlie  name 
of  himlelt  and  liis  bie'.hren,  recommended  to  the  clergy 
ot  the  dioccfcnt  Edinl)urgh  to  clecf),  after  the  primitive 
plan,  a  fuccelTor  to  their  late  venerable  dioccfan.  The 
advice  was  followed;  the  eleiflion  was  made,  and  ap- 
proved by  the  bilhops :  and  Dr  Fullirton,  the  bilhop 
chi^fen,  became  b:(h"p  ot  Edinburgh,  by  the  fame 
n;cans  and  the  fame  authority  as,  in  the  ptimitive 
church,  St  Cyprian  became  billiop  of  Carthage,  or 
Cortielliis  bilhop  of   Rome. 

llie  clergy  in  other  diftrifl?,  fnllowinq  the  example 
of  thole  ill  Edinburgh,  diocclkn  Epifcopacy  was  about 
to  be  revived  througlunit  all  Scotland  upon  principles 
pirely  ecclcfiaftical,  when  fome  of  the  l)i(hop^■,  >vhom 
Di  Ro:"e  had  left  behind  liim  merely  for  preferving  the 
Epifcopal  fiiccelFiin,  conceived  a  ntw  and  very  e.ttr.j- 
y  ordinary  conllitution  for  the  Scotch  Epifcopal  church. 
College  of  Whether  they  were  envious  of  their  colleagues,  and  of- 
bilhops.  i'ended  that  none  of  the  elecflions  had  f.illen  upon  them  ; 
whether  ihey  were  fo  ignorant  as  not  to  know  that  di. 
ocef.m  Epifcopncy  had  fublilted  lung  bet"  re  the  con- 
verlion  of  the  Roman  empire,  in  abiolute  independence 
on  the  rtate  ;  or  that  tlu-y  were  aJluated,  as  there  is 
realon  to  lufpcifl,  by  I'mnc  political  principle  which 
they  could  not  with  lafety  avow  ; — fo  it  was,  that  they 
oppofcd  diocefan  E['ifcopacy  ol  cvety  kind,  and  pro- 
poled  to  govern  the  wliole  Scotch  church  bv  a  college 
of  bifliop';.  Againll  this  unprecedented  fchenie  the 
more  learned  bilhops  oj)pofed  all  their  ir.fluence;  and 
being  exceedingly  difigreeable  to  the  inferior  clergy, 
it  was  very  foon  abandoned  by  its  authors  themfelves, 
who,  after  fome  aciimonious  controverfy,  were  glad  to 
8  come  to  an  agreement  with  their  diocefan  brethren. 
Thofe  divi-  Of  this  agreement,  or  concorduk  as  it  was  called,  the 
fioiisheal-  following  were  the  principal  articles:  i.  "  That  the 
Scotch  or  Enflilli  liturgy,  and  no  other,  might  be 
indiffeiently  ufcd  in  the  public  ferv ice  ;  and  that  the 
peace  of  the  church  lliould  not  be  diHurbed  by  the  in- 
troduiTion  of  any  of  the  ancient  ufages  which  had  late- 
ly excited  fuch  dilFenfions.  2.  That  no  man  lliould 
thenceforward  be  confecrated  a  bilhop  of  the  Scotch 
church  without  the  confent  and  tippiobation  of  the  ma- 
jority of  the  bilhops.  3.  That  the  biiliops,  by  a  ma- 
jority of  voices,  fhould  choofe  one  of  their  number  to 
"prefide  in  the  meetings  of  his  breihien,  and  to  convo- 
cate  fuch  meetings  when  he  judged  them  necelTary  : 
that  this  prefident  fliould  be  llyled  Primus  Epifcopus, 
or  more  (hortly  Primus  ;  but  that  he  (hould  not  pof- 
fefs  metropolitical  power,  or  claim  any  kind  of  jurifdic- 
tion  without  the  bounds  of  his  own  diocef;  or  diftridt. 
4.  That  upon  the  vacancy  of  any  diocefe  or  diftrift, 
the  prefbyters  Ihould  neither  eleft,  nor  fubmit  to,  ano- 
ther bilhop,  without  receiving  a  mandate  by  the  Pri- 
mus, iffiied  with  the  confent  of  the  majority  of  his  col- 
leagues." 

This  concordate  was  in  1731Z  fubfcribed  by  all  the 
bifliops  then  in  Scotland,  who  immediately  became  dio- 
cefans,  and  thought  no  more  of  the  college  fyftem.  It 
was  afterwards,  with  a  few  additions,  for  afcertaining 
more  prccifcly  the  prerogatives  ol  the  Primus ;  for  re- 
gulating the  conduiS  of  fynods  j  for  exempting  bifnops 
from  the  juiifdiiflion  of  otlicr  biiliops,  in  whofc  diftri(5ls 
they  might  chance  to  refide  ;  and  for  preventing  infe- 
rior clergymen  from  del'erting  their  congregations,  or 
removing  from  one  diftricl  to  another,  without  the  con- 


ed. 


fent  of  the  bifliops  of  both — thrown  into  the  form  of  Epifcopacy. 
canons  ;    and  thefe  canons  have  continued  to  be  the  *>^^""''~^~' 
code  of  the  Scotch  Epifcopal  church  down  to  the  pre- 
fent  day.  p 

The  members,  and  more  efpeci.illy  the  clergymen  of  Political 
this  church,  had  always  been  confidered  as  unduly  at-  opiniom. 
tached  to  the  family  of  Stuart ;  and  though  there  was 
undoubtedly  at  tirft  fome  ground  for  that  fufpicion, 
the  writer  of  this  article  knows,  from  the  moft  incon- 
trovertible evidence,  that  it  was  continued  too  long, 
and  carried  by  much  too  far.  Jicobitifm  was  impu- 
ted to  the  fociety  as  its  diltlnguiihing  tenet ;  but  the 
members  of  that  fociety  have  at  all  times  contended,  that 
their  diftinguilhing  tenets  were  the  apoflolical  inftitution 
of  Epifcopacy,  and  in  the  exercife  of  thofe  powers  wliich 
are  purely  fpiritual,  the  independency  of  the  church  up. 
on  the  llate.  In  politics,  indeed,  they  have  unanimoufly 
maintained,  that  the  only  ruler  of  princes  or  legijlatures 
is  God,  and  not  the  people.  They  are,  of  courfe,  no 
friends  to  the  faihionable  doiftriiie  of  refiflance,  wliich 
they  believe  to  be  not  only  condemned  in  exprefs  terms 
by  Chrift  and  two  of  his  apollles,  but  to  be  alio  the 
fource  of  that  anarchical  tyranny  which  is  at  pr,."fent 
deluging  Europe  with  blood.  They  confider  a  limited 
monarchy,  like  that  of  Britain,  as  the  "noil  perfed  form 
of  eivil  government  which  the  world  has  ever  fecn  ;  an 
hereditary  monari;..y  is  infinitely  preferable  to  one  that 
is  eledlive  ;  and  with  refpecl  to  the  title  of  the  monarch, 
when  they  take  a  retrofpedive  view  of  the  origin  of  all 
civil  governments,  they  cannot  but  look  upon  a  per- 
manent and  unquellioned  eflablifhrnent  as  an  indication 
of  the  plan  and  determination  of  Providence  furniruing 
the  bell  right  to  a  crown  which  any  modern  fovereign 
can  claim.  13 

Surely  thefe  are  harmlefs  opinions ;  and  yet  the  wor-  Pcrfecu- 
fliip  of  thofe  who  held  them  was,  in  1746  and  174S,  laid ''»"• 
under  fuch  reftraints  as  were  calculated  to  produce  dil- 
afFeiflion  where  it  did  not  previoufly  exill.  Two  laws 
were  then  enacted  againll  the  Scotch  Epifcopalians  ; 
wh'ch,  under  the  pretence  of  eradicating  their  attach- 
ment to  the  houfe  of  Stuart,  were  fo  contrived  as  to  pre- 
clude fuch  of  their  clergy  as  were  willing  to  pay  alle- 
giance to  the  reigning  fovereign,  and  to  pray  for  the 
royal  family  by  name,  from  reaping  the  fmalleft  benefit 
from  their  loyalty.  The  experiment  was  tried  by  fome 
of  them  ;  of  whom  one  venerable  perfon,  who  was  never 
fufpefted  of  undue  attachment  to  the  houfe  of  Stuart,  is 
ftiU  alive  ;  but  he,  and  his  complying  brethren,  had  their 
chapels  burnt,  and  were  themfelves  imprifoned,  as  if 
they  had  been  the  mod  incorrigible  Jacobites.  This  was 
a  kind  of  perfecution  which,  (ince  the  Reformation,  has 
had  no  precedent  in  the  annals  of  Britain.  A  pried  of 
the  church  of  Rome,  by  renouncing  the  errors  of  Popery, 
has  at  all  times  been  qualified  to  hold  a  living  in  Eng- 
land ;  a  dilTenting  minifter,  of  whatever  denomination, 
might  at  any  time  be  admitted  into  orders,  and  rife  to 
the  higlieft  dignities  of  the  Englifh  church  ; — but  while 
the  laws  of  1746  and  174S  remained  in  force,  there 
was  nothing  in  the  power  of  a  Scotch  Epifcopal  cler- 
gyman to  do  from  which  he  could  reap  the  fmallell  be- 
nefit. By  taking  the  oaths  to  government,  he  was  not 
qualified  to  hold  a  living  in  Englantl,  or  even  to  enjoy 
a  toleration  in  Scotland  ;  ;ind  his  clerical  charafcer  be- 
ing acknowledged  by  the  Englifh  bifliops,  he  could  not 
by  thofe  prelates  be  canonicaily  reordaiued. 

Upoa 


E     P     I 


C     ^5     ] 


E     Q^  U 


Epifcopacy. 


II 

Toleration 


iz 

Mth  of 
th«  Scotch 
Epifcopal 
church. 


Their  wor 
ftiip. 


Upon  the  clergy,  however,  thofe  laws  of  uncommon 
rigour  were  not  long  rigoroully  executed.  After  a  few 
years,  the  burning  of  chapels,  and  the  impiifoning  of 
niinillers,  were  occurrences  iar  from  frequent ;  but  ihe 
laws  to  which  we  allude  affcifled  likewile  the  political 
privileges  of  fuch  laynncn  as  irequented  the  Epifcopal 
chapels  ;  and  in  that  part  ot  their  operation,  thofe  laws 
were  never  relaxed  till  lyoz,  when  they  were  wholly 
repealed,  and  the  Epifcopalians  in  Scotland  tolerated 
like  other  well  affefted  dilFenters  from  tlie  naliocal  ei'la- 
blifnment. 

While  Epifcopacy  was  the  eflabliflied  form  of  church 
government  in  Scotland,  the  clergy  ol"  that  church  fub- 
Icribed  a  confelhon  of  faith  fummed  up  in  twenty-five 
articles,  wliich  the  reader  will  find  in  the  hiftory  attri- 
buted to  John  Knox.  It  is  fufricient  to  obferve  in  this 
place,  tliat  in  clientials  it  ditfers  littl;:  from  the  articles 
of  m'jll  other  relormed  churches ;  and  in  every  thing 
wliich  does  not  immediately  relate  to  papljlry,  it  is  mo- 
derate and  unexceptionable ;  perhaps  more  lo  than  the 
prcfent  confelhon  of  eitlier  ot  the  Britilh  churches. 
During  the  period  which  intervened  between  tlie  Re- 
volution and  the  year  1792,  no  lubfciipiion  was  in- 
deed requiied  from  Scotch  Epifcopalian  cleigyreen  to 
any  fummary  c  f  Chrillian  doctrine  ;  but  at  their  ordi- 
nations, thofe  clergy  folcmnly  profelfed  llieir  belief  of 
all  the  canonical  books  of  the  Old  and  New  Tefta- 
ments ;  declared  their  perfuallon  that  thofe  books  con- 
tain fulliciently  all  doflrines  necelfary  to  falvaiion, 
through  i'aith  in  Jefus  Chrill  ;  and  were  obliged  to 
read  daily  in  their  chapels  the  Englifii  book  of  Com- 
mon Priyer,  which  contains  tlie  Apoltles,  Nicene,  and 
Aihanafian  creeds.  But  now  thofe  cleig\  men  are  en- 
joined by  ai5t  of  parliament  to  fubfcribe  the  39  ar- 
ticles of  tlie  church  of  England  ;  fo  that  the  princi- 
ples of  their  faith  are  well  known.  No  doubt  theie 
are  diflferences  of  opinion  among  them  about  the  fenfe 
of  fome  of  thofe  articles ;  and  it  is  well  known  that 
there  are  fiinilar  dihcrences  among  the  Englifh  clergy 
themfelves:  but  there  is  every  reafon  to  believe,  that 
the  faith  of  the  Scotch  Epilcopallans  has,  in  every 
important  point,  been  at  all  times  orthodox. 

We  are  aware,  that  they  have  been  reprefented  as 
unfriendly  to  the  Engliih  fervice  j  but  fuch  a  reprelen- 
tion  appears  to  be  either  a  wiltul  falfehood,  or  the 
offspring  of  ignorance.  The  only  reioimed  liturgy 
that  ever  had  the  fanftion  of  a  civil  cltaUliihment  in 
Scotland,  is  the  Bo'jk  of  Common  Prayer,  aiul  Mmiiii- 
Jlration  of  the  Sacraments,  and  ether  parts  if  Divine  Ser- 
vice authoriled  by  King  Charles  I.  In  that  book,  the 
order  of  adminiftraiion  of  the  Lord's  Supper  differs  in 
fome  particulars  from  the  Englilh  order,  and  is  unquef- 
tionably  better  adapted  to  the  opinions  of  thofe  who 
confider  that  holy  ordinance  eiiher  as  an  euchariftical 
facrifice,  or  as  a  feaft  upon  a  facrlfice.  In  the  one  or 
other  of  thefe  lights,  the  Lord's  Supper  is  viewed  by  a 
great  majority  of  the  Scotch  Epitcupalians ;  and  of 
courfe  the  Scotch  communion  office  is  uled  in  a  great 
majority  ot  their  chapels :  but  it  is  not  ufcd  in  them 
all.  Their  bilhops,  who,  when  in  England,  cummuni- 
cate  with  the  ellablilLed  church,  leave  the  iiiteiiur  cler- 
gy at  liberty  to  ufe  eitlier  the  Englifh  or  the  Scotch 
form,  as  is  moll  agreeable  to  themfelves  and  to  the 
people  among  whom  they  miniller ;  and  to  filcnce  the 
clamour  of  fymbolizing  with  the  church  of   Rome, 


which  was  fome  yenrs  ago  either  ignorantly  or  mal'ci-    Epr'"? 
oully  raifed  againft  them,  they  altered  the  arrau^cmen!        .11 
ot  the  Scotch  prayer  of  confecration,  fo  as  not  only  to  y^tl^J^iJ'^ 
bring  it  nearer  to  the  nirlt  primitive  forms,  but  alfo  to 
make  it  abloKitely  inconliUent  with   the  re^l  prefence, 
as  taught  either  by  the  church  oi  Rome  or  by  the  Lu- 
theran cliurches.     On  this  fubjtcl,  fee  CkEBK-Cnikcn, 
n°  17.  in  th's  Supphmrnt.  ^ 

Thus  liave  we  given  a  (hort  view  of  the  diftinguifh-  EngliHi 
ing   principles  of  what  mull  furdy  be  coiifidered  as  a  clcrjjyircn 
very  refpeclable  fociety  of  Chriftians,  and  the  only  re- "''''■■''''""^• 
formed  Epifcopal  fociety  in  that  part  of  Great  Britain 
called  Scotland.  There  are,  indeed,  chapels  in  Scotland 
diftinfl  from  the  church  nf  which  we  have  been  treat- 
ing, where  the  Englilh  liturgy  is  read  by  clergymen 
who  have  received  Epifcopal  ordination  either  in  Eng- 
land or  in   Ireland  ;  but  thofe  cliapels  being  all  inde- 
pendent of  each  other,  and  under  the  inl'pcdion  of  no 
bifliop,  the  perfons   who  frequent  them  leem  to  be  ra- 
ther Congregatiunalills  than  Epifcopalians,  and  certain- 
ly do  not  conllitute  what  can,  with  any  propriety,  be 
called  an  Epifcopal  church. 

EPPING,  a  plantation  in  the  diflri^  of  M.iine,  of 
about  25  families,  i  2  miles  from  Narragu.igue. —  Mor>e. 

Epping,  a  townfhip  in  Rockingham  co.  New-ljamp- 
fliire,  taken  from  the  N.  W.  part  of  Eieter,  and  in- 
corporated in  1741.  In  1790  it  contained  1:233,  ""^ 
1740  inhabitant!..  It  is  6  miles  N.  W.  of  Exeter,  and 
23  W.  of  Portfmoutli. — ib. 

EPSOM,  a  townfliip  in  Rockingham  co.  New- 
Hamplhire,  lies  E.  of  Pembroke,  adjoining  ;  10  miles 
E.  of  Concord,  and  45  miles  N.  W.  of  Portinioutli. 
It  was  incorporated  in  1727  ;  in  1775  ■'  contained  387, 
and  in  1790,   799  inhabitants.. — ih. 

EQUiiNT,  in  aftronomy,  a  fanciful  circle,  intro- 
duced into  fcience  to  remove  fome  ot  the  deteifls  of  the 
Ptolemaic  fyllem  of  the  univerfe.  In  this  artificial 
fyftem  of  epicycles  and  eccentric  circles,  the  idea  of  cir- 
cular and  equable  motion  was  by  no  means  abandoned  ; 
but  while  each  of  the  lieavenly  bodies  revolved  in  its 
own  orb,  the  centre  of  that  orb  was  fuppofed  to  be  car- 
ried at  the  fame  time  round  the  circumference  ot  ano- 
ther circle.  The  more  obvious  inequalities  were  thus 
explained  with  a  geometrical  precifion.  With  all  its 
nice  combination,  however,  of  circles,  tlie  fyllem  was 
foon  found  to  have  deftiSs ;  to  remove  wliich,  the  fine 
contrivance  of  the  equant  was  introduced.  Though 
the  angular  motion  of  a  planet  viewed  fiom  the  earth 
was  confeiil'd  to  be  unequal,  a  point  could  be  conceived 
from  which  it  would  be  feen  to  move  witli  peif(.(5l  uni- 
formity. That  point  v.-as  made  the  centre  of  the 
equant,  and  lay  at  the  fame  dillance  from  the  centre 
of  the  eccentricity  on  the  one  tide,  as  the  earth  was 
removed  on  the  other.  "  Nothing  (fays  Dr  Smith, 
from  whom  this  account  of  tlie  equant  is  taken) 
can  more  evidently  Ihew,  how  much  the  lepofe  and 
tranquillity  oi  the  imagination  is  the  ultimate  end  of 
philofophv,  than  the  inveiuiou  of  this  equalizing  cir- 
cle." 

EQIJATION  OF  A  CURVE.  See  Algebra  (En- 
cycl.)  Part  III.  chap.  ii. 

Sicular  EcivATioN,  in  aflronomy.  See  Astronomt 
in  this  Supplement,  n*  25 — 38. 

EQUICURVE  CIRCLE,  the  fame  with  Circle  of 
Curvature,  which  fee  in  this  Supplement. 

ERGETT 


Ergctt  dc 
kiaiie 

II 

I'.rk'pom. 


F.RGETT 
ERGET 


E     R    K  [     I 

,—,— ,  T  Two  AbvlTiiiian    fhrubs   of 

■.11      EL    KRAN^   I       .,  '     T,,  1  •    u 

m,^,     ,  >    the  eenus  Mimosa,  which 

li  i   1     Y   DIMMO      I       r  7-  I 

J     Ice,  M,ncycl. 


^       ] 


ESC 


F-fcanibia. 


ERIE,  EoRT,  a  ftrong  fortification  in  Upper  Candi- 
da, fiuiated  on  the  N.  (hore  of  lake  Erie,  ;ind  on  the 
\V.  bank  of  Niagara  river,  27  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Niaga- 
ra Fort,  and  18  above  the  carrying  place  at  the  Falls 
of  Niagara.  N.  lat.  42.  59.  W.  long.  78.  20.  30. 
— Mors:. 

Erie,  a  lake  of  the  fourth  magnitude  in  North- 
/\merica,  and  through  which  runs  the  line  between  the 
United  States  and  Upper  Canada.  D'Etroit  river  on 
the  W.  brings  tiie  waieis  of  the  great  lakes  vvitli  wh'ch 
lake  Erie  has  a  communication  on  the  N.  W.  and  Nia- 
gara river  on  the  E.  forms  its  communication  with  the 
waters  of  lake  Ontario  and  tlie  river  St.  Lawrence.  It 
i-.  fituated  between  41.  and  43.  N.  lat.  and  between  78. 
48.  and  83.  W.  long.  Its  form  is  eliptical.  Its  length 
is  about  225  miles  ;  and  its  medium  breadth  about  40. 
It  affords  good  navigation  for  fliipping  of  any  burden. 
The  coaft  on  both  fides  of  the  lake  is  generally  favour- 
able for  the  padage  of  batteaux  and  canoes.  Its  banks 
in  many  places  have  a  flat  fandy  iliore,  particularly  to 
the  ealhvard  of  the  peninfula  called  Long  Point,  which 
runs  upwards  of  1 8  miles  into  the  lake,  and  being  com- 
pofed  of  fand  is  very  convenient  to  haul  boats  out  of  the 
lurf  upon  it,  when  the  lake  is  too  rough  for  failing  and 
rowing  ;  yet  in  fome  places,  chiefly  on  the  S.  fide  to- 
wards both  ends  of  the  lake,  it  would  be  dangerous  to 
approach  and  impofl"ible  to  land,  by  reafon  of  the  per- 
pendicular height  of  the  rocks.  Some  of  thefe,  (as  at 
Cayahoga,  which  are  already  defcribed)  are  magnifi- 
cent beyond  delcription,  and  mufl  alio  infpire  dread  in 
the  boldeft  breaft,  when  viewed  from  the  water.  Lake 
Erie  has  a  great  variety  of  fine  fifh,  fuch  as  (lurgeon, 
eel,  white  filli,  trout,  perch,  &c.  Lakes  Huron  and 
Michigan  afford  communication  with  lake  Erie,  by  vef- 
fcls  of  8  feet  draught.  There  are  portages  into  the 
waters  of  lake  Erie  from  the  Wabafh,  Great  Miami, 
Mufkingum,  and  Alleghany,  from  2  to  16  miles.  The 
portage  between  the  Ohio  and  Potowmac  will  be  about 
20  miles,  when  the  obflru(5fions  in  the  Monongahela 
and  Cheat  rivers  are  removed. — ii. 

ERIE'S,  an  Indian  nation,  called  by  tlie  French, 
du  Chat,  or  Cat-nation.  They  were  extirpated  by  the 
Iroquois  about  the  year  1655.  Were  it  not  for  the 
lake  which  Ifill  bears  the  name  of  that  nation^  one 
would  not  have  known  that  they  ever  exifted. — il>. 

ERKOOM,  an  Abyfllnian  bird,  part  of  a  large  tribe, 
"  in  which  (fays  Mr  Bruce)  the  greateft  variety  lies  in 
his  beak  and  horn.  The  horn  he  wears  fometimes  upon 
the  beak  and  fometimes  upon  the  forehead  above  the 
root  of  the  beak."  This  bird  is  by  naturalills  called  the 
Itidian  croiu  or  raven;  and  our  author,  though  he 
feems  to  think  this  claffificaticn  improper,  admits  that 
he  has  one  charafterillic  of  the  raven  ;  he  walks,  and 
does  not  hop  or  jump  in  the  manner  that  many  others 
of  that  kind  do  ;  but  then  he  at  times  runs  with  very 
great  velocity,  and,  in  running,  very  much  refembles 
tlie  turkey  or  buftard  when  his  head  is  turned  from 
you. 

The  colour  of  the  eye  of  this1)ird  is  of  a  dark  brown, 
or  rather  reJdifh,  calf,  but  darker  ftill  as  it  approaches 
the  pupil ;  he  has  very  large  eyelafhes,  both  upper  and 


lo'.-er,  but  efpeclally  his  upper.  From  the  point  of  ErUoom 
the  beak  to  the  extremity  of  the  tail  is  three  feet  ten 
inches ;  the  breadth,  from  one  point  of  the  wing  to 
the  other  extended,  is  fix  feet,  and  the  length  twenty- 
two  inches ;  the  length  of  the  neck  ten  inches,  and  its 
tliicknefs  three  inches  and  a  half;  the  length  of  the 
beak,  mcafuring  the  operiing  near  the  head  llraight  to 
the  point,  ten  inches;  and  from  the  point  of  the  beak 
to  the  root  of  the  horn,  fcven  inches  and  three  eighths. 
The  whole  length  of  the  horn  is  three  inches  and  a  half. 
The  length  of  the  horn,  from  the  foot  to  the  extre- 
mity where  it  joins  the  beak,  is  four  inches.  The 
tliicknefs  of  the  beak  in  front  of  the  opening  is  one 
inch  and  feven  eighths.  The  tliicknefs  of  the  hoin  in 
front  is  one  inch  and  five  eighths.  The  horn  in  height, 
taken  from  the  upper  part  of  the  point  to  the  beak, 
two  inches.  The  length  of  the  thighs  feven  inches, 
and  that  of  the  legs  fix  inches  and  five  eighths.  The 
thicknefs  in  profile  feven  lines,  and  in  front  four  lines 
and  a  half.  It  has  three  toes  before  and  one  behind, 
but  they  are  not  very  flrong,  nor  fcemingly  made  to 
tear  up  carcafcs.  The  length  of  the  foot  to  the  hinder 
toe  is  one  inch  fix  lines,  the  innermoft  is  one  inch 
feven  lines,  the  middle  two  inches  two  lines,  and  the 
lall  outer  one  two  inches  one  line.  This  bird  is  all  of 
a  black,  or  rather  black  mixed  with  foot-colour ;  the 
large  feathers  of  the  wing  are  ten  in  number,  milk- 
white  both  without  and  within.  The  tip  cf  his  wings 
reaches  very  nearly  to  his  tail ;  his  beak  and  head  mea- 
fured  together  are  eleven  inches  and  a  half,  and  his 
head  three  inches  and  a  quarter.  At  his  neck  he  has 
thofe  protubeiances  like  the  Turkey-cock,  which  are 
light-blue,  but  turn  red  upon  his  being  chafed,  or  in 
the  time  the  hen  is  laying. 

The  erkoom,  though  not  eafily  raifed,  flies  (fays 
our  author)  both  ftrong  and  far.  It  has  a  rank  fmell, 
and  is  faid  in  AbyfTinia  to  feed  upon  dead  carcafes. 
This,  however,  he  thinks  a  niiftake,  as  he  never  faw  it 
following  the  army,  nor  approaching  a  dead  carcafe  ; 
and  as  often  as  he  had  occafion  to  open  this  bird,  he 
found  in  its  ftomach  nothing  but  the  green  fcarabeus 
or  beetle.  It  builds  in  large  thick  trees,  always,  if  it 
can,  near  churches;  has  a  covered  neft  like  that  of  a 
magpie,  but  four  times  as  large  as  the  eagle's.  It  places 
its  nefl  firm  upon  the  trunk,  without  endeavouring  to 
make  it  high  from  the  ground  :  the  entry  is  always  on 
the  eaft  fide. 

ERROL,  a  fmall  town  on  lake  Umbagog,  in  the 
N.  eallernmoft  fettled  part  of  Grafton  co.  New-Hamp. 
lliire,  incorporated  in  1774. — Morse. 

ERVINE,  a  townfliip  in  Ontario  co.  New-York. 
Of  its  inhabitante  93  are  qualified  to  be  eleftors. — ib. 

ESCAMBIA,  one  of  the  moft  confiderable  rivers 
that  fall  into  the  bay  of  Penfacola  in  Weft-Florida, 
empties  itfelf  near  tlie  head  of  the  N.  branch,  about 
12  or  15  miles  from  Penfacola,  through  feveral  marfties 
and  channels,  which  have  a  number  of  iflands  between 
tliem,  that  are  overflowed  when  the  water  is  high.  A 
flioal  near  its  mouth  prevents  vellels,  drawing  more 
llian  5  or  6  feet,  from  entering  ;  but  there  is  from  2 
to  4  fathoms  of  water  afterwards.  Capt.  Hutchins  af- 
cended  it  in  a  b<.at  upwards  of  80  miles,  and  from  the 
depth  of  water  there,  it  appeared  to  be  navigable  for 
pettiaugers  many  miles  further.     It  is  uncertain  where 

its 


ESS  [     17     ] 

its  fource  is.     The  courfe  is  very  winding.     At  the 
mouth  of  the  river  on  the  W.   lide   was  the   t'lwn  of 


E     T     O 


Camhleton,  fettled  by  French  Protertants  in  1766,  but 
was  afterwards  abandoned. 

The  lands  in  general  on  each  fide  of  the  river,  are 
rich,  low  or  fwanipy,  admirably  adapted  for  the  cul- 
ture of  rice  or  corn.  The  great  number  of  rivulets 
which  fall  into  this  river  from  the  high  circumjacent 
country,  may  be  led  over  iany  part  of  the  rice  lands,  at 
any  fe.ifon  of  the  year.  The  numerous  iflands  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river,  fome  of  very  confiderable  ex- 
tent, are  not  in'erior  for  rice  to  any  in  America.  The 
fettlements  made  by  MeJfrs.  Tait  and  Mitchell,  capt. 
Jobnion,  Mr.  M'Kinnon,  and  fome  others,  are  very 
evident  prools  of  thi  atfertion  ;  who  within  two  ye^irs 
of  tlicir  iirrt  fcttlement,  had  nearly  cleared  all  the  ex- 
penfes  they  had  been  at  in  making  very  confiderable 
ellabliiliments ;  and  would  entirely  have  done  it  in 
another  year,  had  not  the  Spaniards  taiten  pofleffion  of 
the  country. — ii. 

ESPIRITU  SANCTO,  a  bay  on  the  W.  coaft  of 
Edl  Florida,  in  27.  b.  N.  lat.  It  has  a  good  harbor, 
4  fathom  water,  and  fate  anchorage;  but  the  land  all 
about  the  coall  is  very  low,  and  cannot  be  feen  fi-om 
a  lliip's  declc  when  in  7  fathom  water.  Several  low, 
fandy  iflandi  and  marfhes,  covered  with  mangrove 
bulhos,  lie  before  the  main  land.  Here  are  imnienfe 
numbers  of  fiih  in  the  lummer  time,  which  may  be 
caught  with  a  fein,  enough  to  load  a  Ihip,  (if  the  cli- 
mate would  admit  of  curing  them)  even  in  a  few  days. 

—a. 

ESQUIMAUX,  a  large  bay  on  the  Labrador  coaft, 
into  which  a  river  of  the  fame  name  empties.  It  lies 
in  the  N.  W.  part  of  ihe  gulf  of  St  Lawrence,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  llraits  of  Belleifle.  Efquimaui  iflands 
lie  acrofs  its  mouth. — ii. 

ESSEX  Co.  in  Maifacufetts,  is  bounded  N.  by  the 
flate  of  N.  Hampftiire  ;  E.  and  S.  by  the  ocean,  and 
the  town  of  Chellea  in  Suffolk  co.;  W.  by  Middlefei 
CO.;  in  length  about  38  miles,  in  breadth  25  ;  and  is 
(liaped  triangularly,  Chelfea  being  the  acute  point. 
The  chief  iflands  on  its  coaft,  belonging  to  it,  are 
Cftpe  Anne  and  Plumb  iflands.  It  is  fubdivided  into 
22  townfliips,  which  cvntain  7644  houfes  and  57,913 
inhabitants  ;  being  the  moft  populous,  of  its  fize,  of 
any  in  the  ftate,  having  about  135  fouls  to  a  fquare 
mile.  The  firft  fetllement  in  Mailachufetts  Proper  was 
made  in  Salem,  the  capital  of  the  county,  in  1628,  by 
John  Endicott,  Efq.  one  of  the  original  patentees,  and 
many  years  governor  of  the  colony.  It  was  made  a 
fliire  in  1643,  being  one  of  the  thiee  into  which  tlie 
colony  Was  hrft  divided.  Elfcx  co.  pays  about  one  fc- 
vcnth  part  of  the  ftate  tax,  eleiU  fix  feiiators  and  coun- 
fellors  for  the  government  of  the  commonwealth,  and 
one  reprefentaiive  in  the  Icgiflalure  of  the  United 
States. — iL 

Tlie  face  of  the  county  is  pleafingly  variegated  with 
hills,  vale.-,  woods,  and  plains.  'I'lie  land  is  general- 
ly fruitful  ;  but  is  more  favourable  to  barley  than  moft 
other  pans  of  the  fta'e.  Quarries  of  marble  and  lime- 
ftone  are  found  in  this  coun:y  ;  and  the  fea  roaft  is  in- 
dented with  a  nim;ber  of  goi)d  harbors.  Merrimack 
river,  intcif.cti  the  N.  part  of  Elfex  county;  be- 
tween it  .'iid  the  Kew-tlamplhire  line  are  the  towns 

SurrL.  Vol.  II. 


of   Methuen,     Haverhill,    Almftury   and    SaliPjury. 
—ib. 

Essex  Co.  in  Virginia,  is  bounded  E.  and  N.  E  by  , 
Rappahannock  river,   which  divides  it  from  Richmond. 
It  is  about  55  miles  long  and  12  broad,  and  contains 
9122  inhabitants,  of  whom  5440  are  flaves. — Ii. 

Essex  Co.  in  New-Jetfey,  is  in  the  eaftein  part  rf 
the  ftate,  and  divided  from  Staten-Iftand  by  Newaric 
bay.  It  is  about  25  miles  in  length  and  16  In  breadth, 
and  has  three  townfhips,  viz.  Newark,  Ehzabethtown 
and  Acquackanack,  which  contain  17,785  inhabitant!, 
of  whom  1 1 7 1  are  flaves.  The  foil  is  very  fertile,  and 
its  fiults  and  other  produflions  meet  with  a  quick  falc 
in  New- York  city.  Elfex  county  has  within  it  7  Pref- 
byterian  churches,  3  for  Epifc'palians,  1  for  Anabap- 
tiUs,  and  2  for  Dutch  Calvanifts. — ii. 

Essex  Co.  in  Vermont,  is  the  north-eafternmoft  in 
the  ftate. — ii. 

Essex,  a  townfliip  in  Chittenden  co.  Vermont,  con- 
tains 354  inhabitants.  It  lies  between  Jericho  on  the 
S.  E.  and  Colchefter  on  the  N.  W.—ii. 

EST  A  PA,  or  Ejlape,  a  town  belonging  to  the  pro- 
vince of  Tabafco,  and  audience  of  Mexico,  in  New- 
Spain,  N.  America.  It  is  mentioned  by  Dampitr,  as 
fituated  on  Tabafco  river,  4  leagues  beyond  Villa  de 
Mofe.  It  is  faid  to  be  a  place  of  confiderable  trade  ; 
and  fo  flrong,  that  it  repulled  capt.  Hewet,  when  he 
attacked  it  with  200  defperate  buccaneers. — ib. 

ESTAPO,  a  llrong  town  in  New-Spain,  inhabited 
by  Spaniards  and  native  Americans  ;  lituated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Tlaluc.  N.  lat.  17.  30.  W.  long. 
103.  5.—;*. 

ESTHER  Toiun,  in  Lancafter  co.  Pennfylvania, 
fituated  on  the  E.  bank  of  Sufquehanna  river,  a  little  N. 
of  Harrifburg. — ii. 

ETON  is  a  place  which,  on  account  of  its  college, 
fliould  not  be  omitted  in  a  repofitory  of  arts,  fciences, 
and  literature  ;  and  as  no  notice  is  taken  of  it  in  the 
Encyclopxdia,  we  (hall  deviate  for  once  from  the  plan 
which  we  had  laid  down  for  this  Supplement,  and 
which  is,  not  to  admit  into  it  delcrlptions  of  places  in 
our  own  ifl.ind  that  may  be  vifited  by  the  greater  part 
of  our  readers  with  little  trouble. 

Though  in  a  different  county,  namely,  Buckingham- 
flilre,  Eton  may  be  faid  to  be  one  and  the  fame  town 
with  Windfor,  for  which  fee  Encycl.  It  is  pleafantljr 
fituated  on  the  banks  of  the  Thames,  in  a  delightful 
valley,  which  is  of  a  remarkably  healthy  foil.  Its  col- 
lege was  founded  by  Henry  VI.  fcr  the  fupport  of  a 
proviift  and  feven  fellows,  one  of  whom  is  vite-provoft, 
and  for  the  education  of  fevenly  King's  fcholar-,  as 
thof.;  are  called,  who  are  on  the  foundation.  Thef:, 
when  propeily  qualified,  are  elc6ed,  on  the  firft  Tuef- 
day  In  iVuguft,  to  king's  college  Cambridge,  but  they 
are  not  removed  till  there  are  vacancies  in  the  college, 
and  then  they  are  called  according  to  feniorlty  ;  and 
after  they  have  been  three  years  at  Cambridge,  they 
claim  a  fellowlliip.  Befides  thofe  on  the  fi>undation, 
there  are  feldom  Icls  than  three  hundred  fcholars,  and 
often  many  more,  who  board  at  the  matters  houfes,  or 
within  tlie  bounds  of  the  .college.  The  fchool  is  divid- 
ed into  upper  and  lower,  and  each  of  thefe  into  three 
cliiifcs.  To  each  fchool  there  is  a  mafter  and  four 
afliftants  or  ulhers.  The  revenue  of  the  college  is  about 
C  £.  5009 


E     T     O 


[     i8     ] 


E     U     D 


^^'.jcco  a-year.  Here  is  a  noble  librarr,  and  in  the 
jrreat  c.-uit  is  a  fine  ftatue  of  the  founder,  crcfted  at 
the  expencc  cf  a  late  provofl  Dr  Godolphin  dejn  of 
St  Paul's.  Tie  chapel  is  in  a  good  ll)le  ot  Gothic  ar- 
chitCiSure.  The  fchools  and  other  p-trts,  which  arc 
ill  the  other  flyle  of  building,  are  equally  well,  and  feem 
like  ill?  delign  of  Inigo  Jones. 

At  Eton  there  is  a  fingular,  and  wc  think  a  laudable, 
fcllivul,  called  the  Mcntcm,  celebrated  triennially  (for- 
meily  duennially)  by  the  fcholars  of  the  fchool  U|Kn 
Whic-Tucfdav.  The  following  account  of  this  felliifal, 
taken  from  the  Monthly  Magazine,  will  probably  be 
acceptable  to  nnny  of  our  readers. 

It  conimencei  by  a  number  of  the  fenior  boys  taking 
pod  upon  the  bridges  or  other  leading  places  of  all  the 
avenues  around  Windfor  and  Eton  foon  after  the  dawn 
of  day.  Thefe  youlhs  fo  polled  are  chiefly  the  befl 
figures,  and  the  moft  aiSlive  of  the  Undents ;  they  ate 
all  attired  in  fancy  dreflcs  of  filks,  fatins,  &c.  and  fome 
richly  embroidered,  principally  in  the  habits  or  fafhion 
of  running  footmen,  with  poles  in  their  hands ;  they 
trj  ciWed  fallicarers,  and  demand  fait,  i.  e.  a  contribu- 
tion from  every  palfenger,  and  will  take  no  denial. 

When  the  contribution  is  given,  which  is  ad  libitum, 

a  printed  paper  \i  delivered  with  their  motto  and  the 

date  of  the  year,  which  palFes  the  bearer  free  through 

all  other  falt-bearers  for  that  day,  and  ij  as  follows,  viz. 

"  Pro  more  et  monte, 

1799.  (a) 
VIvant  Rex  et  Regina." 

Thefe  youths  continue  thus  coUefling  their  fait  at 
all  the  entrances  for  near  feren  miles  round  Windfor 
and  Eton,  from  the  dawn  of  day  until  about  tlie  clofe 
of  the  proteffion,  which  it  generally  tliree  o'clock  in 
the  afternoon. 

The  proceilion  commences  about  twelve  o'clock  at 
noon,  and  confifts  of  the  Queen's  and  other  bands  of 
niufic;  feveral  Ilandards  borne  by  different  fludents ; 
all  the  Etonian  boys,  two  and  two,  dreifed  in  officers 
uniforms ;  thofe  of  the  king's  foundation  wearing  blue, 
the  others  fcarlet  uniforms,  fwords,  &c. 

The  Grand  Standard-bearer. 

The  Captain,  or  Head  Boy  of  Eton  School. 

The  Lieutenant,  or  Second  Boy. 

His  Majefty,  attended  by  the  Prince  of  Wales,  and 
ether  male  branches  of  the  royal  family  on  horfebaclc, 
with  their  fuite. 

The  Quten  and  Princefles  in  coaches,  attended  by 
their  fuite. 

Band  of  mufic,  followed  by  a  great  concourfe  of  the 
Nobility  and  Gentry  in  their  carriages  .and  on  horfe- 
back. 

The  proceflion  commences  in  the  great  fquare  at 
Eton,  and  proceeds  through  Eton  to  Slough,  and  round 
to  Salt  Plill,  where  the  boys  all  pafs  the  king  and 
tjueen  in  review,  and  afcend  the  Montem  :  here  an  ora- 
tion is  delivered,  and  the  grand  ftandard  is  difplayed 
with  much  grace  and  aftivity  by  the  ftandard  bearer, 
who  is  generally  felefled  from  among  the  fenior  boys. 

There  are  two  extraordinary  falt-bearers  appointed 
to  attend  the  king  and  queen,  who  are  always  attired 
in  fanciful  habits,  in  manner  of  the  other  fak-bearers 


already  defcribed,  but  fuperbly  embroidered.  Thefe 
falt-lxrarcis  carry  each  an  embroidered  bag,  which  not 
only  receivf  s  the  royal  fair,  but  alfo  whatever  is  colledf- 
ed  by  the  t  utifationed  fahbearers.  The  donation  of 
the  king  and  queen,  or,  as  it  is  called  upon  this  oecu- 
lion,  the  nyal fa'l,  is  always  fiJty  guineas  each  ;  the 
Prince  of  Wales  thirty  guineas  ;  all  the  other  princes 
and  pvincclFci  twenty  guineas  each.  As  foon  as  this 
cercmory  is  performed,  the  royal  family  return  to 
Windlor.  The  boys  are  all  fumptuoufly  entertained  at 
the  tavern  at  Salt  Hill  ;  and  the  beautiiul  gardens  at 
that  place  are  laid  out  far  fuch  ladies  and  gentlemen  as 
chooie  to  take  any  refrclliments,  the  different  bands  of 
inulic  performing  all  the  time  in  the  gardens. 

About  fix  o'clock  in  the  evening  all  the  boys  return 
in  the  fame  order  of  proocfflon  as  in  tlie  morning  ( wrih 
the  exception  only  of  the  royal  family),  and,  marching 
round  the  great  fquare  in  Eton  fchool,  are  difmilfed. 
The  captain  then  pays  his  refpedls  to  the  loyal  family 
at  the  queen's  lodge,  Windfor,  previous  to  his  depar- 
ture for  King's  College,  Cambridge  ;  to  defray  which 
eipence,  the  produce  of  the  montem  is  prefented  to 
him;  and  upon  Whit-Tuefday,  in  the  year  1796,  it 
amounted  to  more  than  1000  guineas.  The  day  con- 
cludes by  a  brilliant  difplay  of  beauty,  rank,  and  fa- 
fliion,  a  promenade  on  Windfor  Terras,  bands  of  mufic 
performing,  &c.  and  the  fcene  highly  enlivened  and  en- 
riched by  the  affable  condefcenfion  of  the  royal  family, 
who  indilciiminately  mix  with  the  company,  and  parade 
the  Terrace  till  nearly  dark. 

EVANSHAM,  the  capital  of  Wythe  co.  in  Virgi- 
nia, is  fituated  on  the  E.  fide  of  Reedy  creek,  which 
falls  into  the  Great  Kanhaway,  Woods  or  New  river. 
It  contains  a  court-houfe,  gaol,  and  about  25  houfes.; 
40  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Chrifiianiburg,  242  in  a  like  di- 
re<51ion  from  Bichmond,  and  518.  S.  W.byW.  of  Phi- 
ladelphia.— Morse. 

Spontaneous  EVAPORATION.  See  Weather, 
n"   17,  &c.  Encycl. 

EUDIOMETER,  an  inHrument  for  afcertaining 
the  purity  of  the  atmofpherical  air.  Many  have  been 
the  contrivances  of  chemifts  for  this  purpofe  (fee  Eo- 
DinMETER,  F.neycl.)  ;  but  perhaps  the  bell  eudiometer 
is  that  of  Morvcau  (or  Guylon,  as  he  now  choofes  to 
call  himfelf),  ot  which  mention  has  been  made  in  Che- 
mistry, n°  420.  in  this  Supplement.  The  following 
ftiort  defcription  will  make  the  nature  and  ufe  of  this 
inllrument  plain  to  every  reader. 

AB,  (Plate  XXVIII.)  reprefcnts  a  fmall  glafs  retort 
with  a  long  neck;  its  whole  capacity  being  trom  fcvetj 
to  nine  folid  inches.  It  mufl  be  chofen  of  fuch  a  cur- 
vature that,  when  the  neck  is  fet  upright,  the  bulb  may 
form  at  its  lower  part  a  cavity  to  retain  the  matters  in- 
troduced. The  extremity  of  the  neck  of  this  retort 
is  ground  with  emery  to  enter  the  glafs  tube  CD, 
which  is  open  at  both  end?,  and  about  12  or  15  inches 
in  length.  The  retort  then  clofes  the  tube  in  the  man- 
ner of  a  ground  ftopper,  and  intercepts  all  external  com- 
munication. A  cylindrical  glafs  velfel  F  is  provided, 
of  the  form  of  a  common  jar,  in  which  the  glafs  tube 
CD  may  be  entirely  plunged  beneath  the  level  of  the 
water.     Laftly,  the  fulphuretof  potafh  is  prepared  and 

broken 


I'tOll 


(a)  Or  whatever  the  year  may  be, 


Zudionx- 
tcr 

II 
Eudoxus. 


E     U     D  C     I 

broken'  into  pieces  fufficiently  fmall  to  be  introduced 
into  the  retort.  Thefe  aretn  be  ir.clofed,  dry  and  even 
liot,  in  a  bot.le  for  ufe.  Thefe  ccnilitutc  the  whole 
apparatus  nr.d  preparation  of  materials. 

When  it  is  lequiied  to  examine  an  aeriform  fluid,  by 
feparating  its  oxygen,  two  or  three  pieces  of  the  ful- 
phiiret,  of  the  fue  of  a  pea,  are  put  into  tl;e  retort.  It 
is  llien  tilled  « ith  water,  taking  care  to  incline  it  fo  that 
all  the  ait  may  pafs  out  horn  the  bulb.  The  orifice  of 
the  letort  is  then  to  be  clof;d,  and  inverted  into  the 
pneunnatic  tube,  in  order  that  the  gas  propnfed  for  exa- 
mination may  be  transferred  into  it  in  the  uliul  manner. 
By  an  eafy  manoeuvre  of  alternately  inclining  the  re- 
tort in  different  direiftions,  all  the  water  is  maue  to  flow 
out  of  the  bulb  in  wliich  the  fulphuret  remains.  When 
this  is  done,  the  retort  is  placed  in  the  vertical  fituati  >n, 
and  its  extremity  introduced  into  the  tube  of  glafs  CD, 
which  muft  always  be  undur  water.  A  fmall  lighted 
taper  is  then  to  be  placed  under  the  bulb.  To  fupporC 
the  retort  in  its  pofition,  the  jar  is  provided  with  a 
wooden  cover,  in  which  there  is  a  notch  to  receive  it. 

The  firft  inipredion  of  the  heat  c'ilates  the  gafeous 
fluid  fo  much  that  it  defcends  almort  to  the  bottom  of 
the  tube,  which  is  difpofed  exprelsly  for  its  reception; 
otherwife  the  partial  efcape  would  prevent  an  accurate 
determination  of  its  change  cf  bulk.  Bit  as  foon  as 
the  fulphuiet  begins  to  boil,  the  water  quickly  rifes,  not 
only  in  the  inferior  tube,  but  likewife  in  ilie  neck  cf 
the  retort,  notwithftanding  the  application,  and  even 
the  increafe  of  the  heat. 

If  the  fluid  be  abfolutely  pure  vital  air,  the  abforp- 
tion  is  total.  In  this  cal'e,  to  prevent  the  rupture  of 
the  veflel  by  too  fudden  refrigeration,  the  al'cent  of  the 
water  muft  be  rendered  flower,  either  by  removing 
the  taper,  or  by  increafing  llie  perpendicular  height  ; 
•which  will  not  prevent  the  abforption  from  continuing 
while  any  gas  remains  which  is  proper  to  fupport  com- 
buliion. 

If  the  fluid  be  common  air,  or  oxygen  mixed  with 
any  other  gas,  the  quantity  of  water  which  has  entered 
the  retort  muft  be  accurately  mealured  after  the  cooling. 
It  reprefents  the  volume  of  air  ablbrbed.  Care  muft  be 
taken  to  inclofe  the  remaining  gas  Huder  the  fame  pret- 
fure,  by  plunging  the  retort  to  the  level  of  the  line  at 
which  the  inclofcd  water  refts,  before  the  orifice  is 
flopped. 

This  operation  of  meafuring,  which  is  very  eafy  when 
tneafuiing  vcfftls  are  at  hand,  may  be  habitually  per- 
formed by  a  flip  of  paper  palled  on  the  neck  of  the  re- 
tort, upon  which  divilionsare  drawn  from  obfervntion, 
and  whicli  muft  be  covered  with  varnilh  to  defend  it 
from  the  afti'ir.  of  the  water. 

EUDOXUS  of  Gnidus  was  a  celebrated  phllofophcr 
of  the  fchool  of  Pythagoras.  His  firft  preceptor  was 
Archytas,  by  whom  lie  was  iaftructed  in  the  principles 
of  geometry  and  philofophy.  About  the  age  of  t  weniy- 
thtoe  he  came  to  Athens  ;  and  though  !  is  p  itrimony 
wa«  lm:ill,  by  the  generous  alFillance  <  f  Theomedon,  a 
phyfician,  he  was  enabled  to  aitend  the  fchools  of  the 
philolophers,  particularly  that  ol  Pl.ito.  The  liberality 
of  his  triends  afterwards  fopiorted  him  during  a  viiit  to 
Egypt,  where  he  was  introd'iced  by  An;efilaus  to  ktrg 
Ncflanebis  II.  and  by  him  to  tlic  E^^yptian  piicfts.  It 
has  been  faid  thiit  he  accompanieJ  I'lato  into  Egypt  ; 
but  this  is  inconfiflent  with  clironology  j  for  Ncx'lanc- 


9     ]  E    V    O 

bis  II.  reigned  in  Egypt  from  the  fecond  year  of  the 
hundred  and  fourth  Olympiad,  to  the  fecond  year  of 
the  hundred  and  feventh  ;  and  it  was  bct'ore  Plato  open-  , 
ed  his  fchool,  that  is,  before  the  ninety-eighth  Olym- 
piad, about  the  fortieth  year  of  his  age,  that  he  vifitcd 
Egypt.  Eudoxus  is;  highly  celebrated  l)y  the  ancients 
for  his  fkiil  in  aftronomy,  but  none  of  his  writings  on 
this  or  any  other  fubjecl  are  extant.  Aratus,  who  has 
deferibed  the  celeftial  phenomena  in  verle,  is  faid  to 
have  followed  Eudoxus.  He  flourilhed  about  the  nine- 
ty-i'eventh  Olympiad,  and  died  in  the  fifty-third  year 
of  hi  sage.   Enfeld's   H'tfl.    of  Philofophy. 

EV'ECTION  is  ufed  by  fome  aftronomers  for  the 
libration  of  the  moon,  being  an  inequality  in  her  mo- 
tion, by  which,  at  or  near  the  quadratures,  fhe  is  not  in 
a  line  drawn  throuch  the  centre  of  the  earth  to  the  fun, 
as  ihe  is  at  tlic  fy/ygies,  or  cotjunftion  and  oppofition, 
but  makes  an  an:;le  with  that  line  of  about  2°  51'.  The 
motion  of  the  moon  about  her  axis  only  is  equable  ; 
which  rotation  is  perloimed  exdiftly  in  the  fame  time  as 
(he  revolves  about  the  earth  ;  for  which  reafon  it  is  that 
ihe  turns  always  the  fame  face  towards  the  earth  nearly, 
and  would  do  fo  exactly,  were  it  net  that  her  monthly 
motion  about  the  earth,  in  an  elliptic  orbit,  is  not  e- 
quable  ;  on  which  account  the  moon,  fcen  from  the 
earth,  appears  to  librate  a  little  upon  her  axis,  fome- 
times  from  eaft  to  weft,  and  fometimes  from  weft  to 
eaft;  or  fome  parts  in  the  eallern  limb  of  the  moon  go 
backwards  and  forwards  a  fmall  (pace,  and  fome  that 
were  confpicuous,  are  hid,  and  then  appear  again. 

The  term  evtd'icn  is  ufed  by  fome  allrL-nomers  to 
denote  that  equation  of  the  moon's  motion  v.hich  is 
proportional  to  the  fine  of  double  the  dillance  of  the 
moon  from  the  fun,  diminifhed  by  the  mo'n's  anoma- 
ly. This  equation  is  not  yet  accurately  determined  : 
fome  ftate  it  at  1°  30',  others,  at  i"  16',  &c.  It  is  thi 
grealeft  of  all  the  moon's  equations,  except  the  equatioa 
of  lire  centre.     liutlon's  DMimary. 

EVENLY  EVFN    NL'MBtR.    ScC  No  M  BEX,  J^/Ajr/. 

ErnKLT  Odd  Number.      See  Number,  Encycl. 

EVESHAM,  a  townOiip  in  Burlington  co.  New. 
Jerfey,  fituated  between  the  f  rks  of  Moore's  creek, 
which  runs  N.  wefterly  to  Delaware  river.  It  is  7 
miles  eaftcrly  of  Haddonfield,  16  E.  of  Philadelphia, 
and  25  S.  of  Burlington. 

Here  is  an  Indian  fettlement,  called  Edge  Pelick,  x 
traiff  of  land  refcrved  by  tlie  ancient  natives.  They 
have  fome  hundreds  of  acres  of  improved  land?,  about 
30  houfes,  and  a  nieeting-houfe.  They  formerly  had  a 
minitler  of  their  own  order,  who  ftatedly  ofikiated  in 
the  Indian  language. — Morse. 

EVOLVENT,  in  the  higher  geometry,  n  term  ufed 
by  fome  writers  for  the  involute  or  curve  refulting  from 
the  evolution  of  a  curve,  in  contradiftiniflion  to  that 
evolute,  or  curve  fiippofed  to  be  opened  or  evolved.  Sec 
E\OLUrE  and  Involute,.?!;^/./. 

EVOLUTE,  in  the  higher  geometry,  a  curve  firft 
propokd  by  Huyghen^,  and  fince  much  iludicd  by  ma- 
thematicians. It  is  any  curve  fuppofcd  to  be  evi>lvej 
or  opened,  by  h.iving  a  thread  wrapped  dole  upon  it, 
faftened  at  one  end,  and  beginning  to  evolve  or  unwind 
the  thread  from  the  other  end,  keepinjt  the  part  ev.il- 
ved  or  wo'ind  off  ti?,ht  ftretchcd  ;  then  this  eud  of  the 
ihriad  will  defcribe  anotlier  curve,  called  the  involute. 
Or  the  lame  Involute  is  deferibed  the  co;ur.iry  way,  by 
C   z  wrapping 


li 

roiute. 


*  In  all  pro- 
Tiability  the 

Jlarmonuil 

cf  the  Abbe 
XUzauchi. 


E     U     P  [2 

wr.ipping  the  thread  upon  the  evolute,  keeping  it  al- 
ways (Iretched.  For  ilie  Involution  and  Evo- 
lution vf  Curves,  fee  Involution  in  this  Supple- 
ment. 

Lnperfed  EroLVTE,  a  name  given  by  M.  Reaumur 
to  a  new  kind  of  evolute.  The  m  ithematici^ns  had 
liitlierto  only  conlidered  the  perpendiculars  let  fall  from 
the  involute  on  tlie  convex  fide  of  the  evolute  :  but  if 
otlier  lines  not  perpendicular  be  drawn  upon  the  fame 
])oints,  provided  they  be  all  drawn  under  tlie  fame  an- 
gle, the  efieifl  will  llill  be  the  fame  ;  that  is,  tlie  c  blique 
lines  will  all  interfcift  in  the  curve,  and  by  their  inter- 
fedlions  form  the  in!initcly  fniall  fides  of  a  new  curve, 
to  which  they  would  be  fo  many  tangents.  Such  a 
curve  is  a  kind  of  evolute,  and  has  its  radii  ;  but  it  is 
an  imperfecl  one,  fince  ilie  radii  are  not  perpendicular 
to  the  firll  curve  or  involute. 

EUPHON,  a  mufical  inftrument  invented  lately  by 
Dr  Chladni  of  Wittenberg,  well  known  by  his  various 
publications  on  philofophical  fubjefls,  efpecially  the  tiie- 
ory  of  mufical  founds.  The  euphon  conlills  of  forty- 
two  immoveable  parallel  cylinders  of  glafs  of  equal 
length  and  thicknefs  ;  but  its  conftruflion,  tone,  and 
the  metiiod  of  playing  it,  are  totally  different  from  thofe 
of  the  harmonica,  with  which  indeed  it  has  nothing  in 
common  but  the  glafs.     See  Harmonica,  £«^j67. 

Dr  Chladni  gives  the  following  account  of  his  inven- 
tion. In  his  19th  year  lie  began  to  learn  to  play  the 
harpfichord  ;  and  he  afterwards  read  a  great  many  of 
the  principal  works  on  the  theory  of  miific,  by  which 
he  found  that  the  phyfico-mathematical  part  of  that 
fcience  was  far  more  defeilive  than  otiier  branches  of 
natural  philofophy.  Being  therefore  poirelFed  with  an 
idea  that  his  time  could  not  be  better  emyloyed  than 
in  endeavouring  to  make  difcoveries  in  this  department, 
he  accordingly  tried  various  experiments  on  the  vibra- 
tions of  Ibings  and  the  different  kinds  of  vibration  in 
cylindric  pieces  of  wood,  firft  difcovered,  through  cal- 
culation by  the  elder  Enler  ;  and  found,  that  though 
a  great  deal  had  beenfaid  on  the  nature  of  thefe  elallic 
bodies,  yet  the  manner  of  vibration  and  the  proportion 
of  tones  in  other  elaftic  bodies,  which  do  not  proceed, 
as  in  the  former,  in  ftraight  lines,  but  depend  on  the 
vibration  of  whole  furfaces,  were  totally  unknown,  and 
tliat  the  little  which  had  been  written  on  that  fubje(fl, 
by  fome  authors,  did  not  correfpond  with  nature.  He 
had  already  long  remarked,  that  every  plate  ot  glafs  or 
metal  emitted  various  tones  according  as  it  was  held 
and  llruck  in  different  places  ;  and  he  was  defirous  to 
difcover  the  caule  of  this  difference,  which  no  one  had 
ever  examined.  He  fixed  in  a  vice  the  axle  of  a  biafs 
plate  which  belonged  to  a  poliftiing  machine,  and  found, 
that  by  drawing  the  bow  of  a  violin  over  it,  he  produ- 
ced very  different  tones,  v/hich  were  llronger,  and  of 
longer  duration  than  thofe  obtained  merely  by  llri- 
king  it. 

The  obfervation,  that  not  only  firings,  but  alfo  other 
elaftic  bodies  may  be  made  to  produce  founds  by  draw- 
ing a  violin  bow  over  them,  Dr  Chladni  does  not  give 
8s  a,difcovery  of  his  own  ;  as  the  fo  called  iron  violin 
has  been  long  known,  and  as  be  had  read  of  an  inftru- 
ment conftruded  in  Italy*,  where  glafs  or  metal  bells 
were  made  to  found  by  means  of  two  or  more  violin 
bows  drawn  over  them.  But  the  idea  of  employing 
this  inftrument  to  examine  vibrating  tones  was  firft  en- 
tertained by  himfelf.     Having  accurately  remarked  the 


] 


E     U     P 


tones  produced  by  the  abovementionej  metal  plate,  ht 
found  that  they  gave  a  progrelllon  wliich  correfponded 
with  thefquaresof  2,   3,  4,  &c. 

Not  long  before  he  had  read,  in  the  Trsnfadions  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  Gottingen,  ihe  obfervations  of 
Mr  Lichtenberg  on  the  phenonieiia  produced  by  ftrcw- 
ing  pounded  refin  over  a  glaf>  plate  or  cake  of  refin, 
and  he  repealed  many  of  his  experiments.  Tuis  led 
him  to  the  idea  that,  perhaps,  the  v:irioui  vibratory 
movements  ot  fuch  a  plate  w-iuld  be  difcovered  by  a  di- 
verfity  of  phenomena,  if  he  ftrewed  over  it  fand  or  any 
thing  of  the  like  kind.  By  this  experiment  there  was 
produced  a  ftar-formed  figure  ;  and  the  author,  having 
continued  his  refcarches,  publilhvd  the  refult  of  them  in 
a  work  entitled  Difcoveries  refpeiling  the  Theory  of 
Sound,  printed  at  Leipfic  in  1787. 

Wliilft  he  was  employed  in  tliefe  inveftigations,  he 
refolved  to  invent  a  new  mufical  inftrument ;  and  he  be- 
gan to  confiJer  whether  it  might  not  be  pollible  by 
nibbing  glafs  tubes  in  a  ftraight  line,  with  the  wet  fin- 
gers, to  produce  I'ounds  in  the  fame  manner  as  is  done 
in  the  harmonica  by  rubbing  them  circularly.  That 
glafs  tubes,  like  thofe  in  his  euphon,  would  not  merely 
by  fuch  rubbing  emit  any  tones,  he  had  long  known 
by  llieory  and  experience;  and  he  therefore  applied 
himfelf  to  the  folution  of  the  difticult  queftion,  in  what 
manner  the  inftiument  ought  to  be  conftruded  to  an- 
fwer  the  intended  purp  ife  I  Alter  various  fruiilefs  at- 
tempts  for  a  year  and  a  half,  during  which  his  imagi- 
nation was  fo  full  of  the  idea,  that  f  imetimes  in  liis 
dreams  he  thought  he  faw  the  inftrument  and  lieard  its 
tones,  that  is,  like  ihofe  of  the  harmonica,  but  with 
more  diftiniflnefs  and  lefs  confulion,  he  at  length,  in  a 
ftate  between  deeping  and  waking,  obtained  a  folution 
of  the  problem  which  had  given  fo  much  employment 
to  his  thoughts.  On  the  fccond  of  June  17S9,  bein^ 
tired  with  walking,  he  fat  down  on  a  chair,  about  nine 
in  the  evening,  to  enjoy  a  lliort  ilumber  ;  but  fcarcely 
had  he  clofed  his  eyes  when  the  image  of  an  inftru- 
ment, fuch  as  he  wiftied  for,  feemed  to  prefent  itlelf 
before  him,  and  terrified  him  fo  much  that  he  awoke  as 
if  he  had  been  ftruck  by  an  eledric  (hock.  He  imme- 
diately ftarted  up  in  a  kind  of  enthufia(m  ;  and  made  a 
feries  oi  experiments,  which  convinced  him  that  what  he 
h  id  feen  was  perfeffly  right,  and  that  he  had  it  now  in 
his  power  to  carry  his  deiign  into  execution.  He  made 
his  experiments  and  conftru>5led  his  firft  inftrument  in 
fo  private  a  manner,  that  no  perfon  knew  any  thing  of 
them.  On  tlie  8tli  of  March  1790  his  fiift  inftrument 
of  this  kind  was  completed  ;  and  in  a  i&w  days  he  was 
able  to  play  on  it  fome  eafy  pieces  of  mufic.  It  was 
now  necelfiry  to  give  to  this  inftrument,  as  it  was  en- 
tirely new,  a  new  name  ;  and  that  of  euphon,  which  fig- 
nifiesan  inftrument  that  has  a  pleafant  found,  appeared 
to  him  themoft  proper. 

It  was  not,  however,  brought  to  perfeflion  at  once, 
for  he  made  a  fecond  inftrument  which  was  an  improve- 
ment of  the  firft,  and  a  third  which  was  an  improvement 
of  the  fecond.  In  found,  indeed,  and  particularly  in 
the  higher  tones,  the  firft  was  equal  to  either  of  the 
other  two  •,  but  the  conftriufticn  was  deficient  in 
ftrength,  fo  that  every  week  fome  hours  were  neceffary 
to  keep  it  in  proper  repair ;  and  it  was  impoffible  to 
convey  it  the  diftance  of  a  mile  without  almoft  totally 
deftroying  it  Dr  Chladni  alfo,  for  want  of  better 
tubes,  employed    thofe   ufed  for  thermometers,   and 

marked 


Euphon. 


E     U     P 


21 


] 


E     U     P 


Buphon.  marked  the  whole  and  half  tones  by  a  coating  of  feal- 
''^'^''^*^  wax  on  the  under  fide;  but  as  the  wax,  owing  to  the 
moifturc  and  vibration,  often  cracked  and  flew  off,  it 
was  attended  with  danger  to  the  eyes.  It  was  there- 
fore extremely  diflicult  to  give  to  the  conllruftion  of  the 
inftrument  fufficient  ftrength  ;  but  this  the  inventor  at 
length  accomplilhed,  fo  that  his  new  euphon  cannot  be 
injured  or  put  out  of  tune  either  by  playing  or  by  car- 
riage. The  third  inftrumcut  was  fomewhat  different 
from  the  firll  and  fecond  ;  as  the  fore  parr,  which  in  the 
two  former  rofe  upwards  with  an  oblique  angle,  flood 
at  right  angles,  fo  that  it  could  be  tranfported  with 
eafe  in  a  particular  carriage  made  for  that  purpafe.  In- 
ftead  of  the  thermometer  tubes  ufed  in  the  firft,  the 
Doiftor  now  employs  tubes  of  different  colour--.  In  the 
fecond  inftrument  thofe  for  the  whole  tones  were  of 
darii  green  glafs ;  but  he  ufed  for  the  half  tones,  in 
both,  a  milk  white  kind  of  glafs.  In  a  word,  the 
euphon  has  fome  refemblance  to  a  fmall  writing-defk. 
When  opened,  the  abovementioned  glafs  tubes,  of  the 
thicknefs  of  the  barrel  of  a  quill  and  about  i6  inches 
long,  are  feen  in  a  horizontal  pofition.  They  are  wet- 
ted with  water,  by  means  of  a  fponge,  and  (Iroked  with 
the  wet  fingers  in  the  diredion  of  their  length,  fo  that 
the  increafe  of  the  tone  depends  merely  on  the  ftronger 
or  weaker  prcffure,  and  the  flower  or  quicker  move- 
ment of  the  fingers.  The  number  of  tubes  at  prefent 
is  forty-two.  In  the  back  part  there  is  a  perpendicular 
founding-board  divided  in  the  middle,  through  which 
the  tubes  pafs.  It  appears  therefore  that  the  euphon 
ought  not  to  be  coufidered  as  an  altered  or  improved 
harmonica,  but  as  a  totally  new  and  different  inftru- 
ment. In  regard  to  fweetnefs  of  fund,  it  approaches 
very  near  to  the  harmonica  ;  but  it  has  feveral  advan- 
tages which  no  unprejudiced  perfiin,  who  examines 
both  inftruments,  will  deny. 

I .  It  is  fimpler,  both  in  regard  to  its  conftrudlion  and 
the  movement  necelTary  to  produce  the  found,  as  nei- 
ther turning  nor  ftamping  is  required,  but  merely  the 
movement  of  the  finger.  2.  It  produces  its  found 
fpeedier  ;  fo  that  as  foon  as  it  is  touched  you  may  have 
the  tone  as  full  as  the  inftrument  is  capable  of  giving 
it;  whereas,  in  the  harmonica,  the  tones,  particularly 
the  lov/er  ones,  muft  be  made  to  increafe  gradually. 
3.  It  has  more  diftin(5lnefs  in  quick  paffi^es,  becaufe 
the  tones  do  not  refound  fo  long  as  in  the  harmonica, 
where  the  found  of  one  low  tone  is  often  heard  when 
you  wifh  only  to  hear  the  following  tone.  4.  The  uni- 
fon  is  purer  than  is  generally  the  cafe  in  the  harmonica, 
where  it  is  difficult  to  have  perfc^fl  glaffes,  which  in 
every  part  give  like  tones  with  mathemitical  exaftnefs. 
It  is  however  as  ditHcult  to  be  tuned  as  the  harmo- 
nica. 5.  It  does  not  affed  the  nerves  of  the  performer  ; 
for  a  perfon  fcarcely  feels  a  weak  agitation  in  the  fin- 
gers ;  whereas  in  the  harmonica,  particul  irly  in  con- 
cords of  die  lower  notes,  the  agitation  extends  to  the 
arms,  and  even  through  the  whole  body  of  the  perf  xm- 
er.  6.  The  expence  of  this  inftrument  will  be  much  lefs 
in  future  than  that  of  the  harmonica.  7.  Wlicn  one  of 
the  tubes  breaks  or  any  other  pait  is  deranged,  it  can 
be  foon  repaired,  and  at  very  little  expence;  whereas, 
when  one  of  the  glaffes  of  the  harmonica  breaks,  it  re- 
quires much  time,  and  is  very  difficult  to  procure 
anotlier  capable  of  giving  tlie  fame  tone  as  the  for- 


mer, and  which  will  correfpond  fufficiently  with  the  F.upfiorbia. 
feries  of  the  reft.  v^">^">««^ 

EUPHORBIA  (See  Encyd).  Of  this  plant  three 
new  fpecies  were  difcovered  by  Le  Vaillant  during  his 
laft  travels  into  the  interior  p.irts  of  Africa.  The  firft, 
which  he  calls  the  Cucumber-Euphorbia,  adheres  to 
the  earth  no  otherwife  than  by  a  few  (lender  roots.  It  Plate 
rifes  to  the  height  of  nine  or  ten  inches  only  ;  and  ex-  XXVIII. 
a>5lly  refembles  a  cucumber,  of  which  it  has  the  bent  *'S-  ^• 
(hape.  It  contains  abundance  of  milky  juice,  which 
appeared  to  him  as  cauftic  as  that  of  the  great  euphor- 
bia. Its  colour,  which  is  a  yellowifti  green,  tinted  with 
a  beautiful  fhade  of  violet  towards  the  root,  gives  it  a 
very  attractive  appearance  :  but  wne  betide  the  man 
who  fhould  be  tempted  to  eat  of  it !  as  it  U  a  virulent 
poifon.  The  fecond,  10  which  he  gave  the  name  of  the 
Melonribbed  Euphorbia,  does  not  rife  more  than  Fig.  s. 
three  or  four  inches  from  the  ground,  to  which  it  ad- 
heres by  a  colleiflion  of  fibrous  roots,  iffuing  from  feve- 
ral tubercles  difpofed  in  the  manner  of  a  crown.  The 
ftem  forms  a  flatted  globe  excavated  at  the  fummit,  aiid 
has  ribs  like  the  apple  which  in  France  is  called  calvilU 
blanche.  Thefe  ribs  are  elevated,  thick,  and  convex, 
have  a  greenilh  colour,  and  are  marked  with  brown 
tranfverfdl  bands.  From  the  fummit  of  the  ribs  iffue 
feveral  little  tufts  of  pedunculate  flowers.  The  third 
he  called  the  Caterpillar-Euphorbia,  becaufe  when  Fig.  3. 
he  firft  found  it,  he  thought  he  perceived  on  it  feveral 
beautiful  caterpillars.  The  defcription  of  it  in  a  few 
words  is  as  follows  :  From  a  very  large  tuberous  root, 
which  here  and  there  throws  out  a  few  thready  fibres, 
iffue  feveral  ftalks  almoft  of  the  length  of  the  finger  : 
they  creep  along  the  ground,  are  twifted,  woody,  defti- 
tute  of  leaves,  and  furniflied  with  feveral  rows  of  round 
tubercles,  each  guarded  by  two  prickles. 

All  thefe  kinds  of  euphorbia  are  to  be  dreaded,  the 
laft  two  in  particular;  becaufe  being  low  and  mixed 
with  the  herbage  like  mullirooms,  animals,  as  they  feed, 
run  the  rifk  of  eating  them  with  their  pafture.  Our 
author  confirms  the  account  which  has  been  given  in 
the  Encyclopedia  of  the  flivages  poifoning  the  refervoirs 
of  water  with  this  plant  in  order  to  procure  the  game 
which  fhall  drink  of  it.  To  effect  the  death  of'  the 
animal,  it  is  neceffary  that  the  poifon  reach  the  blood 
and  mingle  with  it.  Yet,  inconceivable  as  it  may  be, 
the  animal,  though  poifoned,  is  not  the  lefs  wholefome 
food,  as  our  author  fays  he  has  experienced.  However 
great  may  be  the  proportion  of  euphorbia  thrown  into  a 
pond  of  water,  he  is  perfuaded  tliat  it  never  diffules  it- 
felf  through  the  whole  mafs.  It  is  his  opinion,  that  the 
poifon  is  a  refinous  juice,  which,  being  from  its  nature 
incapable  of  combining  with  water,  I'lvims  on  the  fur- 
face,  and  there  forms  a  (hining  greenifh  oil,  which  with 
a  little  attention  may  he  difcerncd  by  the  naked  eye 
when  the  furface  is  fmooth.  I  tried  (lays  he)  the  qua- 
lities of  this  oil  on  myfelf,  taking  with  a  llraw,  from 
the  furface  of  the  bafin,  a  finglc  drop,  which  I  put  upon 
my  tongue;  and  it  gave  me  tliai  kind  of  burning  paia 
which  a  cauftic  occalions.  I  then  took  up  fome  water 
from  the  refervoir  in  the  hollow  of  my  hand,  and  blow- 
ing  off  the  oily  fluid  which  f'wam  on  the  furfice,  I  dip- 
ped the  end  of  my  tongue  into  the  remainder,  but  could 
not  perceive  in  it  the  flighteft  tafte  different  from  that 
of  water  itfelf.  He  feems  to  think  that  milk  is  an  an- 
tidote 


Exeter. 


EXC  [22]  EXE 

Euilx^c    ;idote  to  ths  pcifon  of  euphorbia  ;  becaufc  lie  fquee/'-d  bill  having    many    indorfenittius,    where  the  Jrawer,     Rxfgefis 

^.-     9  Icinc  (f  the  juice  into  a  baini  i  f  mill<  and  gnve  it  to  drawee,  and  early  Indorl'ers,  have  all  failed.     It  is  evi-  H 

^^^"1^  an  ape,  which  fw^Uowcd  p.irt  of  it  without  the  lead  dent  that,  if  the  holder  proves  under  eadi  bankruptcy  , 

ii'iiiry.     He    confcifcs,    however,    that    the  dofi;  was  the  whole  amount  of  the  bill,  he  will  receive  mucli  more 

tiifling.  tlun  his    due.     May    he  make  his  elciflion  where  to 

EUvSTACC,  or  E.:Jla;'ut,  called  alfn  Mctanza',  or  piove  the  v.-hole  demand,  and  where  to  prove  the  reCi- 

Sl.iuj^hter,  (licm  a  butchery  made  on  it  by  the  Spani-  due?  Or  ougl.t  he  not  (which  feems  molt  equitable)  to 

ard-).     It  is  an   inconfiderable  ifland,  about    20  miles  be  compelled  to  prove  his  debt  againft  his  immediate 

in  circuit.      It   furms,  with  a  long  point  of  1  md,  the  predecelfor    only? — the    afllgnees  cf  that  predeccirr 

entrance  to  the  harbor  ot  St.  Auijulliiie,   in   Eall-Flo-  proving,  in  their  turn,  in  like  manner  (eacli  party  once 

lida — Morse.  only),  back  to  the  diawcr.     This  is  a  cafe  nfgicat  im- 

EUSTYLE,  is  the  hell  manner  of  placing  columns,  portancc  to  difc^iunters,  and  the  reader  will  Hnd  fome 

with  regard  to  their  dUUnce  ;  winch,  accordnig  to  Vi-  judicious  obfctvations  on  it  in  the  Profciior's  work, 
truvius,  (hould  be  four  modules,  or  two  diameters  and        EXEGESIS,  or  Execetha,  in  algfbra,  is  the  lind- 

a  quarter.  ing,  cither  in   numb:;rs  or  lines,  the  roots  of  the  equa- 

EXCENTRIC,  or  Eicentric  Ciaci-e,  in  the  an-  tion  of  a  problem,  according  as  the  problem  is  either 

cient  Ptoloma^c  allrononiy,  was   the  very  orbit  of  ih;;  numeral  or  geometrical. 

planet  itfelf,  whith  it  was  fnppofed  to  defcribe  about  the  EXETER,  a  poll  town  in  Rockingham  co.  New- 
earth,  and  which  was  conceived  excentric  with  it;  call-  Hamplhire,  and,  next  to  Portfmouth,  the  moll:  confi- 
ed  alfo  the  deferent-  derable  feaport  town  in  the  Hate.     It  is  ikuated  at  the 

liillead  of  ihefe  excentric  circles  round  the  earth,  the  head  of  navigation  on   Swamfcot,  or  Exeter  river,   a 

moderns  make  the  planets  defcribe  elliptic  01  bits  about  branch   of  the  Pifcataqua,  15   miles  S.  W.    of  Portf- 

the  fun  ;  which  accounts  for  all  the  iriegularitics  cf  their  mouth,  and  a  like  diftance  N.  AV.  cif  Newburyport,  in 

motions,  and  their  various  dillances  from  the  eailh,  &c.  Eifc.x  co.  Malfachufetts.     The  tide   riles  here    1 1  feet, 

more  juftly  and  naturally.  It  is  well  fituated  for  a  manufaauring  town,  and  has 

ExCKNTRic,  or  Excentric  Circli,  in  the  new  aflrono-  already  a  duck  manutafloiy  in  its  infancy,   6  faw  mills, 

my,  is  the  circle  delcrilied  from  the  centre  of  the  orbit  a  fulling  mill,  flitting  mill,  paper  mill,  Inuffmiil,  2  cho- 

of  a  planet,  with  half  the  greated  axis  asaiadius;  or  colateand  logrift  mills,  iron  work-.,  and  2  printing  ofti- 

it  is  the  circle  that  circuniicribes  the  elliptic  orbit  of  ces.    The  faddlery  bufmefs  is  carried  on  here  to  gieater 

the  planet.  extent,  than  in  any  town  on  this  fide  Pliiladelphia.    l)e- 

EXCHANGE.     See  Encycl.  under  that  word,  and  fore  the  revolution,  Ihip  building  was  a  profitable  biu 

likewife  under  Bills  of  Exch^n^c,  where  the  antiquity  fmefs  ;  and  the  vclltls  were  employed  in  the  Weft  India 

cf  fuch  bills,  efpecially  among  the  Chinefe,  is  niention-  trade.     Notwithllanding  the  lots  of  this  market,  there 

ed.     In  FrofelTor  Beckmann's  hiftory  of  inventions  the  are  tour  or  tive  vedels,  of  different  burden,  built   here 

reader  will  find  an  ordinance  of  the  year  1394  concern-  annually;  the   river   being  capable  of  floating   down 

ing  the  acceptance  of  bill?  of  exchange,  and  alfo  copies  thofe  of  500  tons.     An  equal  number  is  alfo  employed 

of  two  bills  cf  the  year  1404,  which  fufficiently  prove  in  the  foreign  trade,  chieriy  to  the  Weft-Indies.     The 

that  the  method  of  tranfadling  bufinels  by  bills  of  ex-  fituation  ot  this  place  bids  fair  for  eitenfive  population, 

charge  was  fully  cftablifiied  in  Europe   fo  early  as  the  The  public  edifices  are  2  Congregational  churches,  an 

fourteenth    century;    and   that  the   prefent  form  and  elegant  building  appropriated  for  the  academy,  a  hand- 

terms  were  even  then  ufed.     The  ordinance,  which  was  fome  and  capacious   court-houfe,    and   a  gaol.     The 

iifued  by  the  city  of  Barcelona,  decreed  that  bills  of  ex-  public  offices  of  the  ftate  are  kept  here  at  prefent.     Be- 

change  (hould  be  accepted  within  twenty-four  hours  fides  the  celebrated  Exeter  academy,  there  are  here  an 

after  they   were  prefented,    and  that  the   acceptance  Englifh  fchool  and  6  or  8  private  fchools,  chiefly  for  fe- 

Ihculd  be  written  on  the  back  of  the  bill.  males. 

B'lt  there  are  queftions  relating  to  bills  of  exchange        This  townlliip   is  of  irregular  figure,  and   about  4 

of  much  greater  importance  than  their  antiquity  ;  and  miles  fquare.     It  was  incorporated  in    1638;  prior  to 

thefe    queftions    are    not  yet  decided.      For  inftance,  which,  it  had  the  name  of  Swamfcot   Falls,  from  the 

Ought  a  bill  <  f  exchange  to  be  ccnfidered  by  the  law  fiiUs  of  the  river,  which  feparate  the  frelh  from  the  tide 

merely  as  a  de'ofu  belonging  to  the  drawer,  and  fuccef-  water  ;  where  the  body  ot  the  town  is  fitualed  ;  chiefly 

lively  confided  to  the  remittees  ?  or  fhoiild  it  be  confi-  on  the  wellern  fide  of  the  river.     The  number  of  in- 

dered   iis  transferable  property,  at  all  times  abfoUitely  habitants  in  1775,  ^'^'^  '74-' — ^^^  '"  '790.  1722.      It 

vefted  in  the  holder,  whofe   neglect  therefore,  when  it  lies  54  miles  N.  of  Bofton,  and  402  N.  E.  of  Pbiladel- 

vitiates  the  value,  falls  wholly  on  himfelf  ?  phia.  N.  lat.  42.  59.  W.  long.  71. 

In  a  work  publilhed  1798  by  Profeffor  Bufch  of  "  Phillips  Exeter  Academy"  was  founded  and  en- 
Hamburgh,  entitled,  ji<Uitiotis  to  the  Thcoreticul  and  dowed  by  the  hon.  John  Phillips,  L.  L.  D.  of  Exeter, 
Pra{lhal  Delineation  of  Comm(rci  (a),  the  reader  will  and  incorporated  by  ail  ot  Allembly  in  1781.  It  is  a 
lind  fome  arguments,  which,  to  fay  the  leaft  of  them,  very  refpeiftableand  ufetui  inftitutirn.  under  the  infpec- 
are  ccrta'niy  plaufible,  to  prove  that  bills  cf  exchange  tion  of  a  bi.ard  of  truftees,  and  the  immediate  govem- 
ought  to  be  at  all  times  confidered  as  the  abfolute  pro-  ment  and  inftrudion  of  a  preceptor  and  an  alliftanU 
perty  of  the  holder.  This  theory  is  then  applied  to  It  has  a  iund  of  ^,15,000,  a  part  of  which  is  in  lands 
the   difficult   and  ftill  unfettlcd  cafe  of  the  holder  of  a  not   yet    produiflive.     The    prefent  annual   income   is 

^480. 

(a)   Profeflbr  Bufch  publilhed  in  1792  a  work  entitled  A  Theoretical  and  FraUieal  Dtlincation  of  Commerce, 


EXP 


[     23     ] 


E     X     U 


Exeter    ^^.400.     It  has  commonly  between  50  and  6c  (Indents. 

il  In  1794,  a  building  was   erefled,   76   by  36  feet,  two 

Ixponen-   fj^jig^  j^jgh  .   wbich,   in  point  of  convenience,  and  per- 

i„^-v->^  haps  elegance,  is  exceeded   by   few   buildings  of  the 

kind  in  the  United  States. — Morse. 

Exeter,  the  N.  wefternmolt  townfliip  in  Wafliing- 
ton  CO.  Rhode-Ifland  ftate,  has  North  Kingllon  on  the 
E.  and  Voluntown,  in  Connedicut,  on  the  W.  The 
feveral  branches  of  Wood  river  unite  here,  and  take  a 
S.  courfe  between  Hopkinton  and  Richmond.  It  con- 
tains 2495  inhabitants,  of  whom  37  are  fiaves. —  ib. 

Exeter,  a  townlhip  in  Luzern  co.  Pennfylvania. 
—lb. 

Exeter,  a  town  in  New-Hsnover  co.  in  Wilmington 
diQrift,  N.  Carolina  ;  fituated  on  the  N.  E.  branch  of 
Cape  Fear,  about  36  miles  N.  from  Wilmington,  and 
22  from  the  New  river. — ib. 

EXPECTATION  of  Life,  in  the  doftrine  of  life 
annuities,  is  the  Ihare,  or  number  of  years  of  life,  which 
a  perfon  of  a  given  age,  may,  upon  an  equality  of 
chance,  expedt  to  enjoy. 

By  the  e-xpeftation  or  (hare  of  life,  fays  Mr  Simpfon 
(SeUB  Exercifci,  p.  273),  is  not  here  to  be  underftood 
that  particular  period  which  a  perfon  hath  an  equal 
chance  of  furviving  ;  this  laft  being  a  different  and  more 
fimple  confideration.  The  expetftation  of  a  life,  to  put 
it  in  the  moft  familiar  light,  may  be  taken  as  the  num- 
ber of  years  at  which  the  purchafe  of  an  annuity,  grant- 
ed upon  it,  without  difcount  of  money,  ougiit  to  be  va- 
lued. Which  number  of  years  will  differ  more  or  lefs 
from  the  period  abovementioned,  according  to  the  dif- 
ferent degrees  of  mortality  to  which  the  feveral  ftages 
of  life  are  incident.  Thus  it  is  much  more  than  an 
equal  chance,  according  to  the  table  of  the  probability 
of  the  duration  of  life  which  the  fame  author  has  given 
us,  that  an  infant,  jull  come  into  the  world,  arrives 
not  to  the  age  of  ten  years  ;  yet  the  expeftatlon  or 
(hare  of  lite  due  to  it,  upon  an  average,  is  near  twenty 
years.  The  reafon  of  which  wide  difference  is  the  great 
excefs  of  the  probability  of  mortality  in  the  firft  tender 
years  of  life,  above  that  refpeifting  the  more  mature  and 
Itronger  ages.  Indeed  if  the  numbers  that  die  at  every 
age  were  to  be  the  fame,  the  two  quantities  above  fpe- 
cified  would  alfo  be  equal ;  but  when  the  faid  numbers 
become  continually  lefs  and  lefs,  the  expeiflation  mull 
of  confequcnce  be  the  greater  of  the  two. 

EXPONENTIAL  Calculus,  the  method  of  dif- 
ferencing, or  finding  the  fluxions  of  exponential  quan- 
tities, and  of  fumming  up  thofe  differences,  or  finding 
their  fluents. 

Exponential  Curve,  \%  that  whofe  nature  is  defined 
or  expreifed  by  an  exponential  equation  ;  as  the  curve 
denoted  by  a*  =  y,  or  by  x^  =  y. 

Exponential  Equation,  is  one  in  which  is  contain- 
ed an  exponential  quantity  :  as  the  equation  a"  =  b,  or 
»r»  =  ab,  &c. 

Exponential  ^anlily,  is  that  whofe  power  is  a 
variable  quantity,  as  the  expreflion  a",  or  .x".      Expo- 


nential quanti'.ies  are  of  feveral  degrees  and  orders  ac- 
cording to  liie  number  of  exponents  or  powers,  one  over 
another. 

EXTR.'i.  CoxsTELLAP.v  Stars,  fuch  as  are  not 
properly  inchi.'ed  in  any  conllellation. 

EXTRA  Mundane  Space,  Is  the  infinite,  empty, 
void  fpace,  vhlch  is  by  fome  fiippofed  to  be  extended 
beyond  the  bounds  of  the  unlverfe,  and  confequently  in 
which  there  is  really  nothing  at  all.  The  phr.ife  exiru- 
viundane  f[<ace  h,is  been  fn  long  In  ufe  among  our  bell 
writers,  that  it  is  now  inipoflible  to  banilh  It  from  the 
language;  and  yet  it  lias  been  the  fource  of  fome  ex- 
travagant millakes.  Many  phllifophers  confider  fpace 
as  fomethlng  real,  dinincfl-  both  from  body  and  mind  ; 
and  no  lef:.  a  man  than  Dr  Clarke  confidercd  it  as  an 
attribute  of  the  Deity.  Yet  we  think  nothing  more 
evident  than  that  If  body  had  never  eiifted,  fpace  would 
never  have  been  thought  of;  and  if  this  be  fo,  extra- 
mundane  fpace,  indead  of  denoting  any  real  thing,  or 
attribute  Infinitely  extended,  can  mean  nothing  more 
than  the  pr^ibility  of  enlarging  the  corporeal  unlverle, 
however  widely  extended  it  may  be.  See  Metaphysics 
{EncycL),  Part  II.  ch.  iv. 

EXTRADOS,  the  outfide  of  an  arch  of  a  bridge, 
vault,  &c.     See  Arch  in  this  Supplenient. 

EXTREMES  Conjunct,  and  Extrerr.es  Disjuncl, 
in  fpherical  trigonometry  are,  the  former  the  two  circu- 
lar parts  that  lie  next  the  affumed  middle  part ;  and  the 
latter  are  the  two  that  lie  remote  from  the  middle  part. 
Thefe  were  terms  applied  by  Lord  Napier  in  his  uni- 
verfal  theorem  for  refolving  all  right-angled  and  quad- 
rantal  fpherical  triangles,  and  publiihed  in  his  Lo^ariih- 
marum  Canonis  Defcriptio,  an.  1614.  In  this  theorem, 
Napier  condenfes  into  one  rule,  in  two  parts,  the  rules 
for  all  the  cafes  of  right  angled  fpherical  triangles, 
which  had  been  feparately  demontlrated  by  Pitiilus, 
Lanfbergius,  Copernicus,  Regiomontanus,  and  others. 
In  this  theorem,  neglecting  the  right  angle,  Nipier  calls 
the  other  five  parts  circular  parts,  which  are,  the  two 
legs  about  the  right  angle,  and  the  complements  of  the 
other  three,  viz.  of  the  hypothenufe,  and  the  two  oblique 
angles.  Then  taking  any  three  of  thefe  five  parts,  r)ne 
ot  them  will  be  in  the  middle  between  the  other  two, 
and  thefe  two  are  the  extremes  conjunct  when  they  are 
immediately  adjacent  to  that  middle  part,  or  they  are 
the  extremes  disjundl  when  they  are  each feparated  from 
the  middle  one  by  another  part. 

EXUMA  Ifle,  one  of  the  Bahama  ifles,  fituated  on 
the  E.  of  the  Great  Bank,  between  Stocking  ifles  on 
the  S.  W.  and  Long-ifle  on  the  E,  It  is  now  uninlia- 
blted,  excepting  two  families,  yet  is  one  of  the  bell  cf 
the  Bahamas,  not  only  for  its  fertility,  but  for  the  ex- 
cellence of  its  anchoring  ground,  in  the  found  to  which 
it  gives  name  ;  where  all  the  Bntilli  navy  could  ride  in 
fafety.      N.  lat.  24.  50.  W.  long.  74.  30. — Morse. 

ExuMA  Sound,  lies  E.  of  the  Great  Bahama  Bank, 
between  It  and  the  ifle  of  Guanahani.     N.  lat.  24.  W. 


long.  75 ib. 


FABIANE, 


B. 

Fairfield. 


F     A     I 


C    24    1 


F. 


F    A     L 


fairflcld 

II 
Falconry. 


FABIANE,  a  river  in  Loiiifiana,  T\hic!)  runs  S. 
eaftward  into  the  Miflllllppi,  in  N.  lat.  39.  30.  ; 
16  miles  above  Jaftioni  river  and  50  below  the  Iowa 
town  and  rapids. — Jlorss. 

FAI3IU3,  one  of  tlic  milit.iry  townfliips  in  New- 
York.—;/;. 

FACE  or  Facade,  in  architeflurc,  is  fomctimes 
ufed  for  the  front  or  ontward  part  of  a  building,  which 
immediately  prcfents  itl'elf  to  tlie  eye  ;  or  the  fiJe  wliere 
the  ch'ef  entrance  i;;,  or  next  the  ftrect,  S:c. — ii. 

FAIiiFAX  Co.  in  Vitgini:),  is  about  25  miles  long, 
and  18  broad  ;  on  the  W.  Bank  of  Potowmack  river. 
It  contains  12,320  inhabitants,  of  whom  4574  are 
flaves.     Chief  town,  Aleiandiia. — it. 

Fairf-ix,  a  townftiip  in  Franklin  co.  Vermont,  E. 
of  Georgia,  and  on  the  bank  of  La  Moille  river,  and 
contains  254  inhabitants;  and  is  about  9  miles  from 
lake  Champlain. — ii. 

FAIRFIELD,  a  plantation  in  Lincoln  co.  diftrlft 
of  Maine,  on  the  S.  E.  bank  of  Kennebeck  river,  S.  of 
Canaan,  and  oppofite  Hancock;  about  17  miles  from 
Pitt  down,  and  7  from  Fort  Halifax.  It  contains  492 
inhabitants,  and  is  225  miles  N.  E.  of  Boflon. — iL. 

Fairfield,  a  new  townfliip  in  Herkemer  county, 
New- York. — ili. 

Fairfield,  a  townfliip  in  Franklin  co.  Vermont,  E. 
cf  St.  Albans  ;  and  contains  1 29  inhabitants.  It  is  1  3 
miles  S.  of  the  Canada  line,  and  as  far  from  the  near. 
eft  part  of  lake  Champlain. — ii. 

Fairfield,  a  townlhip  in  Wafhington  co.  New- York. 
By  the  ftate  ceufus  of  1796,  29  of  its  inhabitants  are 
eleftors. — ii. 

Fairfield,  a  townfliip  in  Cumberland  co.  New-Jer- 
fey,  on  Cohanzy  creek,  and  at  the  head  of  Black  creek ; 
25  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Salem,  in  Salem  co. — ii. 

Fairfield  Co.  in  Connedicut,  is  the  S.  wefternmoft 
in  the  ftate  ;  bounded  W.  by  the  ftate  of  New- York, 
E.  by  New-Haven  co.  N.  by  Litchfield,  and  S.  by 
Longlfland  found.  Its  fliapc  is  very  irregular.  It  is 
divided  into  13  townfhips,  of  which  Fairfield  and  Dan- 
bury  are  the  chief;  and  contains  36,250  inhabitants, 
including  433  flaves.  It  is  feparated  from  New-Haven 
CO.  and  part  of  Litchfield  co.  by  Stratford  river.  The 
other  parts  of  the  county  are  watered  by  fmall  ftreams, 
as  S.igatnck,  Safco,  Peganook,  Five  Mile,  Rodens, 
Mill,  and  Mayamus  rivers.  Several  harbors,  and  a 
number  of  fmall  ifles  lie  along  the  found,  in  the  towns 
of  Greenwich,  Stamford,  Norwalk,  Fairfield,  and 
Stratford.  The  face  of  the  county  is  rough,  but  the 
foil  is  good. — it). 

Fairfield,  the  Unquowa  of  the  Indians,  a  pofl 
town  and  port  of  entry  of  Connedlicut,  and  capital  of 
the  above  county,  is  pleafantly  fituated  on  Mill  Run, 
a  little  above  its  entrance  into  Lnnglfl'nd  found, 
22  miles  S.  W.  by  W.  of  New-Haven,  and  64  from 
New  York.  It  coiit.<ins  about  200  houfes,  a  neat 
Corigre9;atlonal  church,  and  a  court-houfe.  About  4 
mil??  N.  W.  of  the  body  of  the  town,   and  in  the 


townfliip,  is  the  beautiful  parifli  of  Greenfield,  in 
which  is  a  flourllhing  academy.  A  high  eminence  in 
the  centre  of  the  parilh  commands  a  delightful  prof- 
pcifl.  Fairfield  was  fettled  froin  Weathersfield  in  1639, 
and  iu  1736  contained  400  families.  It  was  burnt 
by  a  party  of  tories  and  Britlfh,  under  the  command 
of  gov.  Tryon,  in  1 777;  the  lofs  fuftained,  amounted 
to  upwards  of  ^.40,000.  Fairfield  carries  on  a  con- 
fiderablc  trade  to  the  W.  Indies.  The  exports  for  one 
year,  ending  Sept.  30th,  1794,  amounted  to  77,425 
dollars. — ib. 

Fairfield,  a  townfhip  in  Wellmoreland  co.  Penn- 
fylvania. — ib. 

Fairfield  Co.  in  Camden  diftrift,  S.  Carolina,  be- 
tween  Waterce  river  which  divides  it  from  Lancaller 
CO.  and  Broad  river  which  feparates  it  from  Newbury 
and  Union  counties.  It  contains  6138  white  inhabit- 
ants, and  14S5  flaves.  Its  chief  town  is  Winnfbo- 
rouu;h. — ib. 

FAIRHAVEN,  in  Brlftol  co.  Maffachufetts,  lies 
on  the  N.  W.  fide  of  Buzzard's  bay,  and  on  the  eall- 
ern  fide  of  Acculhnet  river,  oppofite  to  Bedford. — ib. 

Fairhaven,  a  confiderable  townfhip  in  Rutland  co. 
Vermont,  N.  W.  of  Poultney.  It  contains  545  inha- 
bitants, and  is  51  miles  N.  of  Bennington. — ib. 

FAIRLEE,  a  townlhip  in  Orange  CO.  Vermont,  on 
the  W.  bank  of  Connefticut  river,  t6  miles  N.  of  Dart-, 
mouth  C'llege.  The  townfliip  is  hilly,  but  of  a  good 
foil,  and  lias  feveral  glades  of  excellent  land.  It  con- 
tains 463  inhabitants. — ib. 

FAIR  WEATHER,  Cate,  on  the  E.  coaft  of 
Patagonia,  in  S.  America,  lies  northerly  from  Cape 
Virgin  Mary.  S.  lat.  51.  45.  W.  long,  from  Green- 
wich 68.  10. — ib. 

FALCONRY  is  a  fpecies  of  fport,  about  the  an- 
tiquity of  which,  there  has  been  fome  difpute.  Un- 
der the  word  Hawking  {Encycl.)  we  have  deduced 
what  we  thought  fufEclent  evidence  of  its  being  pradi- 
fed  among  the  Thracians,  and  likewife  among  the  Bri- 
tons before  the  invafion  of  this  ifland  by  the  Romans. 
Flavins  Blondus,  however,  and  Laurentius  Valla,  both 
writers  of  the  15th  century,  and  the  latter,  one  of  the 
moft  learned  men  of  his  time,  affirm  that  no  nation  or- 
people  were  accullomed  to  catch  either  land  or  water- 
fowls with  any  rapacious  bird  trained  for  the  piirpofe. 

We  were  pleafed  to  fee  our  own  opinion,  fo  different. 
from  this,  completely  eftablilhed  by  the  learned  labours 
of  Profelior  Beckrnann.   So  early  (fays  he)  as  the  time 
of  Ctetias  (and  lie  refers  to  the  page  and  edition  of  his 
author)  hares  and  foxes  were  hunted  in  India  by  means 
of  rapacious  birds.     The  account  of  Ariflotle*,  how-  '  f^ift-  Ar"- 
ever,  is  ftlll  more  to  the  purpoie,  and  more  worthy  of  "■"''''''•  "" 
notice.     "In   Thrace    (fays    he)  the  men    go   out  to  "^ 
catch  birds  with  hawks.     The  men  beat  the  reeds  and 
bulhcs    wliich  grow  in  marfliy  places,  in  order  to  raife 
the   fmall  birds,  which  the  hawks   purfue  and  drive  to 
the  ground,  where  the  fowlers    kill  them  with  poles." 
The  fame  account  is  to  be  found  in  another  book  afcrib- 

ed 


F     A     L 


[     25     ] 


F     A     L 


Falconry,  ed  alfo  to  Ariftotle,  and  which  appears,  at  any  rate, 
^^'~^''"'*~^  to  be  the  work  of  an  author  not  iniich  younger.  Re- 
ipefling  Thrace,  which  is  lituaied  above  Amphipolis, 
a  wonderful  thing  is  told,  which  might  appear  incredi- 
ble to  thofe  who  l.aJ  never  heard  it  before.  It  is  faid 
th.'it  boys  go  out  into  the  fields,  .nnd  purfiie  birds  by 
tlie  affillance  of  hawks.  Wlien  they  have  found  a  place 
convenient  for  their  purpole,  they  call  the  hawks  by 
their  names,  which  immediately  appear  as  foon  as  they 
hear  their  voices,  and  chafe  the  birds  into  the  bulhes, 
where  the  boys  knock  them  down  with  (Hi-ks  and  feize 
them.  What  is  fllll  more  wonderful,  when  ihefe  hawks 
lay  hold  of  any  birds  thetnfelve^,  they  throw  them  to 
the  fowlers  ;  but  the  bo)  s,  in  return,  give  ihem  fome 
fliaie  of  ihe  prey.     De  mirabilibus  aufiultat.  cap.  128. 

Intlii'  p:.(rage,  there  aie  two  additions  which  render 
the  circumllance  ftill  more  rema;k"l)le.  The  firft  is, 
that  the  falcons  appeared  when  c.iU  d  by  their  names  ; 
and  the  fccond,  that  of  their  own  accord  they  brought 
to  the  fowleis  wh.itcver  they  caui,ht  themfelvcs.  No- 
thing is  here  wanting  but  the  Spaniel  employed  to  find 
out  game,  the  hood  which  is  put  upon  tiie  head  of  the 
hawk  while  it  Hands  on  the  hind,  and  the  thong  ufed 
for  holding  it,  to  form  a  fhort  dcfcription  of  lalconry 
as  dill  prailifed.  Ourfalconeis,  when  they  have  taken 
the  bird  from  the  hawk,  give  him,  in  return,  a  fmall 
Ihare  of  it  ;  and  in  the  like  manner  the  Thracian  hawks 
received  fome  part  of  their  booty. 

Other  writers  after  Arillotle,  fuch  as  Antigonus, 
jElian,  Pliny,  and  Phile,have  alfo  given  an  account  of 
this  method  of  fowling.  jEli.m,  who  feldom  relates 
any  thing  without  fume  alteration  or  addition,  fays,  that 
in  Thrace  nets  were  ufed,  into  which  the  birds  were 
driven  by  the  hawks  ;  and  in  this  he  is  followed  by  the 
poet  Phile.  jElian,  alfo,  in  another  place  defcribes  a 
manner  of  hunting  with  hawks  in  India,  which,  as  we 
are  told  by  feveral  travellers,  is  (lill  praiffifed  in  Perfia, 
where  it  is  well  underltood,  and  by  other  eaftern  na- 
tions. 

The  Indians  (fays  he)  hunt  hares  and  foxes  in  the 
following  manner :  They  do  not  employ  dogs,  but 
eagles,  crows,  and,  above  all,  kites,  which  they  catch 
when  young,  and  train  for  that  purpofe.  They  let 
loofe  a  tame  hare  or  iox,  with  a  piece  ot  flelh  fallened 
to  it,  and  fulFer  thefe  birds  to  fly  after  it,  in  order  to 
fei/.e  the  flelh,  which  they  are  tond  of,  and  which,  on 
their  return,  they  receive  as  the  reward  of  their  labour. 
Wlien  thus  inllrufled  to  purfue  their  prey,  they  are 
fent  after  wild  foxes  and  hares  in  the  mountains  ;  thefe 
they  follow  in  hopes  of  obtaining  their  ufuul  food,  and 
foon  catch  them  and  bring  them  back  to  their  mafters, 
as  we  are  informed  by  Ctelias.  Inllead  of  the  flcfh, 
however,  which  was  faftened  to  the  tame  animaU,  they 
receive  as  food  the  entrails  of  the  wild  ones  which  they 
have  caught. 

It  feems  therefore,  that  the  Greeks  received  from  In- 
dia and  Thrace  the  firll  information  refpeiting  the  me- 
thod of  fowling  with  birds  cf  prey  ;  but  it  does  not  ap- 
peal that  this  praifticc  was  introduced  am;  ng  tliem  at 
a  very  early  pciiod.  In  Italy,  however,  it  mull  have 
been  very  common,  for  Martial  and  Apuleiua  fpeak  of 
it  as  a  thing  every  wliere  known;  tlie  former  calls  a 
hawk  the  iowlei's  fcrvant. 

SuFPL.  Vol.  K. 


The  Profeflor  traces  the  hiilory  of  this  att  with  great 
learning  down  to  the  prcfent  time.  It  was  carried  to 
the  highelt  perfection  at  the  principal  c-nrts  of  Europe 
(he  fayo)  in  the  12th  century,  when  the  ladies  kept 
hawks,  which  were  as  much  fondled  by  thofe  who 
wifhed  to  gain  their  favour  as  lap-dogs  are  at  prcfent. 
Among  the  oldeft  writers  on  falconry  as  an  art  he 
reckons  Demetrius,  who  about  tlie  year  1270  was  phy- 
fician  to  the  Emperor  Michael  Paleologus,  His  book, 
written  in  Greek,  was  firfl  printed  at  Paris  in  1612 
will)  a  Latin  tranfl  uion  ;  but  its  precepts  (fays  our  au- 
thor) would  be  thought  of  very  little  value  at  prefent. 
For  an  account  of  the  modern  art  of  falconry  fee  Emy. 
clops  dill, 

FALK  (John  Peter),  known  to  the  world  as  one  of 
the  fciei.tific  travellers  employed  by  the  late  Emprefs 
of  Rullia  to  explore  her  vaft  dominions,  was  born  in 
Wellrogothia,  a  province  in  Sweden,  aljout  the  year 
1727.  He  ftudied  medicine  in  theuniverfity  of  Upfal, 
and  went  through  a  courfe  of  botany  under  the  cele- 
brated Linn-Eus,  to  whofe  fon  he  was  tutor.  He  pu- 
blicly defended  the  difiertation  (a)  which  that  famous 
botanill  had  compofed  on  a  new  fpccies  of  plants,  which 
he  called  ajlromcria. 

In  the  year  1760,  he  was  fo  deeply  afFe<fted  with 
de|  reflion  of  fpints,  that  M.  de  Linne,  in  the  view  ot 
obliging  him  to  tike  exercife  and  diffipuion,  fent  him 
to  travel  over  the  ifland  of  Gothlind,  to  make  a  collec- 
tion of  the  plants  it  produces,  and  the  various  kinds 
of  corals  and  corallines  which  the  fea  leaves  on  its 
fhores.  This  voyage  was  attended  with  no  diminu- 
tion of  his  diftemper,  which  found  a  continual  fuppljr 
of  aliment  in  a  fanguine  melaticholy  temperament,  in 
a  too  fedentary  way  of  life,  and  in  the  bad  ftate  of  his 
finances. 

Profeflor  Forfkael  having  left  Upfal  for  Copenhagen 
in  1760,  Falk  followed  him  thither  in  the  defigu  of 
applying,  by  the  advice  of  M.  de  IJnne,  to  be  appoint- 
ed aflillant  to  M.  Forfkael  in  his  famous  journey  thro* 
Arabia  ;  but,  notwithftanding  all  the  pains  that  M. 
CEJer,  and  feveral  oiher  men  of  literary  reputation  at 
Copenhagen,  took  in  his  behalf,  his  application  failed, 
as  the  fociety  that  were  to  go  on  that  important  expe- 
dition was  already  formed.  Obliged,  with  much  dif- 
content,  to  return,  he  herborifed  as  he  travelled,  and 
enriched  the  Flora  Suecica  with  feveral  new  difco- 
veries. 

A  man  in  office  at  St  Pcterfhurgh  having  written 
to  M.  Linrc  to  fend  him  a  direiflor  for  his  cabinet  of 
natural  hiftory,  M.  Falk  accepted  the  poft,  which  led 
him  to  the  chair  of  profelFor  of  botany  at  the  apothe- 
caries garden  at  St  Peterfburg,  a  place  that  had  been 
long  vacant.  His  hypocnndriac  complaint  ftiU  conti- 
nued to  torment  him.  When  the  Imperial  academy 
of  fciences  was  preparing  in  1768  the  plan  of  its  learn- 
ed expeditions,  it  took  M.  Falk  into  ilsfervice,  though 
his  healtli  was  uncertain.  He  was  recalled  in  17715 
but  having  got  only  to  Kafan  in  1773,  he  there  ob- 
tained permitfion  to  go  and  ufe  the  baths  of  Kifliar, 
from  which  he  returned  ag.iin  to  Kafan  at  the  end  of 
the  year,  with  hi->  heilth  apparently  better. 

But  his  difeafe  loon  returned  with  redoubled  vio- 
lence. From  the  month  of  December  1773,  '^^  ^'-'i^ 
1)  never 


Fait. 


(a)   In  the  collediou  knowu  under  the  title  oiLwmi  AvtitnitaliS  Academut, 


F     A     L 


C     26     ] 


FAR 


F^Ik.  nertr  quitted  his  bed,  nor  taken  any  otlisr  nouriflinient 
'~''"**^  ihm  bread  diied  in  the  Sv.ed.lh  manner  (knxkebiocJ), 
of  which  he  fcarcely  tooic  once  a  day  Ibme  mouthfuls 
dipped  in  tea.  At  fii  ft  lie  received  she  vifits  of  a  few 
fiieuds,  but  aftcrw.irds  denied  himfeif  to  them,  and 
VT.s  reduced  to  the  llric^eft  fohtiide.  When  M.  Geor- 
gi,  nrienibcr  of  the  fociety  cf  natural  liiftory  at  Berlin, 
who  had  been  dtftined  to  affill  and  relieve  the  profclfor 
in  the  duties  of  his  expeditcn,  went  to  fee  hini  on  this 
occafion,  nothinc  feenied  left  ol'him  but  a  Ikeleton  ot 
a  wild  and  terrifying  afpeft.  The  few  words  he  drew 
from  him  conlllled  in  compUints,  occafiuned  by  a  hoft 
of  difeafes  which  kept  his  body  in  torture,  and  threw 
him  into  the  moil  cruel  lleeplclfnef^.  The  lall  eveninj^ 
M.  Georgi  kept  him  company  till  midnight.  He  fpoko 
little,  and  fiid  nothing  that  could  give  reafon  to  fuf- 
peif  the  dclign  he  wti,  meditating.  His  hunter,  and 
at  the  fame  tin:e  his  trully  ferv.mt,  offered  to  fit  up  with 
liini  the  night;  but  he  could  not  be  perfuaded  to 
confont. 

M.  Georgi  being  requefted  the  next  day,  March  31, 
to  come  to  the  lodging  of  the  unfortunate  gentleman,  he 
found  him  lying  before  his  bed,  covered  with  blood  ; 
befide  him  lay  a  razor,  with  which  he  had  given  him- 
felf  a  flight  wound  in  the  throat,  thi  fatal  pillol,  and  a 
powder  horn  ;  all  together  prefcnting  a  tremendous 
fpeflacle.  He  had  put  the  muzzle  of  the  piftol  againll 
his  throat,  and  relling  the  pommel  upon  his  bed,  he 
difcharged  the  contents  in  fuch  a  manner,  that  the  ball, 
having  gone  through  his  head,  had  (luck  in  the  ceiling. 
His  foldier  had  feen  h'm  lliil  fitting  up  in  his  bed  at 
four  o'clock,  at  which  time  he  ufaally  fell  into  a  Ihort 
{lumber.  In  his  chamber  was  found  a  note  written  the 
evening  before,  betraying  throughout  the  dhlmifled 
ft<:te  of  his  mind,  but  nothing  declaratcry  of  his  defign, 
or  that  was  of  any  importance. 

M.  Falk,  like  all  hypochrondriac  perfons,  was  not 
very  communicative,  and  on  certain  occafions  was  dif- 
trullful.  But,  at  the  fame  time,  he  was  of  a  fedate 
temper,  complaifant,  and  upright,  which  made  it  .t  very 
eafy  matter  to  bear  with  him,  and  fecure  to  him  the  in- 
dulgence of  all  his  acquaintance.  His  extreme  fubrie- 
ty  had  enabled  him  to  make  fome  favings  from  his  pay, 
though  he  was  very  beneiicent  ;  it  was  not,  theiel'ore, 
indigence  that  drove  him  to  this  aft  of  violence.  He 
was  of  a  cold  conftitution,  preferring  folitiide  and  qui- 
et  to  fociety,  to  the  company  of  his  friends,  and  to  or- 
dinary amufements,  which  yet  he  did  not  Ihun,  except 
in  the  latter  period  of  his  life.  As  to  religivin,  he  (hew- 
ed on  all  occafions  more  refpeft  for  it  than  any  flrong 
effufions  of  zeal.  It  was  folely  to  be  afcribed  to  the 
violence  of  his  diftemper,  and  the  weaknels  of  mind 
which  it  brought  on,  that  led  hiin  to  put  a  period  to 
liis  days.  The  fate  of  this  unfortunate  fcholar  was  ge- 
nerally and  julUy  lamented. 

His  papers  were  found  in  the  greateft  diforder.  They 
contain,  however,  very  ufeful  and  important  relations. 
He  particularly  made  it  his  bufinefs  to  inquire  about 
the  Kirguifes,  and  other  Tartarian  nations,  and  as  he 
frequently  remained  for  the  fpace  of  nine  months  toge- 
ther in  the  fame  place,  he  was  enabled  to  procure  fa- 
tisfaftory  notions  concerning  the  objeifls  oi  his  invefti- 
gations.  The  Imperial  academy,  in  1774,  appointed 
Profelfor  Laxmann  to  arrange  his  manulcripts  in  or- 
der for  publication  j  which  was  done  accordingly. 


FALLING  Spring,  a  brimch  of  James  river  in  Vir- 
ginia, where  it  is  called  Jackfon's  river,  rifing  in  the 
Biountain,  20  miles  S.  W.  of  the  Warm  Spring.  The 
water  falls  over  the  rock  200  feet,  which  is  about  50 
feet  higher  than  the  fall  of  Niagara.  Between  the 
fheet  of  water  and  the  rock  below,  a  man  may  walk 
acrofs  dry. —  Mors!. 

FALMOUTH,  a  townfhip,  formerly  including 
Portland,  in  Cumberland  co.  Maine,  containiiig  299  i 
inhabitants.  It  is  fituated  on  Cafco  bay,  i  20  miles  N, 
N.  E.  of  Bofton.     Incoi pirated  in  17 18. — ib. 

Falmouth,  a  townlhip  in  Hants  co.  Nova-Scotia; 
fituated  rn  the  S.  E.  fide  o(  the  Bafin  of  Minas,  oppo- 
fite  Windfcr,  28  miles  N.  VV.  of  Halifax. — iu. 

Falmouth,  a  maritime  townlhip  in  Barnliable  co. 
M-tlTachufctts,  lituated  on  the  N.  E.  part  of  tlie  Vine- 
yard found,  on  the  W.  fide  of  the  bay  of  its  name  ; 
77  miks  S.  E.  by  S.  of  Bofton,  18  from  Sandwich, 
and  9  from  Holme's  flole.  It  was  incorporated  in 
1686,  and  contains  1637  inhabitants.  N.  lat.  41.  33. 
W.  long.  70.  35.     It  is  a  poll  town. — ib. 

Falmouth,  a  poft  town  in  Stafford  co.  Virginia, 
fituated  on  the  N.  bank  of  Rappahannock  river,  nearly 
oppofite  to  Frederickfbuig.  It  is  irregularly  built, 
and  contains  an  Epifcopalian  church  and  about  150 
houfes.  It  is  23  miles  S.  W.  of  Dumfries,  70  N.  by 
E.  of  Richmond,  and  207  S.  wefterly  of  PJiiladelphia. 
Confiderable  quantities  cf  tobacco   are  infpedled  here. 

Falmoui  M,  a  town  in  Lancafter  co.  Pennfylvania, 
fituated  on  the  S.  E.  fide  of  Conawago  creek,  20  miles 
Wefterly  of  Lancafter.     It  has  been  lately  laid  out. — ib. 

Falmouth,  a  town  and  harbor  on  the  S.  Ihore  of 
the  iftand  tf  Antigua,  in  the  Weft-Indies.  It  has 
Englifti  harjjor  on  the  E.  and  Rendezvous  bay  on  the 
W.  ;  and  lituated  in  St.  Paul's  parifti,  at  the  N.  W. 
corner  of  the  harbor,  which  is  well  fortified. — ib. 

Falmouth,  in  the  illand  of  Jamaica,  in  the  Weft» 
Indies,  commonly  called  the  Point,  is  fituated  on  the 
S.  fide  of  Martha  Brae  harbor;  and  including  the  ad- 
joining villages  of  Martha  Brae  and  the  Rock,  is  com- 
pofed  of  220  houfes.  Here  30  capital  .ftationed  fliips 
load  for  Great-Britain,  exclufive  of  llcops  and  fmaller 
craft. — ib. 

FALSINGTON,  a  village  in  Pennfylvania,  in 
Bucks  CO.  28  miles  N.  E.  ot  Philadelphia. — /i. 

FAQUIER  Co.  in  Virginia,  is  bounded  N.  by  Lou- 
don and  E.  by  Prince  William.  It  is  about  55  miles 
long  and  20  broad,  and  contains  17,892  inhabitants, 
of  whom  6642  are  flaves — ib. 

FAREWELL,  Cape,  the  S.  point  of  Weft  Green- 
land,  on  the  N.  fide  of  the  entrance  ot  Davis's  ftraits. 
North  America.  N.  lat.  59.  37.  W.  long.  42.  42. 
—lb. 

FARMER  (Richard  D.  D.),  fo  well  known  as  one 
of  the  commentators  on  Shakelpeare,  was  a  man  of  fuch 
pleafing,  though  fingular  manners,  that  we  regret  the 
very  imperfeit  account  which  we  niuft  give  of  his  life.. 
One  of  us,  who  had  the  pleafure  of  being  a  little  known 
to  him,  has  been  fo  much  delighted  with  the  natural 
eafe  and  pleafantry  of  his  converfation,  that  we  made 
all  the  inquiries  which  we  judged  requifite  to  enable  us 
to  draw  up  fuch  a  biographical  flietch  of  this  agreeable 
man  as  might  be  acceptable  to  our  readers,  and  not  un- 
worthy of  his  charaiSer  ;  but  thefe  inquiries  were  made 
in  vain.     Tliofe  to  whom  we  applied  knew  little  more 

of 


Falllnff 


Farmer. 


Farmer. 


FAR  C27]  FAR 

of  tlie  incidents  of  his  life  thsn  what  we  had  previoufly    which  I;e  was  at  pains  to  prnpagate,  n'^t  only  in  his     Farmer. 
'  found  in  a  niifcellany,  of  which  the  writers  feem  to  con-    college,  but,  as  far  as  his  inrtuence  went,  through  tlu  ^■'^~^''*— 
IJder  it  as  a  principle  of  duty  to  vilify  the  charaifler  of    whole  univerfity. 

every  perfun,  who,  like  Dr  Farmer,  is  tlie  friend  of  or-  It  has  hien  faid,  that  the  delights  of  the  pipe  and  the 
der,  and  the  enemy  ot  fiiJden  or  rapid  innovati.ins.  To  bottle  in  Emanuel  pariiuir  outweighed,  in  his  eflima- 
that  mifcelliny,  therefore,  v.'e  muft  be  beholden  for  tion,  the  daz/ling  fpkndor  of  the  mitre  ;  but  he  had 
many  fafls ;  but  we  fhall  certainly  copy  none  cT  its  other  and  better  reafons  for  preferring  a  private  to  a 
malevolence.  public  ftation.     In  early  life,  at  lead  before  he  was  ad- 

Dr  Farmer  was  born  at  Leicefter  1735;  hut  what  vancej  in  year<,  he  had  felt  the  power  of  love,  and  had 
was  the  ftation  of  his  father  we  have  nut  learned.  Of  fuffered  fuch  a  difappointment  as  funk  deep  in  his  mind, 
his  fchool  education  he  received  part,  perhaps  the  and  for  a  time  threatened  his  underftandin?.  Froin 
whole,  in  his  native  town  ;  and  from  fchool  he  was  re-  that  period,  though  he  retained  his  faculties  entiie,  he 
moved  to  the  iniiverfity  of  CambiiJge,  wheie  he  devo-  acquired  fnme  pecuii.iritics  of  manner ;  of  which  he  w.u 
ted  himfeU  chiefly  to  clailical  learnmg  and  the  belles  f<>  lar  confci  us,  as  to  be  fenfible  th  it  they  would  bard- 
lettres.  In  1757,  he  was  admitted  to  the  degree  of  ly  become  the  charafler  of  a  bifhop;  being  likewife 
bachelor  of  arts ;  in  1760,  to  that  of  mafterofarts;  flrongly  attached  to  dramatic  entertainments,  which,  if 
a  bachelor  of  divinity  in  1767,  and  a  doiftor  of  divinity  we  miflake  not,  the  Englifh  bilhops  never  witneA,  and 
in  1775,  in  which  year  he  was  alfo  eleiftid  mader  of  delighting  in  clubs,  where  he  could  have  rational  «on- 
Emanuel  on  the  deceafe  of  Dr  Rich.irdfon,  and  prin-  verfation  without  ftate  or  ceremony  of  any  kind — he 
cipal  librarian  on  the  dece:ife  of  Dr  Barnardillon.  very  wifely  preferred  his  refidentlarylhip  to  the  higheft 

The  difturbances  in  America  having  by  this  time  be-  dignity  in  the  church.  At  the  time  of  his  death, 
come  ferious,  the  univerlity  of  Cambridge,  will)  num-  which  happened  in  the  autumn  of  1797,  he  was  a  fel- 
berlef.  other  loyal  bodies,  voted  an  addrefs  to  the  king,  low  of  the  Royal  and  Antiquarian  Societies,  matter  o( 
approving  of  the  meafiires  adopted  by  government  to  Emanuel  college,  principal  librarian  of  the  public  libra- 
reduce  the  faiftious  colonills  to  their  duty.  The  ad-  ry  in  the  univerfity,  one  cf  the  canons  refidentiary  of 
drefs,  hdweve"-,  was  not  carried  unanimouHy.  It  was,  St  Paul's,  chancellor  rf  the  diocefe  of  Lichfield  and 
of  courfe,  oppoi'ed  by  Jf.be,  fo  well  known  for  his  free  Coventry,  and  prebendary  of  Worceftcr. 
opinions  in  politics  and  religion,  and  by  fome  others.  Though  a  good  clafllcal  fcholar,  Dr  Farmer  has  been 
of  whom  one  man,  a  member  of  the  c.\put,  carried  his  celebrated  only  for  that  kind  of  literature  which  is  con- 
oppofition  fo  far,  as  adlually  to  refufe  the  key  of  the  ne>51ed  with  the  Englifh  drama,  and  having  a  ftrong 
place  which  contained  the  feal  necelfary  on  fuch  occa-  predelidion  for  old  Englifti  writers,  he  ranked  hieh 
fions.  In  this  emergency,  Dr  Farmer,  who  was  then  among  the  commentators  upon  Shakefpeare.  His  "  Ef- 
vice-chancellor,  is  faid  to  have  forced  open  the  door  fay  upon  the  Learning  of  Shakefpeare,"  dedicated  to 
with  a  fledge-hammer ;  an  exploit  which  his  democrati-  Mr  Cradock,  the  intelligent  refdent  of  Gumley-Hall 
cal  biographers  affei^  to  redicule,  by  calling  it  Lis  in  Leicefterfhire,  has  palled  through  feveral  edition^. 
courtly  zeal,  and  the  occafion  of  all  his  fubfcquent  pre-  This  cffay  was,  in  fai5t,  the  firft  foundation  of  his  fame, 
ferments.  which  an  unconquerable  indolence  prevented  him  from 

If  it  be  indeed  true,  that  he  broke  the  door  in  pieces  carrying  to  that  height  to  whicn  the  exercife  of  his  li- 
with  bis  own  hands,  his  conduifl  muft  be  acknowledged  terary  talents  could  not  have  failtd  to  raife  it.  S  >  great 
to  have  been  not  very  decorous ;  but  if  the  office  wliich  indeed  was  his  love  ot  eafe,  that  after  having  announced 
lie  filled  be  taken  into  confideration,  wc  apprehend  it  for  fubfcriptions  a  hiftory  ol  Leicefterlhire,  and  a^flual- 
would  be  as  difficult  to  prove  that  condud  ed'entially  ly  begun  to  print  it,  rather  than  fubmit  to  the  fatigue 
wrong,  as  to  vindicate  the  obdinate  airogance  of  him  of  carrying  it  through  the  piefs,  he  retuned  the  fub- 
who  occafioned  it.  The  feal  was  the  property  of  the  fcriptions,  and  prefented  the  MSS.  and  plates  to  Mr 
univeifity,  of  which  this  outrageous  fupporter  of  the  Nichols,  the  refpeiflable  printer  ot  the  Gentleman's 
bill  of  rights  was  but  an  individual  member.  The  uni-  Magazine,  who  has  fince  carried  on  the  hiftory  with  a 
vetfity  liad  refolved  that  it  fliould  be  employed  for  a  degree  of  fpirit,  ability,  and  induftry,  perhaps  unpre- 
ccrtain  purpofe,  which  it  was  the  duty  of  the  vice-chan-  cedented  in  this  department  of  literature, 
cellor  to  carry  into  effeiS  ;  and  lince  the  feal  was  re-  Indolence  and  the  love  of  eafe  were  indeed  the  Doc- 
fufed  to  him,  he  had  no  alternative  but  to  get  policf-  tor's  chief  characleriftics ;  and  to  them,  with  the  dif- 
fion  of  it  by  force.  We  hope,  however,  that  he  em-  appointment  already  mentioned,  may  be  attributed  a 
ployed  a  fervant  to  break  the  door;  and,  indeed,  as  want  of  propriety  in  his  extern.)l  appearance,  and  in 
vice-chancellor,  he  muft  have  had  fj  many  fcrvants  at  the  ufual  forms  of  behaviour  belonging  to  his  ftation. 
his  command,  that  it  is  not  conceivable  he  would  wield  The  prevailing  features  rf  his  character  dillirguifhed 
the  fledge-hammer  himfelf.  themlelves  by  feveral  odd  ties  :  There  were  three  thicgs, 

Some  time  after  this,  he  was  made  a  prebendary  of  it  was  faid,  which  the  mafter  of  Emanuel  loved,  f/s. 
Canterbury,  we  believe  through  the  reccmnieudation  of  old  port,  old  clothes,  and  old  books  ;  and  three  things 
Lord  North,  then  prcmiir;  and  it  was  at  Canterbury  which  no  one  could  perfuade  him  to  perform,  r/s.  to 
that  the  writer  of  this  fkctch  had  the  h.<ppinefs  t  f  be-  rife  in  the  morning,  to  go  to  bed  at  night,  and  to  fettle 
ing  introduced  to  him,  and  witnefiing  h.is  liofpitality.  an  account.  VVhtn  in  C.tmbridge,  if  an  old  houfe 
After  enjoying  his  prebend  for  feveral  years,  he  refign-  were  pulled  down,  the  m.iftcr  of  Emanuel  was  always 
ed  it  on  being  preferred,  by  the  prelienc  premier,  to  a  there  in  an  old  blue  gnat  coat,  and  a  rufty  hat.  When 
refidentiaryftiip  of  St  I'.uil's  ;  and  we  have  reafon  to  in  London,  he  was  lure  to  be  found  in  the  fame  garb 
believe,  that  he  declined  a  billiopric,  whi  'h  was  oiFered  at  an  old  book-llall,  or  ft.inding  at  the  corner  ot  a  dir- 
to  him  as  a  reward  fur  tiie  conftiiuticn.il  principles    ty  lane,  poring  ihiough  his  gl.us  at  <in  old  play  bill. 

D  2  This 


FAR 


[     28     ] 


FAS 


Famicr 

II 
Farming- 
ton. 


This  charafler  is  not  drawn  by  a  friendly  pencil ; 
but  it  is  ncvcTtlieltis  not  unjull.  His  inattention  to 
the  common  decencies  of  drefs  and  behaviour  was  no- 
toricus,  infomnch  that,  in  the  company  of  Grangers,  the 
eccentricity  of  his  appearance  and  <ii  his  manners  made 
him  fcmelimes  be  taken  lor  a  perfon  half  crazed.  The 
writer  of  this  Iketch  faw  him  one  morning  at  Canter- 
bury drelled  in  ftocicings  of  unl)leached  thread,  brown 
breeches,  and  a  wig  not  worth  a  thilling  ;  and  when 
a  brother  prebendary  of  his,  remarkable  for  elegance  ot 
manners,  and  propriety  of  drefs,  put  him  in  mind  that 
they  were  to  attend  on  the  archliilhop,  Di  Farmer  re- 
plied, that  it  had  totally  cfcaped  him;  but  he  went 
hnme,  and  ttrelfed  himfelf  like  a  clergyman.  That  he 
fat  late  reading,  and  occafionally  drinking  brandy  and 
water,  cannot  be  denied  ;  and  it  is  literally  true,  that 
I'.e  cculd  not  eafily  be  prev.iiKd  upon  to  fettle  his  ac- 
counts. His  accounts  with  fome  of  his  pupils,  when 
tutor  oi  his  college,  were  never  fettled  to  the  day  of  his 
death  ■,  and  the  young  gentlemen  not  unfrequently  took 
advantage  of  this  unconquerable  indolence  to  borrow  of 
him  confiderable  fums,  well  knowing  that  there  was  lit- 
tle chance  of  a  demand  being  ever  made  upon  their  pa- 
rents. One  gentleman,  in  particular,  told  a  friend  of 
ours,  who  was  himfelf  a  penlioner  of  Emanuel,  that 
when  he  left  that  college,  he  was  near  fifty  pounds  in 
debt  to  Dr  Farmer  ;  "  a  debt  (faid  he)  which  I  would 
have  fcrupuloufly  paid,  but,  after  repeated  felicitations, 
I  could  get  no  bill  from  him." 

Having  been  a  warm  partizan  of  government  du- 
ring the  American  war,  it  will  readily  be  believed  that 
Ur  Farmer  was  the  detei  mined  enemy  of  levellers  and 
anarchifts.  He  was  fuch  a  Whig  as  thofe  who  placed 
King  William  on  the  throne;  and  of  courfe  deemed  a 
violent  Tory  by  our  prcfent  republicans,  of  whom,  to 
fay  the  truth,  he  could  hardly  (peak  with  temper.  By 
his  enemies  he  is  admitted  to  have  been  a  man  of  gene- 
rofity.  As  he  obtained  money  eafily,  fo  he  parted  with 
it  eafily.  Whilft  he  was  always  ready  to  relieve  dif- 
trefs,  his  bounty  was  frequently  bellowed  on  the  patro- 
nage of  learned  men  and  learned  publications.  He 
was,  accordingly,  a  favourite  witli  all  good  men  who 
knew  him.  In  his  own  college  he  was  adored  ;  in  the 
univerfity  he  had,  for  many  years,  more  influence  than 
any  other  individual ;  and,  with  all  his  eccentricities, 
his  death  was  a  lofs  to  that  learned  body,  which,  in 
the  opinion  of  feme  of  its  members,  will  not  loon 
be  made  up. 

FARMINGTON,  a  very  flourifhing  townOiip  of 
excellent  land,  in  Lincoln  co.  diftrift  of  Maine,  on 
Sandy  river,  35  miles  N.  W.  of  Hallowell,  30  fame 
courfe  from  Harrington,  and  204  N.  N.  E.  of  Bofton. 
Number  of  inhabitants,  about  1200.  A  very  few  years 
fince  this  townfhip  was  a  wildernefs. — Morse. 

Farmington,  a  large,  pleafant,  and  wealthy  town 
in  Hartford  co.  Connedicut,  10  miles  S.  W.  of  Hart- 
ford city,  32  N.  E.  of  New-Haven,  and  22  E.  of  Litch- 
field. Farmington  river,  a  water  of  ConneSicut,  mean- 
ders delightfully  through  charming  intervales,  which 
beautify  and  enrich  this  town.  The  houfes,  in  the 
compaift  part  of  this  town,  Hand  chiefly  on  a  ftreet 
which  runs  N.  and  S.  along  the  gentle  declivity  of  a  hill, 
which  afcends  E.  of  the  intervales ;  about  the  centre 
of  the  ftreet  flands  a  large  and  handfome  Congrega- 
tioual  church.     This  town  was   fettled  as   early  as 


1645,  and  its  limits  then  were  very  ejtenfive.     Several 
towns  have  been  fince  taken  from  it. — ib. 

Farmington,  a  fmall  river  of  Conneflicut,  which 
pali'es  through  the  town  of  Farmington,  where  it  re- 
ceives Cambridge  or  Poquabi  ck  liver,  iioni  the  S.  W. 
when  it  acquires  the  name  of  Windfcr  river  and  tails 
into  ConneiSicut  river  in  the  town  of  Windfor,  about 
4  mile;;  al)ovc  Hartford  city. — il. 

FASCINATION,  the  art  of  bewitching,  enchant- 
ment, an  unfeen  inexplicable  influence.  Under  the 
title  Serpens  (Eitcyd.  n'^  22)  we  have  mentioned  fe- 
veral  inllances  of  the  fafcinating  power  of  tlie  rattle- 
fnake,  which  were  relateil  by  men  of  charaifter,  and 
certainly  gained  fome  degree  of  credit  among  men  of 
fcience.  In  Vaillanl's  New  Travels  into  the  Interior 
Parts  of  Africa,  an  account  is  given  of  fimilar  inllan- 
ces  of  fafcination  by  African  fervants,  fome  of  them 
witncifed  by  himfelf,  and  others  reported  to  him  by 
men  of  veracity. 

On  the  confines  of  the  European  colony,  at  a  place 
called  Swart-lanJ,  our  traveller  faw  a  fhrike  on  the 
branch  of  a  tree,  tremble  as  if  in  convulfions,  whilft  it 
uttered  the  moft  piercing  cries  of  diftrefs.  Clofer  at- 
tention led  him  to  difcover  upon  the  next  branch  of 
the  fame  tree  a  large  ferpent,  that,  with  ftretched-out 
neck,  and  fiery  eyes,  thoueh  perfedlly  ftill,  was  gazing 
on  the  poor  animal.  He  fhot  the  ferpent ;  but,  in  the 
mean-time,  the  bird  had  died.  Having  meafured  the 
diilance  between  the  place  where  the  llirike  was  feen 
in  convulfions  and  that  occupied  bv  the  ferpent  when 
it  was  fliot,  he  found  it  to  be  three  feet  and  a  half; 
which  convinced  him  and  his  attendants  that  the  bird 
had  not  died  either  from  the  bite  or  the  poifon  of  its  ene- 
my.  Indeed  he  ftripped  it  before  the  wliole  company, 
and  made  them  obferve  that  it  was  untouched,  and  had 
not  received  the  flighteft  wound. — In  another  diftridt 
of  Africa,  during  the  courfe  of  the  fame  travels,  he 
faw  a  fmall  rnoufe  die  in  convulfions,  occafioned  by  the 
fafcinaling  power  of  a  ferpent,  at  the  diilance  of  two 
yards  from  it ;  and  when  he  confulted  his  Hottentots 
upon  this  incident,  they  exprefTed,  he  fays,  no  fort  of 
altonifhment,  but  affured  him  that  the  ferpent  had  the 
faculty  of  attraffing  and  fafcinating  fuch  animals  as  it 
wiflied  to  devour. 

We  have  already  had  occafion  to  remark  how  re- 
gardlefs  this  author  is  of  inconfiftencies  in  his  narra- 
tive ;  and  we  perceive  fomething  like  an  inconfiftency 
in  the  narratives  before  us.  Though  his  Hottentots 
exprelfed  no  furprife  at  the  fafcination  of  the  moufe, 
and  declared  that  nothing  was  more  common,  he  fays 
exprefsly,  that  to  thofe  who  witnefled  the  fafcination 
of  the  fhrike,  the  fafl  appeared  fo  extraordinary,  that 
they  could  hardly  believe  it,  even  after  they  had  feen  it. 

The  moll  wonderful  inftance  ot  fafcination  which 
we  have  anywhere  met  with,  was  that  of  a  Captain  ia 
the  Dutch  fervice  at  the  Cape,  who,  after  affuring  our 
traveller  that  it  is  an  event  which  happens  very  fre- 
quently, proceeded  thus :  "  My  teftimony  ought  to 
have  the  more  weight,  as  I  had  once  nearly  become  my- 
felf  a  viiftim  to  this  fafcination.  While  in  garrifon  at 
Ceylon,  and  amufing  myfelf,  like  you,  in  hunting  in  a 
marfli,  I  was,  in  the  courfe  of  my  fport,  fuddenly  fei- 
zed  witha  convulfive  and  involuntary  trembling,  differ- 
ent from  any  thing  I  had  ever  experienced,  and  at  the 
fame  time  was  flrongly  attraded,  and  in  fpite  ©f  myfelf, 

to 


FAS  [2 

Fafcination  to  a  particular  fpot  of  the  uiarfh.  Direfting  my  eyes 
'"■'"^''""^^  to  this  fpot,  I  beheld,  with  feelings  of  horror,  a  (er- 
pent  of  an  enormous  fize,  whofe  look  inllantly  pierced 
me.  Having,  however,  not  yet  loft  all  power  ot  motion, 
I  embraced  the  opportunity  before  it  was  too  late,  and 
faluted  the  reptile  with  the  contents  of  my  fufee-  The 
report  was  a  talifman  that  broke  the  charm.  All  at 
once,  as  if  by  a  miracle,  my  convulfion  ceafed  ;  I  felt 
myftlfable  to  fly;  and  the  only  inconvenience  of  this 
extraordinary  adventure  was  a  cold  fweat,  which  was 
doubilefs  the  eft'efl:  of  my  fear,  and  of  the  violent  agi- 
tation my  fenfes  had  undergone." 

This  inltance  ot  i'afcination  differs  in  one  very  mate- 
rial circumftance  from  the  two  fomewhat  fmiilar  inltan- 
cet  mentioned  in  the  Encychpadia.  In  both  thefe, 
the  eyes  of  the  perfons  iafcinated  were  fixed  on  the 
eyes  of  the  fnake;  l5Ut  here  the  Dutch  Captain  was 
ftrongly  attraded  towards  the  ferpent  before  he  law,  or 
even  fufpefted  that  fo  formidable  an  enemy  was  in  his 
neighbourhood.  If  the  llory  therefore  be  true,  the  ef- 
fedl  which  he  defcribes  could  not  poflibly  have  been 
the  effcA  of  fear,  but  of  fome  unfeen  influence  on  his 
whole  nervous  fyftem. 

The  fubjedl  has  of  late  attrafled  the  attention  of 
men  of  fcience,  whofe  local  fituation  gives  them  an  op- 
portunity  of  making  experiments  upon  diiferent  fer- 
pents,  with  a  view  to  ai'certain  whether  they  really  pof- 
iefs  or  not  this  moft  unaccountable  of  all  powers.  In 
the  year  1796,  was  printed  at  Philadelphia,  a  Memoir 
concerning  the  Fafcinatlng  Faculty  ivhhh  has  been  afcri- 
bed  to  the  Rattleftiake,  and  other  American  Serpents,  by 
Benjamin  Smith  Barton,  M.  D.  ProfeiFur  of  natural 
hiftory  and  botany  in  theuniverfity  of  Pennfylvania.  in 
this  memoir,  the  manner  in  which  the  fafcinating  power 
is  fuppnfed  to  be  exerted  is  thus  Rated  by  the  ingeni- 
ous profeflbr : 

"  The  fnake,  whatever  its  fpecies  may  be,  lying  at 
the  bottom  of  the  tree  or  buih  upon  which  the  bird 
or  fquirrel  fits,  fixes  its  eyes  upon  the  animal  it  defigns 
to  fafcinatc  or  enchant.  No  fooner  is  this  done,  than 
the  unhappy  animal  is  unable  to  make  its  efcape.  It 
now  begins  to  utter  a  moft  piteous  ciy,  which  is  well 
known  by  thofe  who  hear  it,  and  underftand  the  whole 
machinery  of  the  bufinefs,  to  be  the  cry  of  a  creature  en- 
chanted. If  it  is  a  fquirrel,  it  runs  up  the  tree  for  afliort 
diftance,  comes  down  again,  then  runs  up,  and,  laftly, 
comes  lower  down.  'On  that  occafion  (faysan  honeft,but 
TroM«r  rather  credulous  writer*),  it  has  been  obferved,  that 
filer  Kalm.  the  fquirrel  always  goes  down  more  than  it  goes  up.' 
The  fnake  ftill  continues  at  the  root  of  the  tree,  with 
its  eyes  fixed  on  the  fquirrel,  with  which  its  attention 
is  fo  entirely  taken  up,  that  a  perfon  accidentally  ap- 
proaching, may  make  a  confiderable  noife  without  the 
fnake's  fo  much  as  turning  about.  The  fquirrel,  as 
before  mentioned,  comes  always  lower,  and  at  laft  leaps 
down  to  the  fnake,  whofe  mouth  is  already  wide  open 
for  its  reception.  The  poor  little  animal  then,  with  a 
piteous  cry,  runs  into  the  fnake's  jaws,  and  is  fvvallow- 
ed  at  once,  if  it  be  not  too  big  ;  but  if  its  fize  will  not 
allow  it  to  be  fwallowed  at  once,  the  fnake  liks  it  fe- 
veral  times  with  its  tongue,  and  fmoothens  it,  and  by 
that  means  makes  it  fit  tor  fwallowlng." 

From  Dr  Barton's  memoir,  it  appears  that  the  North 
American  Indians  are  by  no  means  of  one  opinion  re- 
fpcfling  the  fafcinating  power  of  the  rattle-faake.  Some 


9     ] 


FAS 


intelligent  friends  of  his,  well  acquainted  with  the  man-  Fafcination 
ners,  rtligioub  opinions,  and  fiiperftitious  prejudices  of  ^-^~"^~^^ 
thofe  people,  informed  him,  that  though  they  had  of- 
ten heard  the  Indians  fpeak  of  the  ingenuity  of  thefe 
reptiles  in  catching  birds,  fquirrels,  &c.  they  did  not 
recoUedl  having  ever  heard  them  fay  that  fnakes  charm 
birds.  On  the  other  hand,  however,  a  Mohegan  In- 
dian told  the  Doiftor  himfelf,  that  the  Indians  are  of 
opinion,  that  the  rattle-fnake  can  charm  or  bewitch, 
fquirrels  and  bird"^,  and  that  it  does  this  with  its  rattle, 
which  it  flukes,  thereby  inviting  the  animals  to  defcend 
from  the  trees,  after  which  they  are  eafily  caught.  Ac- 
cording to  this  Indian,  hi;  countrymen  do  not  think 
that  the  fnake,  in  any  manner,  accompHflies  the  bufi- 
nefs with  its  eyes.  A  Choktah  Indian  alhired  the  Doc- 
tor, that  the  rattle-fnake  does  charm  birds,  Sec;  but 
he  was  honed  enough  to  confefs,  that  he  did  not  know 
in  what  manner  it  does  it.  The  interpreter,  through 
whom  the  converfalion  was  carried  on  with  this  Indian, 
faid  that  the  fnake  charms  by  means  of  its  rattle. 

This  opinion  of  the  interpreter  was  the  opinion  of 
Dr  Mead.  That  eminent  naturalift,  controverting, 
about  fifty  years  ago,  the  common  opinion,  that  Provi- 
dence has  turnifhed  the  rattle-fnake  with  its  rattle  to 
give  warning  to  travellers,  was  tlie  tirll  who  afferted 
that  this  fingular  appendage  is  given  to  the  animal  to 
terrify  fquirrels  and  fmall  birds,  which  are  then  fo  ftu- 
pified  by  the  fight  of  fo  formidable  an  enemy,  that  at 
length  they  drop  down  and  become  its  prey  ;  and  that 
this  is  what  the  Indians  call  fafdnuiion.  The  fame 
opinion  has  been  adopted  by  profelfor  Blumenbach  of 
Gottingen,  who,  in  his  Manual  of  Natural  Hiftoiy, 
thus  exprelTes  himfelf  on  this  curious  fubjed  : 

"  That  fquirrels,  fmall  birds,  &c.  fall  down  fponta- 
neoufly  from  trees  into  the  mouth  ot  the  rattle-fnake, 
lying  below  them,  is  an  undifputed  fafl  ;  and  is  the 
Iefs  furprifing,  as  the  like  phenomena  have  been  re- 
marked in  regard  to  other  fnakes,  and  alfo  toads,  hawks, 
and  cats;  all  of  which,  in  certain  circumftances,  as  ap- 
pears, have  the  power  of  drawing  towards  them  fmall 
animals,  merely  by  fixing  their  eyes  ftedfaftly  on  them. 
In  regard  to  the  rattle-fnake,  this  elFeifl  is  produced  by 
the  rattle  in  its  tail,  the  hifiing  noife  of  which  makes 
fquirrels,  &c.  whether  through  curiofity,  millake,  or 
terror,  feem  to  approach  the  animal  as  it  were  fponta- 
neoufly.  At  any  rate,  I  know,  from  the  information 
of  intelligent  eye-witnelfes,  that  it  is  a  common  ftrata- 
gem  of  the  young  favages  in  America  to  conceal  them- 
felves  in  the  bullies,  where  they  imitate  the  hilling  nolfc 
of  the  rattle-fnake,  and  by  thefe  means  attraift  fquirrels, 
which  they  are  then  enabled  to  catch." 

To  this  opinion  Dr  Birton  oppofes  an  infuperable 
objedlion.  It  is,  that  this  fafcinating  power  is  by  no 
means  peculiar  to  the  rattle-fnake.  With  regard  to 
the  ftratagem  of  the  favages,  he  thinks  that  Dr  Blu- 
menbach has  been  impofed  upon  ;  as  neither  he,  nor 
any  other  perfon  of  whom  he  made  the  inquiry,  ever 
heard  of  fuch  a  ftratagem.  The  young  Indians,  he 
fays,  place  a  reed  crofs-wife  in  their  mouth,  and  by  a 
tremulous  motion  of  the  lips,  imitate  the  cry  of  young 
birds ;  by  which  means  they  entice  the  old  ones,fo  that 
they  can  eafily  Ihoot  them:  And  this  pradlice  may  have 
given  rife  to  the  ftory  of  their  imitating  the  hilTing 
noiftfofthe  rattle-fnake. 

Some  have  fuppofed  that  ferpents,  under  ccrttin  cir- 
cumftances. 


FAS 


[     30     ] 


FAS 


FafcinatMHi  euniflaiices,  emit  from  theirbndies  a  ftup'fying  vapour; 

'-'^^^'^  a„j  th^t  it  is  iliis  vapour  which  produces  the  tlTcft 
ca'hd  fojlinalhtt:  Eut  againft  this  opinion  Dr  Baiton 
alleges  the  foUcviri;^  arguments :  "  I  know,  indeed 
(HiN  s  he),  th^t  in  ionie  ot  the  hirger  fpecies  cf  fcrpents 
inhabiting  South  America  and  ether  countries,  there 
is  evolved  in  the  flomach,  duiing  the  long  and  tedious 
procefs  of  dlgeilif-n  in  thefe  animals,  a  vapour  or  a 
pas,  whofe  od'.ur  is  inlenfely  fetid.  I  have  not,  how- 
ever, found  thai  this  is  the  cafe  with  the  rattle-fnake, 
and  other  Nnnh  Ameiican  ferpcnts,  that  I  have  exa- 
mined. Bat  my  own  obfetvations  on  this  head  have 
rot  been  very  minute.  1  have  inaJe  inquiry  of  fome  per- 
fons  (whofe  prejudices  againft  the  fcrpent  tribe  are  not 
fo  powerful  as  my  own),  who  are  nnt  afraid  to  put  the 
heads  and  necks  of  the  black  fnake,  and  other  J'erpents 
that  are  deflitiue  of  venomous  fangs,  into  their  mouths, 
and  have  been  informed,  that  they  never  perceived  any 
d'fiifreeable  fme'l  to  proceed  f.  om  the  breath  of  thefe 
animals.  I  have  been  prefent  at  the  opening  of  a  box 
which  contained  a  number  of  living  ferpenti,  and  al- 
though the  box  had  been  fo  clofe  as  to  admit  but  a 
very  Vmall  quantity  of  frelh  air,  although  the  obferva- 
tion  was  made  in  a  fmall  warm  room,  I  did  not  per- 
ceive any  peculiarly  dil'agreeable  effluvium  to  aiiie  from 
the  bodies  of  thefe  animals.     I  am,  moreover,  intorm- 

•  AmtricM  ed  by  a  member  of  this  fociely*,  who  has,  for  a  confi- 

/»i;7«/J/i;c<j.' jeiaijle  lime,  had  a  rattle-fnake   under  his  immediate 

6V;V/_y.  cA\e,  that  he  has  not  obferved  that  any  difagreeable  va- 
pour proceeds  from  this  leptile.  On  the  other  hand, 
however,  it  is  alferted  by  fome  creditable  perfons  of  my 
acquaintance,  that  a  moll  ( fFenfive  odour,  fimilar  to 
that  of  flelh  in  the  laft  Itage  of  putrefadion,  is  conti- 
nually emanating  from  every  part  of  the  rattle-fnake, 
and  fome  other  fpecies  of  ferpents.  This  odour  ex- 
tends under  certain  circumftances,  to  a  confiderable 
diftance  from  the  body  of  the  animal.  Mr  William 
Bartram  alFures  me,  that  he  has  obferved  '  horfes  to  be 
fenfibie  of,  and  grca'ly  agitated  by  it,  at  the  diftan;eof 
forty  or  fifty  yards  from  the  fnake.  They  Ihewed  (he 
fays)  their  abhorrence  by  fnorting,  winnowing,  and 
ftartingfiom  the  road,  endeavouring  to  throw  their  ri- 
ders, in  order  to  make  their  efcape.'  This  fafl,  rela- 
ted by  a  man  of  rigid  veracity,  is  extremely  curious  ; 
and,  in  an  efpecial  manner,  deferves  the  attention  ct 
thofe  writers  who  imagine  that  this  fetid  emanation 
from  ferpents  is  capable  (f  affefting  birds,  at  fmall  di- 
ftances,  with  a  kind  of  afphyxy.  It  even  gives  fa/a  co- 
lour of  probability  to  the  ftory  related  liy  Melrodorus, 

\  Lib.  j8.     and  prefcrved  in  the  Natural  Hiftcry  of  PlinyJ. 

Cap.  14.  S'lme  experiments,  however,  which  were  made  in 

Philadelphia  a  little  before  the  Doiftor  compofed  his 
memoir,  feem  to  have  been  decifive  not  only  as  to  the 
fetor,  but  as  to  every  thing  which  refembles  fafcina- 
lion  in  the  rattle-fnake.  Birds  which  were  put  into  a 
cage  which  contained  a  rattle-fnake,  flew  or  ran  from 
the  reptile,  as  though  they  were  fenfibie  cf  the  danger 
to  which  they  were  expofed.  The  fnake  made  many- 
attempts  to  catch  the  birds,  but  could  feldom  fucceed. 
When  a  dead  bird  was  thrown  into  the  cage,  the  fnake 
devoured  it  immediately.  He  fijon  caught  anJ  devour- 
ed a  living  mole,  an  animal  much  more  flufgllli  than 
the  bird.  Dr  Barton  hiinl'elf  faw  a  fnow-bird  (fee  Em- 
BtRizE  F.ncycl.)  in  a  cage  with  a  large  rattle-fn  ike. 
The  little  animal  had  betn  thus  imprifoned  for  feveral 


h.-uis  when  he  firfl  faw  it,  but  it  exhibited  no  figns  of  Faf'-lnatiou 

fear.     It  hopped  about  trom  the  floor  of  the  cage  to 

its  rooft,  and   fretpiently  perched  on  the  fnake's  back. 

Its  chirp  wai  nowife  trem'ilous,  but   perfciTily  n.itui.il. 

It  ate  l)ie  feeds  which  were  put  into  the  cage;  and  by 

its  whole  adions  moft  evidently  demonftraied  that  its 

fituation  was  not  uneafv. 

Having  thus  difpofed  of  the  doflrincs  of  fome  of  his 
predccelFurs,  Dr  Barton  proceeds  to  fay;  "The  refult 
of  not  a  little  attention  to  the  fubjeiff  has  taught  me, 
that  there  is  but  one  wonder  in  the  bufuiefs ; — the  won- 
der that  the  ftory  Ihould  ever  have  been  believed  by  a 
man  of  underftanding  and  cf  obfervation."  Fafcina- 
tion,  we  aie  informed,  is  almoll  entirely  limited  to  biid? 
that  build  low,  and  "  in  almofl  every  inftance,  I  found 
that  the  fappofed  f.-fcinating  faculty  of  the  ferpent  was 
exerted  upon  llie  birds  at  the  particular  feafon  of  their 
laying  their  eggs,  of  their  hatching,  or  ot  their  rearing 
their  young.  Hill  tender  and  dcfencelefs.  I  now  began 
to  fufpcfl,  that  the  cries  and  fears  of  b'rds  fuppoibd  to 
be  fafclnated  originated  in  an  endeavour  to  pr>  ted  their 
neft  or  young.  My  inquiries  have  convinced  me  that 
this  is  the  cafe. 

The  rattle-fnake,  which  is  the  lazieft  of  all  the  fer- 
pent tribe,  never  moves  in  a  fpiral  manner  or  climbs  up 
trees  ;  but  the  black  inake,  and  fome  other  fpecies  of 
the  genus  coluber,  do.  When  impelled  by  hunger,  and 
incapable  of  fatisfyingir  by  the  capture  of  animals  on  the 
ground,  they  begin  to  glide  uptrees  or  bufhesupon  which 
a  bird  has  its  neft.  Tlie  bird  is  not  ignorant  of  the  fer- 
pent's  objeift.  She  leaves  her  neft,  whether  it  contains 
eggs  or  young  ones,  and  endeavours  to  oppofe  the  rep- 
tile's progrefs.  In  dning  this,  Ihe  is  aduated  by  the 
ftrength  of  her  inftindlive  attachment  to  her  eggs,  or 
of  affeflion  to  her  young.  Her  cry  is  melancholy,  her 
motions  are  tremulous.  She  expofes  herfelf  to  the  moft 
imminent  danger.  Sometimes  Ihe  approaches  fo  near 
the  reptile  that  he  feizes  her  as  his  prey.  But  this  is 
far  fr.  m  being  univerfally  the  cafe.  Often  fhe  compels 
the  ferpent  to  leave  the  tree,  and  then  returns  to  her 
neft. 

It  is  a  well  kflown  faft,  that  among  fome  fpecies  of 
birds,  the  female,  at  a  certain  period,  is  accuftomed  to 
conipel  the  young  ones  to  leave  the  neft  ;  that  is,  when 
the  young  have  acquired  fo  much  ftrength  that  they 
are  no  longer  entitled  to  all  her  care.  But  they  ftill 
claim  fome  of  her  care.  Their  flights  are  aukward, 
and  foon  broken  by  fatigue.  They  fall  to  the  ground, 
where  they  are  frequently  expofed  to  the  attacks  of  the 
ferpent,  which  attempts  to  devour  them.  In  this  fitua- 
tion of  afFiirs,  the  mother  will  place  herfelf  npon  a 
branch  of  a  tree  or  bufh,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  ferpent. 
She  will  dart  upon  the  ferpent,  in  order  to  prevent  the 
deftrudion  of  her  young:  but  fear,  the  inftinft  of  felf 
prefervation,  will  compel  her  to  retire.  She  leaves  the 
ferpent,  however,  but  for  a  (hort  time,  and  then  returns 
again.  Oftentimes  fhe  prevents  the  deftruiSi-n  of  her 
young,  attacking  the  fnake  with  her  wings,  her  beak, 
or  her  claws.  Should  the  reptile  fucceed  in  captuiing 
the  young,  the  motlier  is  expofed  to  lefs  danger.  For, 
w  hilrt  engaged  in  fwallov/ing  them,  lie  has  neither  in- 
clination nor  power  to  feize  upon  the  old  one.  But 
the  appetite  of  the  ferpent  tribe  is  si  eat:  the  capacity 
of  tl.eir  ftomachs  is  not  le-fs  fo.  The  danger  of  the 
mother  is  at  hand  when  the  young  are  devoured.     The 

fnake 


FAY 


[     31     ] 


FED 


Fayette- 
vilio. 


Javonrablc  fnakefeizes  upon  her:   and  this  is  the  caflrnphe,  which 
crowns  the  tale  of  fafcinaiion  ! 

FAVOURABLE  Lake,  in  N.  lat.  52.  48.  W.  long. 
93.  10.  is  tlie  fource  of  two  large  rivers,  at  the  mouth 
of  one  of  which,  emptying  into  Winnipeg  lake,  (lands 
the  Canadian  houfe.  The  other  is  the  S.  W.  branch 
of  Severn  river. — Morse, 

FAUSSE-Brayf,  in  fortification,  an  elevation  of 
earth,  aljout  three  feet  ahove  the  level  ground,  round 
tlie  foot  of  the  rampart  on  the  oulfide,  defended  by  a 
parapet  about  four  or  five  fathoms  diftant  from  the  up- 
per parapet,  which  parts  it  from  the  berme  and  the 
edge  of  the  ditch.  The  faulfe-braye  is  the  fame  with 
what  is  otherwife  called  Chemin  des  ronJcs,  and  Bnjjfeen- 
ceinli ;  and  its  ufs  is  for  the  defence  of  the  ditch. 

FAWN,  a  townfiiip  in  York  co.  Pennfylvania. — 
Morse. 

FAYETTE,  a  fettlement  in  Tioga  co.  New- York, 
between  the  Unadilla  and  the  main  branch  of  the 
Chenengo.  It  is  laid  out  into  100  lots  of  afquare  mile 
each,  as  nearly  as  the  ground  will  permit. — ib. 

Favette,  Co.  in  Pennfylvania,  is  bounded  N.  by 
Weflmoreland,  S.  by  part  of  Maryland  and  Virginia, 
and  W.  by  Monongahcla  river.  It  is  39  miles  in  length 
and  29  in  breadth,  and  contains  473,280  acres  ;  divid- 
ed into  1 1  townfliips,  of  which  Union  is  the  chief.  The 
number  of  inhabitants  is  13,325,  of  whom  282  are 
flaves. — ib. 

Fayette,  adiftriflofN.  Carolina,  comprehending 
6  counties,  viz.  Moore,  Cumberland,  Sampfon,  Rich- 
mond, Robelbn,  and  Aiifon.  It  is  bounded  N.  by 
Hillfborough,  S.  E.  by  Wilmington  and  Newbern,  W. 
by  Saliibury,  and  S.  by  the  ftate  of  S.  Carolina.  It 
is  120  miles  in  length,  and  50  in  breadth,  and  con- 
tains 34,020  inhabitants,  of  whom  5,678  are  flaves. — ib. 

Fayette,  a  co.  of  Kentucky,  furroundcd  by  Clarke, 
Bourbon,  Scott,  Franklin,  Woodford,  Maddifon,  and 
Mercer  counties.     Chief  town  Lexington. — ib. 

FAYETTEVILLE,  fo  called  in  honor  of  the  Mar- 
quis La  Fayette,  a  Mourifliing  poft  town  of  North-Caro- 
lina, the  feat  of  juflice  for  the  above  diftri(5l,  and  pleafant- 
ly  lituated  in  Cunibeiland  ce.  on  the  W.  fide  of  the  N. 
W.  branch  of  Cape  Fear  river,  nearly  at  the  head  of 
navigation,  and  100  miles  above  Wilmington,  and  6l 
foutherly  of  Raleigh.  On  the  bank  of  the  river,  ftand 
a  few  buildings  and  tl>e  tobacco  ware  houfes,  which 
have  received  in  one  feafon  6oco  hhds.  of  tobacco, 
equal  in  quality  to  that  of  PetcrPourg.  The  compa(5t 
part  of  the  town  is  fituated  about  a  mile  from  the 
river,  near  the  jundlion  af  Blount's  and  Crofs  creek  ; 
on  which  lad  it  is  chiefly  ere<5led,  and  from  that  cir- 
cumftance  was  formerly  named  Crofs  Creek.  On 
both  fides  the  creek  are  about  400  houfes,  2  handfome 
edifices  for  the  fupreme,  dillriitt,  and  county  courts, 
and  the  meetings  of  the  town  officers  and  its  citi.^ens. 
The  Free  Mafons'  lodge  is  alfo  a  large  and  handfome 
building.  The  town  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  its 
principal  ftreets  are  100  feet  wide.  Here  are  three 
mills,  two  confidcrable  diftilleries  and  breweries,  and 
feveral  extenfive  tan  yards.  The  trade  to  Wilmington 
is  very  confiderable,  to  which  it  fends  down  tobacco, 
wheat,  flour,  beef,  poik,  flax-feed,  hemp,  cotton, 
butter,  lumber,  (laves,  naval  (lores,  &c.  The  boats 
ufed  in  tranfporting  thefe  articles  to  Wilmington,  con- 
tain about  120  barrels,    and  make  their  returns   of 


European  and  India  goods,  &c.  in  from  10  to  20  days.  Fear  Point 
The   fiiuation  of  tlie  town    is   agreeable  and   healthy,  !• 

and  well  adapted  for  eftablifiiing  manufaaories.  The  ^^^^^ij;!^ 
country  immediately  round  the  town  is  confiderably 
elevated,  and  the  foil  dry  and  barren  ;  but  near  the 
water  courfes,  which  are  numerous,  the  foil  is  as  rich 
as  any  in  the  (late.  Since  the  fire  in  1792,  which  dc- 
(Iroyed  many  houfes,  the  people  begin  to  build  wi'h 
brick,  whicli  are  made  here  of  a  good  quality,  and 
fold  reafonahly.  The  tov.-n  (lands  in  a  fettlement  rf 
Scotch  Highlanders,  and  is  55  miles  N.  W.  of  Camden 
in  S.  Cirohn  I,  100  S.  W.  of  Tarboroueh,  147  S.  W. 
by  S.  of  Halifax,  379  S.  by  W.  of  Walhington  city, 
and  526  S.  W.  bv  S.  of  Philadelphia.— ;i, 

FEAR  POINT,  Cape,  at  the  mouth  of  Cape  Fear 
river  in  N.  Carolina,  4  miles  S  S.  E.  of  the  light-hcule 
on  Bald  Head. — ib. 

FEATHER-EDGED,  is  a  term  ufed  by  workmen  f  r 
fuch  boards  as  are  thicker  on  one  edge,  or  fide,  than 
on  the  other. 

FEDERALSBURG,  a  village  in  Maryland,  on  the 
E.  fide  of  Cliefapcak  bay,  fitu-ited  en  Mirlhy  Hope 
creek,  partly  in  Dorcheller  and  partly  in  Caroline  co. 
5  miles  E.  N.  E.  of  Hunting-Creek  town,  and  about 
20  N.  E.  of  Cambridge. — Morse. 

FE  D'ANTIOCHIA,  Santa,  the  mod  northern 
town  of  Popayan,  a  di(lrii5l  of  Terra  Firma,  S.  .Ame- 
rica. It  is  fituated  200  miles  N.  of  Popayan  city, 
near  the  confines  of  the  province  of  drthagena,  on  the 
banks  of  St  Martha  river,  and  near  1  80  miles  S.  of  its 
conflux  with  the  Magdalena.  Thither  the  inhabitants 
removed  from  Antiochia,  15  leagues  from  it,  now  an 
inconfiderablc  place,  whereas  Santa  Fe  d'-\niiochia  is 
a  confiderable  place,  and  capital  of  the  audience  of 
Santa  Fe. — ib. 

FE  DE  BAGOTA,  Santa,  the  capital  of  Nev.-. 
Grenada,  S.  America,  fituated  on  the  bjinks  of  tlie  lit- 
tle river  Pati,  a  w.ater  of  the  Magdalena  :  is  180  miles 
E.  of  the  bottom  of  Bonaventura  bay.  It  is  an  arch- 
bilhop's  fee,  and  the  feat  of  an  univerlity  founded  by 
king  Philip  III.  in  1610.  Near  this  city  are  gold  mines. 
The  air  is  temperate  and  healthful,  and  provifions 
plenty.     S.  lat.  4.  10.  W.  long.  74.  5. — ib. 

FE,  or  FOY,  Santa,  a  place  in  the  middle  of  Vera- 
gua,  a  province  in  the  audience  of  Guatimala,  in 
North  America,  where  the  king  ri  Spain  keeps  ollicers 
for  cafting  and  refining  gold.  It  (l::nds  at  the  fource 
of  a  river  which  runs  into  the  North  Sea. — ib. 

FE,  Santa,  the  capital  of  New-Mexico,  in  N.  Ame- 
rica. It  is  lituated  near  the  fource  of  Rio  del  Nort, 
130  leagues  from  its  moutli,  in  the  gulf  of  Mexico. 
It  is  faid  to  be  a  rich  and  regularly  built  city,  and  a 
bilhop's  fee.  Baudrand  makes  it  9  leagues  from  the 
river.  It  is  alfo  called  Santa  Fc  de  Grenada  :  by 
others  Njw-Mexico.     N.  lat.  36.  W.  long.  104. — ib 

Fc,  Santa,  a  city  o(  P.iragu.iy,  S.  Ameiic.i,  150 
leagues  S.  by  S.  W.  of  the  city  of  Alfumption.  The  in- 
habitants are  chiefly  employed  iu  hulbandry,  grazing, 
and  weaving  cloth.  They  fell  their  proJuiflicns  and 
manufadlures  to  good  profit  in  Brazil.  Frim  hence  is 
a  road  to  Potofi  in  Peru,  and  to  Corbuda  in  Tucuma- 
na ;  which  being  eafy  and  convenient,  is  very  advan- 
tageous to  this  place.  The  dillance  not  being  above 
350  leagues.  It  (lands  on  the  W.  fide  of  Paraguay 
river.     S.  lat.  3c.  45.  W.  long.  60  40 — ib. 

FELTING, 


F     E    L 


[     32     ] 


F     E     L 


iVliiin;.  FELTING,  the  mctlioJ  of  working  up  wool  or 
"■^^^^^^  l;:4ir  iiuo  II  kind  ot  cloth  or  lUiff,  withi  ut  either  fj)in- 
riing  or  weaving  it.  In  this  country  I'elting  is  Utile 
ptaclifed  except  in  hat  iii.iking  ;  and  hs  nine-tenths  of 
ihofe  who  arc  employed  in  the  manufafturing  of  hats 
know  nothin;^  of  tlie  principles  on  which  they  proceed, 
the  following  oblervationi  on  the  meciianifm  of  felting 
mull  to  tl'.em  be  both  agrcea!)le  and  ufeUil.  They  are 
liy  M.  M  'ni^e,  and  taken  from  the  Annaks  i!c  Chcmic. 

If  we  exdmine,  in  a  niiciofcope,  hnnian  hair,  wool, 
the  Iiair  of  a  rabbit,  hare,  beaver,  'cic.  however  great 
the  maprifying  power  ot  the  inltiument  i;iay  be,  the 
llirface  of  each  hair  appears  pcrie>flly  fmooth  and  even  ; 
or  at  leall,  it  any  inequalities  are  to  be  perceived,  they 
Teem  rather  to  arile  from  tome  diH'cr  ence  in  the  colour 
and  tranfparency  of  particular  parts  of  thefe  fubrtances 
than  from  the  irregularity  of  their  I'urfaces ;  for  their 
image,  when  viewed  by  a  Iblar  microl'cope,  is  termina- 
ted by  even  lines,  without  any  roughnefs.  The  fur- 
face  of  thefe  obj.'fts,  however,  is  by  no  means  fmooth; 
on  the  contrary,  it  appears  to  be  formed  either  of  la- 
mella: which  cover  each  other  from  the  root  to  the 
p<iint,  pretty  much  in  the  fame  manner  as  the  fcales  of 
a  tilli  cover  tlie  animal  from  the  head  to  the  tail ;  or, 
more  probably,  of  zones  placed  one  over  tlie  other,  like 
what  is  obferved  in  the  llruifure  of  horns  :  to  this  con- 
formation it  is,  that  the  fubltances  here  treated  of  owe 
their  difpofuion  to  what  is  called  felting. 

If,  with  one  hand,  we  take  hold  of  a  hair  by  the 
root,  and  draw  it  between  two  fingers  of  the  other, 
from  the  root  towards  the  point,  we  are  hardly  lenfible 
of  any  friftion  or  refiftance,  nor  can  we  dillinguilh  any 
found  ;  but  if,  on  the  contrary,  we  hold  the  hair  at  the 
point,  and  draw  it  between  the  fingers,  from  the  point 
towards  the  root,  we  are  fenfible  of  a  refiftance  which 
did  not  exifl.  in  the  former  cafe  ;  a  fort  of  tremulous 
motion  is  likewife  produced  which  is  not  only  per- 
ceptible to  the  touch,  but  may  alfo  be  dillinguifhed  by 
the  ear. 

It  is  evident  therefore,  that  the  texture  of  the  fur- 
face  ot  a  hair  i-,  not  the  fame  from  the  root  towards  the 
point  as  from  the  point  towards  the  loot ;  and  that  a 
hair,  when  giafped,  mull  offer  more  rcfittance  in  Aiding 
or  moving  progretlively  towards  the  point  than  towards 
the  root ;  ;.  e.  in  moving  wiih  its  point  foremoft 

If  a  hair,  afttr  being  taken  hold  of  by  the  fore  fin- 
ger and  thumb,  he  rubbed  by  them,  in  the  longitudinal 
direction  of  the  hair,  a  progretTive  motion  takes  place, 
and  this  motion  is  always  tuwaids  the  root.  Tliis  etfecfJ: 
does  not  at  all  depend  on  the  nature  of  the  fkin  of  the 
fingers  or  its  texture  ;  for  if  the  hair  be  turned,  fo  that 
the  point  is  placed  where  the  root  was,  the  movement 
then  becomes  contrary  to  what  it  was  before  ;  that  is  to 
fay,  it  is  always  dire«5ted  towards  tile  root. 

What  is  obferved,  in  the  above  inltance,  is  entirely 
analogous  to  what  happens  when  country  children,  by 
way  of  fport,  introduce  an  ear  of  rye  or  barley  between 
the  wrill  and  the  fhirt,  the  points  of  the  beards  of  which 
are  directed  liUtwarda.  By  the  various  motions  of  the 
arm,  this  ear,  fimetimes  catching  atrainft  the  (liirt, 
fometimes  againll  the  fliin,  takes  a  progrelfive  motion 
backwards,  and  foon  gets  up  to  the  armpit.  It  is 
very  clear  that  this  etr.:a  is  produced  by  the  beards  of 
the  ear,  and  indeed  chiefly  by  the  afperities  up'-.n  ih-'fe 
beards ;  which,  being  all  directed  towards  the  point, 


do  not  permit  the  ear  to  move  in  any  other  direflion 
than  towards  that  p.irt  to  which  it  was  united  to  the  * 
llalk.  There  is  no  doubt  that  it  is  the  fame  with  re- 
fpeifl  to  hair;  and  that  its  furface  is  befet  with  afperi- 
ties, which,  being  laid  one  upon  the  other,  and  turned 
towards  the  points,  permit  no  motion  but  towards  the 
root. 

A  tight  knot,  made  in  the  middle  of  a  hair,  is  very 
difHcult  to  ui'ite  by  the  ul'ual  means,  on  account  of  the 
extreme  thinnefs  of  the  hair  ;  l)Ut  it  we  place  the  hair 
in  the  bend  of  liie  hand,  fo  that  the  knot  i>  in  a  line 
with  the  li'ile  finger,  and,  after  grafping  the  hair  by 
clofing  the  hand,  we  llrike  the  tilt  levcral  times  againll 
the  knee,  tiie  afperities  of  one  end  of  the  hair  being 
now  in  a  contrary  direction  to  thofe  of  the  oilier,  each 
ot  the  ends  recedes  a  little,  one  of  them  one  way,  the 
01  her  the  contrary  way;  the  knot  is  thereby  opened, 
and,  by  introducing  a  pin  into  tlie  eye  which  is  formed, 
it  is  very  e-ify  to  finifh  untying  it. 

Thefe  obtei  vations,  v.'hich  it  would  be  ufelefs  to  mul- 
tiply, relate  to  long  hair,  that  having  b"eii  taken  as  an 
example;  but  they  apply  with  equal  jir^priety  to  wool, 
furs,  and  in  general  to  every  kind  of  ai.imal  liair.  Tlie 
furface  of  all  thefe  is  therelbre  to  be  conlidered  as  com- 
pofed  of  h  ird  lamelU  placed  one  upon  another,  like 
tiles,  from  the  root  to  the  point;  which  lamdU  allow 
the  progretlive  motion  of  the  hair  towards  ihe  root,  but 
prevent  a  limilar  motion  towards  the  point. 

From  what  has  been  faid,  it  is  ealy  to  explain  why 
the  contaifl  of  woolen  fluffs  is  rough  to  the  fkin,  while 
that  of  linen  or  cotten  cloths  is  fmooth  ;  the  reafon  is, 
the  afperites  upon  the  turface  of  the  fibres  of  the  wool 
(notwithflanding  the  flexibility  of  each  particular  fibre), 
by  fixing  themi'elves  in  the  fkin,  produce  a  difagreeable 
fenfation,  at  leaft  till  we  are  accuftomed  to  it ;  where- 
as the  furface  of  the  fibres  of  hemp  or  flax,  of  which 
linen  is  made,  being  perfeiflly  fmootli,  do  not  caufe  any 
fuch  fenfation.  It  is  alfo  evident,  that  the  injury  arifing 
to  wounds  or  fores,  from  the  application  of  wool,  does 
not  proceed  from  any  chemical  property,  but  is  occafion. 
ed  folely  by  the  conformation  of  the  furface  of  the  fi- 
bres ;  the  afperities  of  which  attach  themfelves  to  the 
raw  and  expofed  flelli,  which  they  ftimulate  and  irritate 
to  fuch  a  degree  as  to  produce  inflammation. 

This  conformation  is  the  principal  caufe  of  that  dif- 
pofition  to  what  is  called  felting,  which  the  hair  of  all 
animals  in  general  poffeires. 

The  hatter,  by  ftriking  the  wool  with  the  firing  of 
his  bow  (fee  Hat,  Encycl.),  feparates  the  hairs  from 
each  other,  and  caufes  them  to  fpring  up  in  the  air  ; 
the  hairs  fall  again  on  the  table,  in  all  poflible  direc- 
tions, fo  as  to  form  a  layer  of  a  certain  thicknefs,  and 
the  workman  covers  them  with  a  cloth,  whicl.  lie  preffes 
with  his  hands,  moving  them  backwards  and  forwards 
in  various  diredions.  This  preffure  brings  the  hairs 
againfl  each  other,  and  multiplies  their  points  of  con- 
tadl ;  the  agitation  of  them  gives  to  each  hair  a  pro- 
greilive  morion  towards  the  root ;  by  means  of  this  mo- 
tion the  hairs  are  twilled  together,  and  the  lamclU  of 
earh  hair,  by  fixing  thennfelves  to  ihofe  of  other  hairs 
which  happen  to  be  direifted  the  contrary  way,  keep 
the  whide  in  that  compad  flate  which  the  preffure 
makes  it  acquire.  In  proportion  as  the  mafs  becomes 
compfiifl,  the  preffure  of  the  hands  fhould  be  increafed  ; 
not  only  to  make  it  more  clofe,  but  alfo  to  keep  up  t!ic 

progrfcflive 


Feltin; 


F     E     L 


[     33     1 


F     E     R 


Fcltinp;.  progrefTive  motion  anJ  twifling  of  the  hairs,  which  then  them  by  means  of  a  brufli,  and  tliey  are  made  to  keep 
'^''"^^^^^  tal<es  place  with  greater  difficulty:  but  throughout  the  this  direflion  by  having  a  hot  iron  palTed  over  them, 
whole  of  this  operation,  the  hairs  fix  themfelves  only  If  the  agitation  were  cin'.inued  for  a  longer  time,  thefe 
to  each  c'.her,  and  not  to  the  cloth  with  which  they  hairs,  not  having  their  flraightnefs  ileltroyed  by  the 
are  covered,  the  fibres  o{  wliich,  as  we  have  alre;uiy  operation  before  defcribeJ,  would  pafs  entirely  tlirough 
faid,  are  fmooth,  and  have  ni^t  that  difpofition  to  felt-  the  felt,  going  out  at  the  oppoiitc  fiirface,  as  each 
iiif;  wliich  we  h  ive  defcribed  above.  hair  follows  exadlly  the  diredlion  it  acquired  at  the  be- 

lt may  not  be  amifs  here  to  explain  why  that  hair    ginning, 
which  is  intended   for   making   liats   is  always  cut  off        It  is   owing   to  the  very  fame  circumllances  vvhidi 
•with  a  Ihirp  inllrument  (;<lthough  that  canndt  be  done    make   wool   and  hair  capable  of  felting,  that  wocllen 
without   lofing  a  p.irt  ot  its  length),  and  not  plucked    cloih  is  thickensd   by  fulling.     Sec   Fulling  in  uhis 
cut  by  the  roots,  as  might  be  d  'ne  after  foftcning  the    Supplement. 

fkiii:  the  reafon  is,  the  bulb  (>f  the  hair,  whi:b  in  thel.it-  FER,  Point  au,  on  the  W.  coafl  of  lake  Cham- 
ter  cafe  would  come  out  with  it,  would  render  that  end  plain,  lies  in  Clinton  co.  nearly  5  miles  S.  ot"  the  divifion 
which  was  fixed  in  the  (kin  thick  and  obtufe  ;  and  it  lina  between  New-York  and  Lower  Canada,  and  25 
would  confequently  be  lefs  difpofed  to  introduce  itielf  miles  S.  of  St.  John's.  The  Briiilh  occupied  a  bairack 
among  the  contiguous  hairs,  and  to  contribute  by  its  here,  furnlfhcd  with  one  field  piece,  a  few  men,  and  a 
progrelhve  motion  to  the  conte.Kture  of  the  mafs.  fubaltern  otTicer.     It   has  been  given  up  according  to 

The  above  defcribed   conformation  of  the  furface  of    treaty.  —  Alorse. 
hairs  and  wool  is  not  the  only  caufe  which  produces        FERDINAND    NARONK.\,    an   ifland    on    tl.e 
their   dil'pofition  to  felting.      It  is   not   i'ufficieiu   that    coall  of  Brazil,   South  America,  lies  in  S.   lat.  3.  56. 
every  hair  porteifes  the  forememioned  tendency  to  move    W.  long.  52    43  — :b. 

progreirivfly  towards  the  root,  and  that  the  inclined  /,;-  FERGUSSON  I  Robert),  who  at  an  early  period  of 
fW/r,  by  hooking  themfelves  to  each  other,  prelerve  the  life  obtained  a  coiifiderable  degree  ol  celebiity  as  a 
mafs  in  that  (late  to  which  conipreilion  has  brought  it;  Scottilh  poet,  was  born  at  Eiinburgh  on  the  5th  of 
liut  it  is  alfo  neceifary  that  the  luirs  (h'uld  not  be  September  I  750,  according  to  a  maiuifcr'pt  account  of 
ftraight,  like  needles ;  if  they  were  lo,  preffing  and  rub-  him  with  whicli  we  have  been  favoured  by  a  relation, 
bing  them  together  would  merely  raufe  them  to  conti-  In  the  biographical  fketch  prefixed  to  the  Ptrtli  edition 
nue  their  progreiVive  motion,  without  changing  their  of  his  poems  he  is  faid  to  h.ivc  been  born  in  1751. 
direiflion  :  and  the  effcdt  of  thofe  operations  would  only  His  father  William  Fergiilfon  polfelfed,  as  well  as 
be  to  make  them  move  trom  the  centre  of  the  niafs,  himfelf,  fome  talents  for  poetry  ;  but,  m.inying  early, 
without  producing  any  compaflnefs  in  it.  Eveiy  hair  and  being  wifer  than  his  fon,  he  abandoned  the  mufes 
mud  therefore  be  twilled  or  curled  in  fuch  a  n.anner  fur  trade,  and  was  employed  in  dilTcrent  mercantile 
that  the  extremity  which  is  towards  the  root  maybe  houfes,  fii  ft  in  Aberdeen,  aud  afterwards  in  Edinburgh, 
difpofed  to  change  its  direction  perpetually,  to  twift  At  the  time  of  his  dcalh,  he  was  an  accountant  in  the 
itfelf  about  other  hairs,  and  to  ip.cliiie  tow.irdi  itfelf  a-  Biitilh  linen  hall,  but  never  acquired  any  thing  hke 
gain,  in  cafe   it   iliould   be  determined  thereto  by  any    opulence. 

change  in  the  pofiiion  of  the  reft  of  its  length.  It  is  During  the  years  of  infancy  and  childhood,  the  con- 
becaufe  wool  has  naturally  this  eroded  lorm  that  it  is  ftitiition  c  f  rur  poet  was  fo  weak,  that  little  hopes  were 
fo  proper  for  felting,  and  that  it  may  be  made  ufe  of  entertained  of  his  arriving  at  manhood.  By  the  care, 
tor  that  purpofe  without  undergoing  any  previous  pre-  however,  and  attention  of  his  parents,  he  gradually  ac- 
paration.  quired  ftrength,  anil  at  the  age  of  fix  was  put   to   au 

But  the  hairs  of  the  beaver,  the  rabbit,  tlie  hare,  he.  Enghfli  fthool,  where  his  proficiency  in  reading  and  re- 
being  naturally  ftraight,  cannot  be  employed  alone  in  citingwasuncommoniy  great.  At  t)ie  age  ot  feven  liewa* 
felting  till  they  have  undergone  a  preliminary  operation;  fent  to  the  highfchoolof  Edinl>urgh,  wheie  he  continued 
which  confills  in  rubbing  or  combining  them,  before  four  years,  and  with  very  little  labour  made  a  rapid  pro- 
they  are  taken  oft' the  Ikin,  with  a  brufh  diiiped  in  a  fo-  grefs  in  the  knowledge  of  the  L.itin  tongue  ;  but  for 
lution  of  mercury  in  aquafortis  (nitric  acid).  This  ii-  fome  reafon  or  odi?r  he  was  removed  from  the  high 
quor,  ading  only  on  one  fide  of  the  fubltance  of  the  fchool  to  tlie  grammar  fchool  of  Dundee,  whence,  alter 
hairs,  changes  their  direction  from  a  tight  line,  and  two  years  he  was  fcnt  to  the  univerfity  of  St  Andrews, 
gives  them  that  difpofition  to  felling  which  wool  natu-  A  gentleman  of  the  n.-.me  of  Fergufi"on  hadlcft  burfaries 
rally  pofTclfes.  in  that  univerlity  for  the  education  of  two  b.>ys  of  the 

When  the  hairs  are  not  intended  to  enter  into  the  fame  name;  and  Mr  Willi  imFergulFon  having  wi:h  diffi- 
body  of  the  mafi,  but  are  only  to  be  employed  in  mak-  culty  o'jtained  one  of  them  for  liis  f  m,  was  induced  to 
ing  a  fort  of  external  coating,  fuch  as  is  fometimes  educate  him  at  St  Andrews  in  preference  to  Edin- 
given  to  the  outer  fui face   of  hats,  the  operation  jud    burgh. 

mentioned  need  not  be  performed;  but  the  felt  on  Though  at  no  period  of  his  life  a  fevere  ftudent,  our 
which  they  are  to  be  fixed  being  tinilhed,  the  hair  is  poet's  attainments  in  fcicnce  were  fuch  as  to  keep  alive 
unifoimly  I'prcad  uj>on  the  furface  to  which  the  coating  in  the  univcifity  the  h  ipcs  which  had  been  formed  of 
is  to  be  applied  ;  and,  being  covered  with  a  cloth,  it  is  him  at  fchool  ;  and  he  was  conlclfedly  the  firll  mathe- 
preffcd  with  the  hands,  and  agitated  tor  a  ccrt.iiii  time,  ma'ician  of  his  ll.mding.  On  this  accou  n  we  are  tol  J 
Ey  thefe  means,  tlie  hairs  introduce  tliemfelvcs,  by  the  that  lie  becimc  the  favourite  of  Dr  Wilkic,  who  was 
root,  a  certiin  depth  in"o  the  felt,  and  are  there  fixed  then  profclfor  rf  natural  philof(>phy  in  the  univcifity  of 
by  their  lamclU  in  fuch  a  manner  as  not  to  be  calily  ex-  St  Andrews  ;  but  it  is  not  improbable  th.it  the  Do,5lor 
trailed.  A  p.irticuhir  dirciflion  is  afterwards  given  to  valjed  biiii  as  mach  for  his  poetical  j^enlus  as  for  his 
Sup  PL.  Vol.  II.  E  ikill 


Fer,  Vmat 
:'tt 

B 
rcrgufToa. 


F     E     R 


[     34     ] 


F     E     R 


Tcr^vfron.  {i^,\\\  in  geometry  ;  forWilkie  was  a  poet  liinifelf,  and 
^■''^"'^^^  Mr  FergulTon  hid  already  written  feveral  fm.iU  poems 
wliich  attraifled  confidcrable  notice,  as  well  from  tiie 
profelfors  as  from  liis  fellow-lludents.  But  whatever 
was  tlie  bond  of  union,  Dr  Wil'^ie  patronifsd  the 
youthful  poet  ;  and  the  pjet  fhewed  afterwards  that  he 
WIS  not  urgrateful.  Upon  the  DoiSor's  death,  he  pub- 
lilhed,  in  the  Sccttifli  dialjft,  a  beaulitul  eclogue  to  his 
inemory,  in  which  the  peculiar  merits  of  that  eccentric 
genius  are  appreciated  with  great  judgment.  See 
WiLKiE,  in  this  Supplement. 

During  the  laft  win:er  that  he  refiJed  in  St  An- 
drews, our  poet  had  c<ille(fled  materials  for  a  tragedy 
tm  the  death  of  Sir  William  Wallace,  and  had  even 
completed  two  acts  of  the  play  ;  but  having  feen  a  fi- 
tnilar  work  on  the  fame  fubjefi,  he  abandoned  l:is  de- 
fign  ;  ''becaufe  (faid  he  to  a  friend)  whatever  1  pub- 
lilh  Ihall  be  original,  and  this  tragedy  mi^jht  be  conli- 
dered  as  a  copy." 

Having  finilTied  his  ftudies  at  the  univerfity,  he  re- 
turned to  Edinburgh  without  refolving  on  any  perma- 
nent employmtnt.  His  father  had  defigned  him  lor 
the  church  ;  but  he  was  now  dead,  and  our  author 
turned  a  deaf  ear  to  the  intreaties  of  his  mother,  and 
of  every  other  friend  who  endeavoured  to  perfuade  him 
to  fulfil  his  father's  intenticn.  He  was  then  adviled  to 
ftudy  phyfic  ;  but  he  declined  it,  becaufe,  he  faid,  that, 
when  reading  the  defcription  of  difeafes,  he  fancied  that 
he  felt  the  fymptoras  of  them  all  in  himfelf.  To  the 
law,  however,  he  could  not  Itart  the  fame  objeiElion  ; 
and  he  began  to  (ludy  it,  but  made  no  progrel's.  At 
this  his  relation  and  the  editor  of  his  pi'ems  exprefs  no 
furprife  ;  for,  according  to  them,  it  was  a  lludy  the 
moil  improper  for  him,  as  it  could  not  be  expeifled  that 
a  genius  {•>  lively  would  fubniit  totlie  drudgery  ot  that 
dry  andledentary  prolellion. 

That  the  law  was  a  very  in)proper  profeffion  for  a 
nan  of  his  narrow  fortune  is  indeed  true  ;  but  wetruft 
that  his  two  biographers  will  not  conlider  us  as  intend- 
ing any  ofTence  to  them,  if  we  embrace  the  prefcnt  op- 
portunity of  expofmg  the  folly  of  a  very  common  re- 
mark, that  a  lively  gtnius  cannot  fubmit  to  what  is  ab- 
furdly  called  a  dry  lludy.  We  might  inllance  different 
lavjyers  at  our  own  bar,  who,  with  great  poetical  ta- 
lents in  their  youth,  have  rifcn  to  the  fummit  of  their 
proteiFion  ;  but  to  avoid  perfonal  diftindions  at  home, 
we  (hall  take  our  examples  from  England.  The  genius 
of  the  late  Earl  oi  Mansfield  was  at  lead  as  lively  as 
that  of  Mr  Ferguifon,  and  if  he  had  pleafed  he  could 
have  been  equally  a  poet  ;  yet  he  fubmitted  to  the 
drudgery  ofUudying  a  law  ilill  drier  than  that  of  Scot- 
lind.  To  the  fine  tafte  of  Atterbury  bifhop  of  Ro- 
chefter,  and  to  his  clalhcal  compofilions  both  in  profe 
ard  verle,  no  man  is  a  llranger  who  is  at  all  converfant 
in  Englilh  literature:  yet  that  elegant  fcholar  and  poet, 
after  he  had  rifen  to  tlie  dignity  ot  Dean  of  Cailifle, 
fubmitted  to  the  drudgery  of  lludying,  through  the 
medium  of  barbarous  L.atln,  the  eccleliaftical  law  of 
England  from  the  earlieft  ages  ;  and  declared,  that  by 
dint  of  peifeverance  he  came  in  time  to  relilh  it  as  much 
as  the  (ludy  of  Homer  and  Virgil.  Whatever  be 
thought  ot  Milton's  political  principles,  no  man  can 
read  his  controverllal  writings,  and  entertain  a  doubt 
but  that  he  could  have  fubmitted  to  the  drudgery  of 
llu'  ■        ■     ■ 


,.  rng  the  \j.w. 


The  truth  is,  and  it  is  a  truth  of  great  Importance,  FtrgulTon. 
that  a  man  of  real  vigour  ot  mind  may  bring  himfelf  to  ^'^^''"^^ 
delight  in  any  kind  of  (ludy  which  is  uleful  and  ho- 
nourable. Such  men  were  Lord  MaiisfieiJ,  the  Biftiop 
of  Rochefter,  and  Milton;  but,  whether  through  fome 
radical  defect  in  his  nervous  iyllem,  or  in  conlequence 
of  early  dillipation,  Mr  FergulTon,  with  many  efiimable 
qualities  was  fo  utterly  dcllitute  of  this  mental  vigour, 
that  rather  than  fubmit  to  what  his  friends  call  drud- 
gery, he  feems  to  have  looked  with  a  wilhful  eye  to 
fome  linecure  place. 

With  this  view  he  paid  a  vifit  to  an  uncle  who  lived 
near  Aberdeen,  a  man  of  great  learning  and  in  opulent 
circumllances,  in  hopei  that,  by  his  inierefl,  he  might  be 
fettled  in  a  poll  fuitable  to  his  merit  :  But  how  dehifive 
w'ere  his  hopes  !  His  uncle  indeed  received  him  with 
every  mark  of  afFciSion ;  but  liis  fondnel's  gradually 
cooled,  and  at  the  end  of  fix  months,  he  ordered  him 
abruptly  to  leave  liio  houfe,  without  having  endeavoured 
to  procure  for  him  any  fettlement. 

To  a  mind  like  FergutTon's,  feelingly  alive,  fuch  treat- 
ment from  fo  near  a  relation,  to  whom  he  had  always 
behaved  with  becoming  refpeft,  mud  have  been  dread- 
tally  galling.  Stung  with  indignation,  he  returned  to 
his  mother's  at  Edinburgh  ;  and  asfoon  as  he  recovered 
from  a  fevere  illntfs,  brought  upon  him  by  difappoint- 
ment  and  the  fatigue  of  his  journey,  he  compofed  two 
elegies;  one  on  "The  Decay  of  rriendlliip,"  and  the 
other  "  Againlt  Repining  at  Fortune,"  both  occafion- 
ed  by  his  adventure  in  the  Nurth.  How  much  he  felt 
the  dafiiing  of  his  hopes,  is  apparent  trom  the  following 
pathetic  hues  in  the  Decay  of  Friendlliip: 

But,  ah!   thefe  youthful  fportive  hours  are  fled, 
Thele  fcenes  ct  jocund  mirth  are  now  no  more  ; 

No  healing  flurnbers  'tend  my  humble  bed. 
No  friends  condole  the  forrows  of  the  poor. 

And  what  avails  lire  thoughts  of  former  joy  ? 

What  comfort  bring  they  in  the  adverie  hour? 
Can  tliey  the  canker-worm  of  care  dellroy, 

Or  brigliten  fortune's  difcontentcd  lour  ? 

So  dellitutewas  he  at  this  period,  that  he  fubmitted 
to  copy  papers  in  the  comraifl'ary  clerk's  office,  we  be- 
lieve at  fo  much  the  Iheet  ;  but  not  liking  the  employ, 
ment,  and  quarrelling  with  the  commilFary  clerk  depute, 
he  foon  lelt  the  office  in  difguft. 

Hitherto  he  had  lived  rather  in  obfcurity  ;  and  hap- 
py had  it  been  for  him,  if  in  that  obfcurity  he  had  been 
iulFered  to  remain  :  happy  had  it  been  for  him,  had  his 
converfation  beenlefs  fafcinating,  and  his  company  lefs 
courted  by  the  frolic  and  the  gay.  PotTelTing  an  In- 
exhaullible  fund  of  wit,  the  belt  good  nature,  much 
modelly,  and  great  goodnefs  of  heart,  he  was  viewed 
with  affedion  by  all  to  w^hom  he  was  known;  but  his 
powers  of  fong,  and  almofl  unrivalled  talents  for  mi- 
mickry,  led  him  oftener  into  the  company  of  thofe  who 
wilhed  for  him  merely  to  enliven  a  focial  hour,  than  of 
fuch  as  by  their  virtue  were  inclined,  and  by  their  in- 
fluence were  able,  to  procure  him  a  competent  fettle- 
ment for  life.  The  confequence  of  this  was  great  laxity 
of  manners.  His  moral  principles  indeed  were  never 
corrupted,  nor,  as  we  have  reafon  to  believe,  his  faitli 
in  revelation  fhaken  ;  but  there  is  no  dcubt  but  that, 
courted  as  he  was  by  the  fyren  voice  of  pleafure,  he 
yielded  lo  many  temptations,  and  in  the  hours  of  ebtiety 

committed 


F     E     R 


C     35     3 


F    K     R 


Ftrgufloii.  committed  adlions  which,  in  his  cooler  moments,  he  re- 
^■^"""'^^  fleiled  on  witii  abhorrence. 

His  conlrience  was  indeed  frequently  roiifed.  Be- 
ing on  a  vllit  to  a  friend  at  Haddington,  and  ikuntering 
one  day  near  the  church  yard,  he  was  accolled  by  a 
clergyman,  who  feemed  to  be  no  ftranger  to  the  Icind  of 
life  which  he  led.  Tliis  judicious  divine  contrived  to  draw 
his  attention  to  the  (hortnefs  of  time,  the  length  of 
eternity,  death  and  judgment,  and  the  awful  (late  that 
awaits  the  wicked  in  an  unfeen  world  ;  and  the  conver- 
fation  made  a  deep  impreffion  on  his  mind.  It  feemed, 
however,  to  be  effaced  from  his  memory  liy  the  diflrpa- 
tion  of  Edinburgh,  till  it  was  recalled  with  diuLleefFecl 
by  the  following  accident  : 

In  the  room  adjoining  to  that  in  which  he  flept  was  a 
ftarling,  wliich  b^ing  feized  one  night  by  a  cat  tliat 
had  found  its  way  down  the  chimney,  awaked  Mr  Fer- 
guflbn  by  the  raoft  alarming  fcreams.  Havintr  learned 
the  caufe  of  the  alaim,  he  began  ferioufly  to  reflect  how 
often  he,  an  immortal  and  accountable  being,  had  in 
the  hour  of  intemperance  fet  death  at  defiance,  though 
it  was  thus  terrible  in  reality  even  to  an  unaccountable 
and  finlefb  creature.  This  brought  to  his  reooUeiflion 
the  converfilion  of  the  clergyman,  whicli,  aided  by  t!ie 
folemnity  of  midnight,  wrought  his  mind  up  to  a  pitch 
of  remorfe  that  almoft  bordered  on  frantic  defpair. 
Sleep  now  forfook  his  eyelids  ;  and  he  rofe  in  the  morn- 
ing, not  as  lie  had  formerly  done,  to  mis  again  with 
the  Ibcial  and  the  gay,  but  to  be  a  recliife  from  fociety, 
and  to  allow  the  remembrance  of  his  pad  follies  to  prey 
upon  his  vitals.  All  his  vivacity  now  forfook  him  ; 
thofe  lips  which  were  formed  to  give  delight,  were  clo- 
fed  as  by  the  hand  c  f  death  ;  and  "  on  his  countenance 
fat  horror  plum'd."' 

From  this  ftate  of  gloomy  defpondency,  however,  he 
began  gradually  to  recover  ;  and,  except  that  a  fettled 
melancholy  was  vifible  in  his  countenance,  his  health 
was  completely  reflored,  when  one  evening  he  fell  at;  J 
cut  his  head  Co  dreadl'uUy,  that  from  the  lofs  of  blood 
he  became  delirious.  In  this  deplorable  ftate  he  conti- 
nued (or  frveral  months,  till,  being  C|uite  exhaufted  by 
want  of  fleep  and  conftant  fpeaking,  he  expired  on  the 
l6th  of  Oilober  1774.  He  was  interred  in  the  Ca- 
nougate  church  yard,  where  his  friends  eredled  a  mo- 
nument to  his  memory,  which  has  been  fince  removed 
to  mike  way  for  a  larger  and  more  elegant  monument 
by  his  enthufiaftic  admirer  the  late  poet  Bvrns. 

Thus  died  Robert  Ferguff  >n,  a  young  m^n  of  the 
brightell  genius  and  of  the  bell  l)eart,  who,  had  he  joined 
prudence  to  his  uncommon  talents,  muil  have  rifen  to 
great  eminence  in  the  republic  i)t  letters  ;  but,  as  a  late 
juvenile  poet  has  obfcrvcd  of  him 

Complete  alike  in  head  and  heart, 
But  wanting  in  the  prudent  part^ 
He  prov'd  a  poet's  lot. 

Of  his  poems  no  gcner.il  charaflcr  can  be  given.  The 
fubj-(ftsot  them  are  Ibmetimes  uncommon  and  gen -rally 
local  or  temporary.  They  arc  o(  courfe  very  unequ.il. 
But  fuch  of  them  as  are  in  the  Scottifh  di.ile^^  have 
been  univerfally  admired  by  his  countrymen  ;  and  when 
it  isconfidcred  that  they  wcrecomp  .fed  amid II  a  round 
of  dilllpation,  they  will  bt.  allowed  to  furnilh  complete 
evidence  of  his  genius  and  his  talle. 


FERMANAGH,  atownfliipin  Mifflin  co.  Pennf)  1- reTiuMigli 
vania  —  Morse.  U 

FERMAT  (Peter),  who  was  counfellor  of  the  par-  remiei.ta* 
liament  of  Touloufe  in  France,  flouiiflied  in  the  17th  y^i^^^^i;^ 
century,  and  died  in  1663.  Fie  was  a  man  of  great 
talents,  and  a  very  general  fcliolar ;  but  being  con- 
temporary and  intimately  conneded  with  Des  Cartes, 
Meifenne,  Torricelli,  and  Huygens,  he  was  naturally- 
led  to  devote  much  of  his  time  to  the  mathematicr.l 
fciciices.  He  was  (fays  Dr  Hutton)  a  fit  (I  rate  mathe- 
matician, and  polfeircd  the  fir.ell  tafte  for  pure  and  ge- 
nuine geometry,  whicli  he  contributed  greatly  to  im- 
prove, as  well  as  algebra. 

Fermat  was  author  of,  i.  A  Method  for  the  Qui. 
draiure  of  all  forts  of  parabolas. — 2.  Another  on  Mixi. 
mums  and  Minimums:  which  ferves  not  only  for  the 
determination  of  plane  and  folid  problems,  but  alfo  for 
drawing  tangents  to  curve  lines,  finding  the  centres  of 
gravity  in  folids,  and  the  refolution  ofqueftions  con- 
cerning nun, bers:  in  Ilioit,  a  method  very  fimdarto  the 
fluxions  of  Newton. — 3.  An  Introduilicn  to  Geome- 
tric Loci,  plxne  and  folid — 4.  A  Treatife  on  Spheri- 
cal Tangencies:  where  lie  demonftiates  in  the  Solids, 
the  lame  thingb  as  Vieta  demonftrated  in  planes. — 5.  A 
Reftoration  of  Apolloniu^'s  two  books  on  Plane  Loci. 
— 6.  A  General  Metlir.d  f  )r  tlie  dimenfion  of  Curve 
Lines.  Befides  a  number  of  other  fmaller  pieces  and 
many  letters  to  learned  men  ;  feveralof  which  are  to  be 
found  in  his  O/frd  Faria  Mjtkani.t>:<i,  printed  at 
Touloufe,  in  folio,  16-1). 

FERMENTATION  is  a  chemical  procefs  which 
has  been  alieady  confidered  in  the  Encyelopadia,  and 
will  be  again  refumed  in  this  Supplementundtr  the  title 
Animal  and  Vegetable  SvsitANCf.s.  In  this  pljce  we 
mean  nothing  mure  than  to  give  fuch  dircdlions,  prin- 
cipally from  Mr  Richardfon  of  Hull,  for  t)ie  proper  fer- 
mentation of  malt  liquors  as  have  not  been  fully  detail- 
ed in  the  article  Brewing  (Encycl.) 

This  author  controverts,  we  do  not  think  very  fuc- 
cefstully,  the  conclafioni  drawn  by  Mr  Henry  from  the 
experiments,  of  whicli  the  reader  will  find  an  account 
in  the  article  Fermentation  (j^nyc/.);  but  it  is  not 
his  theory  with  which  we  are  at  prefent  concerned,  but 
his  praifiice  as  that  of  an  experienced  and  enlightened 
brewer.  Having  treated  of  U'orli,  and  the  proper  me- 
thod of  boiling  them,  for  which  fee  Woar  in  ih'n  S'lp- 
pUment,  and  having  given  an  hillorical  view  of  the  pro- 
cefs ol  fermentation,  of  which  a  pretty  accurate  abridge- 
ment is  inferted  in  the  articles  Brewing  and  Flr- 
MENTATiON  {Encycl.),  lie  procceds  thus : 

"  The  agency  oi  air,  in  the  bufinefs  of  fermentation, 
is  very  powerful  ;  but  as  all  fcrment.dile  rubje>.Ts  have  an 
abundant  fiipplv,  we  are  rather  to  provide  ior  the  egrcfs 
of  their  own,  than  to  fuflfci  t!ie  admidir'n  of  the  exter- 
nal air,  by  which  a  great  number  of  the  fine,  volatile, 
oleaginous  parts  of  the  fubjtifl  would  be  carried  <  (f, 
and  A  proportion.ite  injury  in  flavour  and  fpiriluofuy 
fuflained.  Hence  fuch  a  coveting  fliould  be  provided 
(or  the  gyle-tun  as  would  barely  allow  the  efcape  of  the 
common  air  produced  by  the  operation  ;  whiltl  vhegas, 
or  fixed  air,  (rem  its  greater  denfity,  rciling  upon  the 
furface  of  the  beer  the  wliole  depth  of  the  curb,  pre- 
vents the  aflion  of  flie  external  air,  and  conlequently 
the  cfcapc  of  thofe  fine  and  valuable  parts  jull  m:n- 
tionej. 

E  2  «  Bui 


FEZ 


C    36    ] 


FEZ 


FcTTOrnti- 
tion 


Frtzan. 


But  tovvarv's  the  conclufion  of  vinous  fermentation, 
this  aerial  covering  beciinb  to  lole  its  efficiioy  ;  wliich 
points  out  the  necelFiiy  of  then  getting  the  beer  into 
'  calks  as  foon  as  polFible,  that  the  confcqiiences  may  be 
prevented,  of  expiling  fo  large  a  furface,  liable  to  fo 
copious  an  evaporation.  Am;  nj;ft  theie,  a  lola  ot  Ipi- 
lituofity  is  not  the  leall  ;  fnr  this  evajioration  is  more 
and  more  fpirituous  as  the  aclion  apprcaches  the  coin- 
p.ction  of  vinous  fermentation  ;  and  that  once  obtained, 
tlie  lofs  becomes  itill  mo^e  conliderable,  if  llill  expofeJ 
to  the  air  j  whence  it  migiit  be  termed  tlie  dillillation 
of  Nature,  in  which  fl>e  is  fo  much  fuperior  to  art,  tliat 
the  etheital  fpirit  rifes  pure  and  unmixed,  ufhilft  the 
hic»liell  reftification  of  the  tlill  produces  at  beft  but  a 
compound  of  aquecus  and  fpirituous  p  irts. 

"  Nor  is  this  entirely  conicfture.  Experience  teach- 
es us,  that  we  cannot  produce  fo  rtrong  a  beer  infum- 
iner,  ceteris  paribus,  as  in  winter  ;  the  reafon  is,  not  be- 
caufe  the  ailion  of  fermentation  does  not  realize  fo  much 
Ipirit  in  warm  weather,  but  bccaufe  the  fermenting  li- 
quor, after  the  perfei5lit.n  of  vinofuy,  continues  fo  long 
in  a  fl^te  of  rarefa(ftion,  that  the  fpirituous  parts  are 
diffipated  in  a  much  greater  degree  at  that  time  than  at 
any  other,  in  a  limilar  ILue  of  progrellidn.  And  this 
dodrine  of  natural  diftiUation  feems  to  account  for  that 
increafe  of  ftrength  obtainable  from  long  prefervation, 
in  well  clofed  cilks,  and,  more  particularly  fo,  inglafs 
bottles;  tor  Nature,  in  her  etforts  to  l)iing  about  her 
5;rand  purpofe  of  relolving  every  compound  into  its  firft 
principles,  keeps  up  a  perpetual  internal  ftiuggle,  as 
well  as  an  external  evaporation  ;  and  it  the  Utter  be  ef- 
feclually  prevented,  the  former  mull  he  produiflive  of 
additional  fpirituofiiy,  fo  long  as  the  ailion  keeps  wiih- 
in  the  pale  of  vinous  termentatlon. 

"  In  order  to  maintain  a  due  regulation  of  the  fer- 
menting power,  and  to  anfwerthe  feveral  purpofes  of  tiie 
operation,  a  fcrupulous  attention  to  the  degree  of  heat 
at  which  the  aflion  commence?,  and  a  particular  regard 
to  tiie  quality  and  quantity  of  the  ferment  employed, 
;ire  indiipeufably  nectllary."  The  degree  (f  heat  muft 
he  afcertained  by  the  thermometer,  and  regulated  by 
experience:  the  quantity  of  yeaft  can  be  afcertained 
only  by  the  intention  ( f  the  attift  ;  but  ci  the  quality 
of  that  fubllance  we  (hall  treat  under  Yeast  in  this 
Supplement. 

I'ERRISBURGH,  atownfliip  in  Addifon  co.  Ver- 
mont, on  lake  Champlain.  It  contains  481  inhabit- 
ants. Otter  creek,  L.ittle  Otter  and  Lewis's  creeks 
l.iU  into  the  lake  here.  The  mouth  (.f  Otter  creek  lies 
in  N.  lat.  44.  II.  45.  W.  long.  73.  9.  47. — Morse. 

FEZZAN  is  a  kingdom  in  the  interior  of  Africa, 
jilaced  in  the  vafl  wildernefs  as  an  illand  in  the  ocean. 
The  following  account  of  it  was  given  to  Mr  Lucas 
liie  African  traveller  by  a:i  old  (liereef,  a  native  of  Fez- 
yan  ;  and  that  account  was  confirmed  by  the  governor 
j.f  Mefurata,  who  had  himfelf  villted  Fezzan,  and  who, 
liaviog  treated  the  traveller  with  great  kindnefs,  ought 
jiot  to  be  lufpeiSted  of  having  wantonly  deceived  him. 

According  to  this  account,  Fezzan  is  fituated  to  the 
fouth  of  Mefurata  (feeMESURATA  in  ih'ti  Siipf)/.),  and 
the  traveller  from  the  latter  place  to  the  former  arrives 
in  eight  days  at  Wadan,  where  refrelhrnents  are  procu- 
red for  the  caravan.  From  thence  in  five  hours  they 
reach  tlie  defart  of  Soudah,  where  no  vegetable  is  feen 
to  grow  but  the  talk,  a  tree  ftom  which  the  lemon  co- 


loured wood  is  taken  which  forms  handles  for  tools. 
The  palfage  of  the  defart  takes  up  fome  days,  when  ^ 
the  traveller  finds  a  miterable  village,  producing  no- 
thing but  dates,  brackilh  water,  and  Indian  corn  ;  from 
this  village  a  day's  journey  condufls  to  the  town  of 
Sebbah,  where  are  the  remains  of  an  ancient  calcic,  and 
other  venerable  ruins,  and  in  four  days  more  he  reach- 
es Mourzouk,  tlie  capital  of  Fezzan. 

This  city  is  fituated  on  the  banks  of  a  fmall  river, 
furrounded  by  a  high  wall  for  defence,  and  is  diftann 
from  Mefurata  390  computed  miles.  Eallward  of 
Mourzouk  is  the  town  ot  Quecla,  in  whicii  are  the  re- 
mains of  ancient  buildings ;  the  fize  of  the  ciderns,  and 
the  conltrudlion  of  the  vaulted  caves,  exhibit  inllances 
of  ancient  fplendor.  South  of  vvhicli  place  is  Jermah, 
dillinguilbed  by  numerous  and  majeflic  ruins,  on  which 
are  many  iufcriptions.  Teiiouwa  lies  eafiward,  near 
which  was  a  river  which  the  fherecf  remembers,  but  is 
now  overwhelmed  in  the  moving  fands.  N.  E.  from 
Mourzouk,  diftant  about  I30  miles,  is  the  large  tiwn 
of  Temmifwa,  where  the  caravans  of  pil.;iims  from 
Bornou  and  Nigritia,  by  way  of  Cairo  to  Mecca,  pro- 
vide their  lloresforthe  defart. 

In  the  town  or  province  of  Mcndrah  is  a  large  quan- 
tity of  iroua,  a  fpecies  of  foflil  alkali,  that  fhiats  on  the 
furface  or  fettles  on  the  banks  ot  its  fpreading  lakes, 
great  quantity  of  which  is  fent  to  Tripoli,  and  (hipped 
For  Turkey,  Tunis,  and  Morocco  :  at  tie  latter  place  it 
is  ufed  as  an  ingredient  in  the  red  dye  of  the  leather. 
Mendrah  is  about  60  miles  fou(h  of  Fezzan.  The  ter- 
ritory of  Fezzan  extends  but  little  weflward,  being 
confined  by  barren  mountains.  The  Imaller  towns  of 
this  kingdom  are  faid  to  be  about  one  hundred  ;  thefe 
towns  are  chiefly  inhabited  by  hufbandmen  and  lliep- 
herds  ;  in  every  town  a  market  is  regularly  held  ;  mut- 
ton and  goat's  fleih  are  f  ild  by  the  quarter,  ufunlly  from 
thirty-two  to  forty  grains  of  gold,  or  from  four  to  five 
iliillings  Englifh.  The  flefh  of  camels  is  dearer,  and  di- 
vided into  Imnller  parts. 

The  houles  are  of  clay,  with  flat  roofs  compofed  of 
branches  of  tiec;,  on  which  earth  is  laid  ;  this  isfufB- 
cient  in  a  climate  where  it  never  rains.  The  heats  in 
I'ummer,  fiom  April  to  November,  are  intenfe,  and  the 
hot  winds  blow  from  the  iouth-eaft,  fouth,  and  fbuth- 
weft  ;  vifith  fuch  violence  as  to  threaten  fuflfocation  ; 
when  it  changes  to  the  well  or  north-weft  a  reviving 
frefhnefs  enfues. 

The  dref's  of  the  inhabitants  is  like  that  of  the  Moors 
of  Barbary,  confifting  of  a  large  pair  of  trowfers,  a 
Ihirt  which  hangs  over  the  trowfers,  a  kind  of  waiilcoat 
without  (leeves,  and  a  jacket  with  tight  fleeves ;  over 
the  jacket  is  a  loofe  robe  which  reaches  below  the  knee, 
a  girdle  of  crimfon,  and  a  long  cloth  called  a  barakon 
or  alhaicque,  like  a  highland  plaid,  is  worn  ;  (lockings 
of  leather,  laced  like  half  boots,  and  flippers;  on  the 
head  a  red  cap  and  turban  ;  fometimes  over  the  whole 
tiiey  throw  a  long  cloak  with  a  hood,  called  a  bur- 
noofe.  In  fummer  they  throw  off  all  but  the  ftiirt  and 
the  cap. 

The  people  bear  very  high  degrees  of  heat,  but  any- 
cold  afjre<5ls  them  fenfibly.  Their  difeafes  are  chiefly 
of  the  inflammatory  and  putrid  kind  ;  the  fmall  pox  is 
common,  l^heir  old  women  are  their  principal  phyfi- 
cians.  For  pains  in  the  head  they  cup  and  bleed  ;  for 
thofe  in  the  limbs,  they  bathe  in  the  hot  lakes.     They 

have 


Fetzan. 


FEZ 


C    zi    ] 


F    I    G 


Fciian.  have  a  naltkude  of  noxious  and  loathfome  animals; 
'^^^'^'"^  ll'.e  air  is  crowded  with  mofquitos,  and  their  perfons 
are  over-run  with  the  vermin  which  afFedl  the  beggars 
of  Europe. 

In  tlicir  perfi  ns  ihcy  incline  to  the  negro,  of  a  deep 
fwarthy  c-'mpierinn,  with  curly  black  hair;  tliey  are 
tall,  but  indolent,  inadive,  and  weak.  In  their  com- 
mon intercourfe,  dillindion  of  rank  fcems  to  be  for- 
gotten ;  rich  and  poor,  malterand  man,  converfe,  eat, 
and  drink,  together;  they  aie,  however,  generous  and 
liofpitable. 

An  extenfive  plain  compofes  the  kingdom  of  Fezzan  : 
the  foil  is  generally  a  light  fand,  the  fprings  are  abun- 
dant, and  few  regions  in  Africa  exhibit  a  richer  vege- 
tation. The  lanil  produces  the  talk,  the  white  ihorn, 
date  trees,  the  olive  and  lime,  apricot,  pomegranate, 
and  fig  :  In-liin  corn  and  barley  are  the  favourite  ob- 
je<fls  of  cultiv.ition,  i  f  wheat  there  is  little  raifed.  The 
tame  animal-,  are,  the  flieep,  cow,  goat,  and  camel  ; 
and  the  wild  are,  the  oftricii,  antelopes  ot  various  kinds, 
one  of  which  is  called  the  huadee,  which  when  chafed 
plunges  with  addrefs  from  a  precipice,  and  lights  on 
its  hams. 

The  food  of  the  lower  clafs  confifts  of  flour  of  In- 
dian corn,  fcafoned  with  oil  and  fruit  ;  thofs  of  fuperior 
rank  eat  wheat  bread  and  flcfli.  Fez/an  produces 
much  fall ;  the  water  has  in  general  a  mineral  tafte,  but 
the  favourite  beverage  is  a  liqu"'r  from  the  date  tree, 
which  acquires,  when  fermented,  an  intoxicating 
ftrength.  In  religion  they  are  rigid  Mahomedan;',  but 
tolerant.  Their  government  monarchical ;  their  prefcnt 
king  i5  defcended  from  one  of  the  fhereefs  of  TaiElet, 
who  about  400  years  fince  obtained  the  crown.  Till 
the  prefent  century  the  kingdom  vuas  independent,  when 
the  Bafliaw  of  Tripoli  conquered  and  made  It  tributary  ; 
the  reigning  fovereign  has  nearly  thrown  off  this  yoke. 
In  Fezzan,  the  defcendants  of  the  prophet  are  highly 
privileged,  their  property  and  perfons  are  inviolable ; 
they  are  exempt  from  certain  punilhments.  This  clafs 
are  in  general  either  princes  or  merchants. 

The  revenue  is  compofed  of  a  tax  on  towns  and  vil- 
lages, a  tax  on  every  camel  load  ot  goods  (except  pro- 
vifions)  which  enters  the  capital,  fines  for  offences, 
Ijnds  of  perfons  dying  without  heirs,  and  a  tax  on  gar- 
dens and  date  trees.  Gold  duft  by  weight  is  the  chief 
inedlum  of  payment ;  but  for  convenience  they  are  fur- 
rifhed  with  fmall  papers  of  gold  daft  of  different  va- 
lues, from  two  xarbes  or  one  and  a  half  upwards;  for 
Imallcr  articles  corn  or  flour  are  u!ed  as  a  medium. 
One  grain  of  gold  is  equal  to  lid.  fterling.  The  Fez- 
zan grain  is  the  fame  a>  in  England. 

The  juftice  of  the  fovereign  is  highly  extolled  ;  fmall 
f'ffenccs  are  punlfhed  by  the  baftinado,  and  the  punilh- 
ments increafe  to  fine,  impt  ifonmcnt,  and  death.  Troll- 
ing to  their  natural  defence,  their  towns  are  with  lut 
guard,  and  they  have  no  ftanding  forces.  The  only 
war  the  flierecf  remqmbered  was  undertaken  againll  a 
people  inhabiting  the  mountains  of  Tibefti,  which  is 
Jeparated  from  llie  people  of  Fezzan  by  a  wide  and 
fandy  defart.  Thefe  people  are  wild  and  favage,  and 
had  plundered  a  caravan  belonging  to  the  king,  who 
Cent  an  army  of  between  3  and  4003  men  agalnll  and 
fubdued  them.  The  country  of  thefe  penple  produce* 
much  fenna.  The  vales  ot  Tibclli  aie  laid  to  be  fertile 
in  corn  and  pallure  for  cattle,   p.irticularly    camels. 


The  people  live  In  huts,  and  profefs  various  religions,     Fezzan 
fome  the  M..hon;edan,  others  are  attached  to  their  an-         ii 
clent  idolatry.  Figuratc._ 

The  people  of  Fezzan  carry  on  a  confiderable  trade 
with  Tripoli,  Bornou,  Nigrltia,  &c.  At  the  end  <,f 
October,  when  the  heals  are  abated,  the  caravans  de- 
part from  Mourzouk  In  I'mall  parties  of  ten  or  twelve, 
unlefs  in  time  of  war.  They  lay  in  provilions  of  date?, 
nieal,  and  mutton  f.ilted,  dried  in  the  fun,  and  boiled  in 
oil  or  fat.  The  merchants  have  agents  in  the  chief 
towns,  to  whom  they  fend  the  flavcs  they  purchafe. 
The  caravans  to  Tripi  li  carry  the  trona,  f^-nna,  grid 
and  flaves  brnugl.t  from  tliefouihern  countries;  and  in 
return  bring  back  cutlery,  woollen,  filk;,  dollars,  cop- 
per, and  brafs. 

That  to  Born  u  cirries  brafs  and  copper,  for  the 
currency  of  the  country,  imperi-il  dollars,  and  various 
manul'ai^ures  ,  but  of  their  own  produce  only  a  prepa- 
ration of  dates,  and  mtal  of  Indian  corn,  and  they 
take  in  return  fl.ivcs,  gold  duft,  and  civet. 

To  Cifhna,  an  empire  in  Nigritia,  they  carry  cow- 
ries,  brafs  to  make  rings  and  bracelet^,  horfes,  feveril 
kinds  of  manufadlures,  and  the  Gooroo  nuts ;  and  in 
return  take  gold  dull.  Haves,  cotton  cloth,  dyed  goa^s 
fkins,  hides,  fenna,  and  civet,  for  the  countries  fouth  tpf 
the  Niger,  where  alfo  they  convey  fabre  blades  and 
Dutch  knives,  coral,  brafs  beads,  looking  glaffts,  dol- 
lars, &c.  and  receive  back  gold  dull,  flaves,  cotton 
cloths,  goatfkins,  Gooroo  nuts,  cowrie^,  and  ivory. 

A  caravan  of  pilgrims  fets  out  likewife  in  the  au- 
tumn of  every  fecond  and  third  year  from  Mourzouk, 
the  capital  of  Fezzan,  to  Mecca.  They  proceed  to 
Temefia,  over  the  mountain  of  Zlltan,  and  thence  to 
Sibbul,  a  place  fubjeft  to  Tiipoli  ;  and  thence  nearly  In 
a  line  with  the  Mediterranean  fea  to  Cairo,  and  thence 
to  Mecca  by  the  cu.Iomary  route. 

As  not  one  ccleili.il  obfcrva'.Ion  has  been  taken  to 
determine  any  latitude  between  Benin  and  Triorll,  all 
the  pofitions  are  fised  by  eflimation,  reckoning;  fifteen 
cr  lixteen  miles  for  a  day's  journey.  Mr  Renndl  places 
Mourzouk,  the  capital  of  Fezzan,  in  lat.  27°.  20',  or 
260  ra'les  from  Mafurata. 

FIDLERS  EWozl;  a  bend  of  Wood  creek,  between 
the  outlet  of  South  bay  and  the  mouth  ci  the  creek, 
at  the  northern  end  of  lake  Champlain,  cppofite  the 
mouth  of  Eaft  bay.  The  mouth  of  Wood  creek 
lies  in  N.  lat.  43.  32.  W.  long.  73.  15.  12 Morse. 

FIGURATE  Numbers  arc  fuch  as  do  or  may  re- 
prefent  fome  geometrical  figuic,  fnch  as  a  triangle, 
pentagon,  or  pyraniid,  5;c.  Thele  numbers  are  treated 
of  at  great  length  by  Maclaurin  in  his  Fluxiins  ;  Simp- 
f>a  in  h'S  Algebra;  and  Milcoim  in  his  Arithmetic; 
hut  the  following  account  of  th-.m  by  Dr  Hutton  is  as 
perfpicuous  as  any  that  we  liave  feen  : 

Figurate  numbers  are  diftlngullhcd  into  order:,  ac- 
cording to  thtir  place  in  the  fcale  of  their  gencratim  , 
being  all  produced  one  from  another,  viz.  by  addinij 
continually  the  terms  of  any  one,  the  fucceliive  funis  are 
the  terms  <  f  the  neit  order,  beginning  from  the  firit 
order,  which  is  that  of  equal  units  I,  i,  i,  1,  fee. ;  tiien 
the  2d  order  confilh  of  llie  fiiccefllv-  fums  of  thofe  of 
ihe  lit  order,  forming  ihe  arithmetical  progrclfion  i, 
2,  3,  4,  &c. ;  thole  c^t  the  jd  order  are  the  fucceliive 
fums  of  ihofe  of  the  ad,  and  are  the  triangular  num- 
bers  1 1  3,  6,  10,  15,  ie. ;  ihofc  of  the  4ih  order  are 


TO'; i  *^  1 


V     I     G 

C    5S 

fi-.irate     the  fucceffive  foms  of  tliofe  of  tlie  3d, 

ind  arc  the  py- 

^^^JJl^Jl^  ramia.il  numbers  i,  4,  10,  20,  35,  &c. 

and  lb  on,  as 

below : 

Oro'fr.        Name.                        Nutnhers 

I.          Equals.           I,    I,      I,      I, 

I. 

kc. 

2.  Arithnieticals,     1,    2,      3,     4, 

5. 

&c. 

3.  Triangular?,        ii   3>     6,    10, 

15. 

&c. 

4.  PyramidaU,         I,   4,    10,    20, 

55' 

&c. 

5.  2J  Pyramidals,   1,   5,    15,    35, 

70. 

&c. 

6.  3J  Pyramidals,  1,   6,    21,  56, 

126, 

&c. 

7.  4th  Pyramidals,  I,   7,   28,    84, 

210, 

&c. 

] 


F    I     L 


dividing  the  prnuuifis  1X2,  2x3.  3  X4i  4X5,  &c. 
each  by  the  firft  prod.  1X2;  the  firll  pyramids  by  di- 
viding the  prodiKls  1x2X3.  2X3X4.  3X4X5, 
&c.  by  tlie  firft  I  X  2  X  3-  And,  in  general,  the  figu- 
rate  numbers  of  any  order  n,  are  fiund  by  fulillituting 
fucceflivcly  I,  2,  3,  4,  5,  &c.  inflead  of  x-  in  this  general 

X  .  .V  +  I  .  X  +  2  .  X  +  3  .  &c. 

exprcOion  


where  tlic 


The  above  are  all  conlidered  as  difFerent  forts  of  tri- 
angular numbers,  being  formed  from  an  arithmetical 
progreffion  wliofe  common  difference  is  I.  But  it  tliat 
commou  difference  be  2,  the  fuccefflve  fums  will  be 
the  feries  of  fqiiare  numbers :  if  it  be  3,  the  feries  will 
be  pentagonal  numbers,  or  pentagons  ;  if  it  be  4,  the 
feries  will  be  hexagonal  numbers,  or  liexagons  ;  and  fo 
on.     Thus : 


Arithm:- 

I  ft  Sinus,  or 

2d  Slims,  or 

ticnls. 

Po/ysroni . 

2d  Polygons. 

I.   2,   3,     4, 

Tri.    I,  3,     6, 

10 

I,   4,    10,    20 

I.   3-  5.      7. 

Sqrs.  I,  4,     9, 

16 

I.  5.  H.  30 

',  4.  7.   'o. 

Pent.  1,  5,   12, 

22 

I,  6,  18,  40 

I.  5'  9>   '3» 

Hex.  I,  6,   15, 

28 

I,  7,  22,  50 

&c. 

And  the  reafon  of  the  names  triangles,  fquares,  pen- 
tagons, hexagon-,  &c.  is,  that  thofe  numbers  may  be 
placed  in  the  form  of  thefe  regular  figures  or  polygons, 
as  here  below  : 

Triangles. 
136  10 

o    u    o    o 


Squares. 
9 


16 


Pintagons 
5  J2 


e  o 

o      o 


Hexagons, 


o   o 
0       o 


15 

0    0    o 

o    0    o 
0^0 


But  the  figurate  numbers  of  any  order  mny  alio  be 
found  without  computing  thofe  cf  the  preceding  or- 
ders; which  is  done  by  taking  the  fucceilive  produ<Ss 
of  as  many  of  the  terms  of  the  arithmeticals  I,  2,  3,  4, 
5,  &c.  in  their  natural  order,  as  there  are  units  in  the 
nuniber  which  denominates  the  order  of  figurates  re- 
quired, and  dividing  thofe  produifls  always  by  the  firft 
produft.     Thus  the  triangular  numbers  are  found  by 


1  .  2  .  3  .  4  .  &c. 
faiflors  in  the  numerator  and  denominator  are  fuppofed 
to  be  multiplied  together,  and  to  be  continued  tdl  tlje 
number  in  each  be  lefs  by  i  than  that  which  exprellis 
the  order  of  the  figurates  required. 

FILTER  (See  EmycL).  It  is  well  known  that 
vefl'els  made  of  a  particular  kind  of  porous  flene  are 
employed  as  filtering  bafins  for  freeing  viater,  intended 
to  be  diunk,  from  various  kinds  of  impurity.  In  fea 
voyages  fuch  filtering  bafins  muft  be  hi^^hly  ufeful ; 
and  they  are  frequently  found  ufeful  at  land  where  no 
water  can  be  had  but  from  ffagnant  pools,  or  fprings 
flowing  through  cky.  The  ftone,  however,  of  which 
they  are  made  is  not  every  where  to  be  found  ;  and 
therefore  different  perfons  have  endeavoured  to  employ 
the  art  of  the  potter  to  fupply  their  place. 

In  the  year  1790  a  patent  was  granted  to  a  female 
potter,  for  her  invention  of  the  following  compofition 
for  this  purpofe ;  viz.  four  equal  parts,  out  of  nine  equal 
parts,  of  tobacco-pipe  clay  ;  and  five  equal  parts,  out 
of  nine  equal  parts,  of  coarfe  fea,  river,  drift,  or  pit 
fand  ;  thefe  two  material?,  in  the  above  proportions, 
are  fufficient  for  tlie  purpofe  of  making  fmall  bafins, 
and  other  vcffels,  to  contain  a  quantity  not  exceeding 
one  gallon  cf  water,  or  other  liquid.  But  tlie  compo- 
fition, when  confined  to  thele  two  materials,  and  in 
thefe  proportions,  often  flies  or  cracks  in  the  fire,  if 
larger  balins,  or  other  vefTels,  are  attempted  to  be  made 
with  it.  She,  therefore,  in  the  fecond  inrtance,  com- 
pofes  her  filtering  bafins  of  equal  parts  of  tobacco-pipe 
clay  and  coarfe  fea,  river,  drift,  or  pit  land  ;  in  the 
third  inrtance,  of  three  equal  parts,  out  of  nine  equal 
parts,  of  tobacco-pipe  clay  ;  one  equal  part,  out  of  nine 
equal  parts,  of  Stourbridge  clay,  or  clay  from  the  fur- 
face  of  coal-mines,  or  any  other  clay  of  the  fame  quali- 
ty ;  one  equal  part,  out  of  nine  equal  parts,  of  Windfor, 
or  other  loam,  of  the  fame  quality  with  Windfor  loam  ; 
and  four  equal  parts,  out  of  nine  equal  parts,  of  coarfe 
river,  fea,  drift,  or  pit  fand.  Or,  in  the  fourth  in- 
flance,  of  four  equal  parts,  out  of  eight  equal  parts, 
of  tobacco-pipe  clay  ;  three  equal  parts,  out  of  eight 
equal  parts,  of  coarfe  fea,  river,  drift,  or  pit  fand ;  and 
one  equal  part,  out  of  eight  equal  parts,  of  that  burnt 
ground  clay  of  which  crucibles  are  made. 

If  the  lady  who  invented,  or  pretends  to  have  in- 
vented, thefe  bafins,  have  a  right  to  her  patent,  far  be 
it  from  us  to  wifh  our  readers  of  any  defcription  to  in- 
croach  upon  it ;  but  as  the  ufe  of  the  materials  of  which 
her  bafins  are  made  was  known  to  potters  before  fiie 
was  born,  they  may  certainly  compound  thefe  materials 
in  proportions  different  from  hers,  without  doing  her 
any  legal  injury.  As  fhe  vaiies  her  own  proportions 
fo  much,  we  think  it  probable  that  fome  proportion 
differing  a  little  from  them  all,  may  anfwer  the  purpofe 
of  filtering  vefTels  equally  well ;  and  it  is  almoft  need- 
lefs  to  add,  that  with  this  precaution  any  potter  may 
make  fuch  vefTels,  for  which  he  would  undoubtedly 
have  a  great  demand. 

A  patent 


yiltcr. 


F    I    L 


[    39     ] 


F     I    L 


Filter.  A  patent  has  likewlfe  been  granted  to  Mr  Jolhua 

^^^^~>^  Collier  of  Southwark  for  a  very  ingenious  contrivance 
for  tilterinc  anJ  fweetening  water,  oil,  and  all  other 
liquids.  Of  this  contrivance,  wiiich  combiries  the  ap- 
plication of  machinery  wi[h  tlie  anliieptic  propeilies  of 
charcoal  (See  CwtMisTRy  N'  34.  SuppUmirU),  we  fhall 
give  a  detailed  account. 

Filh  oil  is  one  of  the  liquids  which  he  had  it  parti- 
cularly in  view  to  free  trom  all  its  imparities  in  fmell, 
tafte,  and  colour  ;  and  the  chemical  procefs  employed 
by  him  for  this  purpole  conlills  in  [>ouring  a  quantity 
of  any  fpecies  of  tilh  oil,  or  a  mixture  of  different  forts 
of  filh  til,  into  any  convenient  velftl,  which  is  to  be 
heated  to  the  temperature  of  no  or  120  degrees  of 
Fahrenheit's  fcale,  and  then  adding  of  cauftic  mineral 
alkali,  of  the  fpecilic  gravity  commonly  defcribed  as 
i.zj,  or  of  fuch  ftrength  that  a  phial  containing  1000 
grains  of  diftiUed  water  will  cc^ntain  1250  grains  of 
thefe  lees,  a  quantity  equal  to  four  parts  of  the  100  by 
weight  of  the  quantity  of  oil;  the  mixture  is  then  to 
be  agitated,  and  left  to  (land  a  fufEcient  time  for  the 
falts  and  fediments  to  fubfide  ;  it  is  then  drawn  ofF  into 
another  vellel,  containing  a  fufRcient  quantity  of  frifli 
burnt  charcoal,  finely  po\7dcred,  or  any  other  fub- 
ftance  poffeffing  antifeptic  properties,  in  a  powdered  or 
divided  (late,  with  an  addition  of  a  fmall  proportion  of 
diluted  fulph.uric  acid,  fufScient  only  to  decompofe  the 
fmall  quantity  of  faponaceous  matter  (till  fufpended  in 
the  nil,  which  appears  by  the  oil  becoming  clear  at  the 
furface  :  the  contents  of  this  veifel  are  alfo  agitated,  and 
the  coaly  faline  and  aqueous  particles  left  to  fubfide  ; 
after  which  the  oil  is  palfed  through  proper  Itrainers, 
herein  after  defcribed,  and  is  thereby  rendered  perfect- 
ly tranfparent  and  fit  for  ufe. 

The  piinciple  of  the  improved  flrainerSj  or  filtering 
machines,  confids  in  the  means  applied  to  combine  hy- 
droflatic  prelTure,  which  increafes  according  to  the  per- 
pendicnlar  height  of  the  fluid,  with  the  mode  of  filter- 
ing p!r  afcciifum,  thereby  procuring  the  new  and  pecu- 
liar advantage  that  the  Huid  and  its  feJiment  take  op- 
pofite  direftions.  A  great  advantage  attending  this 
invention  is,  that  the  dimenfions  of  the  chamber  in 
which  the  fediment  is  received,  may  be  varied,  while  the 
filtering  furface  remain•^  the  fame.  To  adapt  the  ma- 
chines Uit  only  to  the  purpofe  of  familes,  work-houfes, 
hofpitals,  public  charities,  the  navy,  or  the  merchant 
fcrvice,  but  alfo  to  all  the  purpofes  of  oil-men,  of  dillil- 
lers,  of  the  laboratory,  the  brewery,  &c.  chambers  of 
various  capacities  mull  be  provided  for  the  fediment 
and  precipitated  matter.  With  refpeifl  to  tlie  oil. trade, 
the  fpa<:e  required  is  very  great,  efpecially  for  fperma- 
ceti,  or  Brnfil  bottoms.  In  the  various  purpofes  of 
the  laboratory,  no  hmits  can  be  fi;;cd,  but  all  dimen- 
fions will  be  occafionally  required:  in  dillillerics  and 
breweries  they  may  be  fmaller  in  proportion;  and  in 
that  dcfigned  for  water  and  for  donielllc  ufe,  a  very 
fmall  chamber  will  be  fuflicient.  When  water  is  to  be 
fweetened,  or  freed  fioni  any  putrid  or  noxious  par- 
ticles, it  palTes,  in  its  way  to  the  filtering  chamber, 
through  an  iron-box,  or  cylinder,  containing  charcoal 
finely  powdered,  or  any  other  antifeptic  fubllance  info- 
luble  in  water,  the  water  being  forced  into  it  by  hy- 
drottatic  prclfure,  through  a  tube  of  any  fuflicient 
height.  Tliis  box  lias  two  aperttires  to  receive  ai.J  de- 
iiver  the  fluid,  and  thefe  arc  opened  and  ciofed  by  cocks, 


or  icrewf,  or  any  other  method  ufed  for  fuch  putpofe;.  Filter 
and  being  aifixed  to  the  machine  by  other  fcrews,  may  ^-'^^'"^ 
be  cafily  detached  from  the  fame.  Thus,  whenever  the 
charcoal  begins  to  lofe  its  antifeptic  properties,  the  box 
is  removed  and  heated  till  it  is  red  hot;  by  which 
means  the  foreign  matter  efcapes  through  the  fmall 
apertures,  after  which  the  bcx  i,  cooled,  and  the  char- 
coal becomes  Iweel,  pure,  and  equally  iit  fjr  ufe  as  at 
firll,  though  the  procefs  be  ever  fo  often  repealed. 

Another  part  of  the  invention  confill?  in  filterin-.; 
machines  in  the  form  of  (lills,  in  which  charcoal  may 
be  repeatedly  burned  after  any  fluid  fubllances  have 
paiFed  through  it,  for  the  purpofe  of  freeing  them  ci- 
ther  from  putrid  or  noxious  particles,  or  of  difchartiini; 
their  colouring  matter  ;  wiiich  filtering  ftills  are  fo  cr.n- 
trived,  that  the  fluid  may  pafs  through  in  any  quanti- 
ty, without  dilpiacin »  the  charcoal :  the  part  of  the 
fluid  remaining  iiiterfpcried  among  the  cliarcoal,  may 
be  driven  over  by  heat,  and  be  employed  for  many  in- 
ferior purpofes  of  the  arts  f  r  manufactures.  Lallly, 
the  heat  may  be  raifed  fo  as  to  purify  the  charcoil,  as 
has  been  before  dcfcnbid  in  the  machines  for  water. 
The  flue  of  thofc  llills  is  fo  conllructed  that  water  may 
be  employed  to  cool  them  without  the  Icfs  of  time  re- 
quilite  for  their  gradually  parting  with  their  heat  tJ 
the  furroundmg  aimufphere,  fo  as  to  be  fit  for  a  fubk- 
quent  operation. 

But  it  wua  not  merely  to  the  purifying  of  oils  and 
various  liquids  that  Mr  CoUier  turn-d  his  attention. 
To  his  filtering  apparatus  are  attached  inftruments  fir 
afcei  tdining  the  comparati\  e  qualities  of  oils,  which  de- 
pend in  part  on  the  principle  of  tlieir  fpecific  gravities ; 
fpermaceti  oil,  concralted  with  other  filh  oils,  being  as 
875  to  920.  For  this  purpofe,  a  glafs  veiTel  of  any- 
convenient  fliape,  is  made  ufe  of,  furnilhed  with  a 
bubble  alfo  of  glafs,  and  a  thermometer.  If  the  oil  is 
pure,  this  bubble  finks,  when  the  mercury  rifes  to  a 
certain  llandard,  by  the  application  of  the  hand,  or 
any  other  heat  to  the  veli'el  containing  the  oil.  If  the 
fpermaceti  oil  is  impure,  the  bubble  will  Hill  float, 
though  it  is  of  the  temperature  required  ;  and  the  de- 
gree of  impure,  or  foreign  matter,  will  be  (hewn  by  the 
Itate  of  the  thermometer  at  wliich  the  bubble  finks. 

To  determine  what  tendency  oils  ufed  for  burning 
have  to  congeal  in  cold  weathei,  a  frte/ing  mixture  is 
put  in  a  phial  of  thin  glafs,  or  any  otlier  convenient 
vellel ;  into  this  a  thermometer  is  immcrfed,  and  a  linsjle 
drop  of  the  oil,  under  exjieriment,  fuftered  to  fall  on 
the  outfide  of  the  vclfcl,  where  it  immediately  con- 
geals ;  as  the  cold  produced  by  th.e  mixture  gradually 
ceafes,  it  is  eafy  to  obfcrve  by  the  thermometer  at  what 
point  of  temperature  tlie  oil  becomes  fluid,  and  runs 
down  the  lide  ot  the  glals. 

A  Ihott  defcription  of  this  apparatu";  will  make  its  Plote 
principles  plain  to  every  reader.  A  {i\^-  i.)  is  the  ^^*"' 
tiltern,  into  which  tlic  wattr  or  other  liquor  to  be  fil- 
tered is  put.  b  B  is  a  tube  opening  into  the  bottom 
of  the  cii'tern  A,  and  bent  along  the  bi>tt(.m  of  the  ma- 
chine conveying  the  fluid  into  C  C  C  the  filieriig 
chamber  winch  is  covered  with  leather  b.nind  down 
round  its  circular  rim,  and  through  wliich  leather  the 
water  is  percolated.  D  D,  The  baton  rifini;  above 
the  level  of  the  chamber  and  receiving  the  filtered  li- 
quor. E,  The  fpout  by  which  it  runs  oif  into  a  pitch- 
er or  other  vditl.     F,  Another  fpcu:  luimiiied  with  ;i 

co«.k 


F    I     R. 


[    40    ] 


F     I     R 


Filter      ccict  to  draw  off  the  foul  water  from  the  chamber  v/hen    In  tlic  nineteenth  nnmber  cf  Mr  Nicholfon's  Journal  of 
I'         nccsU'ry.     G  G  G,  Tl  e  air  tube,  which  begins  above     PhilofL'phj-,   Clieniilby,  ;incl  the  Arts,  we  have  the  fol-  ' 
^^^^^,^  the  l.'vel  of  the  chamber,  is  covered   with  a  button,    lowing  compoiiticn   tc-i  exlinguinii.ig  fire,  ir^vented  by 
which  favcs  the  leather  from  bfine;  ciit,  and  has  a  fnull     M.  Von  A  ken. 

lateral  aperture  tnr    the   air   to  be  carried  off.     This         Burnt  Alum  -  .  pounds   30 

pipe  palTv:s  alcng  the  bottom  and  up  the  fide,  and  ri-  ~ 

Zing  above  the  level  of  the  water  in  the  cillern,  is  there 
clofed,  except  a  fmall  lateial  aperture  thiough  which 
the  air  efcapes.  H,  A  guard  or  rim  wiih  crofs  bars 
put  over  the  leather   to  keep  it    from  being  forced    up 


rire. 


Green  vitriul  powdered  -  -  40 

Cinabrefe  or  red  ochre  in  powder  -  20 

Potter's  clay,  or  other  ilay,  alfo  powdered         200 
Witer,  ....  630 

With  40   meafurcs   of  this  mixture  an  artificial  Hre 


by  the  wa;er.     It  is   fallened  down  by  means  of  two  was  extinguifhcd   under   the  dircflion  of  the   inventor 

notches  on  oj-polite    fides   of  the   guard,  by  which  it  by  three  perfons,  which  would  have  required  the  labour 

locks  into  two   llaples  rivetted  into   the  bottom  of  the  of  20  men,  and  1500  meafures  of  common  water.  Si^. 

i.-afon.     I,   the    lid    Aiding  down  to  cover  the  water  I'lbbroni  was  commifiii  ned   to  examine   the   value  of 

from    dull,    and    fufpended  at  pleafure  by  means  of  this  invention,  and  found,  in  his  comparative  trials  with 

K  K,  two  fprings  on  each  lube  for  that  putpofe.     L  M  engines  of  equal  power,  worked  by  the  fime  number  ct" 

N  O,  A  cylindrical  box  containing    charcoal,    which  men,  that  the  mixture  exti'guilhed  the   materials    in 

is  conuefled   with  the  above  by  means  of  the  tube  P,  cnmbuflion  in  one  fixth  part  lefs  time,  and  three  eighths 

and   a  continuation  of  the  tube  B.     L  M,  The   water  lefs  of  fluid  than  when  common  water  was  nfed.  He  ob- 

tube  B  continued  below  the  charcoal  apparatus,  fo  that  ferved,  as  might  indeed  have  been  imagined  from  the  na- 

the  fluid  may  pafs  through  the  fame  int"  the  cylinder,  ture  of  the  material,  that  the  flame  difappeared  where- 

from  whence  it  enters  the  chambers  at  P,  fo  as  to  be  ever  the  mixture  fell,   and   that  the  faline,    metallic, 

filtered  through  the  leather  as  before  defcribed.     R  R,  and  earthy  matters  firmed  an  impenetrable  lute  round 

Cullais  which  may  be  unlcrewed  at  pleafuie,   fo  as  to  the  hot  combuftible  matter,  which  prevented  the  accefs 

detach  the  charcoal  apparatus  whenever  the  charcoal  of  the  air,  and  confequenlly  the  renewal  of  the  deftruc- 

requires   to  be   purified  by  heat.     S   S,   Two  cocks  to  live  procefs. 

direfl  the  fluid  through  the  charcoal  cylinder  or  in.me-  This  recipe,  Mr  Nicholfon  informs  us,  is  taken  fiom 

diately  into  the  filtering  chamber.  the  85th  N"  of  the  Giornale  Lettcrario  di   Napoli,  in 

Fig.  2.  A,  A  tub  or  cillern,  containing  the  oil  to  be  which  it  was  inferted  in  the  form  of  a  letter  from  Sig. 
filtered,  and  fupplying  a  tube  of  fuflicient  height  tor  Fdbbroni  to  Sig.  D.  Luigi  Targioni  of  Naples  ;  and 
the  hydrodatic  preffure  to  operate.  B  B,  A  main  the  author  of  the  letter  eftimates  the  price  of  the  corn- 
tube  of  wood,  tin,  leather,  or  cloth,  to  which  any  pofition  at  about  one  halfpenny  per  pound, 
number  of  bags,  of  the  fize  and  fhape  of  corn  facks,  or  The  reafon  aOlgned  by  Mr  Nicholfon  for  giving  this 
any  C  C  convenient  fize  or  fhape  may  be  conneded.  abridged  account  a  place  in  his  valuable  work-,  will  be 
Thefe  are  bound  to  D  D  D,  flraight  double  iron  admitted  by  him  and  the  public  as  a  fufficient  reafon  for 
bars,  furniflied  with  a  hinge  at  one  end  and  a  fcrew  at  our  adopting  it  into  our's.  It  is,  that  fuch  inventions 
the  other,  by  opening  which  the  bags  may  be  emptied,  are  worthy  of  the  attention  of  philofophers  and  econo- 
F,  A  trough  underneath,  made  to  receive  the  filtered  mids,  even  though  in  the  firft  applications  thty  may 
oil  from  the  receivers  E  E  E.  prove  lefs  advantageous  than  their  inventors  m.iy  be 

Fig.  3.  A,  A  funnel  caflc  or  ciflern,  into  which  the  difpofed   to   think.       It  is  fcarcely  probable  that  this 

fluid  is  put  which  partes  down.     B,  A  tube  fitted  into  praftice  in  the  large  way,  with  .tu  engine  throwing  up- 

the  fame,  through    which  it  enters.     C,  An  iron    ftill,  wards  of  200  gallons  (value  about  L.  3,  i05.)each  mi- 

or  ftiU  of  any  other  fvibltance  capable  of  fuftaining  heat,  nute,  would  be  thought  of  or  adopted,  or  that  a   fuf. 

full    of  finely    powdered  and  fifted  charcoal,  through  ficient  ftore  of  the  materials  would  be  kept  in  readi- 

the  head  of  which  the  fluid  paiTes  into  any  receiver,  nefs ;  fince  at   this  rate  the  expenditure   for  an   hour 

D,  A  f.re  place  of  any  conftruflion  to  drive  over   the  would  demand  provifion   to   the  amount  of  L.    210 

fluid  remaining  interfperfed  among   the  charcoal,  and  fterling.     But    in  country  places  the  proceA,  or  fome 

alfo  to  purify  the  charcoal  by  an  increafe  of  temperature  variation  of  it,   might  be  applied  with  fufficient  profit 

when  required.     E,  A  cock  to  let  water  into  the  flues  in  tlie  refult,  more  efpecially  if  it  be   confidered    that 

to  cool  the  apparatus  for  a  fubfequent  operation.  common  fa't  or   alum,   or  fuch  f.iline  matter  as  can  be 

Fig.  4.  The  trial  gl  ifs  vrith  its  thermometer.  had   and    mixed  with  the  water,  together  with  clay, 

FINCASTLE,  a  pod  town  in  Virginia,  and  capital  chalk,  or  lime,  oclireou'!  earth  or  common  mud,  or  even 

of  Botetourt  co.  fituated  on    the  E.  fide  of  Catabaw  thefe  lafl  without  any  frit,  may  anfwer  the  purpote  of 

creek,  a  fmall  dream   which  falls  into  James  river,  on  the  lute  with  more  or  lefs  eflfeiS,  and  extinguifh  an  ac- 

the  V/.  fide  of  the  North  Mountain.     Here  are   about  cidencal   fire  with  much   greater   fpeed  and    certainty 

50  hrufes,  a  court-houfe  and  gaol.     It  lies  on  the  pod  than  clear  water  would  do. 

road  from  Richmond  to  Kentucky,  36  miles  e.iderly  of  FiRt.-BdUs  are  meteors,  of  which  fome  account  has 

Lexington,   and  192  W.  by  N.  of  Richmond. — Morse,  been  given  in  the  Encyclopedia,  us  well  as  of  various 

FINDLEY,  a   lowndiip   in   Wafliirgton   co.  Penn-  hypothefes  which  have  been  framed  refpefling  their  na- 

fylvania. — Ih.  ture  and  their  origin.     Since  that  article  was  publifhed, 

FIRE.   See  that  article  Encycl.   and    CAt.oRic  and  a  new  and  very  Angular  hypoihcfis  has  been  framed  by 

Combustion,  CuEMisTRr  InJex  in  this  Sup^l.  Profefijr  Chladni  of  Wittenberg,  who  maintains  it  by 

Extinction  of  FIRE  is   fometimes  a  matter  of  {o  arguments,  which,  however  fanciful,  are  yet  worthy  of 

much  confequcpce,  that  every  thing  wh'ch  promifcs  to  the  reader's  notice.* 

be  effedual  for  that  purpofe  is  worthy    of  attention.  He  i'uppofe;,  thit  fire  balls,  inftead  of  being  collec- 
tions 


•  PhU. 


FIR  [4 

Fir«.  tions  of  the  eleiSrical  fluid  floating  in  the  higheft  re- 
^"^■"^  gions  of  our  atinofphcre,  are  maires  of  very  denfe  mat- 
ter formed  in  iar  dirtant  parts  of  fpace,  and  ful)jedled 
to  fimilar  laws  with  the  planets  and  comets.  He  en- 
deavours to  prove,  that  their  component  parts  muft  be 
denfe  and  heavy  ;  becaufe  their  courfe  fhews,  in  fo  ap- 
parent a  manner,  the  cffefls  of  gravity  ;  and  becaufe 
their  mafs,  though  it  diftends  to  a  monllrous  fize,  re- 
tains fufFicient  confiftency  and  weight  to  continue  an 
exceedingly  rapid  movement  through  a  very  large  fpace, 
without  being  decompofed  or  dllfolved,  notwithftand- 
ing  the  refillance  of  the  atmofphere.  It  feems  to  him 
probable,  that  this  fubllance  is  by  the  eflcd  of  fire  re- 
duced to  a  tough  fluid  condition  ;  becaufe  its  form  ap- 
pears fomctimes  round  and  fometiraes  elongated,  and 
as  its  extending  till  it  burfts,  as  well  as  the  burfting  it- 
felf,  allows  us  to  fuppofe  a  previous  capability  of  ex- 
tenfion  by  elaftic  fluidity.  At  any  rale  it  appears  to 
be  certain,  that  fuch  denfe  matter,  at  fo  great  a  height 
is  not  colleifted  from  panicles  to  be  found  in  our  atmof- 
phere, or  can  be  thrown  together  into  large  mafl'es  by 
any  power  with  which  we  are  acquainted  ;  that  no 
power  with  which  we  are  acquainted  is  able  to  give 
to  fuch  bodies  fo  rapid  a  projedile  force  in  a  diredion 
almoft  parallel  to  the  horizon  ;  that  the  matter  does 
not  rife  upwards  irom  the  earth,  but  exifls  previoufly 
in  the  celellial  regions,  and  mull  have  been  conveyed 
thence  to  our  earth.  In  tlie  opinion  of  Dr  Chladni, 
the  following  is  the  only  theory  of  this  phenomenon 
that  agrees  with  all  the  accounts  hitherto  given,  which 
is  nut  contrary  to  nature  in  any  other  refpedl,  and 
which  befules  feems  to  be  confirmed  by  various  mafles 
found  on  the  fpot  where  fire-balls  fell. 

As  earthy,  metallic,  and  other  particles  form  the 
principal  component  parts  of  our  planets,  among  which 
iron  is  tlie  prevailing  part,  other  planetary  bodies  may 
therefore  confill  of  fmiilar,  or  perhaps  the  fame  com- 
ponent parts,  though  combined  and  modified  in  a  very 
different  manner.  There  may  alfo  be  denfe  matters  ac- 
cumulated in  fmaller  malfcs,  without  being  in  immediate 
connexion  with  the  larger  planetary  bodies  difperfed 
throughout  infinite  fpace;  and  which,  being  impelled 
either  by  fome  prcjedling  power  or  attraflion.  continue 
to  move  until  they  approach  the  earth  or  fome  other 
body,  when,  being  overcome  by  its  attradive  force, 
they  immediately  fall  down.  By  their  exceedingly 
great  velocity.  Hill  increafed  by  the  attraflion  of  the 
earth  and  the  violent  friiflion  in  the  atmofphere,  a  (Irong 
elc(5lricity  and  heat  muft  nccclTarily  be  excited  ;  by 
which  means  they  are  reduced  to  a  flaming  and  melted 
condition,  and  great  quantities  of  vapour  and  different 
kinds  of  gafes  are  thus  difengaged,  which  dillend  the  li- 
quid mafs  to  a  monllrous  fize,  till,  by  a  ftiU  farther  ex- 
panfion  of  ihefe  elallic  fluids,  it  muft  at  lengih  burft. 
Dr  Chladni  thinks  alio  that  the  greater  part  of  the 
jlmotlng  Jl^irs,  as  they  are  called,  are  nothing  elfe  than 
fire-balls,  which  differ  only  from  the  latter  in  this,  that 
their  peculiarly  great  velocity  carries  them  paft  the 
earth  at  a  greater  dillance,  \o  that  they  are  not  fo 
I'trongly  attrailcd  by  it  as  10  fall  down  ;  and  therefore, 
in  their  palfagc  through  the  high  regions  of  the  atmof. 
phere,  occafion  only  a  tranfient  clcflric  flafh,  or  a(5lually 
take  fire  for  a  moment,  and  are  again  fpceJily  extin- 
guiflicd,  when  ihcy  get  to  fuch  a  diftance  from  the  earth 

SUPPL.    Vol..    II. 


]  FIR 

that   the  air  becomes   too  much  rarefied  for  the  exift- 
encc  of  fire. 

The  grounds  on  which  Dr  Chladni  fupports  this  opi- 
nion  are  variousrelations,  well  authenticated,  of  the  mo- 
tions of  thofc  meteors,  and  the  phenomena  which  ac- 
company their  burfting.  Befides  thofc  mentioned  in  the 
Encyclopedia,  he  lavs  a  particular  ftrefs  on  the  account 
which  he  received  from  M.  B.iudin,  Profeflbr  of  plii- 
lofophy  at  Pau,  of  a  remarkable  fiery  meteor  feen  in 
Gafcony  on  the  241)1  of  July,  1790.  On  the  evenin» 
of  that  day  M.  Baudin  was  in  the  court  of  the  callle 
of  Mormes  with  a  friend,  the  atmofphere  being  perfetft- 
ly  clear,  when  they  fiiddenly  found  themfelvesfurround- 
ed  by  a  wliitilli  light,  which  obfcured  that  of  the  full 
moon,  then  fhining  with  great  luftre.  On  looking  up- 
wards, they  obferved,  almoft  in  their  zenith,  a  fire-ball 
of  a  larger  diameter  than  the  moon,  and  with  a  tail 
equal  in  length  to  five  or  fix  times  the  diameter  of  the 
body.  The  ball  and  the  tail  were  of  a  pale  white  co- 
lour, except  the  point  of  the  latter,  which  was  ahoioft 
as  red  as  blood.  The  direflion  of  this  meteor  was 
from  fouth  to  north. 

"  Scarcely  (fays  M.  Baudin)  had  we  looked  at  it 
for  two  feconds,  when  it  divided  itfelf  into  feveral 
portions  of  confiderable  fize,  which  we  faw  fall  in  dif- 
ferent direi?Hons,  and  almoft  with  the  fame  appearance 
as  the  burfting  of  a  bomb.  All  thefe  different  frag- 
ments became  extinguiflied  in  the  air,  and  fome  of  them, 
in  falling,  alfumed  that  blood-red  colour  which  I  hat! 
obferved  in  the  point  of  the  tail.  It  is  not  improbable 
that  all  the  reft  may  have  affumed  the  fame  colour  ;  but 
I  remarked  only  thofe  which  proceeded  in  a  direflioix 
towards  Mormef,  and  which  were  particularly  expofej 
to  my  view. 

"  About  two  minutes  and  a  half,  or  three  minuses 
after,  we  heard  a  dreadful  clap  of  thunder,  or  ra'.her 
cxplofion,  as  if  feveral  large  pieces  of  ordnance  had  been 
fired  off  together.  The  concuffion  of  the  atmofphere 
by  this  Ihock  wks  fo  great,  that  we  all  thought  an 
earthquake  had  taken  place.  The  windows  (hook  in 
their  frames,  and  fome  of  them,  which  probably  were 
laid  to,  and  not  clofely  (hut,  were  thrown  open.  We 
were  informed  next  day,  that  in  fome  of  the  houfes  at 
Houga,  a  fmall  town  about  half  a  mile  diftint  from 
Mormes,  the  kitchen  utenfils  were  thrown  from  the 
flielves  ;  fo  that  the  people  concluded  there  had  been 
an  earthquake.  But  as  no  movement  was  obferved  ia 
the  ground  below  our  feet,  I  am  inclined  to  think  that 
all  thefe  effeils  were  produced  merely  by  the  violent 
concuftion  of  the  atmofphere. 

"  We  proceeded  into  the  garden  while  the  noife  ftill 
continued  and  .appeared  to  be  in  a  perpendicular  di- 
reflion  above  us.  Sometime  after,  wlien  it  had  ceafed, 
we  heard  a  hollow  noife,  which  feemed  to  roll  along 
the  chain  of  the  Pyrenees  in  ech<ies,  for  the  dillance  of 
fif'reen  miles.  It  continued  aliout  four  minutes,  beco- 
ming gradually  more  remote,  and  always  weaker  ;  and 
at  the  fame  time  wc  perceived  a  ftronj  fuiellof  fulphur. 

"While  we  were  endeavouring  to  point  out  to  f.ime 
perfons  prcfcnt  the  place  where  the  meteor  had  divided 
itfelf,  wc  obfei  ved  a  fnvill  whitillj  cloud,  which  arofe 
perhaps  from  the  vapour  of  it,  and  wliich  concealed 
iron)  us  the  three  liars  of  the  Great  Bear,  lying  in  the 


rire. 


middle  of  tlioli:  rorniing  the  fcmicircle. 


With  fome 
difficulty. 


F     I     R 


[     42     ] 


1<     I     R 


Fife.  difficulty,  however,  we  coulJ  at  hft  diftir.guifli  lliefe 
""^  *~'  [lars  again  behind  the  thin  cloud.  Theie  arole,  at  the 
fanie  time,  a  frelh  gentle  breeze. 

"  From  the  time  that  elapfed  between  the  hurfting  of 
the  ball,  and  the  explofion  which  followed,  I  was  incli- 
ned to  think,  that  the  meteor  was  at  the  height  of  at 
leall  feven  or  eight  miles,  and  that  it  fell  four  miles  to 
tiie  north  o{  Mormes.  The  latter  paitof  my  corjec- 
ture  was  foon  confirmed  by  an  account  which  we  re- 
ceived, that  a  great  many  flones  had  f.illcn  from  the 
atmofphere  at  Juliac,  and  in  the  neighbourh'od  of  Bar- 
botan.  One  d  '.hefe  places  lies  at  the  didance  of 
about  four  milts  to  the  north  of  Mormes,  and  the 
other  at  about  the  diftance  of  five  10  the  north-norch- 
wcll." 

M.  de  Carrits  Barbotan,  the  friend  who  was  with 
the  Prt'felFor  in  the  ccuit  and  garden  of  Mormes  when 
the  meteor  firil  attra(5led  their  attention,  was  at  Juliac 
two  days  afterwards,  and  confirmed  to  him  the  truth  of 
this  circumftance.  It  appeared,  likewife  from  the  ac- 
count of  feveral  intelligent  perfons,  higlily  worthy  of 
credit,  thit  tlie  meteor  burft  at  a  little  dillance  from 
Juliac,  and  that  the  tiones  which  fell  were  lound  lying 
in  a  fpace  almoll  circular,  about  two  miles  in  diameter. 
They  were  of  various  fizes.  Some  were  fdtn  to  fall, 
which,  when  found,  weighed  18  or  20  pounds,  and 
■which  had  funk  into  the  earth  from  two  to  three  feet. 
M.  de  C.  Barbotan  tranfmitted  one  weighing  18  pounds 
to  the  academy  of  fciences  at  Paris;  and  M.  Baudin 
was  told,  that  fome  were  found  whicli  weighed  even 
50  pounds.  He  examined  a  fmall  one,  and  found  it 
very  heavy  in  proportion  to  its  fi/.e  :  it  was  black  on 
the  outfide;  of  a  greyiili  colour  in  the  infide,  and  inter- 
fperfed  with  a  number  oi  fmall  lliining  mstallic  par- 
ticles. On  (hiking  it  with  a  piece  of  fleel,  it  produced 
a  few  fmall  daik  red  fparks,  not  very  lively.  A  mine- 
ralogifl,  to  whom  a  like  piece  of  ftone  from  tiie  fame 
meteor  was  fhewn  at  Paris,  defcribed  it  as  a  kind  of 
grey  flag  mixed  with  calcareous  fpar,  the  furface  of 
which  exhibited  vitrified  Llackifii  calx  of  iron.  The 
ProfefTor  was  told  alfo,  that  fome  ftones  were  found  to- 
tally vitrified. 

Such  (fays  Dr  Chladni)  is  the  account  given  by 
Baudin  of  this  meteor  ;  the  phenomena  of  which  he 
endeavours  to  explain  from  accumulations  in  the  upper 
parts  of  the  atmofphere. 

According  to  all  the  obfervations  hitherto  made  with 
any  accuracy  on  fire-balls,  the  height  at  which  they 
were  firft  perceived  was  always  very  confiderable,  and 
hy  comparing  the  angles  under  which  they  were  feen 
from  different  points,  often  19  German  miles,  and  even 
more  ;  their  velocity,  for  the  mod  part,  feveral  miles  in 
a  fecond  ;  and  their  fize  always  very  great,  often  a 
tjuaiter  of  a  mile,  and  even  more,  in  diameter.  They 
were  all  fecn  to  fall  moftly  in  an  oblique  direction  ;  not 
one  of  them  ever  proceeded  upwards.  All  of  them 
have  appeared  under  the  form  of  a  globular  mafs,  fome- 
limes  a  little  extended  in  length  and  highly  luminous  ; 
having  behind  it  a  tail,  which,  according  to  every  ap- 
pearance, was  compofed  of  flames  and  fmoke.  All  of 
them  burft  alter  they  were  feen  to  move  through  a  large 
fpace,  fometimes  over  feveral  diftrids,  with  an  explofion 
■which  fliook  every  thing  around.  In  every  inflance 
vhere  there  has  been  an  opportunity  of  obferving  the 
fragments  that  fell  after  they  burft,  and  which  fome- 


times  have  funk  to  the  depth  of  feveral  feet  into  ths 
earth,  they  were  found  to  confift  ot  fcorious  maffes, 
which  contained  iron  in  a  metallic  or  calcined  ftate, 
pure,  or  elfe  mixed  with  different  kinds  of  earth  and 
fulphur.  All  the  ancient  and  modern  accounts,  writ- 
ten partly  by  naturalifts,  and  partly  by  others,  are  fo 
eflentially  fimilar,  that  the  one  feems  to  be  only  a  re- 
petition of  the  other.  Tliis  conformity  in  accounts, 
the  authors  of  which  knew  nothing  of  thofe  given  by 
others,  and  who  could  have  no  interert  in  fabricating 
fimilar  tales,  can  fcarcely  have  arifen  from  accident  or 
fidion,  and  givei  to  the  related  tads,  however  inexpli- 
cable many  of  them  may  feem,  every  degree  of  credi- 
bility. 

In  the  third  volume  of  Pall  is's  Travels,  we  have  an 
account  of  a  mafs  of  iron  difcovered  by  him  in  Siberia, 
which  Dr  Chladni  confiders  as  having  been  undiiubted- 
ly  a  fire-iiall,  or  the  fragment  of  a  fire.bnll.  This  pro- 
blematical mat's  was  found  between  Krafnojarfk  and  A- 
bekantk  in  the  high  flate  mountains,  quite  open  and 
uncovered.  It  weighed  1600  pounds;  had  a  very  ir- 
regular  and  fomewhat  compretfed  figure  like  a  rough 
granite ;  was  covered  externally  with  a  ferruginous 
kind  of  crud  ;  and  the  infide  confitled  of  malleable  iron, 
brittle  wlien  heated,  porous  like  r  large  fea  fponge, 
and  having  its  interlaces  filled  with  a  brittle  hard  vitri- 
fied fubftance  of  an  amber  yellow  colour.  This  texture 
and  the  vitrified  fubftance  appeared  uniformly  through- 
out the  whole  mafs,  and  without  any  traces  of  flag  or 
artificial  fire. 

Dr  Chladni  fliews  with  a  great  deal  of  ingenuity, 
that  this  mat's  neither  originated  by  the  wet  method, 
nor  could  have  been  produced  by  art,  the  burning  of  a 
foreft,  by  lightning,  or  by  a  volcanic  eruption.  It  ap- 
pears to  him,  therefore,  in  the  higheft  degree  probable, 
that  it  is  of  the  fame  nature  with  fireballs,  or,  as  they 
have  fometimes  been  ciWed,  Jlying  clrugons.  The  Tar- 
tars, as  we  are  informed  by  Pallas,  conlidered  this  mafs 
as  a  facred  relid  which  had  droppeJ  down  from  hea- 
ven ;  and  this  circumftance  Dr  Chladni  confiders  as  no 
flight  confirmation  of  his  opinion,  which  he  farther  fup- 
porls  by  the  following  reafonings : 

"  I .  As  fire-bails  confitt  of  denfe  and  heavy  fubftances, 
which,  by  their  exceedingly  quick  movement,  and  the 
fridion  thence  excited  by  the  atmofphere,  become  elec- 
tric, are  reduced  to  a  ftate  of  ignition,  and  melted  by 
the  heat,  fo  that  they  extend  to  a  great  fize,  and  burft  ; 
it  thence  follows,  that  in  places  where  fragments,  pro- 
duced by  the  hurtling  of  a  fire-ball,  have  been  found, 
fubllances  endowed  with  all  thefe  properties  muft  alfo 
have  been  found.  Iron,  however,  the  principal  compo- 
nent part  of  all  the  mafles  hitherto  found  (and  he  fpeaks 
of  many  befides  that  of  Pallas),  pofTelTes  all  thefe  pro- 
perties in  a  very  eminent  degree.  The  weight  and 
toughnefs  of  the  principal  component  parts  of  fire-balls, 
which  muft  be  very  confiderable,  fince,  with  the  great- 
eft  polFible  ditlention,  they  retain  confidence  enough  to 
proceed  with  the  utmoft  velocity  through  t'uch  an  im- 
menfe  fpace  without  decompofition  of  their  mafs,  and 
without  their  progrefs  being  obftruded  by  the  refift- 
ance  of  the  air,  agree  perfedly  well  with  melted  iron  ; 
their  dazzling  white  light  has  by  many  obfervers  been 
compared  to  that  of  melted  iron  ;  iron  alfo  exhibits  the 
fame  appearances  of  flaming,  fmoking,  and  throwing 
out  fparks,  and  all  thefe  phenomena  are  moft  beautiful 

when 


Fire. 


F     I     R 


[     43     ] 


F     I     R 


Fire.  when  ihey  take  place  in  vh^l  air.  Of  the  extenfion  by 
elallic  fluids  expanded  by  the  heat,  and  of  the  contrac- 
tion which  follows  from  cold,  traces  may  be  difcovered 
in  the  internal  fpongy  nature  of  ilie  iron  maffes  which 
have  been  found,  and  in  the  globular  depreffions  of  the 
exterior  hard  cruft  ;  the  latter  of  which  gives  us  reafon 
to  fuppofe,  that  in  thefe  places  there  have  been  air- 
bubbles,  wliich,  on  cooling,  funk  down.  The  mixture 
of  fulphur  found  in  various  maffcs, agrees  alio  exceeding- 
ly well  with  the  phenomena  of  fire-balls,  and  efpecially 
with  the  great  inflammability  of  fulphur  in  very  thin 
impure  air  ;  for  it  is  well  known,  that  fulphur  in  an 
air-pump  will  take  fire  in  air,  in  which  few  other  bodies 
could  do  the  fame.  In  regard  to  thofe  malFes  in  which 
no  fulphur  was  found,  this  may  have  arifen  from  the 
fulphur  efcaping  in  vapour,  fince  fome  time  after  the 
appearance  of  tire-balls  a  llrong  fniell  of  fulphur  has 
been  perceived.  The  brittlenels  of  the  Siberian  iron 
mafs  when  heated,  may  arife  fiom  fome  fmall  remains 
of  fulphur,  which  may  perhaps  be  the  caufe  of  the  fa- 
cility with  which  fragments  of  this  mafs,  as  well  as  of 
another  found  at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  could  be  roafted. 

"  2.  The  whole  texture  of  the  malfes  betrayed  evident 
figns  of  fufion.  This,  however,  cannot  have  been  oc- 
calioned  by  any  common,  natural,  or  artificial  fire  ;  and 
particularly  for  this  reafon,  becaufe  iron  fo  malleable  is 
not  fufible  in  fuch  fire,  and  when  it  is  fufed  with  the 
addition  of  inflammable  matters,  lofes  its  malleability, 
and  becomes  like  common  raw  iron.  The  vitrified  fub- 
ftance  in  the  Siberian  mafs  is  equally  incapable  of  be- 
ing fufed  in  a  common  fire.  The  fire,  then,  muft  have 
been  much  ftronger  than  that  produced  by  the  com- 
mon, natural,  and  artificial  means  ;  or  the  fufion  muft 
have  been  efledfed  by  the  torce  of  exceedingly  llrong 
eleftricity  ;  or  perhaps  both  caufes  may  have  been  com- 
bined together. 

"  3.  It  is  totally  incomprehenfible  how,  on  the  high 
flate  mountains,  where  the  Siberian  mafs  was  found,  at 
a  confiderable  dillance  from  the  iron  mines ;  in  the 
chalky  foil  of  the  extenfive  plains  of  America,  where 
for  a  hundred  miles  around  there  are  no  iron  mines, 
and  not  even  fo  much  as  a  ftone  to  be  found ;  and  at 
Aix-la-Chapelle,  where,  as  far  as  the  author  knows, 
there  are  no  iron  works — fo  many  ferruginous  particles 
could  be  coUeifled  in  a  fmall  fpace  as  would  be  necef- 
fary  to  form  malfes  of  1600,  15,000,  and  17,000,  up 
to  33,600  pounds.  This  circumftance  (hews,  that 
thefe  malfes  could  as  little  have  been  fufed  by  lightning 
as  by  the  burning  of  a  foreft  or  of  foffile  coal.  Thefe 
inalles  were  found  quite  expofed  and  uncovered,  and 
not  at  any  depth  in  the  earth,  where  vre  can  much 
more  readily  admit  fuch  an  accumulation  of  ferruginous 
particles  to  have  been  melted  by  the  effeils  of  light- 
ning. 

"  Should  it  be  afked,  how  fuch  malfes  originated,  or 
by  what  means  they  were  brought  into  fiich  an  infu- 
lated  pofition  ?  this  queftion  would  be  the  fame  as  if  it 
were  afked  how  the  planets  originated.  AVhatever  hy- 
potliefes  we  may  fyrm,  we  mull  either  admit  that  the 
planets,  if  we  except  the  many  revolutions  whlcli  they 
may  have  undergone,  either  on  or  near  their  furlace, 
have  always  been  lince  their  firll  form  ition,  and  ever 
will  be  the  fame  ;  or  that  nature,  acling  on  created 
matter,  polfelFes  the  power  to  produce  worlds  and  whole 
fyftcms  to  deliroy  them,  and  from  their  materials   to 


iorm  new  ones.  For  the  latter  opinion  there  are,  in- 
deed, more  grounds  than  for  the  former,  as  alternations  ' 
of  deftrudion  and  creation  are  exhibited  by  all  ort;.i- 
nifed  and  un'Tganifed  bodies  on  our  earth,  which  i^i'vcj 
us  reafon  to  fufpefl  that  nature,  to  which  greatnefs"^  and 
fmallnefs.confidered  in  general, arc  merely  relative  terms, 
can  produce  more  effeds  of  the  fame  kind  on  a  larger 
fcale.  Bat  many  variations  have  been  obferved  on  di- 
ftant  bodies,  which,  in  fome  meafure,  render  the  laft 
opinion  probable.  For  example,  the  appearing  and 
total  diQppearing  of  certain  liars,  when  they  do  not 
depend  upon  periodical  changes.  If  we  now  admit 
that  planetary  bodies  have  ftarted  into  exiftence,  we 
cannot  fuppofe  that  fuch  an  evei.t  can  have  otherwife 
taken  place,  than  by  conjefturlng  that  either  particles 
of  matter,  which  were  before  difperfed  through  infinite 
fpace  in  a  more  foft  and  chaotic  condition,  have  unit- 
ed  together  in  large  maffes  by  the  power  of  attraiilion  ; 
or  that  new  planetary  bodies  have  been  formed  from 
the  fragments  of  much  larger  ones  that  have  been  bro- 
ken to  pieces,  either  perhaps  by  fome  external  fhock, 
or  by  an  internal  explofion.  Let  whichever  of  thefe 
hypolhefes  be  tire  trueft,  it  is  not  improbable,  or  at 
leaft  not  contrary  to  nature,  if  we  fuppofe  that  a  large 
quantity  of  fuch  material  particles,  either  on  account 
of  their  too  great  dlfiance,  or  becaufe  prevented  by  a 
ftronger  movement  in  another  direi5H(>n,  may  not  have 
united  thcmiclves  to  the  larger  accumu!  itlng  mafs  of  a 
new  world  ;  but  have  remained  inliilated,  :;nd,  impelled 
by  fome  fliock,  have  continued  their  courfe  tlirough 
infinite  fpace,  until  they  approached  fo  near  to  fome 
planet,  as  to  be  within  the  fphere  of  its  attraflion,  and 
then  by  falling  down  to  occafion  the  phenomena  before 
mentioned." 

Whether  Chladni  be  a  philofopher  of  the  French 
fcliool  we  know  not ;  but  fome  parts  of  his  theory 
tend  ftrongly  towards  niaterlalifin  ;  and  the  arguments 
by  which  he  attempts  to  prop  thofe  parts  are  peculiar. 
ly  weak.  When  he  talks  of  Nature  producing  worlds, 
he  either  fubliitutes  Nature  for  Nature's  God,  or  ut- 
ters jargon  which  has  no  meaning.  In  what  fenfe  the 
word  Nature  is  ufed  by  every  philofopher  of  a  found 
mind,  we  have  elfewhere  been  at  fome  pains  to  fliev/ 
(fee  River,  n°  116,  EncyclJ)  ;  but  how  abfurd  would 
it  be  to  fay,  that  the  fyftem  of  general  laws,  by  which 
the  Author  and  Governor  of  the  unlverfe  connefts  to- 
gether its  various  parts,  and  regulates  all  their  opera- 
tions, poffelfcs,  independently  of  him,  the  "  power  to 
produce  worlds  and  whole  fyftems,  to  deftroy  them, 
and  from  their  materials  to  form  new  onei !" 

As  Chladni  admits,  or  talks  as  if  he  admitted,  the 
creation  of  matter,  it  would  be  wrong  to  impute  to 
him  this  abfurdity  ;  but  if  by  Nature  he  means  God, 
and  he  can  conliftently  mean  nothing  clfe,  we  beg  leave 
to  affirm,  that  it  is  iliredly  contrary  to  every  notion 
which  we  can  form  of  Nature  in  this  fnfe,  "  to  fuppofe 
that  a  large  quantity  cf  material  particles,  either  on  ac" 
count  of  (iieir  diflance,  or  becaufe  prevented  by  a  Jlrcng 
er  movement  in  another  direi5tion,  have  not  united  them- 
felves  to  the  larger  accumulating  mats  of  a  new  world, 
but  remained  infulated,  and  impelled  by  fome  liiock, 
have  continued  their  courfe  through  infinite  fpace,  occ.'' 
Is  there  any  dill  ince  to  which  God  cannot  rcacii,  or 
any  movement  fo  llrong  as  to  refill  his  power  ?  Our 
author's  language  is  indeed  confufed,  and  probably  liis 
F  3  ideas 


liif 


FIR  [    44    ]  F     I    S 

Whenhe  fpeaks  of  the  par-    chemiftry  have  difclofed   the  iecret,  hy   fliewing,  that  Fifhersfidd 

Flfiiiiig. 


Tire.       ideas  were  not  very  clear. 

''"^'^"*^  tides  of  matter  being  at  firft  difperfed  through  intinite 
fpace,  and  afterwards  united  by  the  power  of  attrac- 
tion, he  revives  the  queftion  which  was  long  ago  dif- 
cufled  between  Newton  and  Bentley,  and  difculfcd  in 
fuch  a  manner  as  Ihould  have  filenced  for  ever  the  bab- 
blings of  thofe  who  form  viorlds  by  attra<5lion. 

"  The  hvpothefis  (fays  Newton)  of  matter's  being 
at  firll  evenly  fpicad  through  the  heavens,  is,  in  my  opi- 
nion, inconfillent  with  the  hypothefis  of  innate  gravity 
without  a  fupernatural  po'->er  to  reconcile  them  ;  and 
therefore  infers  a  Deity.  For  if  there  be  innate  gravi- 
ty, it  is  impoffible  now  for  the  matter,  of  the  earth,  and 
all  the  planets  and  Hars,  to  fly  up  from  them,  and  be- 
come ever:ly  fpread  through  all  the  heaven?,  without  a 
fupernatural  power ;  and  certainly  that  which  can  never 
be  hereafter  wilhout  a  fupernatural  power,  could  never 
be  heretofore  without  the  fame  power".  Dr  Chladni, 
indeed,  does  not  fay  that  his  particles  of  matter  were 
even/y  difperfed  through  infinite  fpace  ;  but  fuch  muft 
be  his  meaning,  if  he  has  any  meaning  :  for  matter  un- 
rven/y  difpcrl'ed  mull,  by  an  innate  attraiflion,  be  united 
as  fonn  as  it  exills,  and  fo  united  as  not  to  leave  fmall 
fragments  of  it  to  wander,  we  know  not  why,  through 
the  tracklefs  void.  Turn  matter  on  all  fides,  make 
it  eternal  or   of  late  production,  finite  or  infinite,  there 


by 


sygen 


the  combuftion  is  carried  on 
contained  in  the  nitre. 

Rtifiuit  or  Rar-MNt  FiRF,  is  a  fire  from  the  artillery 
and  fmall  arms,  directed  parallel  to  the  horizon,  or  to 
thole  parts  of  the  works  of  a  place  that  are  defended. 

Running  Fire  is  when  ranks  of  men  fire  one  after 
another;  or  when  the  lines  of  an  army  are  drawn  out 
to  fire  on  account  of  a  viiftory  ;  in  which  cafe  each  fqua- 
dron  or  battalion  takes  the  fire  from  that  on  its  right, 
from  the  right  of  the  firft  line  to  the  lei't,  and  from  the 
left  to  tlie  right  of  the  fecond  line,  &c. 

FISHERSFIELD,  a  townlhip  in  Hillft.^rough  co. 
New-Hamplhire,  incorporated  in  1763,  containing  331 
inhabitants.  Sunapee  pond  lies  partly  here,  and  in 
the  townlhip  of  Wendel.  It  is  about  16  miles  eafterly 
of  Charleftown. — Alone. 

FISHER'j  JJland,  in  Long-Ifland  found,  lies  oppo- 
fite  to  Groton  in  ConncAlcut,  is  about  10  miles  in 
length  and  2  in  breadth,  having  a  light  foil,  favorable 
for  raifing  fheep.  It  produces  alfo  wheat  and  other 
grain.  It  is  annexed  to  the  townlhip  of  Southhold,  in 
Suffolk  CO.  on  Long-Ifland. — ib. 

FISHING,  the  art  of  catching  fifh.  See  Angling, 
Fishery,  and  Fishing,  &c.  Encycl. 

Chinefe  Fishing.     We   venture  to  give  this  appella- 


can  be  no  regular  fyllem  produced  bat  by  a  voluntary  tion  to  fome  very  ingenious  contrivances  of  the  people 

and  meaning  agent;  and  therefore,  if  it  he  true  that  of  China  for  catching  in  their  lakes,  not  only  fifh,   but 

fire-balls  are  malfes  of  denfe  matter,  coeval  with  the  pla-  water-fowl.     For  the  purpofe  of  catching  filh  they  have 

iietary   fyftem,    e.xifling  in  the  celeflial  regions,    and  trained  a  fpecies  of  pelican,  refembling  the  common  cor- 

thence  conveyed  to  our  earth,   they  muft  have  been  vorant,  which  they  call  the  Z,e«7zc,  or  filhing  bird.     It 


formed,  and  their  motions  imprelfed  upon  diem,  by  the 
Author  of  Nature  for  fome  wife  purpofe,  though  by 
us  that  purpofe  may  never  be  difcovered.  One  thing 
feenis  pretty  clear,  that  wherever  they  may  be  formed, 
the  phenomena  attending  their  burfting,  account  fuffi- 
ciently  for  the  notions  of  thunderbolts  which  have  been 
generally  entertained  in  all  ages,  and  in  every  country. 
Greek-FiRF  (fee  IVUJ-Fike,  EricycL).  In  the  fecond 
volume  of  Mr  Nicholfon's  Philofophical  Journal,  we 


is  brown,  with  a  white  throat,  the  body  whitifh  beneath, 
and  fpotted  with  brown  ;  the  tail  is  rounded,  the  irrides 
blue,  and  the  bill  yellow.  Sir  George  Staunton,  who, 
when  the  embalTy  was  proceeding  on  the  fouthern 
branch  of  the  great  canal,  faw  thofc  birds  employed, 
tells  us,  that  on  a  large  lake,  clofe  to  the  eall  fide  of 
the  canal,  are  thoufands  of  fmall  boats  and  rafts,  built 
entirely  for  this  fpecies  of  filhery.  On  each  boat  or 
raft  are  ten  or  a  dozen  birds,  which,   at  a  fignal  from 


have  the  following  receipt  for  making  this  compofition,  the  owner,  plunge  into  the  water  ;  and  it  is  aftonilhing 

taken  from  fome  manufcripts  of  Leonard  de  Vinci,  vvh.o  to  fee  the  enormous  (ize  of  filh  with  which  they  return, 

fiouriflied  in  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  and  beginning  of  grafped  within  their  bills.     They  appeared  to  be  fo  well 

tlie  fixteenth  centuries,  and  who  appears  to  have  advan-  trained,  that  it  did  not  require  either  ring  or  cord  about 

ced  far  before  his  contemporaries  in  phyfical  fcieiice.  their  throats  to  prevent  them  from  fwallowing  any  por- 

Take  the  charcoal  of  willow,   nitre,  brandy,  refin,  ful-  tion  of  their  prey,  except  what  their  mafter  was  pleafed 

pliur,  pitch,  and  camphor.    Mix  the  whole  well  together  to  return  to  them  for  encouragement  and  food.      The 

over  the   fire.     Plunge  a  woollen  cord  in  the  mixture,  boat  ufed  by  thefe   fifliermen  is  of  a  remarkable  light 

and  form  it  into  balls,  which   may  afterwards  be  pro-  make,  and   is  often  carried  to  the  lake,  together  with 

rided  with  fpikes.     Thefe  balls,  being  fet  on  fire,  are  the  filliing  birds,  by  the  men  who  are  there  to  be  fup- 

thrown  into  the  enemy's  veffels.     It  is  called  the  Greek  ported  by  it. 

fire,  and  is  a  fingular  compofition,  for  it  burns  even  up-        The  fame  author  faw  the  fifhermen  bufy  on  the  great 

on  the  water.     Callinicus  the  architefl  taught  this  com-  lake  Weechaung-hee  ;  and   he  gives  the  following  ac- 

pofition  to  the   Romans  (of  Conllantinople),  who   de-  count  of  a  very  fingular  method  praflifed  by  them  for 

rived   great  advantage  from  it,  particularly  under  the  catching  the   filh  of  the  lake  without  the  aid  of  birds, 

emperor  Leo,  when  the  Orientals  attacked  Conftanti-  of  net,  or  of  hooks. 

iiople.      A  great  number  of  their  velfels  were  burn-        To  one  fide  of  a  boat  a  flat   beard,  painted   while, 

ed  by  means  of  this  compofition.  is  fixed,  at  an  angle  of  about  45  degrees,  the  edge  in- 

The  compofition  of  the  Greek  fire  thus   given  by  dining  towards  the  water.     On  moonlight  nights  the 

Vinci  is  found  in  nearly  the  fame  words  in  fome  of  the  boat  is  fo  placed  that   the  painted  board  is  turned  to 


writings  of  Baptilla  Porta  ;  whence  it  appears  that  both 
authors  derived  their  information  from  the  fame  fource. 
A  compofition  which  burnt  without  accefs  to  the  at- 
mofphere  could  not  fail  to  fill  the  minds  of  our  fore- 
fathers with  wonder;  but  the  modem  difcoveries  ia 


the  moon,  from  whence  the  rays  of  light  ftriking  on  the 
whitened  furface,  give  to  it  the  appearance  of  moving 
water  ;  on  which  the  filh  being  tempted  to  leap  as  oa 
their  element,  the  boatman  raifing  with  a  firing  the 
board,  turn  the  fi(h  into  the  boat. 

Water- 


F     I    S 


C    45     ] 


F     I     S 


Fifliing 

II 
Fiftula. 


Water-fowl  are  much  fought  after  by  the  Chinefe, 
and  are  taken  upon  the  fame  lake  by  the  following  in- 
genious  device.  Empty  jars  or  gourds  are  fuffered  to 
float  about  upon  ihe  water,  that  fuch  objefts  may  be- 
come familiar  to  the  birds.  The  filherman  then  wades 
into  the  lake  with  one  of  thofe  empty  velf-ls  upon  his 
head,  and  walks  gently  towards  a  bird  ;  and  lifting  up 
his  arm,  draws  it  down  below  the  furface  of  the  water 
without  any  diiturbance  or  giving  alarm  to  the  reft, 
feveral  of  whom  he  treats  in  the  fame  manner,  until  he 
fills  the  bag  he  had  brought  to  hold  his  prey.  The 
contrivance  itfelf  is  not  fo  fingular,  as  it  is  that  the  fame 
exaftly  Ihould  have  occurred  in  the  new  continent,  as 
Ulloa  allerts,  to  the  natives  of  Carthagena,  upon  the 
lake  Cienega  de  Tefias. 

FISHING  Bay,  in  Maryland,  lies  on  the  E.  fide 
cf  Chefapeak  bay,  partly  in  Dorcheller  and  Somerfet 
counties.  It  receives  feveral  rivers  from  each  county, 
the  chief  of  which  are  Wicomico,  Nanticokej  alfo 
Tranfquaking  and  Blackwater  creeks.  The  entrance 
into  this  large  bay  lies  between  Goldfborough  and 
Devil's  iflands. — Morse. 

Fishing  Bay,  on  the  S.  fide  of  lake  Ontario,  is 
about  37  miles  E.  of  Fort  Niagara. — ib. 

FISHING-CREEK,  a  townlhip  on  Sufquehanna 
river,  in  Pennfylvanla. — ib. 

FISH  KILL,  a  port  town  in  Dutchefs  co.  New- York, 
5  miles  E.  of  Hudfon  river,  on  Filhkill  or  creek,  at 
the  foot  of  the  Highlands,  which  rife  S.  of  it ;  contain- 
ing about  30  houfes,  a  church  for  Eplfcopalians,  and 
one  for  Low  Dutch.  The  townlhip  is  very  extenlive, 
and  contained,  in  1790,  5941  inhabitants,  of  whom 
601  were  flaves.  It  lies  14  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Pough- 
keepfie,  oppofite  Newburgh,  and  66  N.  of  New-York 
city.  There  are  a  few  houfes  only  at  the  Landing, 
on  the  margin  cf  the  river. — ib. 

Fish  Kill,  or  Creel,  on  which  the  town  above  de- 
fcribed  ftands,  and  from  which  it  derives  its  name,  is 
fmall,  and  empties  into  Hudfon  river,  about  a  mile 
below  the  Landing,  and  nearly  oppofite  New-Wind- 
for. — ib. 

Alfo,  the  name  of  a  fmall  ftream  which  runs  S.  W. 
into  Oneida  lake. 

Llkewife,  a  ftream  which  rifes  from  Saratoga  lake, 
and  runs  6  miles  eafterly  to  the  Hudfon.  Its  mouth 
is  oppofite  Batten  kill,  2  miles  above  Saratoga  town  ; 
and  on  the  N.  fide  of  which  Gen.  Burgoyne's  army 
laid  down  their  arms  as  prifoners. — lb. 

FISTULA  Lachrymalis  is  a  difeafe  which,  in  all 
its  ftages,  has  been  treated  of  in  the  article  Surgery, 
chap.  xiv.  Encycl.  A  work,  however,  has  been  lately 
publillied  by  James  Ware  furgeon,  in  which  there  is 
the  defcription  of  an  operation  for  its  cure  confiderably 
different  from  that  moft  commonly  ufed,  and  which, 
while  it  is  fimple,  the  author's  experience  has  afcertain- 
ed  to  be  fuccefsful. 

In  the  cure  of  this  difeafe,  which  is  very  troublefome, 
and  not  very  uncommon,  it  is  a  well  known  praiftice  to 
infert  a  metallic  tube  in  the  nafal  du(ft  cf  the  lachrymal 
canal :  but  the  advantage  derived  from  ihis  operation 
is  not  at  all  times  lafting.  Among  other  c.iufes  ot 
failure,  Mr  Ware  notices  the  lodgment  of  infiilfated 
mucus  in  the  cavity  of  the  tube.  To  remedy  this  de- 
fert,  he  recommends  the  following  operation. 

«•  If  the  difeafe  has  not  occafioned  an  aperture  in  the 


lachrymal  fac,  or  if  this  aperture  be  not  fitaated  in  a 
right  line  with  the  longitudinal  direaion  of  the  nafal 
dud,  a  punflure  fliould  be  made  into  the  fac,  at  a  fmall 
dillancefrom  the  internal  junfluie  of  the  palpebrx,  and 
nearly  in  a  lins  drawn  hurizoncally  from  this  jiiniftuie 
towards  the  nofe  with  a  fi)ear-pointed  lancet.  The 
blunt  end  of  a  filver  probe,  of  a  fize  rather  fmaller  than 
the  probes  that  are  commonly  ufed  by  furgjoiis,  fiiould 
then  be  introduced  through  the  wound,  and  gently, 
but  fteadily,  pulhed  on  in  the  diredion  of  the  nafal 
dudl,  with  a  force  fufncient  to  overcome  the  obftruc- 
tion  in  this  canal,  and  until  there  is  reafon  to  believe 
that  it  has  freely  entered  into  the  cavity  of  the  nofe. 
The  pofition  of  the  probe,  when  thus  introduced,  will 
be  nearly  perpendicular;  its  fide  will  touch  the  upper 
edge  of  the  orbit;  and  the  fpace  between  its  bulbous 
end  in  the  nofe  and  tlie  wound  in  the  (kin  will  ufually 
be  found,  in  a  full-grown  perfon,  to  be  about  an  inch 
and  a  quarter,  or  an  inch  and  three-eighths.  The 
probe  is  then  to  be  withdrawn,  and  a  filver  ftyle,  of  a 
fize  nearly  limilar  to  that  of  the  probe,  but  rather  fmall- 
er, about  an  inch  and  three-eighths  in  length,  with  a 
flat  head,  like  that  of  a  nail,  but  placed  obliquely,  that 
it  may  fit  clofe  on  the  (kin,  is  to  be  introduced  through 
the  duct,  in  place  of  the  probe,  and  to  be  left  conftant- 
ly  in  it.  For  the  firft  day  or  two  after  the  ftyle  has 
been  introduced,  it  is  fometimes  advifable  to  wafh  the 
eye  with  a  weak  faturnine  lotion,  in  order  to  obviate 
any  tendency  to  infiammation  which  may  have  been 
excited  by  the  operation ;  but  this  in  general  is  (o 
flight,  that  our  author  has  rarely  had  occafion  to  ufe 
any  application  to  remove  it.  The  ftyle  ftiould  be  with- 
drawn once  every  day  ior  about  a  week,  and  after- 
wards every  fecond  or  third  day.  Some  warm  water 
fhould  each  time  be  injected  through  the  duft  into  the 
nofe,  and  the  inftrument  be  afterwards  replaced  in  the 
fame  manner  as  before.  Mr  Ware  formerly  ufed  to 
cover  the  head  of  the  ftyle  with  a  piece  of  diachylon 
plafter  fpread  on  black  filk,  but  has  of  late  obviated 
the  necelTity  for  applying  any  plafter  by  blackening 
the  head  of  the  ftyle  with  fealing-wax. 

"  The  efFe(£l  (fays  he)  produced  by  the  ftyle,  whea 
introduced  in  the  way  above  mentioned,  at  firft  gave 
me  much  furpri(e.  It  was  employed  with  a  view  limi- 
lar to  that  with  which  Mr  Pott  recommends  the  intro- 
duftion  of  a  bougie;  viz.  to  open  and  dilate  the  nafal 
du(ft,  and  thus  to  eftablKh  a  pa(iage,  through  which  the 
tears  might  afterwards  be  conveyed  from  the  eye  to  the 
nofe.  I  expecfted,  however,  that  whilft  the  ftyle  con- 
tinued in  the  duft  the  obftruiflion  would  remain,  and  of 
courfe  that  the  watering  of  the  eye,  and  tlie  weaknefs 
of  the  fight,  would  prove  as  troublefome  as  they  had 
been  before  the  inftrum^'nt  was  introduced.  I  did  not 
imagine  that  any  effential  benefit  could  relult  fro.m  the 
operation  until  the  (lyle  was  removed,  and  the  palfige 
thereby  opened.  It  was  an  agreeable  dlfappointmeiit 
to  me  to  find  that  the  amendment  was  much  more  ex- 
peditious. The  watering  of  the  eye  almoft  wholly 
ceafed  as  foon  as  the  (iyle  was  introduced  ;  and  in  pro- 
portion as  the  patient  amended  in  this  refpci-T,  his  fight 
alio  became  more  ftrong  and  ufeful.  The  ftvle,  there- 
fore, fecms  to  ?.&  in  a  twofold  capacity  :  firft,  it  di- 
lates the  obftrufted  palfage ;  and  then,  by  an  attrac- 
tion fomewh.it  fimilir  to  that  of  a  capillary  tube,  it 
euides  the  tears  through  the  dua  into  the  nofe. 
^  "  The 


liftiiri 


FLA 


C    46    ] 


F    L     I 


FIHuU 

rhiibudi. 


"  Tl:e  wound  that  I  ufually  make  into  the  fac,  if 
the  Ciippetative  procefs  has  not  formed  a  fuitable  aper- 
ture in  this  part,  is  no  larger  than  is  juft  fuflicienc  to 
admit  the  end  of  the  probe  or  Ryle  ;  and  this,  in  gene- 
ral, ill  a  little  time,  becomes  a  tiilulous  orifice,  through 
vliich  die  llyle  is  paffed  without  occalioning  the  fmallell 
degree  of  pain.  The  accumulation  of  matter  in  the  la- 
chiymal  fic,  which,  previous  to  the  operation,  is  often 
copious,  ufually  abates  foon  after  the  operation  has  been 
performed  ;  and,  in  about  a  week  or  ten  days,  the  treat- 
ment of  the  cafe  becomes  fo  eafy,  that  the  patient  him- 
felf,  or  feme  fiitnd  or  fervant  who  is  conlhmtly  with 
him,  is  fully  competent  to  do  the  whole  that  is  necef- 
fary.  It  confids  folely  in  withdrawing  the  ftyle  two  or 
three  times  in  the  week,  occafionally  injeSing  fome 
warm  water,  and  then  replacing  the  inftrumcnt  in  the 
fame  way  in  which  it  was  done  before. 

"  It  is  not  e.ify  to  afcertain  the  exail  length  of  time 
that  the  llyle  fliould  be  continued  in  the  duvfl.  Some 
have  worn  it  many  years,  and,  not  finding  any  inconve- 
nience from  the  inllrument,  are  flill  afraid  and  unwil- 
ling to  part  from  it.  Others,  on  the  contrary,  have 
difufed  it  at  the  end  of  about  a  month  or  fix  weeks,  and 
liave  not  had  the  fmalleft  return  of  the  obftrudlion 
afterwards." 

The  author  relates  fo  many  fuccefsful  cafes  of  this 
operation,  that  we  thought  it  our  duty  to  record  his 
method  in  this  Supplementary  volume  of  our  general 
repofitory  of  arts  and  fciences  ;  for  a  fuccefsful  praflice, 
as  well  in  furgery  as  in  phyfic,  muft  reft  on  the  bafis  of 
eipetience. 

FITCHBURGH,  a  pod  town  of  MafTachufetts, 
Worcefter  co.  23  miles  N.  of  Worcefter,  24  from  Con- 
cord, and  42  N.  W.  of  Bofton.  It  has  1151  inhabit- 
ants.— Morse. 

FITZWILLIAM,  a  townttiip  in  Cheniire  co.  New- 
Hamplliire,  about  16  miles  E.  of  Connefticut  river, 
and  fcparaled  from  Royalflon  in  Worcefter  co.  Mafla- 
chufetts,  bf  the  (late  line.  It  was  incorporated  in 
1773,  and. contains  1038  inhabitants. — ib. 

Oblique  or  Second  FLANK,  or  Flank  of  the 
Curtain,  is  that  part  of  the  curtain  from  whence  the 
face  of  the  oppofite  baftion  can  be  feen,  being  contain- 
ed between  the  lines  rafant  and  fichant,  or  the  greater 
andlefs  lines  of  defence  ;  or  the  part  of  the  curtain  be- 
tween the  flank  and  the  point  where  the  fichant  line  of 
defence  terminates. 

Covered,  Low  or  Retired  Flank,  is  the  platform  of 
the  cafemate  which  lies  hid  in  the  ballion,  and  is  other- 
wife  called  the  orillon. 

Fiihant  Flank,  is  that  from  whence  a  cannon  play- 
ing, fires  diredly  on  the  face  of  the  oppofite  baftion. 

Rafant  or  Razant  Flank,  is  the  point  from  whence 
the  line  of  defence  begins,  from  the  conjunftion  of  which 
with  the  curtain  the  Ihot  only  rafeth  the  face  of  the 
ne.>c«  ballion,  wliich  happens  when  the  face  cannot  be 
difcovored  hut  from  the  flank  alone. 

FLATBUSH,  the  chief  town  of  King's  co.  Long- 
Ifland,  New-York.  It  is  a  pleafant  and  healthy  town, 
fituated  on  a  fmall  bay  which  opens  E.  irom  New- 
Yoik  harbor,  and  is  5  miles  S.  by  E.  fiom  New. York 
city.  It  contains  a  number  of  dwelling-houfes,  moft- 
ly  in  one  ftreet  ;  many  of  which  are  elegant  and  com- 
inodious.     The  inhabitants   are  chiefly  of  Dutch   ex- 


tradlion.  It  contains  941  inhabitants,  of  whom  107  are 
qualified  eledors,  and  378  are  flaves.  The  producli- 
ons  are  various  kinds  of  fruit,  vegetables,  grain,  &c. 
which  find  a  ready  market  in  the  metropolis.  The 
land  lies  low  ;  and  in  fummer  the  whole  townfhip  ap- 
pears like  an  e.\tenfive  garden.  The  public  buildings 
are  a  Dutch  church,  a  courthoufe,  and  an  academy, 
called  Erafmus  Hall,  the  mod  flouri thing  of  all  the 
academies  in  the  ft.ite.  It  is  in  a  pleafant  and  health- 
ful fituation,  4  miles  from   Brookliiie  ferry. 

A  bloody  battle  was  fought  near  this  town  on  the 
27  Auguft,  1776,  when  the  Americans  were  defeated 
by  the  Britilh  with  great  lofs.  The  remains  of  the 
American  army  retreated  to  New-York  under  the  co- 
ver of  a  thick  fog. — Morse. 

FLATLANDS,  a  fmall  townfliip  in  Kings  co. 
Long-Illand,  diftant  from  New- York  city  6  or  7  miles. 
It  contains  423  inhabitants,  of  whom  44  are  qualified 
to  be  eleftors,  and  137  are  flaves. — ib. 

FLAT  Rock,  is  an  expanfive,  clear,  flat  rock,  but 
a  little  above  the  furface  of  the  ground,  and  near  the 
banks  of  a  delightful  rivulet  of  excellent  water,  which 
is  one  of  the  head  branches  of  Great  Ogeechee  river,  in 
Georgia.  This  is  a  common  rendezvous  or  camping 
place  for  traders  and  Indians. — lb. 

FLATTERY,  Gate,  fo  named  by  captain  Cook, 
on  account  of  its  promifing  at  a  diftance  what  it  deni- 
ed on  a  nearer  approach.  Lat.  48.  15.  long.  235.  30. 
E.  This  cape,  captain  Ingraham  of  Bofton,  found  to 
be  the  S.  fide  of  the  entrance  of  the  ftraits  of  Juan  de 
Fuca.     N.  lat.  48   25.  W.  long.   124.  52. — lb. 

FLEMINGTON,  a  fmall  po.1  town  of  New-Jerfey, 
in  Hunterdon  co.  lies  about  6  miles  N.  eaftward  of 
Amwell  on  Delaware  river,  z^  N.  N.  W.  of  Trenton, 
9  S.  of  Pittftown,  and  ^7,  N.  E.  by  N.  of  Philadel- 
phia.    It  contains  about  a  dozen  compadf    houfes. — ib. 

FLETCHER,  a  townfliip  in  Franklin  co.  Ver- 
mont, containing  only  47  inliabitants.  It  has  Cam- 
bridge on  tlie  S.  E.  and  Georgia  W. — ib. 

FLIE  or  Fly,  that  part  of  the  mariner's  compafs 
on  which  the  thirty-two  points  of  the  wind  are  drawn, 
and  over  which  the  needle  is  placed,  and  faftened  un- 
derneath. 

FLINT  River,  a  confiderable  river  of  Georgia, 
which  rifes  in  the  country  of  the  Creek  Indians,  and 
running  a  S.  and  thence  a  S.  W.  courfe,  joins  the 
Appalachicola,  at  its  entrance  into  Florida.  The 
Flint  is  about  30  rods  wide,  and  from  12  to  15  feet 
deep  in  fummer,  and  has  a  gentle  current.  The  terri- 
tory lying  on  this  river,  efpecially  on  the  upper  part  of 
it,  prefents  every  appearance  of  a  delightful  and  fruit- 
ful region  in  fome  future  day  ;  it  being  a  rich  foil,  and 
exceedingly  well  fituated  for  every  branch  of  agricul- 
ture, and  offers  an  uninterrupted  navigation  to  the  bay  of 
Mexico,  and  Atlantic  ocean,  and  thence  to  the  Weft- 
India  iflands  and  over  the  whole  world.  There  are  a 
number  of  villages  of  Creek  Indians  on  this  river. 
— Morse. 

Flint,  a  fmall  river,  about  a8  miles  long,  in  the 
Genelfee  country,  in  New- York,  which  runs  N.  N.  E. 
into  Canandarqua  creek. — lb. 

FLINTSTON,  a  plantation  in  Cumbeiland  co. 
Maine,  having  180  inhabitants.  It  has  one  eminence 
in  it  called  S,;ddle-Back  mountain,  but  the  country  in 

general 


Flatlandi 

y 

Flimfton. 


FLO 


C    47     ] 


FLO 


Flo»tiD£^  general  is  level  enough  for  cultivation.     One  half  of  it    are  in  the  fame  vertical  line,  fpontaneouflf  overfets,  un-    Floati.-.g. 


is  covered  with  pine  and  white  oak. — lb. 

FLOATING  BoDits  are  fuch  as  fwim  on  the  fur- 
face  of  a  fluid,  of  which  the  mod  important  are  fliips 
and  all  l<.inds  of  veffels  emplcyed  in  war  and  in  com- 
merce. Every  feaman  knows  of  how  much  confequence 
it  is  to  determii.e  the  (lability  of  fuch  veffels,  and  the 
pofitions  which  they  aiTume  when  they  float  freely  and 
at  reft  on  the  water.  To  accomplilh  this,  it  is  necelfary 
to  ftate  the  principles  on  which  that  ftability  and  thefe 
pofitions  depend  ;  and  this  has  been  done  with  fo  much 
ingenuity  and  fcience  by  George  Atwood,  Efq; 
F.  R.  S.  in  the  Philofophical  Traiifadions  for  the  year 
1796,  that  we  are  perfuaded  a  large  clafs  of  our  readers 
will  thank  us  for  inferting  an  abflraft  of  his  memoir  in 
this  place. 

A  floating  body  is  prefled  downwards  by  its  own 
■weight  in  a  vertical  line  that  p.iffes  through  its  centre 
of  grdvity  ;  and  it  is  fuftained  by  the  upward  prefl'ure 
of  a  fluid,  a(fling  in  a  vertical  line  that  paffes  through 
the  centre  of  gravity  of  the  immerfed  part  ;  and  unlefs 
thefe  two  lines  be  coincident,  fo  that  the  two  centres 
of  gravity  may  be  in  the  fame  vertical  line,  the  folid 
■will  revolve  on  an  axis,  till  it  gains  a  pofition  in  which 
the  equilibrium  of  floating  will  be  permanent.  Hence 
it  appears  that  it  is  necelfary,  in  the  firll  place,  to  af- 
certain  the  proportion  of  the  part  immerfed  to  the 
whole  ;  for  which  purpofe  the  fpecific  gravity  of  the 
floating  body  muft  be  known;  and  then  it  muft  be  de- 
termined, by  geometrical  or  analytical  methods,  in  what 
pofitions  the  folid  can  be  placed  on  the  furface  of  the 
fluid,  fo  that  the  two  centres  of  gravity  already  men- 
tioned may  be  in  the  fame  vertical  line  when  a  given 
part  of  the  folid  is  immerfed  under  the  furface  of  the 
fluid.  When  thefe  preliminaries  are  fettled,  fomething 
ftill  remains  to  be  done.  Pofitions  may  be  afiumed  in 
•which  the  circumftances  juft  recited  concur,  and  yet 
the  folid  will  alfume  fome  other  pofition  in  which  it 
will  permanently  float.  If  a  cylinder,  e.  g.  having  its 
fpecific  gravity  to  that  of  the  fluid  on  which  it  floats 
as  3  to  4,  and  its  axis  to  the  diameter  of  the  bafe  as  2 
to  I,  be  placed  on  the  fluid  with  its  axis  vertical,  it 
vill  fuik  to  a  depth  equal  to  a  diameter  and  a  halt  of 
the   bafe  ;  and  while  its  axis  is  preferved   in   a  verti- 


lefs  fupported  by  external  force  ;  and  the  equihbrium 
of  indifference,  or  the  infenfil.le  eq.i;librium,  in  which 
the  folid  refts  on  the  fluid  inditf.-rent  to  motion,  with- 
out  tendency  to  right  itfelf  when  inclined,  or  to  incline 
itfelf  farther. 

If  a  folid  body  fliats  permanently  on  the  furfice  of 
a  fluid,  and  external  force  be  applied  to  incline  it  from 
Its  pofition,  the  refiftance  oppofed  to  this  inclination  is 
termed  the  ftability  of  floating.  Amtmg  various  float- 
ing bodies,  fome  lofe  tlieir  quiefcent  pofition,  and  fom; 
gain  it,  after  it  has  been  interrupted,  with  greater  fa- 
cility and  force  than  others. 

Some  fhips  at  fea  (<f.^. )  yield  to  a  given  impulfe  rf 
the  wind,  and  fuffer  a  gieater  inclination  from  the  per- 
pendicular than  others.  As  this  refiftance  to  heelliiT 
or  pitching,  duly  regulated,  has  been  deemed  of  impor- 
tance in  the  conllruflion  of  veficls,  feveral  eminent  ma- 
thematicians have  invelligated  rules  for  determining 
tlie  ftability  of  (hips  from  their  known  diraenfions  and 
weight,  without  recurring  to  aftual  trial.  To  this 
clafs  we  may  refer  Bouguer,  Euler,  Fred.  Chapman, 
and  others,  who  have  laid  down  theorems  for  this  pur- 
pofe, founded  on  a  fuppofition  that  the  inclinations  of 
Ihips  from  their  quiefcent  pofitions  are  evanefcenr,  or, 
in  a  practical  fenfe,  very  fmall. 

"  But  Ihips  at  fea  (fays  our  ingenious  author)  are 
known  to  heel  through  angles  of  10°  20°,  or  even 
30°,  and  therefore  a  doubt  may  arife  how  far  the  rules, 
demonftrated  on  the  exprefs  condition  that  the  angles 
of  inclination  are  of  evanefcent  magnitude,  (hould  be 
admitted  as  pradlically  applicable  in  cafes  where  the 
inclinations  are  fo  great." — "  If  we  admit  that  the 
theory  of  ftatics  can  be  applied  with  any  effe^'l  to  the 
pra(5lice  of  naval  architeflure,  it  feems  to  be  necelfary 
that  the  rules,  inveftigated  for  determining  the  ftability 
of  veflels,  fliould  be  extended  to  thefe  cafes  in  which 
the  angles  of  inclination  are  of  any  magnitude  likely  to 
occur  in  the  praflice  of  navigation." 

A  folid  body  placed  in  the  furface  of  a  lighter  fluid, 
at  the  depth  correfponding  to  the  relative  gravities, 
cannot  change  its  pofition  by  the  combined  adlons  of 
its  weight,  and  the  preffuie  of  the  fluid,  except  by  re- 
volving on  fome  horizontal  axis  wh'ch  palfes  throupii 


cal  pofition  by  external  force,  the  centres  of  gravity  of    the  centre  of  gravity  :  but  as  many  axes  may  be  drawn 


the  whole  folid  and  of  the  immerfed  part  will  remain  in 
the  fame  vertical  line  :  but  when  the  external  force  that 
fuftained  it  is  removed,  it  will  decline  from  its  upright 
pofition,  and  will  permanently  float  with  its  axis  hori- 
zontal. If  the  axis  be  fuppofed  to  be  half  of  the  dia- 
meter of  the  bafe,  and  be  placed  vertically,  the  folid 
will  fink  to  the  depth  of  three-eighths  of  its  diameter  ; 
and  in  tliat  pofition  it  will  float  permanently.  If  the 
axis  be  made  to  incline  to  the  vertical  line,  the  folid 
will  change  its  pofition  until  it  fettles  permanently  with 
the  axis  perpendicular  to  the  horizon. 

Whether,  therefore,  a  fjlid  floats  permanently,  or 
overfets  when  placed  on  the  furface  of  a  fluid,  fo  that 
the  centre  .  f  gravity  of  the  folid  and  that  of  the  part 
immerfed  Ih.dl  be  in  the  fame  vertical  line,  it  is  faid  to 
be  in  a  pofition  of  equilibiium  ;  and  of  this  equilibrium 
there  arc  three  fpecies,  viz.  the  equilibrium  of  liability, 
in  which  the  folid  floats  perma'  ently  in  a  given  poli- 
tion  :  the  equilibrium  of  inflability,  in  which  the  folid, 
though  the  two  centres  of  gravity  already  mentioned 


through  this  point  of  the  floating  body  in  a  dlretflioii 
parallel  to  the  horizon,  and  the  motion  of  the  folid  rc- 
fpeifts  one  axis  only,  this  axis  muft  be  determined  by 
the  figure  of  the  body,  and  tlie  particular  nature  of  the 
cafe.  When  this  axis  of  motion,  as  it  is  called,  is  de- 
termined, and  the  fpecific  gravity  of  the  folid  is  known, 
"  the  pofitions  of  permanent  floating  will  be  obtained, 
firft  by  finding  the  feveral  politions  of  equilibrium 
througli  wlilch  the  folid  may  he  conceived  to  pafs, 
while  it  revolves  round  the  axis  of  motion  ;  and  feci  nd- 
ly,  by  determining  in  wliich  of  thole  politions  the  e- 
qulllbriuni  is  permanent,  and  in  whlcli  of  thtni  it  is 
momentary  and  unftable." 

Such  as  we  have  now  hricflv  dated  are  the  general 
principles,  on  which  are  founded  Mr  Atwood's  invef- 
tigations  for  determining  the  pofitions  alfiimed  by  ho- 
mogeneous bodies,  floating  on  a  fluid  furface;  and  al> 
fo  for  determining  the  ftability  of  (hips  and  of  other 
floating  bodies.  We  cannot  farther  accompany  him 
in  his  elucidation  of  them,  in  the  problems  to  the  folu- 

tiuu 


FLO 


[     4B     ] 


FLO 


jl'.atlrif.  ticn  of  wliich  they  lead,  and  In  the  important  pracli- 
""'^''"^^^  cal  purpofes  of  naval  aichiteiflure  to  which  they  are  re- 
ferred. Tiie  whole  pjper,  comprehending  no  lefs  than 
85  pages,  is  cuiious  and  valuable;  it  abounds  with  a- 
nalytical  and  geometrical  difquilitious  of  the  moft  ela- 
borate kind  ;  and  it  ferves  to  enlarge  our  acquaintance 
witli  a  fubji-ifl  tliat  is  net  only  highly  interelling  to  the 
fpeculaiive  m.ithematician,  but  extremely  ufeful  in  its 
prai^ical  application. 

With  this  latter  view,  the  author  feems  to  liave  di- 
refled  his  attention  to  the  v.arious  cbjeds  of  inquiry 
which  this  article  comprehends.  They  are  fuch  as  in- 
timately relate  to  the  theory  of  naval  architeflure,  fo 
far  as  it  depends  on  ihe  pure  laws  of  mechanics,  and 
they  conliibute  to  extend  and  improve  this  theory. 
The  union  of  ihofe  principles  that  are  deduced  from 
the  laws  of  motion,  with  the  knowledge  which  is  de- 
rived from  obfcrvation  and  experience,  cannot  fail  to 
edablilh  the  art  of  conftrufting  veffels  on  its  true  bafis, 
and  gradually  to  lead  to  farther  improvements  of  the 
greateft  importance  and  utility.  To  this  purpofe,  the 
auth'ir  obferves,  that 

"  If  the  proportions  and  dimenfions  adopted  in  the 
conflruftion  of  individual  veflels  are  obtained  by  exadl 
geometrical  menfuratlons,  and  calculations  founded  on 
them,  and  obfervations  are  made  on  the  performance  of 
thefe  velTels  at  fea  ;  experiments  of  this  kind,  fufficient- 
ly  diverfified  and  extended,  feem  to  be  the  proper 
grounds  on  which  theory  may  be  effedlually  applied  in 
developing  and  reducing  to  fyftem  thofe  intricate,  fub- 
til,  and  hitherto  unperccived  caufes,  which  contribute 
to  impart  the  greatell  degree  of  excellence  to  veflels  of 
every  fpecies  and  defcription.  Since  naval  architeflure 
is  reckoned  among  the  praiflical  branches  of  fcience, 
every  voyage  may  be  confidered  as  an  experiment,  or 
rather  as  a  feries  of  experiments,  from  which  ufeful 
truths  are  to  be  inferred  towards  perfefling  the  art  of 
conftruifling  velfels  :  but  inferences  of  this  kind,  con- 
fidently with  the  preceding  remark,  cannot  well  be 
obtained,  except  by  acquiring  a  perfeiSl  knowledge  of 
idl  the  proportions  and  dimenfions  of  each  part  of  the 
(hip  ;  and  fecondly,  by  making  and  recording  fufficient- 
iy  numerous  obfervations  on  the  qualities  ot  the  vefliel, 
in  all  the  varieties  of  fituation  to  which  a  fliip  is  ufual- 
ly  liable  in  the  praflice  of  navigation." 

In  the  valuable  m'fcetlany  entitied  the  Philofophical 
Magazine,  there  is  a  paper  on  this  fubjeift  by  Mr  John 
George  Englilli,  teacher  of  mathematics  and  mechani- 
cal philofophy  ;  which,  as  it  is  not  long,  and  is  eafily 
underllood,  we  fhrfll  take  the  liberty  to  tranfcribe. 

"  However  operofe  and  difficult  the  calculations  ne- 
celTary  to  determine  the  flabilily  of  nautical  veifels  may, 
in  fome  cafes,  be,  yet  they  all  depend,  fays  this  author, 
tipon  the  four  following  fimple  and  obvious  theorems, 
accompanied  with  other  well  known  (Icreometrical  and 
llatical  principles. 

"  Thuorem  1.  Every  fioaiingbody  dlfplaces  a  quanti- 
ty of  the  fluid  la  which  it  floats,  equal  to  its  own 
weight :  and  confequently,  the  fpeclfic  gravity  of  the 
fluid  will  be  to  that  of  the  floating  body,  as  the  mag- 
nitude of  the  whole  is  to  that  of  the  part  immerfed. 

"  Theorem  2.  Every  floating  body  is  impelled  down- 
ward by  its  own  elfential  power,  ailing  In  the  direillon 
of  a  vertical  line  paffing  through  the  centre  of  gravity 
of  the  whole  ;  and  is  impelled  upward  by  the  reaiflion 


of  the  fluid  which  fupports  it,   aifting  in  the  direcilon    flosting- 
of  a  vertical  line  paffing  through  the  centre  of  gravity  ^-''^'^"^ 
of  the  part  immerfed  :   therefore,  unlefs  thefe  two  lines 
are  coincident,   the  floating  body  thus  impelled  mufl 
revolve  round  an  axis,  either  in  motion  or  at  rell,  until 
the  equilibrium  is  reltored. 

*'  Theorer?!  3.  If  by  any  power  whatever  a  veffel  be 
deflefted  from  an  upright  pofition,  the  perpendicular 
dilVance  between  two  vertical  lines  paffing  through  the 
centres  of  gravity  of  the  whole,  and  of  the  part  immer- 
fed refpeflively,  will  be  as  the  (lability  of  the  veflcl, 
and  which  will  be  pofitive,  nothing,  or  negative,  accor- 
ding  as  the  mctacentre  is  above,  coincident  with,  or 
below,  the  centre  of  gravity  of  the  velTel. 

"  Theorem  4.  The  common  centre  of  gravity  of  any 
fyflem  of  bodies  being  given  in  pofition,  if  any  one  of 
thefe  bodies  be  moved  from  one  part  of  the  fyftem  to 
another,  the  correlponding  motion  of  the  common 
centre  of  gravity,  ellimated  in  any  given  direftion,  will 
be  to  thatof  the  aforefaid  body  eftimated  in  the  fame 
diredion,  as  the  weight  of  the  body  moved  is  to  that 
of  the  whole  fyllem. 

"  From  whence  it  is  evident,  that  in  order  to  afcer- 
tain  the  (lability  of  any  ve(rel,  the  politlon  of  the 
centres  of  gravity  of  the  whole,  and  of  the  part  im- 
merfed, muft  be  determined  ;  with  which,  and  the  di- 
menfions of  the  ve(rcl,  the  line  of  floatation,  and  angle 
of  defleftion,  the  (lability  or  power  either  to  right  it- 
felf  or  overturn,  may  be  found. 

"  In  fliips  of  war  and  merchandize,  the  calculations 
iiece(rary  for  this  purpofe  become  unavoidably  very  o- 
perofe  and  troublefome  ;  but  they  may  be  much  facili- 
tated by  the  experimental  method  pointed  out  in  the 
New  Tranfaflions  of  the  Swedifh  Academy  of  Scien- 
ces, firft  quarter  of  the  year  1787,  page  48. 

"  In  river  and  canal  boats,  the  regularity  and  fim- 
plicity  of  the  form  of  the  veffel  itfelf,  together  with  the 
compaifl  dlfpofition  and  homogeneal  quality  of  the 
burden,  render  that  method  for  them  unneceifary,  and 
make  the  requlfite  calculations  become  very  eafy.  Vef- 
fels  of  this  kind  are  generally  of  the  fame  tranfverfe 
feiSion  throughout  their  whole  length,  except  a  fmall 
part  in  prow  and  ilern,  formed  by  fegments  of  circles 
or  other  fimple  curves  ;  therefore  a  length  may  eafily 
be  affigned  fuch,  that  any  of  the  tranfverfe  fefllons  be- 
ing multiplied  thereby,  the  produft  will  be  equal  to  the 
whole  folidity  of  the  veffel.  The  form  of  the  fedion 
ABCD  is  for  the  moft  part  either  reflangular,  as  in 
fig.  I.  trapezoidal,  as  in  fig.  2.  or  mlxtllineal  as  in  fig.  plate 
3.  in  all  which  MM  reprefents  the  line  of  floatation  XXVII& 
when  upiight,  and  EF  that  when  inclined  at  any  angle 
MXE;  alio  G  reprefents  the  centre  of  gravity  of  the 
whole  veffel,  and  R  that  of  the  part  immerfed. 

"  If  the  veffel  be  loaded  quite  up  to  the  line  AB, 
and  the  fpeclfic  gravity  of  the  boat  and  burden  be  the 
fame,  then  the  point  G  is  fimply  the  centre  of  gravity 
of  the  feifllon  ABCD  ;  but  if  not,  the  centres  of  gra- 
vity of  the  boat  and  burden  muft  be  found  feparately, 
and  reduced  to  one  by  the  common  method,  namely,  by 
dividing  the  fum  of  the  momenta  by  the  fum  of  weights, 
or  areas,  which  in  this  cafe  are  as  the  weights.  The  point 
R  is  always  the  centre  of  gravity  of  the  feiflion  MMCD, 
which, If  confiftlng  of  different  figures, muftalfo  be  found 
by  dividing  the  fiim  of  the  momenta  by  the  fum  of  the 
weights  as  common.     Th«le  two  points  being  found, 

the 


PLATE  xmn 


I'.rriloHiiU 


py,//. 


j^,^. 


ru/.3. 


L*wj<<njt . 


FLO 


[    49     ] 


FLO 


Floiting.   the  next  thing  necefliiry  is  to  determine  the  area  of  the        "  Now  the  fum  of  the  momenra,  divided  by  the  fum    Floating 

^''''^'''^'*^  two  equal  triangles  MXE,  MXF,  their  centres  of  sra-      ,    ,  n      •      27S6i3"o8966ci6  .     „  5 

,  ?  It-     t  ■  XI    )   vti  of  the  area?,  will   give  — ,f-f,—, — -   =   37"oo6     Fbr.di. 

vity  0,  0,  and  the  perpendicular  projected  diltance  n  «  °  7528"78o8  •'  \.^~y^^^ 

of  thefe   points   on   the  water   line    EF.     This  being  inches,  the  altitude  of  G,  the  centre  of  gravity  of  the 

done,  through   II,  and  parallel   to    EF  draw   RT=a  feflion   ABCD   above    the  bottonn.     In  like  manner, 

fourth   proportional  to  the  whole  area  MMCD,  either  the    altitude  of  R,  the  centre  of  gravity  of  the  fecTioa 

triangle  MXE  or  MXF,  and  the  diftance  «n;  through  ,„,^^       .„  ,     r        .       .  i    123003-08066016 

T,  and  at  right  angles  to  RT  or  EF,  draw  TS  meet-  MMCD,  will  be  found  to  be  equal   ^^f^-TZ^ 

ing  the  vertical  axis  of  the  velfel  in  S  the  metacentre  ;  _  ^yg^^  inches  ;  and  confequently  the.r  difference, 

alib  through  the  points  G,  B,  and  parallel  to  ST,  draw  ^^  ^j^g  y^,„g  of  GR  =  i  2-072  inches  will  be  found. 


NGW  and  BV  ;  moreover  through  S,  and  parallel  to 
EF,  draw  WSV,  meeting  the  two  former  in  V  and 
W  ;  then  SW  is  as  the  (lability  of  the  veffel,  which 
will  be  pofitive,  nothing  or  negative,  according  as  the 
point  S  is  above,  coincident  with,  or  below,  the  point 


Suppoi'e  the  veffel  to  heel  15°,  and  we  lliall  h.ive  tlie 
following  proportion  ;  namely.  As  radius  :  tanc^ent  ot 
15°  :  :  MX  z=  54  inches  :  14-469  inches  =  ME  or 
MF  ;  and  confequently  the  area  of  either  tiiangle  MXl! 
or   MXI'"  =  390-663   fquare   inches.       Therefore,    by 


G.  If  now  we  fuppofe  W  to  reprefent  the  weight  of  theorem  4th,  as  4936-7808  :  390-663 
the  whole  ve/Tel  and  burden  (which  will  be  equal  to 
the  fedlion  MMCD  multiplied  by  the  length  of  the 
veffel),  and  P  to  reprefent  the  requited  weight  applied 
at  the  gunwale  B  to  fuftain  the  veffel  at  the  given 
angle  of  inclination  ;  we  fhall  always  have  this  propor- 
tion :  as  VS  :  SW  :  :  W  :  P ;  which  proportion  is  ge- 
neral, whether   SW  be  pofitive  or  negative  ;  it  mufl 


—  K  n  ~ 


■f  AB  :  5'6975  inches  =  RT  ;  and,  again,  as  radius  ; 
fine  of  15-^  :  :  12-072  =  GR  :  3'i245  inches  =  RN  ; 
confequently  RT — RN  =  5-6975 — 3'1245  =  2'57J 
inches  =  SW,  the  flability  required. 

"  Moreover,  as  the  fine  of  15°  :  radius  :  :  5*6975  ~ 
RT  :  22013  =  lis,  to  which,  if  we  add  24-934,  tlie 
altitude  of  the  point  R,   we  fhall  have  46  947    for  ilie 


only  in  the  latter  cafe  be  fuppofed  to  aa  upward  to    height  of  the   metacentre,   which   taken  from   72,   the 

prevent  an  overturn.  whole  altitude,  there  remains  25-053  ;  from  which,  .md 

■In  the  reaangularveffel.ofgiven  weight  and  dimen-    the  half  width  =  54  inches,  the  difUnce  BS   is  found 


fions,  the  whole  procefs  is  lb  evident,  that  any  farther 
explanation  would  be  unneceffary.  In  the  trapezoidal 
veffel,  after  having  found  the  points  G  and  R,  let  AD, 
BC  be  produced  until  they  meet  in  K.  Then,  fmce 
the   two   fedions  MMCD,    EFDC  are  equal,  the  two 


—  59'S-9  'uches  very  ivearly,   and   the  angle   SDV  =: 
80° — 06' — 42"  ;  from  whence  SV  —  58645  inches. 

Again  :  Let  us  fuppofe  the  mean  length  of  the  vef- 
fel to  be  40  feet,  or  480  inches,  and  we  fhall  fiave  the 
weight  of  the  whole  veffel  equal  to  the  area  of  the  fee- 


triangles  MMK,  EFK  are  alfo  equal;  and  therefore  the  tion     MMCD  =  4936-7808    multiplied    by   480  = 

redangle   EK  X   KF  =   KM  x   KM  =  KM'  ;     and  2369654-784  cubic  inches  of  water,   which  weighs  ex- 

fince  the  angle  of  inclination  is  fuppofed  to  be  known,  aiftly  85708  pounds  avoirdupoife,  allowing  the   cubic 

the  angles  at  E  and  F  are  given.     Confequently,   if  a  foot  to  weigh  62-5  pounds, 
mean  proportional  be  found  between  the  fines  of  the        "And,  finally,  as  SV  :  SW  (i.e.)  as58-645  .-  2-573 


angles  at  E  and  F,  we  Ihall  have  the  following  propor- 
tions : 

"  As  the  mean  proportional  thus  found  :  fine«:i^  E  :  : 
KM  :  KF,  and  as  the  faid  mean  proportional :  fine 
^^  F  :  :  KM  :  KE ;  therefore  ME,  MF  become  known  : 
from  whence  the  area  ot  either  triangle  MXE  or  MXF, 


:  :  85708  :  3760  +,  the  weight  on  the  gunwale  which 
will  fullain  the  veffel  at  the  given  inclination.  There- 
fore a  veffel  of  the  above  dimenfions,  and  weighing  38 
ton?,  5  cwts.  28  lbs.  will  require  a  weight  of  i  ton, 
13  cwts.  64  lbs.  to  make  her  incline  15''. 

"  In  this  example,  the  dellealiig  power  has  been  fup- 


the  diftance  n  n,  and  all  the  other   requifites,  may  be    pofed  to  aft  perpendicularly  on  the  gunwale  at  B  ;  but 
found.  if  the  veffel    is  navigated  by  fails,  the  centre  velique 

"  In  the  mixtilineal  feftion,  let  AB  =  9  feet  =  108  mufl  be  found  -,  with  which,  and  the  angle  cf  deflec- 
inches,  the  whole  depth  =  6  feet  =  72  inches,  and  tion,  the  projefted  diftance  thereof  on  the  line  SV  may 
the  altitude  of  MM  the  line  of  floatation  4  feet  or  48  be  obtained  ;  and  then  the  power,  calculated  as  above, 
inches  ;  alfo  let  the  two  curvelinear  parts  be  circular  neceflary  to  be  applied  at  the  prcjefted  point,  will  be 
quadrants  of  two  feet,  or  24  inches  radius  each.  Then  that  part  of  the  wind's  force  which  caufes  the  veffel  to 
the  area  of  the  two  quadrants  =  904-7808  fquare  heel.  And  converfely,  if  the  weight  and  dimenfions 
inches,  and  the  diftance  of  their  ccnties  of  gravity  from  of  the  veftel,  the  area  and  altitude  of  the  fiih,  the  di- 
the   bottom  =  13-8177    inches  very   nearly;  alfo   the    reftion  and  velocity  of  the  wind  be  given,  the  angle  ot 

deflefti'in  may  be  found." 

FLORIDA,  atownlhip  in  Orange  co.  New-York, 
6  or  8  miles  S.  of  Gofhen,  and  50  N.  W.  of  New-York 
city.      377  of  its  inhabitants  are  qualified  to  be  eleflori. 
therefore  we     It  has  been  lately  incorporated. — Morse. 

Florida,  EaJ}  and  IVijI,  belonging  to  Spain,  fitu- 
ated  between  25.  and  31.  N.  hit.  and  between  80.  and 
91.  W.  loKg.  about  6co  milei  in  length.  Its  breadth 
is  various  ;  the  br..adcft  p-nrt  of  Weil  Florida  is  about 
I  30  miles,  while  the  narrow  penintula  of  E.itl  Florida 
extends,  in  the  fame  direftion,  from  S.  to  N.  400  miles. 

It  is  bounded  N.  by  Georgia,  S.  by  the  gulf  of  Mosi- 

27ii6u-i>ii9(56oi6    co,  E.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  W.  by  the  Miflifiip- 

G  pi. 


area  of  the  included  reftangle  «  ^  ;  ^  =  '44°  fquare 
inches,  and  the  altitude  of  its  centre  of  gravity  12 
inches  ;  in  like  manner,  the  area  of  the  reftangle  AB 
c  d  will  be  found  =  5184  fquare  inches,  and  the  alti 
lude  of  its  centre  of  gravity  48  inches 
Ihall  have 


Momcnfuiu    of^  

tlie  two  quad.    J 

Moment,  oftfie 7  

reilan.  ,1  b  i  e     5 

Moment.of  tlieJ  „ 

reilaii.  AB c  </  J  —■>"•' 


904-7808  X  iJ'Si77 

X  li  =  17280- 

X  48  =248832- 


l2jol-9Si;66oi6 


1440- 


Sui'PL.  Vol, 


7528-7808 

n. 


1<     I.     o 


C     5' 


Florida,  pi,  which  feparatcs  it  from  Louifiana,  anti  is  neatly  of 
^•^^^^**^  ihe  form  of  the  letter  L.  Among  its  i  ivcrs  t!-.:it  fall 
into  the  Atlantic,  St.  John's  and  Indian  rivers  are  the 
chiif.  Seguana,  Appalachicnla,  Chatalntchi,  Efcam- 
bia,  Mobile,  Pafcagoula  and  Pe;iil  rivers  all  riie  in 
Gecrgi.i,  and  run  foulherly  into  the  gulf  of  Mexico. 
T'he  principal  bays  are  St  Bernard's,  Afcenfion,  Mo- 
bile, Penfacol.i,  Dauphin,  J.ifeph,  Apalachy,  Spiritu 
S.iRiflo  ;  and  the  chief  cipes  are  Blanco,  St  Blai/.e, 
Anclote,  and  cape  Florida  at  the  extremity  of  the  pe- 
ririfula.  The  climate  is  little  diiTcrent  from  that  ot 
Georgia.  There  are,  in  this  country,  a  great  variety 
of  foils  ;  the  eaflern  part  cf  it,  near  to,  and  about  St 
A\igufline,  is  by  far  the  nioli  unfruitful  ;  yet  even  there, 
two  crops  of  Indian  corn  are  annually  produced. 
The  banks  of  the  rivers  which  water  the  Floridas, 
and  the  parts  contiguous,  are  of  a  fuperior  quality, 
and  well  adapted  to  the  culture  of  rice  and  corn.  The 
fine  lands  near  the  river  Efcambia,  are  dcfcribed  un- 
der the  account  of  that  river.  The  interior  coun'ry, 
which  is  high  and  pleafant,  abounds  with  wood  of 
almoft  every  kind;  paiticularly  white  and  red  oak, 
live  oak,  laurel  magnolia,  pine,  hickory,  cyprcA,  red 
and  white  cedar.  The  live  oaks,  tho\igh  not  tall,  con- 
tain a  prodigious  quantity  of  timber.  The  trunk  is 
generally  from  12  to  20  teet  in  circumference,  and 
rifes  10  or  12  feet  from  the  earth,  and  then  brandies 
into  4  or  5  great  limbs,  wh.ich  giovv  in  nejrly  a  hori- 
I'.ontal  diredion,  forming  a  gentle  curve.  "  I  have 
Hepped"  ftys  Bartram,  "  above  50  paces,  on  a  ftra'ght 
line,  from  the  trunk  of  one  of  thele  trees  to  the  extre- 
mity cf  the  limbs."  They  are  ever  green,  and  the 
wood  almoft  incorruptible.  They  bear  a  great  quan- 
tity of  fm.ill  acorns,  which  is  agreeable  food  when 
loaded,  and  from  which  the  Indians  extracft  a  fweet 
oil,  which  they  ufe  in  cooking  homrciny  and  rice. 

The  laurel  magnolia  is  the  moll  beautiful  among 
the  trees  of  the  foreft,  and  is  ufnally  100  feet  high, 
though  fome  are  much  higher.  The  trunk  is  perfeiftly 
erefl,  rifing  in  the  form  of  a  beautiful  column,  and 
I'upporting  a  head  like  an  obtufe  cone.  The  flowers, 
which  are  on  the  extremity  of  the  branches,  are  large, 
white,  and  expanded  like  a  rofe,  and  are  the  largeft 
and  mod  complete,  of  any  yet  known  ;  when  fully  ex- 
panded, they  aie  from  6  to  9  inches  diameter,  and 
have  a  moft  delicious  fragrance.  The  cyprefs  is  the 
largeft  of  the  American  trees.  "  I  have  feen  trunks 
r.f  thefe  trees,''  fays  Bartram,  "  that  would  meafure  8, 
10  and  12  feet  in  diameter,  for  40  and  50  feet  ihaft." 
The  trunks  make  excellent  (hingles,  board',  and  other 
limber;  and  when  hollowed,  make  durable  and  con- 
venient canoes.  The  garden  vegetables  are  in  high 
j);rfe(ftion  ;  the  orange  and  lemon  trees  grow  here, 
without  cultivation,  to  a  large  fize,  and  produce  bet- 
ter fruit  than  in  Spain  and  Portugal.  The  intervales 
between  the  hilly  paitsof  this  country  are  extremely 
lich.  The  principal  town  in  Weft  Florida  is  Penfaco- 
la  ;  in  Eaft  Florida  St  Auguftine. 

The  Spanilh  Rrength  in  the  Floridas,  and  Louifiana, 
in  1790,  was  as  follows,  according  to  Mr  Melford's 
account  :  Troops  and  levies  at  St  Auguftine  and  on 
St  John's  river,  400 — St  Marks,  100 — Penfacola, 
350 — Mobile  and  Tcmbigbee,  15c — at  the  Natchez, 
2CC — Red  river,  100 — Illinois  river,  300 — inalli6oo 
men,  called  the  Orleans  or  Louiliana  regiment. 


3     ]  FLU 

The  number  of  American  families  that  have  been 
Spanifh  fubjefls  fince  1783,  amounts  to  1720,  viz.  at 
Tenfau,  near  Mobile  bay,  90 — on  Tonibigbee  river, 
130 — at  the  Natchez  on  the  MilTiflippi,  1500.  All 
the  fettlers  in  thefe  dillrifls  are  under  the  immediate 
orders  of  the  military  commandants,  and  lu'njeft  to 
martial  law  ;  with  an  appeal  from  Itage  to  llage,  up 
to  the  viceroy  of  Mexico.  The  property  of  the  fub- 
jcdl  at  his  deceafe  is  to  be  managed  by  the  comman- 
dant,  whofe  fees,  by  law,  are  enormous. 

Until  the  year  1586  the  continent  of  North-Ame- 
rica went  by  the  name  of  Florida.  It  received  this 
name  from  John  Ponee,  becaufe  when  he  landed  in 
N.  laU  38.  8.  in  April  1513,  he  found  the  country 
there  in  lull  bloom.  Floridj  has  frequently  changed 
mailers,  belonging  alternately  to  tlie  French  and 
Spaniards.  Weft-Florida,  as  far  as  Perdido  river, 
was  owned  and  occupied  by  the  French  ;  the  remain- 
der, and  all  Eaft- Florida,  by  the  Spaniards,  previous 
to  their  being  ceded  to  the  Britilh,  at  the  peace  of 
1763.  The  Britifh  divided  this  country  into  E.  and 
W.  Florida.  During  the  American  war,  both  the 
Floridas  were  reduced  by  the  Spaniards,  and  guaran- 
tied to  the  crown  of  Spain  by  the  definitive  treaty 
of    1783. — ib. 

Florida,  Cape,  the  fouthernmoft  point  of  land 
of  the  peninfula  of  EalUFhiriila.  It  is  100  miles  N. 
of  the  illand  of  Cuba.  N.  lat.  25.  20.  W.  long.  80. 
20. — ih. 

Florida  Keys,  or  Martyr's  IJlands,  a  number  of 
rocks  and  land  banks,  bounded  W.  by  the  guif  of 
Mexico,  E.  by  that  of  Florida.  The  great  fand  bank 
extends  from  the  peninfula  of  Eaft-Florida  inward,  to 
the  gulf  of  Mexico,  in  the  form  of  a  hook  ;  its  W. 
point  is  divided  from  the  bank  called  the  Dry  Tortu- 
gas,  by  Tortuga  channel. — ih. 

Florida,  Gulf  or,  is  the  channel  between  tlie 
peninfula  of  Florida  and  the  Bahama  iflands,  N.  of  the 
ifland  of  Cuba  ;  and  through  which  the  Gulf  Stream 
finds  a  palfage,  and  runs  to  the  N.  E.  along  the  Ame- 
rican coaft. — ib. 

FLOWERTOWN,  in  Pennfylvania,  is  a  fmall 
village  about  12  miles  N.  of  Philadelphia,  in  Montgo- 
mery CO. — ib. 

FLUENT,  or  Flowing  Quantity,  in  the  doc- 
trine of  fluxions,  is  the  variable  quantity  which  is  con- 
fidtred  as  increafing  and  decreafing  ;  or  the  fluent  of 
a  given  fluxion,  is  that  quantity  whofe  fluxion  being 
taken,  according  to  the  rules  of  that  doiftrine,  fnall  be 
the  fame  with  the  given  fluxion.  See  Fluxions. 
Encyc\. 

FLUIDS,  Motion  in.  See  Hydrostatics  and 
Resistance  of  Fluids,  Encycl.  and  Motion  in  this 
Supplement . 

FLUSHING,  a  town  in  Queen's  co.  New-York, 
fituated  on  the  N.  W.  part  of  Long  Illand,  and  on 
the  S.  fide  of  Hell  Gate ;  7  miles  E.  by  N.  of  New- 
York  city.  It  contains  1607  inhabitants;  of  whom 
210  are  qualified  elecSors,  and  340  are  flaves. — Morse. 

FLUVANNA,  a  county  of  Virginia,  bounded  N. 
by  Albemarle,  N.  E.  by  Louifa,  E.  by  Goochland, 
W.  by  Amherft,  and  S.  by  Fluvanna  or  James  river, 
which  divides  it  from  Buckingham.  It  is  about  22 
miles  long,  and  20   broad,  and   contains  3.921    inha- 


bitants, including  1,466  ilaves. 


There  is  great  plenty 
of 


FOR  [51 

of  marble,  both  white  and  variegated  with  blue,  red 
and  purple  veins,  found  here,  on  James  river,  at  the 
mouth  of  Rockfifh;  where  it  forms  a  large  precipice, 
overhanging  a  navigable  part  of  the   river. — ib. 

FOGEDAR,  the  military  governor  of  a  fubordi- 
riate  diilriifl  in  India,  who  has  lometimes  the  addition- 
al office  nf  colleding  the  revenues. 


] 


FOR 


FOGGY  Cape,  on  the  N.  VV.  coaft  of  N.  America, 
is  lituated  on  the  S.  eaftein  fide  of  the  peninfula  of 
Alaflva,  and  W.  of  Kilhtac  ifland. — Morse. 

Foggy  I/le,  on  tlie  fame  fide  of  the  peninfula  as 
the  above,  lies  a  Ihort  way  S.  by  W.  of  Foggy  Cape. 
—ib. 

FOLIATE,  a  name  given  by  fome  to  a  curve  of 
the  2d  order,  expreifed  by  the  equation  x' -{-^'=  axji, 
being  one  ipecies  of  defe<flive  hyperbolas,  with  one  a- 
fymptote,  and  conhlfing  of  two  infinite  legs  eroding 
each  other,  forming  a  fort  of  leaf.  It  is  the  42d  fpe- 
cies  of  Newton's  Lines  of  the  3d  Order. 

FOLLOWFIELD,  a  townlhip  in  W.ilhington  co. 
Pennfylvania.  Eaft  and  Weft  Followfield  are  alfo 
two  townfhips,  in  Chefter  co.  Pennfylvania. — Morse. 

F"ONSECA,  Gulf  of,  lies  in  New-Spain  on  the 
Pacific  ocean,  40  miles  S.  E.  of  the  town  of  St  Miguel, 
and  about  290  miles  N.  W.  of  Cape  Blanco,  on  tlie 
weftern  fide  of  the  gulf  of  Nicoya  — ib. 

FONTAIN,  Belle,  a  fettlement  in  the  N.  V/.  ter- 
ritory, fituated  on  the  E.  fide  of  the  Mlfljffippi,  about 
18  miles  N.  of  St  Phillips,  and  23  below  Cahokia ib. 

FONT,  or  FoNTE,  Straits  de,  lie  on  the  N.  W, 
coaft  of  N.  America,  in  N.  lat.  54.  35.  W.  long.  9.  ^^. 
There  is  a  large  ifland  in  the  middle  of  the  entrance. 
This  is  thought  to  be  the  fame  ftrait  that  De  Fonte,  a 
Spanifh  admiral,  difcovered  in  1640,  vi'hofe  account 
of  it  has  been  long  treated  as  fabulous.  It  has  been  feen 
by  captains  Gray  and  Ingraiiam,  of  Bofton. — ib. 

FORALONES,  in  the  illand  of  Gunra,  and  coaft 
of  Peru,  in  S.  America,  are  old  walls  of  fome  ancient 
building  in  the  time  of  the  Yncas,  which  ferve  here  as 
light-houfes  for  the  fhipping  which  fail  from  Callao  to 
Paita,  on  the  S.  Sea  coaft. — ib. 

FORCER,  in  mechanics,  is  properly  a  pifton  with- 
out a  valve.  For,  by  drawing  up  fuch  a  pifton,  the 
air  is  drawn  up,  and  the  water  fellows ;  then  pulhing 
the  pifton  down  again,  the  water,  being  prevented  from 
defcending  by  the  lower  valve,  is  forced  up  to  any 
height  above,  by  means  of  a  fide  branch  between  the 
two. 

FORDYCE  (James,  D.  D.)  fo  well  known  to  feri- 
ous  readers  by  his  fermons  to  young  women  and  other 
fpecimens  of  pulpit  eloquence,  was  born  at  Aberdeen 
in  the  year  1720.  His  father  was  a  man  much  e- 
fteemed,  and  held,  more  than  once,  the  office  of  chief 
magiftrate  in  his  native  city  ;  and  his  mother  was  a  wo- 
man of  good  fenfe,  amiable  temper,  and  exemplary  pie- 
ty. This  refpedable  pair  had  the  fingular  felicity  of 
tranfmitting  fuperior  talents  to  almoft  every  individual 
of  a  numerous  family  ;  of  one  of  which,  viz.  David 
Fordyce,  the  reader  will  find  fome  account  in  the  En- 
(yclopdedia. 

The  fubjeift  of  this  memoir,  who  was  their  fourth 
fon,  acquired,  as  well  as  his  brother,  the  rudiments  ot 
clafiical  learning  at  the  grammar  fchool  of  Aberdeen, 
whence  he  was  removed  to  tiie  Marifchal  college  and  u- 
niverfity  in  the  fame  city.     Having  completed  a  regu- 


lar courfe  of  fludy  both  in  philofophy  and  theology, 
he  was  licenfed,  when  very  young,  according  to  the 
forms  of  the  church  of  Scotland,  to  be  a  preacher  vi 
the  gofpel ;  and  was  foon  afterwards  preferred  to  the 
place  of  fecond  minifter  in  the  collegiate  cliurch  t.f 
Brschin  in  the  county  of  Angu'.  After  remaining 
there  for  fome  years,  he  received  a  prefentation  to  the 
church  of  Alloa  near  Stirling  ;  and  though  the  inhabi- 
tants  of  that  parilh  were  prepofT^iFcd  in  favour  of  ano- 
ther minifter  whom  they  knew,  and  prejudiced  againft 
Mr  Fordyce  whom  they  did  not  know  ;  fo  narrow 
niinded  and  totally  deftitute  of  tafte  was  his  cdleague 
in  Brechin,  that  he  judged  it  expedient  to  hazard  the 
confequences  of  a  removal.  lie  was  aware  that  he 
entered  on  his  new  charge  under  a  confidcrabl;  degree 
of  popular  odium  ;  but  he  thought  it  more  probable 
that  he  fliould  be  able  to  overcome  that  odium,  tlian 
conciliate  the  aflFeftions  of  a  four  finatic.  la  this  ex- 
peftation  he  was  not  deceived.  The  prejudices  of  the 
good  people  in  Alloa  were  very  quickly  removed,  not 
more  by  the  able  and  impreiTive  manner  in  which  ho 
conduced  the  public  fervices  of  the  Lord's  day,  than 
by  the  amiable  and  condefcending  fpirit  with  which  he 
performed  the  more  private  duties  of  vifiting  and  ca- 
techifing  in  the  different  diftriifts  of  his  parilh  ;  duties 
which,  as  they  were  wont  to  be  performed  by  the 
Scotch  clergy,  contributed  much  more  than  preahing 
to  the  religious  inftrudion  of  the  lower  dalles  of  the 
people. 

It  was  during  his  refidenceat  Alloa  that  Mr  Fordyce 
firft  diftinguifhed  himfelf  as  an  author  by  the  fuccellive 
publication  of  the  three  following  fermons.  The  firft, 
upon  the  eloquence  of  the  pulpit,  was  annexed  to  "  the 
Art  of  Preaching"  by  his  brother  David  ;  the  fecond, 
upon  the  methods  of  promoting  edification  by  public 
inrtitutions,  was  preached  at  the  ordination  of  the  Rev. 
Mr  Gibfon  minifter  of  St  Ninian's,  a  neighbouring 
parilh,  in  the  year  1754,  and  publifheJ,  with  the 
charge  and  notes  in  1755  ;  and  the  tliird,  upon  the  de- 
lufive  and  perfecuting  fpirit  ci  pnpery,  was  preached 
the  fame  ye  ir  before  the  fynod  of  Stirling  and  Perth  : 
and  being  pubhlh^d,  came  very  quickly  to  a  fecond  c- 
dition.  But  the  fernion  which  moft  ftror.gly  arretted 
the  attention,  both  of  the  audience  before  which  it  w.ts 
delivered,  and  of  the  public  to  which,  in  1760,  it  was 
given  from  the  prefs,  was  that  on  ihe  f',lly,  infamy,  and 
niifery  of  ur.Iazi.ful  fleafnre,  preached  before  the  Gene- 
ral Affembly  of  the  Church  of  Scotland.  Thechoiceof 
fuch  a  fubjecf  on  fudi  an  occalion,  excited  the  furprife 
of  all  his  hearers,  and  tempted  the  younger  part  of 
them  to  fmile  at  the  very  reading  of  the  text  ;  but  thii 
unfeafonable  mirth  was  foon  converted  into  ferioufnefs. 
The  pi(ffure  exhibiterl  in  this  fermon  is  the  work  of  a 
mafter;  and  we  have  been  alfured  by  a  friend  who 
heard  it  preached,  that  the  fpirit  and  elegance  of  the 
compofitiou  was  io  feconJed  by  the  foleninity  and  a- 
nim.ation  with  which  it  was  delivered,  tliat  it  made  a 
very  ftriking  imprelTion,  not  only  upon  the  more  rs- 
fpe<5fable  part  of  the  audience,  but  upon  minds  of  no- 
ted levity  :  It  raifod  indeed  its  writer's  fame  as  a  pul- 
pit-nrator  to  an  unrivalled  eminence  among  his  brethren 
in  Scotland. 

About  this  time,  and  we  believe  in  eonfequence  of 

this  fermon,  Mr  Fordyce  received  t"iom  the  univerfity 

of  Glafgow  a  diploma,  creating  him  Dot'lor  in  Divi- 

G  2  nity  ; 


ForJjfc- 


F    O     R 


[     52     ] 


FOR 


lordyc-.    nily;  anJ  if  there  is  yet  any  thing  honourable  in  aca- 

^"'"^^'^^  demical  degrees,  proftitiited  as  they  have  long  been  by 

an  undiftinguirtii'  g  diftribuiion,  the  honour  could  not 

have     been  conferred   with  greater  propriety  on  any 

man  in  the  church  to  which  he  then  belonged. 

In  that  church  he  did  not  long  remain.  Soon  after 
the  publication  of  this  fingnlar  fermon,  and  his  confe- 
qnent  acquifition  of  academical  honours,  he  accepted  of 
an  invitation  from  a  fociety  of  Protellant  difTenters, 
who  had  their  place  of  meeting  in  Monkwell-ftreet, 
London,  to  become  colleague  and  fuccelTor  to  their 
pallor,  who  was  then  old  and  infirm,  and  who  died  in- 
deed in  the  fpice  of  a  few  months.  This  gave  occa- 
fion  to  the  Doftor  to  diiplay  his  oratory  once  more 
both  from  the  pulpit  and  tJie  prefs  in  a  fermon  on  the 
death  of  Dr  Lawrence.  He  was  now  fole  paflor  to 
the  congregation  of  Monk  well  (treet  ;  and  preached  for 
many  years,  with  great  powers  ot  eloquence  and  fervor 
of  piety,  to  an  audience  always  crowded  and  often 
overflowing. 

When  a  preacher  obtains,  with  or  without  merit, 
an  uncommon  Ihare  of  popularity,  a  confiderable  pro- 
portion of  his  hearers  will  ever  confill  of  thofe,  wlio 
;ire  guided  in  their  choice  rather  by  curiofity  and  fa- 
Ihion,  than  by  found  judgment.  The  attachments  of 
fuch  people  are  as  capricious  and  variable  as  their 
minds ;  and  they  change  their  preacher  as  they  change 
their  drefs,  not  from  their  own  tafte,  for  in  general 
they  have  none  ;  but  from  the  defire  of  being  where 
others  are,  of  doing  what  others  do,  and  of  admiring 
what  others  admire.  Dr  Fordyce  appreciated  jullly 
the  value  of  fuch  men's  approbation,  and  knew  it 
eventually  by  experience  ;  but  he  was  more  than  com- 
penfated  for  the  lofs  of  hearers  of  this  defcription  by 
the  Heady  adherence  of  others,  whofe  eftecm  was  molt 
dcflrable,  becaufe  it  was  grounded  upon  the  didates  of 
a  found  underllanding. 

At  laft,  about  Chriftmas  1782,  when  his  health, 
which  had  long  been  declining,  lendered  it  necelfary,  in 
his  own  opinicjn,  and  in  the  opinion  of  his  phyficians,  to 
difcintinue  his  public  fervices,  he  refigned  his  charge 
in  Monkwell-llreet,  and  retired  to  a  villa  in  Hamplhirc, 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  Earl  of  Bute,  who  ho- 
noured him  with  his  friendlhip,  and  to  whofe  valuable 
library  he  had  free  accefs.  Afterwards  he  removed  to 
Bath,  where  having,  whh  Chriftian  patience,  fuffered 
much  from  an  afthmatic  complaint,  to  which  he  had 
been  fubjefl  for  fome  years,  on  the  i  ft  of  Oflober 
1796  he  expired  without  a  groan. 

Were  we  to  hazard  an  opinion  of  Dr  Fordyce's  intel- 
leftual  powers  from  fuch  a  perufal  of  his  works  as  we 
mull  acknowledge  to  liave  been  hafty,  we  would  fay 
that  lie  was  a  man  of  genius  rather  than  of  judgment ; 
that  his  imagination  was  the  predominant  faculty  of 
his  mind  ;  and  that  he  was  better  fitted,  by  an  addrefs 
to  the  paffions,  to  enforce  the  prailice  of  virtue,  than,  by 
the  exertions  of  his  own  underllanding,  to  vindicate  fpe- 
culative  truth,  or  to  deteft  the  fophillry  of  error.  From 
this  remark,  we  cannot  be  fufpected  of  a  wifh  to  leffen 
his  charafter  in  the  public  efteem  ;  for  his  talents,  as 
they  appear  to  us,  are  furely  of  more  value  to  a  preach- 


er than  thnfe  which  are  perhaps  better  adapted  to  li-  Fordyce. 
teraiy  or  fcientific  puifuits.  In  none  of  his  work  in-  ^-^"^''^^ 
deed  do  we  perceive  any  evidence  either  of  profound 
fcience,  or  of  various  erudition  ;  though  we  doubt  not 
but  thofe  works  are  every  thing  which  their  author  in- 
tended them  to  be.  Of  his  lermons  to  young  women, 
which  have  attradcd  mofl  general  notice,  it  would  be 
prefumptuous  in  us  to  give  a  characfler  ;  for  though  we 
fat  down  many  years  ago  to  read  them,  we  could  not 
get  through  ;  and  we  have  never  made  a  fecond  at- 
tempt. As  far  as  we  can  depend  upon  what  we  recoi- 
led of  thefe  far-famed  difcourfes,  the  cenfure  pafTed  on 
them  by  Mrs  Wollloncraft  I'eems  to  be  jirll.  Their  au- 
thor, however,  was  certainly  qualified  to  excel,  and  ac- 
tually did  excel  as  a  preacher.  We  have  a'.ieady  men- 
tioned with  approbation  three  or  four  ot  his  occafional 
fei  mons  j  but  perhaps  the  finefl  fpecimen  of  pulpit  ora- 
tory which  ever  fell  from  his  pen,  is  the  charge  which 
he  delivered  at  the  ordination  of  his  fucceilbr  in  the 
meeting  of  Monkwell-ftreet.  It  is  indeed  one  of  the 
moft  valuable  difcourfes  of  the  kind  that  we  have  feen, 
and  iliould  be  read  with  attention  by  every  clergyman 
of  every  denomination,  who  wifhes  to  diicharge  his  duty 
with  credit  to  hlmfelf  and  with  advantage  to  his  people. 

The  effeifl  of  Dr  Fordyce's  addreffes  from  the  pul- 
pit was  much  heightened,  not  only  by  an  a<5lion  and 
an  elocution,  which  he  Itudied  with  care  and  praflifed 
with  fuccels  ;  but  by  the  figure  of  his  perfon,  which  was 
peculiarly  dignified,  and  by  the  expreflion  of  his  coun- 
tenance, which  was  animated  at  all  time;,  but  animated 
moft  of  all  when  lighted  up  by  the  ardor  of  his  foul  in 
the  fervice  of  God.  By  fome  of  his  hearers,  it  was  obfer- 
ved  that,  on  many  occaficn';,  he  feemed  not  merely  to 
fpeak,  but  to  look  conviflion  to  the  heart.  His  eye, 
indeed,  was  particularly  bright  and  penetrating,  and 
he  had  carefully  attended  to  the  effed  which  an  orator 
may  often  produce  upon  an  audience  by  the  judicious 
ufe  of  that  little,  but  invaluable  organ. 

With  refpeifl  to  his  theological  fentiments,  we  are 
affured  (a)  they  were  in  no  extreme,  but  liberal,  rational, 
and  manly.  He  feeras  to  have  been  untainted  by  that 
rage  of  innovation,  which  of  late  has  fo  completely  dif- 
figured  the  creed,  ?s  well  religious  as  political,  ot  the 
great  body  of  Englifh  dilfenters.  The  confequence 
was,  that  he  lived  in  terms  of  fViendfhlp  with  men  of 
very  oppofite  fentiments  ;  with  Price  a  republican  and 
Arian,  and  with  Johnfon,  who,  though  he  hated  a 
whig  and  a  Prefbyterlan,  refpefted  talents  and  worth 
wherever  he  found  them. 

We  fhall  conclude  this  (hort  (ketch  of  Dr  Fordyce's 
life  and  cliaracfter  with  the  following  lifl  of  his  works, 
of  which  fome  have  been  tranflated  into  feveral  lan- 
guages.     I.  A  Sermon  and  Charge,  at  the  ordination 


of  the  Rev.  Mr  Gibfon  Minilter  of  St  Niuian' 


1754- 


2.  Another  Ordination  Sermon  on  the  Eloquence  of 
the  Pulpit,  annexed  to  his  brother's  "  Art  of  Pleach- 
ing," 1754.  3.  A  Sermon  on  the  Spirit  of  Popery, 
1754.  4.  A  Sermon  on  the  Folly,  Infamy,  and  Mi- 
fery  of  Unlawful  Pleafure,  1760.  5.  A  Sermon  on 
the  Death  of  Dr  Lawrence,  1 760.  6.  Sermons  to 
Young  Women,  2  vols.  1765.     7.  A  Sermon  on  the 

Charadler 


(a)  By  his  fuccelTor  in  Monkwell-ftreet,  to  whofe  fermon,  preached  on  occafioQ  of  the  Doftot's  death,  our 
re;iders  are  indebted  for  every  thing  valuable  in  this  ikon  memoir. 


FOR  [ 

Forefterton  Charafter  and  Conducft  of  the  Female  Sex,    1776.     8. 
H  Addreires  to  young  men,  2  vols.  1777.     9.   A  Charge 

1^^^!^,,^  at  the  Ordination  of  the  Rev.  James  Lindfey,  in 
Monkwell-ftreet,  1783.  10.  AddrefTes  to  the  Deity, 
1785.  It.  Poems,  1786.  12.  A  DifcourCe  on  Pain, 
1791.  He  alf)  re-publillisd,  wiih  an  additional  charac- 
ter, "  The  Temple  of  Virtue,  a  Dream,"  written  hy 
his  brother  David. 

FORESTERTON,  a  village  in  Burlington  co. 
New-Jerfey,  which  lies  between  Ayerllon  and  Evef- 
ham  ;  about  15  miles  E.  of  Philadelphia,  and  11  S. 
of  Burlington  city. — Morse. 

FOREST,  a  fmall  ifland  in  the  Britifh  territories 
at  the  mouth  of  Lake  Ontario,  between  which  and 
Grand  Ifland  is  a  narrow  channel.  It  lies  9  miles 
foutherly  of  Fort  Frontinac,  and  6  N.  wefterly  of 
Roebuck  ifland  in  the  fame  lake,  and  within  the  line 
of  the  United  States. — ib. 

FORKED  DEER,  a  navigable  river  in  Tenneffee, 
which  runs  wellerly  into  Miffiflippi  river,  between  the 
Oblan  and  Hatchy.  It  is  about  76  yards  wide,  7 
miles  from  its  mouth. — ib. 

FORKS,  a  townfhip  in  Northampton  co.  Pennfyl- 
vania. — ib. 

FORIVIULA,  a  theorem  or  general  rule  or  expref- 
fion,  for  refolving  certain  particular  cafes  of  fome  pro- 
blem, &c.  So  \s -^^  \d  is  a  general  formula  for  the 
greater  of  two  quantities  whofe  fum  is  /  and  difference 
d;  and  \s  —  \d  is  the  formula,  or  general  value,  fjr 
the  lefs  qurntity.  Alfo  */  dx — .v^  is  the  formula,  or 
general  value,  ot  the  ordinate  to  a  circle,  whofe  diame- 
ter is  d.  and  abfcifs  x. 

FORSTER(John  Reinhold,  L.L.D.)  profeflor  of 
natural  hiftory  in  the  univerfity  of  Halle,  member  of 
the  academy  of  fciences  at  Berlin,  and  of  otiier  learned 
focieties,  was  born  at  Dirl'chau,  in  Weft  Prullia,  in  the 
month  of  Oftober  1729,  and  vvas  formerly  a  Prote- 
ftant  clergyman  at  Dantzick.  He  had  a  numerous  fa- 
mily, and  the  emoluments  of  his  office  were  flender. 
He  therefore  quitted  Dantzick,  and  went,  firft  to  Ruf- 
fia,  and  thence  to  England,  in  quell  of  a  belter  fettle- 
ment  than  his  own  country  afforded.  In  the  diffent- 
ing  academy  at  Warrington  he  was  appointed  tutor 
in  the  modern  languages,  with  the  occalional  office  of 
leffuring  in  various  branches  of  natural  hiftory.  For 
the  firft  department  he  was  by  no  means  well  qua- 
lified ;  his  extraordinary  knowledge  of  languages:, 
ancient  and  modern,  being  unaccompanied  by  a  par- 
ticle of  tafte  ;  and  his  ule  of  them  being  all  barbar- 
ous, though  fluent.  A*:  a  natural  hilfonan,  a  critic, 
geographer,  and  antiquary,  he  ranked  much  high- 
er; but,  unfortunatel),  ttiefe  were  acquifitions  of 
little  value  in  his  academical  department. 

At  length  he  obtained  the  appointment  of  naturalift 
and  philofopher  (if  the  wnrd  may  be  fo  ufed)  to  the  fe- 
cond  voyage  of  difcovery  undertaken  by  Capt.  Cook  ; 
and  from  1772  to  1775  he  accompariied  that  immortal 
navigator  round  the  world.  On  his  return  he  refided 
in  London,  till  the  improper  condmS  ot  himltlf  and 
his  fon  made  it  expedient  for  them  both  to  leave  the 
kingdom.  Fortunately  he  received  an  invitation  to 
Halle,  where,  for  18  year'-,  he  was  a  member  ot  the 
philofophical  and  medical  faculties.  Among  his 
works  are ;  An  Intrnduftion  to  Mineralogy,  or.  An 
accurate    Claflitication    of   FoGlh  and  Minerals,  &.c. 


53     3  FOR 

.  London,  1768,  8vo.  A  Catalogue  of  the  Animals 
of  North  America,  with  llinrt  Direclions  for  collec- 
ting, preferving,  and  tranfporting  all  kinds  of  Natu- 
ral Curii'liiies,  London,  1771,  8vo.  Obfcrvacions 
made  during  a  Voyage  round  the  World,  on  Phylical 
Geography,  &c.  London,  1778.  He  was  the  author 
of  a  great  many  produftions  in  Englilh,  Latin,  or  Ger- 
man,  and  of  feveral  papers  in  the  Philof'phical  Tranf- 
aftions.  He  tranflated  into  Englilli,  Bougainville's 
Voyage  round  the  World,  and  Kalm's,  Bnifu's,  and 
Reidfel's  Travels.  He  was  employed  llkewife,  when 
in  England,  in  the  Critical  Review;  and  he  wrote  va- 
rious detached  papers  on  different  fubjefls,  which  have 
been  inferted  in  foreign  journals  and  the  tranfaiffions 
of  learned  academies. 

He  died  at  Halle  on  the  i6th  of  December  1798, 
in  the  70th  year  of  his  age. 

FORSTER  (George),  the  fon  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  at  Dantzick,  and  accompanied  his  father  to  Eng- 
land when  he  was  about  twelve  years  of  age.  He  was 
entered  a  ftudent  in  the  academy  at  Warrington,  and 
foon  acquired  a  very  perfefl  ufe  of  the  Engliih  tongue. 
He  alfo  diftinguifhed  himfelf  greatly  by  his  attainments 
in  fcience  and  literature  in  general ;  adding  to  an  ex- 
cellent memory,  quick  parts  and  a  fertile  imagination. 
His  temper  was  mild  and  amiable  ;  in  which  he  much 
differed  from  his  father,  one  of  the  moft  quarrelfome 
and  irritable  of  men  ;  by  which  difpolition,  joined  to 
a  total  want  of  prudence  in  common  concernf,  he  loll 
alnioft  all  the  friends  his  talents  had  acquired  him,  and 
involved  himfelf  and  family  in  perpetual  difficulties. 

The  cafe  was  very  different  with  the  fubjeiff  of  this 
memoir  ;  for  when  Dr  Forfter  was  appomted  naturalilt 
to  captain  Cook,  his  fon,  through  the  intereft  of  the 
friends  whom  his  good  nature  had  made,  was  alfociated 
with  him  in  his  office.  The  voyage  continued  during 
the  fpace  of  three  years  ;  and  on  their  return  tlie  two 
Forfters  publifhed  jointly  a  botanical  work  in  Latin, 
contained  the  charaflers  of  a  number  of  new  genera  of 
plants,  difcovered  by  them  in  their  circumnavigation. 
Thus  far  they  afted  properly  in  tlie  fervice  of  govern- 
ment for  the  advancement  of  fcience;  but  in  publilli- 
ing  another  work  their  conduct  was  not  proper. 

The  father  had  come  under  an  engagement  not  to 
publifh  feparately,  from  the  authorifed  narrative,  any 
account  of  the  voyage  ;  and  this  engagement  he  and 
his  fon  were  determined  to  violate.  An  account  of 
the  voyage,  therefore,  was  publKhed  In  Englifh  and 
German  by  George ;  and  the  language,  which  is  cor- 
re<ff  and  elegant,  was  undoubtedly  his;  but  thcfe  who 
knew  bot!)  him  and  his  father,  are  fatisfied  that  the 
matter  proceeded  from  the  joint  ftock  of  their  obfer- 
vations  and  reflexions.  Several  parts  of  the  work,  and 
particularly  the  elaborate  invettlgations  relative  to  the 
languages  fpoken  by  the  natives  of  the  South  Sea 
Iflands,  and  the  fpcculatlons  concerning  their  fuccef- 
live  migrations,  are  tluuight  to  be  ftrongly  imprelfed 
with  the  genius  of  the  elder  Forfter. 

That  a  work  thus  furrcptltioully  uihered  into  the 
world  was  not  patronifed  by  thofe  with  whom  the  au- 
thors had  fo  ungratefully  broken  (alth,  could  excite  no 
wonder,  even  though  tiie  publication  itfelf  had  been 
oiherwife  unexceptionable  ;  but  this  was  far  from  being 
the  cafe.  It  abounds  with  rerte^f  ions  injurious  to  the 
government  whofe  fcrvants  tliey  had  been,  and  not  juft 

to 


Forfter. 


F    O    R 


[     i4     ] 


FOR 


ForOcr.  to  ihe  navigators  employed  on  voyages  of  dil'covery. 
~-^'~^"'~'  Tl  e  yciinger  Foilkr,  too,  had  fonie  time  before  pub- 
lillied  a  book  replete  with  faiTtiL-^us  fenliments ;  and  llie 
coldnefs  with  which  he  and  his  father  were  b.ith  trc  .ted 
in  consequence  of  fuch  conduc'l,  determined  tlieni  to 
leave  London. 

We  have  alieady  related  all  that  we  know  of  the  fa- 
ther, who  was  recommended  to  our  notice  only  by 
his  connexion  with  the  illuftrious  Cook ;  and  of 
the  fon,  thtre  is  a  fhort  account  in  the  Monthly  M.i- 
gazine,  by  Charles  Pnugens,  fraught  with  tho(e  im- 
pious and  fediiious  refleiflions  wliicli  fo  frequently  dif- 
grace  a  mifccllany,  wliich  would  otherwifc  be  highly 
valuable.  According  to  this  author,  George  Forfter 
was  defiroiis  to  fettle  in  France.  Avaricious  of  glory, 
and  an  idolator  of  liberty,  Paris  was  the  city  molt  fuit- 
able  to  his  taftc  and  charadler  of  any  in  Europe.  Not- 
withftanding  tliis,  he  was  foon  conllrained  to  leave  it : 
the  inteiell  of  his  family  demanded  this  facrifice  ;  for  a 
learned  man,  who  fails  round  the  world,  may  enrich 
his  memory,  but  he  will  not  better  his  fortune.  He 
was  accordingly  obliged  to  accept  the  place  of  profcf- 
Tir  ot  natural  hiftory  in  the  univerfity  of  Caffel.  But 
his  factious  fpirit  accompanied  him  whitheifoever  he 
went.  It  is  well  known,  that  the  petty  princes  of 
Geimany  have  long  been  in  the  pradice  of  hiring  out 
their  troops  to  more  opulent  fovereigns  engaged  in 
war.  This  praflice,  which  we  are  not  difpofed  to  de- 
fend, not  only  fcandalized  our  Cofmnpolite,  but  fo  ir- 
ritated his  temper  and  ofFended  his  pride,  becaufe  for- 
footh,  the  Prince  of  Helfe-Cairel  would  not  by  hi,n  be 
perfuaded  to  telinquilli  it,  that  he  did  every  thing  in 
his  power,  we  are  told,  to  withdiaw  himfelf  from  a  fi- 
tuation  fo  unfuitable  to  a  thinking  being.  Every  thing 
in  his  power  !  Did  the  Prince  retain  him  in  the  uni- 
verfity contrary  to  his  inclination  ?  The  univerflty  of 
Caflel  mud  be  contemptible  indeed,  if  the  preledions 
of  fuch  a  man  as  George  Forfter  were  of  fuch  confe- 
quence  to  it. 

He  got  away,  however,  and  the  fenate  of  Poland 
having  offered  him  a  chair  in  the  univerfity  of  Wilna, 
F'orfler  accepted  of  the  invitation.  But  although  this 
office  was  very  lucrative,  and  the  enlightened  patriots 
of  that  country  did  not  negled  to  procure  him  all  the 
literary  fuccours  of  which  he  flood  in  need,  he  could 
not  be  long  happy  in  a  femi-barbarous  nation,  in 
which  liberty  was  futfered  to  expire  under  the  intrigues 
of  RulTia  and  Pruflia. 

On  this,  with  wonderful  confiftency,  the  man  who 
could  not  endure  the  defpotifm  of  Helfe,  or  even  the 
ariftocracy  of  England,  accepted  of  the  propofitions  of 
that  friend  to  liberty  Catharine  II  ;  who,  jealous  of  e- 
very  fpecies  of  glory,  wiftied  to  fignallze  her  reign,  by 
procuring  to  the  Ruffian  nation  the  honour  of  undertak- 
ing, after  tlie  example  of  England  and  France,  a  new 
voyage  of  dil'covery  round  the  world.  Unfortunate- 
ly for  the  pvogrefs  of  knowledge,  the  war  witli  tlie 
Ottoman  Porte  occafidned  the  mifcarriage  of  this  ufeful 
prnjeifl. 

But  Forfter  conld  not  long  remain  in  obfcurity. 
The  diiferent  publications  witli  which  he  occalionally 
enriched  natural  hillnry  and  literature,  encrcafed  his 
reputation.  The  Elcfto.  ot  Mentz  accordingly  ap- 
pointed him  prefident  of  the  univerfity  of  the  fame 
name;  and  he  was  difchargiiig  the  funflions  of  his  new 


Pougens,  to  pro- 
themfelves  into  a 


office  when  the  French  troops  took  pofTcdion  of  the  Torfttr. 
capital.  This  philofophical  traveller,  who  had  ftudied  **^~"'^*" 
focicty  under  all  the  vaiions  afpecfts  arifing  from  diffe- 
rent degrees  of  civilizalii'n  ;  who  had  viewed  man 
fimple  and  happy  at  Ot.iheite  ; — an  eater  of  human  flefh 
in  New-Zealand,  corrupted  l)y  commerce  in  England, 
depraved  in  France  by  luxury  and  atheii'm,  in  Brabant 
by  fnperftition,  and  in  Poland  by  anarchy; — beheld 
with  wild  enthufiafm  the  dawnings  of  the  French  re- 
volution, and  was  the  firlt,  fays  M. 
mulgate  republicanifm  in  Germany. 

The  Maycncois,  who  had  formed 
national  convention,  fent  him  to  Paris,  in  order  to  fo- 
licit  their  nuntvH  with  the  French  republic.  Cut,  ia 
the  courfe  of  his  mifiion,  the  city  of  Mentz  was  be- 
fieged  and  retaken  by  the  Pruffian  troops.  This  event 
occalioned  the  lofs  of  all  his  property ;  and  what 
was  ftlll  more  difaftrous,  that  of  his  numerous  manu- 
fcrlpts,  W'hich  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Prince  of  Pruf- 
fia. 

Our  biographer,  after  conduL^ing  his  hero  through 
thefe  fcenes  ot  public  life,  proceeds  to  give  us  a  view 
of  his  domellic  habits  and  piivate  principles.  He  tells 
UF,  that  he  tormed  a  connexion  (whether  a  marriage 
or  not,  the  ftudied  ambiguity  of  his  language  leaves 
rather  uncertain)  with  a  young  woman  named  There-- 
fa  Hayiie,  who,  lay  the  illumination  of  French  philnfo- 
phy,  had  diverted  herfelf  of  all  the  prejudices  which, 
wc  truft,  the  ladies  of  this  country  ftlll  confider  as  their 
honour,  as  they  are  certainly  the  guardians  of  domeftic 
peace.  Mifs  Hayne  was  indignant  at  the  very  Kame 
of  duty.  With  Eloifa  flic  had  taken  it  into  her  head, 
that 

Love,  free  as  air,  at  fight  of  human  ties, 
Spreads  his  light  wings,  and  in  a  moment  dies. 

She  was  frank  enougli,  however,  fays  our  author,  to 
acknowledge  the  errors  of  her  imagination  ;  and  from 
this  expreffion,  and  his  calling  her  afterwards  Forfter's 
wife,  we  are  led  to  fuppofe  that  fhe  was  adlually  mar- 
ried to  him.  But  their  union,  of  whatever  kind,  was 
of  ihort  duration.  Though  the  lady  is  faid  to  have 
been  pafllonately  attached  to  celebrated  names,  the  name 
of  George  Forfter  was  not  fufficient  to  fatisfy  her. 
He  foon  ceafed,  we  are  informed,  to  pliafe  her  ;  flie 
therefore  transferred  her  affeiflioDs  to  another  ;  and, 
as  was  very  natural  for  a  woman  who  was  indignant  at 
the  name  of  duty,  (lie  proved  falfe  to  her  huftjand's  bed. 
Forfter,  however,  pretended  to  be  fuch  a  friend  to  the 
modern  rights  of  men  and  women,  that  he  defended  the 
charader  of  his  Therefa  againft  crowds  who  condemn- 
ed her  condufl.  Nay,  we  are  told,  that  he  confider- 
ed  himfelf,  and  every  other  hufband,  who  ceafes  to 
pleafc,  as  the  adulterer  of  nature.  He  therefore  la- 
boured ftrenuoufly  to  obtain  a  divorce,  to  enable  The- 
refa Hayne  to  efpoufe  the  man  whom  fhe  preferred  to 
himfelf.  Strange,  however,  to  tell,  the  prejudices  even 
of  this  Cofmopolite  were  too  ftrong  for  his  principles. 
Wliile  he  was  endeavouring  to  procure  the  divorce,  he 
made  preparations  at  the  fame  time,  by  the  ftudy  of 
the  oriental  languages,  to  undertake  a  journey  to  Thi- 
bet and  Indoftan,  in  order  to  remove  from  that  part  of 
the  world,  in  which  both  his  heart  and  his  perfon  had 
experienced  fo  fevere  a  (hock.  But  the  chagrin  occa- 
fioned  by  his  misfortunes,  joined  to  a  fcorbntic  affec- 

tiOQ, 


F     O 


R 


[     5 


Royal  Fort  tion,  to  which  he  hiid  been  long  fubjeft,  and  which  he 

II  had  contraifled  at  fea  during   the  voyage  of  circumna- 

^^|J1J^2^^  vigation,  abridged  his  life,  and  prevented  him  from  rea- 

liliiig  this  double  projeft.     He   died  at   Palis,    at  tlie 

age  of  thirty-nine,  on  the  13th  of  Febiuary  1792. 

This  is  a  llrange  tale  ;  but  we  truft  it  will  not  prove 
ufelefs.  The  latter  part  of  it  at  leaft  Ihows,  that  when 
men  dived  themfelves  cf  the  principles  of  religion,  they 
foon  degenerate  from  the  dignity  of  philofophers  to  the 
level  of  mere  fcnfualirts  ;  and  that  the  woman,  who  c  '.n, 
in  defiance  of  decorum  and  honour,  transfer  her  alTec- 
tions  and  her  perfon  from  man  to  man,  ranks  no  higher 
in  the  fcale  of  being  than  a  female  brute  of  ir.ore  than 
common  fagacity.  It  fhevvs  likewife,  that  the  contempt 
of  our  modern  fages  for  ihofe  partial  attachments  which 
unite  individuals  in  one  family,  is  a  mere  pretence  ;  th.it 
the  didates  of  nature  will  be  heard  ;  and  the  laws 
of  nature's  God  obeyed.  George  Forller,  though  he 
was  fuch  a  zealous  advocate  for  liberty  and  equality,  as 
to  vindicate  the  adultery  of  his  wife  ;  yet  felt  fo  fen- 
fibly  the  wound  which  her  infidelity  inflifled  on  his  ho- 
nour,  that  he  could  not  i'urvive  it,  but  perifhed,  in  con- 
fequence,  in  the  flower  of  his  age. 

RovAL  FORT,  is  one  whofe  line  of  defence  is  at 
leaft  26  fathoms  long. 

Star  FokT,  is  a  fconce  or  redoubt,  conftituted  by  re- 
entering and  falianc  angles,  having  commonly  from  five 
to  eight  points,  and  the  fides  flanking  each  other. 

FORT  BALIZE,  at  the  mouth  of  Miffiffippi  river, 
lies  105  miles  below  the  city  of  New-Orleans. — Morse. 

Fort  Blount,  Hands  on  Cumberland  river,  in  the 
ftate  of  Tenneifee. — il>. 

Fort  Brewington,  in  New- York  ftate,  is  fituated 
at  the  W.  end  of  Oneida  Lake,  and  on  the  N.  fide  of 
Onondago  river,  at  its  mouth  in  the  lake. — ib. 

Fort  Chartres,  intheN.W.  territory,  is  fituated 
on  the  E.  bank  of  Mifliilippi  river,  6  miles  VV.  by  S. 
of  St  Phillips,  and  19  W.  N.  W.  of  Kalkafkias  village. 
— ii. 

Fort  Dauphin,  a  fmall  lake,  or  rather  arm  of  Lit- 
tle Winnipeg  lake,  and  weft  of  it. — il>. 

Fort  Edward,  a  pleafant  village  in  Wafhington 
CO.  New- York,  on  the  E.  bank  of  Hudfon  river,  49 
miles  N.  of  Albany.  It  has  its  name  from  the  large 
fort  built  here  in  1755;  of  which  there  are  no  re- 
mains but  large  mounds  of  earth. — ii. 

Fort  Anne,  a  village  on  the  head-waters  of  Wood 
creek,  in  Wafhington  co.  New-York,  60  miles  N.  E. 
of  Albany  city.  It  has  its  name  from  a  fmall  picket 
fort,  erefted  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne,  of  which 
there  is  no  veftige  left. — it. 

Fort  George,  lies  at  the  S.  end  of  lake  George, 
62  miles  N.  of  Albany.  Here  are  the  remains  of  the 
old  forts,  George,  and  William  Henry.  The  fituation 
is  pleafant,  but  there  is  hardly  the  appearance  of  a  vil- 
lage.— ib. 

FoRTROYAL,  in  the  ifland  of  Grenada. — ib, 

Fortroyal,  one  of  the  principal  towns  in  the  iflind 
of  Martinico,  in  the  Weft-Indies.  It  is  the  feat  of  go- 
vernment in  the  ifland;  its  ftreets  are  tegular,  the 
houfes  agreeable,  and  the  people  gay  and  luxurious. 
The  citadel  which  defends  the  town  colt  the  French 
j^. 325,000  fterling.  The  harbor  here  is  one  of  the  bell 
in  the  Weft-Indies,  and  the  fliips  of  war  winter  in  it. 
—ib. 


J     ]  F     O     U 

FORTUNE,  a  large  bay  towards  the  S.  W.  part 
of  Newfoundland  ifland  ;  acrofj  the  mouth  of  which 
lies  Micklon  ifland,  and  S.  of  it  Peters  ifland.  This 
extenfive  bay  is  interfperfed  with  fmall  ifl.-5,  and  within 
it  are  many  bays.  It  has  great  depth  of  water 
throughout. — ii. 

FOSSIL  Meal,  otherwlfe  called  /ac  lunf,  mineral 
argaric,  and  guhr,  is,  according  the  M.  Fabbioni,  a  m-x- 
ed  earth,  which  e.ih.tles  an  argilhceous  odour,  and 
throws  out  a  light  wliltifli  fmoke  when  fprinkled  with 
water.  It  is  abundint  in  Tufcany,  where  it  is  em- 
ployed for  cleaning  plate.  It  d.ies  not  tlFervefce  wi.h 
acids ;  is  in!ulibk  in  the  fire,  in  which  it  lofes  an  eifbth 
part  of  its  weight,  though  it  becomes  fcarcely  diminifli- 
edin  bulk;  and,  according  to  theanalyfis  made  by  M. 
Fabbroni,  conhfts  of  the  fc^hwing  component  p  irts  : 
filiceous  earth  ^S'  magnefia  15,  water  14,  argil  12, 
lime  3,  iron  i.  With  this  earth,  wliich  is  found  near 
Caftcldelpiano  in  the  territories  of  Sienna,  M.  Fabbro- 
ni compofed  bricks,  which,  either  baked  or  unbaked, 
floated  in  waisr.  Hence  he  infers,  that  the  floning 
bricks,  whiili  Pliny  mentions  as  peculiar  to  Maflilna 
and  Calento,  tv.-o  citii;s  in  Spjin,  inuft  have  been  made 
of  foflll-meal.  Bricks  made  of  that  fubftance  relift  wa- 
ter exceedingly  well,  and  unite  poifeiflly  with  lime  ; 
they  are  fubjed  to  no  alteration  el;her  by  heat  or  Cild  ; 
and  about  a  twentieth  part  of  argil  may  be  added  with 
advantage  to  their  compofltion,  without  depriving  them 
of  the  property  (^(  floating.  M.  Fablironi  liied  their 
refiftance,  and  found  it  very  little  inferior  to  that  of 
common  bricks  ;  but  it  is  much  greater  in  jiroportion 
to  their  lightnefs.  One  of  thefe  bricks,  fcven  inches  in 
length,  four  and  a  half  in  breadth,  and  one  inch  ei'jht 
lines  in  thicknefs,  weighed  only  I4:jth  ounces  ?  wheieas 
a  common  brick  weighed  5  pounds  6|ths  ounces. 

Bricks  of  foflil-mcal  may  be  of  important  benefit  in 
the  conftruiflion  of  reverberating  furnaces,  as  they  are 
fuch  bad  condudors  oi  heat,  that  a  perfon  may  bring 
one  half  of  them  to  a  red  heat,  while  the  otlier  is  held 
in  the  hand.  They  may  be  employed  alfo  for  buildings 
that  require  to  be  light ;  for  conftruiSing  cooking  places 
on  board  rtiips  ;  and  alfo  floating  batteries,  the  para- 
pets of  which,  if  made  of  thefe  bricks,  would  be  proof 
ag^inft  red  hot  bullets ;  and,  laftly,  for  conftruJing 
powder  magazines. 

FOSTER,  a  townfhip  in  Providence  co.  Rhode- 
Ifland,  containing  2268  inhibitants  ;  1  7  miles  weftcrly 
of  Providence,  and  31  N.  W.  of  Newport. — Morie. 

FOULAHS  or  Foolahs,  a  people  in  Afiica,  in- 
habiting a  country  on  ^he  confines  of  the  great  defcit 
(f;e  Sahara  in  tiiis  SuppL)  along  the  parall;!  of  nine 
degrees  n^rth.  Tney  partake  much  of  the  negro  form 
and  complexion  ;  but  have  neither  tlie  jdty  colour, 
thick  lips,  nor  crij^cd  hair  of  the  negroes.  They  have 
alio  a  language  dilliniff  from  the  Mandinga,  wliich  is 
the  prevailing  one  in  this  quarter.  The  FouUh's  occu- 
py, at  leaft  asfovercigiis,  fsveral  provinces  or  kingdom?, 
interfperfed  tliroughout  the  xx^Si  comprehended  be- 
tween the  mountainous  border  of  the  couiitry  ofSierrt 
Leona  on  the  weft,  and  that  of  Tombuct.io  on  the  call ; 
as  alio  a  large  traifl  on  the  lower  p.irt  of  the  Senegal 
river;  and  thefe  provinces  are  inlulated  trom  each  .ither 
in  a  very  remarkable  manner.  Their  religion  !.■<  Malio- 
mcd.inifm  ;  but  with  a  great  mixture  of  Paganifm,  and 
with  Icfs  intolerance  than  is  ptadlifed  by  the  Moors. 

Tke 


Foulahs 


Fox. 


FOX 

The  principal  ot'  the  Fnul.ih  ft;ites 
Siena  Leona  ;  and  ot  which  Teemboo  is  the  capit.il. 
The  next  in  order  appeiirs  to  be  that  bordering  on  the 
Ibuth  of  ih;  Senegal  river,  and  on  tlie  Jalofl's  ;  this  is 
properly  named  Siratik.  Others  ot  lefs  note  are  lion- 
dou,  with  I'oota-'rorra  adjacent  to  it,  lying  between 
the  rivers  Gambia  and  ralenic  ;  Foola-doo  and  lirootco 
along  the  upper  part  of  tlie  Senegal  river  ;  Walicla  be- 
yond the  upper  part  of  the  Niger  ;  and  Madina  lower 
down  on  the  fame  river,  and  joining  to  Tombudoo  on 
the  weft. 

The  kingdom  oC  the  Fonlah?,  fituated  between  the 
upper  pan  of  the  Gambia  river,  and  the  coaft  of  Sierra 
Leona,  and  along  the  Rio  Grande,  is  governed  by  a 
Mahcmelan  foveieign  ;  but  the  bulk  of  the  people  ap- 
pear to  be  Pagans.  From  the  circumftances  of  their 
long  hair,  their  lips,  and  comparatively  light  colour. 
Major  Rennel  is  decidedly  of  opinion,  that  the  Fou- 
lahs  are  the  Leucxthiops  of  Ptolemy  and  Pliny.  The 
former,  as  he  oblerves,  places  the  Leucithiops  in  the 
titnation  occupied  by  the  Foulahs ;  and  by  the  name 
which  he  gave  them,  he  evidently  meant  to  defcribe  a 
people  k/s  black  than  ihe  generality  of  the  Ethiopians. 
Hence  it  may  be  gathered,  that  this  nation  had  been 
traded  with,  and  that  fome  notices  refpedtlng  it  had 
been  communicated  to  Ptolemy.  It  may  alfo  be  re- 
marked, that  the  navigation  of  Hanno  terminated  on 
this  coart;  and  as  this  was  alfo  the  term  of  Ptolemy's 
knowledge,  it   may  juftly  be  fufpeded,  that  this   part 


of  the  coaft  was  defcribed  from  Carthaginian  materials 

Thofe  who  have  perufed  the  journal  of  Mtffrs  Watt 
and  Winterbottom  through  the  Foulah  country  in 
1794,  and  recollect  how  flattering  a  pidlure  they  give 
of  ihe  urbanity  and  hofpitality  of  the  Foulahs,  will  be 
gratified  on  finding  that  this  nation  was  known  and 
diftinguilhed  from  the  reft  of  the  Ethiopians  at  a  re- 
mote period  of  antiquity. 

The  contraft  between  the  Moorifh  and  Negro  cha- 
rafters  is  as  great  as  that  between  the  nature  of  tlieir 
refpeflive  countries,  or  between  their  form  and  com- 
plexion. The  Moors  appear  to  poli'efs  the  vices  of  the 
.Arabs  without  llieir  virtues ;  and  to  avail  themfelves  of 
an  intolerant  religion,  to  opprefs  ftrangers  :  wliilft  the 
Negroes,  and  efpecially  the  Mandingas,  unable  to  com- 
prehend a  doiflrine  that  fubftitutes  opinion  or  belief  fur 
the  focial  duties,  are  content  to  remain  in  their  humble 
flate  of  ignorance.  Tlie  hofpitality  fliewn  by  tbefe 
good  people  to  Mr  Park,  a  deftitute  and  forlorn  ftran- 
ger,  raifes  them  very  high  in  the  fcale  of  humanity  : 
and  I  know  of  no  (itter  title,  fays  Mr  Rennel,  to  con- 
fer on  them  than  that  of  the  Hindoos  of  Africa  ;  at  the 
fame  time,  by  no  means  intending  to  degrade  the  Ma- 
hnmedans  of  India  by  a  comparifon  with  the  African 
Moors. — See  Major  Rennel's  Geographical  llluflrations 
of  Mr  Park's  Jourm-y,  and  of  North  Africa  at  large, 
printed  for  the  African  Aflbciation. 

FOXBOROUGH,  a  townlhip  in  Norfolk  co.  Maf. 
fachufetts,  containing  674  inhabitants,  26  miles  S.  of 
Bofton.  It  was  formerly  a  part  of  Dorchefter,  and 
was  incorporated  in  177S. — Morse. 

FOX,  a  river  in  the  N.  W.  territory,  which  rifes  in 
the  S.  and  runs  about  50  miles  N.  where  it  approach- 
es very  near  to,  and  n  .rallel  with,  Oaifconfui,  a  N. 
eaftern  branch  of  the  Miffillippi  river.  From  the  Great 
Carrying  place  here,  tin ough  lake  Winnebago,  it  runs 


[     56     3  F     R     A 

is  that  within  eafterly,  then  N.  E.  to  bay  Puan,  about  180  miles. 
From  the  carrying  jilace  to  Winnebago  it  is  naviga- 
ble for  canoes  4  or  5  miles.  From  bay  Puan  its  cur- 
rent io  gentle  ;  from  thence  to  Winnebago  lake  it  is 
fidl  of  locks  and  very  rapid.  Its  breadth  is  between 
70  and  100  yards.  The  land  on  its  borders  is  good, 
thinly  wooded  with  hickory,  oak,  and  ha/el. — ib. 

Fox,  a  northern  water  of  Illinois  rivei,  34  miles 
below  the  mouth  of  Plein  river. — ib. 

FRAMINGiiAM,  a  townfliip  in  Middlefex  co. 
MafTachuletts,  containing  1598  inhabitants.  It  was 
incorporated  in  1700,  and  is  24  miles  W.  S.  W.  of 
Bofton. — ih. 

FRANCAIS  (Port  des),  the  name  given  by  Pc- 
roufe  to  a  bay,  or  rather  harbour,  which  he  undoubted- 
ly difcovered  on  the  north-weft  coaft  ot  America.  It 
is  fituated,  according  to  him,  in  58"  37.  N.  Lat.  and 
in  139°  50'  W.  Long.  Irom  Paris.  When  the  two 
frigates  which  he  commanded  approached  it,  as  they 
were  ftretching  along  the  coaft  from  fouth  to  north, 
he  perceived  trom  his  ftiip  a  great  reef  of  rocks  behind 
which  the  fea  was  very  calm.  This  reef  appeared  to 
be  about  three  or  four  hundred  toifes  in  length  from 
eaft  to  weft,  and  to  be  terminated,  at  about  two  cables 
length,  by  the  point  of  the  continent,  leaving  a  pretty 
large  opening  ;  fo  that  Nature  feemed  to  have  made,  at 
the  extremity  of  America,  a  harbour  like  that  of  Tou- 
lon, only  more  vaft  in  lier  defigns  and  in  her  means  : 
this  new  harbour  was  three  or  four  leagues  deep. 

Some  officers,  who  had  been  difpatched  in  boats  to 
reconnoitre  this  harbour,  gave  a  report  of  it  extremely* 
favourable  ;  and  on  the  5d  of  July  1786,  the  two  fri- 
gates entered  it,  and  anchored  near  its  mouth  in  three 
fathorps  and  a  half,  rocky  bottom.  The  bay,  however, 
was  quickly  founded,  and  much  better  anchoring 
ground  difcovered  at  an  ifland  in  the  middle  of  it,  where 
the  fhips  might  ride  in  20  fathoms  water  with  muddy 
bottom.  This  ground  was  taken  pofletfion  of,  an  ob- 
fervatory  erected  on  the  ifland,  which  was  only  a  muf- 
ket  fhot  from  the  Ihips,  and  a  lettlement  formed  for 
their  ftay  in  the  harbour.  From  a  report  made  by  one 
of  the  oQicers  who  had  penetrated  towards  the  bottom 
of  the  bay,  Peroufe  had  conceived  the  idea  of  finding 
perhaps  a  channel  by  which  he  might  proceed  into  the 
interior  of  America;  but  he  was  difappointed.  The 
bottom  of  the  bay,  indeed,  according  to  him,  is  one  of 
the  moft  extraordinary  places  in  the  world.  It  is  a 
bafon  of  water,  of  a  depth  in  the  middle  that  could  not 
be  fathomed,  bordered  by  peaked  mountains  of  an  ex- 
ceffive  height,  covered  with  fnow,  without  a  blade  of 
grafs  upon  this  immenfe  coUedion  of  rocks,  condemned 
by  Nature  to  perpetual  ftcrility.  "  I  never  (fays  he) 
faw  a  breaih  of  air  ruffle  the  furface  of  this  water  ;  it  is 
never  troubled  but  by  the  fall  of  enormous  pieces  of  ice, 
which  continually  detach  themfelves  from  five  different 
glaciers  and  which  in  tailing  make  a  noife  that  refounds 
far  in  the  mountains.  The  air  is  in  this  place  fo  very 
calm,  and  the  filence  fo  profound,  that  the  mere  voice 
of  a  man  may  be  heard  half  a  league  off,  as  well  as 
the  noife  of  fome  fea  birds  which  lay  their  eggs  in  the 
cavities  of  iheie  rocks." 

It  was  at  the  extremity  of  this  bay  that  he  was  in 
hopes  of  finding  a  patfage  into  the  interior  of  America. 
He  imagined  that  it  migln  terminate  in  a  great  river, 
of  v.'hich  the  courfe  might  lie  between  two  mountains ; 

and 


F    R     A 


C    S7    ] 


F    R    A 


Fraiicaij.  and  that  this  river  might  take  its  fource  in  the  great 
lakes  to  the  northward  of  Canada.  Two  channels 
were  indeed  found,  ftretching,  the  one  to  the  eaft,  and 
the  other  to  the  weft ;  but  both  were  very  foon  termi- 
nated by  immenfe  glaciers. 

In  Port  des  Frangais  the  variation  of  the  compafs 
is  28°  eaft,  and  the  dip  of  the  needle  74".  The  fea 
rifes  there  feven  feet  and  a  half  at  full  and  change  of 
the  moon,  when  it  is  high  water  at  one  o'clock.  The 
fea  breezes,  or  perhaps  other  caufes,  a<5t  fo  powerfully 
upon  the  current  of  the  channel,  that  M.  Peroufe  faw 
the  flood  come  in  there  like  the  moft  rapid  river ;  while, 
in  other  circumftances,  at  the  fame  period  of  the  moon, 
it  may  be  ftemmed  by  a  boat.  In  this  channel  he  loft 
two  Ihallops  and  twenty  men.  In  his  diflFerent  excur- 
fions,  he  found  the  high  water  mark  to  be  about  15  feet 
above  the  furface  of  the  fea.  Tliefe  tides  are  probably 
incident  to  the  bad  feafun.  When  the  winds  blow 
with  violence  from  the  fouthward,  the  channel  muft  be 
imprafticable,  and  at  all  times  the  currents  render  the 
entrance  difficult;  the  going  out  of  it  alfo  requires  a 
combination  of  circumftances,  which  may  retard  the  de- 
parture of  a  velfel  many  weeks ;  there  is  no  getting  un- 
der way  but  at  the  top  of  high  water  ;  the  breeze  from 
the  weft  to  the  north-weft  does  not  often  rife  till  to- 
ward eleven  o'clock,  which  does  not  permit  the  taking 
advantage  of  the  morning  tide  ;  finally,  the  eafterly 
winds,  which  are  contrary,  appeared  to  him  to  be  more 
frequent  than  thofe  from  the  weft,  and  the  vaft  height 
of  the  furrounding  mountains  never  permits  the  land 
breezes,  or  thofe  from  the  north,  to  penetrate  into  the 
road. 

As  this  port  polTelTes  great  advantages,  M.  Peroufe 
thought  it  a  duty  incumbent  on  him  to  make  its  in- 
conveniences alfo  known.  It  feemed  to  him  that  this 
anchorage  is  not  convenient  for  thofe  fliips  which  are 
fent  out  at  a  venture  for  trafficking  in  fkins ;  fuch  fliips 
ought  to  anchor  in  a  great  many  bays,  and  always 
make  the  fliorteft  ftay  poffible  in  any  of  them  ;  becaufe 
the  Indians  have  always  difpofed  of  their  whole  ftock 
in  the  firft  week,  and  all  loft  time  is  prejudicial  to  the 
interefts  of  the  owners  ;  but  a  nation  which  (hould  form 
the  project  of  eftabliftiing  fa<5torics  fimilar  to  thofe  of 
the  Englilh  in  Hudfon'b  Bay,  could  not  make  choice 
of  a  place  more  proper  for  fuch  a  fettlement.  A  fimple 
battery  of  four  heavy  cannon,  placed  upon  the  point  of 
the  continent,  would  be  fully  adequate  to  the  defence 
of  fo  narrow  an  entrance,  which  is  alfo  made  fo  diffi- 
cult by  the  currents.  This  battery  could  not  be  turned 
or  taken  by  land,  becaufe  the  fea  always  breaks  with 
fuch  violence  upon  the  coaft,  that  to  difembark  is  im- 
poffible.  The  fort,  the  maj^azincs,  and  all  the  fettle- 
ments  for  commerce,  Ihould  be  raifed  upon  Cenotaph 
Jfland  (a),  the  circumference  of  wliich  is  nearly  a 
league  :  it  is  capable  of  being  cultivated,  and  there  is 
plenty  of  wood  and  water.  The  fliips  not  having  their 
cargo  to  feek,  but  being  certain  of  having  it  colleded 
to  a  fingle  point,  would  not  be  expofed  to  any  delay  : 
fome  buoys,  placed  for  the  internal  navigation  of  the 

SuppL.  Vol.  II. 


bay,  would  make  it  extremely  fafe  and  eafy.  The  fet- 
tlement would  form  pilots,  who,  better  verfeJ  than  we 
are  in  the  fet  and  ftrength  of  the  current  at  particular 
times  of  tide,  would  eufure  the  entrance  and  departure 
of  the  fhips.  Finally,  continues  the  author,  our  trathc 
for  otters  fkins  has  been  fo  very  confidcrable,  that  I 
may  fairly  prefume  there  could  not,  in  any  part  of 
America,  be  a  greater  quantity  of  them  coUefled. 

The  climate  of  this  coaft  feemed  to  Peroufe  much 
milder  than  that  of  Hudfon's  Bay  in  the  fame  latitude. 
Pines  were  meafured  of  fix  feet  diameter,  and  14c  high  ; 
while  thofe  of  the  fime  fpecies  at  Prince  of  Wales's 
Fort  and  Fort  York  are  of  a  dimenfion  fcarce  fufficient 
for  ftudding  fail-booms.  Vegetation  is  alfo  very  vigo- 
rous during  three  or  f<'Ur  months  of  the  year  ;  and  our 
author  thinks,  that  Ruffian  corn,  as  well  as  many  com- 
mon plants  might  thrive  exceedingly  at  Port  des  Fran- 
fais,  where  was  found  great  abundance  of  celery,  lu- 
pine', the  wild  pea,  yarrow,  and  andive.  Among  thefe 
pot  herbs  were  feen  almoft  all  thofe  of  the  meadows 
and  mountains  of  France ;  fuch  as  the  angelica,  the 
butter  cup,  the  violet,  and  many  fpecies  of  grafs  pro- 
per for  fodder.  Tlie  woods  abound  in  goofeberries, 
rafpberries,  and  ftrawberries ;  clufters  of  elder  trees,  the 
dwarf  willow,  different  fpecies  of  briar  which  grow  in 
the  (liade,  the  gum  poplar  tree,  the  poplir,  the  fiUow, 
the  horn-beam  ;  and,  finally,  fuperb  pines,  fit  for  the 
marts  of  our  largeft  fliips.  Not  any  of  the  vegetable 
productions  of  this  country  are  unknown  in  Europe. 
M.  de  Martiniere,  in  his  different  excurfions,  met  with 
only  three  plants  which  he  thought  new ;  and  it  is 
well  known,  that  a  botanift  might  do  the  fame  in  the 
vicinity  of  Paris. 

The  rivers  were  filled  with  trout  and  falmon  ;  and 
as  the  Indians  fold  thefe  fifli  to  the  French  in  greater 
quantities  than  they  could  confume,  they  had  very  little 
filhing  in  the  bay,  and  that  only  with  the  line.  They 
caught  fome  ling,  a  fingle  thornback,  fome  plaice,  Jti- 
tans  or  faitans,  of  which  fome  were  more  than  ico 
pounds  in  weight  (b),  and  a  fifli  refembling  tlie  whi- 
ting, but  a  little  larger,  which  abounds  on  the  coaft  of 
Provence,  where  it  is  known  by  the  name  oi potr-prie/l. 
Peroufe  calls  thefe  fifli  capihns.  In  the  woods  they 
met  with  bears,  martens,  and  fquirrels ;  but  they  faw 
no  great  variety  of  birds,  though  the  individuals  were 
very  numerous. 

"  If  the  animal  and  vegetable  produdlions  of  this 
country  refemble  thofe  of  a  great  many  others,  its  ap- 
pearance (fays  our  author)  can  be  compared  to  no- 
thing. The  views  which  it  prefcnts  are  more  friglillul 
than  thofe  of  the  Alps  and  the  Pyrenees  ;  but  at  tlie 
fame  time  fo  pi.fturefque,  that  they  would  deferve  the 
vifits  of  the  curious,  were  they  not  at  the  extremity  of 
the  world.  The  primitive  mountains  of  granite  or 
fchiftus,  perpetually  covered  with  fnow,  upon  which 
are  neither  trees  nor  jilants,  have  their  foundation  in 
the  fea,  and  form  upon  the  fliore  a  kind  of  quay  ;  their 
flope  is  fo  rapid,  that  after  the  firft  two  or  three  hun- 
dred toifes,  the  wild  goats  cannot  climb  them ;  and  all 
H  the 


Praii 


(a)  This  name  was  given  to  the  ifland  in  the  bay  from  the  monument  creeled  on  it  to  the  memory  of  tlieir 
unfortunate  companions. 

(b)  This  is  a  flat  fifli,  longer  and  not  fo  fquare  as  the  lurbet.     Its  bark  is  covered  with  fraall  fcales ;  and 
thofe  which  are  taken  in  Europe  are  much  lets  than  the  flelaus  of  Port  des  I'rau^ais. 


F     R     A 


C 


58 


] 


F    R     A 


rrancaU.  tlic  guUies  which  feparate  them  are  immenfe  glaciers, 
^-^"""^^^  of  which  the  tops  cannot  be  difeerned,  while  the  bafe 
is  walhed  by  the  fca.  At  a  cable's  length  from  the 
land  there  is  no  bottom  at  lefs  than  160  fathoms.  The 
fides  of  tlie  harbour  are  formed  by  fecondary  moun- 
tains, the  elevation  of  which  does  not  exceed  from  800 
to  900  toifes ;  they  arc  covered  with  pines,  and  over- 
fpread  with  verdure,  and  the  fnow  is  only  feen  on  their 
fumnilts:  they  appeared  to  be  entirely  formed  of  fchif- 
tus,  w  hich  is  in  the  commencement  of  a  ftate  of  decom- 
pofition  ;  tliey  are  extremely  difficult  to  climb,  but  not 
altogether  inacceQible. 

"  Nature  affigns  inhabitants  to  fo  frightful  a  country, 
who  as  widely  differ  from  the  people  ot  civilized  coun- 
tiies  as  the  fcene  which  has  juil  been  defcribed  differs 
from  our  cultivated  plains  ;  as  rude  and  barbarous  as 
their  foil  is  rocky  and  barren,  they  inhabit  this  land 
only  to  deftroy  its  population  :  at  war  with  all  the  ani- 
mals, they  defpife  the  vegetable  fubftances  which  grow 
around  lliem.  I  have  ieen  (fays  our  author)  women 
and  children  eat  fome  rafpberries  and  ftrawberries ;  but 
thefe  are  undoubtedly  viands  far  too  infipid  for  men, 
who  live  upon  the  earth  like  vultures  in  the  air,  or 
wolves  and  tigers  in  the  forefts. 

"  Their  arts  are  fomewhat  advanced,  and  in  this  re- 
fpeft  civilization  has  made  confiderable  progrefs  ;  but 
that  which  foftens  their  ferocity,  and  polifhes  their 
manners,  is  yet  in  its  infancy.  The  mode  of  life  they 
purfue  excluding  all  kind  of  fiibordination,  they  are 
continually  agitated  by  fear  or  revenge  ;  prone  to  an- 
ger, and  eafily  irritated,  they  are  continually  attacking 
each  other  dagger  in  hand.  Expofed  in  the  winter  to 
periih  for  want,  becaufe  the  chafe  cannot  be  fuccefsful, 
they  live  during  the  fummsr  in  the  greateft  abundance, 
as  they  can  catdt  in  lefs  than  an  hour  a  fufficient  quan- 
tity of  filh  for  the  fupport  of  tlieir  family ;  they  re- 
main idle  during  the  reft  of  the  day,  which  they  pafs 
at  play,  to  which  they  are  as  much  addidled  as  fome  of 
the  inhabitants  in  our  great  cities.  This  gaming  is 
the  great  fource  of  their  quarrels.  If  to  all  thefe  de- 
flrudlivc  vices  they  Ihould  unfortunately  add  a  know- 
ledge of  the  ufe  of  any  inebriating  liquor,  M.  Peroufe 
does  not  hefitate  to  pronounce,  that  this  colony  would 
be  entirely  annihilated." 

Like  all  other  fivages,  they  are  Incorrigible  thieves ; 
and  when  they  aifiimed  a  mild  and  placid  appearance, 
the  Frenchmen  were  fure  that  they  had  ftolen  fome- 
tliing.  Iron,  of  which  they  appeared  to  know  the  ufe, 
and  of  courfe  the  value,  moft  excited  their  cupidity  ; 
and  when  our  navigators  were  engaged  in  carefling  a 
child,  the  father  was  fure  to  feize  the  opportunity  of 
taking  up,  and  concealing  under  his  ikin-garment,  every 
thing  of  that  metal  which  lay  within  h'u  reach,  and  was 
not  too  lieavy  to  be  carried  off. 

M.  RoUin,  furgeon  major  of  one  of  the  frigates,  thus 
defcribes  thefe  people.  "  They  have  very  little  fimi- 
larity  to  the  Californians ;  they  are  taller,  ftouter,  of 
a  more  agreeable  figure,  and  greater  vivacity  of  expref- 
fion  :  they  are  alfo  much  their  fuperiors  in  courage  and 
fenfe.  They  have  rather  a  low  forehead,  but  more 
open  than  that  of  the  Southern  Americans ;  their  eyes 
are  black  and  very  animated  ;  their  eyebrows  much  ful- 
ler ;  their  nofe  of  the  ufual  fize,  and  well  formed,  ex- 
cept being  a  liitk  widened  at  the  extremity ;  their  lips 


thinner ;  their  mouth  moderately  large  ;  their  teeth  fine    Francals. 
and  very  even  ;  their  chin  and  ears  very  regular.  \,^~v^>m^ 

"  The  women  alfo  have  an  equal  advantage  over 
thofe  of  tlie  preceding  tribes  ;  they  have  much  more 
mildnefs  in  their  features,  and  grace  in  their  limbs — 
Their  countenance  would  be  even  very  agreeable,  if, 
in  order  to  fet  it  off,  they  did  not  make  ufe  of  a  ftrange 
cuftom  of  wearing  in  the  lower  lip  an  elliptical  piece  of 
wood,  lightly  grooved  on  it?  circumference  and  both 
its  fides,  and  which  is  commonly  half  an  inch  thick, 
two  in  diameter,  and  three  in  length. 

"  This  fingular  ornament,  befides  being  a  great  defor- 
mity, is  the  caufe  of  a  very  troublefome  as  well  as  dif- 
gufting  involuntary  flow  of  faliva.  This  appendage  is 
peculiar  to  the  women  ;  and  female  children  are  made 
to  undergo  the  preparatory  operations  iiom  the  time  of 
their  birth.  For  this  purpofe,  the  lower  lip  is  pierced 
with  a  kind  of  pin  of  copper  or  gold,  which  is  either 
left  in  the  opening,  or  its  place  fupplied  with  a  ring  of 
the  fame  material,  till  the  period  of  puberty.  The  aper- 
ture is  then  gradually  enlarged,  by  fubftituting  firft  a 
fmall  piece  of  wood  of  the  form  mentioned  above,  then 
a  larger  one  ;  and  fo  on,  increafing  its  fize  by  degrees 
till  it  reaches  the  dimenfions  juft  ftatcd. 

"  This  extraordinary  cuftom  (hows  the  great  power 
of  dilatation  in  the  lip,  and  may  encourage  medical  prac- 
titioners in  their  attempts  to  remedy  delormities  of  this 
part  by  the  ufe  of  the  knife. 

"The  general  colour  of  thefe  people  is  olive,  a  fain- 
ter tinge  of  which  is  apparent  in  their  nails,  which  they 
fufferto  grow  very  long  ;  the  hue  of  the  fkin,  hov/ever, 
varies  in  different  individuals,  and  in  various  parts  of 
the  fitme  individual,  according  to  their  expofure  to  the 
aflion  of  the  air  and  fun. 

"  Their  hair  is,  in  general,  neither  fo  coarfe  nor  black 
as  that  of  the  South  Americans.  Chefnut  coloured 
hair  is  by  no  means  unfrequent  among  them.  Their 
heard  is  alfo  fuller,  and  their  armpits  and  parts  of  fex 
better  provided  with  hair. 

"The  perfect  evennefs  of  their  teeth  led  me  at  firft 
to  fufpeifl  lliat  it  vfas  the  effe<5t  of  art ;  but  after  an 
attentive  and  minute  examination,  I  could  perceive  no 
wearing  away  of  the  enamel,  and  I  faw  that  this  regu- 
larity is  natural.  They  tattoo  and  paint  their  face  and 
body,  and  bore  their  ears  and  the  cartilage  of  their  nofe. 

"  Some  writers  have  imagined,  that  the  cuftom  of 
painting  the  face  and  body,  fo  generally  adopted  by 
the  Africans,  Americans,  and  Wtft-Indians,  is  only  in- 
tended as  a  prefervative  againft  noxious  infeifls.  I 
think,  however,  that  I  am  warranted  in  afferting  its 
fole  end  to  be  ornament.  I  found  it  to  prevail  among 
the  inhabitants  of  Eafter  Ifl^nd  and  the  natives  of  Port 
<ks  Frangais  without  obferving  among  them  either 
venomous  infers  or  reptiles.  Befides,  I  remarked, 
that  they  wore  paint  only  when  they  paid  us  a  vilit  ; 
for  they  made  no  ufe  of  it  when  in  their  own  houfes." 

M.  Peroufe  himfelf  fpeaks  not  fo  favourably  of  the 
women  as  M.  RoUin.  "  They  are  (he  fays)  the  moft 
difgufting  of  any  on  the  earth,  covered  with  ftinking 
fliins,  which  are  frequently  untanned  ;  and  yet  they 
failed  not  to  excite  defires  in  fome  perfons,  in  faifl  of 
no  fraall  confequence  :  they  at  firft  ftarted  many  diffi- 
culties, giving  affurances  by  their  geftures  that  they 
ran  the  rilk  of  their  lives ;  but  being  overcome  by  pre- 

fents. 


F     R     A 


:    59     3 


F     R     A 


Francois. 


FranceC-  fents,  they  kad  no  objeiftion  to  the  fun  being  a  witnefs, 
towu  and  abfclutely  refufed  to  retire  into  the  wood."  There 
can  be  no  doubt  th.it  this  planet  is  the  god  of  ihefe 
people,  fince  tliey  frequently  addrelTed  themfelves  to  it 
in  their  prayers  ;  but  our  voyagers  faw  neither  temple 
nor  priell,  nor  the  lead  trace  of  public  worlliip  at  ilaied 
times.     Thev  burn  their  dead. 

FRANCESTOWN,  an  interior  townfhip  in  Hillf- 
borough  CO.  New-Hainplhire,  on  the  E.  fide  of  Conte- 
cook  river,  about  21  miles  to  the  S.  W.  of  Concord. 
It  was  incorporated  in  1772,  and  contained  in  1775, 
200  inhabitarts,  in  1790,  982. — Morse. 

FRANCISBOROUGH,  a  fettlement  in  York  co. 
dirtiiifl:    of  Maine,  containing;  311  inhabitants. — ib. 

FRANCIS,  St  a  lake,  or  extenfion  of  the  river 
St  Lawrence,  between  Kingllon  and  Montreal, 
through  which  pafles  the  line  dividing  Upper  from 
Lower  Ca.iada — ib. 

Francis,  St  a  river  in  the  province  of  Lower 
Canada,  wiiich  rifes  from  lake  Memphiemagog,  and 
run.s  northward  into  the  river  St  Lawrence.  It  is  not 
all  the  way  navigable;  elfe  it  would  afford  an  impor- 
tant communication  from  the  northern  parts  of  Ver- 
mont to  the  n-.r.;  kets  of  Montreal  and  Qaebec. — ib. 

Francis,  St  a  fmall  liver  in  Louihana,  which 
runs  a  S.  E.  courfe  into  the  Milllllippi,  108  miles 
above  Arkanfas  river,  and  70  miles  above  Margot 
river,  on  the  E.  fide  of  the  Miflifiippi.  It  is  remarka- 
ble for  nothing  but  the  general  rendezvous  for  the 
hunters  from  New-Orleans,  who  winter  there,  and 
colleft  fait  meat,  fuet,  and  bear's  oil,  for  the  fupplyof 
that  city.  Kappas  Old  fort  formerly  flood  at  the 
mouth  of  this  river,  en  the  fouthern  fide.  It  was  built 
by  the  French  during  their  wars  with  the  Chickafaw 
Indians. 

Alfo,  the  name  of  a  fmall  river  in  the  N.  W.  terri- 
tory, which  runs  a  S.  W.  by  W.  courfe  into  Miffilfippi, 
between  Cold  and  Rum  rivers,  60  miles  above  St  An- 
th'  ny's  Falls.  The  country  a  little  above  it  is  hilly, 
and  the  foil  pretty  good.  To  the  N.  E.  are  tiie  fmall 
lakes  called  the  Thouland  lakes.  The  Milfiffippi  here 
is  not  above  90  yards   v.ide. — ib. 

F51ANCIS,  St  in  Bra7il,  S.  America,  a  long  and 
large  river  which  runs  N.  eafterly,  and  thence  S.  E. 
till  it  empties  into  the  ocean,  N.  E.  of  the  town  of 
Seregeppe  del  Rey.  It  has  a  number  of  towns  and 
fettlcment=,  cliiefly  on  its  iiead  waters. — ib, 

FRANCOIS,  Cape  St  a  jurifdiaion,  city,  and 
port  in  the  N.  weflern  part  of  the  ifland  of  St  Domingo. 
This  jurlfdidtion  is  in  the  North  divifion  of  the  ifland, 
in  what  was  called  the  French  p.irt  of  it ;  and  contains 
13  parifhes.  Its  exports  from  Jan.  i,  1789;  to  Dec. 
31,  of  the  fame  year,  were  as  follow :  31,187,6361b. 
white  fugar,  7,267,5311^.  brown  fugar,  32,545,52416. 
coffee,  269,2401b.  cotton,  245, 177}^.  indigo;  tanned 
hides,  molallcs,  fpiri^s,  S;c.  to  the  value  of  21,789 
livres.  Total  value  of  duties  on  exportation,  253,590 
dollars,  37  cents.  Cajie  Francois  exceeds  Purt  an 
I'rince  in  the  viilue  of  its  produdlions,  the  elegance  of 
its  buildings,  and  the  advantageous  fituation  of  its  port. 
The  rity,  whicli  is  the  governor's  rcfidence  in  time  of 
war,  is  fituated  on  a  cape  at  the  edge  of  a  l.irge  plain, 
20  leauues  long,  and  on  an  average  4  broad,  between 
the  lea  and  the  mountains.  There  are  few  lands  bet- 
ter watered,  but  there  is  not  a  river  that  will  admit  a 


fioop  above  3  miles.  This  fpace  is  cut  through  by 
ftraight  roads,  40  feet  broad,  uninterruptedly  lined 
wi'h  hedges  of  lime  and  lemon  trees,  intermixed  wiiji 
long  avenues  of  lofiy  trees,  leading  to  plantations  which 
produce  a  greater  quantity  of  fugar  than  any  fpot  of 
the  fame  fize  in  the  world.  The  town,  which  is  fitu- 
ated in  'he  mod  unhealthy  place  of  this  extcnfive  and 
beautiful  plain,  had,  fome  \ears  fince,  feveral  elegant 
public  buildings,  as  the  governor's  houfc,  the  barracks, 
the  magazine,  and  two  hofpitals,  called  the  houfei  of 
Providence,  founded  for  the  bcnevi  lent  and  hiimanc 
purpofe  of  fupporting  thofe  Europeans  who  came  thi- 
ther without  money  or  merchandi/.e.  The  harbour  is 
admirably  wt!l  (ituatcd  for  (bps  which  come  from 
Eurrpe,  being  only  open  to  the  N.  from  whence  fliips 
receive  no  damage,  its  entrance  being  fprinkled  over 
with  reefs  that  break  the  force  of  the  waves.  Before 
its  deftrudtion  in  1793,  '^'^  "^'^y  contained  about  8000 
inhabitants ;  whites,  people  of  colour,  and  llaves. — ib, 

Francois,  Old  Cape,  the  north-eafternraoft  point 
of  the  ifland  of  St  Domingo  or  Hiipaniola ;  having 
Balfamo  bay  N.  W.  and  Scotch  bay  S.  S.  E. — ib. 

FRANCONIA,  a  townftiip  in  Grat'ton  co.  New- 
Hampfnire,  14  miles  N.  E.  of  Haverhill  (N.  H.)  on 
Conneflicut  river.  Incorporated  in  1764,  firft  called 
Morrifiovvn.     It  contains  72  inhabitants. — ib. 

FRANKFORT,  a  townllijp  in  Hancock  co.  dillrift 
of  Maine,  on  the  W.  fide  ol  Penobfcot  bay.  It  bas  a  few 
houfes,  regularly  built,  and  lies  8  miles  W.  of  Penob- 
fcot, 123  W.  of  Paifamaquoddy,  and  258  N.  E.  of 
Bailon.     The  townflrp  contains  891  inhabitants. — ib, 

Frankfort,  or  FraniforJ,  a  pleafant,  thriving  viU 
lige,  in  Philadelphia  co.  Pennfylvania,  feaied  on  the 
N.  E.  fide  of  a  creek  of  the  fame  nam;,  a  rriile  and  an 
half  from  Delaware  liver.  It  contains  about  50  houfes, 
chiefly  of  Hone,  an  Epifcopal  and  a  German  church  ; 
on  elevated  ground,  about  5  miles  N.  E.  cf  Philadel- 
phia.— ib, 

Frankfort,  a  new  townfhip  in  Herkemerco.  New- 
York,  E.  of  WhiteRcwn,  adjoining. — ib. 

Frankfort,  a  thriving  village  in  Hampfhire  co. 
Virginia,  on  a  creek  which  empties  into  Potowmack 
river.  It  is  13  miles  N.  W.  of  Rumney,  4  miles  S. 
of  the  Potowmack,  and  10  S,  S.  E.  of  Furt  Cumber- 
land.— ib. 

Frankfort,  the  capital  of  Pendleton  co.  Virginia, 
is  fituated  on  tlie  W.  fide  of  a  S.  branch  of  Putow- 
mack  river.  It  contains  a  court-houfe,  gaol,  and 
about  30  houfes;    180  miles  N.  VV.  of  Richmond. — ib, 

Frankfort,  the  metropolis  of  Kentucky,  is  fituat- 
ed in  Franklin  co.  on  the  N.  E.  bank  of  Kentucky 
river,  about  50  miles  from  its  confluence  with  the  Ohio, 
It  is  a  flourilhing  town,  regularly  laid  out,  and  has 
a  numlier  of  handfome  houles.  The  ll.itc  houfe  is  a 
handfome  Rone  building.  Here  is  alio  a  tobacco  wate- 
houfe.  It  is  30  miles  N.  of  Harrodlburg,  40  N.  by 
W.  cf  Danville,  125  from  L-  uilville,  and  790  W.  by 
S.  of  Philadelphia.  N.  lat.  38.  14.  VV.  long.  95.  28. 
—ib. 

FRANKLIN  (Dr  Berjamin),  the  celebrated  Am;- 
ricau  philofophcr  and  ll.itilVnan,  w.:s  born  at  Br.fion 
in  1706  of  tefpecfablc,  but  not  we.illliy  p.)reiits.  Tlic 
proiiipiitude  wuh  wli;cli,  from  his  intancy,  he  liacj 
learned  t  •  lead  was  fuch,  that  he  faid  he  did  not  re- 
member  to  have  been  ever  without  tkis  acquiri:Dicnt, 
H  2  At 


F     R    A 


[     60     ] 


F     R     A 


Frantlin.  At  e!g}it  years  of  age  he  was  fent  to  a  grammar  fchool, 
''•'^^^^^^•^  his  father  having  intended  him  for  the  church,  but  con- 
tenipl.iting  the  expence  of  a  collegiate  education,  re- 
called him,  within  a  year,  and  fent  him  to  learn  arith- 
metic and  writing  :  he  foon  wrote  well,  but  made  no 
progrefs  in  arithmetic.  At  ten  he  was  called  home  to 
affift  his  father  in  his  bufinefs  of  foap  boiler  and  tallow 
chandler,  a  bufinefi  which  he  difliked,  and  two  years 
afterwards  was  bound  apprentice  to  his  brother  who 
was  a  printer.  In  this  employment  lie  made  great  pro- 
ficiency, and  having  accel's  to  more  books  than  former- 
ly, he  devoted  much  of  his  leifure  time  to  reading.  He 
acknowledged  that  the  perufal  of  jhafiefbury  and  Col- 
lins made  him  a  fceptic  completely,  having  been  pre- 
vioufly  fo  with  refpe*.^  to  many  doctrines  of  chriltianity, 
and  that  he  found  the  Socratio  mode  of  realbning  en- 
abled him  to  embarr.ifs  even  perfons  of  ruperlor  uiider- 
ftanding,  and  to  obtain  for  him  vicli'ries  which  neither 
his  caufe  nor  his  arguments  merited.  During  his  ap- 
prenticelhip  he  wrote  feveral  pieces  for  the  newfpaper 
vhich  were  appioved,  but  kept  himfelt  unknown. 
After  frequent  difputes  with  his  brother,  he  determined 
to  leave  Bofton,  where  in  conlequence  of  his  iudifcreet 
dilputes  about  religion  he  had  begun  to  be  looked  upon 
by  pious  men  with  horror  as  an  apellate  or  an  atheift. 
He  privately  got  on  board  a  floop  and  foon  arrived  in 
New-York,  where  he  applied  for  employment  to  Mr 
Bradford,  who  could  not  employ  him,  but  advifed 
him  to  go  to  Philadelphia,  where  after  a  very  unplc.i- 
fant  and  dangerous  journey  he  at  lall  arrived,  and  with 
fome  difficulty  got  employment  with  one  Keimer,  with 
■whom  he  continued  fur  fome  time,  till  by  the  advice  of 
Sir  William  Keith,  then  governor  of  Pennfylvanl^i,  he 
failed  for  England,  where  he  arrived  in  1724.  Difap- 
pointed  by  not  having  letters  ot  recommendation  from 
the  governor,  he  applied  for  and  obtained  employment 
as  a  journeyman  Printer,  where  he  improved  his  know- 
ledge  and  faved  lome  money.  Here  he  pub'ilhed  his 
Dilfertation  on  Liberty  and  necefllty,  and  alfociated  with 
Lyons,  Mandeville  and  others  of  that  clafs.  After 
nearly  two  years  refidence  in  London  he  returned  to 
Piiiladelphia  with  a  Mr  Denham  as  his  clerk  and  af- 
fiitant  in  a  (tore.  On  Mr  Denhani's  death  Franklin 
returned  to  Keimer  in  capacity  of  foreman,  which  con- 
tinued with  little  interruption  till  he  fet  up  a  printing- 
office  himfelf.  In  this  period  of  the  hiftory  of  his  life 
vritten  by  himfelf  he  gives  the  following  llatement  of 
his  principles. 

"  Before  I  relate  the  particulars  of  my  entrance  into 
bufinefs,  it  may  be  proper  to  inform  you  what  was  at 
that  time  the  Hate  of  my  mind  as  to  moral  principles, 
that  you  may  fee  the  degree  of  influence  ihey  had  up- 
on the  fubfequent  events  of  my  life. 

My  parents  had  given  me  betimes  religious  impref- 
fions  ;  and  I  received  from  my  infancy  a  pious  educa- 
tion in  the  principles  of  Calvinifm.  But  fcarcely  was 
I  arrived  at  fifteen  years  of  age,  when,  after  having 
doubted  in  turn  of  ditFerent  tenets,  according  as  I  found 
them  combated  in  the  different  books  that  I  read,  I 
began  to  doubt  of  revelation  itfelf.  Some  volumes 
againll  deifm  fell  into  my  hands.  They  were  faid  to 
be  the  fubllance  of  fermi  ns  preached  at  Boyle's  leifture. 
It  happened  that  they  produced  on  me  an  effeift  pre- 
cifely  the  reverfe  of  what  was  intended  by  the  writers ; 
for  the  arguments  of  the  deifts,  which  were  cited  ia 


order  to  be  refuted,  appeared  to  me  much  more  forci-  Frankli*. 
ble  than  the  refutation  itfelf.  In  a  word,  I  foon  be-  ^■^'''''*" 
came  a  perfeft  deill.  My  arguments  perverted  fome 
other  young  perlons ;  particularly  Collins  and  Ralph. 
But  in  the  fequel,  when  I  reccllcAed  that  they  had 
both  ufed  me  extremely  ill,  without  the  fmalleft  re- 
morl'e ;  when  I  confidered  the  behaviour  of  Keith, 
another  freethinker,  and  my  own  condudl  towards 
Vernon  and  Mifs  Read,  which  at  times  gave  me  much 
uneafiiiefs,  I  was  led  to  fufpeS  that  this  doiftrine, 
though  it  might  be  true,  was  not  very  uf.tul.  I  be- 
pan  to  entertain  a  lefs  favourable  opinion  of  my  Lon- 
don pamphlet,  to  which  I  had  prefixed,  as  a  motto, 
the  following  lines  of  Dryden  ; 

Whatever  is,  is  right ;  tho'  purblind  man. 
Sees  but  part  of  the  chain  the  neared  link. 
His  eyes  not  carrying  to  the  equal  beam 
That  poifes  all  above. 

and  of  which  the  obje.51  was  to  prove,  from  the  attri- 
butes of  God,  hisgoodnefs,  wifd' m,  and  power,  that 
there  could  be  no  luch  thing  as  evil  in  the  vi'orld  ;  that 
vice  and  virtue  did  not  in  reality  exill  and  were  nothing 
more  than  vain  diltinflions.  I  no  longer  regarded  it 
as  f)  blamelefs  a  work  as  I  had  formerly  imagined  ; 
and  I  lufpected  that  fome  eiror  n.ull  have  imperceptibly 
ha'  e  glided  into  my  argument,  by  »  hi  h  all  the  inferen- 
ces I  had  dr.iwn  from  it  had  been  affcdled  as  frequently 
happens  in  metaphyfical  rcafonings.  In  a  word,  I  was 
at  lalt  convinced  that  truth,  probity,  and  fincerity,  in 
tranidftions  between  man  and  man,  were  of  the  utmoft 
importance  to  the  happinels  of  life  ;  and  I  refolved 
from  that  monient,  and  wrote  the  refolution  in  my 
journal,  M  pra(5fife  them  as  long  as  I  lived. 

Revelati  in  indeed,  as  fuch,  had  no  influence  on  my 
mind  ;  but  I  was  ot  opinion  that,  though  certain  ani- 
ons could  not  be  bad  merely  Hecaufe  revelation  piohi- 
bited  them,  or  good  becaiife  it  enjoined  them,  yet  it 
was  probable  that  thole  actions  were  prohibited  becaufe 
they  were  bad  for  us,  or  enjoined  becaiile  advantage- 
ous in  their  nature,  all  tilings  confidered.  This  per- 
fuafton.  Divine  Providence,  or  fome  guardian  angel, 
and  perhaps  a  concurrence  cf  favourable  circunilfances 
co-operating,  preferved  me  from  all  immoraliiy,  or 
grofs  and  voluntiiry  injuftice,  to  which  my  want  of  reli- 
gion was  calculated  to  expofe  me,  in  the  dangerous 
period  of  youth  and  in  the  hazardous  fituations  in 
which  I  fometimes  found  myfelf,  among  ftrangers, 
and  at  a  diflance  from  the  eye  and  admonitions  of  my 
father.  I  may  fay  -u^luntary,  becaufe  the  errors  into 
which  I  had  fallen,  had  been  in  a  manner  the  forced 
refiilt  either  of  my  own  inexperience,  or  the  diflionefty 
of  others.  Thus,  before  I  entered  on  my  new  career, 
I  had  imbibed  folid  principles,  and  a  charafler  of  pro- 
bity. I  knew  their  value  ;  and  I  made  a  f  ilemn  en- 
gagement with  myfelf  never  to  depart  from  them." 

He  now  began  bufinefs  in  partnerfhip  with  Mr 
Meredith  which  lafted  till  1729,  when  Franklin  took 
the  whole  bufinefs  into  his  own  hands.  In  the  mean 
time  he  had  united  the  majority  of  well  informed  per- 
fons of  his  acquaintance  into  a  club,  known  by  the  name 
of  the  Junto,  for  the  purpofe  of  mutual  improvement, 
which  met  every  Friday  evening  to  confider  queftions 
of  morality,  politicks,  or  philof^iphy,  which  became 
a  very  uieful  inftitution  and  which  coutiaued  almoft 

forij 


F     R     A 

fwatlin.  forty  years.  On  entering  into  bufinefs  by  himfelf  he 
found  himfelf  in  embarralTed  circumftances  from  which 
he  was  relieved  by  the  generous  affiftance  of  William 
Coleman  and  Robert  Grace,  wbofc  kindnefs  made  a 
deep  impreffion  on  his  mind.  He  now  opened  a  fmall 
ftationer's  Ihop,  was  indullrious,  fteady,  and  fuccefsful, 
and  in  1730  he  married  the  daughter  of  Mr  Read, 
who  was  now  a  widow.  Having  had  frequent  occafion 
to  quote  books  in  the  club,  he  llarted  the  idea  of  efta- 
blilhing  a  public  library,  which  V7as  carried  into  eifeft 
in  1 73 1  and  became  the  foundation  of  that  noble  inlli- 
tution  which  was  incorporated  in  1742,  and  now  does 
honour  to  the  city  of  Pliiladelphia.  This  inUitution 
was  greatly  encouraged  by  the  friends  of  literature 
in  America  and  in  Great  Britain.  The  Penn  family 
dillinguilhed  thetnfelves  by  their  donatirns,  and  the  late 
Peter  Collinfon,  befides  liberal  donations  from  himfelf 
and  obtained  from  other-,  voluntarily  undeitouk  to 
manage  the  bufinefs  of  the  comp:iny  in  London  for 
which  hii  extenfive  knowledge  and  zeal  for  the  promo- 
tion of  fcience  eminenily  qualified  him,  recommend- 
ing fuitable  books,  purchafing,  and  fhipping  them  for 
thirty  years,  which  he  communicated  to  the  diieitors 
every  improvement  and  difcovery  in  the  arts,  agricul- 
ture and  philofophy. 

In  1733  Fianklin  began  to  publifh  Poor  Richard's 
Almanack,  remarkable  for  numeioub  and  valuable 
concife  maxims,  tending  to  promote  induftry,  and  fru- 
gality :  the  demand  for  it  was  fuch  that  10,000  have 
been  fold  id  one  year.  Thefe  maxims  h.ive  been  colleifled 
in  an  addrefs  entitled.  The  Way  to  Wealth,  which  has 
appeared  in  vaiitais  publications. 

In  1736  Franklin  waa  chofen  clerk  to  the  General 
AlTembly  of  Pennfylvania,  and  in  1737  he  was  ap- 
P'  inied  poft-maller:  in  1738  he  formed  the  fiill  Fire 
Cimpany  in  Pniladelphia,  and  fomc  time  afier  fuggell- 
ed  the  plan  ot  an  idficiati'm  for  inluriiig  houfes  Irom 
lofs  by  tire,  which  has  been  a  very  valuable  inftiiu.ion. 

In  1744  during  a  war  between  France  and  Britain, 
feme  French  and  Indians  had  made  inroads  upon  the 
frontiers  of  Pennfylvania,  whole  inhabitants  were  un- 
provided for  fuch  an  attack.  The  governor  recom- 
mended to  the  Affsmbly  to  pafs  a  militia  Ijw,  but 
owing  to  fome  difputes  between  the  governor  and 
Aflembly  it  was  not  done,  the  fituation  of  the  Pro- 
vince was  alarming,  and  deftitute  of  the  means  of  de- 
fence. At  this  criiis  Franklin  (lepped  torth  and  pro- 
pofed  to  a  meeting  of  the  citizens  of  Philadelphia,  a 
voluntary  alfociation  for  the  defence  of  the  Province. 
This  was  approved  of  and  figned  by  1200  perfons  im- 
mediately, and  in  a  fhort  time  the  number  increafed  to 
10,000.  Franklin  was  chofen  colonel  cf  the  Philadel- 
phia regiment  but  chofe  to  decline  the  honour. 

In  the  year  1745  Mr  Collinfon  fent  to  the  Library 
Company  of  Philadelphia  an  accnunt  of  the  experi- 
ments in  eleflricity  which  had  a'  that  time  engaeed  the 
attention  of  the  philof  pheis  in  Europe.  Mr  Kinner- 
fley  and  others  applied  themfelves  to  the  fubjeft,  and 
Franklin  foon  made  a  diftinguiflied  figure  in  this 
courfe,  his  experiments  and  difcoveries  are  fo  numcr- 
OU',  and  fi  well  known  as  to  render  an  account  of 
them  in  this  place  fii|>eit]uous.  The  praftical  ufe  of  his 
difcoveries  in  the  application  of  pointed  condudors  for 
the  purpofe  cf  Iccuring  houfes  from  injury  by  light- 


[     61     ]  F     R     A 

ning  is  well  known  and  in  general  ufe  in  America,  and  rrankUn. 
in  many  places  in  Europe.  s.^-v->^ 

In  1 747  he  became  a  member  of  the  General  Affem- 
bly  of  Pennfylvania,  where  his  influence  was  very  con- 
fiderable.  He  felJom  fpoke,  and  never  attempted  ora- 
tory, but  frequently  by  a  fingle  obfervation  determined 
the  fate  of  a  queftion.  Perceiving  that  the  beR  way 
of  fecuring  permanently  the  rights  of  the  people  was, 
by  the  general  dlffufion  of  knowledge  and  information 
to  all  clalfes,  he  drew  up  a  plan  of  an  Academy  to  bi 
ere.aed  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  not  only  adapted 
to  an  infant  colony,  but  alfo  as  a  foundation  on  which 
pnflerity  might  ered  a  more  extenfive  feniinary.  The 
conllitution  was  drawn  up  and  figned  in  1749,  and  in 
1750  the  Latin  and  Greek,  Mathematical  and  Englilh 
fchools  were  opened,  and  a  Charily  fchool  for  60  boys 
and  30  girls.  This  inftitution  was  incorporated  in 
'753'  2""^  ^n  additional  charter  was  obtained  in  175;. 
In  1752  he  had  joined  in  the  fcheme  fuggelled  by  Dr 
Bond,  and  on  application  to  the  Aflembly  obtained 
from  the  public  ^'.2000  for  eftabllftiing  the  Hofpital 
for  the  poor  when  vifited  by  difcafe.  In  1753  he  was 
appointed  deputy  poft-mailer  general  for  the  Britifli 
Colonies,  and  in  his  hands  this  department  was  fo  well 
adminiltered  that  its  annual  produce  was  faid  to  be 
more  than  double  that  of  Ireland. 

In  1754  Franklin,  as  commldioner  from  Pennfyl- 
vania, met  at  Albany  with  the  ci.mmiflioners  of  feveral 
of  the  other  colonies,  and  produced  a  plan  which  has 
been  called  the  Albany  Plan  of  Union  ior  the  defence 
and  general  government  of  the  colonies.  After  feveral 
days  difcuilion  it  was  unanimouflv  agreed  to,  and  a 
copy  of  it  tranfmitted  to  each  chmial  Alfembly,  and 
one  to  the  king's  Council.  The  fate  of  it  wa^  fingular  : 
it  was  rejec^tid  by  the  miniftry  of  Great  Britain,  be- 
caufe  it  gave  too  much  power  to  the  rcprefentaiives  of 
tlie  people,  and  it  was  rejeifted  by  all  the  alfemblies  as 
giving  to  the  prefident  general,  the  reprefentative  of 
the  Crown,  an  influence  greater  than  appeared  to  them 
proper  in  a  plan  ot  government  intended  for  freemen. 

The  dekat  of  Braddock  fpread  a  very  great  alarm 
through  the  colonies.  Franklin  introduced  into  the 
Alfembly  a  bill  for  organizing  a  militia,  the  bill  palfed 
and  he  was  appointed  colonel  of  a  regiment  in  Phila- 
delphia of  1200  men  ;  the  frontier  being  invaded,  he 
repaired  by  order  of  the  governor,  with  a  body  of 
men,  to  the  place  at  which  their  prefence  was  necef- 
fary,  built  a  fort,  and  placed  a  garrifon  in  fuch  a  pof. 
ture  as  to  withllanJ  the  inroads  to  which  the  inhabi- 
tants had  been  expofed.  In  1757  he  was  app-inted 
agent  ior  the  province  of  Pennfylvania  to  prefent  to 
the  king  a  petition  for  redrels  from  the  attention  ot  the 
proprietaries  to  their  private  int  red,  who  would  not 
conlent  that  their  ellatcs  Ihould  be  taxed  to  bear  a 
(hare  of  the  public  burdens.  Agreeably  to  the  inllruc- 
tions  which  he  had  received  from  the  Icgifliture  he  en- 
deavoured to  prevail  on  the  pr.  pnetaries  to  give  up 
the  point  in  conteft,  finding  them  obltinate,  he  laid  his 
petition  before  the  council,  where  after  much  oppoli- 
tion  it  was  agreed  that  tlie  proprietary  eftatcs  (h^iuld 
pay  their  due  proportion  of  taxes  on  Mr  Fianklin  en- 
gaging that  their  burdens  (hould  not  exceed  the  due 
proportion.  Alter  tranquillity  had  been  re-ellablilhed 
by  las  abilities  and  integrity  as  agent  for  Pennfylvania, 

his 


F     R     A 


[     62     ] 


F     R     A 


rrnnia;ii.  his  ctstifive  knowledge  of  the  fituation  of  the  colonies 
^•^'^^*~'  occaiicneJ  his  appointment  as  agent  for  MullachufeUs, 
MaryUnd,  and  Georgia,  in  which  fituation  his  con- 
dnA  rendered  him  d:ar  to  his  countrymen.  _  He  had 
n.iw  the  rewards  of  literary  and  philofophical  merit 
aburd.intly  heftoweJ  on  hirn,  by  being  admitted  iel- 
low  of  many  learned  focieties.  The  degree  of  Dcclor 
of  Lmws  wjs  couteired  on  him  by  the  Univerfilies  of  Sc 
Andrews,  Edinburgh,  and  Oxford,  and  his  correfpon- 
dence  fou^'ht  for  by  the  mr  ft  eminent  philofophers  of 
Kiirope.  During  this  period  he  Ihev^ed  in  a  pamphlet 
the  advantages  which  would  accrue  from  the  conqueft 
cf  Canad<i,  which  was  Ihiitly  after  accomplilhed.  He 
continued  his  philofophical  refearches  and  experme'its 
with  great  fuccef-,  and  after  a  variety  of  experiments 
on  Mr  Pucker;dge"s  difcoveiies  he  formed  that  elegant 
inllrutnent  which  he  called  the  Hatmonicj,  and  in  his 
return  in  1762,  obfcrved  the  elltd  of  oil  on  the  fur- 
face  of  the  ocean. 

Having  received  the  thanks  of  the  AfTembly  of 
Pennfylvania,  and  a  vote  of  ;C.5000  for  his  fervices, 
he  refumed  his  feat  as  a  member  ot  that  body,  with 
as  much  popularity  as  bef  ire. 

In  1764  he  was  again  fent  to  London  as  provincial 
agent,  and  in  1766  was  examined  at  the  h\T  <^(  the 
Houfe  cf  Commons  refpeding  the  repeal  of  the  ftamp 
aft.  The  fame  year  he  vifited  Holland  and  Germany, 
vhere  he  was  well  received  by  men  of  fcience,  as  he 
was  alfo  in  France  in  the  following  year.  Several  let- 
ters from  Hutchinfon,  Oliver  and  others  came  into  the 
hands  of  Dr  Franklin,  containing  violent  invefiives 
againll  the  leading  charaiSers  in  Maifachufetts  and 
iVrenuoufly  advifing  vigorous  meafures  to  compel  the 
people  to  obedience,  thefe  he  fent  to  the  legiflature,  by 
whom  they  were  publilhed,  attefled  copies  were  fent  to 
Great  Britain,  with  a  petition  to  the  king  to  remove 
the  writers  from  oflice.  Dr  Franklin  dei:lared  that  he 
had  fent  the  letters,  but  retufed  to  give  information  >  f 
the  manner  in  which  they  came  to  his  li.mds  ;  the  pe- 
tition was  rejeded.  The  meafures  which  the  miniftiy 
purfued  in  laying  taxes  on  the  colonies  Dr  Franklin 
ufed  his  utmoR  endeavours  to  induce  them  to  change 
but  without  fuccefs,  and  finding  all  his  efforts  to  re- 
llore  harmony  ufelefs  he  returned  to  America  in  1775. 
Jufl  after  the  commencement  of  hoftilities,  he  vifited 
Canada  to  perfuade  the  citizens  to  join  in  the  common 
caufe,  but  did  not  fucceed.  In  1776  he  was  joined 
with  Mr  Adams  and  Mr  Rutledge  to  lesrn  the  extent 
of  the  powers  of  thofe  commiffioners  who  came  with 
Lord  Howe,  but  finding  that  they  were  only  empow- 
ered to  grant  pardons  on  fubmiili  n,  nothing  could  be 
done.  He  gave  his  voice  decidedly  for  independence, 
and  had  great  influence  in  bringing  over  others  to  the 
fame  vievvs.  The  public  mind  had  been  in  fome  mea- 
fure  prepaied  for  this  by  Paine's  pamphlet  Cominon 
Senft :  there  was  good  reafon  to  believe  tliat  Dr  Fr  unk- 
lin  had  a  conliderable  fhare  in  this  work.  The  fame 
year  he  was  cliofen  prefider.t  of  the  Convention  which 
met  in  Philadelphia  to  form  a  new  conftitution  tor 
Pennfylvania.  In  the  latter  end  of  th.e  year  he  was 
appointed  to  adilf  in  the  negociations  wh'ch  had  been 
fet  on  foot  in  Fiance  by  Silas  Dcane,  but  n  thing 
c<.uld  be  accomplilhed  till  the  news  of  the  capture  of 
Burgoyne's  army  by  llie  Americans  decided  the  con- 
dud  of  France  :  to  this  alfo  was  owing  the  facility  with 


which  loans  in  Holland  and  France  were  negcciated.  Frantliw 
He  was  one  of  thofe  who  figned  the  provifional  arti-  ^•^~^<"'*^ 
cles  of  peace  in  Nov.  1782,  and  the  definitive  treaty 
on  the  30th  September  1783.  He  was  <ine  of  thi 
commillioners  appointed  to  examine  Mefmer's  Animal 
Magnetifm  in  1784.  In  1785  he  arrived  in  PhiladeU 
phia,  where  he  was  chofen  member  of  the  fupreme 
executive  council,  and  Ihortly  afterward  was  elected 
Prefident  of  it. 

In  1787  he  was  appointed  delegate  for  Pennfylva- 
nia in  the  grand  convention  and  figned  the  conftitu- 
tion  of  the  United  States.  He  was  a  member  of  feve- 
ral  political  and  benevolent  focieties.  His  infirmities 
incrsafini;  prevented  his  re'iul.ir  attendance  in  the 
council  chamber,  and  in  1788  he  retired  from  public 
life.  He  was  attacked  with  a  calculous  comphint  in 
1 78 1  which  continued  to  his  deith,  which  took  place 
on  the  i7ih  of  April  1790,  at  the  age  of  Eighty-tuur 
years  and  three  months. 

The  following  epitaph  on  him,  was  written  by  him* 
felf  many  years  previous  to  his  death ; 

THE  BODY 

of 

Benjamin  Franklin,  Printer, 

(Like  the  cover  of  an  old  book. 

Its  contents  torn  out 

And  flrip;  of  its  lettering  and  gilding) 

Lies  here  food  for  worms  ; 

Yet  the  work  itfelf  fhall  not  be  loft. 

For  it  will  (as  he  believed)  appear  once  more. 

In  a  new 

And  more  beautiful  edition, 

Correiffed  and  amended 

by 

The  Author. 

Franklin,  Fort,  is  in  Alleghany  to.  Pennfyl- 
vania, near  the  poll  called  Venango,  and  was  eredfed 
in  1787  in  order  to  defend  the  frontiers  of  Pennfylvania 
from  the  depredations  of  the  neighbouring  Indians.  It 
is  feated  on  the  S.  W.  bank  of  Al'eghany  river,  oppo- 
fite  the  mouth  of  French  creek.  N.  lat.  41.  i.  40.  W. 
long.  79.  41. ;  53  miles  S.  S.  E.  of  Prefque  Ifle,  and 
6^  noriliward  of  Pittfburg. — Morse. 

Franklin  Co.  the  north- wefternmoft  in  Vermont, 
bounded  N.  by  Lower  Canada,  and  W.  by  lake  Cham- 
plain.  It  was  lately  taken  from  Chittenden  co.  and 
contains  20  townlhips. — ib. 

Franklin  Co.  in  Pcnnfvlvania,  bounded  N.  by 
Mffl  n,  N.  E.  by  Cumberland,  E.  by  York,  S.  by 
Walhington  co.  in  Maryland,  W.  by  Bedford  co.  and 
N.  W.  by  Hunterdon.  It  is  computed  to  contain  800 
fquare  miles,  equal  to  512,000  acres.  It  lies  chiefly 
between  the  N.  and  S.  Mountains,  and  comprehends 
the  middle  part  of  the  beautiful  and  rich  valley  of 
Conegocheague  ;  which  is  watered  by  the  creek  of  its 
name,  whicii  falls  into  Potowmack  at  Williams  Port 
in  Maryland.  Th's  county  exhibits  a  moft  luxuriant 
landfcipe  in  fummer,  from  the  top  of  South  Moun- 
tain. Iron  ore  is  found  here  fufHcient  already  to 
furnifn  work  for  a  furnace  and  forge.  I'he  county 
is  divided  int  >  11  townihips,  which  C(nuain  1^,6^^  in- 
habitants, (f  whom  330  are  flaves. — ib, 

Franklin  Co.  in  Kentucky,  is  bounded  N.  by  Scott 

CO. 


F     R     E 


C     63     ] 


F     R     E 


Frauklin 

II  , 
Fredcrica. 


CO.  N.  W.  and  W.  by  Shelby,  S.  E.  by  Fayette,  and 
S.  by  Woodford.     Chief  town,  Frankfort. — ib. 

Franklin  Co.  in  Halifax  diftriil,  N.Carolina,  con- 
tains 7559  inhabitants,  of  whom  2717  are  flaves.  It 
is  bounded  N.  by  Greenville,  S.  by  Jijhnfton,  N.  E. 
by  Warren,  S.  W.  by  Wake,  and  W.  by  Orange  co. 
Chief  town,  Lewifljurg. — ib. 

Franklin  Co.  in  Virginia,  is  bounded  N.  by  Bed- 
ford, K.  W.  by  Botetourt,  W.  by  Montgomery,  S, 
W.  by  Henry,  S.  by  Patrick,  and  E.  by  Campbell  co. 
It  is  about  40  miles  long,  and  25  broad,  and  contains 
6842  inhabitants,  including  1073  laves.  A  range  of 
the  Alleghany  Mountains  pafles  through  it  on  the  N. 
W.     It  is  confequently  hilly  in  general. — ib. 

Franklin  Co.  in  Georgia,  is  fituated  in  the  Upper 
Diftrift,  bounded  E.  and  N.  E.  by  Tugulo  river, 
which  feparates  it  from  the  flate  of  S.  Carolina ;  W. 
and  N.  W.  by  the  country  of  the  Cherokees ;  S.  by  the 
head  branches  of  Broad  river,  and  S.  E.  by  Elbert  co. 
It-contains  1041  inhabitants,  of  whom  156  are  flaves. 
The  court-houfe  is  17  miles  from  Hatton's  Ford  on 
Tugulo  river,  25  from  Elberton,  and  77  from  Wafh- 
ington. — ib. 

Franklin,  a  townfliip  in  Norfolk  co.  Maflachufetts  ; 
taken  from  Wrentham,  and  incorporated  in  1778,  and 
contains  17,000  acres  of  land.  It  has  iioi  inhabit- 
ants ;  is  bounded  N.  by  Charles  river,  which  feparates 
it  from  Medway,  and  lies  30  miles  S.  of  Bofton. — ib. 

Franklin,  a  fmall  ifle  at  the  mouth  of  St  George's 
river  in  Lincohi  co.  Maine;  4  leagues  fouthward  of 
Thomafton. — ib. 

Franklin,  a  new  townfliip  in  Dutchefs  co.  New- 
York.  By  the  ftate  cenfus  of  1796,  it  appe.irs  there 
are  2 10  of  its  inhabitants  qualified  to  be  electors. — Alfo, 
a  new  townfliip  in  Delaware  county,  of  whofe  inhabit- 
ants 239  are  cleflors.  It  lies  S.  W.  from,  and  bor- 
ders on  Harpersfield,  and  its  W.  line  runs  along  the 
S.  eaftern  bank  of  Sufquehanna  river.  Tiiis  town  was 
divided  by  an  aft  of  the  Legill'.ture,   1797 — ib. 

Franklin,  a  townlhip  in  Wellmorsland  co.  Penn- 
fylvania. — Alfo,  3  others  in  the  fame  Hate,  viz.  in 
York  CO.  Fayette  co.  and  in  Wafhington  co. — ib. 

Franklin,  a  townlhip,  the  northernmoft  in  New- 
London  CO.  Connefticut,  6  miles  N.  W.  of  Norwich. 
It  contains  above  1000  inhabitants,  who  are  chieHy 
wealtliy  farmers. — ib. 

FRANKSTOWN,  a  townfliip  in  Huntingdon  co. 
Pennfylvania,  fituated  on  the  Frankllown  branch  of 
Juniatta  river,   20  miles  W.  of  Huntingdon. — ib. 

FRAYLES,  an  ifland  near  the  coall  of  New-Anda- 
lufia.  Terra  Firma. — ib. 

FREDERICA,  a  village  in  Kent  co.  ftate  of  Dela- 
ware, fituated  between  the  two  main  branches  of  Mo- 
ther Kill,  a  ftream  which  falls  into  Delaware  7  miles 
from  the  town,  and  3  S.  E.  of  Jame's  creek,  which 
leads  up  to  Dover.  It  contains  about  40  houfes,  and 
lies  12  miles  E.  of  Dover,  and  88  from  Philadelphia. 

— '^■ 

Frederica,  a  town  of  Glynn  co.  in   Georgia,    is 

fituated  on  St  Simon's  Ifl.ind,  in  a  very  pleafant  fitua- 

tion,  and  was  built  by  General  Oglethorpe.     The  for- 

trefs  was  beautiful  and  regular,  but  U  now  in  ruins. 

The  town  contains  but  few  houfes,  wliich  ftand  on  an 

eminence,  upon  a  branch  of  Alatamaha  river,  wliich 

waflies  the  W.  fide  of  this  agreeable  ifland,  and  forms 


a  bay  before  ihc  town,  affording  a  fafe  and  cominodi-  Frcdcrict. 
ous  harbor  for  veffels  of  the  largell  burden,  which  "^•^"^"^-^ 
may  lie  along  the  wharf.  It  was  fettled  by  fome 
Scotch  highlanders,  about  the  year  1735,  who  accept- 
ed of  an  ellablilhnient  both  here  and  at  Dirien, 
to  defend  the  colonv,  if  needful,  againft  the  neigh- 
bouring Spaniards.    N.  lat.  31.  15.  W.  long.  80. — )b. 

FREDERICK  Co.  in  Maryland,  is  bounded  N.  by 
Pennfylvania,  W.  and  N.  W.  by  Wafliington,  E.  by 
Baltimore,  and  S.  W.  by  Potowmack  river.  On  the 
Monocacy  river  and  its  branches  are  about  37  grift- 
mills,  a  furnace,  iron  forge,  and  a  glafs  manufa<5tory, 
called  the  E'na  glafs  works,  which  are  in  a  thriving 
ftate.  This  county  is  about  30  miles  each  way, 
reckoning  from  the  extreme  parts.  The  Cotoftiny 
Mountain  extends  from  the  Potowmack  in  a  N.  di- 
reflioii  through  this  county  into  Pennfylvania,  between 
the  South  Mountain  and  Monocacy  Creek  ;  the  eadeni 
parts  are  generally  level.  It  contains  30,791  inhabit- 
ants, including  3,641  flaves.  Chief  town,  Frederick- 
town. — ib, 

Frederick  Co.  in  Virginia,  is  bounded  N.  by  Berk- 
ley, S.  by  Shamndoali,  W.  by  Hampfhire,  and  E. 
by  Shanandoah  river,  which  feparates  it  from  Loudon 
CO.  It  is  30  miles  in  length,  and  20  in  breadth,  and 
contains  19,681  inhabitants,  of  whom  4,250  are  flaves. 
Iron  ore  is  found  here  in  great  plenty  ;  and  works 
have  been  erefted  which  produce  160  tons  of  bar  iron, 
and  650  tons  of  pig,  annually.  In  one  year  300  tons 
of  bar  iron  were  manuta(ftured.  Pots  and  other  utenfils, 
caft  thinner  than  ufual  of  this  iron,  may  be  fafely 
thrown  into  or  out  of  the  wagt;on,  in  which  they  are 
tranfported.  Both  this  and  Berkley  co.  has  a  good 
foil.  Between  the  waters  of  Opeckan  creek  and  the 
Shanandoah  is  the  richeft  limeftone  land  in  the  eaftein 
parts  of  the  ftate. 

Near  the  North  Mountain  in  this  county  is  a  curious 
cave,  by  fome  called  Zancy's  Cnve.  Its  entrance  is  on 
the  top  of  an  extenfive  ridge.  You  defcend  30  or  40 
feet  as  into  a  well,  from  whence  the  cave  then  extends, 
nearly  horizontally,  460  feet  into  the  earth,  preferving 
a  breadth  of  from  20  to  50  feet,  and  a  height  of 
from  5  to  12  feet.  After  entering  this  cave  a  few 
feet,  the  mercury,  which,  in  the  open  air,  was  at  50. 
rofe  to  57.  of  Fahrenheit's  thermometer.  After  thii 
may  be  added  the  Natural  Well  on  the  lands  of  Mr. 
Lewis.  It  is  fomewhat  larger  than  a  common  well, 
and  rifes  as  near  the  furface  of  the  earth  as  in  the 
neighbouring  artificial  wells ;  and  is  of  a  depth,  as  yet 
unknown.  It  is  ufed  with  a  bucket  and  windlals  as  an 
ordinary  well.  It  is  faid  there  is  a  current  in  it  tend- 
ing fenfibly  downwards.     Chief  town,  Winchefter — ib. 

Frederick  Nouff,  a  trading  ftation  in  Upper  Ca- 
nada, on  the  head  water  cf  Abbitibbe  river.  N.  lat. 
48.  35.  W.  long.  82.  6.— a. 

Frederick,  a  fort  in  Wafliington  co.  Maryland, 
fituated  on  the  N.  E.  bank  of  Potowmack  river,  near 
the  S.  line  of  Pennfylvania. — ib. 

Frederick,  a  towfliip  in  Montgomery  co.  Pennfyl- 
vania.— ib. 

FarDERiCK,  a  town  on  the  N.  fide  of  Salfafras  river, 
in  Cecil  co.  Maryland,  and  fcparated  by  tlut  river 
from  George  Town  in  Kent  co.  It  lies  6  miles  S. 
W.  of  Warwick,  and  14  E.  of  Grove  point  in  Cl.efa- 
peak  bay.    N.  lat.  39.  22-  3=— '*•  j-reDE- 


Frctlcrickf- 
burg 

II 
Ire  J;  itts. 


F     R     E  C     64     ] 

Fredericksburg,  a  poft  town  in  SpotfyU-ania  co.  north-weft 
Virginia  ;  lituaied  on  the  S.  \V.  bank  of  Rappahan- 
nock river,  110  miles  from  its  mouth  in  Chefapealc 
bay.  It  is  an  incorporated  town,  and  regularly  laid 
out  into  fcveral  ftteets,  the  chief  of  which  runs  parallel 
v/uh  tl'.e  river,  and  in  all  contains  upwards  of  200 
hoofes,  two  tobacco  warehoufes,  and  feveral  (lores  of 
well  aflbrted  goods.  Its  public  buildings  are  an  Epif- 
cop.il  churcli,  an  academy,  court-houl'e  and  gaol.  It 
ii  a  place  of  confiderable  trade  and  contains  about 
2000  inhabitants,  of  whom  587  are  Haves.  A  forge 
in  lliis  neighborhood  made,  fometime  ago,  about  300 
tons  {'f  bar  iron  in  a  year,  from  pigs  imported  from 
Maryland.  It  is  so  miles  S.  S.  W.  of  Alexandria,  68  N. 
Ly  E.  of  Richmond,  102  S.  W.  of  Baltimore,  and  205  S. 
W.  of  Philadelphia.  N.  lat.  38.  22.  W.  long  77.  36. — iL 
FREDERICKSTOWN,  a  towndiip  in  Dutchefs 
CO.  New-York,  which  contains  5932  inhabitants,  of 
whom  188  are  qualified  to  be  elcdors,  and  63  are 
flaves. — li. 

FREDERICKTON,  a  confiderable  townftiip  in  the 
province  of  New-Brunfwick,  yo  miles  up  St  John's 
river,  which  is  thus  far  navigable  for  floops. — ik 

FREDERICKTOWN,  a  poft  town  of  Maryland, 
and  capital  of  Frederick  co.  (ituated  on  both  fides  of 
CarroUs'  creek,  a  fmall  ftreani  that  empties  into  Mono- 
cacy  river  over  which  are  two  bridi^es.  The  ftreets 
are  regularly  laid  out,  interfedlng  each  other  at  right 
angles.  The  dwelling-houfes,  chiefly  of  ftone  and 
brick,  are  about  700  in  number,  many  of  which  are 
handfome  and  commodious.  The  public  edifices  are, 
one  church  for  Prefbyterians,  two  for  German  Luther- 
ans and  Calvinifts,  and  one  for  Baptifts,  an  elegant 
courthoufe,  a  gaol,  and  a  brick  market-houfe.  It  is 
a  very  flourifliing  town,  and  has  confiderable  trade 
with  the  back  country.  The  Etna  glafs  works  are 
fiiuated  4  miles  above  the  town,  on  Tulkarora  creek. 
Fredericktown  is  4  miles  E.  of  Cotoflin  mountain,  47 
W.  by  N.  of  Baltimore,  24  E.  of  Sharpfburg,  and 
148  S.  W.  by  W.  of  Philadelphia,  N.  lat.  39.  24.—;*. 
FREEHOLD,  a  town  in  Monmouth  co.  New- 
Jerfey,  15  miles  AV.  of  Shrewfbury,  and  20  S.  E.  by 
6.  cf  New-Brunfwick.  In  this  town  was  fought  the 
obftinate  battle  called  the  Monmouth  battle,  on  the 
28th  of  June,  1778.  There  is  an  academy  in  this 
town.  Freehold  contains  3785  inhabitants,  of  whom 
627  are  flaves. — lb. 

Frlehold,  a  townfhip  in  Albany  co.  New- York, 
containing  1822  inhabitants,  of  whom  562  are  quali- 
fied eledtors,  and  5  are  flaves. — id. 

FREEPORT,  a  townfliip  in  Cumberlard  co.  dif- 
tria  of  Maine,  fituated  at  the  head  of  Cafco  bay  ;  ad- 
joining to  Durham  on  the  N.  E.  and  to  North  Yar- 
mouth on  the  S.  W. ;  about  10  miles  N.  E.  of  Port- 
land, and  140  N.  by  E.  of  Bofton.  It  was  incorpo- 
rated in  1789,  and  contains  1330  inhabitants. — iL 

FREESTONE-GAP,  a  place  fo  called,  in  Tennef- 
fee,  25  miles  from  Hawkin's  courthoufe,  and  35  from 
Cumberland  mountain. — it. 

FREETOWN,  a  thriving  townflnp  in  Briftol  co. 
Maffachufetts,  incorporated  in  1683,  contains  2202 
inhabitants,  and  lies  50  miles  foutherly  of  Bofton. — il>. 
FRE'GATES  Fran?aise  Baf^  de,  die  name  given 
by  La  Peroufe  to  a  dangerous  reef  of  funken  rocks 
which  he   difcovered  in   the  Pacific  ocean.     On  the 


F    R    E 


extremity  of  this  reef  they  perceived  an 
iflet  orfplit  rock  from  20  to  25  fathoms  in  height  and 
about  50  toifes  in  diameter.  From  this  iflet  the  reef 
extends  more  than  four  leagues  to  the  fouth-eaft  ;  and 
upon  the  extremity  of  the  point  in  that  direction,  the 
frigates  had  almoft  ftruck  before  the  breakers  were 
obferved.  This  was  during  a  fine  clear  night  and 
fmooth  fea.  With  great  propriety,  the  Commodore 
returned  in  the  morning  to  afcertain  the  geographical 
fitiiaiion  of  this  unknown  rock ;  and  he  eftimated  the 
iflet  to  be  in  23°  45'  N.  Lat.  and  168°  10'  W.  Long, 
from  Paris. 

FRENCH,  a  fmall  river  in  Maflachufetts,  has  its 
fonrce  in  a  fmall  pond,  on  the  borders  of  Leicefter 
and  Spencer,  in  Worccfter  co.  and  runs  through  Ox- 
ford and  joins  Quinebange  river,  in  Thompfon  town- 
fiiip,  in  Conne<5licut.  It  derives  its  name  from  the 
French  Proieftants,  who  obtained  a  fettlement  in  the 
town  of  Oxford,  after  the  revocation  of  the  edidl  of 
Nantz,  in  1685. — Morse. 

French  Broad,  a  navigable  river  in  Tenneflee, 
which  rifes  on  the  S.  E.  fide  of  the  Great  Iron  and 
Bald  mountains,  in  N.  Carolina.  It  is  formed  by  two 
main  branches,  which  receive  feveral  ftreams  in  their 
courfe.  Thefc  unite  about  58  miles  from  the  fource 
of  the  Nolachucky,  the  eaftern  branch  ;  thence  it  flows 
N.  wefterly  about  25  miles,  and  joins  the  Holfton  11 
miles  above  Knoxville,  and  is  400  or  500  yards  wide. 
The  navigation  of  this  branch  is  much  interrupted  by 
rocks,  as  is  alfo  the  Tennelfee  branch,  which  joins  the 
main  river  50  miles  below  this. 

A  large,  clear,  medicinal  fpring,  faid  to  be  efficaci- 
ous in  curing  many  difeafes,  has  been  lately  difcovered 
on  the  waters  of  this  river,  about  30  miles  in  a  diredt 
line  from  its  mouth.  The  water  is  fo  hot,  that  a  pa- 
tient at  firft  going  into  it  can  fcarcely  fupport  it. 
Nearer  the  mouth  of  the  river,  a  valuable  lead  mine 
has  been  difcovered. — lb. 

French  Creek,  a  N.  weftern  water  of  Alleghany 
river,  into  which  it  falls  along  the  N.  fide  of  Fort 
Franklin,  80  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Pittfburg.  It  affords 
the  neareft  paffage  to  lake  Erie.  It  is  navigable  with 
fmall  boats  to  Le  Beuf,  by  a  very  crooked  channel ; 
the  portage  thence  to  Prefque  Ifle,  from  an  adjoining 
peninfula,  is  15  miles.  Thii  is  the  ufual  route  from 
Quebec  to  Ohio. — ib. 

French  Licl-,  in  Tenneflee,  is  the  name  of  a  fait 
fpring,  near  which  the  town  of  Nafhville  now  ftands. 
—ib. 

French  Town,  in  Cecil  co.  Maryland,  lies  on  the 
E.  fide  of  Elk  river,  a  mile  S.  of  Elkton,  from  which 
it  is  feparated  by  Elk  creek.  Elk  ferry  is  6  miles  be- 
low this. — ib. 

FRENCHMAN'.;  Bay,  lies  on  the  fea  coaft  of 
Lincoln  co.  Maine,  and  is  formed  by  Mount  Defert 
ifland  on  the  weftward,  and  the  peninfula  of  Goldlbo- 
rough  townfliip  on  the  eaftward  — Round  Mount  De- 
fert ifland  it  has  an  inland  circular  communication 
with  Blue  Hill  bay. — ib. 

FRENEUSE  Lake,  a  large  colledion  of  water, 
through  which  St  John's  river  in  New-Brunfwick,  paf- 
fts.  In  fome  maps  this  appears  only  as  a  dilatation  of 
the  river;  but  in  others  it  appears  as  a  large  lake  of 
very  irregular  figure,  and  receiving  confiderable  ftreams 
from  the  circumjacent  country. — ib. 

FRIC 


F     R     I 


FriiSion.  FRICTION,  in  mechanics,  is  a  fubjeifl  of  great  iro- 
^^'^''^'^^  portance  both  to  the  pradlical  engineer  and  to  the  fpe- 
culative  philofopher.  It  i?  therefore  cur  duty  to  cor- 
reft,  in  this  Supplement,  the  miftakes  into  which  we 
fell  when  treating  of  that  fubjeifl  in  the  Encyclopiedia. 
What  we  have  there  taught  oi  fricllon  (fee  Mecha- 
Kics  Seft.  11.  (J  8.)  is  tjken  from  Fergufon  ;  but  it 
has  been  (hewn  by  Mr  Vince,  that  the  experiments  from 
which  his  conclufions  were  drawn  were  not  properly 
inftituted.  That  eminent  mathematician  and  philofo- 
pher therefore  entered  upon  the  inveftigation  of  the 
fubjefl  anew,  and  endeavoured,  by  a  fet  of  experiments, 
to  determine  the  folh^wing  queftions  : 

1.  Whether  friftion  be  a  uni.'ormly  retarding  force  ? 

2.  The  quantity  of  fridlicn  I 

3.  Whether  the  friiSion  varies  in  proportion  to  the 
prelfure  or  weight  ? 

4.  Whether  the  friflion  be  the  fame  on  whichever 
of  its  furfaces  a  body  moves  ? 

1.  With  refpefb  to  the  firft  of  thefe  queftions,  the 
author  truly  obferves,  that  if  friction  be  a  uniform  force, 
the  difFerence  between  it  and  the  given  force  of  the 
moving  power  employed  to  overcome  it  muft  alfo  be 
uniform  ;  and  that  therefore  the  moving  power,  if  it 
be  a  body  defcending  by  its  own  weight,  muft  defcend 
with  a  uniformly  accelerated  velocity,  juft  as  when 
there  was  no  fri(5ii0n.  The  fpaces  defcribed  from  the 
beginning  of  the  motion  will  indeed  be  diminilhed  in 
*ny  given  time  on  account  of  the  fridlion  ;  but  ftill 
they  muft  be  to  each  other  as  the  fquares  of  the  times 
employed.     See  Dynamics  in  this  Supplement. 

2.  A  plane  was  therefore  adjufted  parallel  to  the  ho- 
rizon, at  the  extremity  of  which  was  placed  a  pulley, 
which  could  be  elevated  or  deprelTed  in  order  to  render 
the  ftring  which  connedled  the  body  and  the  moving 
force  parallel  to  the  plane.  A  fcale  accurately  divided 
was  placed  by  the  fide  of  the  pulley  perpendicular  to 
the  horizon,  by  the  fide  of  which  the  moving  force  de- 
fcended  ;  upon  the  fcale  was  placed  a  moveable  ftage, 
which  could  be  adjufted  to  the  fpace  through  which 
the  moving  force  defcended  in  any  given  time;  which 
time  was  meafured  by  a  well-regulated  pendulum  clock 
vibrating  feconds.  Every  thing  being  thus  prepared, 
the  following  experiments  were  made  to  afceitain  the 
law  of  fridion. 

3.  Exp.  1.  A  body  was  placed  upon  the  horizontal 
plane,  and  a  moving  force  applied,  which,  from  repeat- 
ed trials,  was  found  to  defcend  524  inches  in  4"  ;  for 
by  the  beat  of  the  clock,  and  the  found  of  the  moving 
force  when  it  arrived  at  the  ftage,  the  fpace  could  be 
very  accurately  adjufted  to  the  time  :  The  ftage  was 
then  removed  to  that  point  to  which  the  moving  force 
would  defcend  in  3",  upon  fuppofition,  that  the  fpaces 
defcribed  by  the  moving  power  were  as  the  fquares  of 
the  times  ;  and  the  fpace  was  found  to  agree  very  ac- 
curately with  the  time  :  the  ftage  was  then  removed 
to  that  point  to  which  the  moving  force  ought  to  de- 
fcend 2"  upon  the  fame  fuppofition,  and  the  defcent 
was  found  to  agree  exai511y  with  the  time  :  htftly,  the 
llage  was  adjufted  to  that  point  to  which  the  moving 
force  ought  to  defcend  in  i",  upon  the  fame  fuppo- 
fition, and  the  fpace  was  obferved  to  agree  with  the 
time.  Now,  in  order  to  find  whether  a  dilFerence  in 
the  time  of  defcent  could  be  obferved  by  removing  the 
ftage  a  liitle  above  and  below  the  pofitions  whicli  cor- 

buppL.  Vol.  II. 


C    65    ] 


F     R     I 


refponded  to  the  above  times  the  experiment  was  tried,  Friaion. 
and  the  defcent  was  always  found  too  foon  in  the  for-  ^-'~^'^^- 
mer,  and  too  late  in  tlie  latter  cafe  ;  by  which  the  au- 
thor  was  alfured  that  the  fpaces  firil  mentioned  corre- 
fponded  exadly  to  the  times.  And,  for  the  greater 
certainty,  each  defcent  was  repeated  eight  or  tea  'times ; 
and  every  caution  ufed  in  this  experiment  was  alio  made 
ufe  of  in  all  the  following;. 

Exp.  2.  A  fecond  body  Was  laid  upon  the  horizontal 
plane,  and  a  moving  force  applied  which  defcended  41  i- 
inches  in  3";  the  ftage  was  then  adjufted  to  the  fpace  cor- 
refponding  to  2",  upon  fuppofition  that  the  fpaces  de- 
fcended through  were  as  the  fquares  of  the  times,  and  it 
wab  found  to  agree  accurately  with  the  time;  the  ftagi 
was  then  adjufted  to  the  fpace  correfponding  to  i", 
upon  the  fame  fuppofition,  and  it  was  found  to  agree 
with  the  time. 

Exp.  3.  A  third  body  was  laid  upon  the  horizontal 
plane,  and  a  moving  force  applied,  which  defcended  59^ 
inches  in  4";  the  ftage  was  then  adjulled  to  the  fpace  cor- 
refponding to  3",  upon  fuppofition  that  the  fpaces  de- 
fcended through  were  as  the  fquares  of  the  times,  and  it 
was  found  to  agree  with  the  time  ;  the  ftage  was  then 
adjufted  to  the  fpace  correfponding  to  2'',  upon  the 
fame  fuppofition,  and  it  was  found  to  agree  with  the 
time  ;  the  ftage  was  th;n  adjufted  10  the  fpace  corre- 
fponding to  i",  and  was  found  to  agree  with  the 
time. 

Exp.  4.  A  fourth  body  was  then  taken  and  laid  upon 
the  horizontal  plane,  and  a  moving  force  applied,  which 
defcended  55  inches  in  4"  ;  the  ftage  was  then  adjufted 
to  the  fpace  through  which  it  ought  to  defcend  in  3'', 
upon  fuppofition  that  the  fpaces  defcended  through 
were  as  the  fquares  of  the  times,  and  it  was  found  to 
agree  with  the  time  ;  the  ftage  was  then  adjufted  to 
the  fpace  correfponding  to  2",  upon  the  fame  fuppofi. 
tion,  and  was  found  to  agree  with  the  time  ;  laftly,  the 
ftage  was  adjufted  to  the  ijiace  correfponding  to  i",  and 
it  was  found  to  agree  exaflly  with  the  lime. 

Befides  thefe  experiments,  a  great  number  of  others 
were  made  with  hard  bodies,  or  thofe  whofe  parts  fo 
firmly  cohered  as  not  to  be  moved  inter  Ji  by  llie  fric- 
tion  ;  and,  in  each  experiment,  bodies  of  very  different 
degrees  of  fiiflion  were  chofen,  and  the  refults  all 
agreed  with  thofe  related  above  ;  we  may  theref  re  con- 
clude, that  the  fricl'ion  of  bard  bodies  in  motion  ii  a  mii- 
formly  retarding  force. 

But  to  determine  whether  the  fame  was  true  for  bo- 
dies when  covered  wi;h  clotli,  woollen,  &c.  experiments 
)vere  made  in  order  to  afcercain  it  ;  when  it  was  found, 
in  all  cafes,  that  the  retarding  force  increaled  with  the 
velocity;  but,  upon  covering  bodies  with  paper,  the 
confequences  were  found  to  agree  with  thofe  related 
above. 

4.  Having  proved  that  the  retarding  force  of  all  hnrd 
bodies  arifiug  from  irifc'on  is  uniform,  the  quantity  of 
fridion,  confidered  as  equivalent  to  a  wciglit  without 
inertia  drawing  thebidy  on  the  horizontal  plane  btck- 
wardi,  or  ading  contrary  to  the  moving  force,  may  be 
imiiieJiiitely  deduced  from  the  foregoing  experiments. 
For  let  M  —  the  movin;.;  force  exprelied  by  ics  weicjht ; 
F  =  the  fridion  ;  W  =  the  weight  of  the  body  upnu 
the  h  ~rizontal  plane  ;  S  =:  tlie  fpace  through  which 
tlie  moving  force  defcenJod  in  the  time  /  exprelfed  in 
feconds  ;  r  —  iG  A  feet;  li.cu  the  whole  accclcrative 
I  force 


F     R     I 


[     66     ] 


K    R     I 


rriclk) 


M- 


force  (the  force  of  gravity  bein^  unity)  will  be  ^^ . 

hence,  by  the  laws  of  uniformly  accelerated  motions, 


M- 


■X  r/*  =  S,  confequentlyF  =  M- 


M  X  \v  X  S 

m  .  iirX  r/'  =  i>,conlequentlyr  =  lyi— ■ t 

M  -f-  W  rt 

To  exemplify  this  let  us  tdke  the  cafe  of  the  bft  ex- 
periment,   where   M  —  7,    W  =  25},    S  =  4r'T    feet, 

/  =  4";    hence    F  -  7  —  ^l\^'^^l  =  6.417  ;    con- 

fc')uently  the  friction  was  to  ilic  weight  v(  the  rnhbing 
body  as  6.4167  to  25. 75.  And  tlie  ureat  accur  icy  ot 
determining  the  friiilion  by  tliis  m^tiud  is  ni.inifell  from 
hence,  that  if  an  error  of  I  inch  had  been  made  in  the 
dcf-ent  (and  experiments  carefully  made  may  always 
determine  tlie  fpace  tn  a  much  greater  ex.K'lneis),  ic 
would  not  have  affet^ed  the  conclufiun  ^i^j-dih  part  ot 
the  whole. 

5.  We  conne  in  the  next  place  to  determine,  whether 
fricflion,  culcrh  paribut,  varies  in  proportion  to  the 
weight  or  prelliire.  Now  if  the  whole  quantity  of  the 
fiiftion  of  a  body,  meafured  by  a  weight  without  Iner- 
tia equivalent  to  the  friction  drawing  the  body  back- 
wards, increafes  in  proportion  to  its  weight,  it  is  mani- 
fell,  that  the  retardatic  n  of  the  vel  city  of  the  body 
aridngfiom  the  fiiftion  will  not  be  altered;  for  the  re- 

.     .  .  Quiintity  of  fri>?li<'n       ,  .^ 

tardation  varies  as  ^= = ;    hence,    it    a 

Quan'.iiy  ot   master 

body  be  put  in  motion   upon  the  hoiizontal  plane  by 

any  moving  force,  if  both  the  weiglit  of  the  hody  and 

the  moving  force  he  increafed  in  the  fame  rat  n,  the  hc- 

celeration  arifing  from  th  It  moving  t>'rce   will   remain 

the  fame,  bccaule  the   accelerative  free  varies   as  the 

moving  force  divided  by  the  wiiole  quantity  of  matter, 

and  both  are  iucreafed  in    the  fame   ratio;  and  if  the 

quantity  of  frifllon  incieafes  .ilfi  as   the   weight,  then 

the  retardation  arifing  from  the  triflion  will,  from  what 

has  been  faid,  remain  thefjrrie,  and  theretoie  the  whole 

acceleration  of  the   body    will  not  be  altered  ;  confe- 

quently  tiie  body  ought,  upon  tliis  fi  ppofition,  lllll    to 

defcribe  the  fame  fpace  in  the  fame  time.     Hence,  by 

obfervlng  the  fpaces  defcribed  in  the  fame  time,  when 

both  the  body  and   the  movinc;  force  are  iucreafed  in 

the  fame  ratio,  we  may  determine  whether  the  fiiftion 

increifes  in  proportion  to  the  weight.     The   following 

experiments  were  therefore  made  in  order  to  afcertain 

til  if  matter  : 

Exp.  I .  A  body  weighing  10  oz.  by  amoving  firce of 

4  oz.  defcribed  in  2'  a  fpace  of  5 1  inches ;  by  loading  the 

body  wi'h  to  07.  and  the  moving  force  with  4  oz.  it 

defcribed   56  inches  in  2"  ;  and  by  loading  the   body 

again   with  10  oz.  and  the  moving  force  with  4  oz.  it 

defcribed  63  inches  in  2". 

Exp.  2. A  body,  whofe  weightwas  i6oz.by  amoving 

force   of  5  oz.   defcribed   a  Ipace  of  49  inches  in   3"; 

and  by  loading  the  body  with  64  oz.  and  the  moving 

force  with  20  oz.  the  fpace  deli:ribed  in  the  fame  time 

was  64  inches. 

£*/>,  3.  Abody  weighing  6  oz.  by  amoving  force  of  2\ 

oz.  defcribed  28  inches  in  2"  ;  and  by  loading  the  body 

with  24  oz.  and  the  moving  force  with  10  oz.  the  fpace 

defcribed  in  the  fame  time  was  54  inches. 

Exp.  4.  A  body  weighing  8  oz.  by  a  moving  force  of 

40Z.  defcribed  33^  inches  in  3";  and  by  loading  the 


l/ody  with  8  oz.  and  the  moving  foice  with  4  oz.   the 
fpace  deicribed  in  the  fame  time  was  47  inches. 

Exp.  5.  A  body  whole  weiaht  was  9  oz.  by  a  moving 
force  of  4 1  oz.  defcribed  48  inches  in  2' ;  and  by  loading 
the  body  with  9  oz.  and  the  moving  force  with  4[-  oz. 
the  fpace  d-jfcribed  in  the  fame  time  was  60  inches. 

Exp.  6.  A  body  weighing  10  o/,.  by  a  moving  force  of 
3  oz.  defcribed  20  inches  m  2"  ;  by  loading  the  body 
with  10  oz.  and  tlie  moving  force  with  3  oz.  the  fpace 
defciibed  in  the  fame  time  was  31  inches;  and  by  load- 
ing the  body  again  with  30  oz.  and  the  moving  force 
with  9  oz.  the  Ipace  defcribed  was  34  inches  in  2''. 

Fiom  thife  experiments,  and  many  others  which  it 
is  not  ntcclTary  here  to  relate,  it  appears,  tliat  the  fpace 
defcribed  is  always  iucreafed  by  increallng  the  weight 
of  the  body  and  the  accelerative  force  in  the  fame  ra- 
tio ;  and  as  the  acceleration  aiiiing  from  the  moving 
force  continued  the  fame,  it  is  manifeft,  that  the  retar- 
dation arlfing  from  the  friflion  muft  have  been  diminilli- 
ed,  for  the  whule  accelerative  force  mull  have  been  iu- 
creafed on  account  of  the  incre.ife  of  the  fpace  delciibed 
in  the  fame  ume  ;  and  hence  (as  the  retardation  from 
Qiiantiiy  of  fiift'o   \  . 

--^=^ '    ''■-'  quantify    of 


ri'iClion. 


itiei/ 


friflion   varies   as-,^ 

(^ainity  ot   nut 

frilJion  increafis  in  a  left   ratio   than   the  quantity  cf  mat- 

ler  or   ivd^ht  of  the  botly. 

6.  We  come  now  to  the  lafl.  thing  which  it  was  pro- 
pofed  to  determine,  that  i;.,  whether  the  friftion  varies 
by  varying  the  furface  on  which  the  body  m  jves.  Let 
us  call  two  of  the  juriaces  A  and  a,  th»  form  r  h-ing 
the  greater,  and  the  latter  tlie  lei's.  N>w  the  weight 
on  every  given  part  of  ii  is  as  much  greater  than  the 
wc'ght  on  an  equal  part  of  A,  as  A  is  greater  than  a  ; 
if  th-trefore  the  fridlon  was  in  proportioj  to  the  weight, 
Citttris  panbus.  it  is  manifeft,  that  the  friiftion  on  u 
would  be  equal  to  the  tiiftion  on  A,  the  whole  iriiiion 
being,  upon  fuch  a  fuppolition,  as  the  weight  on  any 
given  part  of  each  furface  multipl.ed  into  the  number 
of  fuch  parts  or  into  the  whole  arja,  which  produfts, 
from  the  proportion  above,  are  equal.  But  from  the 
IhH  experiments  it  has  been  proved,  that  the  Irie'iion  on 
any  given  furface  increafes  in  a  lefs  ratio  than  the 
weight ;  confequently  the  friiftion  on  any  given  part  of 
a  has  a  lefs  ratio  to  the  fricllon  on  ao  equal  part  of  A 
than  A  has  to  a,  and  hence  the  fniftion  on  a  is  lefs 
than  the  frlifllon  on  A,  that  is,  the  linallelt  furface  has 
always  the  leall  fiiiflion. 

As  this  conchilion  is  contrary  to  the  generally  re- 
ceived opinion,  Mr  Vince  thouglit  it  proper  to  confirm 
it  by  a  fet  of  experiments  made  wiih  diffennt  bodies  of 
exaflly  the  fame  degree  of  roughneli  on  their  two  fur- 
faces. 

Exp.  I.  A  body  was  taken  whofe  flat  furface  was  to 
its  edge  as  22  :  9,  and  with  the  fame  moving  force  ihe 
body  defcribed  on  its  flat  fide  33^  Inches  in  2",  and  on 
its  edge  47  inches  in  the  fame  nnie. 

Exp.  2.  A  fecond  body  was  taken  whofe  flat  furface 
was  to  its  edge  as  32  :  3,  and  with  the  fame  moving 
force  it  defcribed  on  US  flit  fide  32  inches  in  2",  and 
on  its  edge  it  defcribed  37I  inches  in  the  fime  time. 

Exp.  3.  He  tO'k  another  body  and  covered  one  of 
its  furfaces,  whofe  length  was  9  inches,  with  a  fine 
rough  paper,  and  by  applyin:;  a  moving  force,  itdelcri- 
bed  25  inches  in  2"  ;  he  then  took  off  fome  paper  from 

the 


f     R     I 


[     C;     ] 


F     R     I 


ths  middle,  having  only  -J  of  an  inch  at  the  tv.'o  ends, 
'  and  with  the  lame  moving  force  it  defciibed  40  inches 
in  the  f  ime  time. 

Exp.  4.  Another  body  was  taken  which  had  one  of 
its  furfaces  whofe  lenith  was  9  inches,  covered  with  a 
fine  rough  paper,  and  by  applying  a  moving  force  it 
defcribed  42  inches  in  2"  ;  i'cme  nt  the  |>aper  was  then 
taken  off  from  the  middle,  leaving  only  i\  inches  at 
the  two  ends,  and  with  the  fame  moving  force  it  de- 
fcril'ed  54  inches  in  2";  he  then  took  off  more  paper, 
leaving  only  4  of  an  inch  at  the  two  ends,  and  the  body 
then  defcribed,  by  the  fame  moving  force,  60  inches  in 
the  fame  time. 

In  the  two  lad  experiments  the  paper  which  was  ta- 
ken off  the  furface  was  laid  on  the  body,  that  its  weight 
might  not  be  altered. 

Exp.  5.  A  body  was  taken  whofe  flat  furface  was  to 
its  edge  as  30  :  17  ;  the  fin  fide  was  laid  upon  the  ho- 
rizontal plane,  a  moving  force  was  applied,  and  the 
flage  was  fixed  in  order  to  ftop  the  moving  force,  in 
confequence  of  which  the  body  wouhH  then  go  on  with 
the  velocity  acquired  until  the  fridion  had  deftroyed 
all  its  motion;  v^hen  it  appeared  from  a  mean  of  12 
trials  that  the  body  moved,  after  its  acceleration  ceafed, 
5f  inches  before  it  (topped.  The  eigd  was  then  ap- 
plied, and  the  moving  force  defcended  through  the 
fame  fpace  ;  and  it  was  found,  from  a  mean  of  the  fame 
number  of  trials,  that  the  fpace  defcribed  was  y-j-  in- 
ches before  the  body  loft  all  its  motion,  after  it  ceafed 
to  be  accelerated. 

Exp.  6.  Another  body  was  then  taken  whofe  flat 
furface  v.'as  to  its  edge  as  60  :  19,  and,  by  proceeding 
as  before,  on  the  flat  furface  it  defcribed,  at  a  mean  of 
I  2  trials  j-j-  inches,  and  en  the  edge  6^^  inches,  before 
it  flopped,  after  the  acceleration  ceafed. 

Exp.  7.  Another  body  was  taken  whofe  flat  furface 
was  to  its  edge  as  26  :  3,  and  the  fpaces  defcribed  on 
thefe  two  furfaces,  after  the  acceleration  ended,  were, 
at  a  mean  of  ten  trials,  4^  and  7tV  inches  refpe^flively. 

From  all  thefe  different  experiments  it  appears,  that 
the  fmalleft  furface  had  always  the  leaft  friftion,  which 
agrees  with  tlie  confsquence  deduced  from  the  confider- 
ation  that  the  friftion  does  not  increafe  in  fo  great  a 
ratio  as  the  weight;  we  may  therefore  conclude,  that 
the  fr'tFiion  of  a  body  does  not  continue  the  fame  'when 
it  hat  different  furfaces  applied  to  the  plane  on  'which 
it  moves,  but  that  the  fmallefi  furface  luill  ha'ue  the  leafl 
friSion . 

To  the  experiments  inflituted  by  Mr  Fergufon  and 
others,  from  which  conclulions  have  been  drawn  fo  dif- 
ferent from  thefe,  our  author  makes  the  following  ob- 
jsflions  :  It  was  their  objeft  to  find  v.hat  moving  force 
would yay?  put  a  body  at  rell  in  motion  ;  and  having,  as 
they  thought,  found  it,  they  thence  concluded,  that 
the  accelerative  force  was  then  equal  to  the  iridion. 
But  it  is  manifcft,  as  Mr  Vince  obferves,  that  any  force 
which  will  put  a  body  in  motion  muft  \^<i  greater  than 
the  force  which  oppofes  its  motion,  oiherwife  it  could 
not  overcome  it  ;  and  hence,  if  there  were  no  ether  ob- 
je(fKon  than  this,  it  is  evident,  that  the  fiii.^ion  could 
not  be  very  accurately  obtained  :  but  there  is  another 
objedlion  which  totally  dellroys  the  experiment  fo  far 
as  it  tends  to  fhew  the  quantity  cf  frifticn,  which  is 
the  ilrong  cohefion  of  the  body  to  the  pl.ine  when  it 
lies  at  rell ;  and  this  is  confirmed  by  the  following  ex- 


periments. I/?,  A  body  of  12^  07..  was  laid  upon  an  friflio*. 
horizontal  plane,  and  ilicn  loaded  v.ith  a  weight  <if  ''-^~~^^- 
81b.  and  fuch  a  moving  force  was  applied  as  would, 
when  the  body  was  jull^u/ in  motion,  continue  that 
motion  without  any  acceleration  ;  in  which  cafe  the 
friaion  mufl  be  juft  equal  to  the  acceleraiive  force. 
The  body  was  then  flopped,  when  it  appeared,  that  the 
fame  moving  force  which  had  kept  the  body  in  motion 
before,  would  not/w/  it  in  motion,  and  it  was  found  ne- 
ceffary  to  take  off  4I  07.  from  the  body  before  tlie 
fame  moving  force  cwv/,/ put  it  in  motion;  it  appears 
therefore,  that  this  body,  when  laid  upon  the  plane, 
at  reft,  acquired  a  very  Itrong  coheQon  to  it.  zd'.i, 
A  body  whofe  weight  was  16  oz.  was  laid  at  re!l 
upon  the  horizontal  plane,  and  it  was  found  that  a 
moving  force  of  6  oz.  would  juft  put  it  in  motion  ; 
but  that  a  moving  force  of  4  oz.  wjuU,  when  it  was 
jufl  put  in  motion,  continue  that  motion  without  anv 
acceleration,  and  therefore  the  accelerative  force  mull 
then  have  been  equal  to  the  fiiftion,  and  not  when  the 
moving  force  of  6  oz.  was  applied. 

From  thefe  expeiinients  therefore  it  appears,  how 
very  coniiderable  the  cohefion  was  in  proportion  lo  tlie 
fridion  when  the  body  was  in  motion;  it  being,  in  the 
latter  cafe,  almoll  |d,  and  in  the  former  it  was  found  to 
be  very  nearly  equal  to  the  whole  frifliion.  All  the 
conclafions  therefore  deduced  from  the  experiments, 
which  have  been  inftituted  to  determine  the  fridion  from 
the  force  neceflary  to /a/  a  body  in  motion,  have  ma- 
nifeftly  been  totally  falfe  ;  as  fuch  experiments  only 
fhew  the  refiflance  which  arifes  from  the  cohefion  and 
friflion  conjjintly. 

Our  author  concludes  this  part  of  his  fubjeifl  with 
the  following  remark  upon  n°  5  :  "  It  appears  from  all 
the  experiments  (fays  he)  which  I  have  made,  that  the. 
proportion  of  the  increafe  of  the  fiiiflion  to  the  increafe 
of  the  weight  w-as  different  in  all  the  diflerent  bodiei 
which  were  made  nfe  of;  no  general  rule  therefore  can 
be  ertablifhed  to  determine  this  for  all  bodies,  and  the 
experiments  which  1  have  hitherto  made  have  not  been 
fufiicient  to  determine  it  for  the  fat.e  body." 

He  then  proceeds  to  eftabhfli  a  theory  upon  the 
principles  which  he  has  deduced  trom  his  experiments. 
That  theory  is  comprehended  in  five  propofitions,  of 
which  the  objedl  of  the  firft  is  "  to  find  the  time  of 
defcent,  and  the  number  of  revolutions  made  by  a  cy- 
hnder  rolling  down  an  inclined  plane  in  confequence  of 
its  fri(Sion. 

II.  "  i'o  determine  the  fpace  through  which  a  body, 
projeded  on  an  horizontal  plane  vith  a  given  velocity, 
will  move  bsfore  it  flops,  or  before  its  motion  becomes 
uniform. 

III.  "  To  find  the  centre  cf  fViiflion. 

IV.  "  To  determine,  from  the  given  velocity  with 
which  a  body  begins  to  revolve  about  the  centre  of  its 
bafe,  the  number  of  revolutions  which  that  body  will   • 
make  before  all  its  motion  be  deftroyed. 

V.  "  To  find  the  nature  of  the  curve  defcribed  by 
any  point  of  a  body  affedled  by  ftiftion  when  it  defcends 
down  any  inclined  plane." 

To  give  the  folutions  of  thefe  problems,  with  tlie  co- 
rollaries deduced  from  them,  would  fwell  this  article  to 
very  little  purpofe  ;  for  they  would  be  unintelligible  to 
tlie  mere  mecinuiic,  and  the  mathematician  will  eitlicr 
folve  tliem  for  liiinfclf,  or  have  recourfe  to  the  original 
I  2  memoir. 


Triedturg 

II 
irij'orific. 


F     R     I  C     68     ]  F     R     I 

memoir,   where  he  will  Bud  folutions  a(  once  elegant  large  corks,  at  proper  diftances,  placed  on  its  bottom,  Frigorifie. 

and  p?rf(iiriii'us.  to  ferve  as  refts  for  the  jipanned   pail  which  was  now  ^•^^^''^^^ 

FRIEDBURG,  a  Moravian  f-'ttlement  in  Wacho-  put  into  the  pan.     The  corks  anfwered  the  purpofe  of 

vin,  or  Surry  co.  N.  Carolina. — Mont.  infulating  the  inner  velTel,  while  the  exterior  one  kept 

FKIEDENSHUETTEN,   a  Moravian  fettlemcnt,  ofl' the  furrounding  atmofphere,  and  prel'erved  the  air 

whole  name  lignities  Tents  of  Peace,  fituated  on  Sufque-  betv/een  the  two  at  a  low  temperature- 
hanna  river,   in   Penniylvania,    about    24  miles  below         To  the  5  lb.  of  muriat  of  lime  which  had  been  cool- 

Tioga  pf^int ;    eftablilhed  by  the  United  Brethren  in  ed,  as  already  noticed,  to — 15",  and   which   Rill  re- 

1765.     It  then  confided  of  13   Indian  huts,  and  up-  mained  in  the  metallic  veiTel,  was  now  added  fnow,  un- 

■wards  of  40  houles,  built  alter  tlie  European  manner,  comprelfed  and   tree  fiom  moifturc,  at  the  ufual  teni- 

with  a  neat  chapel.     Next  to  the  houfes  the  ground  peratureof+  32°.     In  lefs  than  three  minutes  the  niix- 

vas  laid  out  in  gardens;  and  between  the  feillcment  ture   gave  a  temperature  of — 62°  :  a  degree  of  cold 

and  the  river  about  250  acres  were  divided  itilo  regu-  which  perhaps  was  never  before  produced  in  this  coun- 

lar  plantations  of  Indian  corn. — lb.  try,  being  94**  below  the  freezing  point  of  water. 

FKIEDENSTADT,    or  Town  of  Peace,  a  Mora-         The  mercury,  which  by    immerfion  in  the  fecond 

vlan  felllenient  which  was  eftabli(h;d  between   Great  cooling  mixture  to  which  it  was  expofed,  was,  by  this 

Beaver  and  Yellow  creeks  ;  about  40  miles  N.  W.  of  time   reduced   to  —  30",  was  now,  by  the  means  em- 

Pittlbirg.      It  was  abandoned  in  1773. — ib.  ployed  before,  cautioutly  put  into  the  la(l  made  mixture 

FRIGORIFIC  Mixtures,  are  tliofe  which  expe-  of  the  teaiperature  of — 62".     A  hoop,  with  net-work 

rlence  has  taught  philofophers  to  employ  for  the  pur-  fattened  to  its  upper  edge,  and  of  fuch  a  breadth  in  the 

pofe  of  producing   artificial  cold.     Some  of  thefe  mix-  rim  that  the  net  work,  when  loaded  with  the  bladder 

tures  are  enumerated    under   the   title  Cold  (Encyc/J,  of  mercury  cfuld  not  reach  its  lower  edge,  was  at  the 

and  a  much  more  accurate  lift  of  them  is  given,  toge-  bottom   ot  the  mixture,  to   prevent  the  bladder    from 

iher  with  the  principle  upon  which  they  produce  their  coming  in  contad  with  thevelfel;  by  which  means  the 

effcd,    in   tlie   article    Cmfmistry,   n°    202.   {Suppl.)  mercury   was  fufpended  in  the  middle  of  the  mixture. 

There  is  one  mixture,  however,  not  mentioned  in  that  As  foon  as  the  bladder  was  fately  depofited  on  the  net- 

lill,  which  was   employed  by   Seguin,  and  feems,  on  work,  the   vetfels  were  carefully  covered  over  with  a 

many  accounts,  to  be  the   moll   eligible  that  has  yet  cloth,  to  impede  the  paiTage  of  heat  fiom  the  furround- 

been    propofed.     Confidering   the  muriats  (fee  Che-  ing   atmofphere  into  the  freezing  ni.iterials.     The  con- 

i.\isr!t.\-/nc/ex-SiipJ>l.)  as  a  clafs  of  falts  beft  fuited  for  denfation  of  moifture  from  the  atniolphere  by  the  ageu- 

the  purpofe,  he  gave  the  decided  preference  to  muriat  cy  of  fo  low  a  temperature  was  greater  than  could  have 

of  lime  in  chrydals  ;  and  his  method  was  to  mix  the  been  expecled :   It  floated  like  lleam  over   the  velfels, 

cryftals,  previoufly  pulverifed,  with   an   equal  weight  and,  but  for  the  interpofed  covering,  would  have  given 

of  uncomprelfed  fnow.  the  mixture  more  temperature  than  was  defirable. 

By  means  of  this  mixture  Mr  W.   H.   Pepys  junior.         After  one  hour  and  forty  minutes  they  found,  by 

of  the  London  Philofophical  Society,  with 'he  afliltance  means  of  a  feaicher  introduced    for  the   purpofe,  that 

of  fome  friends,  froze,  on  the  8th  of  February  1799.  the  mercuiy  was  folid  and  fixed.     The  temperature  of 

56  lbs.  averdiipoife  of  mercury  into  a  fnhd  mafs.     The  the  mixture  at  this  time  was  —  46,  that  is  16°  higher 

mercury  was  put  into  a  ftron>j  bladder  and  wel!  fecured  than  when  the  mercury  was  put  into  it. 
at  the  mouth,  the  tempeidtute  of  the  laboratory  at  the         Our   young  philofophers  having  negleffed  to  fling 

time  being  4- 33".     A  mixture  cor.fillin?  of  muriat  of  the  hoop  and  net-work  in  fuch   a    manner  as   might 

lime  2  lb.  at  -j-  33°,  and  the  fame  wei'^ht  of  fnow  at  have  enabled  them  to  lift  it  out  of  the  mixture  at  once, 

+  3^°  g''^^  —  4^°    ^*)"     The  mercury  was  put  as  with  the  bbuider  and  its  contents,  were  obliged  to  turn 

gently  as   polTible  into  this  mixture  (to  prevent  a  rup-  outthe  whole  contents  of  the  pail  intoalarge  evaporating 

lure  of  the  bladder),  by  m^-a.s  of  a  cloth  held   at  tlie  capfule  made  of  iron.  This  was  not  effected  without  the 

four  corners.     When  the  cold  mixture  had  robbed  the  mercury  Itriking  againll  its  bottom  and  being  fr.idured, 

mercury  of  fo  much  of  its  heat  as  to  have  iCb  own  tern-  though  it  received  a  confiderable  inci  eafe  ol  temperature 

perature  thereby  railed  from  —  42°    to -|- 5,  another  from  the  capfule.  Thefraiflure  was  limilar  lothat  of  zinc, 

mixture,    the   fame  in  every   refpeft  as  the  lalt,  was  but  with  parts  more  cubical.     The  larger  pieces  were 

made,    which    gave,    on  trial  with  the  thermometer,  kept  for  fome  minutes  before  tu.lon  took  place,  while 

—  43°.     The  mercury  was  now  received  into  the  cloth,  others  were  twifted  and  bent  into  various  forms,  to  the 

and  put  gently  into  this  new  mixture,  where  it  was  left  no   fniall  gratification  and  furprife   of  ihofe   who  had 

to  be  cooled  (fill  lower  than  before.  never  witnclfed  or  expeiSed  to  fee  fuch  an  effeCf  pro- 

In  the  mean  time  five  pounds  of  muriat  of  lime,  in  a  duced  on  fo  fufible  a  metal, 
large  pail  made  of  tinned  iron,  and  japanned  infide  and         In  experiments  of  the  kind   here   defcribed,  all  the 

outhde,  was  placed  in  a  cooling  mixture  in  an  earthen-  exterior  veliels  fhould  be  of    earthen-ware   or    wood, 

ware  pan.     The  mixture  in  the  pan,  which  confided  of  which  being  bad  conduftors  of  heat,  prevent  the  ingre- 

^Ib.  of  muriat  of  lime  and  a  like  quantity  of  fnow,  of  dients  from  receiving  heat  from  the  atmofphere  and 

the  fame  temperature  as  the  former,  in  one  hour  redu-  furrounding  objeifls  with  the  fame  facility  that    they 

ced  the  5  lb.  of  muriat  in  the  pail  to — 15".     The  mix-  would  through  metals  ;  and,  for  a  fimilar  reafon,  the- 

ture  was  then  emptied  out  of  the  earthen  pan,  and  four  interior  veffels  are  bel\  of  metal,  that  they  may  allow 

the 


(a)  The  thermometer  made  ufe  of  in  this  experiment  was  filled  with  tinged  alcohol,  and  accurately  divided 
according  to  Fahrenheit's  fcale. 


FRO 


Frigorific 

II 
Frontinac. 


[        69        ] 


F     U     E 


•  "The  Ph, 

tofophicdl 


the  heat  to  pafs  more  readily  from  the  fuhftance  to  be 
cooled  into  the  frigorific  mixture  employed  for  that 
purpofe. 

Miiriat  of  lime  is  certainly  the  mod  powerful,  and 
at  the  fame  time  the  moft  economical  fubllance  that 
can  be  employed  for  producing  artiricial  cold  ;  for  its 
firft  coft  is  a  mere  trifle,  being  a  refiduum  from  many 
chemical  procelTes,  as  the  diltillation  of  pure  ammonia, 
&c.  and  often  thrown  away  :  befides,  it  may  be  repeat- 
edly tiled  for  fimilar  experiments,  nothing  being  ne- 
cefFary  for  this  purpofe  but  filtration  and  evaporation 
to  bring  it  to  its  tirftftate.  The  evaporation  Ihould  be 
carried  on  till  the  folution  becomes  as  thick  as  a  ftrong 
fyrup,  and  upon  cooling  the  whole  will  be  cryllallifed  : 
it  mull  then  be  powdered,  put  up  in  dry  bottles,  well 
corked,  and  covered  with  bladder  or  cement  to  pre- 
vent liquefadtion  ;  which  otherwlfe  would  foon  take 
place,  owing  to  the  great  affinity  the  muriat  has  for 
moillure. 

The  powerful  efFeifts  produced  by  the  frigorific  mix- 
ture of  muriat  of  linne  and  fnow,  prefent  a  wide  field 
for  experiments  to  determine  the  pofTiijility  of  fixing 
fome  of  the  gafes  by  intenfe  cold.  And  we  arc  hap- 
py to  be  informed  by  Mr  Pepys,  that,  as  foon  as  an 
opportunity  offers,  he  and  his  friends  mean  to  make 
fome  experiments  with  that  view,  and  to  communicate 
the  refult  of  them  to  the  editor  of  the  valuable  mifcel- 
.  lany*  from  which  we  have  taken  this  account  of  his 
experiment  on  mercury. 

FRIO,  a  fmall  ifland  on  the  coall  of  the  Brazils,  fi- 
tuated  in  32°  2'  fouth  lat.  and  41°  31'  45"  well  Ion. 
The  land  of  Frio  is  high,  with  a  hollow  in  the  middle, 
which  gives  it,  at  a  diflance,  the  refemblance  of  two  le- 
parate  iflands.  The  palfage  between  the  illand  and  the 
continent  is  about  a  mile  broad,  and  feemed  to  Sir  E- 
rafmus  Gower  to  be  clear  from  fhoals. 

FRONTINAC,  Fort,  a  fortrefs  in  Canada,  fitu- 
ated  at  the  head  of  a  tine  bay  or  harbor,  on  the  N. 
W.  lide  of  the  outlet  of  Lake  Oritario,  where  all  forts 
of  vefTels  may  ride  in  fafety.  It  is  a  league  from  the 
mouth  of  the  lake,  and  a  Ihort  diflance  S.  of  King- 
fton,  and  about  300  miles  from  Qu^ebec.  The  winter 
about  this  place  is  much  fhorter  than  at  Quebec  j  and 
the  foil  is  fo  well  cultivated,  as  to  produce  all  forts  of 
European  and  Indian  corn,  and  fruits.  Here  is  one 
of  the  moll  charming  profpetls  in  the  world,  during 
fpring  and  fummer.  The  St  Lawrence  and  the  mouth 
of  Lake  Ontario,  contain  a  number  of  beautiful  and 
fertile  iflands  of  different  magnitudes,  and  well  wood- 
ed, and  the  bay  often  prefents  to  the  view  velfels  at 
anchor,  and  others  pafTuig  to  and  from  the  lake.  But 
the  misfortune  is,  that  the  advantageous  communica- 
tion between  this  lake,  Montreal  and  Quebec,  is  f 'me- 
•what  difficult  and  dangerous,  on  account  of  the  river 
being  full  of  rocks  and  water  falls.  This,  together 
■with  the  ambufcades  of  the  Iroquois  Indians,  induced 
the  French  to  abandon  and  deliroy  the  flrong  works 
they  had  erefted  here.  This  happened  in  1689.  After 
this  they  retook  and  repaired  the  place.  At  length  the 
Britifli,  under  col.  Bradllreet,  took  it  in  1759,  to 
whom  it  was  confirmed  at  the  peace  in  1763. 

A  river  has  lately  been  furreyed  by  the  deputy  fur- 
veyor  general  of  Canada,  from  its  entrance  into  the 
lake  at  Kenty,  near  Cadaraqui,  to  its  fource  in  lake 
St  Clie  i  from  which  there  is  an  eafy  and  Ihort  portage 


acrofs  N.  W.  to  the  N.  E.  angle  of  Lake  Huron,  and 
another  that  is  neither  long  nor  difficuh,  to  the  fouth- 
ward,  to  the   old  fettlement   of  Toronto.     This  is  a  , 
fliort  route  from  Fort  Frontenac  to  Michillimackinack.  ' 
— Morse. 

FROST,  as  is  well  known  in  Scotland,  is  particu- 
larly  dellruaive  to  the  blolTom  of  fiuit  trees  ;  and  the 
following  method  of  fecuring  fuch  tiees  from  being  da- 
maged by  early  frofts  may  he  acceptable  to  many  of 
our  readers.  A  rope  is  to  be  interwoven  among  the 
branches  of  the  tree,  and  one  end  of  it  brought  down 
fo  as  to  be  immerfed  in  a  bucket  of  water.  The  rope, 
it  is  faid,  will  aift  as  a  conductor,  and  convey  the  ef- 
feds  of  the  froll  from  the  tree  to  the  water.  This  idea 
is  not  new,  for  the  f  )llowing  paflage  may  be  found  in 
Colerus  :  "  If  you  dig  a  trench  around  the  root  of'  a 
tree,  and  fill  it  with  water,  or  keep  the  roors  moill  till 
it  has  bloomed,  it  will  not  be  injured  by  the  fri  ll.  Or, 
in  fpring,  fufpend  a  velVel  filled  wiih  water  from  the 
tree.  If  you  wifh  to  preferve  the  bloom  from  being 
liurt  by  the  froll,  place  a  velfel  of  water  below  it,  and 
the  froll  will  fall  into  it."   Pbilofophi^al  Mai^aiin:,  n"^  1 1. 

FROWSAC  Channel,  or  the  Gut  of  Canlo,  a  llrait 
between  Nova-Scotia  and  Cape  Breton  Illand,  5  French 
leagues  long,  and  one  broad. — Morse. 

FRYDUFFRIN,  a  townfhip  in  Cheller  co.  PennfyU 
vania — lb. 

FRYING  PAN,  a  dangerous  fhoal  fo  called  from 
its  form.  It  lies  at  the  entrance  of  Cape  Fear  river, 
in  North  Carolina  ;  the  S.  part  of  it  is  in  N.  lat.  33. 
32.  6  miles  from  Cape  Fear  pitch,  and  24  S.  E.  by  S. 
from  the  light-houfe  on  Bald  Head. 

FRYSBURGH,  or  Fryburg,  a  townfhip  pleafantly 
fituated  in  York  co.  in  the  dilfriift  of  Maine,  in  a  bow 
formed  by  the  N.  branch  of  Great  Ollipee  river.  It  was 
incorporated  in  1777,  has  a  flourithing  academy, 
and  contains  447  inhabitants.  This  is  the  ancient 
Indian  village  Peckw.dket,  through  which  the  upper 
part  of  Saco  meanders  ;  60  miles  from  the  fea,  and 
120  N.  by  E.  of  Bollon.  N.  lat.  44.  2.  W.  long.  70. 
47.  30 — ib. 

FUCA,  Straits  of  Juan  oe,  he  on  the  N.  W. 
coall  of  N.  America.  The  entrance  lies  between  Cape 
Flattery  on  the  S.  fide,  in  N.  lat.  48.  25.  W.  long. 
124.  52.  to  the  oppofite  coall  of  the  Qiiadras  ifles,  in 
N.  lat.  48.  53.  30.  I:  communicates  with  Pintard's 
found,  and  thns  forms  Quadras  ifles  ;  in  the  S.  eaflern 
coall  of  which  lies  Nootka  found.  The  Spaniards, 
jealous  of  their  right  to  the  American  coatl,  eflablilhed 
a  fettlement  at  this  place. — ib. 

FUEL,  whatever  is  proper  to  burn,  or  make  a  fire, 
either  for  warming  a  room  or  dreffing  vidluals.  The 
fuel  moll  generally  uled  in  Great  Britain  is  pit  coal, 
which  is  a  very  expenlive  article  ;  and  that  expence  is 
greatly  increafed  by  the  wafte  of  coal  occafioncd  by  the 
injudicious  manner  in  which  tires  in  open  chimneys  .ire 
commonly  managed.  The  enormous  walfe  of  fuel  in 
London,  for  inllance,  may  be  ellimated  by  the  vafl  dark 
cloud  which  continually  hangs  <  ver  that  great  metro- 
polis, and  frequently  overlhadows  the  whole  country 
far  and  wide  ;  lor  this  denfe  cloud  is  cert.iinly  compofcd 
almoll  entirely  of  unconfumed  coal,  which  has  etcaped 
by  the  chimneys,  and  continues  to  fail  about  in  the  air, 
till,  having  lofl  the  heat  which  gave  it  volatihty,  it  falls 
iu  a  dry  Ihowcr  of  extremely  due  black  duU  to  the 

ground, 


Proft 

II 
Fuel. 


F     U     E 


C     7^     ] 


F    U     L 


Fusl. 


jTound,  obfeoring  the  atmofphere  In  Its  dercent,  and 
fcqr.enily  changing  the  biighieft  day  into  more  than 
r.;;;  piian  daiknels. 

"•♦I  never  (f^ys  Count  Rumford)  view  fiom  a  di- 
fiance,  as  I  come  intn  town,  this  bl.ick  cloud  which 
lianas  over  London,  without  wilhing  lo  be  a'.)lc  to  coni- 
pntc'ihe  immeiile  number  ol"  chaldrons  of  coals  ot  which 
it  is  compofed  ;  for  could  this  be  afcert.iired,  I  nm  per- 
fuaded  fo  Rrikii.g  a  fad  would  awaken  the  curiolity, 
and  excite  the  altonilliment  of  all  ranks  of  the  ii. habi- 
tants ;  and  perhaps  tuin  their  minds  to  an  objefl  ol  eco- 
nomy to  which  they  have  hitherto  paid  little  attention." 

The  objea  to  which  tlie  benevolent  au'hor  more 
particularly  vilhes  to  direa  the  public  attention,  is  the 
lighting  of  a  coal  fire,  in  which  more  wood  ihould  be 
employed  than  is  commonly  ufed,  and  fewer  coals  ;  and 
lis  foon  as  the  fiie  burns  bright,  and  the  coals  are  well 
lighted,  and  not  before,  more  coals  fliould  be  added  lo 
increale  tlie  fire  to  its  proper  fize. 

Kindling  balls,  compol'ed  of  equal  parts  of  coal, — 
charcoal, — and  clay,  the  two  former  reduced  to  a  fine 
powder,  well  mixed  and  kneaded  together,  with  the 
clay  mcifiened  with  water,  and  then  formed  into  balh 
of  the  fize  of  hens  eggs,  and  thoroughly  dried,  might 
be  ufed  with  great  advantage  inflead  of  wood  for  kin- 
dling files.  Thefe  kindling  balls  may  be  made  fo  in- 
riammabie  as  to  take  fire  in  an  inRant  and  with  the 
fmalleft  fpark,  by  dipping  them  in  a  ftrong  folution  of 
nitre  and  then  drying  them  again  :  and  they  would  nei- 
tlier  be  evpenfive  nor  liable  to  be  fpoiled  by  long  keep- 
in".  Perhaps  a  quantity  of  pure  charcrnl,  reduced  to 
a  very  fine  powder,  and  mixed  with  the  folution  of  nitre 
in  which  tliey  are  dipped,  would  render  them  flill  more 
inflammable. 

The  Count  thinks  that  the  fires  which  are  made  in 
the  open  chimneys  of  elegant  apartments  might  be 
greatly  improved  by  preparing  the  fuel  ;  for  nothing 
(f^yshe)  was  evermore  dirty,  inelegant,  and  difgulting 
than  a  common  coal  fire. 

Fire  balls,  of  the  fize  of  goofe  eggs,  compofed  of 
coal  and  charcoal  in  powder,  mixed  up  with  a  due  pro- 
portion of  wet  clay,  and  well  dried,  would  make  a  much 
more  cleanly,  and  in  all  refpefls  a  pleafanter  fire  than 
can  be  made  with  crude  coals  ;  and,  he  believes,  would 
not  be  more  expenfive  fuel.  In  Flanders,  and  in  feveral 
parts  of  Germany,  and  particularly  in  the  duchies  of 
Juliers  and  Bergen,  where  coals  are  ufed  as  fuel,  the 
coals  are  always  prepared  before  they  are  ufed,  by 
pounding  them  to  a  powder,  and  mixing  them  up  with 
an  equal  weight  cfclay,  and  a  fufficient  quantity  of 
water  to  form  the  whole  into  a  maf'^,  which  is  kneaded 
together  and  formed  into  cakes  ;  which  cakes  are  after- 
wards well  dried,  and  kept  in  a  dry  place  for  ufe.  And 
it  has  been  found,  by  long  experience,  that  the  expence 
attending  this  preparation  is  amply  repaid  by  the  im- 
provement of  the  fuel.  The  coals,  thus  mixed  with 
clay,  not  only  burn  longer,  but  give  much  more  heat 
than  when  they  are  burnt  in  their  crude  Rate. 

It  will  doubilefs  appear  extraordinary  to  ihofe  who 
have  not  confidered  the  fubjca  witli  fime  attention, 
that  the  quantity  of  heat  produced  in  the  combuftion 
cf  any  given  quantity  of  coals  fhould  be  increafed  by 
mixing  the  coals  with  clay,  which  is  certainly  an  incom- 
bullible  body  ;  but  the  phenomenon  may  be  explained 
in  a  fatisfaaory  manner. 


The  heat  generated  in  the  combuRion  of  any  fmall  Fulling, 
particle  v^  coalexilting  under  two  diRlna  forms,  name-  '^^'^'^^ 
ly,  i;)  that  v/hich  is  combined  witii  tl;c  flame  and  fmoke 
wliicli  rife  from  the  fire,  and  which,  if  means  are  not 
found  to  rtop  it,  goes  olF  immediately  by  the  chimney 
and  is  loR,  and  the  radiant  heat  which  is  fent  otF  from 
the  fire  in  all  direaions  in  right  lines: — It  is  therefore 
reafonable  to  conclude,  that  the  particles  of  clay,  which 
are  I'urrounded  nn  all  fides  by  the  flame,  arrcR  a  part  at 
leaR  of  the  combineJ  heat,  and  prevent  its  efcape  ;  and 
this  com!)iiied  heat,  fo  arreRed,  jie.uing  the  cl.iy  red  hot, 
is  retained  in  it,  and  being  changed  by  this  oper.iton  to 
radian:  beat,  is  afterwards  emitted,  and  may  be  dircaed 
and  employed  to  uleful  purpofes.  In  the  co'mpolition 
of  fireballs,  the  Count  thinks  it  probable  that  a  certain 
proportion  of  chaiF,  of  Rraw  cut  very  fine,  or  even  of 
faw  diiR,  might  be  employed  with  great  adv.uitage. 

FULLING  OF  Vv'OOLLEN  CLOTHS  (fee  the  method 
of  performing  the  operation  under  the  article  Fulling, 
Eiicycl.)  depends,  like  Feltino,  fo  entirely  upon  the 
Rruaure  of  wool  and  hair,  that  the  following  obferva- 
tions,  which  are  not  uniaiportaiit,  will  be  intelligible  to 
everf  reader  who  has  perufed  that  article  in  this  Stip- 
plemeril. 

Tile  afperities  with  which  the  furface  of  wool  is  every 
where  furrounded,  and  the  difpcfition  which  it  has  to 
affume  u  progrelTive  motion  towards  the  root,  render 
the  fpinning  of  wool,  and  making  it  into  cloth,  diffi- 
cult  operations.  In  order  to  fpin  wool,  and  afterwards 
to  weave  it,  we  are  obliged  to  cover  its  fibres  with  a 
coating  of  oil,  which,  filling  the  cavities,  renders  the 
afpcrities  lefs  fenfible  ;  in  the  fame  way  as  oil,  when  rub- 
bed over  the  furface  of  a  very  fine  file,  renders  it  Rill 
lefs  rough.  When  the  piece  of  cloth  is  finilhed,  it  mud 
be  cleanfed  from  this  oil  ;  which,  befides  giving  it  a 
difagreeable  fmell,  would  caufe  it  to  foil  whatever  it 
came  in  contaa  with,  and  would  prevent  its  taking  the 
colour  which  is  intended  to  be  given  to  it  by  the  dj'er. 
To  deprive  it  of  the  oil,  it  is  carried  to  the  fulling-mill, 
where  it  is  beat  with  hammers  in  a  trough  full  of  wa- 
ter, in  which  fome  clay  has  been  mixed  ;  the  clay  com- 
bines with  the  oil,  which  it  feparates  from  the  cloth,  and 
both  together  are  walhed  away  by  the  frefh  water  which 
is  brought  to  it  by  the  machine  ;  thus,  after  a  certain 
lime,  the  oil  is  entirely  wafhed  out  of  the  cloth. 

But  the  fcouring  of  the  cloth  is  not  the  only  objeft 
in  fulling  it  ;  the  alternate  preffure  given  by  the  mallets 
to  tlie  piece  of  cloth,  occafions,  efpecially  when  the 
fcouring  is  pretty  far  advanced,  an  efFea  analogous  to 
lliat  which  is  produced  upon  hats  by  the  hands  of  the 
halter  ;  the  fibres  of  wool  which  compofe  one  of  the 
threads,  whether  of  the  warp  or  the  woof,  affume  a  pro- 
grelTive movement,  introduce  themfelves  among  thofe  of 
the  threads  neareR  to  them,  then  into  thofe  which  fol- 
low ;  and  thus,  by  degrees,  all  the  threads,  bo*h  of  the 
warp  and  the  woof  become  felted  together.  The  cloth, 
after  having,  by  the  above  means,  become  (hortened  in 
all  its  dimenfions,  partakes  both  of  the  nature  of  cloth 
and  of  that  of  felt  ;  it  may  be  cut  without  being  fubjeft 
to  ravel,  and,  on  that  account,  we  are  not  obliged  to 
hem  the  edges  of  the  pieces  of  which  clothes  are  made. 
Lartly,  As  the  threads  of  the  warp  and  thofe  of  the 
woof  are  no  longer  fo  diRina  and  feparated  from  each 
other,  the  cloth,  wliich  has  acquired  a  greater  degree 
of  ihicknefs,  forms  a  warmer  clothing.     Knit  worfled 

alfo 


F     U     L 


C     7^     ] 


F     U     L 


Fiilmmat-   alfo  U,  by  fulling,  rendered   Icfs  apt  to  run,  in  cafe  a        This  liquor   will  yield  another  pellicle  \n  the  fame  Fuiminat- 

.^iH^:,^  ftitcli  iliould  drop  in  it.  way  ;   but  the  third  orf.urth  pellicle  will  be  p;iler  than        i«S- 

FULMINATING  Gold. 7    See  Chemistry  .?!//>//.  the  former,  and    weaker  in  the  explolion.     The  firll  ^■^'^''"^^ 

Fulminating  isdver.  J       nos  S49  and  850.  pellicles,  when  (lowly  dried,  explode  by  the  touch  of  a 

Mr  Berthollett,  the  inventor  of  fulminating  filver,  ha-  feather,  or  by  their  being  heated  to  about  q(y. 
ring  contented  himfelt  with  a  general  and  concife  de-         The  quantity  of  water  in  the  ordinal  v  aiiu.i  ammo- 

fcription  of   this  fubjidV,  many  piaiftical  cheniifts  have  niae  piiia:  renders  it  kfs  aflive  in  tlie  fnhitii.n  of  ihe 

failed  in  the'r  attempts  to  prepare  it  ;  and  others,  form-  oi)'i,  and   is  an  imp^'diment  to  the  fpeedy  formation 

ing  their  opinions  from  the  fiiecimens  which  they  had  and  feparation  of  the  fulminating  Alver  ;  and  aneipeii- 

made,  have  been  expofed  togreat  danger:  as  will  appear  menter  who  hns  ol'ten  ufed  twenty  grains  of  the   oxyd 

from  the  following  relation  :  to    produce    fucceffive    pellicles  of  fulminatin'^   filver. 

An  ounce  ot  fine  filver  was  dilToIved  in  thecourfeof  which  may  be  fcp.uattly  exploded  with  fafery,  and  who 

eight  hours  in  an  ounce  of  pure  nitrous  acid,  of  the  has  perceived  that  the  p;llicles  never  explode  v;hilil  wet, 

London  PhmmacopcEia,  diluted  previoully  with   three  if  they  be  not  heated,  would,  in  all  probability,  refdvc 

ounces  of  dillilled  water  in  a  glals  nntrafs.     The  foln-  on  the  following  improvement,  and  cxpofehimielf  to  the 

tion  being  poured  ofl',  the  reliduary  black  powder  and  unforcfeen  danger  of  it. 

the  matrafs  were  walhed  with  feven  or  eight  ounces  cf        Dillilled   water  was  impregnated  with  as  much  pure 

warm  dillilled  water,  and  this  was  added  to  the  folution.  ammoniac,  as  it  could  eafily  retain  under  the  ordinary 

The   black  powder,     being   gold,  was   rejefled  ;  fome  temperature  of  the  air.      A  quantity  of  this  llrong  am- 

gold  being  tluis  feparable  from  any  filver  of  commerce,  moniacal  liquor,  equal  in  bulk  to  a  qiiaiter  of  an  ounce 

To  the  foregoing  diluted  f  ilution,  pure  lime-water  of  water,  was  placed  in  a  fnvall  bottle,  and  24  "Trains  of 

prepared  with  diilil'ed  water  was  added  gradually  ;  for  the  oxyd  of  filver,  gnund  to  fine  powder,  were  added, 

the  fjlution  ought  not  to  be  poured   into  the  lime  wa-  The  bottle,  being  almoft  tilltd,  was  corked,  to  prevent 

ten     When   about  thirty  pint-,  of  lime  water  had  been  the  formation  (t  that  film  which  ufually  appeared  in 

expended,  and  ihe  precipitate  hadfubfided,  more  lime-  confequence  of  the  exhalation  of  the  ammoniac  in  other 

■water  was   added,  by  fucceffive  pints,  as  long  as  it  cau-  experiments. 

fed   any  precipitai- n.     For  it  wai  deemed   fitter  tliat         During  the  folution  of  the  oxyd,  bubbles  of  the  ga- 

the  precipitation  Ihould  not  be  perfeded,  than  that  an  feous  kind   arofe  from  it,  and  the  folution  acquired  a 

cxcefs  of  lime-water  Ihould  be  ufed  ;  the  earthy  pellicle  blue  colour.     As  no  film  appeared,  the  bottle  was  aei- 

cf  the  excelEve  lime-water  being  apt  tJ  mix  with  the  tatcd  three  or  four  times  in  ihecouife  of  as  many  hnurs, 

precipitate.     The  clear  liquor  being  poured  away,  the  in  order  to  promote  the  folution  of  a  fmali  quantity  of 

precipitate  v^.u  poured  off,  and  waihed  into  a  filter.  blackened  oxyd  which  remained  at   the  bottom.     The 

When   the   faline  liquor  had  drained  fioni   it,    two  experimenter  conlldering  this  as  an  ample  provifion  for 

ounces  of  dillilled  water  were  poured  on  the  magma;  twenty    different  charges,  to  be  exploded   in  different 

and  u  hen  this  water  had  pafl'cd,  frclh  portions  weie  foe-  circumllances,  in   the  prefence  of  tlie  fociety,  intended 

ceffively  added  and  pilled,  until  the  whole  quantity  of  to   pour  off  the  folution  into  as  many  fmall  velLls,  and 

v.'ater  thus  expended   in  walhing  away  the  nitrous  cal-  to  we.gh  therefiduary  black  powder,  after  allowing  two 


carenus  fait  amounted  to  a  quart. 

The  filter  being  then  unfolded,  to  let  the  magma  of 
oxyd  of  filver  fpread  on  the  flattened  p.iper,  it  waa  pla- 
ced on  a  chalk-llone  to  accelerate  the  exiiccation,  and 
was  gradually  dried  in  the  open  air  ;  a  cap  of  paper  be- 
ing placed  loofely  over  it  to  ey.chide  the  dufl. 


hours  more  for  the  folution. 

On  the  fixth  hour  he  took  his  ufual  precantion  of 
wearing  fpeflacles ;  and  obferving  that  a  fmall  quantity 
of  bl.ick  powder  ftill  remained  undiffolved,  and  tlial  no 
film  was  yet  formed  at  the  furface,  he  took  the  l)ottle 
by  the  neck  to  (hake  it,  knowing  that  it  might  explode 


When  the  weather  ferved,  the  cap  was  removed,  to  by  the  heat  of  bis  hand,  if  he  were  to  gral'p  it,  and  that 

expofe  the  oxyd  to  the  rays  of  the  lun  ;  although  this  the  explofion  in  this  circumllance  might  wound   him 

was  not  deemed  neccellary  ;  and  exficcation  was  promo-  dangeroufly . 

ted  by  cutting  the  oxyd  into  thin  dices.  When  per-  In  the  inllant  of  fhaking,  it  exploded  with  a  report 
fcifly  dry  it  weighed  i  oz.  4  dwts.  and  about  one-fifth  that  llunned  him.  The  bottle  was  blown  into  frng- 
of  it  was  confidcred  as  oxvgen.  ments  fo  fmall  as  to  appear  like  glafs  coarfely  powder- 
When  aqua  ammonia:  purx  of  any  pharmacopoeia  is  ed.  The  hand  which  h-ld  it  was  imprelfed  as  by  the 
ufed  with  thi4  oxyd,  either  in  the  fmall  quantity  which  blow  of  a  great  hammer,  and  loll  the  fenfc  of  teclinpf 
blackens  it  completely,  or  in  a  greater  quantify,  the  for  fome  leconds  ;  and  about  52  Imall  grains  ot  glals 
black  matter  which  fubfides,  and  which  has  been  repre-  were  lodged,  many  of  them  deeply,  in  the  Ikin  of  the 
fented  by  fyflematic  writers  as  the  fu'.minating  com-  palm  and  fingers.  The  liqunr  llained  his  whole  dref^, 
pound,  has  no  fuch  property,  any  tarther  than  may  be  and  every  part  of  the  fkin  that  it  touched.  Thus  it 
owing  to  the  matter  depofited  from  the  alkaline  folution  appeared  that  fulminating  filver  may  be  made  which 
during  the  exficcation.  will  explode  even  when  cold  and  wet,  by  the  mere  di- 
The  alkaline  liquor  containing  the  fulminating  filver  fturbauce  of  the  arrangement  of  its  parts,  in  the  aque- 
ought  to  be  poured  off  fmm  the  in("luble  powder,  and  ous  fluid, 
expofed  in  a  (hallow  velfel  to  the  air.     In  confequence  In  fubfcquent  experiments,  privately  and  carefully 


of  the  exhalation,  black  (hinintj  cryQals  form  on  the 
fuiface  only,  and  foon  join  to  form  a  pellicle.  As  this 
pellicle  adheres  a  little  to  the  (ides  of  the  velfel,  or 
maintains  its  figure,  the  liquor  may  be  poured  ofl"  by  a 
gentle  inchaation  of  the  vell'el. 


condui5lcd,  it  feemed  that  the  property  of  exploding  in 
the  cold  liquor,  by  mere  commotion,  depended  on  the 
unufual  ([uantity  or  proximity  of  the  explolive  molecules 
in  a  given  bulk  of  the  liquor.  And  the  Hit  bottoms, 
as  well  is  the  fides,  of  the  tliick  veifcls  of  glaf»  or  pot- 

ters< 


GAG 


[    72    3 


GAL 


Fuiidy. 


FunSion   ters-ware,  whether  they  ftood  on  boards  or  iron  plates, 
!•  were  always  beaten  to  fnuall  iragments. 

This  afforded  a  •urious  inftance  of  the  poffible  equi- 
librium between  the  powers  tending  to  retain  the  ca- 
loric and  thofe  which  elTetfl  the  expuKionof  it;  and  expe- 
riments and  conftderations  of  this  kind  feemed  to  pro- 
mife  a  true  folution  of  the  phenomena  of  Rupert's  drops. 
FUNCTION,  a  term  ul'ed  in  analytics  for  an  alge- 
braical expreffion  any  how  compounded  of  a  certain 
letter  or  quantity  with  other  quantities  or  numbers  ; 
and  the  exprelTinn  is  faid  to  be  a  funflion  of  that  letter 
or  quantity.  Thus  a  —  4.V,  or  ax  -J-  j.v', 
or  2.\-  — a  1/  a'^  — .x',  or  .x"^,  or  c",  is  each  of  them  a 
function  of  the  quantity  x. 

FUNDY,  a  large  bay  in  N.  America,  which  opens 
between  the  illands  in  Penobfcot  bay,  in  Lincoln  co. 
Maine,  and  Cape  Sable,  the  S.  wellern  point  of  Nova- 
Scotia.  It  extends  about  200  miles  in  a  N.  E.  direc- 
tion ;  and  with  Verte  bay,  which  pulhes  into  the  land 
in  a  S.  W.  diredion  from  the  ftraits  of  Northumber- 
land, forms  a  very  narrow  illhmus,  whicli  unites  No- 
va-Scotia to  the  continent ;  and  where  llie  divifioii  line 


runs  between  that  province  and  New-Brunfwick. 
Ficm  its  mouth  up  to  Palfamaquoddy  bay,  on  its  N. 
W.  fide,  fituated  between  the  province  of  New-Brunf- 
wick  and  the  diilricfl  of  Maine,  are  a  number  of  bays 
and  iilinds  on  both  fides,  and  thus  far  it  contra>Ss  its 
breadth  gradually.  It  is  12  leagues  acrofs  from  St 
John's,  in  New-Brunfwick,  to  the  Gut  of  Annapolis, 
in  Nov-Scotia  ;  where  the  tides  are  rapid,  and  rife  30 
feet.  Above  this  it  preferves  nearly  an  e(jual  breadth, 
until  its  waters  are  formed  into  two  arms,  by  a  penin- 
fula,  the  weflern  point  of  which  is  called  Ciipe  Cliig- 
nefto.  At  the  head  of  the  N.  eaflern  arm,  called  Chig- 
neflo  cliannel,  wliicli,  with  bay  Verte  forms  the  ifth- 
mus,  the  tides  rife  60  feet.  In  the  Bafm  of  Minas, 
which  is  the  E.  arm  or  branch  of  this  bay,  the  tides 
rife  40  feet.  Thel'e  tides  are  fo  rapid  as  to  overtake 
animals  feeding  on  the  fhore. — Morse. 

FURD-Y-HucKEECuT,  in  Bengal,  fignifies  a  paper 
of  defcription. 

FvRD-y-Sozful,  paper  of  requeft. 

FUST,  in  architeiflure,  the  (haft  of  a  column,  or  the 
part  comprehended  between  the  bafe  and  the  capital, 
called  aUb  the  naked. 


G. 


Gabori     /~^  ABORT,  a  bay  on  the  S.  E.  coaft  of  Cape  Breton 

It  V_T    ifland.     The  entrance  into  it,  which  is  not  more 

^^JI^I^^  than  20  leagues  from  the  iflcs  of  St.  Pierre,  is  between 

iflands  and  rocks  about  a  league  in  breadtli.     The  bay 

is  2  leagues  deep,  and  affords  good  anchorage. —  Morse. 

GABRIEL,  St  an  ifland  in  the  great  river  La 
Plata,  S.  America,  difcovered  by  Sebaftian  Cabot,  in 
the  year  1526. — ib. 

GAGL's  Toiun,  a  fettlement  in  Sunbury  co.  New- 
Brunfwick  ;  on  the  lands  granted  to  general  Gage,  on 
the  W.  fide  of  St  John's  river,  on  the  northern  fliore  of 
the  bay  of  Fundy.  The  general's  grant  confifts  of 
20,000  acrcb  of  land  ;  the  up-land  of  which  is  in  general 
very  bad.  There  is  fome  intervale  on  the  river  fide, 
on  which  are  a  few  fettlers ;  exclufive  of  thefe  fettle- 
ments,  there  is  very  little  good  land  of  any  kind. — ib. 

GAGUEDI,  a  tree  peculiar  to  Lamalmon,  in  A.byf- 
finia,  is  thus  defcribed  by  Mr  Bruce.  The  leaves  are 
long,  and  broader  as  they  approach  the  end.  The 
point  is  obtufe.  They  are  of  a  dead  green,  not  unlike  the 
willow,  and  placed  alternately  one  above  the  other  on 
the  ftalk.  The  calix  is  compofed  of  many  broad  fcales 
lying  one  above  the  other,  which  operates  by  the  pref- 
fure  upon  one  another,  and  keeps  the  calix  fhut  before 
the  flower  arrives  at  perfsftion.  T'he  flower  is  mono- 
petolous,  or  made  of  one  leaf;  it  is  divided  at  the  top 
into  four  fegments ;  where  thefe  end,  it  is  covered  with 
a  tuft  of  dovi'n,  refembllng  hair,  and  this  is  the  cafe  at 
the  top  alfo.  When  the  flower  is  young  and  unripe, 
they  are  laid  regularly  fo  as  to  inclofe  one  another  in  a 


Galett*. 


circle.  As  they  grow  old  and  expand,  they  feem  to  G»guedi 
lofe  their  regular  form,  and  become  more  confufed,  till 
at  la  ft,  when  arrived  at  its  full  perfedlion,  they  range 
themfelves  parallel  to  the  lips  of  the  calix,  and  perpen- 
dicular to  the  ftamina,  in  the  fame  order  as  a  rofe. 
The  common  receptacle  of  the  flower  is  oblong,  and 
very  capacious,  of  a  yellow  colour,  and  covered  with 
fmall  leaves  like  hair.  Tbe  ftile  is  plain,  fimple,  and 
upright,  and  covered  at  the  bottom  with  a  tuft  of 
down,  and  is  below  the  common  receptacle  of  the 
flower. 

Our  author  fays  that  he  has  obferved,  in  the  middle 
of  a  very  hot  day,  that  the  flowers  unbend  themfelves 
more,  the  calix  feems  to  expand,  and  the  whole  flower 
to  turn  itfelf  towards  the  fun  in  the  fame  manner  as 
does  the  fun-flower.  When  the  branch  is  cut,  the 
flower  dries,  as  it  were  inftantaneoufly,  fo  that  it  feems 
to  contain  very  little  humidity. 

GALEN,  a  military  lownfhip  in  the  ftate  of  New- 
York,  fituated  on  Canadaque  creek,  12  miles  N.  W. 
of  the  N.  end  of  Cayuga  lake,  and  13  S.  by  E.  of 
Great  Sodus.     It  is  bounded  S.  by  Junius. — Morse. 

GALETS,  an  ifland  at  the  E.  end  of  lake  Ontario, 
and  in  the  ftate  of  New-York,  5  miles  S.  weftward  of 
Roebuck  ifland,  5  northerly  of  Point  Gaverfe,  and  31 
S.  E.  of  Point  au  Goelans. — ib. 

GALETTE,  La,  a  neck  of  land  in  the  river  St. 
Lawrence,  in  Canada.  From  the  point  oppofite  to 
rifle  de  Montreal,  a  road  might  be  made  to  Galette, 
fo  as  to  fave  40  leagues  of  navigation,  which  the  falls 

render 


GAL 


[     73     ] 


GAL 


GiHWs 

II 
Gallan. 


render  almoft  impraflicable,  and  always  very  tedious. 
The  land  about  La  Gulette  is  very  good  ;  and  in  two 
,  days  time  a  barque  may  Ail  thence  to  Niagara,  with 
a  good  wind.  L,^  Galecte  is  a  league  and  a  half  above 
the  fall  called  les  Gilots. — ii. 

GALIBIS,  or  Chara'iles,  a  nation  of  Indians  in- 
habiting near  Niw-AndaluCia,  in  S.  America  ;  from 
which  the  Charaibes  of  the  Weft-Indies  are  thought  to 
be  defcended. — ib. 

GALICIA,  an  audience  in  Old  Me.vico  or  New- 
Spain,  containing  7  provinces.  Guadalaxera  is  the 
capital  city. — ib. 

GALIPAGO  IJles,  the  name  of  feveral  uninhabited 
ifles  in  the  South  Sej,  on  both  fules  the  equator,  not 
f?.r  from  the  coaft  of  Terra  Firma  ;  belonging  to  Spain. 
They  lie  between  3.  N.  and  4.  S.  lat.  and  between  83. 
40.  and  89.  30.  W.  long.  There  are  only  g  of  them 
of  any  confiderable  fize  ;  fome  of  which  are  7  or  8 
le.^gues  long,  and  3  or  4  broad.  Danipier  faw  14  or 
15  of  them.  The  chiet  of  thefe  are  Norfolk,  neareft 
the  continent,  Wenmore  among  the  N.  wcllernmoll  and 
Albemarle  the  wefternmoft  of  all.  A  number  of  fmall 
illes  lie  W.  from  thefe,  on  both  fides  the  equa'or  ;  one  of 
which,  G.illego  ifland  lies  in  the  ill  degree  of  N.  lat.  and 
102  of  W.  long.  Many  of  thefe  ifles  are  well  wooded, 
and  fome  have  a  deep  black  mould.  Vaft  quantities 
of  tlie  finefl  turtle  are  to  be  found  among  thefe  iflands, 
where  they  live  the  greatell  part  of  the  year  ;  yet  they 
are  faid  to  go  from  thence  over  to  the  main  to  lay  their 
eges,  which  is  at  leaft  iro  leagues  diftant. — ib. 

GALLAN,  St  a  fmall  illand  on  the  coaft  of  Peru, 
in  lat.  14.  S.  5  miles  N.  of  the  high  land  Morro  Feijo, 


or  Old  Man's   Head  ;  between  which  ifland   and  the  GalUcrolj 
high  land,  is  a  nioft  elegible  Uation  to  cruize  for  veCels         I 
bound  for  Callao,  N.  or  S. ib.  (JallowjT. 

GALLIOPOLIS,  ap'.ft  town  in  the  N.  W.  terri-  ^'^'"'"'^ 
tory,  fituated  on  a  bend  of  the  Ohio,  and  nearly  op- 
pofite  to  the  mouth  of  ilie  Great  K^inhaway.  It  is 
faid  to  contain  about  100  h.ufcs,  all  inhabited  by 
French  people.  It  is  140  miles  eaftward  c  f  Colum- 
bia,  300  S.  W.  of  Pitifljurg,  and  559  S.  W.  of  Phila- 
delphia.    N.  lat.  39.  2.  W.  long  83.  9. 

This  town  is  faid  to  be  on  the  decline,  their  right 
to  the  lands  not  being  fufficiently  fccurcd. ib. 

GALOTS,  the  loweft  of  ti.e  falls  on  the  river  St 
Lawrence  in  Canada.  Between  the  neck  of  land  la 
Galette  and  les  Galots  is  an  excellent  cr^uut:y,  and  no 
where  can  there  be  feeii  finer  forefti. ib. 

GALOrs,  l'isleaux,  an  illand  in  the  river  St  Law- 
rence, in  Canada;  3  leagues  beyond  I'ifle  aux  Chevres, 
in  N.  lat.  43.  33. — ib. 

GALLO,  an  illand  in  the  province  of  Popayan,  S. 
America,  in  N.  lat.  2.  40.  Captain  Damp  er  fays  it 
is  fituated  in  a  deep  b,iy,  and  that  eft  this  ifland  there 
is  not  above  4  or  5  iatiiom  water  ;  but  at  Segnetia, 
which  is  on  the  N.  fide,  a  veffel  may  ride  in  d;ep  wa- 
ter, Iree  from  any  d.inger.  The  ifland  is  high,  pro- 
vided with  wood  and  good  water,  and  havini?  good 
fandy  bays,  where  a  Ihip  may  be  cle.ined. — ^Alfi, 
the  name  of  an  ifl and  (t  the  S.  fea,  near  the  coaft  of 
Peru,  which  was  the  firft  place  pc  ill-Jed  by  the  Spani- 
ards, when  they  attempted  the  conqueft  of  Peru. — ib. 

GALLOWAY,  a  lownfliip  ia  Gloucefter  co.  New- 
Jerfey. — ib. 


GALVANISM. 


Galvanilm  (T^  ALVANISM,  is  the  name  now  commonly  given 
improperly  XJT    to  the  influence  difcovered  nearly  eight  years  ago 
called  a/a-    by  the  celebrated  Galvani,  profeflbr  of  anatomy  at  Bo- 
""    logna,  and  which,  by  him  and  fome  other  authors,  has 
been   called  animal  elcSricity.     Wc  prefer  the  former 
name,  becaufe  we  think  it  by  no  means  proved,  that 
tlie  phenomena  difcovered  by  Galvani  depend  either  up- 
on the  eleftric  fluid,  or   upon  any  law  of  animal  life. 
While  that  is  the  cafe,  it  is  furely  better  to  diftinguilh 
a  new  branch  ot   fcisnce  by  the  name  of  the  inventor, 
than  to  give  it  an  appellation  which  probably  may,  and, 
in  our  opinion,  certainly  does,  lead  to  an  erroneous  theory. 
M.  Galvani  was  engaged  in  a  fet  of  experiments,  the 
object  of  which  was  to  demonftrate,  if  poflible,  the  de- 
pendence of  mufcular  motion  upon  eledricity.     In  the 
courfe  of  this  inveftigation,  lie  liad  met  with  feveral  new 
and  ftriking  appearances  which  were  certainly  eleflrical ; 
foon  after  wliich,  a  fortunate  accident  led  to  the  difco- 
j         very  of  tlie  phenomena  which  conllitute  the  cliief  fubjedt 
Difcovcry    of   this  article.     The  ftrong  refemblance  which  thefe 
of  galvan-  bore  to  the  eleflrical  fadls  which  he  had  before  obferv- 
''■"•  ed,   led  almoft  irrefiftibly  to  the  conclnlion  that  they 

all  depended  upon  the  fame  caufe.  Tliis  opinion  he 
immediately  adopted  ;  and  his  fubfequent  experiments 
and  reafonings  were  niturally  dircfled  to  fupport  it. 
The  fplendor  of  his  difcovery  dazzled  the  imaginations 
SupPL.  Vol.  II. 


of  thofe  who  profecuted  the  enquiry  ;  and  for  fome  time 
his  theory,  in  fo  far  at  leaft  as  it  attributed  the  whole 
to  the  agency  of  the  eleflric  fluid,  was  fantlioned  by 
univerfal  approbation.  Of  late,  however,  this  opini  mi 
has  rather  loft  ground;  and  there  are  now  many  philo- 
fophers  who  confider  the  phenomena  as  totally  uncon- 
ne(5led  with  elcdlricity.  3 

We  propofe,  in  ihifrjl  place,  to  enumerate  the  chief  Objcft  of 
fafts   which   have  been  afcertained  on  the  fubje^ ;  we '*>"  =^"-'* 
(hall  then  enquire,  whether  or  not  the  caufe  of  the  ap- 
pearances be  the  cle<fl:ic   fluid  ;  and,  thinlly,  we  fhall 
examine  how  far  it  has  been  proved,  that  this  caufe  is 
necelFarily  conneifled  with  animal  life. 

Whilll  Galvani  was  one  day  employed  in  diirecling  a 
frog,  in  a  room  wliere  fome  of  liis  friends  were  arau- 
fing  themfclves  with  electrical  experiments,  one  ot  ihem 
having  liappcned  to  draw  a  fpaik  from  the  ronduclor 
at  the  fame  time  that  tlie  profeflbr  touched  one  of  the 
nerves  of  the  animal,  its  whole  body  was  inftantly  flia- 
ken  by  a  violent  conviilfion.  Aftoniflied  at  the  pheno- 
menon, and  at  firll  imagining  t!;at  it  might  be  owing 
to  his  iiaving  wound.-d  the  nerve,  he  pricked  it  with 
the  point  ol  his  knife,  tJ  alfare  hinifelf  whether  or  not 
this  was  the  c  ife,  but  no  motion  of  the  frog's  body  was 
produced.  He  now  toiiclied  the  nerve  with  the  inftni- 
nicnt  as  at  firft,  and  dircfled  a  fpark  to  be  talicn  at  the 
K  fame 


74 


GALVANISM. 


4 
H«  enga- 
ged much 
fcicntific 
attcjitiou. 


fame  time  from  tlie  macliine,  on  which  the  contractions 
were  renewed.  Upon  a  third  trial,  the  animal  remain- 
ed motionkis  ;  but  obferving  that  he  held  liis  knife  by 
the  handle,  which  was  made  of  ivory,  he  changed  it  for 
a  metallic  one,  and  immediately  the  movements  took 
place,  which  never  was  the  cafe  when  he  ufcd  an  elec- 
tric fubftancc. 

After  having  made  a  great  many  fimilar  experiments 
with  the  elciflrical  machine,  he  refolved  to  profccute 
the  fiibjeifl  witli  atmofpheric  tle>5lricity.  With  this 
view  he  raifed  a  ronduiftor  on  the  roof  of  his  houfe, 
from  which  he  brought  an  iron  wire  into  his  room.  To 
lliis  he  attached  metal  conductors,  conneifled  with  the 
nerves  of  the  animals  delUned  to  be  the  fubjefts  of  his 
experiments ;  and  to  their  legs  he  fallened  wires  which 
reached  the  floor.  Thefe  experiments  were  not  confi- 
ned to  frogs  alone.  Different  animals,  both  of  cold  and 
warm  blood,  were  fubjectcd  to  them  ;  and  in  all  of  them 
ccnfideral>le  movements  weretxcited  whenev.r  it  lij;ht- 
ned.  Thefe  preceded  iluinder,  and  correfpoiided  with 
its  intenfity  and  repetition  ;  and  even  wlien  no  lijjht- 
ning  appeared,  the  movements  took  place  when  any 
llormy  cloud  pafl'ed  over  the  apparatus.  That  all  thefe 
appearances  were  produced  by  the  eleflric  fluid,  was 
obvious. 

Having  foon  after  this  fufpended  fome  frogs  from  the 
iron  palil'ades  which  furroundej  his  garden,  by  means 
of  metallic  hooks  fixed  in  the  fjjines  of  their  backs,  he 
obferved  that  their  mnfcles  contrafled  frequently  and 
involuntarily  as  if  from  a  fliork  of  eleiflricity.  Not 
doubting  thattlie  contraflinns  depended  on  the  eleiftric 
fluid,  he  at  firfl  fufpeded  that  they  were  conncfled 
■with  changes  in  the  ftate  of  the  atmofphere.  He  foon 
found,  however,  that  this  was  not  the  cafe  ;  and  having 
varied,  in  many  different  ways,  the  circutnllances  in 
which  the  frogs  were  placed,  he  at  lengtli  diicovered 
that  he  could  produce  the  movements  at  p'eafuie  by 
touching  the  animals  with  two  different  metals,  wiiich, 
at  the  fame  time,  touched  one  another  citlier  immediate- 
ly or  by  the  intervention  of  fume  other  iubltance  capa- 
ble of  conducing  elcdricity. 

All  the  experiments  that  have  yet  been  made  miy 
be  reduced  to  the  following,  wliich  will  give  the  otlicr- 
wife  uninformed  reader  a  precife  notion  of  the  fubjefl. 

Lay  bare  about  an  inch  of  a  great  nerve,  leading  to 
any  limb  or  niufcle.  Let  that  end  of  the  b.ired  part 
which  is  farthift  from  tlie  hmb  be  in  clof'e  ctinta(^t  wiih 
a  bit  of  zinc.  Touch  the  zinc  with  a  bit  of  (ilver, 
while  another  pait  of  the  filver  touches,  either  the 
naked  nerve,  if  not  dry,  or,  whether  it  be  dry  or  not, 
the  limb  or  muicle  to  which  it  leads.  Violent  con- 
traiftioiis  are  produced  in  the  limb  or  mafcls,  but  not 
in  any  nuifclc  on  the  other  fide  of  the  zinc. 

Or,  touch  the  bared  nerve  with  a  piece  of  zinc,  and 
touch,  with  a  piece  of  filver,  either  the  bared  nerve,  or 
the  limb;  no  cinvullion  is  obferved,  till  the  zmc  and 
lllver  are  alfo  made  to  touch  each  other. 

A  fadf  fo  new,  illuflrated  by  many  experiments  and 
much  ingenious  reafoning,  whicn  ProtcfTir  Galvani 
foon  publilhed,  could  not  tail  to  attraft  the  attention  of 
pbyfiologilts  all  over  Europe;  and  the  refult  of  a  vaft 


number  of  experiments,  equally  cruel  and  Airprlfinp, 
has  been  from  time  to  time  laid  before  the  public  by 
Valli,  Fowler,  Monro,  Volta,  Humboldt,  and  others. 

Frogs,  unhappily  for  themfelves,  have  been  found  the 
moft  convenient  fubjeifts  for  thefe  experiments,  as  they 
retain  their  mufcular  irritability  and  lufceptibility  of  the 
galvanic  influence  very  long.  Many  hours  after  they 
have  been  decapitated,  or  have  had  their  brain  and 
fpinal  marrow  dellroyed,  llrong  €onvulficin>  can  be  pro- 
duced in  them  by  the  applicatic  n  of  the  metals.  A 
leg  feparated  from  the  body  will  often  continue  capa- 
ble of  excitement  for  feveral  days.  Nay,  very  dilciiiifl 
movements  have  been  produced  in  frogs  pretty  far  ad- 
vanced in  the  procefs  of  putrefaiftion.  DifFereiit  kinds 
of  filhes,  and  many  other  animaU  both  of  cold  and 
warm  blood,  have  been  fubjefled  to  fimilar  experiments, 
and  have  exhibited  the  fame  phenomena  ;  but  the  warm 
blooded  animals  lofe  their  fufceptibility  of  galvanifni,  as 
of  every  other  ftimulus,  very  foon  after  death. 

Almofl  any  two  nieials  will  produce  tlie  movements; 
but,  it  i?  believed,  the  moll  powerful  are  the  f  'llowing, 
in  the  order  in  which  they  are  here  placed  :  i.  Zinc; 
2.  Tin;  3.  Lead;  in  conjunfliou  with,  i.  Gold;  2. 
bilver;  3.  Molybdena ;  4.  Steel;  5.  C.'pper.  Upon 
this  point,  however,  authors  are  not  perfcflly  agreed. 

The  procefs  by  which  thefe  fingular  phenomena  are 
produced,  confifls  in  efTefling,  by  the  ule  of  the  exci- 
ting apparatus,  a  mutual  communication  between  any 
two  points  of  contaft,  moie  or  lefs  d  Ifant  from  one 
another,  in  a  fyttem  of  nervous  and  mulcular  organs. 
The  fphere  of  this  mutual  communication  may  be  re- 
garded as  a  complete  circle,  divided  into  t«o  part-. 
That  part  of  it  which  confills  of  the  org  ins  of  the 
animal  under  the  experiment,  has  been  called  ihe  nni- 
malatc;  that  which  is  formed  by  the  galvanic  inltru- 
ments  has  been  called  the  exci'.alory  arc.  The  latter 
ufually  confifls  of  more  pieces  than  r:ne  ;  of  which  forae 
are  named_/?«>'j,  truces,  &.C.  others  communicitors,  from 
their  refpe(5tive  ufes. 

A  very  numerous  train  of  experiments  on  galvanifm 
has  been  made  by  a  committee  of  the  I'iiyfical  and  Ma- 
thematical Clafs  of  the  National  Inftitute  of  France  ; 
and  as  their  report  comprehends  a  valt  number  of  the 
moft  important  fads  which  are  yet  known  on  the  fub- 
jed,  we  fhall  prefent  our  readers  with  the  fubliance  of 

"(a). 

The  immenfe  mafs  of  matter  which  refulted  from  the 
experiments  of  the  committee,  is,  in  their  report,  pre- 
fented,  not  in  the  order  in  wliich  the  experiments  were 
made,  but  in  a  fort  of  clallification,  Iiy  means  of  which 
a  more  dillinft  knowledge  of  the  fubjeft  is  obtained  at 
one  view.  The  fads  are  arranged  under  thefe  fix  heads. 
I/?,  Refults  of  the  different  combinations  and  difpofi- 
tions  of  the  parts  of  the  animal  arc.  2d,  Accou^it  of 
what  has  been  cbftrved  of  the  nature  and  the  diiVeren? 
difpofitions  of  the  excitatory  arc.  ^d,  Circumftanccs  not 
enteiing  into  the  compofiiion  of  tiie  galvanic  circle, 
which,  tieverthelefs,  by  their  influence,  modify,  alter, 
or  entirely  prevent  tiie  fuccefs  of  the  experiments.  4/A, 
Means  prop^fed  for  varying,  dimuiifliing,  or  relloring 
the  fenfibility  to  galvanifm.     5//1,  Attempts  to  compare 

the 


Tliemetali. 


Animal  ^nd 
excitatory 


7 
Experi- 
ments of 
the  French 
Inftitute. 


(a)  Themembersof  the  committee  were,  M.  M.  Coulomb,  Sabbatier,  Pellctan,  Charles,  Fourcroy,  Vauquelin, 
Guyton,  alius  Morveau,  and  HuUe.     M.  M.  Veniuri,  De  Modciie,  and  M.  Humboldt,  aflilled  in  the  experiment. 


GALVANISM. 

the  phenomena  ofgalvanifm  with  thofe  of  eleiSricity.  miifdes  together,  or  of  nerves  alone,  without  mufcles. 

6lh,  Additional  experiments,  performed  by  M.  Hum-  (b). 

boldt,  in  the  prefence  of  the  members  of  the  committee;         2.  Nerves  are,  tliertfore,  the   eflential   part  of  the 

•which  have  a  reference  to  feveral  of  the  proofs  ftated  in  animal  arc  ;  for  the  mufcles  are  always  more  or  lifs  in- 

8  the  foregoing  articles.  terfeded  by  the  nerves  ;  and  are,  con/equently,  in  part, 
On  the  ani-      I.  To  the  number  of  twenty  experiments  were  made  a  r.ervous  organ. 

nial  arc.       on  the  animal  arc.     The  firft  feven   of  ihefe  were  di-  3.   All  the   parts  of  the  animal  arc  mud  be  eitlicr 

reified  to  afcertain  the  relations  between  the  nerves  and  mutually  continuous,  or  at  leall  contiguous  to  one  ano- 

thofe  mufcles  over  which  they  are  di(tributed.     In  the  ther.     But  even  contiguity  is  fufficient   to  enable  the 

laft  thirteen,  the  nerves  were  cut  afunder,  or  fubjeifted  galvanic  phenomena  to  take  place, 

to  ligatures;  the  feiflion  or  ligature   being  always  be-  4.  The  feftion  or  ligature  of  a  nerve   interrupts  not 

tween  the  extremities  of  the  arc.     Nerves  taken  from  the  galvanic  phasnomena,  if  the   parts  which  are  cue 

difi'erent  animals,  or  from   different  parts  of  the  fims  afunder  or  bound  up  ftill  remain  in  clofi  ccntiguily  to 

animal,  and  joined  in  one  and  the  fame  arc,  were  among  one  another. 

the  particular   fubjecls  of  theie   experiments;  as  were  5.  No  diverfity  of  the  parts  forming  the  animal  arc, 

alfo  the  folitary  nerve,  and  the  f  .-litary  mufcle,  included  though  thele  be  taken  I'r*  m  dilferent  parts  of  the  fame 

between  the   exrremi'ies   of  the  cicilatory  arc.     Tlicre  aniin^sl,  or  even  from  difltien:  animals,  will  have  pow. 

were  interpoled,  too,  in  the  couife  of  thele  experiments,  er  to  impair  its  galvanic  fufceptibility,  provided  only 

portions  of  nerves,  and  of  mufcles,  diltind  from  thofe  that  thefe  parts  be  lliil  mutually  contiguous, 

parts.     And,  in   feme  of  the  experiments,  the  animal  6.   If  the   integrity  or  gilvanic  fufceptibility  of  the 

was  without  the  fkin  and  the  epidermis.  animal  arc  be  fulpsnded  by  the  feparation  of  any  of  its 

The  following  are  inferer.ces  which  have  been  dedu-  parts  to  fome  dillance  from  one    another,  it  may  be 

9  ced  from  thefe  experiments:  reftored  by  the  interpofition  of  fome  fubftances,   not  of 
Inferences.        I.  The  animal  arc  may  confift  either  of  nerves  and  an  aninul  n  uure,  between  the  divided  paits.     Metallic 

K  2  fubftances 

(b)  We  are  ftrongly  inclined  to  doubt  the  truth  of  tliis  proportion.  Dr  Fowler  was  at  firft  led  to  think  tint 
contradlions  could  be  excited  in  a  limb  without  the  metals  having  any  communication  with  it,  except  through 
the  medium  of  the  nerve.  Recolledling,  however,  that  a  very  fmall  quantity  of  moifture  ferves  as  a  conduiftor 
ofgalvanifm,  he  fufpeded,  and  our  opinion  perfeflly  coincides  with  his,  tb.at  in  every  cafe  v/here  contraflions 
are  produced  in  a  limb,  without  any  apparent  communication  between  the  metals  and  the  mufcles,  except  through 
the  medium  of  a  nerve,  the  communication  is  in  fad  completed  by  the  moifture  upon  the  furface  of  the  nerve. 
In  this  cafe,  the  animal  arc  may  be  coniidered  as  confifting  cf  three  pieces,  difpofed  in  the  following  order  ;  the 
nerve,  the  mufcle,  and  the  water  adhering  to  the  furface  of  the  nerve.  The  latter,  indeed,  ought  rather  to 
be  confidered  as  a  part  of  the  excitatory  arc.  "  When  a  nerve  (fays  Dr  Fowler,),  which  tor  fome  lime  has 
been  detached  from  furrounding  parts,  is  either  carfully  wiped  quite  dry  with  a  piece  of  fine  muflin,  or  (left 
this  (hould  be  thought  to  injure  its  ftruflure)  fuffered  to  remain  fufpended  till  its  moifture  has  evaporated, 
no  contradions  can  be  excited  in  the  mufcles,  to  which  it  is  diftributed,  by  touching  it  alone  with  any  two 
metals  in  contad  with  each  other;  but  if  it  be  again  moiftened  with  a  few  drops  of  water,  contradions  in- 
ftantly  take  place.  And,  in  this  way,  by  alternately  drying  and  moiftening  the  nerve,  contradions  nny  at 
plcafure  be  alternately  fulpcnded  and  renewed  for  a  confiderable  time.  It  may,  indeed,  be  contended,  tliat  the 
moifture  foftened,  and  thus  reftored  elafticity  and  free  expanfion  to  the  dried  cellular  membrane  furrounding  the 
fibres,  of  which  the  trunk  of  a  nerve  is  compofed ;  and  tlius,  by  removing  conftraint,  gave  free  play  to  their 
organization. 

"  But  from  obferving,  that  in  every  other  inftance  where  contradions  are  produced  by  the  mutual  contad  of 
the  metals,  a  conduding  fubftance  is  interpofed  between  them  and  the  mufcles  as  well  as  between  them  and 
the  nerve  ;  I  think  it  would  be  unphilofophical  net  to  allow,  that,  in  the  inftance  in  quefticn,  the  moifture,  ad- 
hering to  the  fuiface  of  the  nerve,  formed  (hat  requifite  communication  between  the  metals  and  the  mufcles." 
We  know  of  no  accurate  expeiiment  by  wliich  it  has  ever  been  fhewn,  that  contradions  can  be  produced  In  a 
limb  withiut  a  communication  being  eftabliftied  between  the  metals  and  nerve,  and  again  between  the  mufcles 
and  the  metals,  either  diredly,  or  through  fome  medium  capable  of  conduding  galvanilm. 

To  remove  the  only  objedion  which  can  be  made  to  Dr  Fowler's  experiment,  and  of  which  we  have  fcen  that 
he  was  himfelf  aware,  namely,  that  the  nerve  while  dry  is  incapable  of  performing  its  fundions,  we  repeated  it  in 
the  following  manner :  A  fmall,  but  vigorous  and  lively,  male  frog  was  decapitated,  and  the  fciatic  nerve  being 
laid  bare  from  the  knee  upwards,  was  cut  through  where  it  palfes  out  of  the  pelvis.  Fifteen  minutes  after  the 
head  was  cut  off,  the  nerve  havina;  been  cautiouily  feparated  fr.im  the  furrounding  parts,  and  coated  with  tinfoil 
in  the  uiual  manner,  a  filver  probe  was  applied  to  it  and  its  coaling,  without  any  other  communication  with  the 
mufcles,  ai:d  ftrong  contradions  took  place  in  the  leg.  The  neive  was  now  very  carefully  dried  with  a  piece 
of  fine  linen,  and  the  probe  was  applied  as  before  to  the  tinf'il  and  the  nerve;  no  movement  whatever  took 
place.  Things  remaining  precifely  in  this  (iiuation,  one  end  of  the  probe  being  ftiil  in  contad  with  the  nerve 
and  Its  coating,  the  other  end  v/as  aiplied  to  the  mufcles  of  the  (high,  and  the  log  immediately  contraded  as 
ftrongly  a,  ev-rr.  Upon  moiftening  the  neive,  the  contr.tdions  were  again  produced  by  applying  the  probe  to 
the  nerve  and  tinfoil  alone.  We  find  from  this  experiment,  which  we  have  feveral  times  repeated  with  the 
utm.oft  care,  and  with  tlie  Ame  refult,  that  the  dry  nerve  retained  its  fuudions  completely.  This  appears  to  us 
perfedly  decifive  of  the  qucftion. 


75 


76  GALVANISM. 

fubllances  are  iii   particuhr  fit  for  this  ufe.     But   the  mined,    i  ft,  The  application  of  metallic  fubftances   to 

mutual  contiguity  of  all   the  fubftances  entering  into  form  it:  in   refpeifl  to  wli'ch  they    endeavoured  to  af- 

the  coinpofitjon  of  the  arc  muft  ever  be  carefully  pre-  certain  the  number  and  the  diverfily   of   the   pieces   of 

feived.     Mr    Humboldt  difcovered  that  a  bit  of  frelh  metal,  of  which  this  arc  may  be  compiled  ;  tlie  metal- 

morel'e  Helvella  mitra  Linn.)    will   fupply  the  place  cf  lie  mixtures  or  alloys  which  are  cipable  of  being  em- 

a  pait  of  the  nerve.  ployed   fur  this  ufe  ;  the  particular  degree  of  the  fiic- 

7.  The  mufcular  organs  vhich  indicate,  by  contrac-  tion  of  cne  metal  open  another,  whicli  is  favourable  to 
lion,  the  prefence  of  the  galvanic  influence,  are  always  the  exhibition  of  the  phjenomena,  the  ditFerent  Rales, 
thofe  in  wliich  the  nerves  of  a  complete  animal  arc  have  in  refpeft  to  g^Ivanifm,  of  metals  differently  minerali- 
thtir  ukimate  termination.  zed.     zJly,  'I'lie  effcifls  of  the  ufe  of  carbonic  fubft  ui- 

From    this   it   follow?,   that   the  mufcles  affeifled  by  ces  in  forming  the   excitatmy  arc.      3dly,    The   etftds 

galvanifm  are  always   thofe   correfponding  to  that  ex-  in  the  fame  lormation,  cf  bodies,  which  are  either  non- 

tremity  of  the  arc  which  is  ;he  moft  remote  from  the  conduiflor?,  or  elfe  very  impertedt   conductors  (f   elec- 

otigin  of  the  nerves  of  which  it  is  coinpcfed.  iricity,   fuch  as  jet,  aiphahu',  fulphur,  amber,  fealing- 

8.  When  all  the  nerves  of  the  animal  arc  originate  wax,  diamond,  &:c.  4thly,  'i'lie  con:tquences  of  the 
towards  one  of  its  extremilie?,  then  ftily  thcfe  mufcles  interpofition  of  water,  and  (.f  fubftances  moiltencd  with 
which  correfpond  with  the  oppofite  extremity  are  fuf-  Wntsr,  between  the  different  paits  of  the  excitatory 
ceptible  of  galvanic  convulfions.  arc.     In   forming  tiieir  excitatory  arcs,  too,  they  made 

9.  When  an  animal  arc  confifts  of  more  than  one  themfelves  the  chord  of  tire  arc  ;  they  introduced  into 
fyltem  of  d liferent  nerve?,  which  have  all  their  origifi  it  animal  fubftances  which  had  loft  their  vitality  ;  they 
about  the  middle  ot  the  arc,  then  will  the  mufcles  of  rubbed  the  liipporters  with  the  dry  fingers,  fo  as  to 
thefe  feveral  fyftems  of  nerves  be  moved  alike  at  both  mark  them  with  notlilng  but  the  traces  of  the  petfpi- 
the  extremities  of  the  arc.  ration  from  the  ikin.     They  made,  likewife,  fome  ex- 

10.  It  feems  likewife  to  appear,  from  a  variety  of  periments  for  the  purpofe  of  afcertaining  the  relations 
thefe  experiments,  that  the  opinion  of  thofe  is  inadmif-  between,  on  the  one  hand,  the  extent  and  magnitude 
fjble,  who  afcrlbe  the  phxnomena  of  galvanifm  to  the  of  the  furfaces  of  the  parts  compofmg  the  arc,  and  on 
concurrence  of  two  different  and  reciprocally  corre-  the  other,  the  effeifli  prodirced  by  its  energy.  From 
fpondlng  influences,  one  belonging  to  the  nerve,  the  their  experiments  they  have  alfo  drawn  fome  inferences 
other  to  the  mufcle,  and  who  compare  the  relations  concerning  the  relative  etliclencies  of  the  feveral  con- 
between  the  nerve  and  the  muftle,  in  thefe  phanome-  ftituent  parts  of  the  exciting  arc.  It  is  impoftlble  for 
na,  to  thofe  between  the  interior  and  the  exterior  coat-  us  here  to  relate  in  detail  all  this  train  of  experiments, 
ing  cf  the  Leyden  phial.  The  following  corollaries  exprefs  the  fubftance  of  thofe 

11.  It  appears,  laftly,  that  the  covering  of  the  epi-  general  truths,  which  their  authors  were  led  to  infer 
dermis,  in  the  entire  animal  body,  nAs  as  an  obftacle  from  them.                                                                                     j, 

to  the  decifive  difplay  of  the  effeds  of  galvanifm  ;  and  i.  The  excitatory  arc  poffeffes  the  greateft  power  of  Inference* 

that,  though  from   its  extreme  tenuity,  it  may  not  al-  galvanifm,  when  it  is  compofed  of  at  leaft  three  dillindl 

together  prevent  thefe  effeds,  yet  it  cannot   but  very  pieces  ;  each   of  a  peculiar  nature  :  the  metal-,  water, 

to        materially  diminilh  them.  and  humid  fubftances,  carbonaceous  matters,  and  ani- 

Iiperi-            II.  The  Excltd/ory  Arc   is    ufually  formed  of  three  mal  fubftances,  ftripped   of  the  epidermis,    being  the 

incntu  on     different  pieces  made  of  different  metals.     Of  thefe,  only  materials  out  of  which  thefe  pieces  may    be  for- 

e  cicita-  p^g  muft  be  in  contafl  with  the  nerve  ;    the  other  muff  med. 

touch  the  nnifde  ;  and  the  third  muft  form  the  mean  2.  Neverthelefs   the  excitatory  arc  appears  to  be  not 

cf  communication   between  thefe  two.      Tlrls  arrange-  deftitute  of  exciting  energy,  even  when  it  conlift;.  but 

ment,  though  not  indifpenfably  neceffary,  is  at  leaft  the  of  one  piece  or  ot  feveral  pieces,  all  of  one  proper  fub- 

moft  convenient.  rtance(c).     In  general  it  muft  be  owned,  identity  of 

la  refpeft   to  the  excitatory  arc,  the  committee  exa-  nature  in  the  conftituent  pieces,  and  particularly  in  the 

fupports 

(c)  We  d")  not  think  it  has  ever  been  proved,  that  one  piece  of  metal,  or  feveral  pieces  of  the  fame  metal, 
are  capable  of  torming  the  excitatory  arc.  It  is  admitted  on  all  hands,  that  the  (lighteft  alloy  communicates 
galvanic  energy  to  a  piece  of  metal  ;  that  is,  renders  it  capable  of  forming  the  excitatory  arc.  It  is  alfo 
known,  that  metallic  oxyds  are  much  lefs  perfeifl  conduflors  of  galvanifm  than  their  correfponding  reguli,  to 
make  ufe  of  an  antiquated  expreffion.  It  appears  to  us,  that  in  all  cafes  where  one  metal  appears  to  ail,  more 
efpecially  where  iriftion  with  tlie  fingers,  or  breathing  on  a  piece  of  metal  formerly  inert,  give  it  galvanic 
powers  ;  in  all  thefe  cafes,  we  think  it  probable  that  a  flight  degree  of  oxydation,  produced  in  fome  part  of  the 
furface  of  the  metal,  gives  it  activity  by  deftroylng  the  homogeneity  of  its  nature.  We  do  not  find  that  this 
circumftance  has  been  in  general  futficiently  attended  to.  Dr  Wells  having  difcovered  that  charcoal  aifls  power- 
fully as  an  exciter  when  applied  along  with  a  metal,  found  that  by  fridion  it  alio  can  be  rendered  capable  of 
afting  fingly.  What  change  is  thus  produced  in  it  we  can  only  conjedure  ;  but  that  it  is  fomethlng  which  de- 
ftroys  the  identity  of  its  flrufture,  rendering  it  in  fome  meafurea  heterogeneous  fubftance,  muft  be  admitted. 

Candour  forces  us  to  acknowledge,  that  in  one  of  M.  Humboldt's  experiments,  it  feems  very  difticult  to  point 
out  any  want  of  homogeneity  in  the  exciting  arc.  He  put  into  a  china  cup  fome  mercury  exaflly  purified  ; 
he  placed  the  whole  near  a  warm  ftove,  in  order  that  the  entire  mafs  might  affume  an  equal  temperature  :  the 
furface  was  clear,  without  the  appearance  of  oxydation,  humidity,  or  duft.    A  thigh  of  a  frog,  prepared  in  fuch 

a  manner 


GALVANISM. 


fupports  forming  the  extremities  of  the  arc,  diminifhes, 
in  a  very  fenfible  manner,  its  galvanic  energy. 

3.  The  fllghteft  difference  of  n.iture  induced  upon 
the  parts,  whether  by  any  feeble  alloy,  or  by  friction 
with  extrineous  fubftances,  is  at  any  time  fufficient  to 
communicate  to  the  excitatory  arc  th:it  full  power  in 
which  the  identity  of  its  compofition  may  have  niade 
it  deieiftive. 

4.  As  the  animal  arc  is  fufceptible  of  being  in  part 
made  up  of  metallic  fubftances,  or  fuch  others  as  are 
adapted  to  enter  into  the  compofition  of  the  excitatory 
arc;  fo,  on  the  other  hand,  the  excitatory  arc  admits 
of  being  in  part  formed  of  thcfe  fubif  inces  which  are 
the  proper  components  of  the  animal  arc. 

5.  The  energies  cf  b;ith  the  excitatory  and  the  ani- 
mal arcs  are  alike  fufpenJed  by  the  reparation  of  their 
component  parts,  or  atleall  by  the  feparation  of  thefe 
parts  to  a  certain  diftance. 

6.  Even  the  fmalleft  degree  of  moiftnre  is  fjfficient 
to  join  the  parts  cf  the  excitatory  arc,  and  to  deter- 
mine their  effects  upon  the  animal  arc. 

7.  The  influerce  of  the  Itate  cf  the  atmrfphere,  and 
of  furrounding  circumR^nces,  upon  the  fuccefs  of  the 
experiments  ot  galvanifni,  is,  confequently,  very  great. 
In  order,  therefore,  to  peiform  thefe  experiments  with 
due  accuracy,  the  ftate  of  the  hygrometer,  and  of  o- 
ther  meteorological  inllruments,  muft  be  vigilantly  in- 
fpected  during  their  progrcis  ;  and  the  influence  of  the 
perfons  making  the  experiment  upon  the  fphere  within 
■which  it  is  made,  mull  likewife  be  carefully  attended 
to. 

8.  The  experiments  which  were  made  to  afcertain 
the  nature  of  the  anim-il  arc,  together  with  thofe  made 
upon  the  excitatory  arc,  with  a  vie  .v  to  the  comparifon 
of  the  effe<f^s  of  the  flelh  of  an;mils,  with  or  without 
the  epidermis,  and  of  the  different  effei5is  of  this  epi- 
dermis, when  it  is  wet,  and  when  it  is  dry,  appear  to 
fuggeft  to  us,  that  the  epidermis  is  one  of  thofe  fub- 
ftances which  diminilh  or  interrupt  tlie  efficacy  of  the 
excitatory  arc.  The  epidermis  is,  as  well  as  the  hairs 
and  bridles  of  animal  bodies,  among  the  number  of 
thofe  fubftances  which  deferve  the  appellation  of  idio- 
eleBrics. 

9.  Examine  the  fubftances  which  are  fit  for  the  forma- 
tion of  the  excitatory  arc, andyou  will  find  thatthe  great- 
er part  of  tlr  fe  which  have  been  fuccefsfully  put  to  this 
ufe  are  fubftances  capable  of  aifling  as  conduiftors  of  the 
eledrical  fluid  ;  but  that  the  fubftances  which  interrupt 
the  operation  of  galvanifm  are  generally  fuch  as  aie 
well  known  alfo  to  reliil  the  tranlmiftion  of  electricity. 

10.  Laftly,  it  appears,  that  the  galvanic  energy  de- 
pends, not  only  upon  the  nature  and  arrangement  of 
the  component  parts  of  the  excitatory  arc,  but  on  their 
extent  too,  and  on  the  magnitudes  of  their  tranfmitting 
furfaces. 


77 


III.    The  committee  appear  to  l.ave   ufed  no  lefs        i: 
care   and  difcernment  in  experiments  upon  thofe  cir-  J^»P"i- 
cumrtances  which,  diough  uiffercnc  from  the  liruclure  T"'"  «!»- 
of  the  galvanic  circle  and  its  two  conftituent  arcs,  have,  cumft"n"f 
however,  a  dey,Jrje  influence   vpon  the    exhihitkji   rf  the  different 
pha.nomcna  of  ^alv,i:nfm.       Some  curious    oLfervations  from  the 
were  made  on   the  differences  in  the  ftate  of  the  parts  "«• 
expofed  to  the   g:-.lvanic   aflion.     It   was   afceriained, 
thrtt  frogs  frelh  ironi   the  ditches  did  by  no  means  ex- 
hibit the  fame  phccnomena   as  thofe  vhich  liad  been 
during  feme  days  preferved  in  the  houfe  ;  nor  did  the 
limbs  of  animals,  when  recently  (tripped  of  the  (kin, 
prefent  the  lame  appearances  as  after  tl;ey  had  been 
fubjecled    to   a  v.inety    of  galvanic  experiments;  nor 
were  the  fame  effects  to  be  produced  upon  t!.e  parts  of 
animal  bodies  which,  aftet  a  certain  number  of  trials, 
had  been  left  for  a  while  at  reft,  and  then  taken  up  a- 
gain,   as  upon  thofe  which   had  been   fubjefled  to  one 
continued  train  of  experiments.      The  committee  next 
examined  the  variations  in  tlie  fuccefs   of  the  experi- 
ments upon   a  ftrong  lively  frog,  which  may  be  pro. 
duced  by  varying  the  mode  in   which  the  c  mmunkalor 
is  carried  from  the  ont  fupporlir  to  the  other  :  when  the 
communicator   is  brought  into  contact  with  the    fup- 
porier,  or  is  withdrawn  from  aclual  contaift  with  i:  ; 
when  the  communicator  is   brought  (lowly,  or  when  it  is 
brought   rapidly.  Into  contact   with   ihi  fupporlcr  ;  the 
effefts  are  nearly  the  Ame  ;  and  a  (mart  convu'fion  Is, 
in  all  thefe  cafes  produced  at  the  moment  of  the  com- 
mencement of  the  mutual  contact,  or  of  its   ce(ration. 
But  when   tlie  frog    is   fatigued,  the   eff-as   are   diffe- 
rent.    Thefe  (uccelfive   experiments  likewife  affecl  the 
refultsof  one  another,  by  means  even  of  their   fucccf- 
fion  folely.     And  they  are  alfo  naturally  fubjeil  to  he 
influenced  by  the   nature  of  the  media  amidft  whicli 
they  are  performed  ;  fuch  as  common  air,  water,  an  e- 
lecfrlcal  atmofphere.     The  following  are  the  inferences 
which  have  been  deduced  from  this  clafs  of  thefe  expe- 
riments. ,, 

1 .  In  many  cafes  the  galvanic  energy  is  excited  by  Inferences. 
exercll'e,  is   exhaufted  by  continued  motion,  is  renova- 
ted by  reft. 

2.  Tlie  muhipliclty  of  the  caufes  by  which  the  ex- 
periments of  galvanilm  aie  liable  to  be  influenced  to 
fuccefs  or  failure,  Is  i'o  great,  that  we  cannot,  as  yet, 
be  too  cautious  in  either  rejecting  or  believing  thefe  ac- 
counts which  we  hear  of  the  fuccefs  of  any  fuch  ex- 
periments ;  unle(s  wlien  we  are  able  accurately  to  ap- 
preciate all  the  influencing  circumftances. 

3.  This  is  remarkably  confirmed  by  a  facV,  which 
the  committee  have  related  in  their  paper,  and  which 
refpedls  the  continuation  of  the  g.ilvanic  fpafni. 

The  communicator  being  iupported  by  the  hand, 
and  refting,  feemingly,  without  change  of  polition,  ftill 

upon 


a  manner  that  a  crural  nerve  and  a  bundle  of  mufcular  fibres  of  the  fame  length  hung  down  feparately,  was 
fufpended  by  two  filken  threads  above  the  mercury.  When  the  nerve  alone  touched  the  furface  of  the  metal, 
no  irritation  was  manitefted  ;  but  as  foon  as  the  mufcular  bundle  and  tlie  nerve  touched  tlie  mercury  topether, 
they  fell  Into  convulfinns  fo  brlfk,  that  the  (kin  was  extended  as  in  an  attack  of  tetanus.  This  is  bv  far  the 
jnoft  decilive  experiment  which  has  been  tried  on  the  fame  fide  of  the  queftion  ;  but  as  it  muft  be  admitted,  that 
in  moft  cafes  two  metals  are  abfolutely  necelfary,  and  that  a  fingle  metal  often  derives  aaivity  from  circum- 
ftances (b  flight,  that  we  could  not  a  priori  have  expeifled  tliat  they  were  capable  <i(  producing  any  change  ;  we 
feel  OUT  felves  compelled  to  conclude,  that  in  M.  Hun.boldt's  experiment  fonie  fimilar  very  flight  circumftance 
had  efcaped  unobferved  ;  perhaps  fome  gilding,  or  ornaments  with  metallic  colours,  in  a  ftate  of  cxydation. 


7^ 


14 
F.xpcrl- 
meiUs  on 
the  galva- 
nic fufcep- 
tibility  of 
animal  bo- 
dies, &c. 


G     A     L     V     A     N     I     S     M. 

npnn  the  fame  pcitit  of  contaft,  there  is  known  to  take  in  -vacuo  by  the  difcharge  of  the  ele<flric  fpark.  In  that 
p'.ace  a  re.il  change  in  tlie  g.ilvanic  contadl,  although  fiifFocaiion  which  was  produced  by  fulpluirated  hydro- 
the  c-mmuuicator  have  leniainej  tlius  appareiuly  mo-  genous  gas,  by  carbonic  vapours,  and  by  fubmerfion,  in 
tionlffs.  whiirli  the  animal  was  fufpcnded  by  the  hinder  feet,  the 

From  this,  it  may  be  farther  inferred,  that  the  fnuiU-    galvanic  fufcepiibility  was  entirely  deHioyed.     The  gal- 

efl    poGible  change  in  the    relative  fituations    of   the  vanic  fufceptibility  was  only  fufptndeJ  by  fviffocation 

parts  f'f  the  galvanic  circle  and  the  c.\.:ilatory  arc,  is  produced  by  the  pure  caibonic  acid    confined    under 

capable  of  producirjj  an  ef "cift  upiiu  the  fulceptille  a-  mercury.  It  was  dim'nilhed,  but  not  dellroyed,  in 
nimal,  and  of  occafioning  mift:ikes  in  regard  to  ilic  fuc-     thofe  cafes  of  fuffocation,  which  were   cccafioned   by 

cefs  cf  the  experiment,  if  the  utniofl  care  be  not  ta-  fulphurated  hydrogenous  gas  that  had  loll  a  prition  of 

ken  to  notice  and  elUiiiitc  every  variation  that  can  hap-  its  fiilphur  by  gas  ammoniac,  gas  azote,  or  inch  gafes 

pen.  as  had  been  exhaufled  of  their  pure  air  by  refpiration  ; 

4.  Tlie  tTU'.h  cf  the  foregoing  propnfition  is  farther  and  the  f.ime  thing  was  found  to  take  place  in  animals 
confirmed  by  t!ie  experiments  upon  the  manner  in  which  had  perillied  by  total  fubmerllcn.  But  the  gal- 
which  the  galvanic  n:ovement5  are  affefled  by  the  ad-  vanic  fufceptibility  furvivcd  unaltered  in  fufTocations 
v.mcirg  cr  the  withdrawing  cf  tlie  cnnimunic.itir.  For  brought  on  by  fubmerfion  in  mercury,  by  pure  hydro- 
thofe  experiments  fully  evince  the  necefiity  fir  the  moll  genous  gas,  by  carbonated  hydrogenous  gas,  by  oxy- 
vigilant  (ibfervation  of  every  movement  in  the  proceA  of  genated  muriatic  acid,  by  fulphureous  acid;  as  alfo 
an  experime:  t,  not  only  colkdively,  but  in  their  fuc-  when  the  fuffbcation  was  occalioned  by  llrangulation, 
celTion,  and  at  the  different  periods  cf  the  operation.  by   the   abft.-aflion  of  the  air  in   the  air-pump,  or  by 

5.  It  fliould  fccm  t!i2t  there  are,  in  the  frrmntion  of  difchargcs  from  an  eUftiioal  battery.  The  refults  of 
tlie  excitatory  arc,  independently  of  its  modes  ( fading  the  experiments  at   the   medical  fchool  fuggelled   the 

in  the  ga' vanic  operations,  certain  enervating,  and  cer-  following  refieclicns  :  i, 

tain   exciting  difpofilicns  ;     of   whicli  fomc   not  only         i.  Though  it  be  true  that  all  cafes  of  fuffocation  re- Reflcclioitj 

augment  or  diminifh  the  energy  in  the  prefent  inllance,  fcmilile  one  another  in  the  privution  of  refpirable  air, 

but,  belldes,  difpofe  the  animal  to  a  greater  or  a  fmaller  and  in   the  fufpenfion   of  the  fundions  of  refpiration, 

fufceptibility,  under  fubfequent  experiments.  and  oi  the  circulation  cf  the  blood  ;   yet,  in  their  other 

6.  In  order  to  accuracy  of  experiment,  and  to  the  circumftances,  they  are  fubjeft  to  great  differences, 
corrcifl  afcertaining  of  the  effefts  cf  an  experiment,  it  artfing  from  diverfity  of  nature  in  the  fubftances  by 
is  of  great  importance  to  know  the  prccife  Rate  of  the  which  they  are  occafioned. 

animal,  the  manner  in  which  it  has  been  prei'erved  and         2.     Ol  thefe  caufes,  foine  appear  to  afl  with  a  more 

fuftained  to  the   prefent   moment,  tlie  ftate  of  the  at-  thorough  efficacy,  penetrating  at  once  all  pirts  of  the 

mofphtre,  particularly  as  it  is  indicated  by  the  hygro-  nervous  and  mufcular  fyllems.     Others  again  f^em  to 

aift  but  fupcificially-,    producing    only  pulmonary  af- 
phyxia,  witli  its  immediate  efifcds. 

3.  One  of  the  molt  remarkable  changes  not  confined 
to  the  organs  of  refpiration,  confills  in  the  alterations 

ranged  in  the  order  cf  their  efficacy,   and   that   there  produced  on   the   galvanic   fufceptibility.      In  that  re- 

might  thus  be  formed  a  galvanic  fcale,  which  (liould  fpeifl  the  various  cafes  cf  afphyxia  differ  greatly  one 

help  us  to  determine  the  precife  degree  of  the  galvanic  from  another. 

fafceptibility  of  any  animal  in  this  or  that  particular         4.  The   flite  of  the  irritability  of  the  mufcles,  when 

ftate  or  pufition,  ihould   direi5V   us  in  fubjci^ing  every  examined  by  means  of  bodies,  the  mechanical  aflion  of 

fuch  animal  only  to  experiments  fuitable  to  its  particu-  which  caufes  the  mufcles  to  contraifl  by  irritating  them, 

lar  fufceptibility;  fhouM   enable  us  to  eftimate,   from  is  far  from  always  correfponding  to  the  ftate  of  their 

the  cfflcucy  or  inejpcacy  of  our  experiments,  the  galvanic  galvanic  fufceptibility. 

value  of  the  circumft.inces  in  which  we  every  day  find         5.  Laftly,  the  caufes  of  fuflfocation  or  afphyxia,  do 

ourfelves,  and  Ihould  enable  us  to  judge  when  the  fuc-  not  aft  upon  all  parts  of  the  mufcular  fyllem   in  the 

cefs  or  milcirriage  ot  an   experiment  can  afford  room  fame   manner;  but  the  heart  is  very  often  found  in  a 

for  certain  conclulions  ab.fblutely   negative  or  affirma-  ftate  extremely  different  from  tliat  of  the  other  mufcles.         jg 
trve.  V.    The  comparifon    betiveen  the  ph^cnoniena    of  gcilva-  Compari- 

IV.   In  their  experiments  upon //'i?  7.7?3n;-  of  -varyiti^,  tiifm  and  iho/e  cf  eledricity  is  perhaps  one   of  the   moft  f'ln  of  the 

JiminifJymg,  and  rawwin^r  ihe  fujceli':hility   of  animal  bo-  intereiling   objedls  of  attention  in  the  whrle  body  of  P'"^'"™'^"* 

dies  to  the   influence  of  galvanifm,  the  committee  exa-  animal  pliyfiology.     It  is  well  known  that  Galvani  was  "   g^iy-'a- 

mined,    ift,   the    influence  of  electricity  upon  that  fuf-  accidentally  led  to  his  difcovery  by  oblerving  the  mo-  ^^^^^^  „£  j. 

ceplibillty  ;   2d,  the  effcCls  nf  the  mufcular  organs,  and  tions  of  fome  frogs,  at  a  certain  diftance  from  an  elec-  kdrkity. 

of  cert^iin  liquors,  fuch  as  alcohol,  the  oxygenated  mu-  trical   macliine    difcharging    fparks.     The   committee 

riatic  acid,  the  folutions  of  potafh  and  opium,  upon  the  from  the  inftitute  made,  therefore,  fome  attempts  to 

galvanic  properties;   3d,  and  at  the  medical   fchool  of  afcertain  the  relations  between  eleftricity  and  galvanifm. 

Paris  they  made  a  number  nf  experiments,  in  order  to  Having  firft  paid  due  attention  to  the  fufceptibility  of  _^ 

afcertain  what  new  modificiti'-ns   the  galvanic  energy  animals  toward  the  influence  of  eleitricity,  tliey  then 

undergoes   in  various  cafes  cf  fuffocation  or  afphyxia.  fought  to  difcover  to  what   precife   degree  animals  di- 

Thefe  laft-mentioned  experiments  were  made  upon  hot-  veiled  of  the   natural  covering  of  the  epidermis  were 

blooded  animals,  of  which  fome  were  reduced  into  the  liable  to  be  affefted  by  the  variations  of  the  eledrical 

ftate  of  alphyxia  by  fubmerfion,  fome  by  ftrangulatiim,  fluid  in  the  atmolphere  around  them.     Next,  comparing 

fome  by  the  aftion  of  gafes,  while  others  were  killed  the  fufceptibility  of  eledtttcity  with  the  fufcepiibility 

of 


ireer,  by  the  barometer,  the  thcnnomjtcr,  and  the  e 
leffrometer. 

7.  It  were  to  be  wiflied,  that  in  making  a  ftatemcnt 
of  experiments  of  different  forts,  thefe  Ihould    be  ar- 


GALVANISM. 


17 

Refulti  of 
fome  expe- 
ments  by 
Humboldt. 


of  galvanifm,  they  perceived  that  quantities  of  the  elec- 
trical fluid,  fuch  as  are  dill  capable  of  being  very  accu- 
rately mealured  by  the  eledrometer,  are,  however,  of- 
ten too  weak  to  afl  upon  a  frog  that  retains  the  moft 
perfeifl  fenfibility  to  all  the  energy  of  galvanifm.  The 
members  of  the  committee  purpole  to  profecute  farther 
their  experirnentb  upon  this  part  of  the  fubjed. 

VI.  The  following  ate  the  general  rcfults  of  the  ex- 
periments made  by  M.  Humboldt  in  the  prefence  of 
the  conmiittee : 

1.  There  is  no  truth  in  the  alTertion  of  certain  phy- 
fiologills,  that  the  experiments  of  galvanifm  fail  when 
tried  upon  the  heart  and  thofe  other  niufcles  of  which 
the  contradions  depend  not  upon  volition  ;  for  ihefe 
organs  have  been  found  to  be  adually  fubjeifl  to  the 
influence  of  galvanifm  (d). 

2.  The  eiiedls  of  galvanifm  are  liable  to  be  inter- 
rupted by  the  conftrnfllon  of  a  nerve,  whenever  both 
the  nerve  and  the  conftrifling  ligature  are  enveloped  in 
the  flefli  of  tlie  animal  body  (e). 

3.  The  powers  of  the  exciting  arc  may  be  renovat- 
ed or  deftroyed,  even  though  its  fupporters  remain  the 
fame,  and  although  the  extremities  of  the  arc  be  un- 
changed. Only  the  relations  of  the  intei  mediate  mat- 
ters require  to  be  altered. 

4.  There  are  aimofpheres  of  galvanifm. 

5.  There  are  fubltances  which,  ihoujjh  in  an  emi- 
nent manner  conduiftors  of  eltiflricity,  yet  interrupt  the 
motions  ( i' g.ilvanil'm. 

M.  Humboldt  had  pei formed  alfo  other  experiments, 
■which,  wlien  he  attempted  to  repeat  them  before  the 
committee,  could  not  be  brought  to  iucceed,  on  ac- 
count, as  was  fuppofed,  of  the  feafon  of  the  year. 

Such  are  the  principal  refults  of  this  valuable 
train  of  experiments  upon  galvanifm.  From  them,  our 
readers  will  perceive  th  it  this  interefting  fubjed  is  fliU 
very  imperledly  underllood,  and  will  (orm  loiiie  idea 
ot  the  importiince  oi  the  difcoveries  which  a  diligent 
profecution  of  it  promifes  to  the  philofopher  and  the 
phylician. 

The  efledls  of  galvanifm  upon  fome  of  the  organs  of 
lenfe  are  no  lefs  llrikiiig  than  thole  which  we  have  ieen 
it  capable  ot  producing  upon  the  muicles. 

It  the  upper  and  under  furiaces  tf  tlie  tongue  be 
coated  wit!)  two  different  metals,  and  thefe  be  brought 
into  cont.id  with  each  other,  a  peculi.tr  fenfation,  re- 
fembling  taite,  is  pruiuced  in  the  tongue  the  moment 
that  the  metals  touch  each  other.  With  the  greater 
number  oi  metals  this  ftnfation  is  fcarcely  peiceptible  ; 
but  with  zinc  and  gold,  zinc  and  iilver,  or  zinc  and 
molybdena,  it  is  very  ftrong  and  diiagrceable.  Dr 
Fowler  thinks  it  is  lliongelf  with  zinc  and  gold  ;  to  us 
it  appears  a  good  deal  ftmntjer  witli  zinc  and  Iilver.  It 
is  fenlibly  llionger  when  the  zinc  is  applied  to  the  up- 
per, and  tiie  f;!ver  to  the  under  fuiface  of  the  tongue, 
than  when  this  order  is  inverted.  Tiie  fenfation  is  moil 
dlftinifl  whtn  the  tongue  is  of  the  ordinary  temperature, 
and  tliemet.ils  of  the  lame  tcni])cratiire  with  the  tongue, 
Any  coiillderable  increafe  or  diiriinutiun  ol  heat  in  ei- 
ther 1,'reatiy  lelTens  tlic  tffeift.  Mr  Sublir  of  Berlin,  in 
his  Tkorie  i/es  Platters,  p.  155  (publiflicd  in  1767), 
takes  notice  of  the  dilagreeable  talte  produced  by  iil- 


ver and  lead  in  contaft  upon  the  tongue.     This  is  the 
firit  inftance  of  galvanifm  that  has  been  made  public. 

To  enfure  complete  fuccefs  to  the  experiment,  the 
metals  ought  to  be  allowed  to  remain  fome  time  in  coii- 
taft  with  the  tongue  before  they  are  made  to  touch 
each  other,  that  the  tafte  of  the  metals  themfelves  may 
not  be  confounded  with  the  fenfation  produced  by  their 
mere  contact.  Whatever  has  a  tendency  to  blunt  the 
fenfibility  of  the  tongue,  as  opium,  alcohol,  acids,  and 
the  like,  diminifhes  the  elTedl  of  the  metals. 

It  is  diflicult  to  d;fcribe  the  fenfation  thus  produced 
accurately.  It  has  been  called  /j/Z-nr/V  ,•  but  we  think 
it  more  nearly  lefembles  t!:e  effccl  produced  by  allow- 
ing a  grain  or  two  of  iiitie  to  lie  upon  the  tongue  for 
loine  time,  than  any  other  taile  \vith  which  we  are  ac- 
quainted. Joined  to  this,  there  is  evidently  a  metallic 
talle,  which  varies  with  the  metal  emplo\ed;  Ij-.it  we 
are  inclined  to  confider  this  as  the  ordiii  iry  elFcil  of 
the  metals  upon  the  tongue,  which  cannot  be  [le.leclly 
dillinguilhed  from  that  occafioued  by  thtir  mutual  con- 
tact. 

This  tafte  can  alfo  be  produced  by  app'ying  cne  of 
the  metals  to  the  tongue,  and  the  other  to  any  part  of 
the  Scbneiderian  mcnibrane.  Profeifor  Robifon  l;as 
made  many  experiments  of  this  kind,  the  refuh  of  which 
is  contained  in  a  letter  to  Dr  Fowkr.  "  I  F.nd  (fays 
he),  that  it  a  piece  of  zinc  be  applied  to  the  tongue, 
and  be  in  contad  with  a  piece  of  Iilver  which  touches 
any  part  of  the  lining  of  tlie  mouth,  n)ft;ils,  ear,  ure- 
llira,  or  anus,  the  fenfation  lefcnibling  tafte  is  felt  on 
the  tongue.  If  the  e>:periment  be  inverted,  by  apply- 
ingthe  Iilver  to  the  Kngae,  the  imitation  piojuced  by 
the  zinc  is  not  fer.fible,  except  in  the  mouth  and  the 
urethra,  and  is  very  flight.  I  find  the  iiritation  by 
the  zinc  lirongeft  when  the  contact  is  very  fligf.t,  and 
confined  to  a  narrow  fpace,  and  when  the  contact  of 
the  filver  is  very  extenfi>'e,  as  when  the  tongue  is  ap- 
plied to  the  cavity  of  a  filver  fpoon.  When  the  zinc 
touches  in  an  extenfive  furfacc,  the  irritati.in  produced 
by  a  narrow  contaiTt  of  the  fiver  is  very  dillinft,  ti^t- 
cially  on  the  upper  fide  of  the  tongue,  and  along  its 
margin.  This  irritation  feems  to  be  mere  pungency, 
\\  ithout  any  rei'emblance  to  t.:(le,  and  it  leaves  a  Irtfting 
impredi  Jii  like  th.:t  made  by  cauftic  alkali. 

"  When  a  rod  of  zinc,  and  rne  o)  filver,  are  applied 
to  tlie  root  of  the  mouth,  as  far  back  as  poJible,  tlie  ir- 
ritations produced  liy  bringing  their  outer  ends  into 
conta«5l  aie  very  llrong,  and  that  by  the  zinc  rcfembles 
tafte  in  the  lame  manner  as  when  applied  (o  the  tongue." 

M.  Volta  found,  that  wlieii  a  tin  cup,  filled  with  an 
alkaline  liquor,  is  held  in  one  or  both  hands  pievioutly 
mcillened  wi;h  water,  if  the  point  of  the  tongue  is  dip- 
ped in  the  liquor,  an  acid  tafte  is  perceived.  This  is 
at  firll  dillinft  and  pretty  fi.rong,  but  pradiiilly  yields 
to  the  alkaline  talle  of  the  liquor.  The  acid  tafte  is 
fiill  more  remarkable,  when,  inftead  (fan  al-caline  li- 
quor,  an  inilpid  mucilage  is  made  \^ie  of.  The  fame 
piiilofoplict  f  .und,  that  when  a  cup  made  of  tin,  or 
what  is  better,  of  zinc,  was  filled  with  water,  and  pla- 
ced upon  a  filver  fupport,  if  the  point  of  the  tongue 
was  applied  to  the  water,  it  was  found  quite  iniipid, 
till  he  laid   hold   of  the  filver  fuppoit,  with  the  hand 

well 


79 


(d)   This  was  demonfirated  fix  years  ago  by  Dr  Fowler. 

(k)  Dr  ValJi  made  this  obfervation  foon  after  the  difcovcry  of  galvanifm. 


8o 


O     A     L     V    A     N     I     S     M. 

well  moi.lcr.eJ,  when  a  very  MWv.d  and  very  Riong  no  efFsil  whatever  is  produced."— Tne  fliflies  produ. 

aciil  talk  was  imniedi.'.tely  perceived.  ced  in  this  lall  experiment  are  rather  more  vivid  than 

If  one  ot  the  met.ils  be  applied  to  the  tongue,  nnd  any  which  we  have  been  able  to  cjcite  by  the  other  nie- 

the  other  to  the  b.ill  of  the  eye,  a  pnlc  luminous  flalh  ihods.     The  conviillive  twitches  are  very  dillinft,  and 

i;  perceived   when   they  are  brought  into  cont.ift  with  fumewhat   painful,  but  quite  different   from  the  fenfa- 

each  other,  and  the  fenfaiim  lefemUing  talle  is  at  the  lion  produced  by  an  eledric   (hock.     If  the  edges  of 

i»ine  time  produced  in  the  toni;ue.     A  Halh  is,  in  like  the  tongue  be  allowed  to  touch  the  plates  of  metal  in 

nunncr,  produced  whon  or.e  of  the  met.ih  is  applied  to  the  cheeks,  the  finf.uion  refembling  talle  is  felt  very 


the  eye,  and  the  oiher  to  any  part  of  the  palate,  fauces 
or  infide  of  the  chee!<.  This  expeiiment  requires  a 
jrood  deal  cf  attemion  in  the  pciforniance  ;  care  muft 
be  taken  not  to  prel\  the  piece  of  metal  ag.iinfc  the  ball 
i.f  the  eye,  left  a  flalh  ihould  be  pi  educed  by  the  meie 


ibongly  ;  but  this  does  not  in  the  leafl  impair  the  o- 
tber  eifeds  of  the  experiment. 

No  method  has  yet,  we  believe,  been  difcovered  of 
applying  the  galvanic  influence  fo  as  to  affefl  the 
fenfes  cf  fmeliing  or  hearing.     We  have  tried  many 


loerhanical  pTelUirc.  It  ll.oulJ  be  cautiouily  introdii-  experiments  with  this  view,  chiefly  on  tlie  organs  of 
icd  between  the  eye-lids,  till  it  lull  touch  any  part  of  fniclliiig,  buthitherto  without  any  fuccefs  (f).  Neither 
tl-.e  ball ;  and  it  Ihould  be  allowed  to  icmain  in  that  fi-    has  the  fenie  ot    touch  been  aiTeaed  by   it,  unlefs,  in- 


tuaiion  for  fome  lime  before  it  is  brought  into  coniaft 
witli  the  other  piece  of  metal,  that  the  parts  may  bo  fo 
lar  accu[lomed  to  it  as  to  admit  of  the  fenfaiions  pro- 
duced being  properly  att.-nded  to.  The  experiment  fuc- 
ceeds  very  well  with  tin  and  fiU  er  ;  but  tlieflifh  is  more 
bright  when  zinc  and  gold  are  ufed.  'ihe  pi^ce  of 
metal  which  is  applied  to  the  ball  of  the  eye  mull  be 
finely  p'liihed,  otherwife  the  mechanical  irritation  is 
fometimes  fo  great  as  to  prevent  the  flafli  from  being 
perceived.     Dr  Rohifon  has  obferved,  diat  the  bright 


deed,  the  following  experiment  be  conlidercd  in  tliat 
view  :  Let  a  fmall  portion  of  the  cuticle  be  removed 
from  any  part  of  the  body  by  a  fharp  knife,  and  carry 
the  inciiion  to  fuch  a  depth  that  the  blood  fhall  jull 
begin  to  ooze  from  the  cutis  vera.  Let  a  piece  of  zinc 
be  applied  here,  and  a  piece  of  filver  to  the  tongue  ; 
when  they  are  brought  into  contafl,  a  very  fmart  ir- 
ritation will  be  felt  at  the  wotind. 

Some   very  Angular  fads  of  this  kind  have  been  dif- 
covered by  M.  Humboldt,   who  had  the  refolution  to 


mei;ts.  One  of  the  moll  remarkable  of  thefe  is  the  fol- 
lowing :  He  caufed  two  blillering  plafters  to  be  applied 
on  the  deltoid  mufcle  of  both  his  own  flioulders.  When 
the  left  bliller  was  opened,  a  liquor  flowed  out, which  left 
no  other  appearance  on  the  Ikin  than  a  flight  varnifh, 
which  difappeared  by  wafhing.  The  wound  was  after- 
vi-ards  left  to  dry  up  :  this  precaution  was  neceflary,  in 
order  that  the  acrid  humour  which  the  galvanic  irri- 
tation would  produce,  might  not  be  attributed  to  the 


nefs  of  the  fl  ilh  correfponds  with  the  extent  cf  contaft  niake  himfelf  the^^fubjed  of  jnany^weH-devifed   e^xperi 
of  the  metal  with  the  tongue,  palate,  fauces,  or  cheek.       """"  "  ' 

If  a  piece  of  one  of  the  metals  be  placed  as  high  up 
as  poflible  between  the  gums  and  the  upper  lip,  and 
the  other  in  a  fimilar  fuuation  with  refpecl  to  the  un- 
der lip,  a  very  vivid  flafli  of  light  is  obferved  at  the 
moment  that  they  are  brought  into  contafl,  and  ano- 
ther at  the  inftant  of  their  feparation.  While  they  re- 
main in  contaifl,  no  flafh  is  obferved. 

When  a  rod  of  filver  is  ihrull   as  far  as  pofllble   up  _ 

one  of  the   nofti  ils,  and  then  brought  into  contaa  with  idiofyncnlis  of  the  velfels.     This  painful  operation  was 

a  piece  of  zinc  placed  upon  the  tongue,  a  very  llrong  fcarcely  commenced  on  the  wound,  by  the  application 

flafli  of  light  is  produced  in  the  concfponding  eye  at  of  zinc  and   filver,  before  the  ferous  humour  was  dif- 

the  inllant  of  contac^.     We  have  fometimcs  imagined,  charged  in  abundance  ;  its  colour  became  vifibly  dark 

that  the  flafli  in  this  exp;riment  was  produced  before  in  a  tew  feconds,  and  lelt  on  the  paits  of  the  fl;iu  where 

the  metals  aflually  touched  ;  but  in  this  we  may  have  it  palfed  traces  of  a  brown  inflamed  red.  This  humour 

been  deceived.  having  defcended  towards  the  pit  ot  the  (lomach,  and 

The  following  curious  experiment  was  firll  made  by  (lopped  there,  caufed  a  rednefs  of  more  than  an  inch 

ProfelTor  Robilon  :  «'  Put  a  plate  of  zinc  into  one  cheek,  in  lutface.     The  humour,   when  traced  along  the  epi- 

and  a  plate   of  fllver  (a  ciown  piece)  into  the   other,  dermis,  left  ftains,  which,  after  having  been  walhed,  ap- 

at  a  htile  diflance  from  each  other.     Apply  the  cheeks  peared  of  a  bluilh  red.     The  inflamed  places,  having 

to  them  as  extcnfively  as  polhWe.     Tliiuft  in  a  rod  of  been  imprudently  waflied  with  cold  water,  increafed  fo 

zinc  between  the  zinc  and  the  cheek,  and  a  rod  of  fll-  much  in   colour   and   extent,  that  M.    Humboldt,  as 

ver  between  the  filver  and  the  other   cheek.     Bring  well  as  his  phyflcian,  Dr  Schalleru,  who  aflifted  at  thele 

their  outer  ends  flowly  into  contaft,  and  a  fmart  con-  experiments,  entertained  fome  apprehenfion  for  the  con- 

vulfive  twilch  will  be  felt  in  the  parts  of  the  gums  fitu-  fequences. 

ated  between   them,  accompanied  by  biiglit  flallies  in         Having  now  taken  notice  rf  the  principal  fa^s  that 

tlie  eyes.  And  thefe  will  be  diflindly  perceived  before  are  hitherto  known  in  galvanifm,  we  proceed  to  confi- 

conta'a,  and  a  fecond  time  on   feparating   the  ends  of  der  fome  of  the  leading  opinions  on  the  fnbjea-. 
tlie  rods,  or  when  they  have  again  attained  what  may        The  firll  writers  upon  the  difcovery  of  Galvanlfeem 

be  called  the  Jinking  d'ljlancc.     If  the  rods  be  alternated,  almoll  univerlally  to  have  taken  it  for  granted,  that  the 

phenomena 


(r)  Proftfl"or  Robifon  has  long  ago  obferved,  that  the  flavour  of  a  pinch  of  fnuff  taken  from  a  box  made  of 
tin-plate,  vvhicli  has  been  long  in  -ule,  fo  that  the  tin  coating  is  removed  in  many  places,  is  extremely  different 
from  that  of  fnuff  when  taken  from  a  new  box,  or  a  box  lined  with  tinfoil.  The  fame  difference  is  obferved 
when  we  rub  a  piece  of  pure  tin,  or  of  pure  iron  and  a  half  worn  tinned  plate,  with  the  finger.  Alfo,  if  we 
rub  a  ca(l-(leel  razor,  and  a  common  table  knife  confilling  of  iron  and  lleel  welded  together.  This  is  furely 
cwinsr  to  a  caufe  of  the  fame  kind. 


Phenome- 
na of  j^alva- 
nifni  fup- 
pofed  to  re- 
fuk  from  e- 
Icflricity  ; 


GALVANISM. 


phenomena  depend  on  the  eleflric  fluid;  and  leaving  this 
verf  important  queftion  behind  them,  proceeded  to  ex- 
plain liov.'this  fluid  produces  fuch  effefls.  The  celebrated 
difcoverer  of  this  influence  himfelf  confiders  a  mufcle 
as  the  perfefl  prototype  of  a  Leyden  phial.     When  a 


20 

ThisfupfiO' 
fition  ill 
founded. 


"  Subftances  which  condu<fl  eleflricity  are  ConduLlors 
likewife  of  the  nervous  fluid. 

"Subllances  which  are  not  conduftors  of  eleflricity 
do  not  condufl  the  nervous  fluid. 

"  Non-conduaing  bodies,  which  acquire  by  heat  the 


mufcle  contrafls,   tipcn  a  conneaion  being  formed,  by    property  of  conduding  eleflricity,  preferve  it  likewife 
means  of  one  or  more  metals  between  its  external  fur-    for  the  nervous  fluid. 


8i 

SI 

Trocfs  hy 
wliich  Villi 
endeavours 
to  fupport 
it, 


face  and  the  nerve   which 


nerve,  an  elefirical  difjharge  takes  place,  which  is  the 
caufe  of  the  contraclion  of  the  mufcle.  Thus  the  nerve 
is  fuppofed  to  perform  the  ofiioe  of  the  wiie  conreaed 
with  the  internal  furface  of  the  phial ;  and  the  excita- 
tory arc  is  cnnljdered  merely  as  a  conduaor. 

This  theory  appears    to  us  juft  as  incapable  of  ex- 


penetrates  it,  M.  Galvani         "  Cold,  at  a  certain  degree, renders  water  a  non-con- 

contends,  that,  previoufly  to  this  effea,   the  inner  and  duaor  of  elearicity,  as  well  as  of  the  nervous  fluid 
outer  parts  of  the  mufcle  contain  different  quantities  of        '<  The  velocity  of  the  nervous  fluid  U,  as  far  as   we 

the  elearic  fluid  ;  that  the  nerve  is  confequcntly  in  the  can  calculate,  the  fame  with  that  of  ekarlcity. 
fame  Rate,  with  refpea  to  that  fluid,  as  the  internal  fub-         "  The  obdacles  which  the  nerves,  under  certain  cir- 

ftance  of  the  mufcle  ;  and  that,  upon  the  application  of  cumftances  oppofe  to  elearicity,  they   prefciit  likewife 

one  or   mo.-e   metals  between  its  outer  furface  and  the  to  the  nervous  fluid. 

"  Attraaion  is  a  property  of  the  ekarlc  fluid,  and 

this  attraaion  has  beeu  difcovered  in  the  nervous  fluid. 
"  We  here    ke  the  greuteft  analogy  between   thefe 

fluids  ;  nay,  I  may  even  add,  the  charaaers  of  their 

identity." 

That  there  is  a  confiderable  analogy  between  fome 

plaining  the  phenomena  of  galvaiiifm  as  it  is  inconfiil-  of  the  effeas  of  the  ekaric  fluid  and  fome  of  the  phe- 

ent  with  the  known  laws  which  regulate  the  motions  of  nomena  of  galvanil'm,  we  readily  admit  ;  but  that  "  the 

the  elearic  fluid.     We  ihall  not  confider  it  minutely  ;  charaaers  of  iheir  identity"  are  a;iy  where  to  be  found, 

for  we  hope  it  will  foon  appear  highly  probable,  if  not  we  abfolutely   deny.      In  the  above  palfage,  Dr  Valli 

certain,  that  the  elearic  fluid  has  no  fliare  in  the  pro-  confiders  it  as  certain,  that  the  nervous  fluid  is  the  caufe 

dufiion  (f  the  phenomena  in  queflion.     If  this  be  the  of  the  phenomena  difcovered  by  Galvani.     But  it  has 

cafe,  all  the  different  modifications  of  that  theory  mult  never  been  demonftrated  irrefragably,    that  any   fuch 

of  courfe  fall  to  the  ground.     At  prefent  we  lliallcon-  thing  as  a  nervous  fluid  exifts,  and  ftill  lefs  tliat  this  is 

tent  ourfelves  with  afking  the  following  queftions  :  the  fime  with  the  influence  difcovered  by  Galvani. 

1.  How  is  it  poflible  for  the  elearic  fluid  to  be  con-  That  bodies  are,  in  general,  conduaors  or  non-con- 
denfed  in  a  mulcle,  which  is  wholly  furrounded  by  fub-  duaors  of  galvanilm,  according  as  they  are  conduaors 
dances  capable  of  conduaing  that  fluid  ?  or  non-conduaors  of  elearicity,  we  believe  to  be  true  : 

2.  If  we  fiippofe  there  is  fome  non-defcript  non-con-  but  this  rule  is  by  no  means  without  exception,  as  it 
dua  ng  fubftance  placed  between  the  external  and  in-  certainly  would  be,  if  galvanifm  and  elearicity  were  the 
ternal  parts  of  a  mufcle,  which  may  admit  of  the  one  fame.  There  is  an  experiment  cf  Dr  Fowler's,  wliicli 
being  pofitively,  and  the  other  negatively  ekaritied  at  feems  to  fhew,  that  water  is  a  more  powerful  conduc- 
the  fime  time  ;  how  comes  it  to  pafs  that  a  difcharge  tor  of  galvanifm  than  mercury  ;  though  the  rererfe  is 
does  not  take  place,  and  a  confequent  contraaion  en-  generally  allowed  as  to  ekarlcity. 

fue,  when  any  fubllance  whatever,  capable   of  conduc-         If  the  abdomen  of  a  frog  be  filled  with  water,  and  a 

ting  the  ekaric  fluid,  is  interpofed   between  the  nerve  filver  probe  parted  through  it  fo  as  to  touch  the  fciatic 

and  the  external  furface  of  the  mufcle  ?  For  example,  nerves,  no  contraaions  are  produced  ;  neither  do  they 

when  th-   nerve  and  mufcle  are  laid  bare,  and  the  ani-  appear  when  the  probe  is  touched  above  the  furface  of 

mal   tlirnwn  into  water  ;  or   when    the   nerve   is    cut  tlie  water  with  a  piece  of  zinc.     But  if  tlie  zinc  be  ap- 

throuoh,  and  the  end  applied  to  the  external  furface  of  plied  to  the  probe  at  the  furface  of  the  water,  contrac- 

the  mufcles.  tions  are  produced  as  vigorous  as  if  both  the  metals 

3.  How  does  it  happen,  when  one  difcharge  aaual-  touched  the  nerve.  Here  the  water  ferves  as  a  con- 
Iv  takes  place,  in  confeqnence  of  the  application  of  duaing  medium  between  the  nerves  and  the  point  where 
the  excitatory  arc,  that  the  balance  is  not  inftantly  re-  the  metals  touch  each  other:  but  if  the  abdomen  be 
ftored  .'  That  this  does  not  happen,  appears  by  the  filled  with  mercury  inflead  of  water,  no  contraaions 
fame  mufcle  and  nerve  bclig  capabkot  producing  many  are  produced  by  applying  the  filver  probe  to  tiie  nerves, 
hundieds  of  fimilar,  andequally  ftrong  dilcliarges,  with-  and  touching  the  probe  with  the  zinc  at  the  furface  of 
out  any  apparent  means  of  the  equilibrium  being  again  the  mercury.  We  do  not  fee  how  this  experiment  can 
diflurbed.  be  accounted  for,  except  by  allowing   that  watei  is  a 

We  have  never  feen  any  anfwers  to  thefe  queflions  moie  powerful  conduaor  of  galvanilm  than  mercury, 
which  appeared  to  us  at  all  fatisfiacry  ;  and   till  we         If  this  experiment  flioiild  be  tliought  inconcliifive,  we 

have  feen  th?m  anfwered,  we  mult  be  excufed  for  difbe-  havctheauthority  of  M.Humboldt, and  cflhecommittee 

lieving  M.  Galvani's  theory.  of  the  N.ntional  Inditute  of  France,  for  fayinc;,  that  there 

One  of  the  earlieft  writers,  and  one  of  the  mod  af-  are  i'ubflanccs  which,  though  in  an  eminent  manner  con- 
fiducus  ir.velligatots  of  the  phenomena  of  galvanifm,  duaors  cf  ekaricity,  yet  interrupt  tlie  motions  ot  gal- 
is  Dr  Valli.      He  differs  in  i>iiinion  from  Galvani  upon  vanifm.     Tliis  is  certainly  fufficient  to  take  away  all 


ii 
Iiiconclo- 
five  and 


feveral  points  ;  but  agrees  with  him  in  thinking  elcclri- 
city  and  galvanilm  the  fime.  Let  us  conllder  the  proofs 
by  which  he  fupports  this  doarine. 

"  I  have  afferted  (fiys  he)  ihat  the  nervous  fluid  is 
the  fame  wiih  ekaricity,  aivd  with  good  reafon  ;  for 

SuppL.  Vol.  II. 


weight  from  Dr  V.iUi's  two  fiill  reafons  for  confideting 
thefe  two  fluids  as  tlie  fame,  vi/.  tiiat  all  conduaors  of 
ekaricity  are  likewife  conducfiors  of  galvanifm  ;  and 
tliat  all  bodies  which  do  not  condua  the  former  arc 
aho  non  conduaors  of  the  latter.  Thefe  two  are  by 
L  far 


$2 


GALVANISM. 


Tiiconfift- 
cnt  with 
his  own  ex- 
ptrimentF, 


far  the  moil  inipoitant  of  his  leafons  ;  an  J  iflhey  weie 
tins  in  ll'.sir  iiill  extent,  ihey  wnuld  certainly  lliew  a 
very  ftriking  analopy,  though  they  would  by  no  means 
delervc  ihe  appell  iiion  ot  "  charaJlcrs  of  identity." 

As  to  the  Dodor's  two  next  propofitions,  which  re- 
gard the  efi'efls  of  heat  and  cold  in  rendering;  bodies 
condi'flf  rs  or  non-condudors,  tliey  are,  in  tafl,  only 
branches  of  the  two  firR;  and  as  we  have  feen  that  thel'e 
are  not  nniverfally  tiue,  we  might  admit  that  they  are 
correS  in  tliis  particular  without  weakening  our  argu- 
ment. I'or  this  reafon  we  (hM  not  confider  them  mi- 
nutely ;  but  we  nny  obferve  that  Dr  Fowler's  experi- 
ments lhe«",  th.it  boiling  water,  and  water  cooled  down 
to  the  freezing  point,  t-oih  conduit  this  influence  as 
well  as  water  at  the  ordinary  temperature  of  the  atmof- 
phere.  If  any  change  in  the  condii>5ting  power  takes 
place  beyond  thcle  points,  It  may  witii  gi  eater  probabi- 
lity beafcribed  to  the  changes  oi  form  which  the  water 
nndergces  than  to  the  iucre  ife  or  diminution  of  its 
temperature. 

Wo  confefs  ourfelves  perfe^flly  ign^r.int  rf  any  data 
upon  wliich  Dr  Valii  couKi  f 'Ond  a  ca'culation,  the  re- 
lult  of  whicii  could  lliew  that  the  velocity  of  the  ner- 
vous fluid  is  the  fame  wiih  that  of  eleflricity.  Suppofe 
we  (hould  take  it  into  our  heads  to  alFcrt  that  the  velo- 
city of  galvanifm  is  the  fame  witli  that  of  light,  we  ap- 
piehend  our  author  could  not  ealily  demonflrate  the 
contrary.  Neither,  in  all  probability,  w.uld  he  ci  nfider 
this  alfertion  of  ours  as  a  fuffitient  procf  that  galvanifm 
and  light  are  the  fame. 

With  regard  to  the  next  propofuion,  that  "  the  r^b- 
flacles  which  the  nerves,  under  certain  circumllances, 
oppt'le  to  eleflricity,  they  prel'ent  likcwife  to  the  ner- 
vous fluid  ;"  we  may  remark,  that  any  obllacle  which 
deftroys  the  funftions  of  a  nerve  completely,  will  pre- 
vent tlie  mufcles  whi^h  are  fiipplied  by  that  nerve  from 
contracting  upon  the  application  of  any  ftimulus  what- 
ever (g^.  It  dues  nor,  however,  by  any  means  follow, 
that  the  paifige  ot  either  the  galvanic  or  tlie  electric 
fluid  is  prevented,  'ihe  nerves  may  (lill  be  very  good 
conduiflors  of  both,  though  the  mufcle  is  deprived  cf  all 
power  of  conlraiSing.  That  there  are  obltacles,  how- 
ever, which  the  nerves,  under  certain  circum(lance«, 
prefent  to  the  palfage  of  eleftricity,  but  which  they  do 
not  under  the  fame  cirtumltauces  prelent  to  galvanifm, 
we  think  abundantly  demonlhated  by  Dr  Valli's  own 
experiments. 

"  I  have  frequently  obferved  (fiys  he)  that  the  legs, 
of  which  the  nerves  had  been  tied  at  a  certain  dillancc 
■  from  the  mul'cles,  did  not  feel  the  ailion  of  a  certain 
quantity  of  artiricial  clecti  icity,  although  they  were  vio- 
lently convulfed  by  excitiiie  that  which  was  inherent 
and  peculiar  to  them."  What  then  was  the  caufe  of 
the  diiTerence  obferved  in  thefc  cafes  between  the  efFefls 
cf  galvanifm  and  electricity  ?  Was  it,  that  the  quantity 
<.r  degree  of  the  former  exceeded  that  ot  the  latter  ? 
Ee  it  fo. 

Dr  Valli  informs  us,  that  in  his  experiments,  an  elec- 
tric charge  whicli  could  flaQi  through  a  thicknefs  cf 


air  equal  to  .0^5  of  an  inch,  produced  no  iRovement 
in  the  leg  of  a  iiog  of  which  the  crural  nerve  was  tied, 
wliile  the  ether  leg,  of  which  the  nerve  was  lelt  free, 
underwent  confiderable  movements. 

That  the  influence  difcovered  by  Galvani  can  pafs 
throngh  an  exceeding  thin  plate  of  air,  is  certain,  as  it 
is  tranfmitted  from  link  to  link  of  a  chain,  where  no 
confiderable  force  is  ufed  to  bring  the  links  into  con- 
tact. Dr  Robifon's  experiment,  too,  in  which  the 
flaflies  of  light  are  difliniflly  obl'erved  before  the  rods 
of  filver  and  zinc  touch  each  other,  is  another  proof  of 
the  fame  faift ;  and,  if  we  be  not  deceived,  the  fama 
thing  takes  place  when  a  rod  of  filver  thrnft  up  xhs 
nodril  is  applied  to  a  piece  of  zinc  in  contact  vvith  the 
tongue.  But  that  it  will  only  pafs  throngli  an  exceed- 
ing thin  plate  of  air,  any  man  may  convince  himfelf  by 
an  experiment,  firfl  tried  by  Dr  Fowler,  which  is  eafily 
repeated.  If  a  Hick  of  fealing-wax  be  coated  with  tin- 
foil, it  will  be  found  a  very  good  conduilor  ;  but  if, 
with  a  fliarp  pen  knife,  an  almoll  imperceptible  divlfion 
be  made  acrofs  the  tinfoil,  even  this  interrupiion  of 
contiruity  in  tiie  conduiftor  will  be  found  fufficient  ef- 
fectually to  bar  the  paffage  of  galvanifm. 

We  find,  then,  that  a  quantity  of  the  electric  fluid 
which  can  pafs  through  a  plate  of  air  of  the  thicknefs 
cf  .035  of  an  inch,  is  obftrufted  by  a  ligature  upon  a 
nerve,  while  the  galvanic  influence  palfes  readily  along 
a  nerve  included  in  a  ligature,  but  is  (•bftruded  com- 
pletely by  making  an  almoft  imperceptible  divifion  in 
a  good  condu(5tor.  The  plate  ot  air  in  this  cale  furely 
is  not  near  .035  of  an  inch  in  thicknefs.  It  refults  in- 
conteftibly,  from  a  comparifon  of  thefe  two  experi- 
ments, that  there  is,  between  thefe  two  agents,  fome 
other  difference  befides  the  mere  degree  of  intenlity. 

We  come  now  to  the  lall  reafon  which  cur  author 
afllgns  for  his  beliet  that  galvanifm,  or,  as  he  choofes 
to  call  it,  the  nervous _fluiit,  is  the  fime  with  elecftricity. 
It  will  be  found  a  very  important  one.  That  property 
by  which  bodies  charged  with  the  eledric  fluid  attiacft 
or  repel  other  bodies,  according  as  they  are  in  the  fame 
or  the  oppofite  flate  of  eleiftricity  from  themfelves,  is  fo 
fli  iking,  and  at  the  fame  time  fo  univerfal,  that  it  has 
been  very  properly  adopted  as  the  meafure  of  this  fluid. 
If  it  were  true,  then,  that  the  galvanic  influence  pof- 
fefled  the  fame  properties  of  attraiflion  and  repulfion  as 
the  eleiftric  fluid,  this  circumltance  would  certainly  iu- 
creafe  the  analogy  between  them  very  much.  As  ws 
have  already  feen,  however,  that  they  differ  in  other  ef- 
fcntial  points,  even  if  it  were  true  that  they  agreed  in 
this,  it  could  conflllute  no  procf  of  their  identity.  But 
if,  on  the  other  hand,  we  fhould  find,  that  tliis  alfer- 
tion  of  our  author  is  founded  on  error,  and  that  the 
galvanic  influence  polfedes  in  no  degree  whatever  thole 
properties  of  attraiflion  and  repulfion  which  have  al- 
ways been  jufliy  confidered  as  elfential  cliarafteriftics  of 
the  electric  fluid,  we  Ihall  then  be  fully  juftified  in  al- 
feiting,  that  thefe  two  agents,  however  much  they  may 
refemble  eacli  ot'ier  in  ionie  hfs  important  particulars, 
are  in  their  nature  totally  dillir.ifl  and  unci  nnected. 

Let 


(g)  We  do  not  here  mean  that  contraflion  which  mufcles  are  fufceptible  of  long  after  death,  upon  having  their 
fibres  mechanically  irritated,  which  is  produced  by  what  phyfiologiils  have  called  the  -v'ls  infta,  and  which  is  per- 
fectly known  to  our  cooks,  as  it  was  to  their  predecellors  in  the  Roman  kitchens,  as  the  foundation  of  the  art  of 
crimping.     We  at  prefent  confine  ourfelves  to  contradlion  produced  through  the  medium  of  the  nerves. 


24 

And  with 
ihc  know- 
ledge of  e* 
}c<3rkity. 


i 


15 
Rcsfoning 
of  Dr 
Wells  oil 
the  fame 
fubjed, 


16 
Inconclu- 
ilve  like- 
ivifc. 


G     A     L     V 

Let  i;s  fKamins  the  proofs  by  wliich  Dr  Valli's  af- 
feition  is  lupported.  He  tells  us,  that  he  obL-rved  the 
hairs  of  a  mnufe,  artacheJ  to  the  nerves  of  frogs,  by 
the  tinfoil  with  which  he  furroiindfd  them,  alternately 
attrafted  and  repelled  by  each  other,  whenever  ano:her 
metal  was  fo  applied  as  to  excite  coniraflions  in  the 
frogs.  We  are  veiy  far  from  meaning  to  infinuate  that 
Dr  Valli  did  not  fee,  or  think  he  faw,  what  he  thus  de- 
fcribes;  but  that  the  motion  of  the  hairs  muft  hava 
Erifen  fronn  fnme  caufe,  dilFerent  frjm  that  to  which  he 
afcrlbed  it,  cannot  admit  ot  a  donbt  ;  for  hairs,  in  fuch 
a  date  of  eledricity  as  he  fuppofes,  never  attract,  but 
always  repel  each  other. 

Dr  Fowler,  who  has  paid  particular  attention  to  this 
part  of  his  fubjfiS,  has  many  times  repeated  this  expe- 
riment, both  in  iho  manner  defcribed  by  Dr  Valli  and 
with  every  variation  in  the  difpoliiiDn  of  the  hairs  which 
lie  could  devife:  but  wheiher  they  were  placed  on  the 
metals,  the  reives,  or  the  mufcles,  or  upon  all  at  the 
fiime  time,  he  has  never  in  any  inltance  been  able  to 
obferve  them  agitated  in  the  flighted  degree.  He  has 
made  fimilar  experiments  upon  a  dog,  and  upon  a  large 
and  lively  fkate,  by  difpofing,  in  the  fame  way  that  Valli 
did  the  hails  of  a  monfe,  flakes  of  the  finelt  flax,  fwan- 
down,  and  gold  leal:  but  although  the  contiadions 
produced  in  the  fkate,  by  the  contaift  cf  the  meials, 
were  fo  flrong  as  to  make  the  animal  bound  from  the 
table,  not  the  leall  appearance  of  eledricily  was  indicat- 
ed. He  next  fufpended  from  a  flick  of  glafs,  fixed  in 
the  cieling  of  a  clofe  room,  fome  threads,  five  feet  in 
length,  of  the  flax  ufed  in  the  former  experiment ;  and 
brought  fome  frogs  recently  killed,  and  infulated  up- 
on glafs,  as  near  to  them  as  pofllble  without  touching  : 
but  the  threads  were  in  no  uif;  affeded  by  the  contrac- 
tions produced  in  the  frogs. 

In  a  very  ingenious  paper  upon  galvanlfm  by  Dr 
Weils,  which  is  publiflied  in  the  London  Philofophical 
Tranladions  fur  1795,  that  gentleman  maintains  the 
opinion,  that  the  influence  dii'covered  by  Gaivani  is 
electrical.  He  admits,  thai  it  is  not  attended  with  thofe 
appearances  ol  attraiftion  and  repulfion  which  are  held 
to  be  the  ttfls  cf  the  prefence  ol  electricity  ;  but  he 
contends,  that  "  neither  ought  figns  of  attraction  and 
reix.iliion  to  be  in  this  cafe  prefented  on  the  fuppofition 
that  the  influence  is  elefcrical ;  fince  it  is  neceflary,  for 
the  exhibition  of  fuch  appearances,  that  bodies,  after  be- 
coming ele<5irical,  fliould  remain  fo  during  fome  fenfilile 
portion  of  time  ;  it  being  well  known,  for  example,  that 
the  paifage  of  the  charge  of  a  Leyden  phial,  from  one 
of  its  i'urlaces  to  the  other,  does  not  affeit  the  mofl;  de- 
licate eleiflrometer,  fufpended  from  a  wire,  or  other  fub- 
ftance,  which  forms  the  communication  between  them." 

That  the  charge  of  a  Leyden  phial  does  not,  in  paf- 
fing  along  a  wire,  aCeiS  an  eleftrometer,  is  ceitain  ;  and 
it  is  equally  true,  that  we  have  no  means  ol  applying  an 
eledlrcimeter  to  a  quantity  of  galvanifm  in  a  date  of 
red  in  a  body.  It  this  influence  ever  exifls  in  luch  a 
date,  we  have  no  ted  by  which  we  can  difcover  its  pre- 
fence ;  and  it  is  only  from  the  eflects  uhich  it  produces 
('/;  trorfitu  that  we  know  of  its  exiltence.  But  itie  elec- 
tric fluid,  in  pairing  from  link  to  link  of  a  chain,  fenfi- 
faiy  affeds  an  ele(5lrometer  ;  and  in  Dr  Fowlers  expe- 
riment with  the  ikate,  tor  example,  as  more  than  one 
piece  of  metal  is  employed  as  an  exciter,  the  fluid,  in 
paQing  from  one  piece  to  another,  (houlJ  have  afiecleJ 


A    N     I     S     M. 

the  light  fabdances  v.hich  were  placed  upon  tlicni.  This 
appears  to  us  a  fuflicicnt  anfwer  to  the  objeition  darted 
by  Dr  Wells :  but  the  fame  objeaion  having  been  late- 
ly made  to  us  by  a  gentleman  from  whom  we  fliall  al- 
ways  receive  every  fuggellion  with  uncommon  defer- 
ence, we  thought  it  worth  while  to  try  the  following 
experiment : 

Three  hours  after  a  frog  had  been  decapitated,  it 
fhewed  drong  figns  of  galvanic  fufceptibility.  One  of 
the  fciatic  nerves  being  oaied  with  tinfoil  in  the  ufual 
manner,  the  leg  was  laid  upon  a  plate  of  zinc.  A  gen- 
tleman was  delircd  to  lay  h  'Id  ol  the  nci  ve  and  its  coat- 
ing with  the  finger?  of  one  hand,  which  had  been  pre- 
vioufly  dipped  in  water,  while  with  t!ie  other  hand,  alio 
wet,  he  held  the  end  of  a  fmall  brafs  chain  about  tv^-o 
inches  in  length.  Another  gentleman  now  took  liold 
of  the  other  end  of  the  chain,  and  with  a  (ilver  probe, 
held  in  his  other  hand,  touched  the  plate  of  zinc.  The 
influence  b;ing  thus  made  to  pais  tlirough  the  chain, 
the  leg  contraded  vigoronfly;  but  a  very  fenfible  elec- 
trometer, held  fo  near  to  the  chain  as  almod  to  touch 
it,  was  neither  attracted  nor  repelled.  In  performing 
this  experiment,  it  was  neceflary  to  have  the  hands  wet, 
as  the  dry  cuticle  tends  much  to  <ibUrui5i  the  paffage  of 
galvanifm  ;  but  the  utmod  care  was  taken  that  the  cha'n 
fhould  be  perfifily  dry,  otherwifc  the  influence  might 
h.ive  been  tr.inl'mitted  by  \\\z  moidure  upon  its  futlace 
wi'hout  pafllng  through  the  chain  itfelf. 

To  avoid  the  poflibility  of  this  happening,  the  expe- 
riment was  varied  in  the  following  man'ier :  The  frog's 
leg  was  laid  upon  a  plate  cf  zinc,  and  the  nerve  upon  a 
plate  of  diver.  A  gentleman  now  took  a  filver  probe, 
and  one  end  of  the  brafs  chain  in  contad  with  it,  in 
one  hand  ;  and  in  the  other  hand  he  heid  the  other  end 
of  the  chain  in  contact  with  a  rod  of  yinc.  He  now 
truched  the  filver  plate  with  the  rod  of  filver,  and  the 
zinc  plate  with  the  rod  of  zirc.  As  the  influence  was 
not  now  to  be  made  to  pafs  through  his  body,  there 
was  no  necefllty  lor  his  hands  being  wet ;  tl^e  whole  ex- 
citatory arc  was  therefore  made  compleie'y  dry.  In 
this  way  very  drong  contracfti^ms  were  exoiied  in  the 
leg,  and  dill  the  eledtrcm.eter  was  not  afltiited  in  the 
fnialled  dctMCC  when  brought  near  the  cluin. 

It  is  proper  to  obferve,  that  Dr  \'alli,  in  his  afleition 
that  attraction  is  a  property  of  galvanifm,  does  not  reft 
entirely  upon  his  own  obfervation  ;  a  coniniiitce  of  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  at  Paris  performed  the  iV.llowing 
experiment  along  with  him  :  "  They  placed  a  prepar- 
ed frog  in  a  vefiel  which  contained  the  cicdronicttr  of 
M.  Coulomb,  charged  negatively  and  pofitivcly  by  turns. 
In  both  cafes,  in  exciting  the  animal  in  the  common 
way,  the  ball  of  the  eleetiometer  was  altraded."  It 
appears  to  us  that  Dr  Valli  and  the  committee  have 
been  deceived,  by  the  fiiftion  produced  by  the  motion 
of  the  animals  under  their  experiments  iiaving  excited 
fo  much  electiiciiy  as  to  afftc't  the  cL'itrometer.  The 
fird  time  we  tiied  the  experiment  abnvemeiiiioned  wi'h 
the  brafs  chain,  we  weie  alnn^d  milled  by  a  fimilar  cir- 
cumdance.  Indcad  oi  an  artilici.il  tlcftronieter,  wh'ch 
we  happened  not  to  have  at  h.ind,  we  m.ide  ufe  (  f  a 
very  long  and  (knoer  hum.in  h.iir  ;  and  wc  found  tliat 
it  was  drongly  atlraftcd  by  the  chain.  Upon  an  at- 
tentive examination,  however,  we  found  that  tins  did 
not  arile  from  the  aiftion  of  the  influence  pafiing  ihiough 
the  chain,  but  from  the  date  of  the  hair  itfelf,  which 
L  2  was 


8J 


S4 


GALVANISM. 


»7 
Hemon- 
ftration, 
that  the 


fume  caufe- 


was  (o  highly  eleiflrical  as  to  be  ftrongly  attraiJled  by  fenfible  to  the  eye),  becaufe  the  knife  had  been  bluiU- 
eveiy  ccndiiflinp  fiibflance  which  it  approached.  Upon  ed  by  the  glafs  in  tlie  firft  operation.  All  divergency 
fubftituting  .mother  hair,  which  fliewed  no  mark  of  being  of  the  eleiftrcmetcr  was  now  at  an  end  ;  and  although 
either  pofnivdy  or  negatively  eletlrificd,  it  was  neither  the  machine  was  worked  till  the  eleflric  fmell  was  f^n- 
attrafted  ncr  repelled  by  the  chain.  From  the  above,  or  fible  at  the  doer  to  a  perfon  who  happened  to  come  in 
fonie  fimilar  ciicumllance,  it  is  probable  that  Dr  Valli's  at  this  time,  no  tendency  to  divergence  was  obferved. 
miftake  has  originated;  but  we  arc  confident,  that  {N.  D.  the  top  of  the  eleftromettr  had  no  condufting 
•whoever  will  repeat  the  experiment  with  fuflicient  at-  fubftance  about  it,  except  the  flip  of  tinfoil), 
tention,  will  find  the  refult  prccifely  as  we  have  de-  Tlie  cut,  being  examined  with  a  micrcfcope  furnifli- 
fcribed  it.  ed  with  a  micrometer,  was  T^l^jth  of  an  inch.     It  was 

Pel  haps  it  may  dill  be  faid,  that  although  we  have  now  filled  up,  by  binding  over  it  anoth.er  flip  of  tin- 
rever  been  able  to  difcover  attraflion  and  repullion  as  foil.  A  plate  of  talc,  whofe  thicknefb  did  not  exceed 
properticb  C'f  palvanifni,  this  may  arife  from  our  not  be-  the  900th  of  an  inch,  was  coated  on  one  iide  in  a  circle 
ing  able  to  accumulate  this  influence  in  fufficient  quan-  of  i\  inch  diameter.  The  eletftrometer  was  removed, 
tity.  To  this  reafoning,  if  reafoning  it  can  be  call-  and  the  coated  fide  of  the  talc  was  put  into  clofe  con- 
ed, we  oppofe  the  following  conliJerations,  which  taiff  with  the  flip  of  tinfoil  on  the  glafs  rod.  A  (land 
flate  a  diffiniilarity  in  the  phenomena  of  eleflricity  and  of  tin,  whofj  top  was  a  plate  of  i\  inch  diameter, 
phcromcna  ggjyanifu,^  tjiat  feems  abfolutely  irreconcilable  with  the  fmeared  over  with  mercury,  was  placed  in  contaifl  with 
ifm^and'o'f  identity  of  the  caufe.  the  other  fide  of  the  talc,  and  they  weie  prefled  into 

ckaiicity  N'Uhing  is  more  completely  eftablithed  in  the  fcience  very  dole  and  continuous  contafl. 
refult  not  of  eleflricity  than  this,  that  all  ihofe  appearances  which  The  machine  being  now  worked,  the  coated  talc  re- 
frora  the  ^.g  g^U  altraBicni,  nfuljloiis,  alJlriiBions,  and  accumula-  ceived  a  charge  in  about  5  minutes  fufficient  to  give  a 
twn  of  e'eflric  fiuul,  aie  precifely  fimilar  to  what  would  very  fmart  lliock  :  and  this  was  repeated  with  great  re- 
be  the  appearances,  if  cleflriciiy  were  a  fluid,  whofe  gularity  every  five  or  fix  minutes.  The  windows  were 
particles  repel  each  other,  and  attraft  the  particles  now  thrown  open,  and  the  room  cleared  of  its  for- 
of  other  matter,  according  to  a  certain  law  (See  Elec-  mer  contents  of  air,  till  none  of  thofe  prefent  could 
TRiciTV,  Supt'L).  Of  all  thofe  phenomena,  the  mod  perceive  any  elei5)ric  fmell.  The  machine  was  now 
remarkable  is  the  accumulation  of  cleftric  energy  (to  worked  again.  But  after  half  an  hour,  only  a  ve- 
cive  it  no  more  definite  name),  by  means  of  thin  idio-  ry  faint  twitch  was  felt;  but  enough  to  (hew  that 
elecfiics,  coated  with  non-ele<5trics;  fuch,  namely,  as  an  accumulation  was  taking  place.  The  windows  were 
are  exhibited  by  the  Leyden  phial,  the  condenfer,  the  now  half  fhut.  After  working  the  machine  about  five 
doubkr,  &c.  minutes,  a  faint  twitch  was  obtained  ;  after  a  quarter 

If  the  phenomena  of  galvanifm  are  produced  by  the  of  an  hour  moie,  there  was  a  moderate  fhock. 
paffage  of  eledlric  fluid  from  one  extremity  of  the  ex-  In  this  flate  of  things,  the  apparatus  was  examined 
citatory  arc  to  the  other,  this  palfage  will  be  regulated  as  a  condenfer,  by  firft  taking  out  the  {harp  point  by 
by  the  known  laws  of  eleftricity.  It  may  therefore  be  an  infulating  handle,  and  then  removing  the  tin  ftand. 
accumulated  (//i  tranfiiu)  by  means  of  an  apparatus  fi-  Examined  in  this  way,  it  appeared  plainly  that,  even 
milar  to  the  coated  pane,  or  to  the  condenfer.  Profef-  when  all  the  windows  were  open,  the  accumulation  be- 
for  Robifon,  with  this  view,  made  the  following  expe-  gan  almoft  as  foon  as  the  machine  was  worked.  Nay, 
riments  :  it  was  found,  on  another  day  equally  favourable,  that 

I.  He  made  a  part  of  the  conduftor  to  his  conden-  a  plate  of  talc  -x^hj  or  -risis  of  an  inch  thick,  took  a 
fer,  or  collector  of  atmofpheric  electricity,  confill  of  a  charge,  although  a  cut  of  t44o  "''"^^  did  not  allow  the 
long  glafs  rod,  on  one  fide  of  which  was  fattened  eledricity  to  fly  acrofs  it.  This  is  perfeflly  fimilar  to 
(with  varnifli)  a  very  narrow  flip  of  tinfoil ;  there  was  all  our  experiments  on  coated  glafs.  The  thicknefs 
a  fine  p-^int  at  one  end  of  this  rod,  and  a  gold  leaf  which  admits  an  accumulation  is  almoft  incomparably 
eleflrometer  at  the  other.  This  apparatus  was  in-  greater  than  the  diftance  to  which  a  fpark  will  fly,  or 
fulated  at  one  end  of  a  room  19  feet  long,  having  a  a  concuflion  is  producible,  in  the  fame  intenfily  of 
window  in  the  middle  of  each  fide.     A  fmall  eleflric    eledricity. 

machine  was  placed  at  the  other  end.  On  a  dry  day,  2.  The  above  defcribed  apparatus  was  infulated,  and 
witii  a  gentle  breeze  in  a  direftion  acrofs  the  room,  a  wire  connefled  with  each  end.  To  one  wire  was  join- 
both  windows  were  opened  a  little  way,  fo  that  there  ed  a  thin  plate  of  lac,  coated  on  the  fide  next  the  wire  ; 
was  a  continual  llream  of  air  acrofs  the  room.  The  and  to  the  other  a  piece  of  moill  leather  covered  with 
machine  was  worked  ;  and  after  a  fhort  time  had  elapf-  tin-fill.  Thefe  plates  were  rubbed  together  l)y  means 
ed,  the  eleiftrometer  bei^an  to  diverge,  gradually  open-  of  infulating  handles.  The  plate  ot  coated  talc  quick- 
ed,  and  at  laft  fttuck  the  condu<fting  flips  on  each  fide,    ly  took  a  charge. 

and  then  collapfed,  and  again  began  to  diverge.  The  The  fame  plate  of  talc,  and  afterwards  another  plate 
windovi's  were  Ihnt ;  and  immediately,  without  working  not  more  than  half  as  thick,  was  now  made  part  of  the 
the  machine,  the  eleflromcter  diverged  rapidly,  and  excitatory  arc,  and  fometimes  part  of  the  animal  arc. 
tcuched  the  fides  of  the  phial  every  minute  and  half.  Sometimes  plates  of  varnilh,  incomparably  thinner  than 
This  continued  fo  long,  that  there  feemed  to  be  no  end  either  of  thefe,  were  employed.  Eut  all  Profeflbr  Ro- 
to it.  The  Profelfor  now  made  a  cut  acrofs  the  tin-  bifon's  attempts  to  produce  an  accumulation  of  galvanic 
foil  with  a  very  fharp  knife;  the  eleiflrometer  now  di-  eneri^y  in  this  way  were  fruitlefs.  The  fecond  lorm  of 
verged  very  feebly,  and  yi  minutes  elapfed  before  it  the  eleflrical  expeiiment  was  adopted,  as  having  a  fome- 
touched  the  fides.  He  pafled  the  knife  a  fecond  time  what  greater  refemblance  to  the  fuppofed  procedure  of 
through  the  cut.     This  widened  it  (though  fcarcely    galvanifm;  but  the  well-informed  eledrician  will  eafily 

perceive, 


GALVANISM. 


2$ 

Farther 
confulera- 
tlont  on  e- 
le5;ricity 
Slid  galva- 
ciTm. 


perceive,  that  the  firll  form  is  far  more  delicate  and 
deciliTe. 

The  internal  procedure  in  the  eleflric  and  galvanic 
convulfions  is  therefore  fo  different,  nay,  oppofite,  that 
we  cannot  bring  ourfelves  to  think  that  the  appearances 
are  operations  of  the  fame  agent  (h). 

We  have  now  gone  over  all  the  points  of  refemblance 
which,  in  Dr  Valli's  opinion,  conftiiute  the  charadlers 
of  the  identity  of  galvanifm  and  eledriciiy.  We  think 
that,  without  going  farther,  we  might  fafely  reft  our 
afiertion,  that  thefe  two  agents  are  perfedtly  diftincft  and 
unconne'fted  with  each  other.  But  there  are  feveral 
other  circumftances  which  merit  attention. 

No  eleftrical  phenomenon  can  take  place  between 
two  bodie-,  unlefs  thefe  bodies  be  in  oppofite  Hates  of 
eledlricity  with  regard  to  each  other.  Now,  how  are 
we  to  account  for  the  accumulation  of  eledlricity  in  any 
body,  or  part  of  a  body,  furrcunded  en  all  hands  by 
conducing  fubllances  ?  The  experiments  of  Galvani 
fucceed  equally  well,  whether  ihe  fubjeifts  of  them  be 
infulated  or  furrounded  by  conduflors ;  whether  per- 
formed in  the  drieft  air  or  under  water  (i);  whether, 
by  means  of  an  eleftrical  machine,  we  charge  the  ani- 
mal and  the  metals  till  every  part  of  them  ftrongly  affidl 
the  eleflrometer,  or  whether  we  reverfe  the  experiment 
and  eleflrify  them  negatively,  ftill  no  change  is  produc- 
ed In  the  force  or  frequency  cf  the  adions  eicited  by 
the  application  of  the  metals.  Is  there  any  electrical 
expel  iment  which  could  continue  to  give  the  fame  refult 
in  fuch  oppofite  circumftances?  oris  there  any  polUbi- 
lity  of  accounting  for  it  confillently  with  the  known 
laws  of  the  eleflric  fluid? 

The  writers  on  this  fuhje<5l  who  adopt  the  eleiflric 
theory,  inftead  of  attempting  to  explain  how  the  electric 
fluid  can  be  condenfed  in  a  body  furrounded  by  con- 
ducing fubftances,  have  recourfe  to  the  analogy  of  the 
gymnotus,  torpedo,  and  other  filhes  of  the  fame  kind. 
Here,  fay  they,  we  have  in  fad  the  ele<Sric  fluid  accu- 
mulated in  fuch  a  fituation,  and  there  is  no  reafoning 
againft  fadls.  We  anfvier,  that  thefe  animals  are  all 
furnifned  with  organs  of  a  very  peculiar  ftrufture,  which 
may  poiljbly  be  filled  for  the  purpofe  of  fuch  a  con- 
denfation.  Belides,  we  apprehend  it  has  never  been  in- 
conteftibly  proved  thit  thefe  fingular  animals  derive 
their  powers  from  the  eleJlric  fluid.  Without  withing 
to  enter  into  thi>  quellion,  which  is  foreign  tn  our  pre- 
fent  fubje<ft,  we  may  remark,  that  Mr  Wallh  difcoveted, 
that  the  fhock  of  the  torpedo  would  not  pals  through  a 
fmall  brafs  cliain  ;  a  circunift.ince  in  v\hiLh  it  dilfcrs  re- 
mark,)bly  both  Irom  eieiftricity  and  Irom  th;  influence 
dil'iovered  by  Gjlvani. 

It  were  worth  \v  hile  to  try  ProfelTor  RoUIfon's  me- 
thods of  accumulation  in  the  examination  of  the  con- 
vuUions  occalioned  by  the  torpedo.  The  Profefli'r  fuf- 
peits  that  the  popular  horror  at  the  lamprey,  and  the 


Sj 


accounts  of  cramps  and  pains  produced  by  it,  have  their 
fource  in  fome  fimilar  powers  of  that  animal. 

Dr  Valli's  reafoning  on  this  part  of  the  fubjed  is 
very  curious.  He  takes  it  for  granted  that  the  gym- 
notus owes  its  influence  to  the  eleflric  fluid.  Then, 
though  the  gymnotus  gives  (hocks  and  emits  fparks, 
while  the  torpedo  only  gives  (hocks  without  emitting 
fparks,  he  fays  it  would  be  abfurd  to  alTcrt  that  the  tor- 
pedo derives  its  influence  from  acaufe  different  fiom  the 
gymnotus.  Again,  though  the  influence  dlfcovered  by 
Galvani  neither  gives  fliocks  nor  emits  fparks,  it  would 
ftill  be  abfurd  to  maintain  that  it  is  not  the  fame  as  the 
elcdric  fluid,  and  as  the  influence  of  the  gymnotus  and 
torpedo.  To  diifent  from  any  part  of  this  very  logical 
deduiflion,  he  declares  would  be  contrary  to  the  law^s  of 
philolbphifing  !    Rlj'um  teneatis  ? 

Afraid,  probably,  that  his  readers  might  be  tempted  to 
offend  againft  thefe  new  laws,  he  proceeds  to  ftitiigihen 
them  by  the  analogy  of  animals  and  vegetables  retaining 
an  uniform  temperature  in  mcdui,  warmer  or  colder  than 
their  own  bodies  ;  from  which  he  argues  that  they  may 
alfo  have  a  power  of  accumulating  eieiftricity,  and  re- 
taining it  in  a  particular  part,  though  their  whole  bo- 
dies are  conductors.  But  the  cafes  are  in  no  refpect 
fimilar.  Neither  animals  nor  vegetables  accumulate  ca- 
loric in  any  particular  part  of  their  bodies  in  preference 
to  any  other  part.  They  have  no  power  of  ritaimng 
caloric  in  their  bodies  more  ftrongly  than  any  other 
bodies  do;  for  if  they  are  placed  in  a  medium  colder 
than  themfelves,  they  are  continually  imparting  caloric 
to  that  medium.  Neither  is  there  the  imalleft  proof, 
from  any  experiments  yet  publiflied,  that  when  placed 
in  a  medium  warmer  than  themfelves,  they  do  not  con- 
tinually abforb  caloric  from  it.  The  exiilence  of  a  fri- 
gorific  power  in  animals  appears  to  us  exceedingly  pro- 
blematical ;  but  if  it  were  proved  to  exift,  it  would  by 
no  means  dernonftrate  that  animals  or  vegetables  have  a 
faculty  of  declining  to  abforb  caloric  from  bodies  warmer 
than  themfelves.  It  is  readily  admitted,  that  animals 
and  vegetables  have  a  power,  within  certain  limits,  of 
preferving  their  temperature  higher  than  that  of  the 
furrounJing  medium  ;  nor  is  there  any  thing  furptifing 
in  this,  as  the  caloric,  which  they  are  continually  receiv- 
ing by  the  dccompofition  of  oxygenous  gas,  is  diflipat- 
ed  flowly.  But  if  we  fhc'uld  allow  ihat  animals  have 
a  fimilar  faculty  of  generating  tlie  eleClric  fluid  ;  from 
the  nature  of  that  fluid  it  muft  be  contirually  commu- 
nicated, not  only  to  every  part  of  the  bodies  of  the  ani- 
mals themfelves,  the  whole  of  which  are  conductors, 
but  to  every  conducting  fubftance  contiguous  to  lh;m  : 
and  this  nuift  take  place,  not  flowiy,  like  the  dlflipation 
of  caloric,  but  inftantancoufly,  fo  as  to  nnder  any  fen- 
fible  accumulation  inipoflible. 

Galvanifm  differs  from  eleftrlcity  in  nothing  more  DifTcrfnce 
remarkably  than  in  the  mode  of  its  excitement  and  dif-  in  their 

charge,  i»>ydcofcx- 
citcmcnt, 


»9 


(h)  What  if  it  were  called  mctalhrgtifm,  which  tranflates  exaflly  metallic  irritation,  or  mctallegerfifm,  from 
;uiT«A>,o.,   and  iyi[Ti(  excitnlio. 

(i)  Dr  Fowler  mentions  an  exception  to  this.  "  When  the  feparated  leg  of  a  frog  was  held  under  water, 
and  formed  [>art  of  the  circuit  through  which  thi?  influence  had  to  pafs  in  order  to  excite  another  leg,  it  never 
contracfted  J  ahliough  it  did,  and  ftrongly,  when  held  above  the  furfacc."  In  this  cafe  it  is  plain,  tiiat  the  fiog's 
leg  had  in  fad  fonned  no  part  of  tlie  circuit  through  which  tlie  iiifluscce  puffed ;  the  influence  had  been  iianf- 
mitted  by  the  water  in  which  the  leg  was  held. 


86 


GALVANISM. 


their  ef- 
feas. 


cl].in;e.  To  proJuce  die  pljcnnmen;i  difcovered  by  Gal- 
vani,  110  operation  at  all  fimilar  to  the  friftion  of  an 
eleftiic  upon  a  tondufliiiq;  Aibilance  is  necelT.iry  (i). 
Tlie  nerves  and  irnifcles  li^ive  only  to  be  laid  bare,  and 
a  comnritniication  formed  betv^een  them  by  means  of  the 
excitatory  arc,  wlien  the  conlradions  immediately  enfue. 
In  the  cafe  of  el.-diicity,  a  (ingle  difcharge  having  re- 
llnred  the  cquilibritim,  no  fai  tlitr  effeifls  can  be  produced 
till  this  lias  been  again  dcf.royed  by  fi.nie  means  capalile 
ot  producing  a  condenfation  in  one  quarter,  and  a  coni- 
jvirative  raiefafliun  in  anotlier.  The  t'^ct  is  very  dif- 
ferent with  regard  to  galvanii'm  ;  for  wilh  it  the  num- 
ber of  (liocks  which  may  be  given  appears  to  be  infi- 
nite. Nay,  they  frequently  become  (Ironger  in  propor- 
tion as  they  have  been  longer  continued  :  tliis  influence 
differing  extremely  in  this  particular,  too,  from  the  elec- 
tiic  fluid,  which,  befides  being  itielf  exhaulled,  never 
fails  in  a  remarkable  manner  to  cxhaufl  t!  e  contraiflile 
30  power  of  the  muftles. 
And  in  tlic  The  permanence  of  the  efTecls  of  galvanifm  is  flill 
duration  of  ninrc  flrikirg  in  tlie  expel  imcnts  upon  the  organ  of 
talle.  When  the  metals  are  applied  to  the  tongue,  the 
fenfation  produced  is  not  fuddcn  and  tranfient  ;  but  fo 
long  as  the  metals  are  in  crntaft  with  ihe  tongue  and 
with  each  otlier,  fo  long  does  tlie  tafte  continue  ;  and, 
after  fome  time,  it  becomes  infufTerably  difagrceable. 
M.  Volta,  who  adopts  tlie  elecTiic  theory  with  various 
modifications,  fenfible  of  the  permanence  of  the  effeft, 
in  his  curious  experiments  abovementioned  fiippol'es, 
that  a  flream  of  dedlricily  pafTes  from  the  tin  cup  to 
the  liquor,  fiom  this  to  the  tongue  of  the  perfon  making 
the  experimert,  then  through  his  body,  and  returns 
through  the  water  upon  his  hands  to  the  cup  ;  and  thus 
he  fuppofes  the  fluid  to  move  perpetually  in  a  circle. 
It  is  fbrely  unnecelfiry  for  us  to  obferve,  that  the  fup- 
pofitionof  2  llream  of  elcciricity,  coiitiiiually  moving  in 
a  circle  in  this  manner,  is  wholly  inconfiffent  with  the 
laws  which  appear  in  evtry  cafe  to  regulate  the  motions 
of  that  fluid.  The  fame  obfervation  applies  to  the  man- 
ner in  which  he  explains  moft  of  the  other  phenomena 
of  galvanifm. 

The  elediic  fluid  cannot  be  put  in  motion  but  by 
deftroying  the  equilibrium  to  which  it  perpetually 
tends  ;  but  whenever  this  is  dellroyed,  all  that  is  requir- 
ed to  produce  a  difcharge  i?,  that  a  fingle  condnfling 
iubltance  be  placed  bttwcen  the  two  points  in  which 
it  is  unequally  diifributed.  Here  again  there  is  a  very 
wide  diltinflion  between  this  fluid  and  the  influence 
difcovered  by  Galvani.  M.  Volta  divides  all  conduc- 
tors of  galvanifm  into  two  clafTcs  ;   ill,  Dry  conduflors. 


comprehending  metals,  pyrite;,  fome  other  minerals, 
anJ  charcoal ;  and,  2d,  Moifl  conduiftors.  He  afT.rts, 
that  it  is  abfolutely  neceflay,  in  order  to  the  produc- 
tion of  the  phenomena,  iliat  two  conduclors  of  th.e 
fird  cldfs  touch  each  other  immediately  en  one  hand, 
wliile  at  their  iilher  extiemities  they  touch  con- 
duiflors  of  the  fecond  clafs.  Wlicther  this  be  admitted 
or  n  >t,  we  have  already  (fated  our  opinion  tliat  the  ac- 
tion of  two  diflerent  fubllances  is  abfolutely  necef- 
fary  in  order  t>)  excite  contradlions  :  and  although  it  is 
contended  by  fome  writers  that  a  (ipgle  piece  of  metal 
ha:  fonietimes  been  found  fufHcient,  yet  even  they  mult 
allow  that,  in  by  far  the  greater  number  of  cafes,  it  has 
been  found  necelfary  to  make  ufe  of  two  metals,  and 
that  the  eStSl  is  even  heighrened  in  general  by  em- 
ploying three.  In  the  whole  fcience  of  eleflriciry,  we 
do  not  knovr  a  fingle  fa>5f  which  bears  the  flightefl  a- 
nalogy  to  this.  Never  in  a  fingle  inflance  has  it  been 
found,  that  the  efFefts  of  a  Leydeu  phial  have  been  in- 
creafed  by  ufing  a  condiiiffor  formed  of  two  or  more 
metals  in  procuring  the  difcharge.  ,j 

Before  leaving  tlie  fubjecl   of  conduiffors,  we   may  Some  men 
take  notice  of  a  very  curious  and  important  faifl  men- "o''-'^""- 
tioned  by  Dr  Valli.     "  Amongd  men,"  fays  he,  "  there  <i"*""  "f 
are  fome  individuals  who  are  good    condu<5lors,  others  ^^  ^^" 
who  are  Icfs  fo  ;  and   fome  again  who  appear  to  be  al- 
mofl  non-conducfors.     I  was  one  day  carrying  on,  witli 
three  of  my  fi  lends,  fome  experiments  upon  frogs.      A 
frog  was  put  in  water,  and  we  each  by  turn  eflayed  its 
power.      Two  of  us   excited    flrong    convullions,  the 
third  only  feeble  ones,  and  the  fourtli  none  at  all.     This 
experiment  was  repeated  frequently  with  the  fume  re- 
fult.     This  is  not  the  only  example  I  could   adduce  of 
the  reality  of  this  faft,   but  I  do  not  think  it  necelfary 
to  dwell  any  longer  upon  it."     We  have  met  with  one 
individuil  who  is  not  fenfible  of  any  peculiar   fenfation 
when   the  metals    are    applied   to  his   tongue.      This 
feems  in  f ^me  meafure  to  corroborate  Dr  Valh's  obfer- 
vation.     It  is  apprehended,  Jiowever,  that  all  men  arc 
equally  good  conduiflors  of  eleiffricity. 

There  is  (fill  anr.ther  very  marked  diftinifVion  be- 
tween the  efFe(5ls  ol  galvanilhi  and  eleclricity.  No 
fhnck  at  all  refembling  that  produced  by  th.e  eleiSric 
fluid  has  ever  been  felt  by  any  perlon  whole  body  was 
made  a  part  of  the  chain  conducing  the  galvanic  in- 
fluence, while  a  very  ("mall  quantity  of  the  eleif  ric  fluid  is 
immediately  felt  (  k).  In  Dr  Robifon's  experiment  w  ith 
the  plates  of  zinc  and  lilver  in  the  cheeks,  theie  is  no 
doubt  a  convulfive  twitch  diftiniflly  felt  in  the  gums  ; 
but,   as  we  have  already  obferved,   the  fenfation  thus 

produced 


(1)  It  is  true,  as  we  have  noticed  above,  that  galvanic  energy  is  fometimes  communicated  to  a  conduclin^ 
fubrtance  by  rubbing  it  upon  fome  other  fubltance;  but  this  has  no  refemblance  to  the  excitement  oi  eleiftricity 
by  friflion.  The  galvanic  energy  is  communicated  in  this  cafe  to  a  corduSin^  fublbince,  and  it  fucceeds  as  rea- 
dily when  both  the  bodies  are  of  this  clafs  af  when  one  of  ihem  is  an  idio-eleiSric.  But  no  ejetlric  phenomenon 
has  ever  been  produced  by  the  fri(flion  of  two  conducing  bodies  upon  each  other ;  one  of  them  muft  be  an  idio- 
eleflric,  and  it  is  in  this  one  that  the  excitement  takes  place. 

(k)  There  is  an  exception  to  this  rule  which  ought  to  be  taken  notice  of.  M.  Cntugno  informs  us,  that 
W'hen  he  was  one  day  employed  in  dilFec^ing  a  live  m^  ufe,  he  received  a  ferfible  ftiock  from  the  animal.  But 
BS  neither  he  not  any  other  perlon  has  ever  been  fimilarly  affefted  in  any  other  inllance,  it  feems  pretty  certain 
that  he  was  deceived  into  the  belief  of  a  (hock  from  the  fenfation  produced  by  the  ftruggles  of  the  animal  he 
difTefled. 


GALVANISM. 


produced  is  quite  difTerent  from  ihat  v.hich  is  felt  from 
an  eleitrlc  lli<ick  (l). 

There  is  an  experiment  related  by  Dr  Valli,  which 
feems  to  fliew  that  nothing  like  an  eledlric  Ihock  is 
felt,  even  when  ibis  influence  is  tranfmitted  thr, '.igh  a 
nerv;  fo  as  to  excite  convulfions.  Having  laid  bare 
the  nerves  of  a  fowl's  wing,  without  cutting  them,  and 
without  killing  the  fowl,  upon  applying  the  metals 
very  fn.art  mcveraents  were  produced,  but  the  animal 
remained  perfeilly  tranquil.  Nor  was  this  owing  to  the 
fowl  being  in  a  ftate  of  infenfibility  ;  for  wh^n  the 
nerves  were  pricked  or  irritated  it  fcreamed  violently. 
But  all  animals  Ihew  ligns  of  great  uneafinefs  from  an 
elefiric  Ihock. 

In  general,  it  muft  be  conftfTed,  that  animals  under 
expeiimenis  of  this  kind  Teem  reliefs  and  uneafy. 
The  great  diftin^^ion  of  which  ws  fpeak  at  prefent, 
cor.fifts  in  this,  that  the  eleflric  fluid  produces  a  fhock 
and  uneal'y  fenfation  when  any  pait  (if  the  body  is  in- 
troduced into  the  conduifing  chain;  while  the  influence 
difcovered  by  Galvani,  on  the  contrary,  when  merely 
tranfmitted  through  the  body  in  this  manner,  gives  no 
(hock,  nor  any  fenfation  whatever,  infomuch  (hat  we 
are  not  fenfible  of  its  paffage.  If  this  influence  be 
made  to  aft  direi5tly  on  a  nerve,  there  is,  no  doubt,  fome 
kind  rf  irritation  produced,  as  appears  from  the  efTect 
of  the  metals  upon  the  tongue,  the  eye,  and  otlier  ner- 
vous parts  :  but  (till  this  adlion  bears  no  analogy  to 
that  of  the  eledric  fluid  ;  as  the  application  of  tlie 
metals  to  the  organs  of  fenfe,  produces  in  each  organ 
the  peculiar  fenfatirn  for  which  it  is  conflrufted,  as 
tafte  in  the  tongue,  light  in  the  eye,  Sec.  fo  when 
nerves  intended  merely  for  mufcular  motion  are 
fubje^'led  to  the  aiflion  of  galvanifm,  the  eifeft  pro- 
duced is  motion  in  the  mufcles  on  which  they  are  dif- 
tributed. 

If  this  view  of  the  matter  be  ju^t,  it  will  explain  why 
no  (hock  is  felt  when  the  human  body  is  made  a  part 
of  the  conducing  chain.  In  that  cafe  the  influence 
does  not,  in  all  probability,  aft  direftly  upon  any  nerve  ; 
and  we  fee  that  this  influence  polfelfes  no  power,  like 
the  eleftric  fluid,  of  producing  a  convullive  (hock, 
when  merely  paiTed  through  any  part  of  the  body  ;  but 
it  has  this  peculiar  property,  when  palfed  direftly 
through  a  netve,  it  excites  that  nerve  to  peiform  the 
fnnftion  frr  which  it  was  intended  by  nature.  To 
this  it  will  no  doubt  be  objefted,  that  contraftions  may 
be  excileJ  in  different  pans  of  a  Irog  without  any  di- 
vifinn  being  made  in  its  (kin  ;  and  here  it  may  be  fup- 
pcfed   thai  the  influence   is  not  made  to  pafs  direftly 


through  a  nerve.  But  it  ought  to  be  recollcfted  that 
the  (kin  of  ihefe  animals  is  abundantly  fupplied  with 
nerves,  whofe  trunks  communicate  at  differert  places 
with  thofe  which  fupply  the  mufcles  ;  and  that  the 
contraftions  are  always  llrong  and  eafily  excited,  in 
proportion  as  they  are  applied  near  to  the  courfe  of 
any  of  the  nerves  which  go  to  the  mufcles.  B;" 
though  we  had  no  doubt  that  the  influence  might  I: 
tranfmitted  through  the  bodies  cf  thcfe  animals,  a 
well  as  through  the  human  body,  without  any  contrac- 
tions being  produced,  we  have  thought  it  worth  whit, 
to  afcertain  the  fa5l  by  the  foil  wing  experiment. 

A  frog  was  prepared  in  the  ulual  mannei  by  coal 
ing  its  fciatic  nerve  wiih  tinfi'il,  and  laying  the  let- 
upon  a  plate  (  f  zinc.  Another  frog,  in  a  very  vigo« 
rous  llite  had  its  fore  legs  and  chefl  attached  to  a  rod 
of  filver,  and  its  poflerior  extremities  to  a  rod  of  zinc. 
The  filver  rod  was  applied  to  the  tinfol  and  ne:ve  cf 
the  prepared  frog,  and  the  zinc  rod  to  the  plate  cf 
zinc  upon  which  the  hg  was  laid.  Immediately  very 
ftrong  contraftions  took  place  in  the  leg  ;  but  no  mo- 
tion, nor  the  (1  ghteil  mark  of  uneafinefs,  appeared  in 
the  other  frog,  through  the  body  of  which  the  influ- 
ence mull  have  palfed.  It  is  necelftry  in  this  experi- 
ment to  dry  the  body  of  the  frog  which  is  to  ferve  as 
a  conduftor  very  carefully,  otherwife  the  influence 
might  be  tranfmitted  by  the  water  upon  i'.s  fuiface 
without  pafflng  through  i's  body. 

There  is  an  experiment  mentioned  by  Dr  Fcwlcr, 
which  fhews  a  (Inking  dilTerence  betv.'een  eleftricit^ 
and  galvanifm.  It  was  inllituted  witli  a  view  to  afcei" 
tain  the  effefts  of  the  latter  upon  the  blood  velfels. 
The  Doftor  relates  it  as  fi  Hows  :  "  Having  laid  bare 
and  feparated  from  furrounding  parts  and  from  eacl 
other,  the  cruial  artery  and  nerve  in  the  th.igh  of  a  full 
grown  frog,  I  cut  out  the  whole  of  the  nerve  betweeil 
the  pelvis  and  the  knee  :  I  then  inlinuated  beneath 
the  artery  a  thin  plate  of  fealing-wax,  fpreaJ  upon  pa- 
per,  and  broad  enough  to  keep  a  large  portion  of  the 
artery  completely  apart  from  the  reil  of  the  thigh. 
The  blood  (lill  continued  to  flow  through  the  whole 
courfe  of  the  artery  in  an  unJiminiihed  dream.  The 
artery,  thus  partially  infulated,  wastouchcd  with  filver 
and  zinc,  which  were  then  brought  into  contaft  with 
each  other  ;  but  no  contraftion  whatever  was  produced 
in  any  mufcle  of  the  limb.  This  experiment  w;>.s  fre- 
quently rep-'ired  upon  ieve'al  different  frogs,  both  in 
whom  the  nerve  wis  and  in  wlu  m  it  was  notdiviJed. 
The  refult  was  unif  rmly  tiie  fame.  But  vivid  con- 
traftions were  prtdaceJ  in  the  whole  limb  when  an  c- 

L-ftiic 


87 


(l)  "  No  one  (faysM.  Humbcldt)  can  fpeak  more  decidedly  on  tliisfu'ijeft  than  myfclf,  hiving  made  fc- 
veral  experiments  on  my  own  pcif.u,  tlie  feat  of  which,  in  fome  inllances,  was  the  (bckct  ot  a  toi  th  wliicli  I 
had  caufed  to  be  extrafted  ;  in  others,  certain  wounds  which  I  made  in  my  lund  ;  and  in  others,  the  excoria- 
tions produced  by  four  bliftering  plaflcr^."  The  fo'lowtng  is  the  refult  of  thcfe  painful  exprriments  The 
galvanic  irritation  is  always  paintul,  and  the  mere  fo  in  prop  rtion  as  tlie  irritated  part  is  more  injured,  and  the 
tune  of  irritation  mote  prolonged.  The  (irft  ffrokcs  are  felt  but  fliglitly  ;  the  five  or  f,x  fallowing  are  much 
more  fenfible,  and  even  fcarcely  to  be  endured,  until  the  irritated  nerve  becomes  infenfible  from  continued  lll- 
muUis.  The  fenfation  does  not  at  all  refcmble  that  which  is  caufed  by  the  eleftric  commotiMn,  and  the  eleftric 
bath  J  it  is  a  peculiar  kind  of  pain  which  is  neither  (harp,  pungent,  penetrating,  nor  by  intermifli  ins,  like  that 
which  is  caufed  by  the  ekftric  fluid.  We  may  dillingudh  a  violent  (Iroke,  a  regular  prell'ure,  accompanied  by 
an  unintermitting  glow,  which  is  incomparably  more  aftive  when  the  wound  is  covered  with  a  pUte  of  diver 
and  irritated  by  a  rod  of  zinc,  than  when  the  plate  of  zinc  is  placed  on  the  wound,  and  ihs  (ilver  pincers  arg 
ufcd  to  eilabldh  the  communicalicn. 


88 


GALVANISM. 


3» 
The  galva- 
nic influ- 
ence pro- 
bably fo- 
reign ft  cm 
a^mals. 


leflric  rparV,  or  even  a  full  ftream  of  the  aura  was  paf- 
fed  into  the  artery." 

Before  taking  leave  of  this  branch  of  our  fubjeft, 
it  may  be  proper  to  take  notice  of  one  faft,  which  may 
be  thought  to  militate  agaiiill  the  doflrine  we  have  en- 
deavoured to  citablifti.  It  is  faid  that  a  frog,  exhauft- 
ed  and  brought  near  to  a  charged  elcdrophorus,  has 
been  found  to  refume  its  fufceptibility.  We  think  this 
faiS  may  be  accounted  for  without  admitting  any  con- 
nexion between  galvanifm  and  eleiSricity,  merely  by 
fuppofing  that  the  irritability  of  the  mufcles,  which 
had  been  exhauded,  was  reftored  by  the  application  of 
a  moderate  ftimulus,  (:he  ele(5>ric  fluid),  of  a  kind  dif- 
ferent from  thofe  by  which  it  had  been  exhaulled. 
Such  of  our  readers  as  are  acquainted  witli  the  writ- 
ings of  modern  phyriologifts  on  the  fubjedl  of  mufcular 
iiritability,  will  know  that  fafls  cf  tins  kind  are  very 
common.  Thus  it  has  been  found  by  M.  Humboldt, 
that  the  oxygenated  muriatic  acid  has  often  reftored 
irritability.  To  this  explanation  it  will  no  doubt  be 
objefted,  that  the  application  of  other  flknuli,  as  alco- 
liol  and  a  fdution  of  potafh,  inlleadof  reftoring,  total- 
ly deftroy  the  fufceptibility  of  galvanifm.  Sufpefting, 
tliat  although  thefe  fubftances  in  a  concentrated  ftate 
deRroy  the  fufceptibility,  yet  that  when  fufficiently  di- 
luted, they  might  be  found  to  liave  the  oppofite  effefl, 
■we  tried  the  following  experiment,  which  confirmed  our 
conjevfture. 

A  frog,  57  hours  after  It  had  been  decapitated,  had 
ceafed  for  above  an  hour  to  be  capable  of  excitement 
by  the  application  of  the  metals  in  any  way  that  could 
be  devifed.  A  few  drops  of  alcohol  being  diluted  with 
about  a  tea-fpoonful  of  water,  the  nerve  and  the 
mufcles  which  had  been  laid  b;'.re,  as  well  as  the  whole 
fkin  of  the  animal,  were  wet  with  it.  Upon  the  ap- 
plication of  an  excitatory  arc,  compofed  of  four  pieces, 
gold,  zinc,  filver,  and  tinfoil,  a  few  very  flight  contrac- 
tions of  ihe  toes  were  diftinflly  obferved.  After  this, 
BO  means  that  we  could  think  of  produced  the  fmalleft 
excitement.  Alcohol  was  now  applied  in  a  more  con- 
centrated (late,  but  withnut  any  efFed,  The  fame 
four  pieces  of  metal  which  produced  the  contraiftlons 
of  the  toes,  had  been  ufed  before  the  diluted  alcohol 
was  applied,  but  without  efleft.  We  liave  not  tried 
the  application  of  potalh  much  diluted. 

From  what  has  been  faid,  we  think  we  are  fully 
warranted  in  faying,  that  although  feme  of  the  phxno- 
mena  difcovered  by  Galvani  bear  a  ftrikingrefemblance 
to  fome  of  thofe  produced  by  the  ele(flric  fluid  ;  yet 
there  are  others,  and  thefe  not  the  leall  important, 
which  dilVer  fo  widely  from  any  efFeiSs  which  have 
ever  been  feen  to  arife  from  that  fluid,  that  they  muft 
derive  their  origin  from  fome  other  caufe.  Our  read- 
ers may  probably  think  that  we  have  dedicated  too 
much  time  to  this  queftion  ;  but  as  we  conceive  it  to 
be  the  moli  important  point  which  can  be  difcufled  on 
this  fubjefl,  we  thought  it  wortli  while  to  confidcr  it 
at  fome  length ;  and  we  were  the  more  convinced  of  the 
neceflity  of  doing  fo,  from  thisconfideration,  that  there 
nre  flill  fome  writers  of  high  authority  who  maintain 
■  the  hypothefis,  that  galvanifm  and  eledliicity  are  the 
fame. 

The  next  queflion  that  occurs  to  us  with  regard  to 
the  nature  of  galvanifm  is,  whether  or  not  it  depends 
upon  any  law  of  animal  life .'  To  us  it  appears  rather 


more  probable,  that  the  influence  which  incites  the 
mufcles  of  animals  to  contraiV  in  the  experiments  of 
Galvani,  is  fomething  quite  foreign  to  the  animals  them- 
felves ;  zs  much  fo  as  tlie  eleflric  fluid  of  the  Leyden 
phial  is  to  the  animal  which  receives  a  (heck  from  it, 
in  both  cafes  the  body  of  the  animal  afting  as  a  mere 
conduflor.  Upon  this  queftion,  however,  we  confefs 
tliat  we  have  neither  farts  nor  arguments  to  adduce  fuf- 
ficient  to  warr.int  our  drawing  any  certain  conclufion. 
It  will  doubtlefs  be  afited,  if  this  influence  be  fome- 
thing foreign  to  the  bodies  (f  animals,  why  do  we  ne- 
ver find  it  afling  anywhtre  but  in  their  bodies  ?  why 
is  it  net,  like  the  eleflric  fluid,  capable  of  beitig  made 
evident  to  tlje  fcnfes  by  its  effefls  upon  inanimate  mat- 
ter .'  The  only  anfwer  which  we  are  in  a  condition  to 
give  to  this  queflion  is,  that  it  may  very  pollibly  be 
capable  of  producing  important  efFerts  upon  inanimate 
matter,  nay,  thefe  effefls  may  be  the  fubjeft  of  our 
daily  obfervation  ;  but  for  want  of  our  being  fufiicient- 
ly  acquainted  wi-li  galvaniim  to  point  out  the  lelition 
between  thefe  elTcfls  and  their  caufe,  the  eff'efts  them- 
felves  are  either  not  explained  at  all,  or  afcnbed  per- 
haps to  fime  other  power,  with  which  they  have  no 
connexion.  In  like  manner,  the  eleftric  fluid  has 
doubtlefs  been  producing  moft  important  efFerts  from 
the  beginnin;;  oi  time;  but,  prior  to  the  difcovery  of 
that  fluid,  thefe  were  eithei  not  explained  at  all,  or 
confidered  as  originating  from  fome  caufe  which,  in 
ia.£i,  had  no  fhare  in  tlieir  produiftion. 

The  great  difficulty  is  to  obtain  fome  tefl:  by  which 
we  may  deteifl  tlie  galvanic  influence  when  adlualiy  pre- 
fent  in  inanimate  matter.  Hiiherto  we  have  no  fuch 
ted  ;  nor  Ihouid  we  know  that  fuch  an  influence  exifts, 
but  for  the  effefls  which  it  produces  upon  the  bodies 
of  animals  through  the  medium  of  their  nerves.  If  we 
had  any  means  of  afcerta'uing  its  exillence,  either  in  a 
feparate  flate,  or  coijoined  with  inanimate  matter,  the 
fcience  would  make  a  rapid  progrefs,  as  it  would  be 
eafy  to  diverfify  experiments  fo  as  to  difcover  its  na- 
ture and  effi;<fls.  To  deied  it  in  a  f:parate  ftate  is,  ia 
all  probabil  ty,  impofTible  ;  but  that  the  zeal  and  inge- 
nuity ol  philofophers  will  one  day  be  able  to  difcover 
fome  tefl  of  its  pretence  in  inanimate  matter,  there 
feems  no  reafon  to  doubt. 

We  have  made  many  experiments  with  a  view  to 
difcover  fuch  a  tefl,  but  hitherto  without  the  fmallell 
fuccefs.  In  the  trials  we  have  already  made,  our  views 
have  been  chiefly  confined  to  the  difcovery  of  fome  che- 
mical efi>  i5ts  of  this  influence  upon  inanimate  matter. 
M.  Volta  and  other  writers,  having  confidered  the  fen- 
fation  produced  by  it  upon  the  tongue  as  fimilar  lo  that 
occafioned  by  acids,  we  were  not  without  Iropes  that  it 
would  be  found  to  refemble  that  clafs  of  fubftances  in 
fome  of  its  other  properties.  We  have  therefore  tranf- 
mitted  it  thuough  liquids  tinged  with  the  moft  delicate 
vegetable  colours  ;  but  no  change  in  thefe  colours  has 
been  eff'eifled  by  the  tr:infmiir)on  ot  many  galvanic 
(hocks.  We  have  alfo  tried,  in  the  fame  way,  alkaline 
liqui>rs,  without  any  eiFeft.  We  next  diiFilved  in  water 
dilFetent  neutral  falts,  and  other  compound  bodies,  of 
which  the  parts  are  held  together  l>y  the  weakeft  affini- 
ties ;  but  no  change  has  been  obferved  to  be  produced 
in  them  by  the  tranfmilTion  of  this  influence.  Our  want 
of  fuccefs,  however,  (hall  not  deter  us  from  continuing 
our  efforts ;  we  (hall  vary  the  nature  of  our  experiments 

in 


(GALVANISM. 


In  e^'ery  way  that  fliall  occur  to  us  as  likely  to  be  attend- 
ed with  advantage  ;  and  if  we   fl;Ould  ultimately  fail, 
we   truft   that   others   will  be  more  fortunate.     Every 
new   faft  which  is  difcovered  upon  the  fubjeil  tends  to 
facilitate  this   inveltigation,  by  furnlfhing  us  with  new 
„         guides  to  direiS  the  courfe  of  our  experiments. 
Dr  Fowler        Dr  Fowler  is   of  opinion,   that  this  intluence,  what- 
hffitatcson  ever  it  may  be,  is  not  derived   from  the  metals  alone, 
i}\i»  point,    ijut  t}jat  xhi  animals  at  lead  contribute  to  its  produc- 
tion, as  well  as  indicate  its  prefence  ;  and  he  feems   lo 
have  been  led  to  adopt  tliis  theory  chiefly  from   two 

Lconfiderations,  neither  of  which  appears  to  us  to  have 
much  weight.  They  are  the  following  :  The  neceffity 
of  a  communication  between  the  metals  and  the  mufcles, 
as  wtU  as  between  the  metals  and  the  nerves ;  and  the 
obfervation,  that  animals  have  a  more  complete  con- 
troul  over  its  effcils  than  one  would  expe<5t  them  to 
have  over  an  influence  wholly  external  to  them.  But 
the  communication  between  the  metals  and  the  mufcles 
may  be  neceifiry  to  the  contraction  of  the  latter,  tho' 
not  to  the  produftion  of  galvanifm  ;  which,  liowever, 
for  want  of  any  obvious  eirefl,  is  not  obferved.  That 
animals  have  fome  controul  over  the  effec'Js  of  galvan- 
ifm upon  themfelves,  may  be  very  true  ;  but  this  cir- 
cumftance  docs  not  appear  to  us  capable  ot  proving  any 
thing,  as  'Iiey  have  a  controul  over  the  effeifls  of  other 
ftimuli  in  the  fame  way.  Thus,  an  animal  of  any  refo- 
lution  can  bear,  without  betraying  any  uneafy  fenfation, 
a  blow  which,  inflnfted  unexpefledly,  would  have  pro- 
duced a  convulfive  Hart.  The  will  does  not  in  any  de- 
gree controul  the  elFecls  produced  by  galvanifm  upon 
our  fenfes  of  tafte,  feeing,  &c. ;  that  is,  the  fenfations 
are  produced,  though  we  may  have  rcfolalion  not  to 
betray  them.  Cut,  fays  Dr  Fowler,  the  will  is  not  able 
to  controul  the  efFeifls  of  eleftricity,  when  the  eledlrici- 
ty  is  otherwife  fufficiently  ftrong  to  excite  mufcles  to 
contraftion.  This  argument  may  tend  to  iliew,  that 
galvanifm  differs  from  electricity  ;  but  as  it  muft  be  ad- 
mitted, that  we  can  refift  the  contraftions  naturally 
produced  by  the  application  of  other  foreign  ftimuli,  it 
by  no  means  proves  that  animals  have  any  power  of 
preventing  the  excitement  or  tranfmifflon  of  galvanilm. 
Befides,  though  we  cannot  prevent  an  involuntary  con- 
traftion  of  our  mufcles  from  taking  place  when  an  elec- 
tric ihock  of  confiderable  ftrcngih  is  palled  through 
them,  yet  any  man  may  with  his  hand  draw  fparks 
from  the  prime  conduftor  ot  an  eleclric  machine  with- 
out fhrinking,  though  even  thefe  fparks  would,  if  he 
were  off  his  guard,  produce  a  convullive  llart. 

If  the  galvanic  inRuence  cxilled  ready  formed  in  the 
mufcles  or  nerves  ol' animals,  the  only  thing  requifite  to 
the  produiftion  of  the  contiaflions  would  be  to  make  a 
communication  betv.cen  the  nerves  and  mufcles,  by 
means  of  any  fmgle  fubftance  capable  of  conducing 
this  influence  ;  as  water,  for  example  :  but  the  reverfe 
is  known  to  be  true.  It  may  be  faid,  however,  that, 
although  theie  is  no  proof  that  any  influence  naturally 
refides  in  the  nerves  or  mufcles  capal)le  ol  producing 
the  efftifts  mentioned  by  M.  Galvani,  thefe  fubftances 
may  flill,  by  fome  power  independent  ot  the  propei  ties 
they  pf^ffefs  in  common  with  dead  matter  cotilriliu:^  to 
the  excitement  of  the  influence,  which  is  fo  well  known 
to  exill  in  ibem  after  a  ctriain  application  rf  metal-. 
Upin  this  pait  of  the  iubjefi,  the  obfervatiors  ol  Dr 
Wells  will  be  i'ound  to  merit  conGderable  attention. 
SuppL.  Vol.  II. 


34 

We  think 
.without 


"  It  IS  known  (f^ys  that  gentleman),  that  if  a 
mufcle  and  its  nerve  be  covered  with  two  pieces  of 
the  fame  metal,  no  motion  v^ill  take  place  upon  con- 
nefling  thofe  pieces  by  means  cf  one  tr  more  different 
metals.  After  making  this  experiment  one  dav,  I  ac- 
cidentally  applied  the  metal  1  had  ufed  as  the  connec 
tor,  and  which  1  ftill  held  in  one  hand,  to  the  coating 
of  the  mufcle  only,  while  with  the  other  hand  I  touched 
the  limilar  coating  of  the  nerve,  and  was  furprifed 
to  find  that  the  mufcle  was  immediately  thrown  into 
contraftion.  Having  produced  motions  in  this  way 
fufficiently  often  to  place  the  id&  beyond  doubt,  I 
next  began  to  confider  its  relations  to  other  f.ifts  for- 
merly known.  I  very  foon  perceived,  that  the  imme-^ 
diate  exciting  caufc  of  tliefe  motions  could  not  be  de- 
rived from  the  aflion  of  t)ie  metals  upon  the  mufcle 
and  nerve  to  which  they  were  applied  ;  otherwife  it 
muft  have  been  admitted,  that  my  bodv,  and  a  metal 
formed  tog:ther  a  better  conduitor  f  f  the  e^citir."-  in- 
fluence than  a  metal  alone  ;  the  contrary  of  which  I  had 
known,  from  many  experiments,  to  be  the  cale.  The 
only  fource,  therefore,  to  which  it  could  poflibly  be 
leferred,  was  the  adion  of  tlie  metals  upon  my  own  bo- 
dy. It  then  occuired  to  me,  that  a  pioper  opportuni- 
ty now  offered  itfelf  of  determining  whether  animals 
contribute  to  the  produflion  of  this  influence  by  means 
of  any  other  property  than  their  moifture.  Wi;h  this 
view,  I  employed  various  moilf  fubftances,  in  which 
there  could  be  no  fufpicion  cf  life  to  conllitute,  with 
one  or  more  metals,  difftrint  from  that  of  tne  coatings 
of  the  mufcle  and  nerve,  a  ccnneifting  medium  be- 
tween thife  coatings,  and  found  i\\a\.  they  produced 
the  fame  effefl  as  my  b  idy.  A  fingle  dr.^p  of  water 
was  even  fufficient  for  this  purpofe  ;  ihonth  in  gene- 
ral, the  greater  the  qu<!ntiiyot  the  nviilure  whi  h  was 
ul'ed,  the  more  readily  and  powerfully  were  contraflions 
of  the  mui'cle  excited.  But  if  the  mutual  opcratio.i 
c  f  metals  and  rcoiflure  be  fully  adequate  to  the  excite- 
ment of  an  ir.fluence  capable  of  occafionlng  mufcles  to 
contract,  it  follows,  as  an  immediate  confequcnce,  diat 
animals  adl  by  their  moifture  alone  in  givirg  origin  to 
the  fame  infitience  in  M.  Galvani's  experiments,  ur.Ieis 
we  are  to  admit  more  caufes  of  an  effcift  than  what  are 
fufEcient  tor  its  produilion."  We  do  not  quote  the 
above  reafoning  as  perfectly  condufive,  lor  it  by  no 
mean;  appears  to  us  to  be  fo  ;  but  it  certainly  givef 
fomi  probability  to  the  opinion,  that  galvanifm  is,  at 
M.  Volta  fuppofes,  the  refult  of  the  a(ftion  cf  two  dry 
conductors,  which  touch  each  other  immediately  on 
one  hand,  while  at  their  other  extremities  they  touch 
conduiftors  of  what  he  calls  the  fccond  clafs,  (tliat  is, 
moifture,  for  all  the  condudors  of  the  fecond  clafs  con- 
tain water),  and  that  the  bodies  of  animals  aft  merely  as 
moifture. 

One  of  M.  Humboldt's  experiments  related  above, 
appears  to  us  to  ftrengihen  the  conclufion,  that  the  in- 
fluence difcovered  by  Galv.ini  is  foniething  perfciflly 
foieign  to  the  bodies  of  animals.  Can  it  be  fuppofcj 
that  any  fubftance  which  naturally  rcfides  in  our  bo- 
dies, fhould,  in  a  few  ftconds  after  it  i^  put  in  motion, 
convert  the  fimple  ferous  difcharge  c  f  a  bliftcr  into  a 
dark  coloured  fluid,  of  a  nature  f  i  acrid  hs  io  irritate 
and  violently  inflame  the  ikin  wherever  it  touches  it  ? 
We  do  not  fay  that  this  is  impoffible,  for  we  are  t  "i  little 
acquainted  v.'ith  the  laws  of  fecrction  to  fay  with  cer- 
M  tainty 


S9 


90 


GALVANISM. 


55 
The  c:iufe 


known. 


tainty  what  ma}',  or  what  may  not,  produce  fuch  a  No  ccutraftion   enfued  from   touching  the  coating 

change;  but  we  know  no  fimiUr alteration  produced /n  only,  or  the  nerve  only,  or  the  mufcle  only,  wiih  the 

a  fell}  [ecomh,  by  a  mere  change  of  adlion  in  the  velfcls  filvsr. 

themfelves.  Continuing  the  contafl  did  not  occafion  any  repeti- 

We  (hall  not  undertake  to   determine   the  nature  of  tion  of  the  contractions,  except  in  fome  cafes,  where 

wliich  pro-  (jie  caufe  which  produces  fuch  aftonilhing  cfFeSs.     We  the  filver  was  drawn  along  different  parts  of  tlie  coat- 

auccstlie     x.\\\\\V  it  is  certainly  not  the  eleclric  fiuid,  and  probably  insr,  while  its  other  end  remained  in  cuntaft  with  the 

feds  un-      fomething  wh'.ch  relides  or  is  termed  m  tl)e  excitatory  nerve. 

arc,   but  we  confider  our  knowledge   of  galvanifm   as  The  contraiSions  took  place  only  in  the  mufcles  to 

Hill  in  its  infancy,  and   our  (lock  of  fa^^ls  as  infinitely  which  the  nerve  led. 

too  fmall  to  admit  of  our  forming  a  ju(l  theory  on  the  Their  ftrength  and  duration  were  greater  when  the 
fuhjeft.  Fortunately,  however,  the  difcovery  of  G.^1-  furfaces  of  contaft  were  greater,  aird  when  the  two 
vani  has  aitraflcd  fo  much  the  attention  of  philofo-  metals  touched  each  other  in  points  or  (harp  edges. 
phers  in  every  part  of  Europe,  that  new  fafls  m.iy  be  A  ligature,  with  a  fdk  thread  below  the  coating 
expected  to  ccnie  to  light  every  day  ;  and  we  hope  the  (that  is,  between  the  coating  and  the  mufcle,  or  part 
time  is  not  very  didant,  when  thefe  may  be  fo  clafs-  of  the  nerve  touched  by  the  filver),  prevented  all  con- 
ed, as  to  entitle  the  fub]ei5l  to  be  ranked  among  the  tratftion  ;  but  not  if  the  ligature  was  between  the  coat- 
fciences.  ing  and  the  brain.  If  the  nerve  was  cut  through  be- 
low the  coating,  and  the  parts  feparated  a  quarter  of 
While  this  article  was  in  the  prefs,  we  were  favour-  an  inch,  no  contradion  followed  by  touching  the  coat- 
ed by  a  friend  with  an  account  ot  fome  German  diifer-  ing  and  the  nerve  or  mufcle:  but  it  took  place,  if 
rations  on  the  fubjcc^t,  which  we  are  obliged  to  infert  the  parts  were  brought  into  contaift ;  or  even  if  a  piece 
in  this  irregular  manner.  of  any  other  nerve  was  put  between  the  parts. 

Mr  Creve,  furgeon  in  Wurtzburg,  had  an  opportu-  If  a  confiderable  part  of  a  bared  nerve  was  infulated 

nity  of  obfcrving  the  galvanic  irritation  on  the  leg  of  and  coated,  partly  with  tinfoil  and  partly  with  filver, 

a  boy,  which  had  been  amputated  far  above   the  knee  contraflions  were  produced  in  the  mufcle  to  which  it 

in  the  hof[.it..l  of  that  city.     Immediately  after  the  am-  led  whenever  the  two  metals  were  brought  into  con- 

pu'ation,  Mr  Creve  laid  bare  the   crural  nerve   (knie-  taifl. 

kehlnervtn)    and    furrounded    it  with  a  flip  of  tinfoil.  If  one  crural   nerve  be  coated  with  tin,    and  the 

He  touched,    at  once  the  tinfoil  and  the  nerve  with  a  other  with  filver,  ccntraftions   are  produced  in  both 

French  crownpiece.     In  that   inftant  the  moft  violent  legs  by  bringing  the  metals  into  contaft. 

convulfions  took  place  in  the   leg  both  above  and  be-  If  the  nerve  be  dry  under  the  coating,  or  when  the 

low  the  knee.     The  remainder  of  the  thighbone  bent  filver  touches  it,  or  in  both  places,  we  have  no  contrac- 

with  force  toward  the  calf;  the  foot  was  more  bent  tions ;  but  they  begin  as  foon  as  we  moiften  the  nerve, 

than  extended.     All   thefe   motions   were   made  with  Dr    Pfaff   infers  from   thefe   phenomena,    that   the 

much  force  and  rapidity.     None  were  produced  when  nerve  alone  is  fubjed  to  the  irritation  produced  by  the 

the  tinfoil  was  taken  away,  or  when  a  Heel  pincer  was  two  metals. 

ufed  in  place  of  a  piece  of  filver,  or  when  the  tin  or  If  the  prepared  frog  be  immerfed  in  water,  fo  that 
filver  was  covered  with  blood  :   but  they  were  renew- 
ed when  thefe  obftacles  were  removed.     Thefe  pheno- 
mena  continued  till  38  minutes  alter  the  amputation, 
when  the  limb  became  cold. 


the  coating  touches  the  water,  contraiflions  are  pro- 
duced by  touching  the  coating  above  water  with  the 
filver,  while  another  part  of  the  filver  touches  the 
nerve,  or  the  mufcle,  or  even  dips  pretty  deep  in  the 


Dr   Chriftopher    Heinrich   Pfaff  (/«    D'ljfertatione  de  water. 
EleSr'tcilale  Anhnal'i,  Stutgardt,   1793  •  '"'^^  ^''°  Gren's         No  fiich  thing  happens  in  oil;  or,  at  befl,  the  con- 

journal  dir  Phyjik,  T.  viii.  p.    196,  &c.)   has  claff:d  traftions  are  very  flight. 

the  phenomena  in  a  very  orderly  and  perfpicuous  man-         Dr  Pfaff   could   not   produce   contradions  without 

ner  ;  and  the  refult  of  the  numerous  experiments  made  employing  two  metals,  or  a  metal  and  charcoal. 
by  himfelf  and  others  correfponds  very  nearly  with  oiir         A  very  thin  covering  of  mufcular  flelh  on  the  nerve 


inferences  in  the  preceding  pages. 

I.   Phenomena  of  mufcular  contra^iion 


did  not  altogether  prevent  the   contraflions,    and    in 
many  cafes  did  rot  fenfibly  diminilh  them. 

If  a  piece  of  filver  be  laid  on  the  mufcles  of  the 

bread  or  belly,  and  be  brought  into  ccntadl  with  the 

The  general  form  of   his  experiments  is  the  fame     tin-coating  on  the  lumbal  region,  only  the  mufcles  of 

with  that  which  we  have  placed  at  the  beginning  of    the  breaft  or  belly  are  affefted,  but  not  thofe  of  the 

this  article  ;  but  the  following  varieties  were  obfcrved  :    legs. 

The  nerve  being  coated  with  tinfoil,  it  was  always  Dr  Pfaff  fays,  that  the  involuntary  mufcles  are  not 
obferved  that  the  contraftions  were  ftronger  when  the  affeded  by  galvanifm  ;  and  refers  ior  convincing  proofs 
filver  firft  touched  the  mufcle,  and  then  the  coating,  to  a  differtation  by  Dr  Ludwig,  (hewing  that  the  heart 
If  it  touched  the  coating  firlt,  the  effeiSs  were  always,  is  not  furnifhed  with  nerves,  [^Scriptor.  neurolog.  minor^ 
and  very  fenfibly,  weaker.  fcka.  vol.  2.). 

They  were   dill   ftronger  when   the  filver   did    not 


touch   the  mufcle  at  all,  but  only  the  nerve  and  its 
coating. 

When  the  contraflions  were  weaker  at  the  begin- 
ning, they  alfo  ceafed  fooner. 


II.  Irritation  of  the  Organs  of  Scnfe. 

Here  Dr  Pfaff's   dilTertation  contains  nothing  re- 
markable. 

III. 


GALVANISM. 


III.   Conjectures  at  to  the  Cnufe. 

Dr  Pfaff  ufes  the  fame  arguments  that  we  have  em- 
ployed to  refute  the  opinion  of  a  fimilarity  between  the 
animal  organs  and  the  Leyden  phial,  and  the  opinion 
that  ekdricity  is  the  agent.  He  mentions  the  opinion 
of  thofe  who  maintain  tliat  the  agent  is  a  fluid  put  into 
motion  by  means  of  its  relation  to  the  metals  only,  in 
their  aflion  on  each  other,  and  v^ho  confider  the  animal 
as  merely  ferving  as  a  conduiflor;  and  alfo  ferving,  by 
its  irritability,  to  give  us  the  information  of  the  pre- 
fence  ot  fuch  a  fluid,  in  the  fame  manner  as  another  kind 
of  irritation,  fomewhat  analogous  to  it,  indicates  the 
prefence  and  agency  of  the  eleflric  fluid.  It  may  there- 
fore be  called  the  Metallic  Irritation  ;  a  term 
which  will  fufficiently  diftinguifh  it. 

But  Dr  PfafF  feems  rather  to  think  that  the  agent 
refides  in  the  animal,  and  that  the  metals  are  the  con- 
duflors  (See  a  dilTertation,  entitled,  Farther  Contri- 
butions to  the  Knoivledge  of  Animal  Eledrlcily,  in  Gren's 
Journal  der  l^hjjii,  T.  viii.  p.  377J.     This  fluid  he 


conceives  to  be  intimately  blended  with  the  principle  of 
life;  nay,  perhaps,  to  be  the  fame.  He  mentions  a 
thought  of  Profelfor  Kielniaycr,  "  that  it  may  refemble 
the  magnetic  fluid  in  its  manner  of  afling,  giving  con- 
nexion to  the  diftant  particles  of  a  nerve,  as  we  o'blerve 
a  magnet  give  an  infiantaneous  connexion  to  each  of  a 
parcel  of  iron  filings ;  all  of  wliich  it  would  arrange  in 
a  certain  precife  manner,  if  they  were  fufficiently  move- 
able, by  giving  momentary  polarity  to  each."  This 
fomewhat  rcfembles  Newton's  hypothetical  whim  read 
to  the  Royal  Society,  defcribing  what  maybe  done  by- 
means  of  an  xther  (See  Birche's  Hijlory  of  the  Royal 
Society  ) . 

But  all  this  is  vague  conje.51ure,  and  merits  little  at- 
tention. This  will  be  better  be(loft-ed  on  an  obfervation 
of  M.  Humboldt  of  Jena,  "that  a  bit  of  frefti  morellc  (the 
Hehella  mitra  of  Linnxus)  may  be  fubilituled  for  a  bit 
of  nerve  in  the  animal  arc  in  ihefe  experiments."  This 
is  the  only  vegetable  fubftance  yet  difcovered  to  have 
this  property.  If  the  nerve  be  laid  on  the  morelle,  we 
have  only  to  touch  th;  morelle  v.i'h  the  zinc,  and  tlie 
mufcular  coniradions  immediately  follow. 


9» 


JM^SlEJ^^^'^^^*' 


GAR 

GALWAY,  a  townfhip  in  the  new  county  of 
Saratoga,  in  New- York.  By  the  (late  cenfus  of  1796, 
it  appears  that  491  of  its  inhabitants  are  qualified  to 
be  eleflors. — Morse. 

GAMBLED  Station,  a  fort  about  12  miles  from 
Knoxville,  in  Tennelfee. — ib. 

GAMMON,  Point,  anciently  called  Point  Gilbert, 
by  Golnold,  forms  the  eaftern  fide  of  the  harbor  of 
Hyanis  or  Hyennes,  in  Barnftable  co.  Maifachufetts. 
—ib. 

GARAZU,  a  town  in  Brazil,  and  province  of  Per- 
nambuco,  25  miles  N.  of  Olinda. — ib. 

GARDECAUT,  or  Guard  du  Cord,  in  a  watch, 
is  that  which  ftops  the  fufee  when  wound  up,  and  for 
that  end  is  driven  up  by  the  fpring.  Some  call  it 
Guard-ccck  ;  otiiers  Guard  du  Gut. 

GARDEN  (Francis),  better  known  to  the  public 
by  the  tide  of  Lord  Gardenjloite,  was  born  at  Edin- 
burgh June  34th,  in  the  year  1721.  His  father  was 
Alexander  Garden  ot  Troup  ;  an  opulent  landholder 
in  .'\berdeenlhire ;  his  mother  was  Jane,  daughter  of 
Sir  Francis  Grant  of  CuUen,  S.C.  I. 

After  palling  through  the  uUial  conrfo  of  liberal 
education  at  the  fchool  and  the  univerfity,  he  betook 
hinifelf  to  the  ftudy  of  law  for  his  piofelhon.  In  the 
year  1744  he  was  admitted  a  member  of  the  Faculty  of 
Advocates,  and  called  to  the  Scottilh  bar. 

In  his  pradlice  as  an  advocate  he  foon  began  to  be 
dlftinguiihed,  by  a  flrong,  native  re<5titude  of  under- 
(landing  ;  by  that  vivacity  of  apprelienfion  and  imagi- 
nation, which  is  commonly  denominated  Genius  ;  by 
manly  candour  in  argument,  often  more  perfaafive  th.in 
fubtlety  and  fophiltiial  artifice  ;  by  powers  which,  with 
diligence,  mii;ht  eafily  attain  to  the  highell  eminence 
of  the  profeilion.  But  the  fame  ftrength,  cpcnncfb, 
and  ardour  of  mind,  wliich  diflinguilhed  him  fo  advan- 
tageouily  among  the  pleaders  at  the  bar,  tended  to 
give  him  a  iondneis  for  the  gay  enjoyments  of  coiivi- 


GAR 

vial  intercourfe,  which  was  unfavourable  to  his  progrefs 
in  juridical  erudition.  Shining  in  tlie  fecial  and  con- 
vivial circle,  he  became  lefs  folicltoufly  ambiti-ius  than 
he  might  othervvife  have  been,  of  the  character  of  an 
eloquent  advocate,  or  of  a  profound  and  learned  law- 
yer. The  vivacity  of  his  genius  was  averfe  from  au- 
ftere  and  plodding  ftudy,  while  it  was  captivated  by 
the  fafcinations  of  polite  learning,  and  of  the  fine  arts. 
Nor  did  he  always  efcape  thi  fe  excelfes  in  the  purfuit 
of  pleafure  into  which  the  temptations  of  opening  life 
are  apt,  occafionally,  to  feduce  the  moll  liberal  and  in- 
genuous youth.  But  his  cheerful  conviviality,  his  wit, 
humour,  taftc,  good-nature,  and  benevolence  of  heart, 
rendered  him  the  delight  of  all  his  acquaintance.  He 
became  his  M.ijefty's  Solicitor  July  3d,   1764. 

At  length  the  worth  of  his  chataifter,  and  his  abili- 
ties as  a  lawyer,  recommended  him  to  the  office  ( f  a 
Judge  in  the  Courts  of  Sellion  and  Julliciary,  tlie 
lupieme  judicatures,  civil  and  criminal,  for  Scotland. 
His  place  in  the  Court  of  Sefilon  he  continued  to  oc- 
cupy till  his  death  ;  but  had,  ibme  years  b;fore,  re- 
figned  the  office  of  a  Commiffioner  of  Jufliciary,  and 
in  rccompence  got  a  pcnfion  of  200!.  per  annum. 
Clear  difcernment,  llroiig  good  fenle,  confcicntious  ho- 
nefty,  and  amiable  benevolence,  remaikably  diflinguilh- 
ed all  his  opinions  and  conduct  as  a  judje. 

We  not  unlrequenlly  fee  the  gay  young  men  of  the 
prefent  age,  to  turn,  as  they  advance  towards  middle  life, 
fiom  the  headlong  purfuit  of  ple^'fure  to  a  fordid  and 
contracted  felfininef>--,  wliich  excludes  even  ihofe  few 
good  qualities  lliat  fecmed  to  accompany  their  fiid 
tlioughtlefs  days.  I'heir  life  is  divided  between  fenfu- 
ality  and  that  anxious  inhuman!  avarice  and  ambition 
whofe  ultimate  objeifl  !«,  to  provide  gratifications  to 
fenfiiality  and  pride.  The  kindling  light  of  re>flitudc, 
and  the  firft  fparks  of  generous  humanity,  are  exiin- 
gudlicd  in  tl-.cir  brcalls,  as  foon  as  thofe  ebullitions  of 
youihlul  puilion  and  inexjieriencc  are  over,  by  whic.'i 
M  t  the 


Gardrii. 


GAR 


[     9 


Garden,  tlie  ufeful  efficiency  of  thelf  early  good  qualities  was 
^^^^^"^  preventeJ.  Hardly  have  they  heccine  tolerably  well 
acquainted  with  mankind,  when  the  milk  of  human 
kindnefs  is  turned  ir.to  gall  and  venom  in  their  hearts. 
It  was  far  otherwife  with  Lord  Gardenftone.  As 
he  advanced  in  years,  humanity,  talle,  public  fpirit, 
becaTTie  ftill  more  and  more  eminently  the  predomi- 
nant principles  in  his  mind. — He  pitied  the  condition 
of  the  pertfjntry,  deprcfied  rather  by  their  ignorance 
of  the  moll  Ikilful  modes  of  labour,  and  by  their  re- 
motenefs  from  the  Iphere  (if  improvement,  than  by  any 
tyranny  or  extortion  of  their  landlords.  He  admired, 
proU'iflcJ,  and  cnltivated  the  polite  arts.  He  was  the 
ardent  votary  of  political  liberty,  and  friendly  to  every 
thing  that  promifed  a  feafible  amclioraticn  of  public 
econc>niy,  and  the  principles  of  government. 

In  the  year  1762  he  purchaled  the  ellate  of  John- 
flon,  in  the  county  of  Kincardine.  Wiihin  a  few 
years  after  he  began  to  attempt  a  plan  of  the  moft  li- 
beral improvement  of  the  value  of  this  ePiale,  by  an  ex- 
tenfion  of  the  village  of  Laurencekirk,  adjoining.  He 
offered  leafes  of  fmall  farms,  and  if  ground  for  building 
upon,  which  were  to  laft  for  the  term  of  one  hundred 
ye:;rs ;  and  of  which  the  conditions  were  extremely  in- 
viting to  the  labourers  and  tradefmen  of  the  furround- 
ing  country.  Thefe  offers  were  eagerly  liitened  to. 
More  defirous  to  make  the  attempt  beneficial  to  the 
country  tlian  to  derive  profit  from  it  to  himfelf,  he 
was  induced,  wiihin  a  few  years,  to  reduce  his  ground- 
rents  to  one-half  of  the  original  rate. — Weavers,  join- 
ers, (lioe-makers,  and  other  artifans  in  a  confiderable 
number,  rcforted  to  fettle  in  the  riling  village.  His 
Lnrdlhip's  earnednefs  for  tlie  fuccefs  of  his  projeft, 
and  to  promote  the  profperity  of  the  good  people 
whom  he  had  received  under  his  proteflion,  led  him  to 
engage  in  feveral  undertakings  by  the  failure  of  which  ; 
he  incurred  confiderable  loifes.  Pioje(!ls  of  a  print- 
field,  and  of  manufaiflures  of  linen  and  of  ftockings, 
attempted  with  fanguine  hopes  in  the  new  village,  and 
chiefly  at  his  Lordlliip's  rifk  and  expence,  milgave  in 
fuch  a  manner  as  might  well  have  finally  difgulfed  a  man 
of  lefs  fteady  and  ardent  philanthropy  with  every  fuch 
engagement.  But  the  village  dill  continued  to  advance. 
It  grew  up  under  his  Lordlhip's  eye,  and  was  the  fa- 
vourite objed  of  his  care.  In  the  year  1779,  he  pro- 
cured it  to  be  erecfed  into  a  burgh  of  barony  ;  having 
a  magiftracy,  an  annual  fair,  and  a  weekly  market.  He 
7)rovided  in  it  a  good  inn  for  the  reception  of  travel- 
lers ;  and  witli  an  uncommon  attention  to  the  enter- 
tainment of  the  gn^Rs  who  might  refort  to  it,  furnilhed 
this  inn  with  a  library  of  books  for  their  amufement. 
He  invited  an  artifl  for  drawing,  from  the  continent, 
to  fettle  at  Laurencekirk.  He  had  the  pleafure  cf 
feeing  a  confiderable  linen  ma;iufa(5fure  at  length  fixed 
in  it.  A  bleachfield  was  alfo  ellablilhed  as  a  natural 
counterpart  to  the  linen-manufrtdure.  Before  his 
Lordiiiip's  death,  he  faw  his  plan  of  improving  the 
condition  of  the  labourers,  by  the  formation  of  a  new 
village  at  Laurencekirk,  crowned  with  fuccefs  beyond 
his  molt  fanguine  hopes.  He  has  acknowledged,  with  an 
amiable  franknefs,  in  a  memoir  concerning  this  village, 
"  That  he  had  tried,  in  fom.e  meafure,  a  variety  of  the 
pleafurcs  which  mankind  purfue  ;  but  never  relifhed 
any  fn  much  as  the  pleafure  arifing  from  the  progrefs 
cf  this  village." 


J     ]  GAR 

In  the  year  17S5,  upon  the  death  of  his  elder  bro- 
ther Alexander  Garden  of  Troup  M.  P.  for  Aberdeen- 
fhire,  Lord  Gardenllone  fucceeded  to  the  poffefllon  of 
the  family  eftates,  which  were  very  conliderable.  Un- 
til this  time  his  Lordlhip's  income  had  never  been 
more  than  adequate  to  the  liberal  expence  into  which 
his  rank  and  the  generofity  of  his  nature,  unavoidably 
led  him.  But  the  addition  of  a  foitune  of  about 
three  thoufand  pounds  a-year  to  his  former  revenue, 
gave  him  the  power  of  performing  many  afls  of  bene- 
ficence with  which  he  could  not  before  gratify  his 
good  heart.  It  was  happy,  likewife,  that  his  fuccef- 
(;on  to  this  ample  income,  at  a  period  when  ihe  vigour 
of  bis  conftitution  was  rapidly  yielding  to  the  infirmi- 
ties of  old  age,  enabled  him  to  feek  relief,  by  a  partial 
cedation  from  bufinefs,  by  travel,  and  by  other  means, 
which  could  not  have  been  eafily  compatible  with  the 
previous  (late  of  his  fortune. 

In  the  month  of  Sept.  1786,  he  fet  out  from  Lon- 
don for  Dover,  and  palled  over  into  France.  Alter  vifit- 
ing  Pari?,  he  proceeded  to  Provence,  and  fpent  the 
winter  months  in  the  genial  climate  of  Hieres.  In  the 
fpring  of  1787  he  returned  northwards,  vifiting  Ge- 
neva, Switzerland,  the  Netherlands,  and  the  Dutch 
provinces,  and  palling  through  Germany  into  Italy. 
With  a  fond  curiofity,  attentive  alike  to  the  wonders 
of  nature,  to  the  noble  monuments  of  the  arts,  and  to 
the  awful  remains  of  ancient  grandeur,  with  which  Italy 
abounds,  hevifited  all  its  great  cities,  and  furveyed  almoft 
every  remarkable  and  famous  fcene  that  it  exhibits. 

His  firft  objtifl,  in  thefe  travels,  was  to  obtain  the 
refloration  of  his  declining  health  by  the  influence  of  a 
milder  climate,  by  gentle,  continued,  and  varied  eier- 
cife  ;  by  that  pleafing  exhilaration  of  the  temper  and 
fpirits  which  is  the  bell;  medicine  to  health,  and  is  moft 
fuccefstully  produced  by  frequent  change  of  place,  and 
of  the  objeflb  of  attention.  But  the  curiofities  of  na- 
ture and  art,  in  thofe  countries  through  which  he  tra- 
velled, could  not  fail  to  attrafl,  in  a  powerful  manner^ 
the  curiofity  of  a  mind  cultivated  and  ingenious  as  his. 
He,  whofe  breaPc  glowed  with  the  moft  ardent  philan- 
thropy, could  not  view  the  varied  works  and  manners 
of  a  diverfity  of  nations  of  his  fellow  men,  without  be- 
ing deeply  interefted  by  all  thofe  circumftances  which, 
might  appear  to  mark  their  fortunes  as  happy  or 
wretched.  He  eagerly  collected  Ipecimens  of  tliefpars, 
the  fhells,  the  ftrata  of  rocks,  and  the  veins  of  metals, 
in  the  feveral  countries  through  which  he  parted.  He 
amaffed  alfo  cameos,  medals,  and  paintings.  He  en- 
quired into  fcience,  literature,  and  local  inflitutions^ 
He  wrote  down  his  obfervations,  from  time  to  time  ; 
not  indeed  with  the  minute  care  of  a  pedant,  or  tiie 
ollentatious  labour  of  a  man  travelling  with  a  d;fign  to 
publilh  an  account  of  his  travels  ;  but  fimply  to  aid 
memory  and  imagination  in  the  future  remembrance  of 
objeifls  ufeful  or  agreeable. 

After  an  abfence  of  about  three  years,  he  returned 
to  his  native  country.  The  laft  years  were  fpent  ii> 
the  difcharge  of  the  duties  of  his  office  as  a  judge;  ia 
focial  intercourfe  with  his  friends,  among  whom  was 
the  venerable  Lord  Monboddo,  and  other,;  of  the  mod: 
refpedtable  charaifers  which  that  country  has  to  boaft 
of  ;  in  the  performance  of  a  thoufand  generous  offices 
of  benevolence  and  humanity  ;  in  cherilhing  thofe  fine 
arts,  of  which  he  was  an  eminent  admirer  and  judge  ; 

and 


Gatdcib 


GAR  L    93     1  GAS 

^rfen^  an  J  above  all,  in  promoting  the  comfort,  and  encou-    confeffed,  tha:  he  contraifled  intimacies  with  men  un-    Girdn« 


raging  the  induftry  of  his,  de^endints,  and  in  lending  worthy   of  his  reg;ird;  and  tliat   his  a:t:Khment  to  li- 

his  aid  to  every  rational  attempt  at  the  improvement  of  berty  made   him  form  expe(ftatioiis   from   the  French 

puUic  economy  and  public  virtue.  revolution,  which  even  the  events  which  he  fiw  ought 

St  Bernard's  Well,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Edin-  to  have  reprclLd.  But  his  mind  was  by  that  time 
burgh,  had  been,  longfmce,  diftinguifhed  for  the  me-  weakened  by  difcafe ;  and  it  would  be  very  unjuft 
dicindl  virtues  cf  its  waters.  But  various  circuniftan-  to  balance  tlie  imprudeiicies  t f  one  rr  two  years 
ces  had  alfo  concurred  of  late  to  thiow  it  into  n^glsL't.  againit  the  meritorious  a<5>ions  cf  a  whole  life.  Be- 
Yet  its  waters  being  ftrongly  mineralized  by  a  fulphu-  fides  his  travelling  memorandums  and  his  poems,  h's 
rated  hydrngenous  gas,  were,  by  tliis  means,  unquef-  Lordlhip  publithed  a  Leller  to  ihe  Inhahiinnts  of  Lau- 
tionably  qualified  to  operate,  with  highly  beneficial  ef-  nncekWk,  the  moll  valuable,  in  our  opinion,  of  all  his 
fefts,  in  the  cure  ot  various  difeafes.  The  qualities  of  publications  ;  for  it  contains  peihaps  the  mo:!  filutary 
this  mineral  water  falling  under  Lord  Gardenflone's  advices  which  were  ever  offered  to  the  inhabitants  of  a 
notice,  he  was  induced  to  purchafe  the  property  of  the  manufacluring  town,  for  the  regulation  of  their  con- 
well,  to  dircfl  it  to  be  cleared  from  furrounding  ob-  duift  towards  each  other.  That  the  people  of  Lau- 
flades,  which  contaniinated  the  virtues  of  the  water,  or  rencekirk  have  followed  thefe  advices,  it  would  give  us 
made  it  inacceffib'e  ;  to  erefl  a  beautiful  and  commo-  pleafure  to  learn  on  good  authority, 
dious  edifice  over  it  ;  and  to  appoint  proper  perfons  to  GARDNER,  a  townlhip  in  Wc^rcefter  co.  MafTa- 
diftribute  the  water,  for  a  very  trivial  compeulation,  to  chufetts,  incorporated  in  1785.  It  contains  about 
the  public.  The  well  lies  at  a  diftance  from  Edin-  14,000  acres,  well  wateied,  chiefly  by  Otter  river, 
burgh,  which  is  very  convenient  for  a  fiimmer  morn-  Tlie  road  from  Connei5licut  river,  ihrougii  Peterfham, 
ing's  walk.  Within  the  few  years  which  have  palled  Gerry,  and  Templeton  on  to  Bcfton,  palFss  through 
fmce  Lord  Gardenilcns's  benevulent  care  brouglit  it  it.  It  contains  53  i  inhabitants  and  is  26  miles  N.  by 
into  notice,  it  has  attiacied  many  of  the  inhabitants  of  W.  of  Worcefter,  and  60  N.  W.  of  Bolion. — Morse. 
that  city  to  vifit  in  the  mornings  of  fpring  and  funimer.  Gardner'^  IJlaiul,  or  IJie  of  U'ighi,  lies  at  the  E. 
And,  undoubtedly,  tlie  agreeable  exercife  to  which  they  end  of  Lon-.;-llland,  in  New-York  ilate,  (heltered  with- 
have  thus  been  allured,  and  the  falutaty  effeds  of  the  in  Oyfler  Pond  and  Montauk  points;  10  miles  N.  \K. 
water,  have  contributed,  in  no  mean  degree,  to  difpel  of  the  latter,  and  as  far  S.  W.  of  Plumb  Itland.  It 
dlfeafe,  and  to  confirm  or  re-eflablilh  health.  Such  contain*  about  3000  acres  of  fertile  land,  the  property 
monuments  are  worthy  to  preferve  the  memory  of  a  of  one  perfon,  and  yields  excellent  grafs,  wheat  and 
patriotic  and  a  good  man  !  corn.     Fine  iheep  and  cattle  are  raifed  on  it.      It  is  an- 

As  an  amufement  for  the   laft  two  or  three  years  of  nexed  to  Eall  Hampton,  and  lies  40  miles  fouth-we!l- 

his  life,   when  his  increafing  infiimities  precluded  him  erly  of  Newport,   Rhode  Illaiid. — ib. 

from    more  adlive  exercife,  and  from   mingling  fo  fre-  GAS.   See  that  article,   Encyd.  and  Chemistry — 

quently  in  the  foclety  of  his  friends  as  was  agreeable  Index    in    this  Supplement.       We    have  introduced  the 

to  his  fecial  and  convivial  temper,   he  bethought  liim-  word  here,  to  notice  fome  expeiiinents  made  by  Pro. 

felfof  revifing  fome  of  the  jVzfx  </'i^W/,  and  light  fugi-  feffor  Jacquin  of  Vienna,  at  the  defire  of  Dr  Cidadni, 

live  pieces,  in  v/hich  he  had  indulged  the  gaity  of  his  on  the  diflrerent  gafes  as  the  vehicle  of  founds.     A  glafs 

fancy  in  his  earlier  days  ;  and  a  fmall  volume  oi  poems  bell  was  luinillied  \vit)i  a  metallic  ftnpper  cemented  to 

was  publilhed,  in  which  the  beft  pieces  are,  upon  good  a  neck  at  the  top  :   and  in  the  bcre  of  this  cock,  within 

authority,  afcribed  to  Lord  Gaidenftone.     He  revifed  the  glafs,  a  fmall  flute  or  pewter  (etain)  about  fix  inches 

alfo   the  memorandums  which  he  had   made  upon  his  in  length  was  fixed.     The  gla'.s  being  then  placed  on 

travels,  and  permitted  them    to  be  lent  to  prefs.     The  the  fhelf  of  the  pneumatic  veil'cl,  and  filled  with  any 

two  former  volumes  were  publilhed  one   after  another  particular  kind  of  gas,  a  bladder  alfo   filled   wiili  the 

while  his  Lordlhip  was  yet   alive;   the  tiard  after  his  fame  gas,  and  provided  with  a  ock,  was  adapted  to  the 

death.     They  met  with  a  very  fivourable  reception  in  external  aperture  of  the  cock  belonging  to  the    bell- 

the  world,  and  were  honoured  witli  the  high  approba-  glafs.     In  this   d  fpofition  cf  the  apparatus,  the  flute 

tion  of  the  moft  refpeiflable   writers  of  periodical  criti-  was  made  to  found  by  gently  prelliug  the  bladder.  Com- 

cifm.     They  convey  much  agreeable  information,  and  parative  experiments  were  made  with  atniofpheric  air, 

befpealc   an    elegant,   enlightened   and    amiable  mind,  oxygen,  hydrogen,  cirljonic  acid,  and  nitrous  gas.  The 

The  laft  volume  is  filled  chiefly  with  memorandums  of  intcnfity  of  the  found  did  no't  va.-y  ;  but  when  compa- 

-his  Lordfhip's  traveU  in   Italy  ;  and  contains  many  in-  red  with  that  produced  by  atmofpheric  air,  the  o.tygen 

terefting  criticifms  upon  lime  of   the  m^blelt   pioduc-  gas  gave  a  found  half  a  tone  hiwer  ;  azotic  gas,  prcpa- 

tions  of  the  fine  arts  of  painting  and  Iculpiure.  red  by  difierent  methods  conftintly  gave  a  found   half 

His  Lordfhip's  health  had  long  been  declining  ;  and  a  tone  lower  ;  hydrogen  gas  give  nine  or  eleven  tones 

he  died  a  baclidor  on  the  22d  of  July    1793,  lamented  higher  ;  carb  mic  add  gas  gave  one-iliird  lower,    and 

by  his  relations  and  friei.d;,  by  his  tenant.s  and  humble  nitrous  ga>  alfo  very  nearly  a  third  lower.     A  mixture 

depend  ints,  and  by  all  true  patriots  and  good    men  to  of  oxyuen  gas  and  azote,  in  the  proportions  of  llie  at- 

v/hnm  his  merits  and  virtues  were  known.  mofjiheric  air,  affoided  the  tone  of  this  lall  ;   that  is  to 

Such    is   the   account  of   Lord    Gardenflone's    life,  fay,  it  was  half  a  tone  higher  than  eich  ot  the  compo. 

which  was  prefixed  10  the  third   volume  of  his  travel-  nent  parts  alone.     When   the  two  gales  were  rot  uiii- 

ling   memorandums;  and  though  it  was  no  doubt  an  formlj  mixed,  the  f<'und  was  abomwiably  harlh.  CMa.'ni 

efFufion  o{  fond  friendlhip,  we  bdieve  that  the   praife  intends  to  give  a  fuller  account  of  thcfc  in-e.elling  ex- 

■which  it  bcttows  on  his  LLrdfhip  is  not  much  cxaggc-  pcremen:  .      'Journal  ile  P hyfi qii^.  Vol.    IV.  N.  S.  p.  57. 

rated.     In  the  latter  years  cf  his  life,  it  mull  indeed  be  GASPEE,  or  A'u:nrjiiit  Poitit,  7  miles  S,  of  Provi- 
dence 


Gdfpc 


GEN 


[    94    ] 


GEO 


dcnce  (Rliods  Illaiul)  projeding  from  the  wetlernfliore 
of  Providence  river,  remarkable  as  being  the  place 
whcie  the  Britilli  armed  fchooner,  called  the  Gafpee, 
was  biiMit,  June  lo,  1772,  by  about  60  men  from 
Providence,  painted  llice  Narraganfet  Indians,  For  the 
caiife  of  this  tranfaflion,  fee  Gordon's  Hift.  of  the 
Amcr.  Rev.  vol.  I.  p.  311. — Morse. 

GASPESIA,  a  trafl  of  country  on  the  S.  fide  of 
the  mouth  of  St  Lawrence  river,  and  on  the  N.  fide 
ol  Chaleurs  bay,  in  Lower  Canada.  Its  E.  extremity 
is  Cape  Rofiers.  Tlie  Indians  called  Gafpefians  inha- 
bit here. — ib. 

GATES  Co.  in  Edentnn  eaftern  diftrifl,  N.  Caroli- 
nn,  is  bounded  N.  by  the  Hate  of  Virginia,  S.  by 
C'hjwan  CO.  It  contains  5'^92  inhabitants,  including 
22i9flaves.     Chief  town,   Hertford. — ib. 

GAY  Head,  is  a  kind  of  peninUila  on  Martha's 
Vineyard,  betv/cen  3  and  4  miles  in  leiigtli  and  2  in 
breadth,  and  almnft  feparatcd  from  the  other  part  of 
the  ifland  by  a  large  pond.  The  Indians  inhabiting 
this  parr,  when  lately  numbered,  amounted  to  203. 
The  foil  is  good,  and  only  requires  cultivation  to  pro- 
duce mod  vegetables  in  perfe<5tion.  There  are  evident 
marks  of  there  having  been  volcanoes  formerly  on  this 
peninfula.  The  marks  of  4  or  5  craters  are  plainly  to 
be  feen.  The  moll  fouthcrly  and  probably  the  moll: 
ancient,  as  it  is  grown  over  with  grafs,  now  called 
the  Devil's  Den,  is  at  lealt  20  rods  over  at  the  top, 
14I:  at  the  bottom,  and  full  13c  feet  at  the  fides,  ex- 
cept that  which  is  next  the  fea,  where  it  is  open.  A. 
man  now  alive  relates  that  his  mother  could  lemember 
when  it  was  common  to  fee  a  light  upon  Gay  Head 
in  the  night  time.  Others  fay,  their  anceftors  have 
told  them,  that  the  whalemen  ufed  to  guide  themfelves 
in  the  night  by  the  lights  that  were  feen  upon  Gay 
Head.  I'he  fea  has  made  fiich  encroacliments  here, 
that,  within  30  years,  it  has  fwept  oif  i;  or  20  rods. 
The  extremity  of  Gay  Head  is  the  S.  W.  point  of  the 
Vineyard.  N.  lat.  41.  20.  W.  long,  from  Greeii- 
wich  70.  50. — ib. 

GAZONS,  in  fortification,  turfs,  or  pieces  of  frefh 
earth  covered  with  gral's,  cut  in  form  ol  a  wedge,about 
a  foot  long,  and  half  a  loot  thick,  to  line  or  face  the 
outfide  of  works  made  of  earth,  to  keep  them  up,  and 
prevent  their  mouldeiing. 

GENESSEE  Country,  a  large  traft  of  land  in  the 
(late  of  New-York,  bounded  N.  and  N.  W.  by  lake 
Ontario,  S.  by  Pennfylvaula,  E.  by  the  wcllern  part 
of  the  military  tovvnfiiips,  in  Onondago  co.  and  W. 
by  lake  Erie  and  Niagara  river.  It  is  a  rich  trai5l  of 
country,  and  well  watered  by  lakes  and  rivers  ;  one 
of  the  latter,  Genelfee  river,  gives  name  to  this  traft. 
It  is  generally  flat,  the  rivers  fluggilh,  tiie  ioil  moill, 
and  the  lakes  numerous. — Mone. 

GENEVA,  a  lake  in  Upper  Canada,  which  forms 
the  W.  exticmily  of  lake  Ontario  ;  to  which  it  is  joined 
by  a  fli.ort  and  narrow  ftrait. — ib. 

Geneva,  a  poll  town  in  Onondago  co.  New- York, 
on  the  great  road  from  Albany  to  Niagara,  fittiated 
on  the  bank  of  the  N.  W.  corner  of  Seneca  lake,  about 
74  miles  W.  of  Oneida  calUe,  and  92  W.  cf  Whitef- 
town.  The  Friends  fettlement  lies  about  18  miles 
below  this.  Here  were  20  log-houfes,  and  a  few  other 
buildings  feveral  years  ago,  which  have  much  increaf- 
ed  fince. — ib- 


Genevieve,  St  o\  Mifftre,  a  village   in  Louifiana,  Genevieve 
on  the  wellern  bank  of  the  Mifhffippi,  nearly  oppnfite  It    , 

to  the  village  of  Kalkafkias,   i  2  miles  foutherly  of  Fort  ^^I^^^X^ 
Chartrcs.     It  contained  about  20  years  ago,  upwards 
of  100   houfes,  and  460   inhabitants,  befides  negroes. 
—ib. 

GEOCENTRIC  Place  cf  a  planet,  is  the  place 
where  it  appears  to  us  trom  the  earth  ;  or  it  is  a  point 
in  the  ecliptic,  to  which  a  planet,  feen  from  the  earth, 
is  referred. 

GEocR.^nkic  Latitude  of  a  planet,  is  its  latitude  as 
feen  irom  the  earth,  or  the  inclination  of  a  line  con- 
nes-ling  the  planet  and  the  earth  to  the  plane  of  the 
earth's  (or  true)  ecliptic:  Or  it  is  the  angle  which  the 
faid  line  (connci.'ting  the  planet  and  the  earth)  makes 
with  a  line  drawn  to  meet  a  perpendicular  let  fall  from 
the  planet  to  the  plane  of  the  ecliptic. 

Gf-ocrktric  Lotigitutle  of  a  planet,  is  the  dhlance 
meafured  on  the  ecliptic,  in  the  order  of  the  iigns, 
between  the  geocentric  place  and  the  firft  point  of 
Aries. 

GEOMETRICAL  Method  of  the  Ancients. 
Tiie  ancients  ellablilhed  the  higher  parts  of  their  geo- 
metry on  the  fame  principles  as  the  elements  of  that 
fcience,  by  demonflrations  of  the  fame  kind:  and  they 
were  careful  not  to  fuppofe  any  thing  done,  till  by  a 
previous  problem  they  had  fhev/n  that  it  could  be  done 
by  aflually  performing  it.  Much  lefs  did  they  fup- 
pofe any  thing  to  be  done  that  cannot  be  conceived  ; 
fuch  as  the  line  or  feries  to  be  adlually  continued  to  in- 
finity, or  a  magnitude  diminilhed  till  it  become  infinite- 
ly lefs  than  what  it  is.  The  elements  into  which 
they  rcf  lived  magnitudes  were  finite,  and  fuch  as  might 
be  conceived  to  be  real.  Unbounded  liberties  have  of 
late  been  introduced  ;  by  which  geometry,  which  ought 
to  be  perfeiftly  clear,  is  filled  with  myfleries. 

Geomf.tsic.-i/.  Solution  of  a  problem,  is  when  the 
problem  is  direftly  refolved  according  to  the  llrirt  rules 
and  principles  of  geometry,  and  by  lines  that  are  truly 
geometrical.  This  expreffion  is  ufed  in  contradillinc- 
tion  to  an  arithmetical,  or  a  mechanical,  or  inllrumental 
folution,  the  probhm  being  refolved  only  by  a  ruler 
and  comp.^lfes. 

The  lame  term  is  likcwife  ufed  in  oppofition  to  all 
indirect  and  inadequate  kinds  ot  folutions,  as  by  ap- 
proximation, infinite  feries,  &c.  So  we  have  no  geo- 
metrical way  of  finding  the  quadrature  of  the  circle, 
the  duplicature  ofthe  cube,  or  two  mean  proportionals, 
though  there  are  mechanical  ways,  and  others,  by  in- 
finite feries,  &c. 

GEORGE'S,  St  a  cape  and  iflands  nearly  oppofite 
to  the  river  Apalachicola,  on  the  coall  of  E.  Florida. 
Cape  St  George's  lies  about  6  leagues  to  the  eallwarJ 
of  Cape  Blaize,  being  an  elbow  ct  the  largell  of  6c 
George's  iflands,  in  N.  lat.  29  38.  There  is  a  large 
flioal  running  out  from  it  a  conliderable  way,  but  how 
far  has  not  yet  been  afcertaineJ.  The  coall  between 
it  and  Cape  i31aize,  forms  a  kind  of  hollow  bay,  with 
deep  foundings  and  a  foft  bottom.  There  are  two 
iflands  to  the  N.  W.  of  St  George's  Cape  ;  that  near- 
ell  to  it  is  fmall,  and  remarkable  for  a  clump  of  Itrag- 
gling  trees  on  the  middle  cf  it ;  the  other  is  pretty 
lar^e,  and  of  a  triangular  form,  and  reaches  within  3 
leagues  of  Cape  Blaize,  having  a  paflage  at  each  end 
of  It  for  fmall  craft  into  the  bay,  between  thefe  iibnds 

and 


GEO  .    C    95 

and  the  river  Apab.chicola  ;  but  this  bay  is  full  of 
fl'.oals  and  oyfter-bank!,  and  not  above  two  or  three 
feet  water  at  moll,  in  any  of  the  branches  of  that 
river. — Alorse. 

George,  Fort,  was  fituated  on  Point  Comfort,  at 
the  mouih  of  James  river,  and  5  miles  N.  E.  of  C.'a- 
ney  iiland,  at  the  mouth  of  Elizabeth  river,  in  Virgi- 
nia.— lb. 

George,  Fort  King,  an  ancient  fort  in  Georgia, 
which  flood  5  miles  N.  E.  of  the  town  of  Darien,  in 
Liberty  co.  lituated  at  the  head  of  a  creek  which  flows 
into  the  ocean  oppofite  Sapelo  ifland.  It  is  now  in 
ruins. — lb. 

George,  Lake,  in  Eaft  Florida,  is  a  dilatation  of 
the  river  St  Juan,  or  St  J  )hn,  and  called  alfo  Great 
Lake.  It  is  about  15  miles  wide,  and  generally  about 
15  or  20  feet  deep,  excepting  at  the  entrance  rf  the 
river,  where  lies  a  bar,  which  carries  8  or  9  feet  water. 
The  lake  is  beautified  with  two  or  three  fertile  iflanJs. 
The  lareed  is  about  2  miles  broad,  and  commands  a 
moft  delightful  and  extenfive  profpecl:  of  the  waters, 
iflands,  E.  and  W.  fliores  of  the  lake,  the  capes,  the 
bay  and  mount  Royal  ;  and  to  the  S.  the  view  is  very 
extenfive.  Here  aie  evident  marks  ol  a  large  town  of 
the  aborigines,  and  the  ifland  appears  to  have  been 
once  the  chofen  refidence  of  an  Indian  pilnce.  On 
the  fcite  cf  this  ancient  town  (lands  a  very  pompous 
Indian  mount,  or  conical  pyramid  cf  earth,  from 
which  runs  in  a  ilralght  line,  a  grand  avenue  or  In- 
dian higliway,  through  a  magnificent  grove  of  mag- 
nolias', live  oaks,  palms  and  orange  trees,  terminating 
at  the  verge  of  a  large,  green,  level  favanna.  From 
fragments  djg  up  it  appears  to  have  been  a  thickly 
inhabited  town. — 'b. 

George,  Lake,  lies  to  the  fouthward  of  lake 
Champlain,  and  its  waters  lie  about  100  feet  higher. 
The  portage  between  the  two  lakes  is  a  mile  and  a 
half;  but  with  a  fmall  expenfe  might  be  reduced  to  60 
yards  ;  and  with  one  nr  two  lockh  might  be  made  na- 
vigable through,  for  batteaux.  It  is  a  moll  cle.ir, 
beautiful  colledlon  of  water  ;  36  miles  long,  and  from 
1  to  7  wide.  It  embofnms  more  than  200  iflands, 
fome  fay  365  ;  very  few  of  which  are  any  thing  more 
than  barren  rocks,  covered  with  heaih,  and  a  few  ce- 
dar, fprnce  and  hemlock  trees,  and  fhrubs,  and  abun- 
dance of  rattle-fnakes.  On  each  fide  it  Is  ikirted  by 
prodigious  mountains;  from  which  lirge  quai. titles  of 
red  cedar  are  annually  carried  to  N-'w-York  for  fliip- 
timber.  The  lake  is  full  of  f.flres,  and  fome  of  the  bell 
kind,  as  the  black  or  Ofwego  bafs,  alfo  large  fpeckled 
trouts.  It  was  called  lake  Sacrament  by  the  French, 
who,  in  former  times,  were  at  tlie  pains  to  procure  this 
water  for  factamental  ufes  in  all  their  churches  in  Ca 
rada :  hence  probably  it  derived  its  name.  The  re- 
mains of  Fort  George  ftand  at  the  S.  end  of  the  lake, 
about  14  nilles  N.  by  W.  of  Fort  Edward,  on  Hudfon 
river.  The  famous  fort  of  Ticonderoga,  which  flood 
on  the  N.  fide  of  the  outlet  of  the  lake,  where  it  dif- 
charges  its  waters  into  lake  Champlain,  is  now  in 
ruins. — ib. 

Georges,  St  an  ifland  and  parifh  belonging  to  the 
Bermuda  ifles,  in  the  Weft-Indies.  N.  lat.  32.  45.  W. 
long.  63.  30. — ib. 

George's  St  a  large  and  deep  bay  on  the  W.  fide 
of  Newfoundland  ifland.     N.  lat.  48  12. — ib. 


] 


GEO 


George's  Bank,  St  a  filhing  bank  in  the  Atlantic    George's, 
ocean,  E.  cf  Cape  Cod,  In  Maffixhu'etts.     It  extends  ^•■'''~'''~'*^ 
from  N.  to  S.  between  41.  15.  and  42.  22.  N.  l.it.  and 
between  67.  50.  and  68.  4.0.  W.  long. — ib. 

Geoege's  KtY,  St  was  one  of  the  principal  Briiiflr 
fettlements  In  the  bay  of  Honduras.  It  was  taken  by 
the  Spaniards  duiing  the  American  war,  but  retak.-a 
by  the  Biltlfli  foon  after. 

The  Brllilli  fettlements  on  the  M  fquito  fhore,  and 
in  the  bay  of  Honduras,  were  furrendercd  to  the  crown 
of  Spain,  at  the  Spanlfli  convention,  figned  at  London, 
the  14th  of  July,  1786. — ib. 

George's  IIiver,  St  in  St  Mary's  co.  Maryland, 
is  a  very  broad  but  ilioit  creek,  whofe  mouth  lies  be- 
tween Piney  Point  and  St  Mary's  river,  on  the  N. 
bank  of  the  Potowmack,  oppofite  the  ifland  of  the  fame 
name. — ib. 

George's  River,  St  in  Lincoln  co.  dillriil  of  Maine, 
or  raiher  an  arm  of  the  fea,  lies  about  2  leagues  S.  W. 
ot  Penoblcot  bay.  Four  leagues  from  the  mouth  of 
this  livtr  ftands  Thomallon.  This  river  is  navigable  for 
brigs  and  fliips  of  a  large  burden  up  to  the  narrows  ; 
and  from  thence  about  4  miles  higher,  to  neatly 
the  head  of  the  tide,  for  !l  ops  and  fchooners  of  80  or 
90  tons.  It  is  about  half  a  league  wide  up  to  the 
narrows.  Of  late  feveral  confiderable  velTels  have 
been  built  in  this  river,  which  are  employed  ia 
coaftlng,  and  fometlmes  in  foreign  voyages.  There 
are  now  owned  In  this  river,  though  it  does  not 
in  all  exceed  4  leagues  in  length,  i  brig,  2  lopfail 
fchooners,  and  9  floops :  In  all  about  iioo  tons. 
The  navigation,  however,  is  generally  in'.errupted  in 
winter,  when  not  only  the  dreams  through  the  coun- 
try, but  the  fait  water  rivers  are  lacked  up  until  fpring. 
Fifli  abound  here,  of  almoft  all  kinds,  in  their  feafjn  ; 
and  even  lobfters,  oyfters,  clams,  and  other  delicacies 
of  the  aqueous  kind,  are  plenty  in  this  river. — ib. 

George's,  St  a  village  nearly  in  the  centre  of 
NewcalUe  co.  Delaware,  on  a  creek  of  its  own  name, 
which  falls  into  Delaware  river,  4  miles  below,  a  llltle 
above  Reedy  Ifland.  It  is  17  miles  S.  by  W.  of 
Wilmington,  and  45  S.  W.  of  Philadelphia. — :b. 

Georges,  St  the  capital  of  die  Ifland  of  Grenada, 
in  the  Weft-lnJies ;  formctly  called  Fort  Royalc, 
which  name  the  fort  ftUl  retains.  It  is  fituated  on  a 
fpacious  bay,  on  the  W.  or  lee-lide  of  tlie  Ifland,  not 
far  from  the  S.  end,  and  polll-lfes  one  of  the  fafefl  and 
moll  commodious  harbors  In  the  Britifh  W.  Indies, 
which  has  lately  been  fortified  at  a  very  great  expenfe, 
and  declared  a  free  jiort.  This  town  was  deftroyed  by 
a  dreadful  fire  in  1771,  and  on  November  i,  1775, 
it  met  with  the  like  misfortune  ;  and  the  lofs  was 
valued  at  ^.500,000  The  town  now  mnkes  a  very 
handfome  appearance,  has  a  fpacious  fqu  ire  or  pa- 
rade  ;  the  h>  ufes  are  built  cf  brick,  and  tiled  or  flat- 
ed  ;  fome  few  are  built  of  ftone,  excepting  the  ware- 
houfes  and  dwelling-houfes  round  the  harbor,  which 
arc  niollly  wooden  building?.  Thtf.-  are  in  a  great 
meafure  feparated  from  the  town  by  a  very  deep  and 
rocky  hill,  the  houfes  on  which,  with  the  trees  which 
ferve  for  fiiade,  have  a  rcmuuic  appearance.  Tlie 
town  is  computed  to  contain  about  2000  inhabitants, 
many  of  whom  are  wealthy  merchants.  This  was  its 
fituation  hefore  the  infurreiJlion  of  the  negroes ;  of  its 
prcfent  ftate  wc  have  not  authentic  inform  ition. — ih. 

GEORGE- 


6corg;- 
town. 


GEO  [95 

GEORGETOWN,  the  chief  town  of  Snffex  co. 
Delxwaie,  is  fitiiateil  16  miles  W.  S,  W.  of  Lewillown, 
and  103  S.  of  Philadelphia.  It  contains  about  30 
houl'cs  and  has  lately  been  made  the  feat  of  the  county 
court". — ii. 

GeorgiiTOWn,  a  port  town  in  Maryland,  fituated 
in  Kent  en.  on  the  E.  fide  of  Chefapeak  bay,  of  about 
30  lionfes.  It  is  (j  miles  from  the  month  of  the  river 
Saifafras,  bcinu;  featecl  on  the  S.  fide  oppofite  to  Fre- 
deric, Oo  N.  K  of  Cheacr,  and  65  S.  W.  of  Philadd- 
phia. — ii. 

Georcltown,  a  village  of  Fayette  co.  Pennfylva- 
nia,  fituated  on  the  S.  E.  fide  of  Monongahela  rivtr, 
at  the  mouth  of  George's  creek.     Here  a  number  of 


] 


G    E    6 


boats  are  annually  built  for  the  trade  and  emigration 
to  the  weftern  country.  It  lies  16  miles  S.  W.  of 
Union. — ib. 

Georgetown',  a  port  town  and  p;  rt  of  entry,  in 
Montgomery  co.  Maryland,  and  in  the  territory  of  Co- 
lumbia. It  is  pleafintiy  fituated  on  a  number  of  fmall 
hills,  upon  the  noithern  bank  of  Potowmack  river; 
bounded  ea(tw:ird  by  Rock  creek,  which  feparates  it 
from  Walliington  city,  and  lies  4  miles  from  the  capi- 
tol,  and  y  N.  of  Alexandria.  It  contains  about  230 
houfes,  fevcral  of  which  are  elegant  and  commodious. 
The  Roman  Catholics  have  eflablifhed  a  college  here, 
for  the  promotion  of  general  literature,  which  is  at 
prefent  in  a  very  flourifhing  ftate.  The  building  being 
found  inadequate  to  contain  the  number  of  Undents 
that  applied,  a  large  addition  has  been  made  to  it. 
(ileor^etown  carries  on  a  fmall  trade  with  Europe  and 
tiie  W.  Indies.  The  exports  in  one  year,  ending  Sept. 
50,  1794,  amounted  to  the  value  of  128,924  dollars. 
It  is  46  miles  S.  W.  by  VV.  of  Baltimore,  and  148  S. 
\V.  of  Philadelphia.— /■*. 

Georgetown,  in  Lincoln  co.  diflricfl  of  Maine,  is 
fituated  on  both  fides  of  Kenebeck  river.  It  was  in- 
corporated in  I  716,  is  the  oldeft  town  in  the  county, 
and  contains  1333  inhabittints.  It  is  bounded  fouth- 
erly  by  the  ocean,  wefteily  by  the  towns  of  Harpfvvell 
and  Brunfwick,  N.  vveflerly  by  Bath,  and  eaflerly  by 
Woolwich  ;  being  entirely  furrounded  by  navigable 
waters,  excepting  about  2  miles  of  land,  which  divides 
the  waters  of  Winnajiance  creek,  a  part  of  the  Kenne- 
beck,  from  an  arm  or  influx  of  Cafco  bay,  called  Ste- 
phen's river. 

The  entrance  at  the  mouth  of  Kennebeck  river,  is 
guided  on  the  E.  by  P.irker's  ifl.ind,  belonging  to  this 
lowrthip.  It  contains  about  28,000  acres  of  land  and 
fait  maifh,  and  is  inhabited  by  more  than  one  third 
part  of  the  people  of  the  toMufliip.  This  was  the 
ipot  on  which  the  Europeans  firft  attempted  to  colo- 
nize New-England,  in  the  year  1607.  It  is  a  part  of 
what  was  called  Sagadahock  ;  and  the  patentees  of  the 
Plymouth  company  began  here  to  lay  the  foundation 
of  a  great  Hate.  They  fent  over  a  number  of  civil 
and  military  cfBcers,  and  about  100  people.  By  vari- 
ous misfortunes  they  were  forced  to  give  up  the  fettle- 
jnent,  and  in  16&8,  the  whole  number  who  furvivsd 
the  winter  returned  to  England. 

There  was  a  tradition  among  the  Norridgewalk  In- 
dlan>i,  that  thefe  planters  invited  a  number  of  the  na- 
tives, who  had   come  to  trade  with  them,  to  draw  a 


thereby  killed  and  wounded  feveral  of  them.  The  rc- 
fentment  of  the  natives  at  this  treacherous  murder,  ob- 
ligi;d  the  Europeans  to  reimbark  the  next  fummer. 
Gsorgetown  is  15  miles  S.  of  Pownalborough,  and  170 
N.  by  E.  of  Boflon. — ii. 

Gbor.GETowN,  a  poft  town  of  Georgia,  in  the  co. 
of  Oglethorpe,  50  miles  S.  W.  of  Augulla,  furround- 
ed by  a  poor  country  ;  but,  never thcleis,  exhibits 
marks  of  growing  profperity. — iL 

Georgetown,  a  large  maritime  difliiifl  in  the  lower 
country  of  S.  Cirolini,  fituated  in  the  S.  E.  corner  of 
the  Rate;  bounded  N.  E.  by  the  Kate  of  N  Carolina, 
S.  E.  by  the  ocean,  S.  W.  by  Santee  river,  which  di- 
vides it  from  Charlefton  diftrift.  and  N.  W.  by  Cam- 
den and  Cheraw  diftriiffs.  It  is  about  112  miles  from 
N.  to  S.  and  63  from  E.  to  W.  and  is  divided  into 
the  pariflies  of  All  Saints,  Prince  George,  and  Prince 
Frederick.  It  contains,  according  to  the  cenfus  of 
1790,  22,122  inhabitants,  of  whom  13,131  are  flaves. 
It  fends  to  the  flate  legiflature  10  reprefcntatives  and 
3  I'enators,  and  pavs  taxes  to  the  amout  of  ^.3585-12-6. 
—ik 

Georgetown,  a  poft  town,  port  of  entr)-,  and  ca- 
pital of  the  above  diflrift,  is  fituated  on  a  fpot  near 
which  feveral  ftreams  unite  their  waters,  and  form  a 
broad  ftream  called  Winyaw  bay,  1 2  miles  from  the 
fea.  Its  fituation  conneifts  it  with  an  extenfive  back 
country  of  both  the  Carolinas,  and  would  be  a  place 
of  vafl  importance,  were  it  not  for  a  bar  at  the  en- 
trance of  Winyaw  bay,  which  interrupts  the  entrance 
of  ved'els  drawing  above  11  feet  water,  and  is  in  ma- 
ny refpeifts  a  dangerous  place.  It  contains  above  300 
houfes,  built  chiefly  of  wood.  The  public  buildings 
are  a  court-houfe,  gaol,  and  academy  ;  3  churches,  of 
which  the  Epifcopalians,  B^iptilb,  and  Methodifts 
have  one  each.  There  is  heie  a  fmall  trade  to  the 
Well-Indies.  The  exports  for  one  year,  ending  Sept. 
30,  1795,  were  to  the  value  of  21,511  dollars.  It  is 
60  miles  N.  E.  by  N.  of  Chailelton,  127  S.  W.  of 
Wilmington,  N.  Carolina,  and  681  from  Philadel- 
phia.    N.  lat.  33.    24.  W.  long.  79.  35 — ii, 

GEORGIA  WESTERN  TERRITORY.  Under 
this  name  is  included  all  that  part  of  the  State  of 
Georgia  which  lies  weft  of  the  head  vvaters  of  thofe 
rivers  which  fjll  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  This  ex- 
tenfive trail  of  country  embraces  fome  of  the  finell  land 
in  tlie  United  States,  is  interfered  with  a  great  num- 
ber of  noble  rivers,  which  mny  be  feen  by  an  inTpetflion 
of  the  map,  and  is  inhabited  (except  fuch  parts  where- 
in the  Indian  title  has  been  extingiiifhcd)  by  three  na- 
tions of  Indian?,  viz.  the  Mufliogulge  or  Creek,  the 
Chaifiaws,  and  Chicafaws.  The  Cherokees  alfo  have 
a  title  to  a  fmall  portion  of  the  northern  part  of  this 
territory,  on  the  Tenneffee  river.  Thefe  nations  to- 
gether can  furn'fh  between  8  and  9000  warriors. 
About  2COO  families  of  while  people  inhabit  thofe  parts 
of  this  territory  where  the  Indian  title  h^s  been  ex- 
tinguilhcd,  chiefly  at  the  Natchez,  and  the  Yazoo  river, 
en  the  banks  of  the  MifljlTippi,  and  a  coniiderable 
number  on  the  Tombigbee  river,  and  fcattcred  among 
the  Creek  Indians.  Tiiis  territory,  for  reafons  which 
will  hereafter  appear,  has  lately  become  an  objeft  of 
much  public  attention  and  inquiry,  in  Europe,  as  well 


George* 
to\Tn 

II 

Gcorgi* 

Wcilcrn 

Territory. 


fmall  cannon  by  a  rope,  and  that  when  they  were  rang-    as  in  the  United  States  ;  and  on  this  account,  the  fol- 
ed  in  a  line,  the  white  people  difcharged  the  piece,  and    lowing  delci  iption  of  it  and  Ratement  of  fafls  relative 

to 


GEO 


[     97     3 


GEO 


Georgia    to  the  Me  of  certain  parts  of  it,  and  the  claims  of  the  en  the  W.     Tlie  free  navigation  of  this  noble  river  ij    Ororgia 

TTrritory    ^""^'^  States,  &c.   have  been  colkaed  and  arranged  nnw  enjoyed   by  the  inhabitants  of  the  United  States.    Wclicn, 

v,^_v^  With  great  care  from  the  moft  authentic  fources   that  It  empties,  by  feveral  mouths  of  different  depths,  from  "'""^"•'""T- 

can  be  obtained,  and  j;iven  und»r  this  head  for  the  in-  9  to  16   feet,  into   the  Gulf  of  M.-xico,  in   about  lat.  ^"^"''^*~' 

forniaticn  of  the  public  (a).     This  Territory,  lying  be-  29  N.     The  bars  at  the  mcuth  of  this  riv;r  frequent! 

tween  the  3  1  a  and  -jjih  degrees  of  N.  latitude,  is  not  ly   ihift  ;    after  pafDng   them   into  the   river,  there   is 

fubjecl  to  the  eitrernej  cf  heat  or  cold  ;  the  climate  is  from  3  to    10  fathoms  of  water,  as  far   as  the  S.   W. 

temperate  and  delightful  tlirough  the  year;  and  except  pafs  ;  and  thence  to   the  MilFouri,  a  diftance  of  1,142 

in  low  grounds,  and  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Itagnant  computed  miles,  from  12,   15,  zc,  and  30  fathoms  it 

waters,  ib  very  healthful.     White  frofts,  and  fometimes  the  general  depth. 

thin  ice,  have  been  feen  as  far  S.  as  the  31ft  degree  of         In  afcending  the  Miflifllppi  there  are  extenfive  natu- 

latitude;  but  fnow  is  very  uncommon    in  any  part  of  ral  meadows,  v.-itli  a   profp'.fl  of  t!ie  Gulf  of  Mexico 

this  territory.     A  perfon  refiding  at  the  N.itcliez  writes  on  eacli  fide,  the  diftance  of  jz  miles,   to  a  place  call- 

to    his   friend,  in   the   eaftern  part   of  Georgia,    that  ed  Detouraui-Plaquemines,  in  W.    TTorida.     Tlience 

"this  country   aJords   the    beft   fpring   water;  every  20  miles  to  the  fettlements,  the  banks  are  low  and  mar- 

perfon  almoft  is  in  blooming  health."  (b)    Others  who  Ihy,  generally  overflowed  and  covered  with  thick  wood, 

have  vifited  it,  fay  of  that  pait  of  the  territory  which  palmetto  bullies,  &c.  apjiarentiy   impenetrable  by  m.in 

borders  on  the  Mifhllippi,  that  "  the  water  is  good  for  or  beaft.     Thence  to  Detcur-des  Anijloif,  at  the  bcnj 

20  miles  back  from  the  river,  and  the  country  healthy  of  the  river,  the  banks  are  w  ell  inhabited  ;  as  alfo  from 

and  plealant,  and  of  all  others  that  they  have  feen  the  hence  to   New-Orleans    i8  miles,  which   diflan:e  there 

moft  defirable."     Mr  Hutching,  ipeaking  of  the  fame  is  a  good  road   for  carriages.     Vcifsh   pnfs   from   the 

trafl,    fays,  "  the   climate  is   healthy   and   temperate,  mouth  of  this  river  to  Ncw-Orlears  icj  miles,  in  7  or 

the  country  delightful  and  well  watered,  and  the  prof-  8  days,  commonly  ;  fomctimos  in  3  or  4. 
pe&  is  beautiiul  and  extenfive;  variegated  by  many  in-         From  New-Orleans,  the  capital  or"  Louifiana,  there 

equalities,  ai'.d  fine   meadows,  feparatcd  by  innumera-  is  aneafy  cnmmnnic.ition  with  Wefk  FlriJa  by  Bayonk 

ble  copfes,  the  trees  of  which   are  of  different  kinds,  Cr.ek,  which  is  a   water  of  lake  Ponchartraiii,  navi- 

but  moftly  of  v/alnut  and  oak.     The   elevated,  open,  gable  for  veirds  driv/lng  four  feet  water,   fix  miles  up 

and  airy  fituation  of  this  country,  renders  il  lefs  liable  from  the  lake,  to  a  bnding-pldce  two  miles  from  Kew- 

to  fevers  and  agues  (the  only  diforders  ever  known  in  Orleans      For  nearly  50  miles,  as  you  proceed  up  the 

its  neighbouihood)  than  fome  other  parts  bordering  on  river,  both  its  banks  are  lettled  and  highly  cultivated, 

the  Miihirippi,  where  the  want  of  a  fufficient  defcent  to  in  part  by  emigrants  from  Germany,   who  furnilh  the 

convey  the  waters  off,  occafions  numbers  of  ftagnant  market  with  indigo  of  a  fuperior  quality,  cotton,  rice, 

ponds    whofe    exhalations   infeifl   the   air."     Another  beans,  myrtle  wax,  and  lumber.     In  1762,  fome  rich 

traveller  defcribes  the  country  between  the  Tombigbee  planters  attempted  the  cultivation  of  canes  and  tlic  ma- 

and  the   Coofa  and    Alabama  as  being  healthy,  well  king  of  fugar,  and  erected  mills  for  the  purpofe.     This 

watered  with  many  pleafant  rivulets,  affording  delight-  fugar  was  of  an  excellent  quality,  and,  fome   of  the 

ful  fituacions  for  fettlements,  and  the  water  pure  aud  crops  were  large  ;  but  fome  winters  proving  fo  fevere 

very  good.  as  to  kill  the  canes,  no  dependence  can  be  placed   on 

TogiveajuPt  view  of  the  rivers,  and   to  afcertain  the  culture  of  that  article. 

the  advantages   derived  from  them  to   this  Territory,         The  fettlemsnts  of  the  Acadians,  which  were  begun 

it  is  neceifary  to  trace  them  from   their  mouths  in  the  in  the   year    1763,  extend  on  both  fides  of  the  river, 

Gulf  of  Mexico.     The  Milliffippi  bounds  this  territory  from  the  Germans,  to  the  river  Ibberville,  which  is  99 

SuppL.  Vol.  IL  N  miles 


(a)  The  fources  whence  the  author  has  derived  his  information,  in  dravn'ng  up  the  following  account,  are 
Capt.  Thomas  Hutchins's  "  Hiflorical  narrative  and  topographical  defcription  of  Louifiana  and  Weft-Flori- 
da," comprehending  alfo  many  of  the  rivers  and  fettlements  In  the  Georgia  Weftern  Territory  ;  publilhed  in 
17S4.  Private  letters  and  journals  ;  minutes  taken  from  verbal  defcriptions  of  genthmen  of  veracity  and  in- 
telligence who  have  refided  in  that  country.  The  journals  and  laws  of  the  State  ot  Georgia — St.itc  pjpeis,  and 
Reports  both  printed  and  M.  S.  ot  Congrefs,  and  of  Agents  of  the  feveral  companies  who  have  purchaled  lands 
in  this  territory. 

(b)  The  letter  here  alluded  to  contains  the  following  paragraphs:  "  Our  navigation  is  excellent ;  our  high 
lands  preferable  to  Bejch  Ifland,  ( 1 )  when  in  its  bloom  ;  ftock  is  as  eafy  come  at  as  where  y>u  are  ;  lands  are 
rifing  faft,  at\d  I  expefl  will  be  very  high  in  a  few  years.  The  canes  in  common,  on  the  high  lands,  larger 
than  m  the  river-fwamps,  [meaning  in  the  eadern  part  of  GeoigiaJ  from  30  to  35  feet  high,  and  upwards, 
and  in  many  places  (land  fo  thick,  that  one  can  fcarcely  walk  a  mile  in  h^lt  an  hour.  Some  temilics  mull  be 
coming  to  this  moll  fluuiilhing  country  in  the  world.  I  wilh  you  to  advife  any  of  niy  relations  you  lee  to  come 
with  all  halle;  if  they  can  get  here,  and  are  turned  out  naked  in  the  world,  in  one  year  thtv  mijht  bi  fixed 
again.  I  am  furc  could  I  have  time  to  fay  as  much  as  I  wi:li  to  fiy,  you  would  be  wilh  me  thi»  iall.  I  could 
venture  to  almoft  promife,  if  you  would  be  wife  and  conie,  to  make  good  any  deliciencies  yon  might  Hnd  in  llie 
place."  The  author  is  in  poil'etVioii  of  the  original  letter,  above  men.ioRed,  wliith  has  every  mark  ot  authenticity  ; 
and  the  above  extr.<Cls  are  infertcd,  as  containing  the  (imple,  honeft  defcription  o(  a  plain  tarmer  ;  and  en  which 
more  dependence  is  to  be  I'l.^ced,  than  on  the  muft  elaborate  and  elegant  delcripiions,  of  interelled  indiv-iduals. 

( I )  Alluding  to  a  remarkably  feitile  illaud  in  the  caftern  part  ot  Georgia,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  writ- 
er's correfpondent,  and  with  which  both  were  well  acquainted. 

s 


GEO 


[     98     ] 


GEO 


Gcorpi  miles  atove  Nc-.v-Orb^rs,  and  270  from  Penfdcola, 
Weiltrn  [^y  .^yjy  pf  lj]^ej  Ponchat train  imd  M.iurepas. 
2^^'^^  At  Point  Coupee,  35  miles  above  the  Ibberville, 
are  ;'ettlfrr.<.ii;s  cxiemiiiig  20  miles  on  the  W.  fioe  of  the 
liver,  whicii,  30  yeais  aj;o,  haJ  2,000  v.'hite  inhabit- 
ant?, and  7, coo  flaves,  who  weie  employed  in  the 
cultiv:rion  i>f  tobacco,  indigo,  Indi;in  corn,  &c.  for 
tht  Nf.v-O: leans  maiket,  which  they  fuinillieJ  alfo 
wiih  poultry,  ar.d  abundance  of  fqii.ired  timber.  Haves, 
&c. 

Mr  HutcLir.s,  fjoni  h's  ^'sikv.A  knowledge,  de- 
fcribes  the  country  on  both  fides  of  the  M  fliTippi,  be- 
tween the  litiludes  30  and  3!,  bcrd.eriiig  on  Georgia, 
as  follows  : 

"  AUliough  this  country  might  produce  all  the  va- 
luable articles  raifed  in  otlier  parts  of  tiie  globe,  fitiiit- 
ed  ill  th.e  f.irnt  latitudes,  yet  ihe  inhabitants  principally 
cultivate  ir.digo,  rice,  tobacco,  Indian  com,  and  feme 
wheat  ;  and  they  raife  l.nrie  flocks  of  black  rattle, 
1)01  fe-.,  mules,  hogs,  Di-'p  and  poultry.  The  (heep 
are  f.iid  to  ma'-'c  i'.-:  iv.tvlcrt  mutton  in  the  world. 
The  bl.ick  c.iltle,  \vl:en  fat  enough  for  file,  which  they 
commonly  are  the  year  round,  are  driven  acrofs  the 
country  to  New-Oijean?,  where  there  is  always  a  good 
market. 

This  country  is  principally  timbered  with  all  the 
different  k'n^'s  of  oak,  but  mollly  with  live-oak,  of 
the  lar;reft  and  beft  qiialiy,  uncommonly  large  cy- 
prcfs,  black  walnut,  hickory,  white  afii,  cherry,  plum, 
poplar  trets,  and  grape  vines ;  here  i:,  found  alfo  a 
great  variety  of  Ihiubj  .ind  me.iicinal  roots.  The  lands 
bordering  the  rivers  and  lakes,  are  generally  well 
wooded,  bat  at  a  fmall  dillance  from  them  are  very 
extenfive  n.-.tural  meadows,  or  favannas,  of  the  m  ft 
luxuriant  foil,  compofed  of  a  black  mould,  about  one 
and  a  half  feet  deep,  veiy  loofe  and  rich,  occafioned 
in  part,  by  the  fiequtnt  burning  of  the  favannas  ; 
below  the  black  mtuld  is  a  ftifF  clay  cf  diffv-'ient  co- 
lou)s.  It  is  fiid,  this  clay,  after  being  expofed  fome 
time  to  the  fun,  becomes  fo  hard,  tiiat  it  is  difficult 
either  to  bieak  or  bend,  but  v.hsn  wet  by  alight  Ihow- 
er  of  rain,  it  flackcns  in  the  fame  manner  as  lime  does 
when  expofed  to  moidcre,  and  becomes  locfe  and 
moulders  away,  after  which  it  is  foui.d  excelUnt  for 
vegetation." 

After  pafErg  the  3 iff  degree  oF  N.  lat.  from  W. 
Florida  into  Georgia,  you  enter  what  is  called  the 
Nat.-hez  C'/umry,  bi-.rJeiing  on  the  I.I  fiiffippi.  Fort 
Rofaile,  in  this  ccun:ry,  is  in  lat.  31  40,  243  miles 
above  New-Orleans, 

"  I'he  foil  of  this  country  is  fuperior  to  any  cf  the 
lands  on  llii  borders  of  the  river  MiQiliippi,  for  the 
prodiidion  cf  many  article^.  Its  fitustion  being  high- 
er, affords  a  greater  variety  of  fcil,  and  is  in  a  more 
favourable  climate  for  the  growth  cf  wheat,  rye,  bar- 
ley, oats,  &c.  than  the  country  lower  down,  and 
nearer  to  t!;e  fe^.  The  foil  alfo  produces  in  equal 
abundance,  Indian  corn,  lice,  hemp,  Hax,  indigo, 
cottrn,  potherbs,  pulfe  of  every  kind,  and  paftur  age  ; 
•  and  the  tc  bicco  made  here,  is  etleemed  preferable  to 

any  cultivated  in  oiher  parts  of  America.     Hops  grow 
wild;  all  kinds  c.t  European  fruits  arrive  to  great  per- 


fection, and  no  part  of  the   known  world  is  more  fa-    Georgia 
vourable  for  the  raifing  of  every  kind  (f  llock.     The    Weftem 
rifing  ground-,   which  are  cloathed  witli  grafs  and  other  rJIl^^^Tl^ 
herbs  cfthe  tineff  verdure,  are  well  adapted  to  the  cul- 
ture of  vines :   the  mulberry  trees   are  very  numcrcus, 
and  the  winters  fuiflciently   moderate  fcr  the  breed   of 
filk   worms.     Clay   of  different  colours,  fit  for   glafs 
w.  rks  and  pottery,  is  found  here  in  great  abundance; 
and  alf?  a  variety  of  ftatcly  timber,  ti:  for  lioule   and 
fhip  building,  SiC." 

Another  gentleman,  well  infortned,  (c)  fiys,  "  The 
lands  on  the  Mifllfiippi,  extending  eaftward  about  20 
mile;,  are  hilly,  without  flones  or  land,  extremely  rich, 
of  a  deep  black  foil,  covered  thick  with  canes,  white 
and  black  oak,  walnu',  hickory,  alli,  fome  fugar  ma- 
ple, beech,  and  dogwood  ;  that  there  are  very  few 
dreams  or  fprirgs  of  water  ;  that  the  water  is  not  good, 
and  t.ifles  as  if  impregnated  with  fu'phur;  that  the 
country  is  mtich  infefled  with  iiifcifls ;  that  the  land  is 
hi:;h  and  bluff  three-fourths  of  the  dillance  along  the 
river  MifliQippi,  and  a  part  overflowed  and  drowned." 
But  it  is  appiehended  that  this  defcrip'ion  is  not  per- 
feiffly  jull,  fo  far  as  it  applies  to  the  fcarcity  and  bad- 
nels  of  the  water  ;  as  a  gentleman  of  relpeclable  cha- 
r.ifter,  who  refided  9  mon'hs  at  the  Nntcliez,  fays, 
"  The  finds  on  the  MilFilfippi  are  more  level,  and  bet- 
ter watered,  than  is  above  reprefenred  ;  and  that  the' 
water  is  good,  and  the  country  healthy  and  remarka- 
bly pleafant." 

This  country  was  once  famous  for  its  inhabitants, 
the  Natchez  Indi.ins  ;  who,  from  their  great  number;, 
and  the  improved  ftate  <f  fotieiy  among  them,  were 
confidered  as  the  moft  civilized  In-Jiaiis  on  the  conti- 
nent d  America.  N  'thing  now  remains  of  this  nation 
but  their  name,  by  which  their  country  continues  to  be 
called.  The  dilfriift  of  the  N'.tchez,  as  well  as  all 
ah'ng  the  eallern  bank  of  the  jNIiiiillippi  to  the  river 
Tbbervillc,  was  fettling  very  faft  by  emigralions  from 
the  northern  States,  till  the  capture  of  the  Dritilh  troops 
on  the  Miffillippl,   1779,  put  an  entire  flop  to  it. 

"  From  fort  llofailie  to  the  Petit  Goufre  is  3  li  miles. 
There  is  a  firm  reck  on  the  eaft  l"ide  of  the  Millitlippi 
for  near  a  m  le,  which  f;ems  to  be  cf  the  nature  of 
lime-llone.  The  land  near  the  river  is  much  broken 
and  very  high,  with  a  good  foil,  and  feveral  plantati- 
ons on  it.  From  the  Petit  Goufre  to  Stoney  river,  is 
4-}  nides.  From  the  mouth  to  what  is  called  the  fork 
of  this  river,  is  computed  to  be  21  miles.  In  this  dif- 
tance  there  are  feveral  qiidriies  of  ft  me,  and  the  land 
has  a  clay  foil,  with  gravtl  on  the  furface  of  the  ground. 
On  the  north  fide  of  this  river,  the  land  in  general  is 
low  and  rich  ;  that  on  the  fouih  fide  is  much  higher, 
but  broken  into  hills  and  vales  ;  but  here  ths  low  lands 
are  not  often  overflowed  ;  both  fides  are  ftaded  with  a 
variety  of  ufcful  timber.  At  the  fork,  tire  river  parts 
almoft  at  right  angle:,  and  the  lands  between  and  on 
each  fide  cf  them  are  faid  to  be  clay  and  iiurl  foil,  not 
fo  uneven  as  the  Unds  on  this  river  lower  down.  Froni 
Stony  river  to  Loufa  Chitto,  or  Big  lilack  river,  is  10 
miles.  This  river,  at  the  mouth,  is  about  30  yards 
wide,  but  within,  from  50  to  50  yards,  and  is  faid  to 
be  navigable   for   canoes  jo  or  4.0   leagues.     About  a 

mils 


(c)  Mr  Ifaac  Perry,  of  Buik  county,  Georgia. 


GEO 


[     99     ] 


GEO 


•corgia  mile  and  n  half  up  llils  liver,  the  high  lands  are  clofe 
Wcilcvn  f,„  ti)£  light,  ;ind  are  much  broken.  A  mile  and  a 
^\^![i^5^^  half  further,  the  higli  lands  appear  again  on  tlie  right, 
where  tiiete  r.ie  ieveral  fpilngs  of  water,  hut  nnne  a; 
3-et  have  been  difcovercd  en  the  left.  At  about  8  mile; 
i'urlher,  the  high  lands  are  ne  ir  the  liver,  on  the  left, 
and  appear  to  be  the  lame  ranae  that  comes  fiom  the 
Yazoo  rlift^.  At  ux  m.ihs  fuilher,  the  high  lands  are 
near  the  liver  on  both  fides,  and  continue  for  two  or 
three  miles,  but  broken  and  full  of  fprinj;s  of  water. 
This  land  on  the  left  was  chofen  by  Gen.  Putnam,  Cipt. 
Enos,  Mr  Lyman,  and  other  New-Englani  adventur- 
ers, as  a  proptr  place  for  a  town  ;  and,  by  order  of 
the  govsrnor  and  council  of  Weft-Florida,  in  1773,  it 
was  refcrved  for  the  capital.  The  couiitiy  round  is 
very  fit  for  fett'.oments.  For  four  or  five  miles  above 
this  place,  on  b)th  fides  of  the  river,  tlie  land  is  rich, 
and  not  fo  much  drowned,  nor  fo  uneven,  as  f  ime  parts 
lower  down.  About  fix  m  les  and  a  half  further,  tliere 
is  a  rapid  water,  ftones  and  gravel  bottom,  160  yards 
in  length  ;  and  in  one  place  a  firm  rock  almoll  acrofs 
the  river,  and  as  much  of  it  bare,  when  the  water  is 
at  a  moderate  height,  a;  confines  the  dream  to  nearly 
20  feet ;  and  the  channel  is  about  four  feet  deep. 

From  the  Lnufa  Chitto  to  the  Yazoo  Cliff-;,  is  40 
miles.  From  this  clifFthe  high  lands  lie  norih-caftward 
and  fouth-fouth  eaftward,  bearing  off  from  the  river, 
.full  of  cane  and  rich  foil,  even  on  the  very  highell 
ridges.  Jufl  at  the  S.  end  of  the  cliflV,  the  bank  is  low, 
where  the  water  ot  the  Miffifllppi,  when  high,  flows 
back  and  runs  betv,-ecn  the  bank  and  high  land,  which 
ranges  nearly  northerly  and  ibyih-fouth-eafieily  to  the 
Loui'a  Ch'ilo,  occafioning  much  wet  ground,  cyprefs 
fvamp,  and  ftagnant  ponds.  From  the  Cliffs,  i;  I'even 
miles  and  a  half  to  the  river  Yazoo.  The  mouth  of 
this  river  is  rpwards  of  100  yards  in  width,  and  was 
found  by  Mr  Gaul  to  be  in  lat.  3237,  and  by  Mr  Purcell 
in  32  28  N.  The  water  (  f  the  Milliffippi,  when  the 
liver  is  liigh,  runs  up  the  Yazoo  feveral  miles,  and 
empties  iift-lf  again  by  a  num^er  of  channels,  which 
direcl  their  coiirfc  acrofs  the  country,  and  fall  in  above 
the  Walnut  Hills.  The  Yazoo  runs  from  the  N.  E. 
and  glides  thronp;!i  a  healthy,  fertile  and  pie  ifant  coun- 
try, greatly  rcl'trr.bling  ih.u  about  the  Natchez,  paiti- 
cularly  in  the  luxuiiancy  and  divei  fity  of  its  foil,  variety 
of  timber,  temperature  of  climate,  ijnd  delightful  fitu- 
ation.  It  is  rematkably  wtll  watered  by  fprings  and 
brooks;  many  of  the  Utter  afford  convenient  feats  for 
mills.  Further  up  this  liver  the  canes  ate  hfs  freqient, 
and  fmaller  in  fize,  and  at  the  di  (lance  of  20  miles  there 
are  fcarcely  any.  Here  the  country  is  clear  of  under- 
wood, and  well  watered,  and  the  foil  very  rich,  which 
continues  to  the  Chaitaw  and  Cuickafaw  towns,  on  the 
eaflern  and  nonh-v/eRern  branches  of  Yazoo  river. 
Thefe  branches  unite  50  miles  from  the  Millilllppi, 
following  ilie  courfe  of  the  river;  the  navigation  to 
their  junction,  comm<^r.ly  called  tlie  Fork,  is  ))rac- 
ticable  with  very  large  boats  in  the  ipring  feafm, 
and  with  fmaller  ones  a  coiifideraijle  way  further,  witli 
the  interrupti-Mi  of  but  one  fall,  where  they  are  obliged 
to  make  a  (hovt  portage,  20  miles  up  the  N.  W.  branch, 
and  70  miles  from  the  Millitlippi.  The  country  in  wliich 
the  Cha.Tavv  and  Chickafavv  towns  are  fituatcd,  is  f.iid 
to  be  Eis  h.c.ilthy  as  any  part  of  the  continent,  the  na- 
tives fcaiccly  ever  being   iick.     Such  of  them  as  fre- 


quent the  MiffitTippi,  leave  its  banks  as  the  fummerap-  Cror^ix 
proaches,  left  tliey  might  paitake  of  the  fevers  tha'  }^''ft'r>> 
(ometimcs  vifit  the  low,  fuampy  lands  bordeiing  upon  3^^!^^ 
that  river.  Wheat,  it  is  faid  yields  better  at  the  Ya- 
zoo than  at  the  Natclie?,  owing  probibly  to  its  mrre 
northern  fituatinn.  One  very  confiderable  advantage 
will  attend  the  fettlers  on  the  river  Yaz^.o,  which  thofc 
at  the  Natchez  will  be  deprived  of,  wi.hout  going  to  a 
gre.at  eypenfe  ;  that  h,  the  building  with  flone,  th<re 
being  great  plenty  near  the  Yaz  -.n,  but  none  has  yet 
been  difcovered  nearer  to  tlie  Natchez  th.in  the  Petit 
Goufrc,  or  Little  Whirlpool,  a  dillance  of  about  31 
miles.  Between  this  place  and  the  Bali/.e,  there  is  not 
a  flone  to  be  feen  any  where  near  the  river.  Though 
the  quantity  cf  good  land  rn  the  Miffiillppi  and  it* 
branches,  fiom  the  B  ly  of  Mexico  to  the  river  Oliio,  a 
diflance  of  nearly  one  thoufand  miles,  is  valHy  grea', 
and  the  conveniences  attending  it  j  fo  likewife  we  may 
eltccm  that  in  the  neighbouihood  of  tlie  Natchez,  and 
of  the  river  Yazoo,  the  flower  of  it  all. 

About  a  mile  and  a  half  up  the  Yazoo  river,  on  the 
N.  fide,  there  is  a  large  creek,  which  communicates 
with  the  Miirulippi  above  the  livei  St  Franci?,  about 
100  leagues  higher  up,  by  the  courfe  of  the  river.  It 
partes  through  feveral  lakci  by  the  v.-ay.  At  the  dif- 
tance  of  12  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  river  Yazoo, 
on  the  S.  fide,  are  the  Yazoo  hills.  There  is  a  cliff  of 
folid  rock  at  the  lindirg  place,  on  which  are  a  variety 
of  broken  pieces  of  fei  faells,  and  foinc  entire.  Four 
miles  further  up,  is  the  place  c.illcd  the  Ball  Ground, 
near  which  a  church,  fort  Sc  Peter,  and  a  French  f;t- 
tlement,  formeily  flood.  They  we:e  deflroycd  by  the 
Yazoo  Indians  in  1729.  Tint  nation  is  now  entiiely 
extincl."      [Huldiit.^ 

From  about  20  miles  eafiward  of  the  MilliiTippi,  to 
Half  way  or  Pearl  river,  the  diflance  of  about  60 
miles,  (fbnie  fay  let's)  is  "  a  fine,  level  country,  very 
fertile,  and  better  watered  than  rearer  the  MilfilTippi. 
There  is  fome  mixture  of  find  with  loam,  the  timber 
the  lame,  with  the  addition  of  bl  ick-j  ick,  and  poll-oak. 
This  tradl  is  interfperfcd  with  what  the  French  call 
Prairies  or  Savannas,  which  are  extenfive  intervals  of 
1,000  and  2, coo  acres  <f  excellent  land,  of  a  deep 
black  foil,  free  of  all  limber  and  trees.  It  is  this  kliij 
of  land  which  the  Indians  cultivate.  From  the  Millif- 
fippi to  this  river,  there  are  no  Indian^.  To  a  traifl 
of  this  country,  extending  along  the  Mifiillippi  from 
the  311!  degree  of  litituJe  to  the  Yazoo  river,  at  the 
S.  end,  30  rniles  wide,  and  narrowing  as  you  proceed 
northerly  to  the  width  of  15  miles,  the  Indian  title  lias 
been  citinguilhed.  It  was  at  firll  purciiafcd  by  tlu 
Englifli ;  l!Ut  they,  not  having  crn  pitted  llie  payment 
for  it,  before  it  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards, 
they,  (the  Spaniards)  in  the  year  1792,  paid  the  ba- 
lance. At  Walnut  Hills,  the  Spaniards  have  a  fort, 
which,  according  to  tro.ity,  is  to  be  gnen  up  (if  not 
already  dene)  to  the  Uu'ttd  .States.  To  the  country 
N.  of  the  Yazoo,  the  Indi  in  title  is  not  yet  citinguifh- 
cd.  About  one  half  of  llie  f"uihcrn  part,  a  dill.ance 
of  about  $0  miles  up  the  Yazoo,  is  o«Tied  l)y  the 
Chaflaws,  the  nortlurn  half  by  th;  Ciiickafaws."  The 
gentleman  wlio  gives  the  above  information,  and  who 
was  in  t!-.is  country  in  the  year  1792,  fiys,  "  that  the 
Yazon  is  about  00  yards  vv'idc  ;  is  boittbie  ico  miles; 
th'.t  he  cioil'id  the  counliy  by  diifrrcr.t  routes,  3  or  4 
N  2  times 


GEO 


[     loo     ] 


GEO 


Georgia    times  frcm  the  M  (Tifllppi  to  the  Tombigbee  ;  palTcd    miles  long,  and  from  lo  to  12  wide.  The  tide  flows  60 or 


Wefttrn    pvj,-  [}jg  Yazoo  feveial  nmes  ;   went  up  and  down  llie 
^J^JJi^Ji^  river  on  the  (Lore,  and  fays  that  tlie  lands  to  the  E   of 
the  Y.izO'i  ('he  diftance  of  about   100  miles)  are  very 
excellent  " 

Pearl  river  is  about  40  yards  wide  ;  a  branch  of  it 
pafling  E.  of  the  Natchez  ar.d  iieareO,  in  Coxe's  n.ap, 


7C'  miles  above  this  bay,  and  is  fo  far  navigable  for  fca 
velfcls.  'I'hence  150  or  200  miles  north,  is  good  boat 
ravigatinn,  fniooth  water,  pererally  I  CO  to  ijo  yards 
wide,  and  H  to  10  feet  deep."  £M.  S.  Mimt!es  fiom  Mr 
Puny  ]  "  The  bay  of  Mobile  terminates  a  litile  to 
ih:  n<:iih  eaftward  of  the  trwn,  in  a  number  of  maillies 


Gfcrgit 
Vdlcrn 
Tcrritorjr. 


bears  the  name  of  ButTalre  river.  On  the  E.  fide  of  and  lagoons;  which  fiibjcdl  the  people  to  feveis  and 
Pearl  river,  coitinience  tlie  Ch.iflaw  fctllemcr.t',  and  agues,  in  the  hot  feafon.(A)  The  river  Mobile,  as 
extend  thick  to  the  Chitkalaw  Hay  river;  thence,  you  afccnd  it,  divides  into  2  principal  branches,  about 
ab<  ut  40  miles  eallward,  the  fettlements  are  fparfe,  40  miles  above  the  town  ;  one  of  which,  called  the 
and  extend  near  to  the  Tombigbec.  This  is  a  numer-  Tanlaw,  falh  into  the  ead  purt  of  the  bay  ;  tlie  other 
ous  nation,  contnining  about  30CO  hunters,  a  peaceable  emi'ties  itfc!f  clofe  by  the  town,  where  it  has  a  bar  of 
and  friendly  pe.'ple.  The  couiaiy  it.liabited  by  tliefe  7  feet ;  but  tliere  is  a  brancli  a  little  to  tlie  ejllwjrd  c  f 
Indians  is  noted  in  Coxe's  map,  to  be  "  poor  and  bar-  this,  called  Spanilh  river,  where  tliere  is  a  channel  of 
rtn  land,  covered  generally  wiih  long  leafed  pine."  y  or  to  feet,  when  ihe  water  is  high;  but  this  joins 
Otlier  accounts  repicfent  it  as  much  the  fame  as  that  Mobile  river  about  2  leagues  above  the  town.  Two 
between  the  MilTilTippi  and  Peail  rivers,  with  the  addi-  or  thiee  leagues  above  tlic  'i'anlaw  branch,  the  Alaba- 
tion  of  fonie  pine  land,  and  bttttr  wateied.  The  ma  liver  falls  into  Mobile  river,  after  running  from 
ftreams  en  which  the  ChatTaws  are  fettled,  as  laid  the  north-eall  a  courfe  of  about  130  miles;  that  is, 
down  on  Coxe's  map,  are,  proceeding  from  W.  to  E.  from  Alabama  fort,  lituated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
the  HoinacJiitta,  (called  by  Purcell  Holbpliatcha)  Coofa,  and  Talipoofee,  both  very  confiderable  rivers; 
Chaftaw,  and  Souhawtee,  which  unite,  and  the  main  on  which  and  iheir  branches  are  the  chief  fettlements 
llream  retains  the  name  of  Homachitta  till  it  empties  of  the  Ujiper  Creek  Indians.  The  French  fort  at  Ala- 
into  the  Gulf  oi  Mexico.  'Jhis  is  probably  the  fame  bama  was  evacuated  1763,  and  has  not  fince  been  gar- 
river  that  Hutchins  calls  Pafcagoulr.  Tlii  head  rifonsd.  Above  the  conHusnte  of  Alabama  and  Mo- 
branches  of  this  river  fpread  extenfively  through  th.e  bile,  the  latter  is  called  the  Tombigbee  river,  from  the 
northern  part  of  this  Territory,  chiclly  wellward  <  f  lort  of  Tombigbee,  lituated  on  the  well  lide  of  it, 
the  Chaiftaw  nation.  White,  or  Bluff  river,  on  Coxe's  about  96  leagues  above  the  town  of  Mobile.  The 
map,  appears  to  rife  in  about  lar.  33.  N.  takes  a  courfe  fource  of  this  river  is  reckrned  to  be  about  40  leagues 
to  the  E.  of  the  Cha>.^a\vj,  and  empties  into  the  Tom-  higher  up,  in  the  country  of  the  Chick.ifaws.  The 
bigbce,  foine  diflance  below  the  head  of  tl-.e  tide  water,  fort  of  Tombigbee  was  talcn  pofTellion  of  by  the  Eng- 
and  is  laid  down  as  about  the  fize  of  Pearl  river.  lifh,   but  abandoned  again  in    1767,   by  order  of  the 

From  the  compae'f  fettlements  of  the  Chaftaws  eaft-  commandant  of  Peafacola.  The  river  is  navisrable  for 
ward  to  the  wcflern  branches  of  the  Tombigbee,  the  fliops  and  f'ehooners  about  35  leagues  above  the  town 
land  is  tolerably  good;  the  timber  generally  oak  and  of  Mobile.  The  banks,  where  li'w,  are  partly  over- 
pine,  with  f'ome  hickory,  well  watered  and  level.  Of  flowed  in  the  rainy  fiafbns,  which  adds  greatly  to  the 
this  kind  is  the  country  a  diftance  of  about  40  miles  foil,  and  adapts  it  particularly  to  the  cultivation  of  rice. 
W.  of  the  wellern  branches  of  the  Tombigbee  ;  ihence  The  fides  of  ihe  liver  are  covered  in  many  places  with 
to  the  Tombigbee,  the  land  is  more  uneven,  interfperf-  large  canes,  fo  thick  that  they  are  almoft  impenetrable  ; 
ed  with  large  favannas,  and  the  whole  generally  good  there  is  alfo  plenty  of  remarkable  large  red  and  white 
l.tnd,  and  pretty  well  watered;  the  water,  however,  cedar,  cyprefs,  eim,  p.fh,  hickory,  ai.d  various  kinds 
has  a  limy  tafte.  The  natur.d  growth  mueh  the  fame  of  oak.  Several  people  have  fettled  in  this  river,  who 
:is  on  the  Miflidippi.  The  inteivale,  or  as  they  call  it  find  the  foil  to  anfvver  beyond  expectation.  T!:e  lands 
in  this  coimtry,  the  lollom  hiruls,  are  generally  about  near  the  mouth  ft  the  Mobile  river  are  generally  low; 
a  mile  wide  on  the  river,  extremely  rich,  and  thicklv  as  you  proceed  upwaras,  the  land  grows  higher,  and 
overgrown  with  c.ines.  This  general  defcription  will  may  with  propriety  be  divided  into  three  llages.  Firll, 
apply  to  the  whole  traft  belorging  to  the  "  Georgia  low  rice  lands,  on  or  near  the  banks  of  the  liver,  of  a 
Milllirippi  Company."  Mr  Coxe,  on  h's  map,  re-  moll  excellent  q'jality.  Secondly,  what  are  called  by- 
marks  that,  "  On  the  Tombigbee  and  Alabama  rivers  the  people  of  the  country,  fecond  low  lands,  or  level 
there  are  bodies  of  tine  rich  land,  but  low  down,  to-  flat  cane  lands,  about  4  or  5  feet  higher  than  the  low 
wards  Mobile  IJ-iy,  unhealthy."  rice  lands.     And,   thinily,   the  high   upland  or  open 

We  have  now  arrived  eallward  to  the  Mobile,  the  country.     The  lirll,  or  low  lands,  extend  about  an  half 

principal  river  in  this  territory.     "  On  the  bar  at  the  or  three-quarters  of  a  mile  from  the  river,  and  may 

entrance  of  the  bay  of  Mobile,  tliere  is  only  about  15  alnioft  every  where  be  eafily  drained  and  turned  into 

or   16  feet  water;  two-thirds  cf  the  way  through  the  moft  excellent  rice  fields,  and  are  capable  of  being  laid 

bay,  towards  the  town  of  Mobile,  there  is  from  2  to  3  under  water  at  almod  all  feafons  of  the  year.     They 

fathoms ;  and  the  deeped  water  to  be  depended  on  in  the  are  a  deep  Hack  mud  or  flime,  which  have  in  a  fuc- 

upper  part  of  the  hay  is  only  10  or  12  feet,  and  in  many  cefTion  of  time  been  accumulated,   or  formed  by  the 

places  not  fo  much.     Large  vetfels  cannot  go  within  7  overflowing  of  the  river.       The  fecond  low  grounds 

miles  of  the  town."   \_Hulchins.'\  "Tliis  bay  is  about  30  being,  in  general,  formed  by  a  regular  riling  of  about 

4  or 


(a)  Mr  Coxe,  in  his  map,  extends  Mobile  Bay  fome  diftance  north  of  the  31ft  degree  of  latitude.     Other 
accounts  fay  this  bay  does  not  extend  into  the  State  of  Georgia. 


GEO 


lOl 


GEO 


C«orgia  4  or  5  feet  higher  than  the  low  lands,  appear  to  have  The  country  is  pleafant  and  healthy,  being  generally  Georgia 
■Wefterii  \,een  originally  the  edge  of  the  river.  The  fecond  overgrown  with  high  grafs,  well  calculated  for  farm-  ^\'«0«rn 
y^l^^lS^  clafs  or  kind  of  land  is  in  general  extremely  rich,  and  ing,  particul.irly  for  railing  cattle.  There  are  many  .J^^^J^^^^ 
covered  with  large  timber  and  thick  llrong  canes,  ex-  e.wenfive  and  rich  bottoms  of  cane  land  on  the  Ala- 
tending  in  width  upon  an  average  three-quarters  t  (  a  bama.  The  river  which  tails  into  the  Tombigljee  next 
mile,  and  in  general  a  perfefl  level.  It  is  excellent  above  Scprey's  river,  has  much  rich  land  on  its  b.inits, 
for  all  kinds  of  grain,  and  well  calculated  f  r  the  cul-  and  is  boaiable  fome  dillance  in  fmall  boats,  and 
tuie  of  indigo,  hemp,  flas,  or  tobacco.  At  tl;e  e.t-  fpreads  into  many  branches,  through  a  pleafant,  hcal- 
tremity  ol  thefe  fecond  grounds,  you  come  to  what  is  thy,  and  well  watered  country."  [6'o.\-c'/  Jil.  S.  Let- 
called  the  high  or  uplands,  which  is  covered  with  pine,  Ar.]  As  you  advance  ealhvard  of  the  Alabama,  in 
oak,  and  hickory,  and  other  kinds  of  large  ti.iiber.  the  Territory  we  are  defctibing,  you  come  fiilt  to  the 
The  foil  is  of  a  good  quality,  but  much  inferior  to  the  Efcambia  river,  and  then  to  the  Chatta  Hatcha,  or 
fecond  or  low  laud.  I:  anfwers  well  for  raifing  Indian  Pea  river,  which  Capt.  Hutchins  thus  defcrihes — "  The 
corn,  potatoes,  and  every  thing  elle  that  delights  in  a  river  Efcambia  is  the  moil  conliderable  that  falls  into 
dry  I'oil.  Further  out  in  the  country  again,  on  the  the  Bay  of  Penfacola.  The  Chatta  Hatcha  or  Pea 
well  fide  of  this  river,  you  come  to  a  pine  barren,  with  river,  which  alfo  heads  in  the  Georgia  Weftern  Terri- 
extenlive  reed  fwanips  and  n.itural  meadows  or  favaii-  tory,  emoties  from  the  N.  E.  into  Rofc  bay,  which  is 
nas,  which  alTord  excellent  ranges  for  innumerable  30  miles  1  ng  and  from  .|  to  6  broad.  The  bar  at  the 
herds  of  cattle.  On  the  ea(l  ot  the  river  Mobile,  to-  entrance  iiito  the  bay  has  only  7  or  8  feet  water,  at 
wards  the  river  Alabama,  is  one  entire  extended  rich  deepeft  ;  but,  after  crofling  the  bar,  has  16  or  17  feet, 
cane  country,  not  inferior,  perhaps,  to  any  in  Anic-  The  mouths  of  the  river  (for  alrnolt  all  the  Luthern 
rica.  Whenever  port;  ges  are  made  between  the  Mo-  rivers  have  fcveial  mouths)  are  fo  iho.il,  that  only  a 
bile  and  Tennelfee  river,  or  their  brar.ches,  which  are  imall  bo.it  or  canoe  can  pafs  ihcra.  Mr  Hutchins  af- 
probably  but  a  few  miles  apart,  the  Mobile  will  be  cended  tliis  river  about  75  miles,  and  tound  that  its 
the  hid  river  for  commerce  (the  Miirulippi  excepted)  bauks  very  much  refembkd  thofe  of  Efcambia.  Fur- 
in  this  part  of  the  world,  as  it  affords  tlie  (hotteft  and  ther  eail  are  the  Appalachicola,  Flint,  and  Alabama 
moll  direifl  communication  to  the  fea."     \_Hutcljins.~\  rivers,  which  are  defcribed  under  their  refpeiflive  heids. 

In  addition  to,  and  confirmation  of,  the  above  ac-  The  noithein  parts  of  thii  Territory  are  watered  by 
count  ( f  Capt.  Hutchins,  feveral  otlier  gentlemen  of  tlie  great  bend  of  the  Tennelfee,  and  its  tributary 
intelligence  who  liave  been  in  this  country,  fay  that  ftreams.  This  noble  river  bends  fouthward  as  fir  as 
"  the  Tombi^bee  is  navigable  for  itx  velfel-  60  miles  latitude  34.  I J  according  to  Capt.  Hutchins'  map, 
into  the  State  of  Georgia  ;"^  b)  others,  that  "  it  is  navi-  and  divides,  into  nearly  equal  parts,  the  purchaie  of 
gable  in  boats  of  20  tons  up  to  the  juuiftion  of  10  and  the  Tenneffn  Company.  N'.rtli  of  the  Tennelfe-',  in  this 
20  Mile  Creek.  The  Alabama  and  Coofa  are  n.uiga-  purchaie,  there  is  not  an  Indian  inhabitant.  From  the 
ble  for  boats  of  40  tons,  as  high  as  the  big  (hoals  of  fouth,  the  Tennelfee,  in  its  courfe  through  Georgia, 
Coofa  river.  The  piincipal  rivers  w-hich  meander  receives,  bofides  fmaller  llream^,  the  Hiwalfee,  Chic- 
thrt>ugh  this  tra<5t  of  country,  are  Seprey's  and  Cane  camaug.i,  and  Occochappo  or  Bear  Creek.  Travel- 
Brake  rivers,  both  which  tall  into  the  Tomblgbee,  and  lers  fpeak  of  the  lands  on  the  bend  of  the  Tenneflee, 
are  navigable  for  boats  as  high  as  the  33d  degree  of  in  terms  of  die  highelt  commendation. 
latitude ;  and  the  Cawh^wbon  river,  which  falls  into  Of  the  Territory  defcribed  above,  the  State  of 
Alabama  river,  below  the  junftion  cf  Coofa  and  Oak-  Georgia,  by  ad  of  their  legiflature,  palfed  Jan.  7, 
fulkee,  are  beatable  as  far  N.  as  the  rivers  lall  mentioned.  1795,  fold  about  twenty-two  millions  of  acres  to  four 
The  !oil  on  the  E.  fide  of  Tombigbee,  is  of  a  reddilh  different  cnmp.inies,  whofe  names  and  the  limits  of 
call,  producing  naturally  oak,  hickory,  and  abundance  their  relp^>ilive  purchafe?,  as  defined  by  the  ail,  follow-. 
of  vciy  high  grafs.  The  country  appears  well  calcu-  i.  "  All  that  tr.ift  or  parcel  oi  land  ir.cluding 
lated  for  the  culture  of  whe.it,  corn,  rye,  oats,  and  iflands,  beginning  on  Mobile  hay,  where  die  lat.  31. 
barley.  The  bottoms  or  intervales  on  the  rivers  are  N.  of  the  equator  interleils  tie  lame,  running  thence 
not  fubje<fl  to  inundations,  and  are  exceedingly  rich,  up  the  faid  bay  to  the  month  of  the  lake  Tenfaw  ; 
The  country  is  well  watered  with  good  wholefbmc  wa-  thence  up  the  faid  lake  Tenfaw,  to  the  Alabama  river, 
ter.  Further  north,  the  country  becomes  uneven  and  including  Curreys  and  all  other  illaiids  tlicrein  ;  dience 
fomewhat  hilly,  that  part  particularly  whicli  divides  up  the  faid  river  Alabama,  to  the  junifli'in  of  the 
the  waters  of  Tombigbee  from  Tennelfee  river,  but  as  Coofa  snd  Oakfulkee  rivers;  thence  up  the  Ccoia 
you  defcend  to  a  lower  latitude,  the  country  is  more  river,  above  the  Big  Shoals,  to  where  it  interfeifls  the 
level;  and  down  about  the  mouth  of  Cane  Brake  river,  latitude  of  34.  N.  of  tlie  equator;  ihcnce  a  due  W. 
and  thence  acrofs  to  the  Alabama,  is  almoft  one  entire  courfe  to  the  Miflllllppi  river  ;  dieuce  down  the  middle 
cane  brake."  of  the  faid  river,  to  the  latitude  of  32.  40.  ;  thence  a 

"  The  ridge  which  divides  the  Tonibigbee  and  Ala-  due  E.  courfe  to  the  Dan  rr  Tonibigbce  river;   thence 

bama  rivers  is  llony,  and  the  foil  inferior  to  that  on  down  the  middle  of  the  fiid  river  to  its  junction  with 

the  rivers  ;  of  this  defcription  alio  is  the  country  lying  the  Alabama  river  ;   thence  down  the  middle  r^i  the 

between  the  Cawhawbon  and  Alabama  rivers  ;  but  the  faid  river  to  Mobile  Bay  ;  thence  down  the  faid  Mol  ile 


bottom  lands  on  the  water  courfe?  are  exceedingly  rich.     Bay,   to   the   place   of  bcijinning,   ihall   be 


fold   unto 
James 


(b)  Col.  Hammond,  late  furveyor  gen.  of  Georgia. 


fJcorgb 

Wedcin 
Tcrritcry 


GEO  [     1 

Jimcs  Gunn,  Matiliew  M'Allifler,  anJ  Georp;e  Wal- 
ked and  their  affoci.ites,  called  The  Georgia  Cflw/).7n)." 
,  2  "  All  tKa:  traft  of  country,  including  ifl  ire's, 
witliin  (he  (dUowing  boundaries,  viz.  beginning  on  tlic 
river  Mdliirippi,  at  31.  18.  N.  lat.  thence  a  due  E. 
cnurfe  to  llie  middle  of  Dan  or  Tnnibigbee  river ; 
thence  i:p  the  middle  of  the  faid  river  to  N.  lat.  32, 
40;  thence  a  due  W.  conrfe  along  the  Georgia  Coin- 
pany  line,  to  the  river  Miflilllppi  j  thence  down  the 
middle  of  the  fame,  to  the  place  of  beginning,  fhall 
be  f'ld  to  Nicliolas  Long,  Thnmas  Gla/Tcock,  Am- 
hrofc  Gordon,  and  Thomai  Cnmmings,  and  their 
aifjciaies,  called  T/:e  Georgia  Liifijjipfi  Conipany." 

3.  "  All  lliat  trafl  of  country,  including  illands, 
within  the  following  br nndaries,  viz.  beginning  at  the 
M  fiifiippi  river,  where  the  n'rthcin  boundary  line  cf 
the  State  ftril;;s  the  fame  ;  thjnce  r.long  the  faid  nor- 
thern bound.iry  line,  due  E.  to  the  Tenrci!".-;  river; 
thence  along  the  faid  TennelTie  river,  to  the  niouih  of 
Bear  Creek ;  thence  up  Bear  Creek,  to  where  the 
par,il!cl  of  latitude  25  Britifli  (latuie  miles  S.  of  the 
northern  boundary  line  of  the  Stale  inleifeifh  the  fame  ; 
thence  along  the  lall  mcntioncil  parallel  cf  latitude, 
acrofs  Tombigbec  or  Twenty  Mile  Creek,  due  W.  to 
the  Miiriffippi  river  ^  thence  up  the  middle  of  the  faid 
river,  to  the  beginning,  fliall  be  fi;ld  to  John  B.  Scott, 
J">hn  C.  Nighting.ile,  and  Wade  Hampton,  called 
The  Ujfer  Mijfijjqfi  Company." 

4.  "  All  that  lra(ft  of  land,  including  iflands,  with- 
in the  follow'ng  boundaries  viz.  beginning  at  the 
mouth  of  Bear  Creek,  on  the  S.  fide  of  Tennefice 
river;  thence  up  the  faid  creek  to  the  raoft  fouthern 
fourcc  thereof;  thence  due  S.  to  lat.  34.  10.  N.  thence 
due  E.  120  m.iles ;  thence  a  due  N.  courfe  to  the  Great 
T-'cnnelfee  river;  thence  up  the  n)iddle  of  the  faid  river 
to  the  northern  boundary  line  of  the  State  ;  thence  a 
due  W.  cciirfe  along  the  faid  line  to  where  it  interfefts 
the  Grc?t  Tenntifee  river,  btlow  the  Mufcle  Shoals  ; 
thence  up  the  f;;id  liver  to  the  place  of  beginning,  fliall 
be  fold  to  Zichariah  Cox,  Mathias  Maher,  and  their 
RllL-ciate?,  called  The  Teivicff'cc  Company." 

The  fame  law  en.vfls  aim,  "  that  all  lands  lying 
vveftward  and  fouthward  of  tlie  ealtern  boundary  of 
the  feveral  Companies'  purchafes,  and  not  included 
therein,  cllimated  at  one  fourth  of  the  whole  lands 
lying  weftward  and  fouthward  of  the  eallern  boun- 
dary of  the  faid  purchafes,  and  fuppofed  to  contain 
7,250,000  acres,  iliall  be,  and  the  fame  is  hereby  de- 
clared to  be  referved  and  fct  apart  to,  and  lor  the  ufe 
and  benefit  of  this  State,  to  be  granted  out,  or  other- 
wife  difpc.fcd  of,  as-  future  legiflatures  may  dire.5i." 
[_Ap  of  Georgia  Legif^ture  of  Jan.  1th,  1795.] 

The  purcliafcmiuiy,  amountirg  to  500,000  dollars, 
was  duly  paid  by  the  reipefdve  Companies,  into  the 
State  treai'iry  ci'i  Georgia,  agreeably  to  the  terms  of 
the  aft.  'I'iiis  land  was  foon  after  fold  by  the  original 
Companies,  to  vaiiov.s  gentlemen,  piincipally  in  the 
Middle  and  Eal'iern  States.  The  fale  of  this  territory 
excited  a  warm  and  violent  cppcfr.ion  in  Georcia. 
The  7.Si  authorifing  th's  fale,  was  by  certain  leading 
men  in  the  State,  declared  to  be  "  an  ufurped  at't, — 
repugnant  to  the  principles  of  tlie  Federal  Conftitution, 
and  cf  the  Ccnflitution  of  Georgia — oppofed  to  the 
good  of  the  flale,  and  obtained  by  fraud,    atrocious 


C2     ]  GEO 

fpcculation,  corruption  and  collufion  "  In  confe- 
cpience  of  th«;  rcprefentations,  a  determination  was 
I'nrmtd  by  a  poweiful  party,  to  fet  afide  and  annul, 
at  the  fucceeding  fellion  oi  the  legifiature,  this  cfF.;n- 
five,  "  ufurped  afl."  Efforts  were  accordingly  made, 
and  with  fuccefs,  to  obtain  a  legifiature  fuited  to 
the  accomplidiment  of  their  cefigns.  Accoidingly, 
on  the  i3ih  of  Feb.  1796,  an  aifl  was  pafTcd  declaring 
the  abovenientiorcd  "  ufurped  aft"  null  and  void  ;  and 
all  tlie  grants,  rights  and  claims  arifing  there-from, 
of  no  validity  or  efFe(S  ;  and  that  the  faid  teniiory  was 
the  fo'e  property  of  the  State."  To  complete  the  ut- 
ter  annihilation  of  ihisodicus  aifl,  as  far  as  poffible,  the 
leginiture  ordered,  that,  in  the'r  prefence,  and  that  of 
the  public  officers  of  tlie  State,  the  ftveral  records,  do- 
cuments and  deeds,  in  the  fevcral  public  offices,  fhould 
be  "  expunged  from  the  faces  and  indexes  of  the  books 
of  record  of  the  State ;  and  the  enrolled  law,  or 
ufuipcd  acft,  publickly  burnt."  All  this  was  accom- 
plithed  three  days  afttr  the  paffing  of  the  aift.  Thefe 
unprecedented  proceedings  were  attended  and  followed 
with  mod  difagreeablc  and  tumultuary  eftedls.  I'he 
original  purchafers  of  thefe  lands,  the  tiien  holders, 
and  all  thefe  who  liad  been  intermediately  concerned, 
who  had  by  this  time  become  a  ntimerous  and  refpeft- 
able  body,  fcattcrcd  through  the  United  States,  were, 
for  the  moir^ent,  thrown  into  an  unpleafant  dilemma, 
and  for  a  time  this  bufinefs  was  the  general  topic  of 
converfation.  The  title  to  the  lands  purchafed  by  the 
above  named  companies,  has  been  ftill  further  embar- 
ralfed  by  a  claim  brought  forward  in  behalf  of  the 
United   States. — ih. 

Gr.oRGM,  a  townlliip  in  Franklin  co.  Vermont,  con- 
tains 340  inhabitants.  It  is  fittiated  on  Lake  Ch;im- 
plain,  oppafite  to  the  N.  end  of  South  Hero  Ifland, 
and  joins  Milron  on  the  S.  and  St  Alban's  on  the 
north.  La  Moille  river  crolfes  the  extremity  of  the  S. 
E.  corner  of  this  townfliip. — th. 

Georgia,  Southern,  a  duller  of  bairen  iflands,  in 
the  South  Sea,  and  E.  of  the  coad  of  Terra  del 
Fuego ;  about  lat.  54.  35.  S.  and  long.  36.  30.  W. 
One  of  them  is  between  50  and  60  leagues  in  length. 
—ih. 

GEORGIUM  SiDUS    (fee     AsTSONOMV-//K/>.V,    Efl- 

cycl,)  has  no  fewer  than  fix  fatellites  revolving  round 
it, all  difcovered  by  Dr  Heifihel.  Of  the  two  which 
he  firft  difcovered,  ('ue  was  found  to  revolve  in  8  days 
17  h,  I  m.  17  fee.  at  the  dirtance  of  33"  from  its  pri- 
m:iry;  and  the  other  in  13  d.  1 1  h.  5  m.  1,5  fee.  at  the 
diflance  of  44'',23.  The  planes  of  their  orbits  form 
fuch  large  angles  with  that  of  the  planet  itfelf,  and 
ccnfequently  of  the  ecliptic,  as  to  be  almod  perpendi- 
cular to  it.  To  this  remaikable  departure  Ircm  the  a- 
nalogy  of  the  old  planetf,  another  ftiU  moie  fingul.ir 
has  been  lately  announced.  They  move  in  a  retrograde 
direction  !  The  new  fatellites  revolve  as  follows,  the 
periodical  times  being  inferred  from  their  greateft  elon- 
gations :  The  inteiior  fateliite  in  5  d.  21  h.  25  m.  at 
the  diftance  of  25  ',5.  A  fatellite  intei  mediate  bttween 
the  two  old  ones  in  ic  d.  23  h.  4m.  at  the  diilance  of 
38", 57.  The  nearefl  extciior  fatellite  at  about  druble 
the  diftance  of  the  farthcft  old  one,  and  confequently 
its  periodical  time  3O  d.  I  h.  49  m.  And  the  moft  dif- 
tant  fatellite  full  four  times  as  far  from  its  primary  as 

the 


Georgia 
WeftirA 
'lerritory 

« 
G'jorgium, 


G     E     R  C     I 

Gerard,  the  eld  fecr.nd  fatellite.  Whsrxe  it  will  take  at  lea.^ 
'•^'^^^^^^  107  li.  16  h.  40  m.  to  complete  its  revolution.  Whe- 
ther the  motions  of  thefe  four  be  dired  or  rctiogratie, 
is,  ".ve  fvippole,  not  yet  determined. 

Froni  forae  cbfer\Mtion5  of  the  Doftor,  with  an  ex- 
cellent fcven-feet  telefcope,  certain  appeaianceb  icf.m- 
blirjj  tlidt  cf  two  lings  furrounding  the  planet,  and 
eroding  each  other  at  right  angles,  were  feen  on  fcver.il 
difFeiei  t  days.  They  were  not  altered  in  pofi'icn  by 
turning  the  fpeculuni  in  its  cell  ;  but  (fays  Mr  Nichil- 
foii)  there  is  little  dcubt  that  they  were  optical  decep- 
tions, becHufe  they  kept  their  pofilion  with  rei'pect  to 
the  tub;,  after  the  relative  pofition  cf  the  par-iliel  had 
been  much  changed  by  the  earth's  relation,  and  be- 
caufe  they  did  not  appear  with  larger  tclefcopcs  appl'eJ 
during  the  courfe  of  ten  years.  The  Cvfk  of  the  Geor- 
glum  Sidus  is  flattened.  It  theiefote  revolves  with  ccn- 
fiderable  rapidity  on  its  axis.  Frnm  the  very  f:'.int  I'glu 
of  the  fatelhtes,  ihey  are  obfeived  to  difappe.ir  in  thofe 
parts  of  their  oibits  which  biingthcni  apparently  rear- 
ed the  planet.  This  does  not  anfe  from  an  atmolphere  ; 
for  the  effefl  is  the  fame,  whether  the  fatellite  be  within 
or  beyond  the  planet. 

GERAllD  (Alexander,  D.  D.)  was  the  fldell  fon 
of  the  reverend  Gilbert  Gerard  minilier  of  CbapelG.i- 
rioch,  in  the  county  of  Aberdeen.  He  was  born  on 
the  22d  of  February,  1728,  and  received  the  fiill  rudi- 
ments of  his  education  at  the  pariih  fchcel  of  Fuveran 
in  the  fame  county. 

It  may  perhaps  be  proper  to  inform  our  rea.lers, 
that  in  every  parifli  in  Scotland  there  is  a  fchool 
where,  for  very  fmall  fees,  the  youth  of  the  pariih  are 
not  only  taught  to  read  the  Englilh  hingua^e,  to  wriie, 
and  to  perform  the  elementary  c'perations  of  arithmetic, 
but  are  alfo  inftruded  in  the  Greek  and  Latin  lan- 
guages. Of  thefe  fchools,  many  of  the  maimers  were, 
about  fixty  years  ago,  eminent  for  clallical  learning  ; 
and  it  feems  that  Air  Forbes,  the  mafter  if  the  fthool 
of  Foveran  polTefTed  fuch  fame  as  a  teacher,  that  Mr 
Gerard  j\idged  it  more  expedient  to  commit  his  fon  to 
his  care  than  to  have  him  educated  at  the  fchool  of  his 
own  pariih, and  underhisown  immediate  i.:lp-.<Sion.  The 
attainments  whicluhat  fon  afserwarJsmade  in  literature, 
evince  that  his  judgment  was  correft,and  thatthe  fchcol- 
mader  of  Foveran  deferved  the  fame  whir!:  he  erjiyed. 

Young  Gerard,  however,  did  not  remain  long  at  Fo- 
veran. His  father  died  when  he  was  but  ten  years  eld  ; 
and  his  mother  removing  foon  afterwards  with  her  fa- 
mily to  Aberdeen,  he  was  of  courfe  put  to  the  gram- 
mar-fchool  i.a  that  city  j  but  fo  folid  was  the  founda- 
tion which  had  been  already  laid,  that  in  two  yeais 
time  he  was  deemed  iit  for  the  univerfity,  and-was  ac- 
cordingly entered  a  fludent  in  Maril'chal  college.  Such 
rapid  progrefs  fupplies  the  plice  cf  tiiit  lellimony 
which  we  have  not  been  ahla  to  procure,  refpedling  his 
early  attachment  to  literature. 

After  completing  the  ufua!  aca-'emical  courfe  of  four 
years  in  tlie  Uudyot  Gieek, Latin,  oiathematits.and  pht- 
lo.i)phy,he  was  ad.mitted  to  the  decree  of  nialUr  of  arts; 
and  iriimediately  afterwards  com.menced  the  fludy  cf 
theology,  which  he  profccutCiLi  in  the  univcrfit'cs  of 
Aberdeen  and  Edinburgh.  In  1748,  when  he  had 
little  more  tlian  completed  his  tv\entielh  year,  ]\i  was 
licenced  to  preach  in  the  churtii  of  Scotl.mc!,  and  two 


03     ]  G     E     R 

years  afterwards  was  chcf.n  adiftant  to  Mr  David  For-  Gcrar.!. 
dyce  profefTor  of  philoli)f.hy  in  the  Mariichal  college  ^*'""''^- 
and  imivet  dry  of  Aberdeen.  In  this  capacity  lie  per- 
formed the  duties  of  the  abfcnt  profclfur  till  the  7th 
of  July  1752,  when  he  was  ajjpointed  fuccelFor  to  Mr 
Fordyce  «ho  had  been  diowi-.ed,  on  the  coad  cf  Hol- 
land, as  has  been  already  related  in  the  EncyclopxJia. 

At  that  period  it  was  the  practice  in  ihe  Marifchal 
college,  as  it  continued  to  be  in  the  King's,  for  the 
fame  nrofedor  t;j  cairy  forward  a  clafs  (.f  ftudenis  f^r 
three  inccedive  years,  through  all  the  diir'erent  branches 
ofphilofophy  wliich  were  taugjit  in  the  college.  Theft: 
were.  Logic,  Ontology,  PsEut^AT.cs,  Morals, 
Politics,  and  Nati-ral  Phiuosopmy  ;  and  Mr  Ge- 
rard carried  cne  clafs  through  this  extendve  courfe. 
Mathematics  and  the  Greek  language  were  taug!;: 
by  leparate  prrfilLrs. 

iVbout  the  yeir  1754,  a  very  material  alteration  was 
made  in  the  srd.r  of  teaching  plilcl'ophy  in  the  uaiver- 
fity  of  Aberdeen  ;  and  in  the  I>Lriichal  college  each 
profelfor  was  reftricled  to  one  department  of  fcience. 
The  principal  and  prcfc-ffors  in  th;tt  college,  judly  ob- 
ferving  that  the  public  is  intereded  in  every  thing  which 
reiatcs  to  education,  tliought  it  incumbent  upon  them 
to  lay  befcjre  that  public  the  reafcns  which  had  deter- 
mined them  to  deviate  from  the  arrirgement  wliich 
they  had  hitl.erto  obfsrved  ;  and  they  employed  pro- 
fcllor  Gerard  to  draw  up  tliefe  realV.ns.  This  taili  he 
performed  in  a  fmall  pamplilct,  which,  being  printed  by 
the  appointment  of  llie  coihge,  appesrs  to  have  given 
very  general  fatisfadiin. 

This,  indeed,  it  cr-ulJ  Iiardly  fail  to  do  ;  for  the  ju- 
dicious author  points  out  very  clearly  the  inconveniences 
of  the  eld,  and  l!:e  advantages  of  the  new  plan  cf  aci- 
demical  lludy.  Having  o'oferved,  that  t!ie  philofi'phy 
which  had  fo  long  kept  ptfT^dion  of  the  f;hcol<,  con- 
fided, in  a  great  meafure,  rf  verbal  fubtleiies  and  theo- 
ries ill-grounded,  though  ingenioufly  devifed,  he  pro- 
ceeds to  contrail  it  with  the  philoli^phy  of  Bacon  and 
Locke,  and  to  fhow  cf  how  little  value  the  former  is 
when  compared  with  the  la'ter.  He  then  enters  on  a 
brief  examination  of  thefcholadic  logic,  and  proves,  to 
the  c(  nviiiion  of  every  impartial  ju'g?,  that  the  art  ol 
fyllogizing,  thougli  a  proper  enough  intioJuclion  to  a 
philofcpb.y  '.vh'ch  was  bf.ilt  on  general  princ'pl--?,  ti;l-.cr 
taken  for  granted,  cr  founded  on  very  narro-v  and  in- 
adequate obleivation,  is  by  no  means  d'.ted  to  aili:!  the 
mind  in  the  cultivation  cf  th.at  fcience  which  is  d:du- 
ced  by  induiffion  from  paiticular  facff.  "The  on- 
ly bads  of  philofophy  (fays  he)  is  now  ackno'.\kdged 
to  be  an  accurate  and  extendve  hiftory  r f  niiurc,  ex- 
hibiting an  exaiS  view  of  the  various  phenomena,  lor 
which  philoibjihy  is  to  accour.t,  and  on  wliiih  it  is  to 
found  its  re?.fonings.  This  being  the  reformed  date 
of  phibf' phv,  great  inconveniences  mud  be  found  in 
proAcuting  the  fcholadic  order  o\'  the  fcicnres.  The 
ftudcnt  mud  make  a  trandtirn  ato.-cs  iVr.m  wcrJs  ani 
languages  to  philofophy,  wiiliout  being  previoufly  in- 
troduced to  th.e  knowle-dge  of  fail^s  the  li.le  Icund-ition 
of,  and  prfp.'.ralion  for  it  ;  he  mud  be  hurried  at  tlie 
firil  into  the  mod  abdrufe,  diilicult,  and  fubtle  parts  cf 
it  ;  he  mud  be  put  up.-n  cxanruing  the  natuie,  tcunda- 
tion  and  d  ffercnt  kinds  of  evidence  and  reafoning,  be- 
fore he  is  arqua'ntcd  with  any  fpecimens  of  thefe  kinds 

ty 


G     E     R  [     104 

<;fr:ircl.  by  wli'cli  they  may  lie  illuflr.iteJ.  Arid  In  proportion 
'•^^^^^  ;is  pliiloli'pliy  is  more  improved,  and  more  ihornughiy 
j(j)(iinicJ,  tlicle  incoiivcnitncei,  wull  become  mote  ien- 
(ibk-. 

'■The  view  ff  tbefe  (continues  lie)  induced  the  ma- 
flcrs  of  the  Marilchal  college  to  tliink  of  ahering  the 
liithert"  received  order ;  and  after  the  mod  mature  deli- 
beration,  made  thtrn  at  lad  refolve,  that  their  fludcnts 
fliould,  alter  being  inRiufled  in  languages  and  clalllcal 
karniug,  he  made  acquainted  with  the  elements  of  hif- 
tory,  natural  and  civil,  of  geography  and  chronology, 
accompanied  with  tlie  elements  of  mathematics  ;  tli at 
they  Ihould  then  pnceed  to  natural  j  h;lofophy  ;  and, 
laft  of  all,  to  morals,  politics,  hgic,  and  metaphy  fics." 

In  vindicating  this  arrangement,  he  labours  with 
great  earncftnef'.,  and  vpe  lliinlc  with  complete  fucceii, 
to  lliew  the  propriity  of  mal.Ing  logic  the  lall  branch 
ot  academical  ftudy.  "  All  fciences  (fays  lie),  all  de- 
partments ot  knowledge  whatever,  mud  be  premifcd  as 


] 


G     E    R 


a   ground- wot  k   to   genuine    logic.      Hid 


ory 


hai 


kind  of  evidence,  mathematics  another,  natural  philofo- 
phy  one  dill  diiFeriUt,  the  philnfophy  of  hunian  nature 
another  diftinfl  from  all  thefe  ;  the  fubordinate  branches 
of  thefe  fevcral  parts  have  dill  minuter  peculiarities  in 
the  evidence  appropriated  to  them.  An  i:nprejud>ced 
mind  will  in  each  of  thefe  be  convinced  by  tliat  fpecies 
of  argument  which  is  peculiar  to  it,  though  it  does  not 
reHiSl  hotv  \t  comes  to  be  convinced.  By  being  con- 
verfant  in  tliew,  one  is  prepared  for  the  diidy  ot  lug'ic  ; 
for  ti'uy  fupply  him  with  a  fund  of  materials  ;  in  t/jsm 
the  different  kinds  of  evidence  and  argument  are  ex- 
emplitied  ;  from  tbcm  only  thofe  illudrations  can  be  ta- 
ken, wiihout  which  its  rules  and  precepts  muft  be  un- 
intelligible. 

"  All  jnd  conclufions  concerning  the  works  of  na- 
ture mud  be  founded  on  an  indudlon  of  particulars. 
And  as  in  natural  philofofhy  thefe  particulars  are  fup- 
plied  by  obfervations  and  experiments  on  natural  bodies  ; 
lb  in  logic,  the  particulars,  of  wliich  an  Induifticn  muft 
be  made,  are  to  be  learned  only  from  the  body  of  arts 
andfcieiica.  Thefe  are  the  fubjeifls  on  which  obferva- 
tions mult  be  made,  in  ord^r  to  lay  down  rules  for  in- 
vedigatingand  proving  the  truths  of  which  they  are 
made  up  ;  jud  as  the  genuine  performances  of  any  art 
are  what  mud  be  conlidered  and  obierved  in  laying 
down  the  rules  of  that  art.  No  folid  precept  can  be 
formed  in  logic,  except  by  examining  arts  and  fciences, 
and  attending  to  the  method  of  reafoning  ufed  in  them, 
and  to  the  evidence  that  accompanies  it.  In  propor- 
tion as  they  are  cultivated,  and  no  farther,  logic  may 
be  improved.  And  what  is  true  of  the  invention  of  lo- 
gic, is  true  hkewife  of  the  lludy  of  it.  It  can  be  un- 
derdood  no  farther,  than  the  feveral  fciences  which  it 
reviews  and  criticifes  are  previoufly  underdood.  Ac- 
cordingly we  find,  that  all  the  fydems  of  logic  which 
lia\e  not  been  compiled  from  a  careful  review  and  ex- 
amination nf  the  fsveral  fciences,  ccnfid  more  of  inge- 
nious fublleties  than  oi  ufcful  precepts  aHifting  to  the 
mind  in  the  various  parts  of  knowledge.  And  when 
logic  lias  been  learned  before  the  other  fciences,  the 
iubftantial  parts  of  it  have  been  fcarce  attended  to,  or 
made  any  ufe  of,  in  the  profecution  of  them  ;  nor  fo 
much  as  nnderUood,  but  in  as  far  as  the  mind  was  gra- 
dually opened,  and  brought  to  recoiled  them  in  its  pro- 
grefs  through  the  fciences. 


«'  Logic  Is  preclfely  the  fame  to  philofophy  that  G«"rd. 
works  ot  criticifrn  are  to  poetry.  Tlie  rules  cf  criti- "'^'^^''*^ 
cifm  are  foimed  by  an  accurate  fcrutiny  and  examina- 
tion ot  the  bed  works  of  poetry.  To  one  who  had 
never  read  a  poem,  thefe  rules  would  be  obfcure  and 
ufclefs  i  he  could  not  comprehend  them,  far  kfs  would 
he  be  able  to  form  a  judgment  of  their  judnefs,  and  of 
the  leafons  on  which  they  are  founded.  If  one  perufes 
the  bed  poetical  performances,  he  will  acquire  feme  de- 
gree of  tafte,  though  he  has  never  profelfedly  dudled 
the  rules  of  criticKm  ;  and  he  will,  at  the  fame  time, 
lay  in  materials,  and  obtain  a  dock  of  examples,  vhich 
may  render  thefe  rules  intelligible  to  him,  and  enable 
him  to  judge  whether  they  are  jud  or  not.  And  by 
afterwards  dudying  thele  rules,  he  improves,  refines, 
and  coneflshis  tade,  perceives  the  principles  on  which 
he  has  founded  xll  hij  judgments,  though  he  did  not  in 
the  mean  time  think  of  them,  and  gains  addi:ional  fe- 
curity  againd  his  judging  wrong.  This  may  Illudrate 
what  has  been  faid  of  the  place  which  logic  ought  to  hold 
among  the  fciences.  The  obfervations  made  in  it,  both 
concerning  the  methods  of  invention  and  of  probation, 
are  founded  on,  and  deduced  from,  the  feveral  fciences 
in  w-hlch  thefe  methods  are  ufed.  Neither  the  obilsr- 
vations  themfelves,  nor  the  reafons  on  which  tliey  are 
built,  can  be  fully  comprehended  by  one  abfolutely  ig- 
norant of  thefe  fciences.  In  dudying  the  particular 
fciences,  reafon  will  fpontaneoufly  exert  itfelf  :  if  the 
proper  and  natural  method  of  reafoning  is  ufed,  the  mind 
will,  by  the  native  force  of  its  faculties,  perceive  the 
evidence,  and  be  convinced  by  it,  though  it  does  not 
reflecfl  hoiii  this  comes  to  pafs,  nor  explicitly  confider 
according  to  what  general  rules  the  underdanding  is 
exerted.  By  afterwards  dudying  thefe  rules,  one  will 
be  farther  fitted  for  profecuting  the  feveral  fciences  : 
the  knowledge  of  the  grounds  and  laws  of  evidence  will 
give  him  the  fecurity  of  reJleSion,  againd  employing 
wrong  methods  of  proof  and  improper  kinds  of  evi- 
dence, additional  to  that  of  inJlinS  and  natural  genius. 
And  thus  logic  will  greatly  contribute  to  improvement 
in  knowledge  ;  and  more  fo,  v.hen  it  is  ufed  as  a  rcvic-jj 
of  the  method  taken  in  the  profeoution  of  fcience,  of 
the  foundations  gone  upon,  and  of  the  general  rules 
that  have  been  obierved,  than  when  it  is  applied  as  an 
iiitroHuSion  to  the  elements  of  fcience  ;  for  in  the  for- 
mer cafe,  its  rules  can  be  perfetflly  underdood,  fuffi- 
ciently  Illudrated  and  put  in  praftice  as  they  are  learned, 
which  in  the  latter  is  quite  impoffibie," 

Having  thus  vindicated  the  new  arrangement  with 
refpefl  to  the  place  which  it  afligns  to  the  dudy  of  lo- 
gic, he  proceeds  to  inquire  in  what  order  the  other 
fciences  fhould  fucceed  each  other.  "  Ethics  (fays  he) 
or  moral  philolophy  is  founded  as  well  as  logic  on  pneu- 
matics, and  mud  therefore  come  after  it.  Tlie  conditu- 
tion  of  man,  and  his  feveral  ailive  powers,  mud  be  ex- 
plained, before  his  bufinefs,  his  duty,  and  his  happinefs, 
can  be  dilcovered.  Jurlfprudence  and  politics,  taking 
a  iTiore  complex  view  of  man  than  morals,  by  confidering 
his  various  dates,  as  well  as  his  nature  and  powers,  can- 
not, with  any  propriety,  be  introduced  till  morals  have 
fird  been  dudled. 

"  It  only  remains  then  to  determine  whether  natural 
phiU)fophy  or  pneumatology  ought,  in  the  order  of 
teaching,  to  have  the  preference.  And  many  confide- 
rations  feem  to  require  that  the  former  (hould  be  du- 

died 


Cerard. 


G     E     R  [     I 

died  firft.  If  it  were  not,  pneumatology  wonlJ  be  too 
far  disjoined  from  the  pradlical  fciences  founded  on  it ; 
one  of  whicli,  logic,  ought,  as  we  liave  feen,  to  be 
taught  lalt  of  all.  Befides,  we  ought  always  to  be- 
gin with  ti'e  eafieft  and  moft  obvious  fubjects,  and  to 
pi  ocet-'d  gradually  to  tlie  mofl  difficult ;  and  in  order  to 
thii,  we  ought  to  comply  as  much  as  pollible  with  the 
natural  openings  and  progrefs  of  the  human  mind. 
Now  it  is  evidtnt,  that  the  mind  receives  fiifl  of  all  im- 
predions  and  ideas  of  thofe  fenfible  things  with  which 
it  is  i'urrojnded.  It  is  not  till  a'ter  it  has  e.xercifed  its 
faculties  about  them  that  it  refie<5ls  on  its  own  opera- 
tions, or  acqnires  perceptions  of  them.  Vv'e  are  irom 
cur  earlieft  infancy  accuftomed  to  obferve  external 
thirgs,  though  often  tranfiently  and  inattentively  ;  tl.ey 
lie  alv.'ays  in  our  view,  they  force  thcmielves  upon  us, 
and  we  cannot  avoid  regarding  them  more  or  lefs.  But 
we  feldom  attend  to  the  operations  cf  our  minds  in  our 
earlier  years;  it  is  late  before  we  acquire  dilliufl  no- 
tions of  ihem,  or  can  eafily  and  readily  miike  them  the 
cbjeds  of  our  contemplation.  Fartlier,  external  fenfa- 
tion,  by  which  bodies  are  perceived,  is  a  more  palpable 
kind  of  evidence  than  internal,  from  wiiich  all  our 
knowledge  of  fpirits  ii  derived  ;  it  ftrikes  and  afTecls  us 
more.  The  philofophy  of  fpirits,  as  well  as  that  of 
bodies,  is  founded  folely  on  experiments  and  obferva- 
tions  ;  but  in  the  latter  it  is  much  eafier  to  make  tliefe 
than  in  the  former :  we  can  put  bodies  in  any  fituation 
that  we  pleafe,  and  obferve  at  leifuie  their  effefls  on 
one  another  :  but  the  phenomena  of  the  n-.'mJ  are  of  a 
Itfs  conftant  nature  ;  w-e  mud  catch  them  in  an  inftant, 
and  be  content  toglejn  them  up,  by  obferving  their  ef- 
feds  as  they  accidentally  difcover  themfelves  in  the  fe- 
veral  circumdances  of  life.  The  reafonings  alfo  by 
which  condufions  are  deduced  concerning  mind  are  of 
a  more  abllrufeand  difficult  nature  than  thofe  employ- 
ed in  the  fcience  of  bodies ;  the  ideas  about  which  they 
are  converlaiu  are  apter  to  be  confounded  with  one  a- 
nother,  and  are  wi;h  greater  dilficuliy  kept  diltind. 
On  all  thefe  accounts,  natural  philofophy  mull  be  to 
young  minds  eafier  than  pneumatology,  and  confequent- 
ly  fliould  betauglit  firft." 

For  this  long  digreil'ion,  if  ftfch  it  fha'l  be  deemed, 
we  ar2  perfuaded  that  thofe  who  retain  any  attach- 
ment to  the  phice  where  tlieir  minds  were  firtl  imbued 
with  the  piincipks  of  fcience,  will  think  no  apology 
reqiiifite,  when  they  are  inlormed,  that  the  plan  ot  e- 
ducation,  which  is  heie  fo  ably  defended,  was  about 
the  iarae  period  adopted  by  both  colleges  in  the  uiii- 
vcrfity  of  Aberdeen;  that  the  writer  of  this  article  had 
his  own  education  in  the  King's  college;  and  that  in 
the  profperity  of  that  college  he  Hill  feels  himfelt  deep- 
ly interefted.  Let  it  be  reinenibeied,  too,  tliat  the 
publication  from  which  this  extracTl  has  been  made,  fur- 
iiilhes  a  proof  of  profeffbr  Gerird's  abilities,  and  of  the 
cllimation  in  which  he  was  held  by  his  colleagues  at  a 

Su?PL.  Vol.   II. 


05       ] 


G     E     R 


very  early  period  of  life  ;  and  then  furely  the  digrtf-    C.mxA. 
fion  will  not  be  thought  impertinent.  v.^-v^^ 

He  was  now  profeffor  of  moral  philofophy  and  logic, 
and  of  thefe  fciences  alone  :  but  thnu.;h  his//,;n  »/ <•- 
ducallon  in  ihs  Marijchal  College  fheivs  die  order  in 
which  his  leftures  were  arranged,  we  have  not  been 
able  to  learn  on  what  foundation  he  built  his  fyftem  of 
ethics.  As  Hutchefon's  Moral  PluUfophy  was  then 
much  read  and  admired,  it  will  not  detract  from  Mr 
Gerard's  merits  to  fuppofe,  that,  with  his  prcdecedor 
Mr  lordyce,  he  was  an  advocite  for  the  rroral  fenfc  of 
that  author;  for  there  are  but  three  or  four  founda- 
tions on  which  a  fyttcm  of  ethics  can  be  raifed  ;  and  it 
may  be  doubted  whether  there  be  one  cf  them  which  is 
not  as  old  as  the  age  of  Plato.  It  would  indeed  be  ri- 
diculnus  in  any  modern  (a)  to  aim  at  giving  a  new 
foundation  to  moral  virtue  ;  for  virtue  mull  h;;v.-  l)een 
praifliied  upon  fome  fteady  principle  from  l!ie  eirliell 
period  of  human  fjciety  ;  and  the  mod  eminent  profef- 
for will  find  i'uffic-ent  rocm  for  the  difplay  of  all  his 
learning  and  ingenuity  in  illuftrating  the  principle 
which  his  own  judgment  has  led  him  to  adopt. 

Of  this  prcfedor  Gei  ard  was  fully  fenfible;  and 
whilll  he  was  confcientioufly  difcharging  his  duty  to 
hi?  pupils,  he  negUded  no  opportunity  of  improving 
himfeli.  He  was  member  of  a  literary  fociety  at 
Aberdeen,  of  which  the  refpeflabiliiy  will  not  be 
queflijned,  when  it  is  known  that  it  confided  of  fjch 
men  as  the  late  DoSors  Blackwell,  Gregory,  Reid  and 
Campbell,  with  Dr  Bt.attie,  and  many  others  of  per- 
haps equal  talents,  tliough  not  known  to  the  world  as 
authors  (n).  This  fociety  met  regularly  during  the  win- 
ter, we  believe  once  every  fortnight  ;  the  members 
communicated  their  fentiments  with  the  utmoll  free- 
dom ;  every  novel  opinion  was  fure  to  be  ranvafied  oa 
all  fides  with  impaiti.ility  ;  the  underftandings  of  the 
members  were  thus  mu'.ually  whetted  ;  and  hence  ori- 
ginated Reid's  Inquiiy  into  tks  Human  Mind,  Grego- 
ry's Comparati've  Firiv,  Gerard's  Ej/iiy  en  Genius,  Beat- 
tie's  EJpty  on  Truth,  and  Campbell's  Philofophy  of  Rhe- 
toric. 

On  the  5th  of  September  1759  ^^i"  Gerard  was  or- 
dained a  minider  of  the  Church  of  Scotland  ;  on  the 
iith  of  June  1760,  he  was  appointed  profelfor  of  di- 
vinity in  the  M.irifchal  coll-ge,  and  minifter  of  the 
Grayfriars  church  in  Abeidet-n  ;  and  at  the  fame  time, 
as  we  fuppofe,  created  dodor  in  divinity. 

On  the  iSth  of  June  i  771  he  rehgned  his  ProfefTor- 
(hip  in  Mjril'chal  ccUejie,  together  with  !)is  church- 
living,  and  was  preferred  to  the  thtolocicdl  chair  in 
the  univerfity  of  King's  College,  then  become  vncinc 
by  the  death  of  profedbt  Luniifden.  In  th.n  flaiion 
he  continued,  piofecuting  his  Itudies,  beloved  by  his 
colleagues,  and  revered  by  hi»  pupils,  till  I. is  birth-day 
1795  '  ^^I's")  having  jult  coiiip  eteJ  his  67-h  year,  he 
died  without  a  groan.  Hi»  death  was  occaiionel  by  a 
O  fchirrous 


(a)  The  friends  of  Mr  G  id  win,  who  afledl  to  call  his  political  juftice  the  nezv  philofiphy,  will,  of 
couife,  think  this  a  r:'.(h  aflertion  ;  but  were  it  worth  while,  it  would  be  no  very  ditficult  t'flc  to  produce, 
from  the  atheiftical  writers  of  ancient  Greece,  fomelhing  fimilar  even  to  his  wildeft  paradoxes.  Dr  Gerard  was 
too  well  acquainted  with  the  fubjefl,  and  too  warm  a  fiiend  to  genuine  virtue,  to  pietend  to  novelty  in  mor;J 
fcience. 

(b)  Such  as  Piofe/Tor  Tho-.ias  G  rdon,  who  read  leflurcs  in  the  King's  College  for  63  or  64  years,  and 
whofe  learning  was  equalled  only  by  his  virtues. 


G     E     R  [     10 

Gerard,  fcliirrous  tumour,  which  began  to  appear  on  his  face 
^■^''^'"''•^  in  ih5  year  17941  but  without  confining  him  to  the 
houfe,  or,  except  for  a  very  few  weeks,  iuteirup- 
ting  his  ufual  purl'iiits.  It  impaired,  however,  his 
heaUh,  and  gradu.illy  undermined  his  conftiiution.  Of 
this  he  was  very  foon  fenfible  ;  but  he  faw  his  diliuhition 
approaching  with  the  utnioft  conipofure  and  relignation, 
and  preferved  to  all  about  him  (orrjuch  <f  that  equ.ini- 
mlty  and  placidnefs  of  temper  which  had  maiked  the 
whole  courfe  of  his  life,  that  of  him  may  truly  be  faid, 

Multls  illi  multos  annos  precantibus 
Diri  caicinoniatis  veneno  contabuit, 
Nexiliufque  vi  as  paul.itim  relohitis, 
E  terris,  melioia  fperans,  emigravit. 

Were  we  to  hazard  an  opini.  n  of  Dr  Gerard's  intel- 
leiflual  powers,  from  having  attentively  jjerufeJ  his 
works,  we  would  fay  that  he  pofitlfed  great  rtiftitude 
of  j'jdgment,  rather  than  any  rem^ukable  vigour  of 
mind  J  that  he  wascapabl,',  by  intenfe  lhidy,i>f  becom- 
ing mailer  of  almnlt  wny  fubjeifl,  though  perhaps  he 
had  not  the  imagination  requilite  fiT  mak-ng  difcov  eriis 
in  fcience  ;  and  that  his  attainments  were  fnlid  rather 
than  biilliant.  What  he  knew,  he  knew  thornughly  ; 
but  to  U';,  his  knowledge  feems  to  have  been  the  le- 
ward  of  labour. 

By  one,  to  whom  he  was  well  known,  and  vho 
•  Dr  Bia:-  himlelf  llands  high  in  the  republic  o:  letters*,  we  are 
'''•  affured  that  he  had  improved  his  memory  to  fuch  a  de- 

tvee,  tliat,  in  liitle  mc'te  than  an  hcur,  be  could  get 
by  heart  any  ferraon  of  ordinary  length  ;  though  far 
frem  availing  himfelf  cf  this  talent,  as  many  would 
have  done,  he  compofeJ  with  caie  all  the  fermons  that 
he  preached.  In  early  lile  he  made  it  a  rule  not  to 
fiudy  after  fupper  ;  and  from  that  rule  he  never  deviat- 
ed, but  amufed  himfelf  after  that  time,  either  with  the 
converfation  of  his  family,  or  with  any  light  reading 
that  cime  in  his  w^ay,  and  he  was  generally  in  bed  by 
half  pafl  eleven.  He  feems  not  to  have  approved  of 
early  more  than  of  late  lludy;  for  though,  for  a  few 
years,  when  as  profeiTor  of  philofophy  he  had  various 
fciences  to  teach,  he  rofe  regularly,  during  winter,  at 
five  in  the  morning,  he  difcontinued  that  pracffice  as 
foon  as  he  had  it  in  his  power,  and  did  not  enter  upon 
ferious  ftudy  till  after  breakfift,  generally  about  10 
o'elock.  He  was  indeed  very  laborious  through  the 
day,  and  could  with  difHculty  be  peiluaded  to  take 
any  bodily  exercife;  but  being  remarkably  temperate 
in  eating  and  drinking,  he  enjoyed  very  good  heahh, 
v/hich  was  only  cccafionally  interrupted  by  thofe  ft')- 
mach  complaints,  to  which  men  of  i'edentary  lives  are 
often  fubjeft. 

The  fruits  of  this  inceflant  ftudy  were,  befides  the 
leflures  which  he  lead  to  his  different  clalfes,  i/l,  j4n 
r.Jfay  onTajie,  to  uliich,  in  1756,  was  adjudged  the 
gold  medal  by  the  Philcfophical  Society  of  Edinburgh 
(See  Societies,  EncycL),  which  had  propofed  Tajle  3.^ 
the  fubjefl  fur  a  prize.  Of  this  eifay  there  has  been 
a  feconii  and  a  third  edition  ;  of  which  the  laft,  which 
was  publiflied  in  1780,  is  confiderably  enlarged  and 
improved.  21I,  D'lJf.'rtaUons  on  the  Genius  and  E-vidin- 
ees  of  Ckrijiianity,  publilhed  in  1766.  3<V,  An  EJ'ay  on 
Genius,  publilhed  in  1774.  4'^'  Two  volumes  of  Ser- 
vians ;  ot  which  the  firlt  was  publifhed  in  17S0,  and 
the  fecond  in  J 782.    ^tb,  A  part  of  his  theological 


6     ] 


G     E     R 


courfe,  ent'tled   The   Pajloral  Care,  which  was  publifh-     Gerard, 
ed  in   1799  by  his  fon   Dr   Gilbert  Gerard,   who  fuc-  ^•^'~^~*'^ 
ceedcd  him  as  profelfor  of  divinity   in  the    King's  col- 
lege and  univeility  of  Aberdeen.     Belldes  thefe  works 
Dr  Gerard  publilhed  many  fint'le  fermons,  which  were 
preached  on  occallonal  fufjeds. 

Of  this  amiable  and  refpeiffable  inflrucfor  of  youth, 
we  have  been  favoured  with  the  following  charafter, 
drawn  by  a  man  of  talents  and  virMie-j-,  who  was  firft  -f  ti^  r„, 
his  pupil,   and   aftervvanls  his  fiicnd  ;  and  though  it  Stan  OgU- 
m.uJe    part  of  a  funeral  fermon,  we   believe  that,  by  """>  '^'^  ■^- 
thofe  who  were  moft  intiuatelv  acquainted   with  ]3i- *"''''"'• 
Gerard,  the   parjegyric  wiruh  it  contains  will  not  be 
deemed  extravagant. 

"  In  dorneftic  life,  his  conduit  was  amiable  and  ex- 
emplary. H^;  polfelFed,  in  a  high  degree,  tha  kinJnefs 
of  heart  and  afFihiliiy  of  manner  which  intercltcd  him 
at  all  limes  in  the  happinei:>  of  his  dependants,  I'rclerv- 
ed  good  hi'mour  in  his  hi,  ufe,  and  endeared  him  t  >  his 
taniily.  He  knew  Iv  w  to  check  improprieties  with- 
out harrtiiiefs,  and  when  and  how  t')  i)idulge  \Mthout 
impairing  his  authority.  Hi-  natural  good  fenfe,  ftea- 
dinefs  and  piudence,  prevented  him  from  being  thrown 
into  confufion  by  tlie  ;-dveife  incidents  of  life  ;  and  e- 
nabled  him,  in  prelling  emeigencies,  to  adopt  wife 
meaiures,  and  to  adminifler  falutary  counfel.  His  ten- 
der fympathy  fooihed  th;  troubled  hour  of  forrow  ; 
his  rational  and  friendly  advice  gu'd^d  his  family  thro' 
the  perplexities  o(  life,  and  he  feelingly  rejoiced  in  all 
their  innocent  enjoyments.  His  attachments  were  not 
confined  to  his  lamily  or  his  relatives  ;  he  was  fufcep- 
tible  cf  warm  triendlhip.  In  fekfling  the  objeifts  of  it 
he  was  cautious,  always  preferring  thofe  whole  merits 
entitled  them  to  confidence  and  regard.  His  attach- 
ment, flowly  formed,  was  not  to  be  (li  iken  by  every 
oblique  inlinuation,  or  by  every  idle  report  to  the  pre- 
judice of  his  friend.  Sceady  in  his  profelTions  of  re- 
gard, he  was  capable  of  conliderable  and  dilinterelled 
exertions  to  ferve  thofe  whom  he  really  etlcemed.  To 
his  judicious  advice  they  had  ready  accefs  ;  and  his  bed 
eiF(>rts  to  promote  their  good  they  could  always  com- 
mand. As  a  member  of  fociety,  his  houfe  was  ever 
the  feat  of  hofpitality,  and  his  door  was  always  open 
to  the  ftranger.  In  entertaining  his  Iriends,  he  equal- 
ly avoided  the  extravagance  and  odentation  which  did 
not  become  his  character  01  fuit  his  fortune,  and  the 
rigid  economy  which  maiks  the  condufl  of  thofe  who 
give  with  a  reluiftant  and  a  fparing  hand.  He  neither 
anxioully  courted,  nor  atfeifltdly  lliunned  learned  con- 
verfatiou.  Whili  he  never  olitruded  upon  company 
fubjefls  which,  by  the  dilp'.ay  of  fuperior  knowledge 
or  abilities,  were  cilculated  to  gratify  his  own  vanity 
at  the  expence  of  hurting  others,  he  always  (ludied,  as 
far  as  propriety  would  admit,  to  adapt  his  converfa- 
tion  to  the  temper  and  inclinations  of  his  alfociaies. 
To  pleafe  the  young,  and  to  promote  their  liarmlefs 
fellivlty,  was  ever  his  delight  ;  with  cheerfulnefs  he  de- 
fcended  to  their  trivial  amufements,  and  in  his  pre- 
fcnce  they  felt  no  rellrainlj  but  thofe  which  virtue 
and  decency  impofe.  Though  he  often  left  lor  a  little 
Itudles  in  which  lie  was  keenly  engasjed,  to  enjoy  the 
conveifation  of  a  friend,  he  never  fuffered  his  love  of 
fociety,  one  of  bis  ib"ong;ll  paffions,  to  induce  him  to 
ficrifice  any  imporr.ant  literary  purfuit,  or  to  iiegleft 
any  neceffary  bufinefs. 

"As 


GER                     C107]  GER 

Gerard^      «  As  a  clergyman,  the  office  wiiicli  he  held  for  feveral  the  proper  manner  of  difcharging  all  Its  duties,  and  to    Gctitii. 

years  in  M.Ariichal  collej^e  lendcred  it  Ins  duty  to  be  a  enable  them,  by  the  knowledge  of  Scripture,  to  form  a      '"^"> 

daily  preacher,  and  gave  him  a  feat  in  the  ecclefiaftical  juft  and  impartial  judgment  on  controverted  fubj-as.         ^ 

courtb.      But  the  unavoidable  labour  of  preparing  pre-  Solicitous  for  their  improvement,  he  was  ever  read)-  to    ^''""^^' 

leflions  fnr  his  theological   pupils  did  not  prevent  his  encourage  rifing  merit  by  his  warmeft  approbation  ;  and  v^^^^^ 

unremitting  attention   to  his  public  exhibitions  in   the  reluflant  to  damp  even   unfuccefbful  efforts  of  "enius 

pulpit.       Thefe    weie    marked   by  that  diftmanefs  of  by   deferved  cenfure.      Having  a  conflant  eye  lo^what 

arrangement,  that  julh.els  ot  reaf ming,  and  that  accu-  is  praaically  uftlul,  rather  than  to  uncdifying  fpecula- 

racy  of  compyfilion,  which  cffeaually  fecured  the  ap-  tion,  he  enjoined  no   duty  which  he  was  tmwiHing  to 

probation  oi   the  ableft  judges  ;  while  by    their  plain-  exemplify  in  his  own  londua.     Hence   that  llria  re- 

nefs  and  fimplicity,   th;y  tailed  not  of    promoting  tlie  gard  to  the  minillerial  charafter  which  he  unif.rmly 

edification  ot  the  meaneft  capacities.     To  the  low  arts  difplayed,  and  hence  his  uncommon  punauality  in  at- 

of    acquiring    popularity   he  never    (looped;    But   his  tending  the   public  ordinances  of  relicricn." 

prudence,  his  good  fenfe,   hib  exemplary  cundua,  and  GERARDSTOWN,  a  neat  little  town,  fituated  in 

his    minitierial  diligence,   ellablilhed    his  relpec'tability  Berkely    co.    Virginia,     containing    about    30    or    40 

and  uiefulnefb,  and   procured  him   the  full  confidence  houfes  ;     10  miles  from  Martinlburg,    and  254  from 

and  elleem  of  his  colleagues.      Poireffing  more  than  or-  Philadelphia. — Morse. 

dinary  excellence,  envy  never  led  him  to  depreciate  the  GERMAN,  a  towndiip  in  Fayette  co.  Pennfylva- 

merits  of  other  preachers.     Though  one  of  tlie  bell  of  nia. — ib. 

judges,  he  was  always  one  of  the  moft  candid  hearers.  German   Flats,   the  cliief  townfhip  of  Hcrkemer 

When  by  his   tranflation  to   the  univerfity  of   King's  co.  taken  from  that  of  Montgomery,    in   New- York, 

college,  he    was  releafed  trom    the  labour  of   conflant  By  the  cenfus  of  1790,  it  contained   1507  inhabitants 

preaching,  far  from  Ihcwing  any  averlion  to  di!'chan;e  including    20   (laves;    by   the  State  cenfus   of    1796, 

the  moft  public  minillerial  duties,  he  was  always  ohe-  4194  inliabitants  of  w'hom  6S4  are  ekaors.     It  lies 

dient  to  prefbyterial  appointmems  ;    and  while  healih  on   the  fouth  fide  o{  Mohawk   river,  oppofite  Herke- 

and  ilrength  remained,  willing   to   oblige   his  clerical  mer.     It  is  24  miles  E.  of  Whiteftown,  and  60  miles 

friends  by  appearing   in  their  pulpits.      Nor  in  private  weft  of  Scheneaady. — ib. 

life  did  he  ever  lofe  fight  of  the  charaaer  of  a  clergy-  GERMANTOWN,  (N.  Y.)  in  Columbia  co.  con- 
man.  Having  in  a  publication  ably  defended  its  re-  taining  516  inhabitants.  In  1796,  it  had  75  qualified 
fpeaability,  in  oppofition  to  the  feoffs  and  fneers  and  voters. — \h. 

fophifm  of  modern  fceptics  ;  he  confidercd  it  as  his  Germantown,  in  Philadelphia  co.  Pennfylvania,  is 
honour,  in  his  lite  and  converfation  to  difplay  its  dig-  fituated  7  miles  nnrth  of  Philadelphia  city,  and  was 
nity  and  importance  ;  and  to  Ihewthat  the  gravity  of  a  efteemed  the  fecond  town  in  the  country,  until  feveral 
Chriftian  paftor  is  perfealy  conliftent  with  the  good  inltnd  town;  eclipfed  it,  by  f\iperior  eftablllliments  and 
breeding  of  a  gentleman,  and  with  the  cheerlulnefs,  af-  nu"iber  of  inhabitants.  It  is  a  corporation,  confifting 
fability,  and  eaie  of  an  agreeable  ccmpan-on.  chitily  of  High  and  Low  Dutch,  and  contains  about 
"  Asa  man  of  letters,  his  attainments  were  far  above  250  houles,  chiefly  of  ftone,  feme  of  whicli  are  large, 
thofe  at  which  the  generality  of  ftudents  ariive.  In  elegant  and  commodious;  built  chiefly  on  one  ftreet, 
his  literary  purfuits,  he  had  all  the  advantages  of  a  ab'Ut  two  miles  in  length.  The  public  buildings  are 
judgment  uncommonly  clear  and  diftii  a,  aided,  from  a  G;rman  Calvinift  and  Lutheran  church,  a  Friend's 
his  earlieft  years,  by  the  moft  indefatigable  snJ  perle-  mceiing-lioufe,  ai-.d  an  academy.  Knit  ftockings,  of 
vering  ftudy.  The  well-earned  reputation  with  which,  cotton,  t.hread  and  worfted,  are  manufaaured  here  by 
before  he  was  promoted  to  the  theological  chair,  he  incIividudK  to  a  conliderablj  extent,  and  of  an  excellent 
taught  in  Marifchal  college  different  fcienccs,  in-  quality.  It  is  an  ancient  town,  plealantly  (ituated, 
conteftibly  proves  that  his  powers,  not  confined  to  and  by  its  vicinity  to  the  metropolis,  well  adapted  i.  r 
one  fubjea,  juftly  entitled  liim  to  eminence  in  leveral  manufaaurcs.  Here  is  the  principal  congregation  c/f 
branches  of  literature.  Hi-;  publications,  feveral  of  the  Mennonids,  and  the  mother  cf  tint  feci  in  Ame- 
which  have  been  tranflated  into  other  languages,  pro-  rica.  They  derive  their  name  from  Menno  Simon,  a 
mile  fair  to  e.\end  his  fame,  and  to  hand  it  down  to  learned  man  ot  Wiimars,  in  Germany,  one  ot  the  re- 
generations yet  unborn  ;  and  his  unremitting  labours  formers,  born  in  1505.  Some  of  his  followers  came 
promifed  ftill  a  farther  contribution  to  th;  gcueraUlock  into  Pennfylvania,  from  New-Yoik,  in' 1692.  There 
of  learning.  aie  ibf  lit  4000  (>f  them  in  the  State.  Tliey  do  nor, 
"  As  a  profefTor  of  divinity,  he  will  belong  and  grate-  like  die  I'unkers,  believe  in  general  falvation  ;  yet,  like 
fully  remembered  by  his  numeruus  pupils.  This  was  them,  they  will  neither  fwcar  nor  fight,  nor  bear  any 
his  peculiar  departinent,  and  in  thii  he  fhone.  Poff  f-  civil  (flice,  nor  go  to  law,  nor  take  mtcielt  tor  money, 
ting  large  ft'>res  of  theological  knowledge,  he  was  ju-  thoucli  many  break  that  rule,  'i'hey  ule  great  plain- 
ilicious  in  fekaiug  his  lubjias,  happy  and  faccefstul  nets  in  their  drefs,  &l-.  and  praaifc  mativ  of  the  rites 
in  his  manner  of  c'ommunicating  iiillruait  11.  He  Jiad  of  the  primitive  Chiillian  churcli.  Tiiis  town  is  alfo 
the  merit  if  introducing  a  new,  and  in  many  refpeas  .i  rendered  famous,  by  the  battle  foughl  in  it,  on  die  4th 
b';tter    plan    of  theuligical  education,   than  thofe   (u  of  Oa.   1777.—/.';. 

which  it  had  been  formeily  conducted.      Liberal,   but  Germantown,  a  pod-town  and  the  capital  of  Stokes 

rot  loofe,  in  his  ilntinients,  his  great  aim  was,  not  to  co.  N.  Carolina.     It  is  fituated  rear  die  Town  Fork  of 

impole  by  his  authority  upon  his  pupils  any  favourite  Dan  river,  and  cont.iins  a  court-home,  gaol,  and  about 

fyftem  of  opinions  ;  hut  to  imprcls  tbem  with  a  fcnfe  30  houfes.     It  is  528  miles  S.  \V.  by  S.  of  Philadel- 

cf  the  importance  of  the  minifterial  ofncc,  to  teach  them  pliia. — \b. 


O 


Ger- 


G     E     R 


[     io8     ] 


G     E     S 


German  TOWN,  the  chief  town  of  Hyde  co.  in  New- 
bern  diilrict,   N.  C.irolina. — 11/. 

GERMANY,  a  townfliip  in  York  co.  Pennfylva- 
nia. — il>. 

GERMINATION,  among  botanids  is  a  very  in- 
terelting.  lubjed  on  which  the  late  dilcoveries  in  clie- 
rniftry  have  thrown  much  light  fii  ce  the  article  Gkr- 
MiNATiON  was  publillicd  in  the  Encfchpirdia.  In  t'le 
year  1793,  Mr  Huml)oldt  diicovticd  that  firople  me- 
tallic iubllanccs  are  unlavourable  to  the  I'ermina'ion  ot 
plants,  and  that  rnetallic  oxyds  favour  it  in  prnpirtion 
to  their  decree  of  oxydation.  This  difcovery  induced 
him  to  fearch  for  a  fubnance  wi'.h  which  oxyj^'en  miglu 
be  To  weakly  cirobined  .1  ■  to  be  ealily  fepirated,  and 
he  made  choice  ot  ox)etnated  muriatic  acid  gas  mix 
ed  with  water.  Crdlcs  (lep'Jh^m  fctlvum)  in  the 
oxygenated  mur'atic  ac:d  lliewed  gernis  at  the  end  of 
fix  hours,  and  in  coninicui  water  at  rhe  end  ot  32  hours. 
The  ai5tirn  of  the  fii  11  fluid  im  the  vegetable  fibres  is 
announced  by  an  enormous  qu.intity  of  air  bubbles 
which  cover  the  feeds,  a  phem  menon  not  exhibited 
by  water  till  at  the  end  of  from  30  to  45  minutes. 
Thcfe  experiments  announced  in  Huni'ooldt'i  Flora 
Stihtirranea  Frihsrgenjis-,  and  in  his  Aph'.rilms  on  the 
chemical  phyfiology  "f  Plants,  have  been  repeated  by 
others  (a  ' .  They  were  made  at  a  teinperature  of  from 
12  to  I J  Reaumur.  In  the  fummer  of  1796,  Hum- 
boldt be»an  a  new  feries  ot  exjieiiments,  and  found 
that  by  join'ng  the  ftimulus  of  caloric  to  that  ot  oxy- 
gen he  was  enabled  llill  more  to  accelerate  the  pro- 
gress of  vea,etaiion.  He  tot  k  tiie  feeds  of  ganlen 
crtife-T  {Jcp'idhtm  f,i'tvtim),  peas,  {j>ifum  fath'um),  French 
beans  (pha/eoius  vulgaris),  garden  lettuce  (latluca  fati- 
va),  niignonetie  (refeda  odorata)  ;  cqu.d  quantities  of 
which  were  thrown  into  pure  water  an  i  the  oxyi-ena- 
ted  muria'ic  acid  at  a  temperature  of  88'  F.  Creli'es 
exhibited  germs  in  three  hciirs  in  the  oxygenated  mu- 
riatic acid,  while  none  were  feen  in  water  till  the  end 
of  26  houis.  In  tiie  muriatic,  nitric  (b),  or  fulphuric 
acid,  pure  or  mixed  with  wa'er,  there  was  no  g^rm  at 
all:  the  oxygen  feemed  there  '■.  be  too  intimately  unit- 
ed with  bafes  of  .i/,ot  or  tulphivr,  to  be  dilengaged  by 
the  jfEnitic^  prefented  by  the  fibre-.  c{  the  vegetable. 
The  author  announces,  that  his  difcoverles  may  one 
day  be  of  great  benefit  in  the  cultivation  of  plants. 
His  experiments  have  been  repealed  wi^h  great  inijuf- 
try  and  zeal  by  fevcral  diiliiiguiilu-d  philofophers.  Pro- 
fetf'ri  Prhl  at  Drefden  caufed  to  germinate  in  oxyge- 
na'ti.i  muriatic  icid  ihe  teed  of  a  new  k:nd  oi euphorbia 
taken  fiom  Bocconi's  colleflion  of  dried  plants,  i  to  or 
120  years  old.  Jacquin  and  Vander  Schott  at  Vienna 
throw/  into  oxygenated  muriatic  acid  all  the  old  feeds 
which  had  been  kept  20  or  30  years  at  the  botanical 
garden,  every  at'empt  to  produce  vegetation  in  which 
had  been  fraitlefs,  and  the  greater  part  of  them  were 


ftimulated  with  fuccefs.  Even  the  hardeft  feeds  yield- 
ed to  this  agent.  Among  thofe  which  geiminited 
were  the  yellow  bonduc  or  nickjr  tiee  (^iii,'andina 
bonduc),  the  pigeon  ry'ifus  or  pigeon  pea  (cylifus  ca- 
jiin'^,,  the  dodonta  angujl'ifolia,  the  climbing  miiiiofi  (m;- 
moju  fciindens),  and  new  kinds  of  the  l>om,cn. — Ther« 
are  now  lliewn  at  Vienna  very  valuable  plants  which 
are  entirely  owing  to  the  oxygenated  muriatic  acid, 
and  which  are  at  prefent  from  five  to  sight  inches  in 
height.  Humboldt  caufed  to  germinate  the  cli'!.,i  ro- 
Jiu,  the  feeds  ot  which  had  been  b'  night  trom  the  Ba- 
h.ima  iflands  by  Bo<il"e,  and  whic'  before  had  retilted 
every  eflirt  to  make  them  vegetate.  For  this  pur- 
p"le  he  employed  a  new  procefs,  which  feems  likely  to 
be  much  ealler  for  gardeners  who  have  not  an  opp  >r- 
lunity  ot  procurinv  oxy.'enated  muriatic  acid  :  He 
formed  a  pdle  by  mixing  the  feeds  with  the  black 
oxyd  of  m  ng.in-ie,  and  then  poured  ovtr  it  the  mu- 
riatic acid  diluted  with  water.  Three  cubic  inches  of 
water  were  nnxed  with  halt  a  cubic  inch  of  the  mu- 
riatic acid.  The  vellel  which  co.. tains  this  mixture 
mull  be  c  vered,  bur  not  cloftlv  lh.it  ;  elfe  it  might 
readily  burlt.  At  the  temperai.ire  of  95°  the  muiia- 
tic  acid  becomes  llrongly  oxy.Jated  ;  the  oxygenated 
muriatic  gas  which  is  dilengaged  palFes  through  the 
feeds  ;  and  it  is  during  this  pillkgt  tliat  irritation  "f  the 
vegetable  fibres  takes  place. — P,iilJophk(il  Mtigttzine. 

GERRY,  a  townlh'pin  Wo^cellei  c>  MjiF.ichufetts. 
It  was  incorporated  in  1  786  and  contains  14,000  acres 
of  land,  on  which  are  740  inliab'ants.  ll  is  30  miles 
N  W.  of  Wurceller,  and  65  N.  W.  by  W.  of  Bolton. 
— JlTorte. 

GESCHE  EL  AuRE,  or  GiR  Gir,  a  fpecies  of 
grafs  growing  plentifully  near  Ras  e!  Fnl  on  the  bor- 
detoof  Abyliinia.  It  begins  frys  Mr  Bruce,  to  Ihoot 
in  the  end  of  April,  when  it  firll  feels  the  humidity  of 
the  air.  It  advances  then  fpeedily  to  its  full  height, 
which  is  about  3  feet  4  inches.  It  is  ripe  in  the  be- 
ginning of  May,  and  decays,  if  not  dePiroyed  by  fire, 
very  foon  afterwards. 

The  leaf  is  !■  ng,  pointed,  narrow,  and  of  a  feeble 
texture.  The  itock  trom  which  it  fhoots  produces 
leaves  in  great  abundance,  wtrich  foon  turn  yellow  ^nd 
fall  to  the  ground.  The  goats,  tlie  only  cattle  tliefe 
miferable  people  have,  are  very  fond  of  it,  and  for  it  a- 
bandon  all  other  food  while  it  is  within  their  rea:h. 
On  the  leaves  of  f)me  plants  our  author  law  a  very 
fniall  glutinous  juice,  like  to  what  we  fee  upon  the 
leaves  of  the  lime  or  the  pi  me,  but  in  much  lefs  quan- 
tity ;  this  is  of  the  taQeof  lugar. 

From  the  root  of  the  branch  arifes  a  number  of 
ftilks,  fometimes  two,  but  never,  as  far  as  lie  had  feen, 
more  than  three.  The  flower  and  feed  are  defended  by 
a  wonderful  perfe^Slion  and  quantity  of  imall  parts. 
The  head  when  in  its  maturity  is  of  a  purplilh  brown. 

This 


Germina- 
tion 

II 
Gcfche. 


(a)  See  Ullar's  Fragments  of  Phytology,  Plenck's  Phyfiology,  Vllldenow's  Dendrology,  and  Didionairc  de 
Phyfique  par  Gehler. 

(b)  The  nitric  acid,  however,  diluted  with  a  great  deal  of  water,  accelerates  germination  alfo,  according  to 
the  experiments  of  Candolle,  a  young  naturalill,  who  has  applied  with  great  fuccefs  to  vegetable  phyliohigy. 
This  phen' m.ena  is  the  more  interefting,  as  chemiflry  affords  other  analogies  of  the  oxygenated  muriatic  acid 
and  the  nitric  acid.  Profeffor  Pfafs  at  Kiel,  by  purfuing  Humboldt's  experiments,  has  fnind  that  frogs  fuf- 
focateJ  in  oxv  u,enated  muriatic  acid  gas  increafe  in  irritability,  while  thofe  which  perifli  in  carbonic  acid  gas  are 
lefs  fenlible  of  galvauifm. 


G     H     E 


[     109    ] 


G     H     I 


Gettyf- 

burgh 


This  fpecies  of  ^rafs  was  one  of  the  acquifitlons  of 
our  author's  travels.  It  was  not  bef  le  kn  wn  in  Eu- 
rope, nor  when  he  publilhed  his  botik  had  the  feed 
produced  a  plant  any  where  but  in  the  garden  cf  the 
French  king. 

GETTYSBURGH,  a  fm.ill  town  in  York  co. 
Peiinfjlvania,  ijualed  at  the  head  of  Rock  Cieek,  one 
of  the  head  waters  nf  the  Monococy,  and  contains 
about  30  lioufes.  Ir  i«  9  miles  north  of  the  Maryland 
lint.  8  miles  from  Millerll  'wn,  15  from  Abbotltovvn, 
36  fiom  Williartifport  in  Maryland,  and  118  W.  by 
S,  rf  PhiUidtlphia Morse. 

GHEYSSIQUAS,  a  nitinn  of  Hotttntots  which 
inhabits  a  dilirift  of  South  Africa  bordering  on  the 
country  of  Calf:  aria.  M.  Vaillant  viiired  a  horde  of 
this  people  at  no  great  diftance  f:om  Orange  river,  as 
he  wa»  reairning  from  his  Uft  Africin  eicnil'ion  to  the 
Cape,  and  was  Ihewn  by  them  a  chain  of  mountains  to 
the  ealt.  which  exten Jing  to  a  diftante  was  loft  in  the 
north,  and  which,  inhibited  by  their  principal  tribes, 
feparated  them  firm  the  C<tlFres,  or  at  leaft  from  the 
Briquas  and  Brsm-.s,  whom  they  confider  as  tribes  of 
CafTrcs. 

With  refpeift  to  fuch  characSeriftics  as  are  not  ori- 
ginal and  derived  from  nature,  as  the  form  of  their 
drefs,  weapons,  inftruinents  i.l  mul;c,  fondncfs  for  hunt- 
ing and  dancing  and  the  like,  tlie  Gheylliquas  Jo  not 
differ  frt.m  the  furnmnding  n.itions,  except  in  having 
adopted  a  particular  colour  for  their  ornaments.  All 
the  ornaments  of  the  Gheyffiquas  are  white,  and  com- 
pofed  of  the  bones  of  a  Cneep's  leg  or  foot,  to  wliich 
they  give  a  dazzling  whitenefs  by  procefles  peculiar  to 
themfelves.  Thus,  as  they  fabricate  their  own  neck- 
laces and  other  articles  of  luxury,  and  have  no  occa!';on 
to  purchafe  the  materials,  they  have  no  dcpendance  on 
the  colonies  with  refpeifl  to  trade,  excejt  for  a  few  ne- 
ceflary  ai ticks  which  they  want  in  common  with  o- 
ther  favages.  Accordingly  this  nation  is  lefs  known 
and  lefs  vilited  than  any  other. 

The  women  are  well  made,  lively,  and  always  ready 
to  laugh  or  dance  :  yet,  with  all  the  gaiety  of  their  dil- 
pofition,  they  have  the  rel'ervednefs  of  manners  to 
which  polilhed  nations  give  the  names  of  modeily  and 
decorum,  and  which,  in  fo  warm  a  climate  and  with 
fuch  ardent  conllitutions,  appears  to  be  a  virtue  of  no 
eafy  attainment. 

Our  author  fays  tliat  he  no  where  met  wi-.h  a  nation 
fo  truly  generous.  Though  he  had  nothing  to  give  in 
exchange,  yet  during  two  days  that  he  ftaid  with 
them,  he  had  bowls  of  m'lk  brought  to  him  as  pre- 
fencs,  night  and  morning,  from  every  hut.  The  chief 
even  obliged  him  to  acctpt  a  Limb;  anil  though  our 
traveller's  attendants  were  not  delti'iite  ot  provifion';, 
he  would  give  them  alfo  feveral  ilr;ep  with  which  to 
regale  themfelves  ;  a  degree  of  geiierofity  oi  which  a 
proper  eftimate  can  be  formed  only  by  thofe  who  know 
ibmething  of  fjvage  manners  and  lavage  penury. 

The  pradlice  cl  femi-caftration  prevails  among  the 
Gheytliquas,  and  among  them  only  cf  all  the  H'  tten- 
tot  tubes;  and  it  prev;<ils  in  all  their  hordes  without 
exception.  Our  author  convinced  himfch  of  this  fact 
by  his  own  eyes  ;  f<  r  tlu  men  were  fo  complailant, 
that,  if  he  had  chofcn,  he  might  have  ir;fpeCtcd  the 
whole  horde.  Many  travellers  have  wiittcn  upon  the 
fubjeil  of  this  v.himii^al  op. i alien  j  but  they  do  not 


GheylTi- 
quas 

II 
G  liirijong. 


agree  either  as  to  iis  oiigin,  the  motives  that  lead  to 
Its  invention,  or  the  nation;  by  whtm  it  is  praailcd. 
Kolben,  who  fays  that  it  commonly  confifls  in  the  ex- 
traaion  of  the  left  teiticle,  rcprefcnts  it  as  a  religious  _ 
ceremony,  a  general  and  facred  liw,  with  all  the  Hot- 
tentots indifcnniinately  ;  but  this  is  unqucflionably 
falfe.  (See  Hottentots,  Ency:I.)  Otiiers  attrihiile 
it  to  the  defirc  ot  the  Ghcyfflquas  to  rend.r  ihemfrlves 
more  fleet  in  running,  au  effea  which  it  furely  is  not 
calculated  t^  produce  ;  and  fome  have  faid  tint  its  in- 
tention is  to  prevent  the  too  ainindant  propagation  of 
the  fpecies.^  Yet  Knll.en,  though  he  feems  inclined  to 
this  laft  opinion,  aflirms,  that  twins  are  not  lire  lei's 
common  on  account  of  the  operation.  According  to 
thofe  whom  M.  Vaillant  quellion^d  on  the  fubjeJl,  it 
is  merely  a  mark  of  dillindion  which  their  anceftors, 
being  at  war  with  the  nei;hbruring  nr.tions,  invented 
tor  tlie  purpofe  of  knowing  one  another;  but,  as  he 
hi;Tifeif  admi's,  this  is  a  very  improbable  account  01  the 
matter,  as  ihey  would  furdy  have  ad'iptcd,  like  llje 
Loangoes,  Pomboes,  and  Cormatitins,  marks  of  diftinc- 
tion  more  ealily  difcerned.  Be  this  as  it  mav,  the  o- 
peraiion  among  the  Gneyfiiqias  is  performed  by  the 
father,  commonly  at  the  birth  of  the  child,  tiicugh 
Kimetimes   not  till  he  has  complc'ed    his   third   year. 

GHIRGONG,  the  capital  oi'y/rf»;  in  Hindoftan  \i,  P.-mant'i 
according  to  Mr  Pennant,  fi'.uated  in  latitude  26""  30'  '''"'■  °f 
north.     He  does  not  ftate   its  longitude.     It  has   four  ^•"'''f'"' 
gates,  and  the  city  is  encompalfed  with  a  bound  hedge 
of  bamboos.      The  Rajah's  palace  is  furrounded  by  a 
caufey,  planted  on    each  fide  with   a  clofe   hedge    of 
bamboos,  which  ferves  inftead  of  a  wall.     On  the  out- 
fide  there  is  a   ditch,    which   is    always  full  of  water. 
The  Rajah's  feat  is  adorned  with  lattice  work  and  car- 
ving.    Within  and  with  nit  have  been  placed  plates  of 
braf?,  fo  well  polilhed,  that  when  tlic  rays  of  the  fua 
ftrike  upon  them  they  fhine  like  minors.      It  is  an  af- 
certained  faift,    that  3000   carpenters   and    12,000  la- 
bourers were  cr.nftanily  emplc  ycd  in  this  work  during 
two  years  before  it  was  linilhed. 

The  Afiatic  Refearches  fpeak  much  of  the  wealth  cf 
Af.ini,  and  of  the  plenty  and  excellency  of  its  natural 
prodiK'iions,  and  that  it  abounds  in  all  metals  but 
tin.  Gold  is  found  in  every  part  of  the  country  by 
walhing  the  f.:nd  of  the  rivers,  and  is  one  oi  the  four- 
ces  of  revenue;  12, coo,  fome  fiiy  20,coo  people,  are 
employed  in  that  woik,  each  of  whom  his  (ron>  the 
Rajah  a  certain  wages.  Its  gum  lac  is  excellent,  and 
it  is  very  produiflive  of  filk. 

Among  the  fuiiti  which  this  country  produces  are 
m an '.iOcs,pl.intains,j,icks, oranges, cilr.ns, limes, pine  ap- 
ples, and  puniala,  a  fpecies  of  tamarind,  which  h.is  fiicii 
an  excellent  flavour,  tliat  every  peifon  who  talles  it  pie- 
fers  it  to  the  plum.  I'liere  are  alf  >  cocoa-nut  trees,  pep- 
per vines,  and  the  areca  trees.  The  fugar  cane  excels 
in  foftntfs  and  fwcctncf.,  and  is  of  thice  colours,  red, 
black  and  wliite.  Tliere  is  gii'ger  freo  (rom  fibres, 
and  betel  vines.  The  Itrepgthtf  vcgetJtion  and  fer- 
tility of  the  foil  are  fuch,  that  whatever  feed  is  fown 
or  dips  planted  they  always  thrive.  The  environs  cf 
Gbirgong  furnilh  fmall  apiicots,  yams,  and  pomegr.i- 
nates  ;  but  as  thefe  articles  are  wild,  and  not  aiJiltcd  bf 
cultivation  and  ennraftmcnt,  they  arc  very  iaJilFeicnt. 
The  principal  crcp  in  iliis  country  coafills  in  lice  and 
Icntiles.     Wheat  and  bailey  arc  ntver  fjwn  ;  lignuni 

ulc'CS 


G     I     B 


C     " 


Ghirgong  a'oas  is  alfo  a  prodiicllon  of  tliis  country.  The  filk? 
II  are   Excellent,  and  refemhle  thole  of  China,   but    they 

Gibbon.  rn.inuf;i(5lure  very  few  more  tlrin  are  required  for  ufe. 
'I'liey  are  fuccefsful  in  emliroidering  with  llcnvers  and 
in  weiving  velvet. — One  if  their  great  fored'.  is  inha- 
bited by  abiuid.ince  of  eleph  ir.ts  :  6  or  700  may  be  ta- 
k?n  in  ;t  year,  but  they  are  nfglefted  by  the  natives, 
■who  have  neither  horles,  caineU  nor  alics,  fuch  as  are 
bron^iln  Irom  other  coiuitrits. 

AcC'Ttling  to  our  author,  "  the  people  of  Afjm  are 
a  baie  unprincipled  nation,  ,uij  have  no  fixed  relij;ion. 
They  follow  no  rule  but  that  of  their  o«-n  inclination, 
anti  make  their  own  vicious  minds  the  toll  ot  the  pro- 
priety ol' their  ailions.  They  do  not  adopt  any  mode 
of  uordiip  praftifed  either  by  healliens  or  Mahonie- 
dans,  nor  do  they  concur  witli  any  of  the  knnvn  fefls 
vhich  prev.-iil  aming  mankind  ;  unlike  the  pagans  ot 
Hindolhin,  they  do  not  rej^ft  vifluals  which  have  been 
drclL'd  by  Mcfl.ms,  and  they  abllain  from  no  flelh  ex- 
cept juim^n.  They  even  eat  animals  that  have  died  a 
Biitural  death." 

On  this  pall'age,  one  of  the  ableft  of  our  literary  jnur- 
ralills  obferves,  that  in  j'jfticeto  the  people  of  Afam, 
we  inuft  remark,  that  the  above  account,  extracted 
from  thememoiis  (■{  Mir  Jumla's  expedition  into  that 
country,  was  compoftd  by  a  rigid  Mahomedan,  at  the 
court  of  that  fanatic.il  tvrant  Aurengzebe.  The  au- 
thor and  his  mailer  faw,  in  the  Afamefe,  only  idola- 
ters ;  and,  in  idolaters,  the  nieaneft  of  mankind.  Their 
diet,  though  lefs  rellriifled  than  that  of  the  Hindoos  of 
Bengal,  is  by  no  means  promifcuous  ;  and  their  reli- 
gion does  nn  in  any  way  differ  from  that  of  Hndof- 
tan,  as  might  ealily  be  proved  by  their  coins,  infcrib- 
ed  with  the  name^  of  Hindoo  deities. 

GIBBON  (Edward  Efq.),  the  celebrated  hiftorian 
of  the  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire,  was 
born  at  Putney  in  the  county  of  Surry  on  the  27th  of 
April  1737.  He  was  the  firii  child  of  the  marriage  of 
Edward  Gibbon,  Efq;  and  Judith  Porten,  the  youngeft 
datighler  of  a  merchant  ot  London. 

The  family  of  Gil)l)on  appears  to  be  ancient  and  ho- 
nfiurable  ;  and  our  author  delights  to  trace  his  pedigree 
from  John  Gibbon  architeifl  to  King  Edward  III.  who 
poifelfed  lands  in  the  hundred  and  p  uilli  of  Rolvenden, 
in  the  diftri>5l  which  is  now  called  the  Weald  of  Kent. 
In  that  dillrifl  the  elder  branch  of  the  family  ftill  ad- 
heres to  its  native  foil,  without  much  increafe  or  dimi- 
nution of  property  ;  but  the  fortunes  ot  the  younger 
branch,  from  which  fprung  the  fub;eft  (■•(  this  memoir, 
were  fluiftuating.  It  is  not,  however,  with  his  family, 
but  with  himfclf,  that  we  are  concerned. 

So  feeble  was  his  conllitution,  and  fo  precarious  his 
lite  during  hischilJidi  years,  that  at  the  baptifni  of  each 
of  hii  brothers  (and  they  were  tive  in  number)  his  fa- 
tbei's  prudence  fucceltively  repeated  the  name  of  Ed- 
ward, that,  in  cafe  of  the  dea'hof  the  eldeft  ton,  this  pat- 
ronymic appellation  might  dill  he  perpetuated  inllie  la- 
mily.  His  brothers  and  a  lilier  were  all  thatched  away  in 
their  infancy;  and,  in  terms  of  alTeftion-.te  gratitude,  he 
attributes  his  own  prefervation  to  the  more  than  maternal 
care  of  a  maiden  aunt,  his  motlier's  tldefl  filter.  "  M.my 
anxious  and  fulitary  days  (fays  he)  did  thdt  dear  and 
eKcellenl  woman  confume  in  the  patient  trial  of  every 
mode  of  relief  and  amulement.  Many  v%-akefiil  niglits 
did  (he  lit  by  my  bed  fide  in  trembling  expe.-'lation  ttiat 


o     ]  G 

each  hour  would  be  my  1 


I     B 


(t.  Suffice  it  to  fay,  that 
while  every  pracflitiorer  from  Sloane  and  Ward  to  the 
Chevalier  Taylor  was  fucceffivcly  iummoned  to  torture 
or  relieve  me,  the  care  of  my  mind  was  too  frequently 
negleiJled  in  that  of  my  health.  Compafllon  always 
fuggsftcd  an  excufe  for  the  indulgence  of  the  mafter, 
or  the  idlenefs  of  the  pupil  ;  and  the  chain  of  my  edu- 
cation wa;  broken  as  often  as  I  was  called  from  the 
fchool  of  learning  to  the  bed  of  ficknefs." 

His  educition  teems  indeed  to  have  been  far  from 
fyfteniatical.  At  the  age  ot  t't:ven  he  was  delivered  in- 
to the  hands  of  Mr  Jehu  Kirl-by,  who  exercifed  about 
eighteen  months  the  office  of  his  drmellic  tutor,  and  of 
whom  he  writes  in  terms  of  refpeiff.  This  man  had 
been  an  indigent  curate  in  Cumbeiland,  and  when  for- 
ced by  dilliets  to  leave  his  native  country,  he  was  in- 
troduced by  his  learning  and  his  virtue  to  the  family  of 
Mr  Gibbon,  from  whom  he  might  have  found  at  leaft 
a  temporary  fhelter,  had  not  an  adl  of  indilcretioii  again 
driven  him  into  the  world.  One  day  reading  prayers 
in  the  parilh  church,  he  moll  unluckily  forgot  the  nama 
of  King  Geiirge;  and  his  patron,  a  loyal  fiibjeifi:,  dif- 
mitled  him  with  fume  reiudance  and  a  decent  reward. 
As  our  author  defciibes  his  ancellors  as  hereditary  To- 
ries, and  fome  of  them  as  Jacobites,  we  think  it  not  im- 
probable that  M;  Kiikby  may  have  been  accuftomed  to 
omit  the  name  of  the  King  when  reading  prayers  in  the 
family;  for  other  wife  he  would  have  pronounced  it  me- 
chanically in  the  church. 

Be  this  as  it  may,  our  author,  upon  the  difmilllon  of 
his  tutor,  was  fent  to  Kingtlon  upon  Thames,  to  a 
fchool  of  I'eventy  boys  kept  by  Dr  Woodefon  and  his 
aflillants.  He  does  not  reprefent  himfclf  either  as  happy 
or  as  having  made  great  progrefs  at  that  fchool.  The 
want  of  ftrength  and  aiflivity  difqualified  him  for  the 
fports  of  the  field  ;  his  companions  reviled  him  for  the 
fins  of  his  Tory  anceftors  ;  and  his  ftudies  were  fre- 
quently interrupted  by  ticknels.  After  a  real  or  no- 
minal refidence  ol  near  two  years  at  Kingfton,  he  was 
finally  recalled  (Dec.  1747)  by  the  death  of  his  mother. 
By  this  time  he  was  well  acquainted  with  Pipe's  Ho- 
mer, the  Arabian  Nights  Entertainments,  Dryccn's 
Virgil,  and  a  tranflatiuii  ot  Ovid's  Metamorpholes  ,  and 
the  entertainment  which  he  received  from  thefe  books 
gave  him  a  talle  for  defultory  reading. 

After  living  a  year  with  his  maternal  aunt,  during 
which  period  he  read  many  books  on  religious  fubjefts 
too  deep  lor  the  coniprehenfion  of  a  boy,  he  was  in  Ja- 
nuary 1749  entered  in  Weflminfter  fchool,  of  which 
Dr  John  Nicoil  was  at  that  tiriie  liead  mafter.  "  There 
(fays  he)  in  the  fpace  of  two  years,  interrupted  by  dan- 
ger and  debility,  I  paintully  climbed  into  the  third 
form  ;  and  my  riper  age  wa*  left  to  acquire  the  beauties 
of  the  Latin,  and  the  rudiments  of  the  Greek  longue. 
Inllead  of  audaciouily  minghng  in  the  fports,  the  (juar- 
rels,  and  the  connexions  of  our  little  world,  I  was  fliU 
cherifhed  at  hi-me  under  the  maternal  wingCif  my  aunt, 
who  now  lived  in  Ccllege  ftrect  ;  and  my  removal  from 
Wellminlter  long  preceded  the  approach  of  manliood." 

He  was  firil  c^.rried  to  Bath  tor  the  recovery  of  his 
health  ;  then  to  Winchefter,  where  he  lived  in  thehcufe 
of  a  pliylician,  then  to  Baih  again,  where  he  read  with 
a  cleigyman  lome(>dts  ot  Horace  and  fome  epii^ides  of 
Virgil  ;  alt^r  which  an  unfiiccefsful  trial  was  made  to  re- 
new his  attendance  at  Wellminfter  fchool.  "It  might  now 

be 


Ribbon. 


G     I     B 


Gilibon.  be  apprehendfd  (fays  he)  that  I  fliould  continue  for  life 
^^^'^'—^  an  illiterate  cripple  ;  but  as  I  approached  my  fixteenth 
year,  nature  difplsyed  in  my  favour  her  myfterious  ener- 
gies :  ray  conRitution  was  fortified  and  fixed  ;  and  my 
diforders,  inllead  of  giowing  with  my  growth,  and 
rtrengthening  with  my  llrength,  moft  wcndeifully  va- 
nillied.  In  confequence  of  this  he  was  carried  to  Ox- 
ford ;  and  before  he  had  accomplifhed  his  fifteenth  year, 
was,  on  April  3,  1752,  matriculated  a  gentleman  com- 
moner of    Magdalen  college. 

For  the  honour  of  that  celebrated  uriverfity,  ve 
would  f.iin  h'lpe  that  the  account  which  Mr  Gibbon 
gives  ol  Maidalen  coll  rge  is  greatly  exaggerated.  He 
reprcfen's  his  tuiors  as  wliolly  regaidlels  of  his  morals 
or  h'i  rtiidies.  Speaking  of  the  fiiftand  beft  of  ihcm, 
for  he  had  t«-o,  he  fay^,  "  N  >  plan  crlhidy  u'as  recom- 
mended for  my  ul'e  ;  no  exeicifes  were  picfcribed  for  his 
infppfti  <n  ;  and,  at  ihe  moll  piecir.us  feafon  of  youth, 
whole  days  and  weeks  were  fiilF;red  to  elapfe  witiiout 
labour  or  amufeiiient,  without  advice  or  accc'Unt,"  We 
fliall  make  no  otl  ei  remark  on  this  palfage  tlian  that 
from  i>eruUnien,  who  mu:t  have  been  conteiriponry 
with  Mr  Gibbon  at  Magdal-.n,  we  have  received  difier- 
ent  accounts  of  the  college  ;  and  it  is  fuicly  a  very  fin- 
gidar  circumflance,  that  at  this  period  of  idienefs,  our 
author  fliould  have  become  enamoured  of  Sir  John 
Marfliam's  Ceiion  Chrnlciu,  and  have  conceived  the 
idea  of  wiiting  an  EJf'.y  en  ll:e  age  cf  Sefojlris.  Such, 
however,  was  the  cafe.  Not  only  was  the  tlfay  plan- 
ned, but  part  of  it  was  wriaeu  ;  and  though  he  never 
finiflied  it,  lie  declares,  that  his  folulion  of  fome  dilfi- 
culties  in  chronology  was  not  devoid  of  ingenuity  ;  but 
he  goes  on  to  vilify  Oxford.  "  It  might  at  lead  be  ex- 
pe.fted  (fay3  he),  that  an  ecclefiallical  fchool  Ihould  in- 
culcate the  orthodox  principles  of  religion.  But  our 
venerable  mother  had  contrived  to  unite  the  oppofite 
extremes  of  bigotry  and  indifference  :  -an  heretic,  or  un- 
believer, was  a  monfier  in  her  eyes  ;  but  (be  was  alnuays, 
or  often,  or foinellmcs  (a),  remils  in  the  fpiritual  educa- 
tion of  her  own  children.  Without  a  fingle  lefture, 
either  public  or  private,  eitiier  Chriftian  or  Protellant, 
without  any  academical  fublcription,  without  any  E- 
pifcopal  confirmation,  I  was  left  by  the  dim  light  of  my 
catechiirn  to  grope  my  way  to  the  chapel  and  commu- 
nion table,  where  I  was  admitted,  wiih'Ut  a  quellion, 
how  far,  or  by  what  means,  1  might  be  qualified  to  re- 
ceive the  facramcnt.  Such  alinoft  incredible  neglei!l 
was  produiftive  of  the  w.'rll  milchiefs.  From  my  child- 
hood 1  had  been  fond  of  religious  difputaiion  ;  nor  had 
the  elattic  fpring  been  totally  broken  by  the  weight  of 
the  atmufphere of  Oxford.  Tiie  blind  aiflivity  of  idienefs 
tjrged  me  to  advance  without  aimour  into  'he  danger- 
ous mazes  cf  con  troverfy;  and,at  tlieageof  fixieen,  I  l)e- 
wildeicd  mylelf  in  the  errors  of  the  chuich  of  Rome." 
Thus  anxious  is  our  author  to  account  tor  his  recon- 
ciliation to  the  llf'mifh  cliurch  by  the  negligence  of  the 
tutors  of  his  college.  This  e\eiit  tui  k  place  "n  the  8ih 
of  June  1753,  ^ '"-'">  't  the  feet  of  a  priell  in  London,  he 
fnltmnlv,  though  jirivately,  abjured  the  errois  o(  hcrely. 
An  elabora'econtr'  V'.rfiki  epilile,  apji'^ved  l)yhis  direc- 
tor, and  addreifed  to  his  father,  announced  and  jiiililied 


[       III        ] 


G     I     B 


the  f^en  he  had  taken  ;  and  the  old  gentleman,  in  the  firft  Gibbon. 
fally  of  palFion,  divulging  the  fecret,  the  gates  of  Mag-  ^■^"^'^^^ 
d.tleu  college  were  Hint  againfl  the  convert.  It  was  ne- 
cclfiry  therefore  to  foim  a  new  plan  of  education  ;  and 
our  young  Catholic,  by  tlie  advice  of  Mr  Elliot  (after- 
wards  Lord  Elliot),  was  fettled,  on  the  30th  of  June, 
under  the  root  and  tuition  of  Mr  Pavilliard,  a  C;dvinifl 
ininider  at  Laufanne  in  Switzerland. 

He  repiefeius  his  fituation  there  as  at  fird  extremely 
uncomfoit.ible..  He  could  not  avoid  contr.Uting  a  fmall 
ch.irnber,  ill  contrived  and  ill  fuinifned,  with  his  eleDanc 
ap.trtnient  in  Magdvden  college  ;  and  M.  Pavilliard  be- 
ing ent-ulled  wiili  tlie  management  of  his  expences,  he 
felt  hinifelf  dtgr.uled  from  the  rank  of  gentl-man  com- 
moner  to  that  of  a  fchool-boy.  He  began,  however, 
gradually  to  be  reconciled  to  his  fate  ;  and  hit  h've  of 
reading  reiurneJ,  which,  he  f.^yt,  had  been  chilled  by 
the  air  of  Oxfird.  He  rapidly  acquired  tlie  I'rench 
language  ;  and  of'  his  tutor,  he  fjys,  "  My  obligations 
to  tlie  Itffons  of  Mr  Pavilli.ird  giaiitude  will  not  futler 
me  to  forget.  He  was  endued  w'th  a  dear  head  and  a 
warm  heait  ;  his  innate  benevolence  had  altuaged  the 
fpirit  of  the  church  ;  he  was  rational,  becaufe  he  was 
moderate  :  in  the  loutfe  of  his  fluilies  lie  had  acquired 
a  jud  though  fuperfiiial  knowledge  of  mod  branches 
of  literature  ;  by  long  pi  aiftice  he  was  fkilled  in  the  arts 
of  teaching  ;  and  he  laboured  with  affiduous  patience  to 
know  the  charafter,  gain  the  atfedirn,  and  open  the 
mind  of  his  Englifh  pupil." 

Under  the  tuition  of  lliis  amiable  preceptor  he  de- 
fciibes  his  progrefs  in  the  French  and  Latin  claflics,  in 
hldory,  geography,  logic  and  metaphylic«,  as  uncom- 
monly rapid;  and  he  allows  to  the  lame  man  a  hand- 
foiiie  fliare  of  the  iionoui  of  reclaiming  him  from  the 
errors  of  popery.  The  vaiicus  dilVriminaling  articles 
of  the  Romilh  creed  difappeared  like  a  dream  ;  and  al- 
ter a  full  conviiftion,  on  Chridmas  day  1754,  l;e  recei- 
ved the  facramcnt  in  the  church  of  Laufanne.  Thus 
had  our  author  communicated  with  three  dillcrent  fo- 
cielies  of  Chridiaus  be!' re  the  completion  of  hi;  eigh- 
teenth year;  and  as  fuch  changes  from  church  to  church 
are  always  dangerous,  we  need  not  wonder,  that,  in  a 
mind  fo  ill  fumdlied  as  Mi  Gibbon's  then  was  ftr  tlie- 
ological  invedigations,  they  paved  the  way  for  his  lafl 
ch.inge  to  Deifm.  At  preieiu,  however,  he  fufpended 
his  leligi'His  inquiries,  acqiii^jfcing  (ashefiy-)  uith  im- 
plicit belief  in  the  tenets  and  mylleries  wl  icli  ^le  .dopt- 
ed  by  the  general  conlent  ol  Citholics  and  Prolclhiits. 

He  continued  t>''  prrfecnfe  his  d'ldics  will)  aulour. 
Under  Mr  Pavilliard  he  learned  the  Greek  alph.ibct, 
the  grammar,  and  tie  pronunciation  of  tlie  language 
acc>rding  t"  the  French  accent,  and  foon  made  hmifelt 
mader  of  the  works  of  Homer,  Herodotus,  and  Xeno- 
phon.  Du'ing  two  winiets  he  ai'ended  ihe  private  lec- 
tures of  M.  dcTravt  .rrens,  who  exp'aincd  theeKnients 
of  algeSra  and  ge.  mttry  as  far  as  the  conic  feflions  cf 
the  Martpiis  de  I'Hopil.il  ;  hut  in  traihenialiis  hi  was 
content  (iefays)  to  leceive  the  palFive  lir.prefllon  ol  his 
prolelibi'f  leiftures,  without  any  ailivc  exercile  ot  his 
own  powers.  In  the  writings  nf  Groii\is  and  PufFcn- 
dorf  he  dudied  tlie  dunes  of  a  man,  the  rights  of  a  ci- 

tizen. 


(a)  Surely  always  Anii fotiieiimis  are  words  of  veiy  dilicrait  import :  vhy  are  ihey  ufed  then,  iu  this  Icntcnce 
as  fjnonymous  ? 


G     I     B 


c 


112 


] 


G     I     B 


C.i'iVon.  tizen,  the  theory  of  juftlce,  and  tlie  laws  of  peace  and 
-^'^^^'^  war,  which  havs  had  Cime  influence  on  the  praflice  of 
m'>dern  Europe.  "  Locke's  trealifj  on  government, 
(ffys  he)  iii!lri!vfled  me  in  whig  principle-,  which  are 
founded  rather  in  reafcn  than  experience;  but  my  de- 
light was  in  the  frequent  pcriifal  rf  Montefquieu,  whole 
energy  c{  flyle  and  bc^ldnefs  of  hypothefis  were  power- 
ful to  a"al.en  and  (limuhi'.e  the  genius  of  the  age." 

We  have  h;en  thus  niii:iite  in  our  account  of  Mr 
Gilibnn's  (Uidies,  bec.iufe  it  furnifhe";  perhaps  the  mod 
nfefnl  leflTun  which  cm  be  drawn  from  the  whole  liirtnry 
of  his  life.  His  educ;ition  had  been  rendered  irregul.ir, 
and  had  been  often  interrupted  by  ill-health  and  a  fee- 
ble conftitutinn  ;  but  as  fot  n  as  he  was  able,  and  had  nn 
oppnitunity,  he  applied  v.ith  ardour  to  the  cultivation 
of  letters,  and  his  works  bear  witncfs  that  his  labour 
was  crowned  with  fuccefs.  "  Tliis  part  of  his  (lory 
thfrefore  (to  ufe  the  words  of  Johnfon)  well  dcferves 
to  be  remembered.  It  may  afl'ord  uleful  admonition 
and  powerful  cncouia;^ement  to  r:icn  whofe  abilities  have 
been  made,  f,ir  a  time,  ul'elcfs,  and  who,  having  loft  one 
part  of  life  in  idlencf',  are  tempted  to  throw  aw.iy  the 
remainder  in  dcfpair." 

In   the  year  1757  Vtltaire  arrived  at  Lanfanne,  and 
our  young  (Indent's  defire  to  fee  the  man  who  was  at 
once  a  poet,  an  hiftoi  ian,  and,  as  he  deemed  liimfelf,  the 
prince  of  philofcphtrs,  was  ardent,  and  eafily  gratified. 
He  was  received  by  the  vain  and  arrogant  Frenchman 
with  civility  as  an   Englilh  youth,  but  could  not  boall 
of  any   peculiar   notice  or   diflincflion.      "  The  highell 
gratilication  (fays  lie)  which  I  received  from  Voltaire's 
relidencc  at  Lauiannc,  was  the  uncommon  circumftance 
of  hearing  a  great  poet  declaim  his  own  produiTlions  on 
the  llage.     H'S  declam.ation  was  lalhioned  to  the  pomp 
and  cadence  of  the  old  fiage  ;  and  heexpreiftd  the  en- 
thnfiafm  of  poetry  raihcrthan  the  feelings  of  Nature." 
Abi-'Ut  this  time  JiTr   Gibbon  became  enamoured   cf 
Madenioiftlle  Sufan  Curchod,  the  daughter  of  the  mi- 
iiiller  of  Craffy,    in  the  mountains  which  feparate  the 
Pays  de  Vaud  from  the  county  oi  Burgundy.   In  terms 
of  raptr.re  he  defcribes  this  lady  as  poli'effed  of  every  ac- 
complifliment  which  could  adorn  her  fex.     She  liftened 
to  the  voice  of  truth  and  pafllon  ;  her  parents  honour- 
ably encouraged  the  cor.nei5lion  ;  and  our  author  indul- 
ged in  the  dream  of  felicity  :  but  on  his  return  to  Eng- 
land, he  difci  veted  that  his  father  would  not  hear  of  this 
ftrange   connexion,  and  that    without    his  confent  he 
was  deftitute  and  helplef';.     "  After  a  painful  druggie 
(fays  he)  I  yielded  to  my  fate.      I  fighed  as  a  lover,   I 
obeyed  as  a  fon,  and  my  wound  was  infenfibly  healed 
by  time,  abfence,  and  the  habits  of  a  new  life."     The 
lady  cnnfoled  her(eU  by  giving  her  f.and  to  M.  Neclcar, 
then  a  rich    hanker  of  Paris,  afterwards  the   miniller, 
and  at   lall  one  of  the  delhoyers  of  the  French   mo- 
narchy. 

In  the  fpring  cf  the  year  1758  our  author  was  recal- 
led to  England.  On  his  arrival  in  London  he  haftened 
to  the  houfe  ol  his  aunt,  Mrs  Porten,  who  had  been  the 
guardian  of  his  tender  years  ;  for  though  his  father  was 
in  town  awaiting  his  ariival,  he  knew  not  how  he  fliould 
be  received  by  a  parent  vvlio  had  parted  with  liim  in 
anger,  and  g-ven  him  a  ftepmoiher  in  his  abfence.  His 
receptic^i  was  more  agret  able  than  he  cxpeifled.  His 
father  received  him  as  a  man  and  a  iriend  ;  and  the 
manners  of  Mrs  Gibbon  were  fuch,  that,  after  force  re- 


fcrve  on  his  fide,  flic  and  he  eafiiy  adopted  the  tender  Oiliho*. 
n.imes  and  genuine  clriradters  of  mother  and  fon  ;  and,  ^•^^'^'^ 
by  the  indulgence  of  thefe  parents,  lie  was  lei  t  at  liberty 
to  cnnfultliis  own  tadc  or  reafon  in  the  cliolce  of  place, 
of  comp.my,  and  of  amnfeinents.  In  I^ondon  he  had 
few  acquaintances,  and  hardly  any  Iriends  ;  and  being 
accuftimied  to  a  very  fmall  fociety  at  Laularne,  he  pre- 
ferred the  retirement  ct  the  country  to  the  bulUe  of 
that  over-grown  mctropoli;,  where  he  found  hardly  any 
cntert  linnient  but  in  the  theatres. 

Before  he  left  Laiifanne  he  had  begun  a  work  on  the 
(ludy  of  ancient  literature,  which  was  ("uggefled  by  the 
defire  of  juftifyir.g  and  praifing  the  objeifl  if  a  favourite 
purfuit.  "  In  France  (f-iys  he),  to  which  my  ideas 
wcve  confined,  the  le.irning  and  language  of  Greece  and 
Rome  were  negleifled  by  a  philofophic  age.  The  guar- 
dian cfiliof:  (Indies,  the  Academy  cf  Inli^riptions,  v.'as 
degraded  to  the  loweft  rank  among  the  tliree  royal  fo- 
cietics  of  Paris  :  the  new  appellati-m  of  Erudils  was 
contemptuoully  applied  to  the  fuccelfors  of  Lipfius  and 
Cafiubon  ;  and  I  W'as  provoked  to  hear*,  that  the  ex-  •  .See  Le 
crcife  of  the  memory,  their  ible  merit,  had  been  fuper-  Difcoun 
feded  by  the  nobler  faculties  of  the  imatjination  and  the  ^i''''""""" 

•IT  V  •  •  r  1  /•'"■  D'A- 

judgment.      1  was  amiiitious  ot  proving  by  my  own  ex- ^    , 

ample,  as  well  as  by  my  precepts,  that  all  the  faculties  I'Encychpr- 
of  the  mind  may  be  e.verciled  and  dil'played  by  the  (ludy  dit. 
of  ancient  literature."  Tliis  laudable  ambition  conti- 
nued ;  and  in  his  father's  houfe  at  Beriton  in  Hamp- 
fhire  he  finiflied  his  E/pti  fur  V  Eliit!e  de  la  Literature  ; 
which,  after  being  reviled  by  Mallet  the  poet  and  Dr 
Maty  of  the  Britilh  mufeum,  was,  in  1 761,  publillied 
in  a  fmall  lamo  volume. 

The  fubjeifts  of  talle,  criticifm,  and  philofophy,  which 
in  this  work  came  under  our  young  autlior's  confider- 
ation,  could  hardly  proniife  much  novelty  of  remark. 
Some  former  obferrations,  however,  he  appears  to  have 
placed  in  anew  and  pleafing  point  of  view  ;  advancing, 
moi cover,  fome  ingenious  cnijcflures,  and  difplaying  no 
inconfiderable  erudition.  Yet, hyhisown  account, he  was 
at  this  time  almoll  a  ftranger  to  the  writers  ot  Greece  ; 
and  when  he  quotes  them,  it  is  probable  that  the  quota- 
tions are  given  at  fecond  hand.  To  this  efl'ay  was  prefixed 
a  dedication  to  his  f.ither  in  the  Englifh  language,  v.-hich 
exhibits  tlie  author  himfelf  in  a  very  amiable  light  ;  but 
if  his  reputation  had  depended  iolely  upon  this  youth- 
ful attempt,  the  name  of  Gibbon  would  have  been  loft 
in  oblivion.  Yet  he  feems,  even  in  his  riper  years,  to 
have  been  deliehted  with  it  himfelf,  and  to  have  confi- 
dered  its  merits  a;  equal  to  thofe  of  his  later  produc- 
tions ;  but  Milton,  it  is  laid,  preferred  the  Paradife  Re- 
gained to  the  ?aradife  Loft. 

Before  the  publication  of  this  elLiy,  the  author,  at  his 
own  defire,  had  been  appointed  a  capt.iin  in  the  South- 
Hampfhire  militia,  in  which  he  ferved  upwards  of  two 
years.  At  firll,  the  company  o'i  ruftic  and  illiterate  of- 
ficers, and  the  buftle  of  a  military  life  were  extremely 
dii'agreeable  to  him,  as  they  interrupted  his  ftuiies  ;  but 
he  admits,  tliat  his  military  I'ervices,  his  bloodlefs  and  in- 
glorious campaigns, as  he  calls  them,  were,  on  the  whole, 
beneficial,  as  they  brought  him  acquainted  with  Englifh 
manners,  Englilh  parties,  and  Englilh  principles,  to 
which  his  foreign  education  and  referved  temper  had 
hitherto  kept  him  an  entire  llranger.  In  the  cimp  and 
in  quarters  he  had  even  f  amd  leifure, after  the  fii  It  leven 
or  eight  months  cf  his  fervice,  to  read  a  great  deal  of 

Creek, 


G     I     B 


CiiKbon.  Greek,  and  to  plan  difFerent  hiftorical  works,  to  the 
'"^^"■'''^^  compoiition  of  which  he  feems  to  h;ive  tliought  lliat  he 
was  born  with  an  innate  propenfity.  He  always  talks 
of  hiir;f:;lf  as  a  phllofopher  ;  but  furely  a  more  unphi- 
lofophical  perfuafion  than  this  h.is  fcIJi-m  been  ad- 
mitted. 

Ai  the  end  of  the  war  he  went  again  abroad,  and 
reached  Paris  on  the  28th  of  January  1763,  only  36 
days  after  the  difoanJing  of  the  militia,  in  which  he  had 
borne  the  commiilion  of  a  captain.  In  that  metropolis 
he  ftaid  not  long.  He  vifited  palaces,  churches,  gar- 
dens, and  theatres,  and  was  introduced  to  D'Alembert 
and  Diderot,  then  conlidered  as  at  the  head  of  French 
fcience.  From  Paris  he  proceeded  to  Switzerland,  and 
once  more  took  up  his  refidence  at  his  favourite  Lau- 
fanne.  Voltaire's  impieties  had  forced  him  from  that 
town  to  his  own  caltle  a:  Ferney,  wheie  our  author 
onct  vifited  him,  without  (he  fays)  courting  his  more 
intimate  acquaintance. 

The  fociety  in  which  Mr  Gibbon  mod  delighted  du- 
ring hisfecf  nd  refidence  at  Laufanne  was  a  very  fingu- 
lar  one.  "  It  confided  of  fifteen  or  twenty  unman  ied 
ladies  of  genteel  families  ;  the  eldell  perhaps  about 
tv/enty,all  agreeable, feveral  handfome,  and  two  or  tliree 
cf  exquifite  beauty.  At  each  other's  houfes  they  af- 
fembled  almoft  every  day,  without  the  controul,  or  even 
the  prefence  ot  a  mother  or  an  aunt  ;  they  weretrufted 
to  their  own  prudence,  among  a  crowd  of  young  men 
cf  every  nation  in  Europe.  They  laughed,  they  fung, 
they  danced,  they  played  at  cards,  they  a<5ted  comedies  ; 
but  in  the  midll  of  this  cnrelefs  gaiety,  they  rcfpefled 
themfclves,  and  v/ere  rsfpedled  by  the  men  ;  the  invili- 
ble  line  between  liberty  and  licenticufnel's  was  never 
tranfgreffed  by  a  gefture,  a  word  or  a  look,  and  their 
virgin  chaftity  was  never  fullied  by  the  breath  of  fcandal 
or  fufpicion." 

We  readily  agree  with  our  author  that  this  fingular 
inflitution  was  exprelfive  of  the  innocent  fimplicity  of 
Swifs  manners ;  and  we  only  regret  that  he  had  not  the 
fame  refpect  tor  the  ladies  of  his  own  country  as  for 
thofe  Irolic  females  of  Switzerland.  He  would  not,  in 
that  cafe,  have  llained  fome  of  his  mod  brilliant  pages 
will)   oblcene  ribaldry. 

We  (hall  not  follow  him  in  his  ramble  through  Italy, 
or  repeat  his  remarks  on  the  towns  which  he  vilited.  It 
is  fiifficient,  in  fuch  a  fketch  as  this,  to  inform  our  rea- 
ders thai  it  was  at  Rome  on  the  15th  of  Ocftober  1764, 
as  he  fat  mufing  amidft  the  ruins  rf  the  Capitol,  tliat 
the  idea  of  his  great  work  firll  (farted  into  his  mind. 
But  liis  original  plan  was  circunifcribed  to  the  decay  of 
the  city  rather  than  of  tiie  empire. 

From  carrying  even  this  contrafled  plan  into  execu- 
li.n  he  was  tor  i'ome  years  diverted.  On  the  25th  of 
June  1765  he  arrived  from  Italy  at  his  fithet's  houfe  in 
Hamplhire,  and  fi  und  that  he  had  filial  duties  to  per- 
form which  inteirupted  his  ftiiJies  and  dillurbcd  his 
quiet.  His  father  had  involved  himfelf  in  difficulties, 
from  which  he  c(;uld  be  extricated  only  by  felling  or 
mtrtgaging  part  of  his  edate;  and  to  futh  fale  or  mort- 
gage our  author  cheeriuily  coiifented.  He  regrets  on 
this  occaficn  that  he  had  not  "  embraced  the  lucrative 
purfuits  ot  the  law  or  of  trade,  the  chances  of  civil  of- 
fice i>r  Indii  adventure,  or  even  the  fat  lliimbers  of  the 
church  ;"  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that,  when  he  thought 
even  ofjlumierln^  in  the  chuich,  he  had  dill  feme  taitii 

SupvL.  Vol.  II. 


C     "3     ] 


G     t     B 


in  revealed  religion.  He  waded  fome  time  in  planning  Oijbon. 
a  hidory  of  the  revolutions  of  Switzerland,  and  even  ^■^~''''**' 
wrote  part  of  it  in  the  French  language,  which,  by  the 
advice  of  friends,  he  however  fupprclfed.  We  neit  find 
Lim  engaged  with  a  fiiend  in  a  journal  entitled  71/.-- 
moires  Littrairrs  Je  la  Gram/  Brelagne,  of  which  two 
volumes  for  the  years  1767  and  17^:8  were  publifhed, 
and  a  third  almod  completed,  when  his  friend,  a  native 
of  Switzerland,  was  engaged,  through  his  intered,  as 
travelling  governor  to  Sir  Ricliard  Woillcy,  and  the 
Journal  v?as  cf  courfe,  abandoned.  He  then  entered 
the  lids  with  Warburton  ;  whofe  interpretation  of  the 
fixth  book  of  the  iEneid  he  attacked  v>'i;l)  great  petu- 
lance and  with  much  fucceis.  The  billiop  of  Gloceder 
was  by  this  time  in  a  date  of  great  mcntil  decay, 
which  was  peculiarly  unfortunate  for  our  author;  for 
had  his  Lordlhip  eiji)ed  hU  pridine  vigour,  he  would 
probably  have  given  Mr  Gibbon  fuch  a  chadifement 
as  might  have  made  him  more  moded  alterwards 
wlien  writing  the  hidory  of  the  Decline  and  Fall  of 
the  Roman   Empire. 

To  th  It  great  work  he  now  fit  down  ferioufly  ;  and 
the  hidory  which  he  gives  of  his  prejaratory  dudies 
fufficientiy  accounts  tor  the  inaccuracy  of  his  quotuions. 
Through  the  diiknefs  of  the  middle  ages  he  explored 
his  way  in  the  annals  and  antiquities  of  It  ily  by  the 
learned  Muratori  and  other  moderns  ;  and  feems  to  ac- 
knowledge that,  from  the  beginning  to  the  end  of  liis 
work,  he  frequently  contented  himfelf  with  authorities 
furnilhed  at  fecond  hand. 

At  lad,  in  1776,  the  fird  volume  of  his  hidory  was 
publifhed  by  Cadell  the  liookfeller  and  birahan  the 
printer;  and  the  fuccefs  of  it  far  furpalfed  his  expcfta- 
tion.  The  encomiums  lavilhed  on  it  by  Dr  Roberlfon 
and  Mr  Hume  in  letters  to  the  author,  and  the  fulfome 
compliments  which  thofc  three  eminent  hidorians  p^ij 
to  each  other,  are  melancholy  fpecimens  of  lettered  little- 
nefs  and  vanity.  The  fecond  and  third  volumes  ap. 
peared  in  1781  ;  the  fourth,  fitth  and  fixth  in  1787; 
and  Mr  Gibbon's  fame  was  edablilhed  as  a  hidorian. 
I'he  work  was  adiriired  both  by  natives  and  by  foreign- 
ers, and  tranllated  into  feveral  of  the  languages  of  Eu- 
rope.  Dr  Zimmetrran  reprefents  the  author  as  ex- 
celling perhaps  Hume  and  Robcrifin,  who  were  hido- 
rians of  the  fird  rank.  "  All  the  dignity  ^he  adds), 
all  the  charms  of  hiltoric  d\le,  arc  united  in  Gibbcn  : 
his  peiiods  are  melody  itfelf,  and  all  his  thoughts  have 
nerve  and  vigour."  This  praiie,  however,  mud  not  be 
admitted  without  exception.  Few  writers,  indeed,  were 
pcd'efied  of  fuch  popular  talents  as  our  hiilori.m.  The 
acutenefs  of  his  penetration,  and  the  fertility  of  Iiis  ge- 
nius, have  been  feldom  equalled,  and  fcarcely  ever  fur- 
paifed.  He  feiies  with  fingular  felicity,  on  all  the 
mod  intereding  fai-^s  and  fituations,  and  thcfc  lie  em- 
bellifhes  with  toe  utmoll  luxuriance  ff  fancy  and  ele- 
gance cf  dyle.  Hisperiods  aicfull  and  harmonious; 
l;is  linguage  is  always  well  chofen,  and  is  frequently 
didinguifli.-d  by  a  now  and  pecidi.irly  happy  adaptation. 
His  epithets,  too,  are  in  general  beautitul  and  happy  ; 
but  he  is  rather  too  fond  of  them.  The  uniform  datc- 
linefs  of  his  dii-Tion  fomctinics  imparts  to  his  narrative  a 
degree  of  obfcurity,  unlefs  he  dcfcends  to  the  iniferable 
expedient  of  a  note,  to  explain  the  minuter  circum> 
dances.  His  dyle,  on  the  whole,  is  much  tooartificial ; 
and  this  gives  a  degree  cf  monotony  to  his  peiiods, 
P  vhich 


GIB  [I 

(iibbon.  which  extends-,  we  had  almoft  faid,  to  the  turn  of  his 
thoughts. 

A  more  ferious  objedlion  is  his  attack  upon  Chri- 
ftianity  ;  the  looie  and  diiier[ic(5trul  manner  in  which  he 
mentions  many  pointsol  molality  regarded  a?  importarit 
on  the  principles  oi'  natural  itligion  ;  and  the  indecent 
aliufions  and  expreirums  which  too  ol'len  occur  in  the 
work. 

An  att;:ck  upon  Chriftianity  is  not  ccnfurable  merely 
as  luch  ;  it  may  proceed  from  the  purelt  and  nioft  vir- 
tuous reotives :  but,  in  th;:t  cafe,  the  attack  will  never 
be  carried  on  in  an  infidious  manner,  and  with  im- 
proper weapons  ;  and  Chiiliianity  itfeh,  i'o  far  from 
dreading,  will  inviie  every  mode  of  lair  and  candid  dif- 
cuffioii.  Our  liiiloiian,  it  mull  be  coi-feircd,  often 
makes,  when  he  cannot  readily  lind,  an  opportunity  to 
infult  the  Chriftiaii  religion.  Stich,  indeed,  is  his  eagcr- 
nefi  in  the  caufe,  that  he  Itnops  to  the  moll  defpicable 
pun,  or  to  the  moll  awkward  perverfion  of  language,  for 
the  pleafure  of  turr.ing  the  fcripture  into  ribaldry,  or 
cal.ingjefus  aninipollor. 

Yet  of  the  Clniliian  religion  has  JNIr  Gibbon  himfelf 
obferved,  that  it  "  c(  ntains  a  pure,  benevcient,  and  uni- 
verfal  fyllcm  oi  ethics, adapted  to  every  diityand  every 
condition  of  life."  Such  an  acknowledgment,  and 
from  fuch  a  writer,  too,  ought  to  have  due  weight  with 
a  certain  clafs  of  readers,  and  of  authors  likewile,  and 
lead  them  ferioufly  to  conlider,  how  far  it  is  confillent 
with  the  characler  of  good  citizens  to  endeavour,  by  lly 
iniinuations,  oblique  hints,  indecent  fneer,  and  profane 
ridicule,  to  weaken  the  influence  of  fo  pure  and  lenevo- 
Icnt  a  fyftem  as  that  of  CbriHianity,  acknowledged  to 
be  admirably  calculated  for  pre raf)ting  the  happiiiefs  of 
individuals,  and  the  welfare  of  fociety. 

Mr  Hiyley,  in  his  poetical  Ellay  on  Hiftory,  after 
a  fplendid  panegyric  on  the  arduous  labours  of  his 
friend,  laments  the  irreligious  fpirit  by  which  he  was 
afluated. 

Think  not  my  verfe  means  blindly  to  engage 
In  ralh  defence  of  thy  pi-ofaner  page  ! 
Though  keen  her  fpirit,  her  attachment  fond, 
Bafe  fcrvice  cannot  fuit  with  Friendfliip's  bond  ; 
Too  firm  from  Duty's  facred  path  to  turn. 
She  breathes  an  honell  figh  of  deep  concern, 
And  pities  Genius,  when  his  wild  career 
(Jives  Faith  a  wound,  or  Innocence  a  tear. 
Humility  herfelf  divinely  mild, 
Stiblime  religion's  meek  and  modefl  child. 
Like  the  dumb  fon  of  Crocfus,  in  the  llrife, 
Where  force  ail'ail'd  his  fatlier's  facred  life. 
Breaks  filence,  and  with  filial  duty  warm. 
Bids  thee  revere  her  parent's  hallovi''d  form  (r)  ! 

The  part  of  the  hillory  which  gave  fuch  offence  to 
his  own  friend,  as  well  as  to  the  friends  of  the  Chrillian 
religion  in  general,  was  the  account  which  our  hillo- 
rian  has  given  of  the  progrefs  and  eilablilhment  of  Chri- 


14    ]  GIB 

ftianity  in  the  two  laft  chapters  of  his  firft  volume  ;  in 
which  he  endeavours  to  piove,  that  the  wonderful  tri- 
\iniph  of  that  religion  over  all  the  eflabliflied  religions 
of  the  earth,  was  not  owing  to  any  miraculous  attella- 
tions  to  its  truth,  but  to  five  fecondary  caufes  which  he 
enumerates  ;  and  that  Chrillianity,  of  courfc,  could  not 
be  of  divine  origin.  Several  anlwers  appeared  on  this 
occafion,  written,  as  we  may  naturally  fuppofe,  with  dif- 
ferent degrees  ol  temper  and  ability(c). 

Oiie  of  them,  only,  Mr  D  vis,  who  had  undertaken 
to  point  out  various  inllances  of  mifreprefentation,  in- 
accuracy, and  even  plauiarilm,  in  his  account,  did  our 
hillorian  tondefcend  particularly  to  anfwer,  and  that  in 
a  tcne  of  proud  contempt  and  confident  fuperiority.  To 
this  Mr  Davis  replied  ;  and  it  is  but  jullice  to  obferve, 
that  his  reply  bears  evident  marks  ot  learning,  judgment, 
and  critical  acumen  ;  and  that  lie  has  conviifted  our  au- 
thor of  fometimes  quoting  inaccurately  to  ferve  a  pur- 
pofe.  At  his  other  anfweiers  Mr  Gibbon  merely  glan- 
ced, treating  Dr  Watfon,  however,  wit!i  particular  re- 
ff  eel  ;  but  his  poUhumous  meinoirs  ihew  how  much  he 
felt  the  attacks  made  on  him  by  Lord  Hailes,  Dr 
White,  of  Oxford,  and  Mr  Taylor.  To  Dr  Prieltley, 
who,  in  his  Hijlory  of  the  Corruptions  of  C!inf}ianitv, 
threw  down  his  gauntlets  at  once  to  Bilhop  Hurd  and 
the  hillorian  of  the  Roman  empire,  and  who  prefented 
the  latter  with  a  copy  of  his  book,  declaring,  at  the 
fame  time,  that  he  fent  it  not  as  a  gift  but  as  a  cbal- 
knge  :  he  wrote  in  fuch  terms  as  produced  a  corre- 
fpondence,  which  certainly  added  not  to  the  honour  of 
the  dilfenting  divine. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  memorable  conteft  between 
Great  Britain  and  America,  our  author  was  returned, 
by  the  interell  of  Mr  Eliot  (now  Lord  Eliot),  for  the 
borough  of  Lifkeard,  and  fupported  with  many  a  fin- 
cere  and  filent  vote,  the  rights,  though  not,  perhaps, 
the  intereft,  of  the  mother  country.  "After  a  fleeting 
illufive  hope,  prudence  condemned  me  (lays  he)  to  ac- 
quiefce  in  the  humble  ftation  of  a  mute.  I  was  not  arm- 
ed by  Nature  and  education  with  the  intrepid  energy  of 
mind  and  voice. 

Vlncentcm  Jirepttus,  et  nutum  rebus  agendls . 

Timidity  was  fortified  by  pride  ;  and  even  the  fuccefs 
of  my  pen  difcouraged  the  trial  of  my  voice." 

That  pen,  however,  was  ufeful  to  the  miniflry  whom 
lie  could  not  fupport  by  his  eloquence  in  the  houfe. 
At  the  i-equell  of  the  Lord  Chancellor  and  Vifcount 
Weymouth,  then  fecretary  of  Itare,  he  vindicated,  in  a 
very  able  manner,  againll  the  French  luanifello,  the 
juftice  of  the  Britifli  arms,  and  his  Memoirs  yujiificatif, 
was  delivered  as  a  Hate  paper  to  the  courts  ot  Europe. 
He  was  rewarded  for  this  fervice  with  the  place  of  one 
of  the  lords  commiflioners  of  trade  and  plantations  ;  and 
kept  it,  till  the  board  was  abolilhed  by  Mr  Burke's  re- 
form bill.  For  accepting  this  place  he  was  feverely, 
but  moll  unjullly,  blamed  by  fome  of  the  leaders  of  the 

oppofition. 


Gibbon. 


(b)  Herodotus  relates,  that  a  Perfian  foldier,  at  the  florming  of  Sardis,  was  preparing  to  kill  Croefus,  whofe 
pcrfon  he  did  not  know,  and  who,  giving  up  all  as  loll,  neglefled  to  defend  his  own  life.  A  fon  of  the  unfortu- 
nate monarch,  who  had  been  dumb  from  his  infancy,  and  wlio  never  fpoke  afterward,  found  utterance  in  that 
trying  moment,  and  preferved  his  father  by  exclaiming,  '  O  kill  not  Crocfus  !' 

(c)  Dr  Chelium,  Dr  Randolph,  Dr  Watfon  (bifliopof  Llandaff)  Lord  Hailes,  Dr  White,  Mr  Apthorp,  Mr 
Davis,  and  Mr  Taylor,  the  author  of  '  The  Letters  of  Ben  Mordecai.' 


G     I     B 


[     1^5     ] 


G     I     B 


GiTjbon.    oppofuinn,  as  if  he   had  deferred  a  party  in  which   he 
•^~"'^'^~'  had  never  enlifted,  and  to  the  principles  of  which  he  was 
rendered    inimical  both  by  family  prepoffelTion  and    by 
his  own  judgment. 

On  the  downfdl  of  Lord  North's  adminidration,  Mr 
Gibbon  was  ofcourfe  in  the  oppofition  deprived  of  an 
office,  without  the  falary  of  which  he  could  not  conve- 
niently fupport  the  expence  of  living  in  London,  'i'he 
coalition  was  indeed  foon  formed,  and  his  friends  were 
again  in  power  ;  but  having  nothing  to  give  him  imme- 
diately, they  could  not  deta  n  him  in  parliament  or  even 
in  England.  He  was  lired  of  the  bullk  of  the  metro- 
polis, and  fighed  once  more  for  the  retirement  of  Lau- 
fanne,  at  which  he  arrived  before  the  overthrow  of  the 
coalition  miniftry,  and  where  he  lived  happily  till  the 
laft  years  of  his  life.  It  was  in  this  retreat  that  he 
wrote  the  fourth,  fifth,  and  fixth  volumes  of  his  hillory  ; 
and  he  left  it  only  for  a  year  to  fuperinteni  the  publi- 
cation of  thefe  volumes  in  London.  This  great  work 
being  concluded,  he  returned  to  tlie  banks  of  the  Leman 
lake,  but  found  his  enjoyments  damped  by  the  dilfrefs 
and  fopn  aiterwards  by  the  death  oi'  his  oldelf  and 
deareft  Swifs  friend.  Laufanne  had  now  loll  much  of 
its  attradlion ;  the  French  revolution  had  crowded  it 
with  unfortunate  emigrants,  who  could  not  be  cheerful 
themfelves  or  excite  the  cheerf  ulnefs  of  others ;  and  the 
demons  of  democracy  had  begun  to  poifon  the  minds 
of  the  fober  citizens  with  princijiles  which  Mr  Gibbon 
had  always  held  in  abhorrence.  Speaking  of  thei'e  prin- 
ciples and  their  effedls  in  Switzeiland,  he  adds,  "  1  beg 
leave  to  fubfcribe  my  aifent  to  Mr  Carke's  creed  on 
the  revolution  of  France.  I  admire  his  eloquence,  I 
approve  his  politics,  I  adore  his  chivalry,  and  I  can  al- 
molf  excufe  his  reverence  for  church  eftablilhrnents. 
While  the  aiiftocracy  of  Berne  protefls  the  hnpfyinefs, 
it  is  fuperfluous  to  enquire  whether  it  be  founded  in  the 
rights  of  men  :  the  economy  of  the  Itate  is  liberally  fup- 
plied  without  the  aid  of  taxes  :  and  the  magillrates  mujl 
reign  with  ptuJencsand  equity,  fince  they  are  unarmed 
in  the  midtl  of  an  armed  nation." 

It  was  againll  the  beneficent  and  mild  government 
of  Berne  that  the  emilfaries  of  France  contrived  to  ex- 
cite the  difcontents  of  the  people,  by  inililling  into  their 
fimple  and  untutored  minds  their  own  wild  notions  of 
liberty  and  equality.  From  the  eflFedti  of  this  Gallic 
phrenzv,  which  began  to  be  very  vilible  fo  early  as  the 
beginning  of  the  year  1792,  Mr  Gibbon  refolved  to 
take  ftieker  in  England,  and  to  abandon,  for  fome  time 
at  leart,  what  he  called  his  paradife  at  Laufanne.  Dif- 
ficulties intervened,  and  forced  him  tn  pollp'^ne  his  jour- 
ney from  week  to  week,  and  from  month  to  nicnth  ; 
l)ut  on  receiving  the  accounts  of  Lady  ShtfSeld's  dc;ith, 
he  haftened  to  adminilter  confolaticu  to  his  friend,  and 
arrived  fafe  in  London  in  the  beginning  of  June  1793. 

He  continued  in  good  health  ar,d  fpirits  through  t;  c 
vlioleof  thefummer  ;  but  his  conlfitiiticn  had  luifered 
much  from  repeated  att;.cks  of  the  gout,  and  from  an 
incipient  dn  piy  in  his  ancle;.  The  fwellii  g  of  his 
ancles,  however,  fubfided  ;  but  it  was  only  in  confe- 
quence  of  the  water  flowing  to  another  pl.ice  ;  and  be- 
ing repeatedly  tapped  for  a  hydrocele,  he  at  lafl  ftink  un- 
der it,  and  died  at  his  lodgings  in  St  J  imes's  Itreet,  Lon- 
don, on  the  i6th  of  January,  1794- 

To  draw  a  charaiiter  at  once  general  and  jufl  of  tliis 
extraordinary  man,  would  be  dilBcult  pcihaps  to  one 


who  had  enjoyed  the  pleafure  of  his  acquaintance,  and  GibnltJ 
n-.uft  be  inipollible  to  thofe  to  whom  his  perfon  was  a  ^•^~^~^ 
ff  ranger.  Of  the  extent  oi  his  erudition  there  can  be 
but  one  opinion  ;  but  various  opinions  may  be  held  re- 
fpeding  the  accuracy  of  his  knowledge.  Lord  Sheffield, 
who  knew  him  well,  and  loved  him  much,  alfures  us, 
that  his  converfation  was  iViU  more  captivating  than  his 
writings  :  but  this  could  not  refult  from  the  brilliancy 
of  his  wit  ;  for  of  wit  he  declares  himfelf  that  lie  had 
none.  His  memory  was  cap.icious  and  retentive,  hi^ 
penetration  uncommon,  and  his  colloquial  eloquence 
ready  and  elegant  ;  forhat  he  could  illuftrate  almoft  any 
topic  of  converfation  from  the  copious  (lores  of  his  own 
mind.  From  his  private  correfpondence,  and  a  journal 
not  written  for  the  public  eye,  he  appears  to  have  been 
a  dutiful  Ion,  a  loyal  fubjc-a,  and  an  affedlionate  and 
fteady  friend;  but  it  is  difiicult  to  reconcile  witli  fo 
much  moral  and  political  worth  his  unfair  and  unmanly 
fneers  at  the  religion  of  his  country. 

GIBRALTAR  is  a  foitrel's  of  immenfe  (Irengih, 
of  which  a  very  full  account  has  been  given  in  the  En- 
cycl-.pad'ia.  Nothing,  however,  is  in  that  article  faid  of 
the  natural  hitlory  of  the  mountain  on  which  the  for- 
trefs  is  built,  though,  to  men  cf  fcience,  that  fubjeift 
mult  be  as  intcrelling  as  a  detail  of  lieges.  This  defect 
we  are  enabled  to  fupply  by  means  of  Mijor  Imiie's 
miueralogical  delcriptionof  Gibraltar,  which  is  publifhtd 
in  ihe  fourth  volume  of  the  Tranlaifions  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Edinburgh  ;  and,  we  are  peifuaded,  the  fol- 
lowing  abftraCt  of  that  elegant  memoir  wiil  afford  ra- 
tional entertainment  to  many  of  our  readers. 

"  The  form  of  this  mountain  is  oblong  ;  its  fummit  a 
fliarp  craggy  ridge  ;  its  diredion  is  nearly  from  noith 
to  fouth  i  and  its  greatell  length,  in  that  dircdion,  falls 
very  little  fhcrt  of  three  miles.  Its  breadth  varies  with 
the  indentations  of  the  Ihore,  but  it  no  where  exceeds 
three  quarters  of  a  mile.  The  line  of  its  ridge  is  undu- 
lated, and  the  two  extremes  are  fomewh.it  higher  than 
its  centre.  "^ 

"  The  fummit  of  the  Sugar  Loaf,  which  is  the  point 
cf  its  greatell  elevation  towards  the  fouth,  is  1439  feet; 
the  Rock  Mortar,  wtiich  is  the  liighell  point  to  ihe 
north,  is  1350  ;  and  the  Signal  Houfj,  which  is  nearly 
the  central  point  between  tliete  two,  is  1276  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  fea.  The  wcftern  fide  of  the  mountain 
is  a  I'eries  of  rugged  Hopes,  interfpcrled  with  abrupt  pre- 
cipices. Its  nortliern  extremity  is  peifeiflly  perpendi- 
cular, except  towards  the  north-we(l,  where  what  are  ^ 
called  the  Lines  intervene,  and  a  narrow  paffage  of  flat 
ground  that  leads  to  the  ilthniu",  and  is  entirely  cover- 
ed with  fortification.  The  callern  fide  ct  the  moun- 
tain mollly  confids  of  a  range  of  precipices  ;  but  a  bank 
of  land  riling  from  the  Mediterranean  in  a  rapid  accli- 
vity, covers  a  third  of  its  perpendicular  height.  Its 
fiuthein  extremity  falls,  in  a  rapid  llope  from  the  fum- 
mit of  the  Sugar  Loaf,  into  a  rocky  flat  ot  confiderable 
extent,  called  Windmill  Hdl. 

"  Ttie  principal  mafsof  the  mountain  rock  confifts  of 
a  grey,  denfe  (what  is  generally  called  primary)  mar- 
ble  ;  the  different  beds  of  which  are  to  be  examined  in 
a  face  of  1350  feet  of  perpendicular  height,  which  it 
prefcnts  to  Spain  in  a  conical  form.  Thele  beds,  or 
ilrata,  are  of  various  thicknel's,  fVom  20  to  upwards  of 
40  feet,  dipping  in  a  diicdion  from  call  to  well,  nearly 
at  an  angle  of  35  dcijiees.  In  fomc  parts  of  tlie  folid 
P  2  luafi 


G     I    B 


[     ii6    ] 


G     I     B 


cn-raltar.  mafs  of  this  rock  are   found  telt.iceoiis  bodies   entirely 

^"^"^''"*""^  tranfmuted  into  the  coniliiuent  matter  of  the  r(  ck,  and 

their  interior  hulloivslilled  up  with  c.dcarcoui  fpar  ;   but 

thefe  do  not  occur  oiten  in  iti  cumpofition,  and  its  beds 

are  notfepaiaied  by  any  intcrn>eci;ue  ftrat.i. 

"  The  caves  of  Gibraltar  are  many,  and  foine  of  them 
of  great  extent.  Tliat  which  moft  dclerves  attention  and 
cianiiiia'.ion  is  called  St  Michael's  Cave,  which  is  htu- 
ated  upon  the  fouthern  part  of  the  nicuurain,  almoft 
equally  diRant  from  the  Signal  Tower  and  the  Sugar 
Loaf.  Irs  entrance  is  locoieet  above  the  level  of  the 
fea  :  This  entrance  is  formed  by  a  rupid  lloperf  earth, 
which  has  fallen  into  it  at  various  peiiods,  and  which 
leado  to  a  fpacious  hall,  incrulled  with  fpar,  and  appa- 
rently fupported  in  the  centre  by  a  large  mally  tlala(5li- 
lical  pillar.  To  this  fuccceds  a  long  feiics  of  caves  of 
difficult  accefs.  In  thefe  cavernous  recelfcs,  the  forma- 
tion and  procefs  ot  ftalaflites  is  to  be  traced,  trom  the 
fiimfy  quilt  like  cone,  fufpcnded  from  the  roof,  to  the 
rcbuft  trunk  of  a  pillar,  three  feet  in  diameter,  which 
riles  fiom  the  floor,  -and  feems  intended  by  Nature  to 
fupport  the  roof  iiom  which  it  originated. 

"'l")ie  only  inhabitants  cf  th.efe  caves  are  bats,  fome 
of  which  are  oi  a  laige  lize.  The  foil,  in  general,  upon 
the  mountain  of  Gibraltar  is  but  thinly  fown  ;  and  in 
many  parts  that  thin  covering  has  been  wathed  ofiF  by 
the  heavy  autumnal  rains,  winch  have  left  the  fuperfi- 
ces  of  the  rock,  for  a  confiderable  extent,  bare  and 
'  open  to  infpeflion.     In  thofe   fiiuations,  an   obferving 

eye  may  trace  the  efFefls  of  the  flow,  bu:  conflant,  de- 
compofuion  of  the  rock,  caufed  by  its  expofure  to  the 
air,  and  the  corn,  lion  tjf  fea  i'alts,  which,  in  tlie  heavy 
gales  of  eafterly  winds,  are  depnfited  with  the  fpray  on 
every  part  of  the  mountain,  'i'hofe  uncovered  parts  of 
the  mountain  rock  alio  (xpole  to  the  eie  a  phenomenon 
worthy  of  fonie  attention,  as  it  tends  cleat ly  to  denion- 
flrate,  that,  however  high  the  furface  o£  this  rock  may 
now  be  elevated  above  the  level  ot  tiie  fea,  it  has  once 
been  the  bed  of  agitated  waters.  This  phenomenon  is 
to  be  obferved  in  many  parts  of  the  rock,  and  is  con- 
ftantly  found  in  the  beds  of  torrents.  It  conftfts  of  pot- 
like holes,  of  various  fizcs,  hollowed  out  of  the  folid 
rock,  and  formed  apparently  by  the  attrition  of  gravel 
or  pebbles,  let  in  motion  by  the  rapidity  of  rivers  or 
currents  in  the  lea. 

"Upon  the  weft  ftde  of  the  mountain,  towards  its  bafe, 
fome  llrata  occur,  which  are  heterogenial  to  the  moun- 
,  tain  rock  :  the  firll,  or  higheft,  forms  the  fegment  of  a 
circle;  its  conve.K  tide  is  towards  the  mountain,  and  it 
Hopes  alio  in  that  diredion.  This  ftratum  confitts  of 
a  number  of  thin  beds  ;  tlie  outward  one,  being  the 
thinnert,  is  in  a  Hate  of  decoinpolnion,  and  is  moulder- 
ing down  into  a  blackifh  brov.n  or  ferrugmous  coloured 
earth.  The  bedf,  inferior  to  this,  progrtllrvely  increafe 
in  breadth  to  17  inches,  where  tlie  flratification  refts 
upon  a  rock  of  an  argillaceous  nature. 

'*  This  laft  bed,  wiiich  is  17  inches  thick,  conftfts  of 
quartz  of  a  biackilh  blue  colour,  in  the  fepla  or  cracks 
of  which  are  lout»d  fine  quartz  cryltals,  colouilefs,  and 
perfe<aly  tranfpareiit.  Thefe  cryllals  are  comp'ifed  of  18 
planes,  difpofed  in  hexangular  columns,  ternrinated  at 
both  extremities  by  hexangular  pyramids.  The  largeft 
of  tlicfe  that  Major  Imiie  law  did  not  exceed  one- 
fourth  of  an  inch  in  hngth  :  They,  in  general,  adhere 
to  tLe  rock  by  the  fides  of  the  column,  but  are  detached 


without  difficulty.     Their  great  degree  of  tranfparency  Gibraltas. 
has  obtained  them  the  name  of  Cfbraltar  diamonJj."      v^'v"^-' 

Much  has  been  laid  ol  the  folhl  bones  found  in  the 
rock  of  Gibraltar  ;  and  the  general  idea  vhich  exills 
concerning  them  is,  that  they  are  found  in  a  petrified 
ftate,  and  inclofed  in  the  folid  calcareous  rack  ;  but 
this,  fays  Major  Imrie,  is  a  miftake,  which  could  arife 
only  from  inaccurate  obfervation  and   falfe  defcription. 

"In  the  perpendicular  filfures  of  the  rock,  and  in  fome 
of  the  caverns  of  the  mountain  (all  of  which  afford  evi- 
dent proofs  of  their  former  communication  with  the 
furface),  a  calcareous  concretion  is  found,  of  a  reddifh 
brown  ferruginous  colour,  witli  an  earthy  frafture,  and 
conlidcrable  induration,  inclofing  the  bones  of  various 
animals,  fome  of  which  have  the  appearance  of  being 
human.  Thefe  bones  are  of  various  lizes,  and  lie  in  all 
directions,  intermixed  with  (hells  of  fnails,  fragments  of 
the  calcareous  rock,  and  particles  of  fpar  ;  all  of  which 
materials  are  Hill  to  be  feen  in  their  natural  uncombined 
ftates,  partially  fcattered  over  the  furface  of  the  moun- 
tain. Thefe  having  been  fwept,  by  heavy  rains  at  dif- 
ferent periods,  trom  the  furface  into  the  fituations  abovi 
defcribed,  and  having  remained  fur  a  long  feries  of  years 
in  thofe  places  of  reft,  expofed  to  the  permeating  ailion 
of  water,  have  become  inveloped  in,  and  cemented  by, 
the  calcareous  matter  which  it  dcpolits. 

"The  bones,  in  this  compofition,  liave  not  the  fmallefl 
appearance  of  being  petrified  :  and  if  they  have  under- 
gone any  change,  ic  is  more  like  tliat  of  calcination  than 
that  of  petrifaclion,  as  the  moft  folid  parts  of  them  ge- 
nerally admit  of  being  cut  and  fcraped  down  with  the 
fame  eafe  as  chalk. 

"  Bones  combined  in  fuch  concretions  are  not  peculiar 
to  Gibraltar  :  they  are  found  in  fuch  large  quantities 
in  the  country  of  Dalmatia,  and  upon  its  coalls  in  the 
iflands  of  Cherfo  and  Ofero,  that  fome  naturatifts  have 
been  induced  to  go  lb  far  as  to  aiierf,  tlt.it  there  has 
been  a  regular  ftratum  of  fuch  matter  in  that  country, 
and  that  its  prefcnt  broken  and  interrupted  appearance 
has  been  caufed  by  earthquakes,  or  other  convulfions, 
experienced  in  that  part  of  the  globe.  But|  of  late 
years,  a  traveller  (Abbe  Alberto  Foiti?)  has  given  a 
minute  defcription  of  the  concretion  in  which  the  bones 
are  found  in  that  country  :  And  by  his  account  it  ap- 
pears, that  with  regard  to  fituation,  compofition,  and 
colour,  it  is  perfeflly  fimilar  to  tiiat  found  at  Gibraltar. 
By  his  defcription,  it  alfo  appears  that  the  two  moun- 
tain rocks  of  Gibraltar  and  Dalmatia  confift  of  the  fame 
fpecies  of  calcareous  ftone  ;  from  which  it  is  to  be  pre- 
fumid,  that  the  concretions  in  both  have  been  formed 
in  the  fame  manner  and  about  the  fame  periods. 

"  Perhaps  if  the  fiilures  and  caves  of  the  rock  of  Dal- 
matia were  ftill  more  minutely  examined,  their  former 
communications  with  the  furface  might  yet  be  traced, 
as  in  thofe  defcribed  above  ;  and,  in  that  cafe,  there 
would  be  at  leall  a  Itrong  probability,  that  the  materials 
of  tlie  concretions  of  that  country  have  been  bi  ought 
together  by  the  fame  accidental  caufe  which  has  pro- 
bably colleded  thofe  found  in  the  caverns  of  Gibraltar. 
Major  Imrie  traced,  in  Gibraltar,  this  concretion,  from 
tlie  loweft  part  of  a  deep  perpendicular  frifure,  up  to 
the  furface  of  the  mountain.  As  it  approached  to  the 
furfice,  the  concretion  became  lefs  firmly  combined, 
and,  when  it  had  no  covering  of  the  calcareous  rock,  a 
fmall  degrte  cf  adbefion  only  leiimiucd,  which  was  evi- 

dently 


GIB  [II 

Gibraltar.    Jently  produced  by  the  argillaceous  earth,  in  its  com- 
^■"''^  "^    pofui.n,  having  been  mollkned  by  rain  and  baked  by 
the  iun. 

"  The  depth  at  wjiich  thefe  materials  had  been  pene- 
trated by  that  proportion  of  Qalailitical  matter,  capable 
of  giving  to  the  concretion  its  greateft  adhefion  and  fo- 
lidity,  he  fnund  to  vary  according  to  its  fituation,  and 
to  the  quantity  of  matter  to  be  combined.  In  fidurcs, 
narrow  and  coiuraifted,  he  iound  the  coscretion  polfef- 
iing  a  great  degree  of  h-irdnefs  at  fix  feet  from  the  fur- 
fdcej  but  in  o'iher  fituatior.s  more  extended,  and  where 
a  larger  quantity  of  the  materials  had  been  accumula- 
ted, he  found  it  had  not  gained  its  greateft  degree  of 
adhelion  at  double  that  depth.  In  one  of  the  caves, 
where  the  mafs  of  concretion  is  of  confiderable  fize,  he 
perceived  it  to  be  divided  into  different  beds,  each  bed 
being  covered  with  a  cruft  of  the  ftalaftitical  fpar,  from 
one  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  thicknefs,  which  feems 
to  indicate,  that  the  materials  have  been  carried  in  at 
various  periods,  and  that  thofe  periods  have  been  very 
remote  from  each  other. 

"  At  Rolia  Bay,  upon  the  weft  fide  of  Gibraltar,  this 
concretion  is  found  in  what  has  evidently  been  a  cavern, 
originally  formed  by  huge  unihapely  mafiesof  the  rock 
which  have  mnibhd  in  toeether.  The  tiffure,  or  ca- 
vern, formed  by  the  difiuption  and  fublidence  of  thofe 
malfes,  has  been  entirely  filled  up  with  the  concretion, 
and  is  now  expofed  to  full  view  by  the  outward  mafs 
leaving  dropped  down  in  confequence  of  the  encroach- 
ments of  the  fea.  It  is  to  this  fpot  that  ftrangers  are 
generally  led  to  examine  the  phenomenon  ;  and  the 
compofition,  having  here  attained  to  its  greateft  degree 
of  Lardnefs  and  folidity,  the  li.ifty  obferver  feeing  the 
bones  inclofed  in  what  has  fo  little  the  appearance  of 
having  been  a  vacuity,  examines  no  further,  but  imme- 
diately adopts  the  idea  of  their  being  incafed  in  the  fo- 
lid  rock.  The  communication  from  this  former  chafm, 
to  the  furface  from  which  it  lias  received  the  materials 
of  the  concretion  is  ftili  to  be  traced  in  the  face  of  the 
rock,  but  i!s  opening  is  at  prefent  covered  by  the  bafe 
of  the  line  wall  of  the  gar;  ifon.  Here  bones  are  found 
that  are  apparently  human  ;  and  thole  of  them  that  ap- 
pear to  be  of  the  legs,  arms,  and  vertebrce  of  the  back, 
are  fcattered  among  others  of  various  kinds  and  fizes, 
even  down  to  the  f'malleft  bones  of  fmall  birds.  Major 
Imrie  found  here  the  complete  jiw-bone  of  a  flieep  ;  it 
contained  its  full  complement  of  teeth,  the  enamel  of 
which  was  perfevft,  and  its  whiteneis  and  luftre  in  no 
degree  impaired.  In  the  hollow  parts  of  fnme  of  tlie 
large  bones  was  contained  a  minute  cr)  (lallization  c{ 
jviie  and  colourlefi  calcareous  fpar  ;  but,  in  muft,  the 
interior  part  confided  of  a  fpary  cruft  of  a  reddilli  co- 
lour, Icarcely  in  any  degree  tranfparent. 

•'At  the  northern  c;:ti  eniity  rf  the  iriounlarn,  tiie  con- 
cretion ib  generally  found  in  perpendicular  fiJUires.  The 
iTiiners  tlicre,  employed  uprin  tiie  fortifications  in  exca- 
vating one  of  thnfe  filiures,  found,  at  a  great  depth  from 
the  fuiface,  tw.)  Ikulls,  wJilch  were  fuppofcd  to  be  Im- 
man  ;  but,  to  the  Msior,  tne  of  them,  if  not  both,  ap- 
peared to  be  too  (mail  for  the  human  ipecies.  The  bone 
of  each  was  perfedlly  firm  and  f.ilid  ;  from  which  it  is 
to  be  prefumed,  th.it  tl.ey  were  in  a  ftate  of  matuiity 
before  they  were  inclofed  in  tlie  concretion.  Hid  tiicy 
appeitained  to  very  young  children,  perhaps  the  bone 
would  have  been  more  porous  and  of  3  kfs  firm  lex- 


7    ] 


G    I     B 


ture.     The  probability  is,  that  they  belonged  to  a  ffc-  Gibraltar, 
cies  of  monkey,  which  ftill  continues  to  inhabit,  in  con-  '-^^— ' 
fiderable  numbers,  thofe  parts  of  the  rock  w.hicli  are  to 
us  inacceJlble. 

"  This  concretion  varies,  in  its  compofition,  according 
to  the  fituation  in  whi:h  it  is  found.  At  the  eitreinity 
of  Princes  Lines,  high  in  the  rock  which  l^oks  towirds 
Spain,  it  is.  found  to  confift  only  of  a  reJdilh  calcareous- 
earth,  and  the  bones  of  fmall  birds  cemented  thereby. 
The  rock  around  this  fpot  is  inhabited  by  a  nu.niber  of 
hawks,  that,  in  the  breeding  fcalbn  nefile  here  and  rear 
their  young  ;  the  bones  in  lhi»  concretion  are  probably 
the  remains  of  the  food  of  thofe  b  rds.  At  the  bafe  of 
the  rock  below  K'ng's  Lines,  the  concretion  c;nr:ftsof 
pebbles  of  the  prevailing  calcareous  rock.  lo  this  cf.n- 
cretion,  at  a  very  confiderable  depth  under  the  furfac.-, 
was  found  the  under  parts  of  a  glafs  bottle,  unconi- 
monly  fhaped,  and  of  great  thickne.'s  ;  the  colour  of 
the  glafs  was  of  a  darkgreen." 

M.ijor  Imrie  mak.:s  an  apology  for  givin<i  fo  minute 
a  defcription  ot  thele  follii  bones  ;  but,  in  our  opinio:;, 
the  public  is  indebted  to  liim  for  billowing  fo  much  at- 
tention on  a  fubjeft  which  all  muft  admit  to  be  curi.i'.K, 
and  which,  from  the  ftrange  inferencci  drawn  from  fini- 
lar  phenomena  by  m^'dern  philofbphers,  has  become  im- 
portant as  well  as  curious. 

We  cannot  dilmifs  this  article  without  noticing  the 
fubtciraneous  galleriek  conftruifled  in  the  rock  nut  only 
for  the  proteiflion  of  the  men  during  a  ficge,  but  alfj 
for  placing  cannon,  to  annoy  the  enemy,  in  fitualirns 
inacceffible  but  by  futh  means.  The  idea  of  iorniing 
thefe  galleries  was  conceived  by  the  l.ite  Lord  Healh- 
fi;ld  when  governor,  and  by  him  in  fomc  mcafure,  car- 
ried into  executirn;  though  the  plan  was  not  com- 
pleted till  lately  by  General  O'Hara.  Of  thefe  gai- 
leries  we  have  in  the  Monthly  il/rtij-jifH-' for  April  1798 
an  animated  account,  which  we  Hull  iruert  in  the  wri- 
ter's own  words. 

"  The  fubterraneous  galleries  are  very  extenfivc, 
pierce  the  rock  in  fevera!  pl.ices  and  in  various  direc- 
tions, and  at  various  degrees  of  elevation;  all  of  them 
liave  a  communication  with  each  other,  ci:!:er  by  flights 
of  ftepscut  in  the  rock,  or  by  wooden  ftiirs  mhere  the 
paiFages  are  required  to  be  very  pjrpendicul.ir. 

"  The  centinels  may  now  be  relieved  Juiing  a  fiege 
from  one  poll  to  another  in  perfeifl  fat'cty;  whereas,  prc- 
vioufly  to  the  conftruclip.g  of  thefe  galleries,  a  vaft  num- 
ber of  men  were  killed  by  tl:C  iipaniards  while  march- 
ing  to  their  fcveral  ftuions.  I'lie  width  of  thefe  {; ti- 
leries is  about  twelve  feet,  their  height  about  fouticcn. 
The  roclc  is  broken  through  in  villous  places,  both  lor 
the  purpofe  of  giving  light  and  f (  r  pl.iclng  the  guns  to 
bear  on  the  enemy.  In  dilT.-rcn:  p.irt'.  there  are  f|ia;i- 
ous  recelfes,  capable  of  accommr^dating  a  conlijeialjle 
number  of  men.  To  ihefe  rcrclf-s  they  give  names 
inch  as  St  Patrick's  Clumber,  St  Gjoigc'.  H.iU,  S:.;. 
The  whole  of  thefe  fingular  ftiiicTures  Iravc  been  form- 
ed out  of  the  folid  rock  by  blafting  with  gnnpcwdcr. 
Throup,li  the  politcncfs  of  an  officer  on  duty,  a  plact 
called  Smart's  Rel'ervoir  was  opened  for  our  infpcftion, 
which  is  a  great  curiofity,  and  not  generally  pciniitced 
to  be  fliewiT.  It  is  a  fpiing  at  a  confiderable  dcp;h  in 
the  body  of  the  reck,  and  is  above  700  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  fea;  wc  defcended  into  the  cavern  tliat  c-n- 
taius  it  by  a  rope  ladder,  and  with  ihc  aid  of  lighted 

candles 


GIL  [     II 

candles  proceeded  thrrugh  ararrow  paflage  over  cry  rtal- 
lizcd  protuberances  ot  ihe  rock  till  we  came  to  a  hollow, 
which  appears  to  have  been  opened  byCtnic  c<invuirion 
ot  N.ituie.  Here,  from  a  bed  of  geii:t,  arifes  the  falu- 
tai y  fount,  clear  as  the  brilliant  of  the  tall,  and  C(  Id  as 
tlie  ilicle.  We  hailed  the  nymph  of  the  grot,  and,  pro- 
li  rating  oiirrclves.quiircd  hygean  neijfir  Iromher  fpr.iry 
urn.  AVlien  rellnred  to  the  light  of  diy,  we  obtained, 
through  the  medium  of  the  fame  gentleman,  the  key  of 
St  George's  Hall,  at  which  we  arrived  by  a  very  intri- 
cate and  gloomy  path  to  the  fpacious  excavation,  which 
is  upwards  of  an  hundred  feet  in  length,  its  height  near- 
ly the  fanjc.  It  is  ibimed  in  a  femicircular  pi:rt  of 
the  rock  ;  fpicious  apertures  are  broken  through,  where 
cannons  of  a  very  large  calibre  command  the  illiimus, 
the  LSpanilh  lines,  and  a  great  part  of  the  bay.  The 
lop  ot  the  rock  is  pierced  through,  fo  as  to  introduce 
lullicient  light  to  enable  )  ou  to  view  every  part  ot  it. 
It  appears  alnind  incredible  that  lo  lurge  an  excavation 
couid  lie  toriJied  by  gunpowder,  without  blowing  up 
the  wiif'le  of  tinit  part  of  the  rock,  and  ftill  more  fi, 
th.U  tluy  Ihould  he  able  to  dire<fl  the  operations  of  fuch 
an  initruincnt,  fo  as  lo  render  it  fubfervieni  to  the  pur- 
p<>fe  ( t  elegance.  We  found  in  the  hall  a  table,  pla- 
ced, I  fuppofe,  for  the  conveniency  of  thofe  who  are 
traverfmg  the  rock.  The  cloth  was  fpread,  the  wine 
went  round,  and  we  made  the  vaulted  roof  refound  with 
the  accents  of  inii  th  and  the  fongs  of  conviviality." 

'1  liefe  excavations  are  indeed  very  extraordinary 
woiks;  but  as  the  whole  rock  abounds  with  caverns, 
we  willi  that  our  .author  had  inquired  more  particularly 
tlian  he  fcems  to  luve  done,  whether  iSt  George's  Hall 
be  wholly  the  woi  k  of  art.  From  one  of  the  pafl'ages 
which  we  have  extracled  from  Major  Imrie's  memoir, 
we  are  led  to  think  that  it  is  not,  or,  at  leaft,  that  the 
concretion  removed  had  not  acquired  the  confidence  of 
the  more  folid  parts  of  the  rock.  If  this  v/as  the  cafe, 
much  of  the  wonder  will  vanilh  fince  the  [jick-axe  and 
chilel  were  probably  employed  to  give  elegance  to  the 
vault,  Knd  even,  in  feme  degree,  to  dirciSthe  operation 
cf  the  i;unpowder. 

GIDKALTIiR,  an  ancient  town  in  trie  province  of 
Veiie/.uela,  in  Terra  Firma.  It  is  fituated  on  the 
foulh-eaftern  (ide  of  Maracaibo  Lake.  The  country 
in  its  vicinity  is  well  watered  with  rivers,  and  bears  the 
bell  qnalily  of  cacao,  and  very  large  cedais.  The  beft 
t'.panilh  tobacco  is  made  here,  called  T.ibago  de  Mara- 
caibo, from  which  the  valurtble  (nuiF  is  made,  vulgarly 
called  Mackaba  InufF.  The  air,  liowever,  is  ib  un- 
lieaithy,  that  very  few  but  labourers  live  in  the  town; 
the  wealthier  lort  retorting  to  Merida  or  Maracaibo. 
— Morse. 

GILL,  a  new  townfliip  in  Hampfhire  co.  Mafiachu- 
fetts,  on  the  well  bank  of  Connefticut  river,  a  little 
below  the  mouth  of  Millei's  river,  on  the  oppofite  fide, 
and  named  after  his  Honor,  Mofes  Gill,  Lieutenant- 
Governor  ot  Malfachufetts. — //;. 

GILLORI,  an  ifland  on  the  co,h(1  of  Well-Florida, 
is  divided  from  Djiijihin  Wand  by  a  narrow  channel, 
through  which  a  boat  may  pafs  with  lome  difficulty  ; 
End  between  Gillori  and  the  main  land,  on  the  weft 
iide  of  Mobile  Bay,  there  is  a  chain  of  fmall  iilands, 
and  oyfter  (hells,  through  which  is  a  paiUge  of  4  feet 
called  Paife  au  Heion. — ]l. 


8     ]  G     L     A 

GILMANTOWN,     a   townlhip    in    Strafford   co.    Gilman- 
New-HaiTiplhire,   f )ulh-we(lerly  of  Like  Winnipifeo-       '°"'> 
gee,  and  52  miles  N.  W.  of  Portfmoiith.     It  was  in-  '' 

corporatcd  in   1727,  and  contained  775   inhabitants  in      ^i',',cr."^ 
1775;  and  in  1790,   2613. — ib. 

GIMIIOL.S,  are  the  brafs  rings  by  which  a  fea 
compafs  is  fufpended  in  its  box  that  ufually  Hands  in 
the  binacle. 

GIRT,  in  timber- meafiiring,  is  the  circumference  of 
a  tree,  though  fome  ufe  this  word  for  the  quarter  of 
4th  part  of  the  circumference  only,  on  account  of  the 
gieat  ufe  that  is  made  of  it ;  for  the  fquare  of  this  4tli 
part  is  elleemcd  and  ufed  as  equal  to  the  area  of  the 
feftion  of  the  tree  ;  which  fquare  therefore  multiplied 
by  the  length  of  the  tree,  is  accounted  the  iblid  con- 
tent. This  content,  however,  is  always  about:  one- 
fourth  part  lefs  than  the  true  quantity;  being  nearly 
equal  to  what  this  will  be  after  the  tree  is  hewed 
fquare  in  the  ufual  way:  fo  that  it  feems  intended  to 
make  an  allowance  for  the  fquaring  of  the  tree. 

GiRr-/,//;,?,  is  a  line  on  the  common  or  carpenter's 
Hiding  rule,  employed  in  calling  up  the  contents  of 
trees  by  means  of  their  girt. 

GIR^TY'j-  Town,  an  Indian  village  in  the  N.  W. 
Territory,  near  the  head  of  the  navigable  water  or 
landing  on  St  Mary's  river,  where  the  Indians  ceded 
at  the  treaty  of  Greenville,  a  trad  of  2  miles  fquare  to 
the  United  States. — Morse. 

GLAUE  Road,  at  Bonnets'  tavern,  4  miles  from 
Bedford,  on  the  road  from  Philadelphia  to  Piltfburg 
Forks  ;  the  fouthernmoll  is  called  the  Glade  Road  ; 
the  northernmoft  the  OIJ,  or  Forbes's  Road,  and  goes 
by  Ligonier.  Thefe  roads  unite  28  miles  from  Pittf- 
burg.  In  the  Glades,  a  trafl  of  country  at  the  entrance 
of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  they  cannot  raife  corn, 
as  the  earth  is  fubjefled  to  froll  ifom  Sept.  to  June. 
—ib. 

GL  ADY  Creek,  a  fmall  dream  which  flows  through 
the  call  bank  of  Little  INIiami  river  in  the  N.  W.  Ter- 
ritory.— ib. 

GLAIZE,  Au,  a  S.  S.  W.  branch  of  the  Miami 
of  the  Lake,  which  interlocks  with  St  Mary's  river. 
By  the  treaty  at  Greenville,  the  Indians  have  ceded 
to  the  United  States  a  traft  of  land  6  miles  fquare,  at 
the  head  of  its  navigable  waters,  and  6  miles  fquare 
at  its  confluence  with  the  Miami,  where  Fort  Defiance 
now  llands. — ib. 

GLASGOW,  a  new  county  in  Newbern  diftrid, 
N.  Carolina,  taken  from  Dobbs'  co.  It  is  bounded 
N.  by  Edgcnnib,  S.  by  Lenoir,  E.  by  Pitt,  and  W. 
by  V/ayne. — ib. 

GLASS  Etching,  or  En^ravin^  upon,  is  in  the  ar- 
ticle Chemistry  (Encycl.)  laid  to  be  a  new  art  ;  and 
as  that  acid  which  difiblves  filiceous  earth,  and  alfo 
glafs,  was  lirfl  difcovered  in  the  year  1771  by  Scheele, 
one  might  naturally  imagine  that  the  art  of  etching 
with  it  upon  glafs  could  not  be  older.  By  many 
others,  as  well  as  by  us,  it  has  indeed  been  noticed  as 
a  new  invention;  yet  Protellor  Beckmann,  whofe  labo- 
rious refeaiches  have  brought  many  things  to  light, 
has  proved,  that  lb  early  as  the  year  1670  the  art  of 
etching  upon  glafs  was  difcoveied  by  Henry  Schwan- 
hard,  Ion  of  George  Schwanhard,  who  was  a  cele- 
brated glafs-cutter,  patronized  by  the  Emperor  Ferdi- 
nand 


G     L     A 


[     119     ] 


G     L     O 


Glafs  Ktch- nand  III.  abrut  the  middle  of  the  lall  century.  At 
'"?•  the  tiine  of  his  death,  1667,  the  lather  praiflifed  his  art 
at  Prao;ue  and  Ratiftcn.  Whellier  the  fon  followed 
the  fiine  bufinefs  at  the  farre  town',  or  removed  to 
Nuremberg,  is  not  very  evident  from  the  profellor's 
hiftory  ;  but  in  the  year  above-mentioned,  fome  aqua 
rcgia  {nilroniunatic  acid)  having  accidentally  fallen 
on  his  fpecflacles,  he  was  furprifed  to  find  the  glafs 
corroded  by  it,  and  become  quite  foft.  He  thus  found 
himfelf  in  poileOion  of  a  liquid  by  wliich  he  could  etch 
writing  and  figures  upon  plates  of  glafs. 

Such  is  our  inicrmation  ;  but  if  it  he  admitted  (and 
it  would  difplay  unreafonable  fceplicifni  to  quellion  it), 
Sell  wanhardmulleiilier  have  improved  the  nitro- muriatic 
acid  by  fome  means  or  ether  unknown  to  us,  or  have 
confined  his  etchings  to  iome  particular  kinds  of  glafs; 
for  ihe  fluoric  is  the  only  acid,  with  which  we  are  ac- 
quainted, that  corrodes  all  glafs.  (See  Chf.mistry- 
Index  in  this  Supplement).  M.  Beckniann  indeed  feems 
to  think  that  he  had  difcovered  the  fluoric  acid  itfelf ; 
for  in  the  year  1725  there  appeared  in  a  periodical 
work  the  following  receipt  for  making  a  poweiful  acid, 
by  which  figures  of  every  kind  can  be  etched  upon  glafs. 

"  When  die  fp'irltus  nhri  per  diJl'iUatioutrii  has  pal- 
fed  into  the  recipient,  ply  it  with  a  flrong  fire,  and 
when  well  dephlegmated,  pour  it,  as  it  corrodes  ordi- 
nary glafs,  into  a  Weldenburg  flalk.  Then  throw  in- 
to it  a  pulverifed  green  Bohemian  emerald,  otherwife 
called  befphorvs  (which,  when  reduced  to  powder,  and 
heated,  emits  in  the  dark  a  green  light),  and  place  it  in 
warm  fand  for  z\  hours.  Take  a  piece  of  glafs  well 
cleaned,  and  freed  from  all  greafe  by  means  of  a  ley  ; 
put  a  border  of  wax  round  it,  about  an  inch  in  height, 
and  cover  it  all  over  with  the  above  acid.  The  longer 
you  let  it  ftand  fo  much  the  better ;  and  at  the  end  of 
fome  time  the  glafs  will  be  corroded,  and  the  figures 
which  have  been  traced  out  with  fulphur  and  varnilh 
will  appear  as  if  raifed  above  the  pane  of  glafs." 

That  the  Bohemian  emerald  or  hefphonis  mention- 
ed in  this  receipt  is  green  fparry  fluor,  cannot,  fays  the 
profefTor,  be  doubted  ;  and  he  feems  to  have  as  little 
doubt  of  the  receipt  itfelf  having  palled  from  Schwan- 
hard  and  his  fcholars  to  the  periodical  work  of  1725, 
from  which  it  has  been  lately  inferted  in  the  CEkono- 
mifche  Encyclopedic  of  Kruniiz.  This  fuppofition 
certainly  acquires  a  confiderable  degree  of  ptobability 
from  the  fimilarity  of  Schwanhard's  method  cf  etching 
to  that  which  is  here  recommended,  and  which  is  io 
diffeitnt  from  what  is  now  hllov/eJ.  At  prefent,  the 
glafs  is  covered  with  a  vainilh  either  of  ifingl.ifs  dif- 
folved  in  water,  or  of  turpentine  oil  mixed  with  a  little 
wliite  lead,  through  which  the  figures  to  be  etched  are 
traced  as  on  copper;  but  Schwanhard,  when  he  had 
draun  his  figures,  covered  them  with  varnifli,  and  tljen 
by  his  liquid  corroded  the  glafs  ;iround  them.  His  fi- 
gures, therefore,  when  the  varnilli  was  removed,  re- 
mained fmooth  and  clear,  appearing  raifed  Irom  a  dim  or 
dark  ground  ;  and  M.  Beckmann,  who  perfuaded  fome 
iiiCT-nious  artills  to  make  trial  of  this  antient  method 
of  etching,  declares,  that  fuch  figures  have  a  much  bet- 
ter effeift  than  thofe  which  are  cut  into  the  glafs. 

Before  concluding  this  article,  it  may  be  worth  while 
iuft  to  mention  a  propofal  which  has  been  lately  made 
to  employ  glafs  inflead  of  C'lpper  for  throwing  off 
prints  in  the  rolling  prefs.     That  it  is  poffiblc  to  ufe 


glafs  pUtes  of  great  thicknefs  for  this  purpofe,  it  would     Olaaon- 


be  raih  to  dtny  ;  but  the  liiperiority  oi  fuch  plates  to 
thofe  of  copper  v.-e  cannot  conceive.  If  not  broken 
in  pieces  in  the  rolling  prefs,  they  would  doubtlefs  la  ft 
l-.nger  ;  I-  it  the  expence  of  them  at  firft  would  pro- 
bably be  greater,  and  the  engraving  on  them  oukniit 
be  fo  fine. 

GLASTONBURY,  a  townfh'p  in  Bennington  co. 
Vermont,  having  only  34  inhabitants.  It  hjs  good 
intervale  lands,  and  lies  N.  E.  of  Benningion,  adjoin- 
ing.— Mone. 

Glastonbury,  a  hardlomc  little  town  in  Hartford 
CO.  Connecticut,  lltUited  on  tie  eaft  fide  of  Conneft'- 
cut  liver,  oppiifite  to  Weather.'- field,  and  of  which  it 
formed  a  part  until  1690.  In  the  townihip  are  2 
meeting  hnufib ;  and  on  Roaring  Brook  and  otijer 
fmall  Itreams  are  17  mills  of  diffirtnt  kinds  and  i 
forge. — ib. 

GLOSSOCOMMON,  in  mechanics,  is  a  name  gi- 
ven by  Heron  to  a  machine  compofed  of  divers  dented 
wheels  with  pinions,  ferving  10  raife  huge  weight^. 

GLOUCESTER  H-.u/c,  belonginaYi  the  Hudfcn's 
Bay  Comp.my,  is  fiuiated  in  New  South  Wales,  on 
the  N.  fide  of  the  waters  which  form  a  communication 
through  a  cha;ii  ot  Ini.dl  lakes,  between  V.^inncpeg 
Lake  and  Albany  river.  Henley  Hiufe  lies  N.  E.  of 
this,  nearer  the  mouth  cf  Albany  river,  in  James' 
Bay.     N.  lat.  54.   W.  long.  87.  30. — Mrjne. 

Gloucestlr,  or  Cape-Ann,  a  townlhip  in  ElTex  co. 
Maffachufetts,  whofe  eail  point  forms  the  north  fide  of 
the  bay  of  Mairachuf;;tts.  It  contains  5317  inhabi- 
tants, and  is  divided  into  5  parilhes,  and  has  befides 
a  fjciety  of  Univeifalifts.  This  is  a  pi  11-town  and 
port  of  entry.  The  harbour  is  very  open  and  accelll- 
ble  to  large  (hips ;  and  is  one  of  the  moll  conliderable 
fifning  towns  in  the  Commonwealth.  At  ihe  harbour, 
properly  fo  called,  are  fitted  out  annually  from  60  to 
70  bankers  ;  and  from  Sqnam  and  Sandy  Bav,  two 
fmall  out  ports,  the  bay  filhery  is  carried  on  with  gre»t 
fpirit,  and  to  a  large  amount.  Tlie  exports  for  one 
year,  ending  Sept.  30,  1794,  amounted  in  value  to 
229,613  dollars.  Tiiaicher's  Ifland,  on  which  are  two 
lights  of  equal  heis»ht,  lies  clofe  to  the  S.  E.  fid;  of 
the  towniliip,  whicli  is  itfelf  joined  to  tie  continent  by 
a  beach  of  land  which  is  very  rarely  overHnwed  by  the 
water.  There  is  a  very  fi:ie  white  fand  here  fit  for 
making  glafj.  The  harbour  is  defended  by  a  battery 
and  cit.idel  erefled  in  1795.  It  is  16  miles  N.  E.  by 
E.  of  S.tlem,  and  34  N  £.  of  B.illon. — ib 

Gloucester,  the  north-wefiernmoll  townftiip,  and 
the  largell,  in  Providence  co.  Rhode- III  ind,  iiaving 
Connecticut  on  the  well,  and  Malfichufetts  on  the 
north;  and  coritains  4025  inhabitants. — it>. 

Gloucester  County,  in  Ncw-Jcrley,  is  bounded 
norih  by  Burlington  co.  fouth  by  S.dcm,  Cuniberl.inJ, 
and  Cape  May  counties,  ealt  by  the  Atlantic  0>can, 
and  well  by  Delaware  river.  Its  length  on  the  Dela- 
ware is  about  30  miles,  and  on  the  lea  the  line  is  .ibrut 
22  mile--.  Great  and  Little  Egg  Harbour  rivers  are 
both  navig.ible  for  vclfels  of  2CO  ions  aliout  20  milei 
from  their  mouths.  The  ilreiinis  which  f.dl  into  Dela- 
ware  river  are  navigable  for  fmall  velfels,  a  tew  miles 
up  from  their  mouths,  and  allord  fome  fhad,  rock, 
herrings,  and  perch.  Tlie  adjacent  iflands  arc  Reil 
Bank.^PcU,  and  Oid  Man's  Creek  lOands.     The  firll 

of 


I 


GLU  [1203  GOA 

of  wliich  is  famous  in  ihe  hiftory  of  the  American  faccharine,  and  fliglitly  aftringent;  2.  It  is  very  fo- 
war,  tor  th?  defpcrate  defence  the  garrifon  upon  it  luble  in  the  fulphuric  acid  by  excefs ;  3.  It  decrmpofes 
made,  to  prevent  the  Britifh  fleet  from  paffing  up  to  the  ahiminous  falts ;  4.  It  is  foluble  in  the  carbonate 
Philadelphia.  The  foil  of  this  county  is  a  mixture  of  of  ammonite  ;  5.  Is  completely  precipitated  from  its 
faiid  and  loam,  and  the  tradt  bordering  on  the  Dela-  foliuions  by  ammoniac  ;  6.  Its  affinity  for  the  acids  is 
ware  is  in  a  hi^h  Ifate  of  cultivation.  The  chief  pro-  intermediate  between  magnefia  and  alumine. 
dnflion'3  are  licef,  poric,  fifh,  hay,  corn,  lumber,  but-  One  hundred  parts  of  beryl  contain  i6ofghicina; 
tcr,  chccfe,  ice.  It  is  divided  into  10  towiiihip';,  viz.  but  for  the  befl  method  of  analyzing  the  beryl,  and  of 
"Woodbury,  Waterford,  Newtown,  Gloiicerter  Town-  courfe  obtaining  the  earth,  we  muft  refer  our  readers 
(hip,  Gloucettcr  Town,  Deptfoid,  Greenwich,  Wool-  to  the  article  Mineralogy  in  this  Supplement;  and 
with,  Egg  Harbour,  and  Galloway.  The  firfl  8  lie  (hall  conclude  this  Ihort  article  with  a  valuable  and  jii- 
along  the  Delaware,  and  the  other  two  on  the  ocean,    dicious  remark  ot  Vauqueliu's. 

Muiic-.-.s  river  divides  this  county  from  Burlington,  "  It  almoft  always  happens  (fays  this  able  chemifl), 
and  is  navigable  20  miles  for  velfels  of  60  tons.  Mau-  in  the  fciences  of  obfervation,  and  even  in  the  fpecu- 
rice  river  riles  here,  runs  foutherly  about  40  miles  lative  fciences,  that  a  body,  a  principle,  or  a  property, 
through  Cumberland  co.  into  Delaware  Bay,  is  navi-  formerly  unknown,  though  it  may  often  have  been 
gable  for  velfels  of  lOO  tons  15  miles,  and  for  fliallops  ufed,  or  even  held  in  the  hands,  and  referred  to  olhef 
10  miles  farther.  It  contains  13,172  free  inhabitants,  fimple  fpecies,  may,  when  once  difcovered,  be  after- 
and  191  flaves.  There  are  found  in  this  county  quan-  wards  found  in  a  great  variety  of  fituations,  and  be  ap- 
tities  of  bog  iron  ore,  which  is  manufadlured  into  pig  plied  to  many  ufeful  purpofes.  Chemillry  aflFords  ma- 
and  bar  iron,  and  hollow  ware.  Here  is  alfo  a  glafs-  ny  recent  examples  of  this  truth.  Klaproth  had  no 
h'uifc.  Chief  town,  Woodbury,  9  miles  S.  of  Phila-  fooner  difcoveted  the  different  fubftances  with  which 
Jtlpl,i;^. — lb_  he  iias  enriched  the  fcience,  but  they  were  found  in  va- 

Gloucester,  a  fmall  town  in  the  above  county,  rious  other  bodies ;  and  if  I  may  refer  to  my  own  pro- 
on  the  call  fide  of  Delaware  river,  3  miles  below  Phi-  ceiTes,  it  will  be  feen,  that  after  I  had  determined  tlie 
IjJelphia.  It  was  formerly  the  county  town,  but  has  charaflers  of  chrome,  firft  found  in  the  native  red  lead, 
now  fcarcely  the  appearance  of  a  village. — ib.  I   eafily  recognized  it  in  the  emerald  and   the   ruby. 

Gloucester,  a  poft-town  in  Virginia,  fituated  in  The  fame  has  happened  with  regard  to  the  earth  of 
the  crunty  of  its  own  name,  on  a  point  of  land  on  the  the  beryl.  I  have  likewife  detefled  it  in  the  emerald; 
N.  fide  of  York  river,  partly  oppofite  York-Town,  17  in  which,  neverthelefs,  it  was  overlooked  both  by  Kla- 
miles  dillint. — ib.  proth  and  myfelf  in  our  tiift  analyfis:   fo  difficult  it  is 

GLOucESTfR  Ccunly,  in  Virginia,  is  fertile  and  well  to  be  aware  of  the  prefence  of  a  new  fubftance,  parti- 
cultivated,  bounded  N.  by  Piankitank  river,  which  cularly  when  it  polftffes  fome  properties  refsmbling 
leparates  it  from  Middlefex,  eall  by   Mathews  co.  and    thofe  already  known  !" 

Chcfipeak  Biy,  N.  W.  by  King  and  Queen,  S.  and  GLYNN  County,  in  the  Lower  diftrift  of  Georgia, 
K.  W.  by  Ycik  river,  which  divides  it  from  York  co.  bounded  eafl  by  the  ocean,  north  by  Alatamaha  river, 
It  is  about  ^^  miles  in  Icnjth,  and  30  in  breadth,  and  which  feparates  it  from  Liberty  co.  and  fouth  by  Cam- 
CTutains  13,498  inhabit.aiits,  including  7063  Haves,  den  co.  It  contains  413  inhabitants,  including  215 
The  low  lands  here  produce  excellent  barley,  and  In-  (laves.  Chief  town,  Brunfivick. — Morse. 
dian  c'^m,  the  llaple  I'roJucc  of  the  county.  Tobacco  GNADENHUETTEN,  or  Gnadenhutten,  a  fettle- 
is  little  attended  to. — il,  ment  of  the  Moravians,  or  United  Bre'hrcn,  on  Muf- 

CtU'V czsTiti  Houfe,  in  the  territory  of  the  Hudfon's  kingum  river,  oppofite  to  Salem,  in  the  lands  which 
B.iy  Companv,  is  on  the  N.  fide  of  Mnfquacobafton  belonged  to  the  M.thikan  Indians.  In  1746  it  was  a 
Like,  1 23  miles  weft  of  Ofnaburgh  houfe.  N.  lat.  pleafant  town,  inhabited  by  Chriftian  Indians,  where 
51.   24.  W.  long.   86.  59. — ib.  were  a  chapel,  milfionary's  houfe,  and  many  Indian 

GLUCINA  (a),  a  peculiar  earth  difcovered  by  houfes.  This  together  wltTi  Schoenbrun  and  Salem 
V.iuquelin  in  the  beryl  and  the  emerald.  Its  general  were  referved  by  Congrefs,  by  an  ordinance,  Miy  20, 
properties  aic  as  follows:  i.  It  is  \\hite:  2.  Infipid  ;  1785,  for  the  Chrilli  in  Indians  formerly  fettled  there; 
3.  Infolul)le  in  water  ;  4.  AdhelJve  to  the  tongue;  5.  Sept.  3,  1788,  it  was  ref-lved  that  ihe  plat  of  each 
infufible;  6  Soluble  in  the  fixed  alkalis;  7.  Infoluble  town  Ihould  make  up  4,000  acres,  and  the  grant  was 
ill  ammoniac;  8.  Soluble  in  the  carbonate  of  ammo-  made  to  the  United  Bic.h-en  for  propagating  the  gof- 
niac  ;  9.  Soluble  in  almolt  every  one  of  the  acids  (ex-  pel  among  the  heathen. — Alio  the  name  of  a  IMoravian 
Lcpt  the  carbonic  and  phofphcric  apids),  and  forming  fettlcment  on  the  fouth-weft  bank  of  Lehigh  river,  in 
falts  of  a  lacchatine  tafte  ;  10.  Lulible  with  borax  into  Pennfylvania,  about  29  miles  north- well  of  Bethle- 
a  tranfparent   glafs  j     IT.    Ablbrbs   one   fourth    of  its    hem. — ib. 

weipht  of  carbonic  acid;  1 2.  Decompofes  the  alumi-  GOAT  IJland,  in  the  State  of  Rhode-Ifland,  a 
tiout  falts;  £3.  Is  not  precipitable  by  well  f«tiiiated  fmall  it! jt,  oppolite  to  the  town  t.f  Newport,  and  on 
hydro  fulphurets.  which   is   Fort  Walhington.     The  foi  t  has  been  lately 

The  fpecitic  charaifters  of  gUicina,  which  are  united  repaired,  and  a  citadel  ereiled  in  it.  The  fort  has 
in  none  of  the  other  known  earths,  are  ;   1.  Its  falts  are    been  ceded  to  the  United  States. — ib. 

GOAVE 


(a)  This  name  was 
iftic  propel  ty  being  th 


given  to  the  earth  rf  beryl  by  the  editors  of  the  Annaks  dc  Chemie.      Its  moft  charafler- 
.u  it  forms  (kits  of  a  faccharine  taile,  ihey  g.ve  it  a  name  derived  from  y\u%<i.iu,  to  render 

.!_-. 1 /'■ 11       _       -.1  l../^J.      '-f) 


jh}:ct.     According  to  this  etymology,  Ihould  not  the  name  be  Glyina  ? 


G     O    L 


C    I 


Goarc 

li 
Gold. 


GOAVE  LE  PETIT,  one  of  the  weft  juiifdiftions 
of  the  French  part  of  St  Domingo.  It  contains  5 
paridies,  is  the  unhealthiell  part  of  the  colony,  the  in- 
habitants  being  fubjeft  to  conftant  fevers,  occafioncd 
by  the  bacinel's  of  the  waters.  Its  depenJencies,  how. 
ever,  are  hcrilthy,  and  rcmnrlcable  for  the  culture  of 
coffee.  Exports  from  Jan.  i,  17S9,  to  Dec.  31,  of 
the  fame  year;  27,090  lbs  white  kigar — 655, 187  lbs 
bro\»n — 807,865  lbs  coffee — 50,053  lbs  cotton — ind 
210  lbs  indigo.  I'he  town  ot  the  fame  name  is  fitu- 
ated  on  the  narroweft  part  of  the  fouth-wellern  penin- 
luk,  on  the  north  fide  of  the  neck Morse. 

GOELANS,  Point  Au,  a  promontory  on  the 
north  fide  of  Lake  Ontario,  about  33  miles  fouth- 
welkrlv  of  Fort  Frontinac. — lb. 

GOFFSTOWN,  in  HilHborough  county.  New- 
Hamplhire,  on  the  weftern  bank  of  Merrimack  river, 
3  mile^  from  Amulkeag  Falls,  and  60  miles  weft  of 
Portlmouth.  It  was  incoiporated  in  1761,  and  con- 
tains 1,275  inhabitants.  S  me  pieces  of  baked  earthen 
ware  have  been  lound  in  this  townlhip,  from  which  it 
is  luppofed  that  the  Indians  had  leaned  the  poctcrs 
art;  but  of  what  antiquity  thefe  remnants  are,  is  un- 
certain.— ib. 

GOLD,  the  moft  perfeft  cf  all  the  met-ih.  See 
CHEMiSTRY-/«rt'fx  in  this  Supplement. 

It  has  been  a  very  common  opinion  among  metallur- 
gifts,  that  tin  has  the  property  of  dcftroying  the  dudi- 
lity  of  gold,  on  being  melted  with  it  even  in  very  fm^U 
quantiiie'  ;  and  Dr  Lewis  adds,  that  even  the  vapours 
which  arife  from  tin  in  the  fire,  m  ike  gold  fo  brittle, 
tliat  it  f5ies  in  pieces  under  the  h«immer.  This  opi- 
nion was  c  ntroverted  by  Standby  Alchorne,  Etq  ;  of 
his  Majefty's  mint,  who  made  a  let  of  experiments, 
which,  in  his  opinion,  authorife  a  very  diifeieiit  coiiclu- 
fion,  viz.  that  though  tin,  like  other  inferior  metals, 
will  contaminate  gold  in  propoitlon  to  the  quantity 
mixed  with  it,  yet  there  does  not  appear  in  tin  any 
thing  fpecifically  inimical  to  that  precious  metal. 

As  we  iiave  elfewhere  fSee  CHtMisxRY,  n°  1091, 
■    &c.    Eri'ycl.)   enumerated    thefe  experiments,  and   ad- 
mitted the  conclufion   drawn  from  them,  it  becomes 
cur  duty,  in   this  place,  to   Rate  what  has  been  urged 
againft  that  conclufion. 

M.  Tillet,  being  in  his  own  mind  perfuaded  that  tin 
renders  gold  fo  brittle  that  it  cannot  be  reduced  to 
thin  leaves,  and  far  lefs  be  made  to  pafs  through  the 
wire  plate  but  by  virtue  of  repeated  annealing,  and 
peculiar  tre.atment,  which  gold  of  the  ufual  dmflility 
does  not  require,  determined,  trom  refpeft  to  M.  Al- 
choine,  to  repeat  his  experiments. 
*Mcnninof  His  firll  experiment  *  confiiled  in  mixing  24  grains 
the  Academy  of  fine  gold  with  one  of  tin  which  contained  no  arfe- 
cf  Sciences  at  pjp_  j^g  Wrapped  the  grain  of  tin  in  the  24  grains  of 
gold  reduced  to  a  very  thin  leaf,  and  placed  the  whole 
upon  a  piece  of  charcoal,  fo  hollowed  out  as  to  fupport 
the  mixed  nietil  during  fulion.  He  even  fprinkled  a 
Irnall  quantity  of  calcined  borax  upon  the  met.il,  in  or- 
der thit  tlie  iufion  might  be  more  fudJen,  tliat  the 
metal  might  fl  )w  together,  and  the  tin  uinte  with  the 
gold,  without  allowing  time  lor  it  to  become  calcined. 
This  alloy  was  fpeeildy  fufed  by  the  enamtllei's  l.imp, 
and  reduced  into  a  fmall  button  without  any  lofs  of 
weight.  It  was  then  flattened  carefully  beneath  the 
hammer  ;  but,  notwithllanding  \\h  utmoll  precaution  in 
SuppL.  Vol.  II. 


Paris  for 
the  year 
1790. 


21     ]  COL 

this  refpefl,  it  crackcJ,  and  at  lad  broke  ii.to  three 
piece?,  its  thicknefs  then  being  a  quarter  of  a  line  or 
theieabouts.  He  lepeated  this  expciimer.t  with  a 
double  quantity  as  well  of  pure  gold  as  of  tin,  and  the 
relult  was  the  f^me. 

He  next  alloyed  4  ounces  of  gold,  of  the  flnerefs  of 
22  canus,  with  i  grcs  24  grains  cf  tin  deprived  of  ar- 
fenic,  or,  ia  other  words,  with  4  pennyweights  of  tin  ; 
and  thefe  two  metals  being  reduced  into  fmall  pieces, 
were  mixed  together,  put  into  a  crucible,  and  urged 
by  the  ftrong  heat  of  a  forge  with  two  pair  of  bellows. 
When  their  tufion  appeared  to  be  complete,  he  poured 
the  metal  into  a  fmall  ingot  mould  proportioned  to  the 
quantity. 

The  ingot  thus  obtained  had  loft  fcarcely  any  tiling 
of  the  weight  cf  the  two  metals  that  compoVed  it; 
which  was  a  proof  that  ti;e  tin  had  united  and  incor- 
porated with  the  four  ounces  of  gold.  But  on  attempt- 
ing to  bend  the  ingot,  which  was  about  fix  inches 
long,  and  not  more  than  two  or  three  lines  thick,  he 
remarked,  contrary  to  the  nature  of  gold  nf  22  carats, 
that  it  was  ligid,  and  would  have  required  a  confider- 
able  effort  to  give  it  any  degree  of  curvature,  or  bring 
it  to  the  flexlbdity  it  would  have  polfelfed  if  no  tin  had 
entered  into  its  compoliilon.  N  it  fatlsfied,  however, 
with  thi  inference  naturally  Rowing  from  this  circum- 
ftance,  he  proceeded  to  the  proper  teft  by  hammering, 
particularly  with  the  edge  of  the  hammer,  in  order 
that  the  bar  might  be  lengthened,  and  by  tliat  means 
fubniitted  to  the  moft  declllve  pi  oof  He  did  not  ob- 
f.:rve,  during  the  continuation  (f  this  procefs,  till  the 
bar  was  reduced  to  about  two-thirds  of  its  fn  ft  thick- 
nets,  that  its  edges  were  cracked,  or  exhibited  much 
ot  tlie  appearance  of  brittlenefs  ;  but  as  he  was  appre- 
henfive  that  this  accident  might  happ-.n  by  too  long 
hammering,  he  divided  the  bar  by  cutting  ( tf  the  p.irc 
which  had  been  hammered  out.  This  part  was  placed 
in  the  midft  of  lighted  charcoal,  in  order  that,  by  a 
moderate  annealing,  it  might  recover  the  (late  of 
malleability  it  poifLiild  before  it  was  hammered.  But 
when  he  went  to  take  it  out  of  the  lire,  where  It  had 
undergone  no  greater  heat  than  a  cheiry-red,  he  found 
it  divided  into  two  parts.  After  h  iving  fuflered  iheie 
to  cool,  he  forged  them  again.  Tliey  weie  extended 
wiih  conl'iderable  eale,  though  with  fome  cracks  at  the 
edges  ;  but  they  did  not  yet  fatlsf'y  the  whole  of  his 
enquiries.  He  theref  ire  annealed  one  of  the  two  lall 
mentioned  pieces  a  lecond  time,  and  refcrved  the  other 
in  its  hard-hammered  ftatc  to  be  paffed  between  the  la- 
minating rcUeis.  T!ie  annealed  part,  which  might 
have  the  thicknefs  of  about  a  Ihilling,  broke  in  the  fire, 
though  the  heat  was  very  gentle,  into  four  or  five  por- 
tions. The  longelt  ol  thefe  porti  ins,  which  belt  refill- 
ed the  aiftion  ot  the  fire,  bent  and  twilled  itlelt",  and 
Ihcwed,  by  this  Rate  of  fin  ng  contra(!tion  in  diffe- 
rent dirciJlions,  that  it  had  tended  to  break  and  be. 
come  divideil  Into  Imall  portions,  hmilar  to  thufe  which 
had  already  fcparated  from  It. 

Satisiied  by  liiis  experiment  th.at  the  piece  of  the 
mixed  ingot  which  he  had  kfpt  in  its  li.immer-hardcn- 
ed  lla'.e  would  not  bear  annealing,  he  determined  to 
cx:end  it  ftill  more  between  the  rollers,  fetiing  them 
up  very  gradually,  in  order  that  the  fraifiiire,  if  it  thould 
take  place,  might  be  principally  owing  to  the  brittle- 
nefs of  the  material,  and  not  to  the  force  of  compief- 
Q^  fioii 


Cold. 


G     O     L 


[       122       ] 


G     O     L 


c,<M.  (",on  to  wliich  it  was  fubjeifled.  By  this  management 
'^'"'""^  Jie  fiicceetled  in  extending  the  metal  to  double  its 
length  nntwithfianding  its  hardnefs,  ;ind  rendering  it  as 
thin  as  ftror.g  paper  ;  thoiigli  the  edges  were  cracked 
throu(;h  tlieir  whole  length  like  the  tetth  of  a  faw. 
But  this  accident  is  not  at  all  iurprifing,  when  it  is 
confulered  that  grid,  though  alloyed  limply  with  cop- 
per, whatever  may  be  the  caufe,  does  not  poffifs  its  ufual 
diiiftility,  particiil.irly  when  it  is  laminated  very  thin, 
■without  repeated  annealing  as  tlie  met.il  becomes  hard. 

Aware  that  the  iiaiflure  of  the  pieces  of  gold  might 
be  attributed  to  an  incomplete  fulion,  or  unequal  mix- 
ture of  the  two  met.ils,  he  melted  tl.e  whole  ingot  over 
again  witli  the  utmolt  preciution  ;  but  in  vain.  The 
metal  was  as  biittle  as  formeily,  and  would  not  bear 
annealing. 

He  next  fufed  6  ounces  of  pure  gold  of  24  carats 
with  2  gros,  or  6  penny-weights  of  tin,  taking  every 
polhbie  precaution  to  have  the  metals  completely  mix- 
ed. When  the  whole  was  in  perfed  fufion,  he  poured 
the  mixture  into  an  ingot  mould,  and  obtained  an  in- 
got rather  longer  and  cleaner  than  the  two  former. 
As  foon  as  it  was  cold  he  forged  one  of  its  extremities 
with  the  edge  of  the  hammer.  It  was  lengthened 
without  any  perceptible  crack  ;  and  when  it  was  re- 
duced to  the  thicknefs  of  one  line,  or  thereabouts,  he 
cut  it  oil  for  fcparatc  treatment.  By  moderate  anneal- 
ing it  maintained  its  integrity  ;  and,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  few  cracks,  it  palled  the  laminating  rollers 
without  breaking.  As  he  was  fearful,  neverlljelefs, 
that  it  might  bie  ik  in  fome  part  if  he  continued  to  la- 
minate it,  he  gave  it  a  (light  annealing.  It  had  fcarce- 
ly  acquired  a  clierry-rednefs  between  the  charcoal,  be- 
fore it  broke  into  five  or  fix  parts,  fome  of  which  were 
fimply  bended  or  twilled,  and  others  flat  as  they  quit- 
ted the  rollers.  Among  the  annealed  pieces  ot  this 
extremity  of  the  ir.got,  there  was  one  fufficicntly  long, 
thour'-h  a  little  curled,  which  he  laminated  a  fecoiid 
time,  with  the  determination  of  rendering  it  very  thin 
without  the  leal!  annealing.  It  acqiiiied  at  leall  double 
the  length  it  had  at  aril  with'iut  breaking;  and,  if  we 
except  the  two  fides  of  this  plate  which  were  cracked, 
the  body,  or  main  piece,  was  entire.  It  was  fpongy, 
and  might  be  confidered  as  if  formed  out  of  an  ingot 
of  common  gold  containing  no  tin,  but  not  polfeiring 
the  whole  of  its  natural  ductility. 

"  It  follows,  fays  M.  Tillet,  from  thefe  experiments, 
that  gold,  whether  fine  or  alloyed,  when  perfedly  fufed 
with  a  fniall  portion  of  the  lineil  tin,  acquires  liyidlty 
and  hardnefs  by  the  mixture  ;  that  it  lofes  fomewhat 
of  its  dillingui'.hing  coliur;  and  that  it  may,  indeed, 
by  careful  man  igenient,  be  extended  to  a  certain  de- 
gree by  the  hammer,  or  llill  better  by  the  rollers  ;  but 
that,  as  it  cmnot  be  annealed  without  danger  of  break- 
inp;,  it  is  by  this  deled  deprived  of  the  elfential  ad- 
vantage of  recovering  its  original  foftnefs  after  it  has 
been  llrongly  hammer-hardened.  It  is  not  but  by 
careful  manageni;nt  in  the  ufe  of  the  hammer,  and  by 
frequent  annealing,  that  artills  employed  on  works  of 
gold  and  filvcr  fucceed  in  obtaining  them  without 
cracks,  and  bringing  them  to  a  Hate  of  perfeflion, 
without  being  obliged  to  have  recourfe  to  folder  to  re- 
pair the  defedts  which  excelTive  hardnefs  under  the 
iiammer  would  occafiun.  How  much,  therefore,  ought 
gold-workers,  who  continually  have  this  metal  in  their 


hands,  to  be  attentive  to  prevent  the  Introdufllon  of 
tin  in  their  workfhops,  and  never  to  employ  fucli  com- 
pounds of  gold  as  are  fubjei5l  to  break,  or  even  to 
waip,  while  annealing?  The  cxpence  cf  refining, 
which  they  would  pay  for  depurating  luch  compounds, 
w-ould  be  of  lefs  confcquence  to  them  than  the  lofs  of 
time  required  for  the  caretul  management  of  fuch  gold 
contaminated  by  tin,  even  if  they  did  fucceed  in  ulin^ 
it,  and  were  not  often  forced  to  abandon,  after  much 
labour,  a  work  nearly  Hnilhed. 

"  If  it  be  allowable  (continues  our  autlior)  to  form 
coiijeftures  on  the  caufe  of  the  fradlure  of  plates  of 
gold  containing  tin,  when  fuhjei5ted  to  the  annealing 
heat,  it  may  be  prefumed,  fince  tin  very  fpeedily  melts, 
while  gold  requires  a  ftrong  heat  for  its  fufion,  that 
the  parts  of  the  tin  intermixed  in  a  fort  of  proportional 
equality  with  thofe  of  the  gold,  tend  to  feparate  by  a 
fpeedy  fufion  and  at  a  very  gentle  degree  of  heat  ;  that 
tliey  remain  without  confillence  between  the  parts  of 
the  gold,  while  the  latter  prefetve  the  whole  of  their 
folidity,  and  do  not  lofe  it  even  by  the  annealing  heat: 
whence  it  feenis,  that  the  parts  of  the  precious  metal, 
when  ignited  among  the  coals,  Iiaving  no  longer  the 
folid  ccnnci5lion  formed  by  the  tin,  but,  on  the  con- 
trary, having  an  infinite  number  of  fniall  cavities  occu- 
pied by  particles  of  that  metal  in  fulion,  mull  tend  to 
difunion  ;  whereas  the  fame  accident  does  not  take 
place  in  the  pieces  which  have  refilled  the  annealing, 
and  have  been  laminated  after  cooling,  becaufe  the  par- 
ticles of  tin  have  become  folid  by  cooling,  and  have  re- 
covered their  original  Hate  of  union  with  the  gold. 

"  This  fraflure  of  the  compound  does  not  take  place 
with  an  alloy  of  gold  and  copper,  for  an  cppofite  rea- 
fon  to  that  which  has  here  been  explained  ;  namely, 
becaufe  tliefe  two  metals  require  nearly  the  fame  heat 
for  their  fufion.  The  effefl  of  annealing  being  there- 
fore equal  upon  both,  the  metals,  notwithllanding  this 
treatment,  preferve  their  natural  confidence,  even  tho' 
the  heat  be  carried  near  the  point  of  fufion." 

Gold-Leaf .  See  Golii-Le.At  (Encycl.)  where  a  full 
account  is  given  from  Dr  Lewis  of  the  procefs  of 
gold-beating.  In  that  article,  we  have  faid  that  gold- 
leaf  ought  to  be  prepared  from  the  fined  gold  ;  but  Mr 
Nichollon,  who,  in  all  probability,  knows  much  more 
of  the  matter  than  the  author  from  whom  our  account 
was  copied,  alfures  us  that  this  is  a  miilake,  and  that 
pure  gold  is  too  du<ftile  to  be  worked  between  the  gold- 
beater's fliin.  The  newell  fkins  will  work  the  fincll 
gold,  and  make  the  tliinneft  leaf,  becaufe  they  are  the 
fmoothell.  Old  flilns,  being  rough  or  foul,  require 
coarfer  gold.  The  finer  the  gold,  the  more  dudile  ; 
infomuch  ihat  pure  gold,  when  driven  out  by  the  ham- 
mer, is  too  foft  to  force  itfelf  over  the  irregulaiities, 
but  would  pafs  round  them,  and  by  that  mean:,  become 
divided  into  narrow  flips.  The  finell  gold  for  thispur- 
pofe  has  three  grains  of  alloy  in  the  ounce,  and  the 
coarfeit  twelve  grains.  In  general,  the  alloy  is  fix 
grains,  or  one  eightieth  part.  That  which  is  called 
pale  gold  contains  three  pennyweights  of  filver  in  the 
ounce.  The  alloy  of  leal  gold  is  filver,  or  copper,  or 
both,  and  the  colour  is  produced  of  various  tints  ac- 
cordingly. Two  ounces  and  two  pennyweights  of 
gold  is  delivered  by  the  mailer  to  the  workman,  who, 
if  extraordinarily  Ikilful,  returns  two  thoufand  leaves, 
or  eighty  books  of  gold,  together  with  one  ounce  and 

ils 


GoIJ. 


G    O    L  C 

fix  pennyweights  of  wade  cutting?.  Hence  one  book 
weighs  4.8  grains  ;  and  as  the  leaves  meafure  3.3  Indi- 
es in  the  fide,  the  thicknefs  of  the  leaf  is  one  two 
hundred  and  eighty-two  thoufandth  part  of  an  inch. 

The  yellow  metal  called  Dutch  gold  is  fine  brafs. 
It  is  faid  to  be  made  from  copperplates,  by  cementa- 
tion with  calamine,  without  fublequent  fufion.  Its 
thicknefs,  compared  with  that  of  leaf  gold,  proved 
as  19  to  4,  and  under  equal  furfaces  it  is  confiderably 
more  than  twice  as  heavy  as  the  gold.  Nicholfon'j 
Journal,    Vol.    \Jl. 

GOLD  River,  fituated  in  Terra  Flrma,  on  the 
iflhmus  of  Darien,  fouthward  of  the  river  Santa 
M.iria  ;  affording  much  gold  dull,  from  whence  it  has 
its  name. — Morse. 

GOLDEN  IJlar.d  lies  at  the  mouth  nf  the  river  or 
gult  of  Darien,  in  the  province  of  Terra  Firma,  in 
South  America,  N.  lat.  9".  W.  long.  77°  10'. — \h. 

GOLDONI  (Charles),  was  born  at  Venice  in  the 
year  1707.  He  gave  eaily  indications  of  his  humour- 
ous charadter,  as  well  as  his  invincible  propenfity  to 
thofe  Undies  which  have  rendered  liis  name  immortal. 
His  father,  perceiving  that  the  darling  amufement  of 
his  fon  was  dramatic  performances,  had  a  fmall  theatre 
ere(5ted  in  his  own  hcufe,  in  which  Goldoni,  while  yet 
an  infant,  amufed  himfelf  with  three  or  four  of  his 
companions,  by  afling  comedies.  Before  he  was  fent 
to  fchool,  his  genius  prcmpted  him  to  become  an  au- 
thor. In  the  feventh  and  eighth  years  of  his  age,  ere 
he  had  fcarcely  learned  to  read  correctly,  all  his  time 
was  devoted  to  the  perufing  comic  writers,  among 
whom  was  Cicognmi,  a  Florentine,  little  known  in  the 
dramatic  commonwealth.  After  having  well  ftudied 
tliek-,  he  ventured  to  fketch  out  the  plan  of  a  comedy, 
which  needed  more  than  one  eye-witnefs  ol  the  greattll 
probity  to  verify  its  being  the  produdlion  of  a  child. 

After  having  finilhed  his  grammatical  Ifudies  at  Ve- 
nice, and  his  rhetorical  (Indies  at  the  Jefuit's  college  in 
Perugia,  he  wa';  fent  to  a  boarding-fchool  at  Rimini, 
to  ftudy  philof^phy.  The  impulfe  of  nature,  how- 
ever, fuperfeded  with  him  the  ftudy  of  Ariftotle's 
works,  lb  much  in  vogue  in  thofe  times.  He  frequent- 
ed the  theatres  with  uncommon  curiofity  ;  and  palhng 
gradually  from  the  pit  to  the  ftage,  entered  into  a  fa- 
miliar acquaintance  with  the  a>ftors.  When  the  fea- 
fon  of  comic  performances  was  over,  and  the  ailors 
were  to  remove  to  Chiozza,  young  Goldoni  made  his 
efcape  in  their  company.  This  was  the  fird  fault  he 
committed,  which,  according  to  his  own  contelhon, 
drew  a  great  many  others  after  it.  His  father  had  in- 
tended him  to  be  a  phyfician  like  himl'elt  :  the  young 
man,  however,  was  wholly  averfe  to  the  ftudy.  He 
propofed  afterwards  to  make  him  an  advocate,  and  fent 
him  to  be  a  praftitioner  in  Modena.  An  horiid  cere- 
mony of  eccletialtical  juiifdiction,  at  which  he  was  pre- 
fent,  infpired  him  with  a  melancholy  turn,  and  he  de- 
termined to  become  a  capuchin. 

His  father,  perceiving  the  whimfical,  inconftant  hu- 
mour of  his  fon,  feigned  to  fecond  this  propofil,  and 
promifed  to  go  and  prefent  him  to  the  guardian  of 
the  capuchins  in  Venice,  in  the  hope  that  alter  fome 
ftay  in  that  extenfive  and  merry  city,  his  melancholy 
fit  would  csafe.  The  fcheme  fucceeded  ;  for  the  young 
man,  induhnng  in  all  llie  fUhionable  dillipatiou  ol  the 
place,  was  cured  of  his  fooliih  refolution.     It  was  how- 


■23 


G     O    L 


ever  necetTary  for  him  to  be  fettled  In  fome  employ.  GnMonl. 
ment  ;  and  he  was  prevailed  upon  by  his  mother,  after  ^■^"^'""^ 
the  death  of  his  father,  to  exercifc  the  prnfL-flirn  cf  a 
lawyer  in  Venice.  By  a  fudden  rcverfe  of  fortune  he 
was  compelled  to  quit  at  once  bf^th  the  bar  and  Ve- 
nice. He  then  went  to  Milan,  where  he  was  employ- 
ed by  the  relident  of  Venice  in  the  capacity  (i  fecre- 
tary  ;  where  becoming  acquainted  with  the  rranager  of 
the  theatre,  he  wrote  a  farce  entitled  //  GondfJure  Ve- 
ne%iano,  the  Venetian  Gondolier,  which  was  the  firft 
comic  produflion  of  his  that  was  performed  and  print- 
ed. Some  time  after  Goldoni  broke  with  the  Vene- 
tian refident,  and  removed  to  Verona. 

There  was  in  this  place,  at  that  time,  the  company 
of  comedians  of  the  theatre  of  St  Samuel  of  Venice, 
and  amcng  them  the  famous  actor  Cofali,  an  old  ac- 
quaintance of  Goldoni,  who  introduced  him  to  the  ma- 
nager. He  began  thertfore  to  work  for  the  theatre, 
and  became infenfibly  united  to  the  company,  for  whiih 
he  compofed  feveral  pieces.  Having  removed  along 
witli  them  to  Genoa,  he  was  for  the  firlt  time  feized 
with  an  ardent  palhon  for  a  lady,  who  foon  afterwards 
became  his  wife.  He  returned  with  the  company  to 
Venice,  where  he  difplayed  for  the  firft  time,  the 
powers  of  his  geniu?,and  executed  his  plan  of  reform- 
ing the  Italian  ftage.  He  wrote  the  Momolo,  Courti- 
fan,  the  Squanderer,  and  other  pieces,  which  obtained 
univerfal  admiration. 

Feeling  a  ftrong  inclination  to  refiJe  f ime  time  in 
Tufcany,  he  repaired  to  Florence  and  Pifa,  where  he 
wrote  The  Footman  of  Tnuo  Mnjlers,  and  The  Son  of 
Harlequin  ifi  and  found  i';;ain.  He  returned  to  Ve- 
nice, and  let  about  executing  more  and  more  his  fa- 
vourite fcheme  of  reform.  He  was  now  attached  to 
the  theatre  of  St  Angelo,  and  employed  himfelf  in 
writing  both  for  the  company  and  tor  his  own  pur- 
pofes.  The  conllant  toils  he  underwent  in  thcfe  en- 
gagements, impaired  his  health.  He  wrote,  in  the 
courfe  of  twelve  months,  fixtetn  new  comedies,  be- 
fides  forty-two  pieces  for  the  theatre  ;  among  thele 
many  are  conhdered  as  the  bell  of  his  produflicns. 
The  firft  edition  of  his  works  was  publilhed  in  1753, 
in  10  vols.  8vo.  Ashe  wrote  afterwards  a  great  num- 
ber of  new  pieces  for  the  theatre  at  St  Luca,  a  fcpa- 
rate  edition  of  thefe  was  publilhed  under  the  title  of 
Tie  Ne-w  Comic  Theatre  :  among  thefe  was  the  Te- 
rence, called  by  the  author  W\s  favouriie,  and  judged  to 
be  the  mafter-piece  of  his  works.  He  made  another 
jouiney  to  Paima  on  the  invitation  of  Duke  Philip, 
and  fiom  thence  he  palFcd  to  Rome.  He  had  com- 
pofed 59  other  pieces  fo  late  as  the  year  1761,  five  of 
which  were  deligned  for  the  particular  ufe  ol  Marque 
Albergati  Capacelli,  and  confequently  adapted  to  the 
theatre  of  a  private  cnmpnny.  Heie  ends  the  literary 
lite  of  Goldoni   in  Italy. 

Through  the  channel  of  the  French  Ambalfador  in 
Venice,  he  had  received  a  letter  from  Mr  Zenuzzi,  the 
firft  aiftor  in  the  Italian  theatre  at  Paiis,  containing  a 
propofil  for  an  engagcmeiit  of  two  years  in  that  city. 
He  accordingly  repaired  to  Paris,  where  he  found  a 
felcifl  and  nu.Ticrous  company  of  excellent  performers 
in  the  Italian  tJieatre.  They  were,  howevw,  charge- 
able with  the  fame  faults  which  he  had  corrected  in  I- 
taly  ;  and  the  French  fupportcd,  and  even  applauded  in 
tlic  Icahans,  what  tjicy  would  have  rtprobulcJ  on  their 
Q   2  own 


G     O     L  [     124     ]  GOO 

Goldonl  wiflied   to   extend  even  to  that    he  fpent  his  laft;  days  in  poverty  and  dlftrefs.     He  died 


Goldoii!.    own   ftage. 

^-^'"■''^^^  country  his  plan  of  reformation,  wiihoin  confuiering 
the  extreme  ditticulty  of  t!is  undertiikln^.  Scurrih- 
ties  and  jefls,  which  are  ever  accompanied  by  adliuns, 
gsllures  and  motions,  are  the  fame  in  all  countries,  and 
almoft  pert'edly  undti  Hood,  even  in  a  foreign  tongue  : 
while  the  beauties  of  fentiinent  and  dialogue,  and  o- 
ther  things  which  lead  to  the  undcrtlanJii;g  of  charac- 
ters and  intrigues,  require  a  familiar  acquaintance  with 
the  tongue  of  the  writer. 

The  firft  attempt  of  GolJoni  towards  his  wilhed-for 
reform,  was  the  piece  called  The  Fat'.er  for  Love  ;  and 
its  bad  fuccefs  was  a  fuffitient  warn  n^  to  him  to  dclift 
from  his  undertaking.  He  continued,  during  the  re- 
niiinder  of  his  engagement,  to  produce  pieceb  agree- 
able to  the  general  talte,  and  publilhcd  twenty  four  co- 
medies ;  among  which  T/ie  Love  of  Zclinda  and  Litidor 
is  leputed  the  Ijell. 

The  term  of  two  years  being  expired,  Goldoni  was 
preparing  to  return  to  Italy,  when  a  lady,  reader  to 
the  dauphinefs,  mother  to  the  late  king,  introduced 
hirn  at  court,  in  the  capacity  of  Italian  matter  to  the 
princelles,  aunts  to  the  king.  He  did  not  live  in  the 
court,  but  reforted  there  at  each  fummons,  in  a  polt- 
chaife  lent  to  him  for  the  purpofe.  Thefe  journeys 
were  the  caufe  of  a  diforder  in  the  eyes,  which  affliifled 
him.  the  rell  of  his  life  ;  for  being  accuftomed  to  read 
while  in  the  chaife,  he  loft  his  fight  on  a  fudden,  and 
in  fpite  of  the  moll:  potent  remedies,  he  could  never  af- 
terwards recover  it  entiiely.  For  about  fix  months 
lodgings  were  provided  him  in  the  chateau  of  Verfailles. 
The  death,  however,  of  the  dauphin,  changed  the  face 
of  affairs.  Goldcni  loit  his  lodgings,  and  only,  at  the 
end  of  three  years,  received  a  bounty  of  ico  louis  in  a 
gold  box',  and  the  grant  of  a  penlion  ot  four  thoufand 
livres  a  year.  This  fettlement  would  not  have  been 
futficient  for  him,  if  he  had  not  gained,  by  other  means, 
farther  fums.  He  wiote  now  and  tlien  comedies  tor 
the  theatres  of  Italy  and  Poitugal ;  and,  during  thefe 
occupations,  was  dclirous  to  ihew  to  the  French  that 
he  merited  a  high  rank  among  their  dramatic  writers. 
For  this  purpofe,  he  negledted  nothing  which  could  be 
of  ufc  to  render  hiinfelf  malier  ot  the  French  language. 
He  heard,  Ipoke,  and  converfed  fo  much  in  it,  that,  in 
his  62d  year,  lie  ventured  to  write  a  comedy  m  French, 
and  to  have  it  reprefen'ed  in  the  court  theatre,  on  the 
cccafion  of  the  marriage  of  the  king, 

Tliis  piece  wai  the  Bourru  Bknfiifant  ;  and  it  met 
with  fo  gieat  fuccels,  thjt  tlie  author  received  a  foun- 
ty  of  150  louis  from  the  king,  another  gratification 
from  tlie  performers,  and  conll.ierable  funis  from  the 
bookfellers  wjio  publidieJ  it.  He  publilhcd,  foon  after, 
another  comedy  in  French,  called  L' Avars  Fa/hietix. 
After  the  death  of  Louis  XV.  Goldoni  was  appointed 
Italian  teacher  to  the  Princel's  C'.otilde,  the  prefent 
princefs  of  Piedmont  ;  and  after  her  marriage  he  at- 
tended the  late  unfortunate  Piinccfs  Elizabeth  in  the 
fame  cipacity. 

The  approach  of  old  age  obliged  him  to  quit  Ver- 
failles, and  to  live  in  Paris,  the  air  of  which,  lels  fharp, 
was  better  adapted  to  his  conllitution.  The  laft  work 
of  Goldoni  was  The  Volpoiii,  written  after  his  retire- 
ment from  court ;  from  which  time  he  bade  a  lading  a- 
dieu  to  writing.     Unfortunately  for  him  he  lived  to  fee 


m  1792,  at  a  crifis  when,  according  to  the  expreffion 
of  a  deputy  in  the  Convention,  the  French  nation  was 
ready  to  repay  him  every  debt  of  gratitude. 

Goldoni  is  on  a  par  with  the  greateft  comic  poets  of 
modern  times,  with  regard  to  dramatic  talents,  and  is 
thought  fuperior  to  them  all  with  regard  to  the  fertili- 
ty of  his  genius.  His  works  were  printed  at  Leg- 
horn in  178s — 91,  in  31  vols.  8vo.  He  has  been  ge- 
nerally called  tlie  Molieie  of  Italy  ;  and  Voltaire,  in 
one  ot  his  letters  to  Marquis  Albergati,  llyles  him  The 
Piiiiiter  of  Nature.  Goldoni  is  one  of  thofe  authors 
whofe  writings  will  be  relillied  in  the  nioft  remote 
countries,  and  by  the  lateft  pollerity. 

GOLDSBOROUGH,  a  prft-town  in  Hancock 
county,  Dillrid  of  Maine,  containing  267  inh.ibitants. 
It  was  incorporated  in  1789,  is  the  fouth-eafternmoft 
town  in  the  county.  On  the  waters  of  its  harbour  is 
the  town  of  Walhington.  It  is  47  miles  eafterly  of 
Penoblcot,  188  fouth-eaft  of  Portland,  and  330  norlh- 
eall  of  Bofton.     N.  hit.  44°  nf  .—Morse. 

GOLPHINGTON,  the  chief  town  of  Wafliington 
county,  Georgia,  is  fituatcd  near  the  head  of  Ogeeche 
river,  about  26  miles  eaft-fouth-eaft  of  Occonee  town, 
37  fouth-weft  of  Augufta,  and  50  north-weft  of  Louif- 
viUe. — ib. 

GOMASHTEH,  in  the  language  of  Bengal,  one 
cent. 

GONAIVES,  a  bay  in  the  ifland  of  Hifpaniola, 
fouth-eaftward  of  Cape  St  Nicholas,  in  about  19°  33' 
N.  \^l.— Morse. 

GONAVE,  an  ifland  in  the  bay  of  Leogane,  in  the 
weftern  jiart  of  the  ifl.ind  of  St  Domingo.  It  is  14^ 
leagues  long,  and  uniformly  about  3  broad,  except  a 
very  fmall  part  at  each  extremity.  Petite  Gonave,  an 
ille  about  2  miles  each  way,  is  feparated  from  the 
fouth-ealt  corner  of  the  former,  by  a  channel  3  miles 
w-ide.  Gonave  is  13!  leagues  W.  by  N.  W.  ot  Port- 
au  Prince;  and  its  welt  point  is  33-^  leagues  E.  by  N. 
ot  Cape  Dame  Marie. — ib. 

GoNAivEs,  a  fea-poit  in  the  fame  ifiand,  at  the 
head  ot  a  bay  of  its  own  name,  on  the  north  fide  of 
the  bay  of  Leogane.  The  town  is  fituated  on  the 
great  road  from  Port  de  Paix  to  St  Mark,  16  leagues 
foulh-eaft  of  the  f  Tiner  and  15  N.  by  E.  of  the  latter, 


Goldtbo- 
rougli 


N.  iat.  19"  27'  W.  1(1 


from 


Par 


30'. 


GONIOMETRY,  a  method  of  meafuring  angles, 
fo  called  by  M.  de  La^ny,  who  gave  feveral  papers  on 
this  method  in  the  Memoirs  of  the  Royal  Acad,  anno 
1724,  1725,  1729.  M.  de  Lagny's  method  of  gonio- 
metry  couiifts  in  mealuring  the  angles  with  a  pair  of 
compali'es,  and  that  without  any  fcale  whatever,  except 
an  undivided  femicircle.  Thus,  having  any  angle  drawn 
upon  paper  to  be  meafured,  produce  one  ot  the  lides 
ot  the  angle  backwards  behind  the  angular  point;  then 
with  a  pair  of  fine  compali'es  dei'cribe  a  pretty  large 
femicircle  from  the  angular  point  as  a  centre,  cutting 
the  lides  of  the  propofcd  angle,  which  will  intercept  a 
part  of  the  femicircle.  Take  then  this  intercepted  part 
very  exaflly  between  the  points  of  the  compalles,  and 
turn  them  fuccellively  over  upon  the  arc  of  the  femi- 
circle, to  find  how  often  it  is  contained  in  it,  after  which 
there  is  commonly  fome  remainder :  then  take  this  re- 
mainder in  the  compali'es,  and,  in  like  manner,  find  how 


bis  penfionb  cut  off  at  the  revolution,  like  others,  and    often  it  is  contained  in  the  laft  of  the  integral  parts  of 

the 


GOO 


C     125     ] 


GOO 


Goochland  the  firft  arc,  with  again  fome  remainder:  find,  in  like 
manner,  how  often  this  lall  remainder  is  contained  in 
the  former ;  and  fo  on  continuaJly,  till  the  remainder 
become  too  fmall  to  be  taken  and  ajiplied  as  a  meafure. 
By  this  means  he  obtains  a  feries  of  quotients,  or  frac- 
tional parts,  one  of  another,  which  being  properly  redu- 
ced into  one  fradion,  give  the  ratio  of  the  firif  arc  to 
the  femicircle,  or  of  the  propofed  angle  to  two  right  an- 
gles, or  I  So  degrees,  and  coniequently  that  angle  itfeif 
in  degrees  and  minutes. 

We  have  givfn  this  account  of  goniometry  from  Dr 
Hutton,  and  frankly  acknov/ledge  that  v.'e  had  never 
thought  of  it  till  we  perufcdhis  excellent  Diftionary  of 
Mathematics  and  Philofopby.  To  have  omitted  the 
method  when  pointed  out  to  us  would  have  been  wrong; 
though  we  miilake  much  if  mathematicians  in  general 
will  not  look  upon  it  as  a  method  of  very  little  value. 

GOOCHLAND,  a  county  in  Virginia,  furrounded 
by  Louifa,  Fluvanna,  Henrico,  Hanover,  and  Pow- 
hatan counties.  It  is  about  40  miles  long  and  14 
broad,  and  contains  9,053  inhabitants,  including  4,656 
flaves. — il. 

GOOD-HOPE,  or  Capu  of  Good  Hopf,  was  ta- 
ken by  the  Biitifh,  on  17th  Auguft  1796  with  very  little 
difficulty.  At  this  we  need  not  be  much  furprifed,  if 
to  the  difcontent  which  mud  have  prevailed  among  the 
planters  and  townfmen  with  the  new  order  of  things, 
be  added  the  manners  of  the  people.  M.  Vaillant, 
who  was  at  the  Cape  during  the  laft  war,  when  the 
garrifun  expected  to  be  every  day  attacked  by  a  Bri- 
lilli  fquadron,  and  when  the  people  were  not  abfolute- 
ly  difgufted  with  their  own  government,  repreftnts 
them,  however,  as  rendered  fo  completely  frivolous  by 
imitating  the  manners  of  their  French  allies,  that 
though  the  place  was  flrongly  fortified,  it  could  hard- 
ly be  expefled  to  hold  out  long  againlla  vigorous  and 
well  conduced  fiege. 

"The  females  of  the  Cape  (fays  he)  when  I  (liw  them 
for  the  firft  time,  had  really  excited  my  allonifhment 
by  their  drefs  and  their  elegance  ;  but  I  admired  in 
them,  above  all,  that  modelly  and  referve  peculiar  to 
the  Dutch  manners,  which  nothing  as  yet  had  cor- 
rupted. 

"  In  the  courfe  of  fix  months,  a  great  change  had  ta- 
ken place.  It  was  no  longer  the  French  modes  that 
they  copied  ;  it  was  a  caricature  ot  tiie  French.  Plumes, 
feathers,  ribb'ins,  and  tawdry  ornaments,  heaped  toge- 
ther without  talle  on  every  heid,  gave  to  the  prettied 
figures  a  grotefque  air,  which  otten  pmvoked  a  fmile 
when  they  appeared.  This  mania  had  extended  to 
the  neighbouring  plantatitins,  where  the  women  could 
icarcely  be  known.  A  mode  of  drefs  entirely  new 
was  every  where  introduced;  but  fo  fantaftical,  that  it 
would  have  been  difficult  to  determine  from  what  conn- 
try  it  had  been  imported." 

At  that  time  a  French  and  a  Svvil's  regiment  were  in 
the  garrifon  ;  and  though  the  town  was  occupied  only 
with  warlike  preparations,  and  though  an  attack  from 
the  Britilh  tleet  was  every  moment  expcfted,  the 
French  otHcers  had  already  introduced  atalle  for  plea- 
fure.  Employed  in  the  morning  at  their  excrcife,  the 
French  foldiers  in  the  evening  ailed  plays.  A  part  of 
the  b.irracks  was  transformed  into  a  the.itre  ;  and  as 
women  capable  of  performing  femUe  cliaraiftcrs  could 
nut  be  found  iu  the  town,  they  affigned  thcfe  pajts  to 


fome  of  their  comrades,  whofe  you:h,  delicate  features,     GooJ- 
and  frelhnel'sof  complexion,  feemed  bed  calcuhted  to      Hope, 
fivour  the  deception.     Thefe  heroines,  of  a  new  kind,  ^-^^'^ 
heightened  the  curiofity  <■(  the  fpe<51at"rs,   and  render- 
ed the  entertainment  llill  more  lively  and  intereftin.r. 

To  add  to  the  gerer.d  ploal'ure,  ladies  of  the  tirft 
rank  conlidered  it  as  incumbent  on  them  to  lend  to  the 
miliury  adl  irs  and  aclrclfes,  their  laces,  jewels,  rich 
drelfes,  and  moft  valuable  crnamcnts.  But  fome  of 
them  had  caufe  10  repent  of  their  condc'cenfion  ;  for 
it  happened  mote  th.in  once  that  the  Conntefs  cf  Al- 
maviva  having  left  in  pledge  at  the  futtling  houfe  her 
borrowed  decorations,  the  owner,  to  recover  them,  was 
obliged  to  difcharge  not  only  the  bill  due  ior  brandy 
and  tobacco,  but  all  the  other  debts  of  tlie  heroine. 

During  the  intoxication  and  giddinefs  occafioned  by 
thefe  amufements.  Love  alfo  did  not  fail  to  aft  his 
part;  and  certain  little  intrigues  v.ere,  from  time  to 
time,  brought  to  light,  which  gave  employment  to  the 
tongue  of  fcandal,  and  introduced  unhappinefs  into  fa- 
milies. Hymen,  it  is  tiue,  amidft  thefe  adventure., 
fometimes  intervened  to  repair  the  follies  of  his  bro- 
ther, and  many  miiriages,  which  reftored  e"ery  thing 
to  order,  were  the  rcfidt  of  his  negoiations  ;  but  the 
complaints,  though  (titled,  did  not  lefs  exill.  The 
watchfulnefs  of  the  mother  was  alert.  The  hufband, 
by  fo  much  the  more  fecretly  irritated  as  he  faw  him- 
feif  obliged  to  conceal  his  jealoufy,  curfed  in  his  heart 
both  aftors  and  theatie;  while  the  matronly  part  rf 
the  community,  lefs  on  the  referve,  declaimed  with  bit- 
ternefs  againll  the  licentioufnefs  that  prevailed,  which 
they  wholly  imputed  to  this  mode  of  theatrical  enter- 
tainment. At  iaii,  to  the  great  mortification  of  the 
young,  but  to  the  high  fatisfaclion  of  the  old  women 
and  hufoauds,  the  theatre  was  on  a  fudden  fliut  up. 
The  caufe  that  effected  this  was  altogether  foreign  to 
the  complaints  that  were  made,  and  of  a  nature  that  it 
was  impoffible  to  torefee.  Two  of  the  French  actors, 
who,  it  mull  be  remembered,  were  oihcers  in  the  army, 
thought  prcjier  to  imitate  the  paper  money  of  the 
company,  and  to  put  their  forged  notes  in  circulation. 
The  forgery  was  detected,  and  traced  to  its  authors  ; 
the  two  theatrical  herc'cs  were  banifncd  from  theC.ipe  ; 
and  the  Coit:pany,alhamed  of  the  adventure,  dared  nei- 
ther feek  others  to  fupply  thi;  vacant  p!ace>,  nor  re- 
fume  their  ihige  entertainments. 

Into.\icating  as  were  thefe  pleafures,  governrr.ent 
meanwhile  had  not  been  inattentive  to  the  d.ir.ger 
wh'ch  threatened  the  colony.  As  they  daily  espeileJ 
to  be  attacked  l>y  the  Britilli  fiect,  they  had  increafcJ 
the  means  ot  dettnce,  and  ordered  difi'crcnt  works  and 
new  fortifications  to  be  contlnicled. 

At  tirll,  the  bufinefi  was  cairied  on  with  aflivity 
and  ardour;  hecnufe  the  inhabitants,  inllig.itcd  by  their 
private  intered,  which  was  then  conlidetcd  as  involved 
with  that  of  the  public,  had  voluntarily  olfered  their 
fervices,  and  mingled  with  the  workmen.  Voung  and 
old,  folJiers  and  magiftrutes,  (iillors  and  plinter;,  all 
folicited  the  honour  of  co-operating  for  the  gcner.d 
good  and  common  faftty.  To  behold  this  hete- 
rogeneous multitude — fome  lo.ideil  with  pick-ave.i, 
and  Ibme  with  Ipade^,  or  other  limilar  implement!- — 
marching  out  in  the  morning  from  the  town,  ard  pro- 
ceeding in  high  i'piiits  to  the  new  furiificaiion£,  was  a 
fight  truly  adnuiublc. 

But 


GOO 


[     126     ] 


GOO 


(iond-  But   tills   patriotic   fervcnir   was   of   no  long    conti- 

''"i'c-  niKincc.  Under  pretence  <  f  Iparing  their  ftrcngtii,  and 
■^^^^^  t!'..-t  ihev  might  not  we.iry  thennfelves  to  no  purpofe, 
they  fonn  cnifed  tlieir  llave?  to  follow  them  with  the 
tools  and  inllrurnents.  In  a  lit'le  time  they  contented 
then}ft;lves  wi'h  fending  their  fl.ives  only  ;  and  at  l.ill 
thefe  fubllitutes  themfelves,  in  imitation  of  their  maf- 
teis,  or  perhaps  by  their  fccret  orders,  g  ive  ovrr  going 
alto.  I'heir  enthuliafm,  in  (lion,  from  the  tirft  mo- 
ment of  its  brcaiiing  out  till  the  period  when  it  was 
thus  entirely  cooled,  had  been  tlie  affair  of  fomething 
L-l's  than  a  fortnight. 

This  tade  for  frivolity  'vhich,  almoft  twenty  years 
ago,  wa;  introduced  among  the  Dutch  in  Cape-town 
by  their  g.iod  friends  the  French,  fpread  rapidly  thro' 
the  planiers,  who  are  thus  defcribed  by  M.  Vailknt, 
who  certainly  luid  the  bell  opportunities  of  knowing 
them. 

The  planters  of  the  Cnpe  may  be  divije-l  into  three 
clalfes  ;  thofe  who  relide  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Cape, 
within  a  dirtance  of  five  ur  fix  leagues ;  thofe  who  live 
farther  cfi  in  the  interior  parts  of  the  colony ;  and 
lallly,  thoff  who,  more  diftant  Hill,  are  f  mnd  at  the 
Citremity  of  the  frontiers  among  the  Hottentots. 

The  firft,  who  are  opulent  proprietors,  and  have 
handfome  country  houfe.,  may  be  likened  to  what  was 
lormerly  called  in  France  pctits  fcigneun  terriers,  and 
differ  extremely  from  the  other  planters  in  eafe  and 
luxury,  and  particularly  in  their  manners,  which  are 
hauE;hty  and  d  fdainful.  Such  is  the  refult  of  wealth. 
The  fccond,  fimple,  kind,  hofpitable,  are  cultivators, 
who  live  upon  the  i'ruits  of  their  labour.  Here  we  have 
nn  example  of  the  good  effefts  of  mediocrity.  The 
lall,  pour  enough,  yet  too  indolent  to  derive  fubfiftence 
from  the  foil,  have  no  other  ref  lurce  than  the  produce 
of  fome  cattle,  which  they  feed  as  they  can.  Like 
the  Beduin  Arabs,  they  think  much  of  the  trouble  of 
driving  them  from  canton  to  canton,  and  from  one 
padur.Hge  to  another.  This  wandering  life  prevents 
them  from  building  any  iettled  habitations.  When 
iheir  flocks  oblige  them  to  i'  journ  for  a  while  in  the 
fame  place,  they  conftruifl,  in  hafte,  a  rude  kind  of 
hut,  whicli  they  cover  with  marts,  alter  the  manner  of 
the  Houenti.tf,  whofe  cuftoms  they  have  adopted,  and 
from  whrm  they  in  no  rei'peft  differ,  but  in  their  com- 
plexion and  features.  And  here  the  evil  is,  that  tliere 
is  no  precife  fituation  in  facial  life  to  which  thefe  mi- 
ferable  beings  belong. 

Thefe  fl'iggilh  tribes  are  held  in  horror  by  their  in- 
duftrious  neighbours,  who  dread  their  approach,  and 
remove  as  far  from  them  as  ihey  can;  becaufe,  having 
no  property  of  their  own,  they  (leal  without  fcruple 
that  of  others,  and,  when  in  want  of  pallurage  for  their 
cattle,  conduft  them  fecretly  to  the  firft  cultivated 
piece  of  ground  that  comes  in  their  way.  They  flat- 
ter themfelves  they  ihall  not  be  dilcovered,  and  they 
remain  till  every  thing  is  devoured.  It  deteiffed  in 
their  thefts,  fquabbles  and  contentions  enfue,  and  af- 
terwards a  fuit  at  law,  in  which  recourfe  is  had  to  the 
magirtrate,  and  which  commonly  terminates  in  mak- 
ing three  men  enemies,  the  robber,  the  perfon  robbed, 
and  the  judge. 

N'^thing  can  be  fo  mean  and  cringing  as  the  conduft 
of  the  full  defcription  of  planters,  ivhan  they  have  any 
thing  to  tranfad  with  the  princip*!  otficers  of  the  com- 


pany, who  may  have  fome  influence  over  their  lot ;  and 
nothing  fo  abfurdly  vain  and  lb  fuperlatively  inlolent 
as  their  behaviour  toperl'ons  irom  whom  Uiey  have  no- 
thine  to  hope  and  nothing  to  fear.  Proud  of  their 
wealtli,  fpoiled  iiy  refiding  near  a  town,  from  whence 
they  have  imbibed  only  a  luxury  that  has  corrupted, 
and  vices  that  have  degraded  them,  it  is  particularly  to- 
wards ftrangers  that  they  exercife  their  furly  and  piti- 
ful arrogance.  Though  neighbours  to  the  planien 
who  inhabit  the  interior  of  the  country,  you  mull  not 
fuppofe  they  regard  them  as  brethren  ;  on  the  contrary, 
in  the  true  fpiiit  of  contempt,  they  have  given  them 
the  name  of  Rauw-boer,  a  word  anfwering  to  the  low- 
ed defcription  of  clown.  Accordingly,  when  thefe 
honelf  cultivators  come  to  the  town  upon  ;iny  kind  of 
bufinefs,  they  never  Hop  by  the  way  at  the  houfes  of 
the  gentry  of  whom  we  are  fpeaking  ;  they  know  too 
■well  the  infulting  m;inner  in  wh;ch  they  would  be  re- 
ceived. One  might  fuppofe  them  to  be  tvi'o  inimical 
nations,  always  at  war,  and  of  whom  fome  individuals 
only  met  at  dlllant  intervals,  upon  bufinefs  that  related 
to  their  mutual  interells. 

What  is  the  more  difgufting  in  the  infolence  of  thefd 
Africans  is,  that  the  majority  of  them  are  defcended 
from  that  corrupt  race  of  men,  taken  from  prifons  and 
hofpitals,  whom  the  Dutch  company,  defrrous  of  form- 
ing  a  fettlement  at  the  Cape,  fent  thither  to  begin,  at 
their  rifk  and  peril,  the  population  of  the  country. 
This  (hameful  emigration,  of  which  the  period  is  not 
fo  remote  but  that  many  circumftances  of  it  are  re- 
membered, ought  to  render  particularly  modell  thofe 
who  are  in  the  moll  dillant  manner  related  to  it.  On 
the  contrary,  it  is  this  very  idea  that  moft  contributes 
to  their  arrogance  ;  as  if  they  flattered  themfelves  that, 
under  the  guife  of  fupercilious  manners,  tliey  could 
hide  the  abjejlnefs  of  their  origin.  If  a  flranger  ar- 
rives at  the  Cape  with  the  defign  of  remaining  and 
fettling  there,  they  conceive  him  to  be  driven  from  his 
country  by  the  fame  wretched  circumftances  which 
formerly  baniihed  their  fathers,  and  they  treat  him 
with  the  moft  fovereign  contempt. 

This  melancholy  failing  is  the  more  to  be  lamented, 
as  the  contagion  has  fpread  through  almoft  every  refi- 
dence  about  the  Cape,  which  is  in  reality  a  very  charm- 
ing canton.  Embellilhed  by  cultivation,  by  its  nume- 
rous vineyards  and  pleadint  country  houfes,  it  every- 
where exhibits  fo  varied  and  delicious  a  profpe>ff,  that, 
were  it  occupied  by  other  inhabitants,  it  would  excite 
no  fenfations  b  it  thofe  of  pleafure. 

As  we  advance  into  the  country,  the  planters  are  a 
fort  of  farmers;  and  conftitute,  by  their  manners,  cuf- 
toms, and  occupations,  a  clafs  by  themfelves,  perfe(5fly 
diftinil  from  that  we  have  been  defcribing.  Situated 
farther  from  the  Cape,  and,  of  confequence,  not  ha- 
ving the  fame  opportunities  for  difpoling  of  their  com- 
modities, they  are  lefs  rich  than  the  firft.  We  fee  a- 
mong  them  none  of  thofe  agreeable  country  houfes, 
which,  placed  at  different  diftances  from  the  town,  em- 
bcllllh  the  country  as  we  pais,  and  afford  fuch  charm- 
ing profpcifls.  Their  habitation,  which  is  about  the 
fr/c  of  a  large  coach-houfe,  is  covered  with  thatch,  and 
divided  into  three  rooms  by  means  of  two  partitions, 
which  reach  only  to  a  certain  height.  The  middle  a- 
partmenl,  in  which  is  the  entrance  to  the  houfe,  ferves 
at  once  both  as  a  parlour  and  eating  room.    It  is  there 

that 


Hope. 


GOO 


[     127     ] 


GOO 


Good-  that  the  family  refide  dininp;  the  day,  and  that  they 
Hope,  receive  their  tea  and  other  vilitors.  OF  the  two  other 
rooms,  orie  forms  a  chamber  for  the  m;ile  children,  and 
the  other  for  the  females,  with  the  father  and  mother. 
At  the  back  of  the  middle  apartment  is  a  farther  room 
ferving  for  a  kitchen.  The  reft  of  the  building  con- 
fift.s  of  barns  and  ftables. 

Such  is  the  dirtribution  which  is  generally  followed 
in  the  interior  plantations  of  tlie  colony  ;  but  nearer  to 
the  frontiers,  where  there  does  not  prevail  the  fame 
eafe  of  clrcumftances,  the  habitations  are  much  lefs 
commodious.  They  are  merely  a  barn,  confifting  of  a 
fingle  mom,  witlioiu  any  diviiion,  in  which  the  wliole 
family  live  together,  without  feparating,  either  day  or 
night.  They  fleep  upon  flieep  ikins,  which  fcrve 
them  alfo  for  covering. 

The  drefs  of  thefe  planters  is  finiple  and  ruftic. 
That  of  the  men  confills  of  a  check  (liirl,  a  waiftcoat 
wich  fleeves,  a  large  pair  of  trowfers,  and  a  hat  half  un- 
looped.  The  women  have  a  petticoat,  a  jacket  fitted 
to  their  fliape,  and  a  little  round  bonnet  of  mullin.  Un- 
lefs  upon  extraordinary  occafions,  neither  fex  wear 
{lockings.  During  a  part  ot  the  year,  the  women 
even  walk  with  their  feet  qiiite  naked.  The  occupa- 
tions of  the  men  require  that  theirs  fliould  have  forne 
covering;  and  this  covering  they  make  from  a  piece  oi 
the  hide  of  an  ox,  applied  and  lliaped  to  the  foot  foon 
after  the  animal  is  killed,  and  while  tlie  hide  is  yet 
frelh.  Thefe  fandals  are  the  only  article  of  their  drefs 
which  they  make  themlelves  ;  the  reft  is  the  bulinefs  of 
the  women,  who  cut  out  and  prepare  their  wliole  ward- 
robe. Though  the  equipment  we  have  mentioned  con- 
ftitute  the  every  day  drefs  of  the  planter,  he  has,  how- 
ever, a  coat  of  handfome  blue  cloth,  which  he  wears 
upon  days  ot  gala  and  ceremony.  He  has  then  alfu 
ftockings  and  ihnes,  and  is  drefled  exaiflly  like  an 
European,  But  this  finery  never  makes  its  appear- 
ance but  when  he  goes  to  the  Cape  ;  and  then,  in- 
deed, is  not  put  on  till  he  arrives  at  the  entrance  of  the 
town. 

It  is  commonly  in  thefe  journeys  that  they  purcliafe 
fuch  things  as  they  may  want  to  refit  their  wardrobe. 
There  is,  at  the  Cape,  as  well  as  in  Paris  and  Londoi:, 
a  fpecies  of  old-clothes-men,  who  deal  in  commodities 
c^i  this  fort ;  and  who,  from  their  enormous  profits,  and 
the  extortion  they  i:ra(flire,  they  have  obtained  the 
name  ot  C'^fe  Smou/e,  or  Cape  Jews.  Thefe  traffick- 
ers contrive,  at  all  times,  to  iell  their  goods  at  a  dear 
rate;  but  they  vary  their  price  in  proportion  as  tlieir 
llock  is  great  or  fmall  ;  of  courfe  they  bear  no  fixed 
price;  and  tlie  planter  who  comes  frfm  thedcfcit,  and 
who  can  underlland  but  little  of  tliis  Hii<Suation,  is  fure 
to  be  duped. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  regular  fliopkceper,  who 
knows  the  piobity  of  thefe  faimers,  and  how  piinftual 
they  are  in  the  payment  of  their  debts,  exerts  every  ef- 
fort to  prevail  on  thtm  to  open  an  account  with  him. 
He  tempts  them  by  tiie  pretended  cheap  price  and  ex- 
cellent quality  of  his  ftiiifb,  and  olfjrf  to  remit  the  pay- 
ment till  their  next  journey  in  the  folkuving  year.  It 
is  fdJom  that  thefe  people,  fimple  and  uiicxperienced 
as  they  are,  perceive  the  craft  th.it  i>  prcfcna-d  to  tliem 
under  this  guile  of  kindncfs  and  civiliiy.  It  they  luf- 
fer  themlelves  to  be  prevailed  upon,  they  are  fliacklcd 
for  life.     Upon  their  return,  there  are  new  purch.ifes 


to  be  made  upon  the  fame  conditions ;  and  thus,  year 
after  year,  always  in  debt,  always  buying  without 
prompt  payment,  they  become  the  prey  ot  an  extor- 
tioner, who  raifcs  to  himfelf  a  fortune  out  of  their 
weakncfs. 

It  is  true,  thefe  buyers,  after  being  thus  duped  at 
the  Cape,  commonly  return  home  only  to  make  dupes 
of  others.  The  cunning  that  has  been  employed  to 
deceive  them,  they  employ  in  iheir  turn  to  tempt  the 
Hottciitois  who  arc  in  their  feivice.  The  remnants  of 
ilulf,  or  the  frippery  garments  which  they  bring  back, 
are  f>ld  to  thefe  untoriunate  fcivants  with  fo  great  a 
profit,  that  commonly  the  wages  of  a  year  are  inade- 
quate to  the  payment,  and  ihcy  find  themfelves,  like 
their  matters,  in  debt  for  the  year  iliat  is  to  come.  In 
the  end,  therefore,  it  is  the  poor  Hottentot  that  pays 
for  the  extortion  at  the  C  ipe. 

Cuftom  has  rendered  the  planters  infenfible  to  the 
want  of  fruit  and  pnhc,  th(-ugli  the  foil  is  admirably 
adapted  to  llie  culuvatioii  of  both.  The  facility  with 
which  they  rear  their  cntlc  makes  up  for  this  priva- 
tion, as  ttieir  fircks  attord  them  plenty  of  provifion. 
Tile  chief  food  is  mutton  ;  and  their  tables  are  loaded 
will]  fuch  prolufion  as  to  dilguft  one  at  the  ligh.t. 


Good- 
Hope. 


Ficm  this  mode  of  liv 


cattle  ate  in  the  colonies, 


as  in  other  places,  not  only  a  ufctul  objefl,  but  an  ar- 
ticle of  the  firll  neceflity.  The  planter  undertakes 
himfelf  the  care  of  watching  over  his  flocks.  Every 
evening,  when  they  return  from  the  field,  lie  (lands  at 
his  door,  with  a  Hick  in  his  hand,  and  counts  them 
over  one  by  one,  in  order  to  be  fure  that  none  of  them 
are  milhiig. 

People  who  have  no  other  employment  than  a  little 
agriculture,  and  the  fupeiintendance  of  a  Hock,  mu:l 
have  long  intervals  of  idlcnefs.  It  is  thus  with  the 
planters,  particularly  ihofc  who  live  in  the  interior  parts 
of  the  country,  and  who  being  unable,  on  account  of 
their  diftance  from  the  Cape,  to  difpofe  of  their  corn, 
never  raife  more  than  is  luUicient  tor  their  own  con- 
fumption.  Fr;  m  the  profound  inadion  in  which  they 
live,  one  would  fuppofe  their  fupreme  felicity  to  confill 
in  doing  nothing.  They  fometimes,  however,  vifit 
each  other ;  and  upon  thefe  occafions  the  day  is  fpent 
in  fnioking,  and  drinking  tea,  and  in  telling,  or  lillen- 
ing  to  t.dcs  of  romance,  that  are  equal  neither  in  merit 
nor  morality  to  the  (lory  of  Bhie-bcard. 

As  every  man  always  carries  with  hinr,  wherever  he 
goes  b  ih  a  pii'o,  and  a  lobicco  pouch  made  of  the 
ikin  of  the  fcacalf,  he  is  fure  in  ihcfe  vifits  to  have  one 
fource  of  amufement.  When  any  one  of  the  company 
is  defirt  us  of  lighting  his  pipe,  he  takes  out  his  jroucii, 
and,  having  filled,  padcs  it  to  the  rell.  Tliis  is  a  civi- 
lity  that  is  never  omitted.  However  numerous  may 
be  the  party,  every  body  fmckcs :  the  coi:/(:qucncc  of 
which  is  a  cloud,  that,  riling  at  firft  t:)  the  upper  pari 
of  the  room,  incre.ifes,  by  degrees,  till  it  fills  the  whole 
houfc,  and  becomes  at  lall  lb  thick,  llut  it  ii  inipollJble 
tor  the  fniokers  to  fee  one  another. 

Wlicn  a  llranger  travelling  through  the  country  !• 
received  by  the  mailer  of  a  houfc,  he  iuftantly  btcomes 
a  ineiTiber  of  the  family.  Accuilomed  to  a  domcHic 
life,  th.e  planters  delight  in  the  lies  of  aflinity,  amlcoa- 
fidcr  in  the  light  of  a  relative  every  perfon  whrnn 
they  live  Upon  entering  a  hiuife,  the  form  of  fihit.'*- 
tiun  ii,  to  lliake  hands  firll  with  the  rr.uller,  and  then 

with 


GOO 


[     128     ] 


G     R    A 


Good-     with  every  male  perfnn    !n    the  cofnpnny    arrivjJ  at 

Hope       years  of  maturiiv.     It  there   happens   t(i   be  any  one 

_    X         whom  we  do  not  like,  the  h^ind  is  rci'iil'cd  to  lilir  ;  and 
Ooofcberry     ,  .         r   /-  1        r  .-  a  •  .-,•■..,' 

\,^~y~^  this  riiliil.il,  or  lo  common  alcUimony  of  Incndllnp,  is 

lookeil   upon  as  a  fi'rnial  declaration   that   llie   vilitor 

confiders  him  as  his  enemy.     It  is  not  the  fame  wih 

the  fjmiles  in  the  company.     They  are  all  embraced 

one  after  another,  and  to  make  an  exception  would  be 

a  fignal  affront.     Old  or  young,  all  mnll  be  killed.     It 

is  a  benefice  with  the  duties  attached  to  it. 

At  whatever  time  of  the  day  you  enter  the  houfe  of 
a  planter,  you  are  fure  to  find  the  kettle  and  tea-tliings 
upon  the  table.  This  prai5tice  is  univerfal.  Tlie  in- 
habitants never  drink  pure  water.  If  a  llranger  pre- 
fents  himleli,  it  is  ica  they  oiRr  him  for  rcfrelhment. 
This  is  their  common  liquor  in  the  interval  <  f  meals, 
.Tnd  in  one  lisaf  rn  of  the  year,  when  it  often  happens 
that  they  have  neither  beer  nor  wine,  is  their  only  be- 
verat;e. 

If  a  ftrangcr  arrives  at  dinner-time  before  the  cloth  is 
taken  awa),  he  Ih  tkes  hands,  embraces,  and  immediate- 
ly feats  hinifelf  at  the  table.  If  he  wilhes  to  pafs  the 
nlglit,  he  (lays  without  ceremony,  fmokes,  drinks  tea, 
allis  the  news,  gives  them  all  he  knows  in  his  turn  ; 
and  the  next  djy,  the  kilFmg  and  fhaking  hands  being 
repeated,  he  goes  on  his  way,  to  perform  eUewhere  the 
fame  cereminiy.  To  olFer  money  on  thefe  occafions 
would  be  regarded  as  an  ini'ult. 

Thefe  particulars  of  a  people,  whnfe  condition  it  is 
to  be  hoped  that  the  generofity  of  the  Britilh  charac- 
ter, and  the  mlldnefs  of  the  Britidi  government,  will 
gradujlly  meliorate,  cannot  but  be  acceptable  to  many 
of  cur  readers.  We  (hall,  therefore,  make  no  apology 
for  the  length  of  this  article. 

GOOSE  Creek,  a  river  which  falls  into  Potowmac 
river,  about  a  mile  fouth-eaft  of  Thorpe,  in  Fairfax 
county,  Virginia. — Morse. 

GOOSEBERRY  Mountain,  in  New- York  State, 
lies  on  the  wed  bank  of  Huufon's  river,  abcut  4  miles 
fouth  of  Fort  Geor;:»e. — ib. 

Gooseberry  IJlands  and  Rocks,  on  the  coafl:  of 
ElFex  county,  Maiiachufetts,  have  been  the  occahon  of 
the  lofs  of  many  valuable  veifels.  To  prevent  fuch 
accidents  in  future,  fcamen  may  attend  to  the  follow- 
ing particular  information,  which  is  here  inferted  for 
their  benefit.  The  noith  part  of  Goofeberry  great 
rock  with  the  north  of  Cat  Ifland,  bears  S.  54.  AV. 
from  the  beacon  on  Baker's  Ifland.  The  wcftern 
Goofeberry  S.  41.  W.  the  diftance  nearly  three  fourths 
of  a  mile.  The  northern  part  of  the  weftern  Goofe- 
berry is  viewed  from  the  beacon  over  the  point  of  land 
running  out  from  it.  The  eaflern  Goofeljeiry  bears  S. 
26.  W.  and  it  is  fhoal  as  far  as  the  wellern  breaker. 
The  taftern  breaker  lies  S.  35.  E.  and  the  wellern 
breaker  S.  2y.  E.  The  eaftcrn  breaker  is  about  the 
fame  diftance  from  the  beacon,  as  tlie  wellern  Goofe- 
berry, but  the  eaftern  Goofeberry  falls  within  that  dif- 
tance. Satan  appears  S.  32.  W.  and  halfway  rock  S. 
3.  W.  at  the  dillance  of  2  j  miles.  The  inner  pait  of 
Cat  Illand  is  above  2  miles  from  the  beacon,  and  with 
the  beacon  to  the  fouthward  the  Gooltberry  rock  bears 
only  12  minutes.  The  weftern  dry  breaker  extends 
from  28  to  32  ;  and  the  eaftern  from  31  to  32.  Half- 
way rock  with  the  beacon  from  Cat  liland  is  65  to  the 
fouthvvaid. — lb. 


GORHAM,    a  townfliip   in  Cumberland   county,    Gorlmra 
Maine,  on  the  north-eall  fide  of  Saco  river,   ij  miles  II. 

from  Pepperelborouijh  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  and  ""^""  * 
130  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Bofton.  It  was  incorporated  ^^-v-**^ 
in  1764,  and  contains  2  244  inhabitants. — ib. 

GOSHEN,  a  townfhip  in  Hampfhire  county,  Maf- 
fachul;tts,  between  Cummington  and  Conway,  14 
miles  north  of  Noithampton,  and  112  W.  by  N.  of 
Bofton.  It  was  incorporated  in  1781,  and  contains 
681  inhabitants. — ib. 

Goshen,  a  townlhip  in  Addifon  county,  Vermont, 
adjoining  to  Saliftjury  on  the  weft,  and  21  miles  N.  E. 
by  N.  of  Mount  Independence. — ib. 

Goshen,  a  townlhip  in  Chefter  county,  Pennfylva- 
nia. — lb. 

Cos  hex,  a  town  in  Litchfield  county,  Connedicut, 
famous  for  the  produiSion  of  excellent  cheeft.  It  is 
7  miles  N.  by  N.  W.  of  Litchfield,  and  50  northward 
of  New  Haven. — ib. 

Goshen,  the  mofl  confiderable  town  in  Orange 
county,  New-York,  about  58  miles  north  of  New. 
York  city,  20  W.  by  S.  of  New-Windfor,  and  30  W. 
by  S.  of  Fifti-Kill.  This  town  is  pleafantly  fituated, 
containing  about  60  or  70  houfes,  an  academy,  court- 
houfe,  gaol,  and  Prefbytcrian  church.  Tiie  townfliip 
contains  2,448  inhabitants;  of  whom  316  are  eledors. 
—lb. 

GOSHGOSHINK,  a  Moravian  fettlement  in  Peno- 
fylvaiiia,  fituated  on  Alleghany  liver,  about  15  miles 
above  Venango,  or  Fort  Franklin. — ib. 

GOSPORT,  formerly  called  j^'fhJore,  a.  fiftiing 
town  on  Star  Illand,  one  of  the  illes  of  Shoals,  be- 
longing to  Rockingham  county,  New-Hampfliire,  con- 
taining 93  inhabitants.  It  lies  about  I2  miles  E.  S.  E. 
of  Pifcataqua  harbour. — ib, 

GOTHIC  Architecture,  See  Gothic  Architec- 
TURF.  in  this  Svpi>lement,  and  Roof,  Encycloptedia. 

GOUVERNANTE,  the  Spanifli  liame  of  a  plant 
which  the  Indians  of  California  ufe  in  decoijfion  as  a 
fudorific  dnnk  lor  the  cure  of  the  venereal  dile.ife.  It 
is  thus  defcribed  in  the  third  volume  (Englilh  tranfla- 
tion)  of  Peyroufe's  Voyage  round  the  world. 

Calyx  quadritid,  eggfhaped,  of  the  fame  fize  with 
the  corolla  ;  placed  beneath  tlie  fruit,  deciduous.  Co- 
rolla polypetalous ;  petals  four,  ftnall,  entire,  egg  flia- 
ped,  fixed  upon  the  receptacle.  Stamina,  eight,  fixed 
to  the  receptacle,  of  the  fame  length  as  the  corolla: 
threads  channelled,  concave  on  the  one  fide,  and  con- 
vex on  the  other  ;  wings  veiled,  antherse  fimple.  Piftil, 
germ  oblong,  covered,  with  five  angles,  and  five  cells ; 
feeds  obling  ;  pericarpium  covered  with  fine  hairs. 

This  plant  is  a  fhiub  of  middle  lize;  the  branches 
are  angular  and  knotty,  and  covered  with  an  adhelive 
varnilh  ;  the  later.tl  branches  ate  alternate,  and  placed 
very  near  to  each  other  :  the  leaves  are  fmall,  petiolat- 
ed,  bilobed,  oppofite,  fmooch  on  the  upper  fide,  the 
under  fide  indiilinflly  veined  ;  the  blolfoms  are  axillary, 
fmttimes  terminating,  pedunculated,  folitary,  but 
fometimes  in  pairs. 

From  this  defcription,  the  gouvernante  appears  to 
be  a  new  fpecies  oi  daphne. 

GRACIAS  A  DIOS,  a  town  belonging  to  the 
province  of  Honduras,  or  Comaiagua,  and  audience 
of  Guatimala.  It  is  fituated  at  tlie  mouth  of  a  river 
upon  a  rocky  mountain,  which  has  fome  gold  mines  in 

its 


G     R     A  [12 

Craftou  its  neighbourhood.  It  was  built  the  fame  year  as  was 
Vallidolid,  the  caplt.il,  (from  which  it  lies  about  27 
leagues  to  the  weft)  for  the  fecurity  of  the  miners. 
Alfo  a  cape  on  this  coaft  difcovered  by  Columbus,  N. 
lat.  14°  36'  W.  long.  84°  12' Morse. 

GRAFTON  County,  in  New-Hampfnire,  is  bound- 
ed north  by  Canada  ;  foulh  by  the  counties  of  Strif- 
ford,  Hillfborough,  and  Chefhire;  weft  by  the  State 
of  Vermont,  and  eaft  by  the  Diftrift  of  Maine.  It 
comprehends  nearly  as  much  tenitory  as  all  the  other 
four  counties,  but  is  by  no  means  fo  thickly  fettled. 
It  it  divided  into  50  townlhips,  and  17  locations,  and 
contains  13,472  inhabitants,  of  whom  21  are  flaves. 
The  increafe  of  population  fince  the  enumeration  of 
1790  has  been  great. —  'ib. 

Grafton,  a  townlhip  in  the  county  of  its  name  in 
NewHampdiire,  13  mile?  S.  E.  of  Danmonth  college 
and  19  S.  W.  of  Plymouth.  It  was  incorporated  in 
1778,  and  contains  403  inhabitants.  Lapis  Jpecularh, 
commonly  called  iilng-glafs,  of  the  belt  quality,  is 
found  in  this  town,  in  a  mountain  about  20  miles  eaft- 
ward  of  Dartmoutli  college.  It  is  found  adhering  to 
the  rocks  of  white  or  yellow  quartz,  and  lying  in  la- 
niins,  like  iheets  of  paper.  It  is  found  in  other  places 
in  the  State  in  fraaller  pieces. — il>. 

Grafton,  the  Hajfanannfco  of  the  Indians,  a  town- 
fliip  in  Worcefter  county,  Malfachufetts,  containing  900 
inhabitants ;  40  miles  S.  W.  of  Bortnn,  8  eafterly  of 
Worcefter,  and  34  N.  W.  of  Providence. — \b. 

GRAINGER,  Fort,  ftands  on  the  N.  fide  of  the 
mouth  of  HoUlon  river  in  Tenneifee. — ih. 

Grainger,  the  name  given  to  a  new  county,  in  the 
diftricT:  of  Hamilton,  State  of  Tenneifee,  formed  of 
parts  of  the  counties  of  Knox,  Jefferfon  and  Hawkins, 
and  called  after  tlie  maiden  name  of  the  Lady  of  Gov. 
William  Blount. — ib. 

GRANBY,  a  townfliip  in  Eifex  county,  Vermont. 
—\b. 

Granbv,  a  townlhip  in  Hampfliire  courity,  Maffa- 
chufetts,  E.  of  South-Hadley,  about  90  miles  wefterly 
of  Bofton  ;  was  incorporated  in  1768,  and  contains 
596  inhabitants. — il. 

Granby,  a  townfliip  in  Hartford  county,  Cnnnefti- 
cut,  on  the  line  which  feparates  Cnnnediciit  from 
Maffachufetts.  It  was  formerly  a  part  of  Symfbury, 
«nd  is  18  miles  north  of  Hartford. — //'. 

Granby,  a  fmall  town  on  the  Congaree,  in  S.  Caro- 
lina, about  2  mile<  bi.low  the  junftion  of  Broad  and 
Saluda  rivers.  Here  a  curiius  bridge  has  been  built, 
whofe  arches  are  fupported  by  wooden  pillars,  ftrongly 
fecured  in  iron  work,  fixed  in  the  folid  rock.  Its 
height  is  40  feet  above  the  level  of  the  water.  The 
centre  arch  is  upwards  of  100  feet  in  the  clear,  to  give 
a  palfage  to  large  trees  which  are  always  brought 
down  by  the  floods.  The  ingenious  architeft  has  the 
toll  fecured  to  hire  by  the  Legiflature  for  100  years. 
—ih. 

GRANDE  RIVIERE,  a  fettlement  in  a  hilly  traft 
of  the  ifland  of  6t  Domingo,  64  leagues  fouth-weft  of 
Fort  Dauphin,  and  4^  leagues  N.  by  E.  of  St  Ra- 
phael, in  the  Spanilh  part  cf  the  ifland,  N.  lat.  19° 
34',  W.  long,  fiom  Palis  74"  30'. — Alio  the  name  of 
a  fmall  river,  in  the  fame  ifland,  which  rifes  at  Eimon- 
ade,  and  empties  into  the  fea  at  Qr  Moiin,  5  leagues 
eaft  of  Cape  Francois. — ib. 

SuppL.  Vol.  II. 


9     ] 


G     R     A 


GRAND  Fathers,  feveral  large  detached  moontaint 
in  the  foulh-caft  corner  of  Tennflfef,  in  \vl;ich  are  the 
head  waters  of  French,  Broad  and  Cataba  rivers. — A. 

Grand  IJles,  are  two  large  iflands  in  Lake  Cham- 
plain  ;  each  about  8  or  10  miles  long,  and  each  foims 
a  townlhip  belonging  to  Veimont. — ib. 

Grand  IJlavd,  at  the  mouth  of  Lake  Ontario,  is 
within  the  Britifli  territories,  having  Roebuck  and 
Foreft  ifljnds  on  the  fouth-weft,  and  the  TiioufanJ 
Ifles  on  the  north-eaft.  It  is  20  miles  in  length,  and 
its  greateft  breadth  is  4  mile'. — ib. 

Grand  IJland,  in  Lake  Superior,  lies  on  the  north 
fide  of  the  lake. — ib. 

Grand  IJland,  in  Niagara  river,  is  about  6  miles 
long  and  3  broad.  The  fouth  end  is  4  miles  north  of 
Fort  Erie;  and  its  northern  extremity  3  miles  fouth  of 
Fort  Shiflier,  and  nearly  14  fouth  of  Niagara  fort. — ib. 

Grand  Lake,  in  the  province  of  New  Brunfwick, 
near  the  river  St  John's,  is  faid  to  be  30  miles  iu 
length,  8  or  10  in  breadth,  and  in  fome  places  40  fa- 
thoms deep. — ib. 

Grand  Manan  IJland,  lies  6  miles  S.  by  S.  E.  of 
Campo-BtUo  Ifland,  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  oppofite 
to  Paffamaquoddy  Bay,  on  the  eaftern  border  of  the 
United  States. — ib. 

Grand  River  runs  a  north-weft  courfe  into  Lake 
E;ie,  20  miles  below  the  Forks,  80  miles  fouth-weit 
of  Prefqne  Ifle. — ib. 

GRANGE,  Cnpe  La,  or  Capt  Monte  Chrijl,  on  the 
north  fide  of  the  ilLind  of  St  D.  mingo.  It  is  a  high 
hill,  in  the  form  of  a  tent,  and  may  be  fcen  by  the 
naked  eye  at  Cape  Francois,  from  which  it  is  14 
leagues  E.  by  N.  A  ftrip  of  land  joins  it  to  the  ter- 
ritory of  Monte  Clirift  ;  fo  that  at  a  diftance  it  feems 
to  be  an  ifland.  The  cruifers  from  Jamaica  often  lie 
off  here.  This  cape  lies  in  lat.  19°  54'  30"  N.  and 
long.  74°  9'  30"  W.  from  Paris;  and  with  Point  de 
Dunes  forms  the  mouch  of  the  bay  of  Monte  Chrift. 
—ib. 

GRANVILLE,  a  fine  townfliip  in  Annapolis  coun- 
ty, NovaScotia.  It  lies  on  the  north  (ide  of  Anna- 
polis river,  on  the  Bay  cf  Fundy,  and  is  30  miles  ia 
length  ;  firft  fettled  from  New-England. — ib. 

Granville,  a  townlhip  in  Hamplhire  county.  Mat 
fachufetts,  about  14  miles  weft  cf  Springfield.  It  was 
incorporated  in  1754,  and  contains  1979  inhabitants. 
—ih. 

Granville,  a  townfliip  in  Wafliington  county, 
New-York,  containing  2240  inhabitants,  of  whom 
422  are  cle<flors. — ib. 

Granville  County,  in  Hiflfbnrough  diftrifl  in  North- 
Carolina,  has  the  State  of  Virginia  north,  and  contains 
10,982  inhabitants,  of  whom  4163  are  flaves.  Ciiief 
town,  Willianilbiirg. — ib. 

Granville,  a  flcurilhing  town  in  Kentucky. — ib. 

GRAVE  CREEK,  on  the  Ohio,  12  miles  down 
the  river  from  Wheeling.  Here  is  a  mound  of  earth, 
plainly  the  work  of  art,  called  an  Indian  grave.  It  is 
of  a  conical  form,  in  height  about  80  feet.  It  afccnds 
in  an  angle  cf  about  80°.  Tiie  diameter  at  the  top  is 
about  60  feet ;  the  margin  enclofing  a  regular  concave, 
funk  about  4  feet  in  the  centre.  Near  the  top  (lands 
an  oak,  about  3  feet  in  diameter.  It  is  faid  the  In- 
dians have  no  tradition  what  nation  ever  buried  their 
dead  in  this  manner.  On  examination,  thefc  mounds 
R  have 


ORE 


c 


I  -10 


] 


G     R     E 


Great 
Kidge. 


eraveftnd   hnv:  b;en  found  to  contain  a.  cfialky  fubftance,  fiipp;if- 
eJ  to  be'  liones  c.f  lb",  luiman  kind. — ifi. 

GRAVESEND,  Port  of,  is  fnuated  on  the  fouth- 
weflern  lide  of  the  iH.ind  of  J:iniaic.i,  in  a  large  bay. 
It  has  two  channels  j  the  Leeward  and  the  Main  Chan- 
nel, and  affords  good  anchcrage  for  large  velfels. — ii. 
Gravesend,  a  fmall  village  in  King's  county, 
X.nng-llland,  Nevv-Voric,  7  miles  N  by  E.  of  the  city. 
The  lownfliip  of  iis   nnme  contains  426  inhabitants. 

—a. 

GRAVIMETER,  the  name  given  by  citizen  Giiy- 
t.)n  (Morvcau)  to  an  inftrnment  of  gl.ifs,  conltrudled 
in  all  refjiecls  on  the  principle  cf  Nichollon's  Hydro- 
meter, defcribed  in  the  article  HvDiiosrATics,  n"  18 
( Encycl.)  It  is  therefore  needlefs  to  give  a  defcrip- 
tion  of  th'S  inftninicnt  heie  ;  as  every  artiil  in  glafs, 
who  has  feen  NichoUon'a  Hydrometer,  or  underftands 
our  defcriptirn  of  it,  may  conllru>5t  the  graviraeter  of 
Morveau  ;  and  every  man  who  has  made  himfelf  mafler 
of  our  article  Specii-ic  Gravity,  mty  apply  the  gra- 
vimeter  to  every  purptfe  to  which  it  is  applicable.  It 
may  juft  be  proper  to  obferve,  that  Morveiiu,  having  -<t 
Hril  loaded  the  fmall  i'cale  or  baion  G  (Plate  240, 
fig.  9.  Eifyd.)  v.-ith  a  bulb  of  clals  containing  a  fuf- 
ticient  quantity  cf  mercury,  found  it  expedient  after- 
wards to  fubftitute  in  the  place  of  this  bulb  a  fmall 
mafs  of  folid  glafs,  brought  to  the  proper  form  and 
weight  by  giindir.fj.  For  a  minute  account  of  this 
inftrument,  if  any  of  our  readers  can  be  fuppofed  to 
requite  a  minute  account  of  it,  we  mud  refer  to  the 
third  number  of  Nicholfon's  'Journal  of  PhiLjophy, 
C.hcT'itjlry,  and  the  jlris. 

GRAY,  a  pofttown  in  the  Dillrifl  of  Maine,  in 
Cumberland  county,  15  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Portland. 
The  townfnip  was  incorporated  in  177S,  and  contains 
577  inhabitants. — Morse. 

GREAT  BARRINGTON,  a  townfhip  in  the 
fouth-weftern  part  of  the  State  of  Maifachufetts,  in 
Berklhire  county,  lying  foutli  cf  Stockbridge,  150 
miles  weft  of  Bollon,  and  26  E.  by  S.  of  Hudfon  city, 
Niw-York.— ii. 

Great  Famine,  a  river  in  New-York  which  rifes 
in  the  mountains  near  the  fource  of  Oneida  river, 
and  flows  N.  W.  by  W.  to  Lake  Ontario.  Its  mouth 
is  10  miles  fouth-wefterly  from  the  mouth  of  Black 
river. — ib. 

Great  Kakhawat,  a  large  river  which  flows 
through  the  eallein  bank  of  the  Ohio  in  39"  5'  N. 
lit.  nearly  500  yards  wide  at  its  mouth.  The  cur- 
rent is  gentle  fcr  about  10  or  12  miles,  when  it  be- 
comes confiderably  rapid  for  upwards  of  60  miles  far- 
ther, where  you  meet  v,'i-.!i  the  fiid  fills,  when  it  be- 
comes impoflible  to  navigate  it  from  the  great  number 
of  its  cataracts. — ih. 

Great  Swamp,  between  Northampton  and  Lncern 
counties,  in  Pennfylvania.  This  fwainp,  on  examina- 
tion and  furvey,  is  fonnd  to  be  good  farm  land; 
thickly  covered  with  beach  and  fugar  maple. — ib. 

Great  Ridge,  one  of  the  ridges  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains,  which  feparates  the  waters  of  the  Savan- 
nah and  Alatamaha. 

At  the  fouth-eati  promontory  of  the  Great  Ridge  is 
that  extraordinary  place  called  Buffaloe  Lick,  dillant 
about  80  miles  from  AuguUa.  It  occupies  feveral 
acres  of  ground.    A  large  cane  fwamp  and  meadows. 


forming  an  immenfe  plain,  lie  fouth-eafl  from  it ;  in 
this  fwamp  Mr  Bartram  thinks  the  branches  cf  the 
Great  Ogeeche  take  their  rife.  Tlie  Lijk  is  nearly 
level,  and  lies  between  the  head  ff  the  cani  fwamp,  v 
and  the  afcent  of  the  Ridge.  The  earth,  frrm  the 
fuperficies  to  an  unknown  depth,  is  an  almofl  v/hite 
or  cinerous  coloured,  tenacious,  fattilh  clay,  which 
all  kinds  cf  cattle  li';k  inlo  great  caves,  purfuing 
the  delicious  vein.  Mr  Bartram  could  not  difcover 
any  thing  faline  in  its  tafte,  but  an  itilipid  fweetnefs. 
Horned  tattle,  horfcj,  and  deer,  are  immoderately 
fond  of  it ;  infomuch  that  their  eicrcnienr,  which 
almoft  totally  covers  the  earth  to  fome  diitance  round 
this  pl.ice,  appears  to  be  perfedl  clay;  which  when 
dried  by  tlie  fun  and  air,  is  almoft  aS  hard  as 
brick. — //. 

Great  Springs,  is  an  amazing  fountain  of  tranf- 
pareiit,  cool  water,  (luiarcJ  near  the  road,  aiiout  mid- 
way between  Augulla  and  Savannah.  It  breaks  fnd- 
denly  out  i-^i  tlie  cirth  at  the  balls  of  a  moderately 
elevated  hill  or  bank,  forming  at  once  a  b<il"(>n  near  20 
yards  over,  afcending  through  a  horizontal  bed  of  foft 
rocks,  chiefly  a  teftaceous  concretion  of  broken,  entire, 
and  pulverized  fealhells,  fand,  &c.  conftituting  a 
coarfe  kind  cf  lime-ftone.  The  ebullition  is  copious, 
adtive,  and  continual,  over  the  ragged  apertures  in  the 
rocks,  which  lie  feven  or  eight  ftet  f>elow,  fwelliog  the 
furface  confiderably,  immeaiaiely  above  it ;  the  waters 
defcend  fwifiiy  from  the  fountain,  forming  at  once  a 
large  biook,  fix  or  eight  yards  over,  and  five  or  ns 
feet  deep.  There  are  multitudes  cf  filh  in  the  toun- 
trin  of  various  tribes;  chiefly  the  feveial  fpecies  of 
bream,  trout,  catdlh,  and  garr,  which  are  beheld  con- 
tinually afcending  and  delcending  through  the  rocky- 
apertures.  Bartram,  from  whole  travels  the  above  is 
taken,  obferves,  that  he  crolfed  no  ftream  or  brook  of 
water  wiiJiin  12  or  15  miles  of  this  fountain,  but  had 
in  view  vaft  favannahs,  fwamps,  and  cane  meadows, 
which  he  conje<5fures  are  the  refervoirs  which  feed  this 
delightrul  grotto. — \l. 

GREEN,  though  one  of  the  feven  original  or  pvif- 
matic  colours,  is  among  dyers  a  compound  cf  blue  and 
yellow.  Of  the  Euroj.eaii  methods  of  dyeing  green, 
and  of  the  principles  on  which  thefe  methods  are 
founded,  a  fulHcient  account  will  be  found  in  the  £n- 
cyclohsdia,  under  the  articles  CoLOUR-mci/V/g-  ?.nd  Dye- 
ing, and,  in  this  Supplement,  under  Au'-mal  and  VcgctalU 
Substances;  but  it  may  be  woith  wliile,  in  this 
place,  to  inlert  the  method  praftifed  at  Altracan,  in 
giving  to  cotton  yarn  tliat  b:autiful  green  colour  for 
which  the  oriental  cotton  is  fo  juftly  aJmired. 

I'he  principal  dye  is  the  blue,  which  is  employed 
both  for  cotton  and  filk.  To  prepare  it,  the  indigo 
or  blue  dye-ftulFis  finely  pounded,  and  diilclved  in  v/a- 
ter  by  a  gentle  heat  in  laige  earthen  jars,  feven  of 
wliich  ftand  in  brick- work  over  the  fire-place,  at  the 
diftance  of  about  an  ell  and  a  half  fr.jm  each  other. 
About  two  pounds  aie  put  into  each  veifel.  Five 
pounds  of  foda  finely  pounded,  together  with  two 
pounds  of  pure  lime  and  one  pound  of  clarified  honey, 
arc  added  to  each  ;  when  thefe  ingredients  have  been 
well  mixed,  the  fire  is  ftrengthened  ;  and  vfhen  the 
whole  begins  to  boil,  the  dye  is  [lined  carefully  round 
in  all  the  vefiels,  that  every  thing  may  be  completely 
dillblved  and  mixed.     After  the  firft  boiling  the  fire 

is 


Great 
Sjiring» 

1! 

Green. 


G     R     E  [ 

Gretii.  is  fliickened,  and  the  dye  is  fuffered  to  fland  over  a 
•^"^^^^  gentle  heat,  while  it  is  continually  ftined  round  :  this 
is  continued  even  after  the  iuniace  is  cnokd,  till  a 
thick  fciim  arifcs  in  the  neck  (•!  each  jar,  and  foon  af- 
ter difappears.  The  dye  is  then  allnued  to  itand  two 
days,  until  the  whole  is  incorpLratcd,  and  the  dye 
thickens. 

The  dyers  affert,  that  wiih  this  dye  they  can  pro- 
duce three  fiiades  of  blue,  and  that,  as  the  dyeinj;  par- 
ticles gradually  diminilii,  they  can  die  alfo  a  green  co- 
lour by  the  addition  of  yellow. 

AV^hen  a  manufaiflurer  gives  cotton  yarn  to  a  blue 
dyer,  he  firft  boils  it  at  home  in  a  icy  of  foda  (kala- 
kar),  then  dries  it,  waflies  it,  and  dries  it  again.  The 
blue  dyer  lays  this  yarn  to  fleep  in  pure  water,  prefles 
out  the  fuperfluous  water  with  the  hands,  and  tlien  im- 
mediately begins  to  dip  it  in  the  Line  jar,  often  wring- 
ing it  till  it  is  completely  penetrated  by  the  dye.  TJiis 
firlt  tint  is  generally  given  to  yarn  in  liich  jarsas  have 
liad  their  colouring  matter  pajtly  exhaufted.  It  is 
then  dried,  rinled,  and  ag.ain  dried  :  after  v/hich,  it  is 
put  into  the  frefli  blue  dye,  properly  faturated  ;  and, 
after  the  colour  has  been  i'ufficiently  heightened,  it  is 
dried  for  the  lall  time. 

For  a  yellow  dye,  the  dyers  of  Aftracan  employ 
partly  fav/-wort,  brought  from  Rufiia,  and  partly  the 
leaves  of  the  Li/Iar  beige,  ox  fumach.  The  procefs  is  as 
follows :  The  yarn  is  tirft  boiled  for  an  hour  in  a  flrong 
ley  of  foda  ;  it  is  then  dried,  afterwards  rinfed  and  laid 
wet  to  fteep  for  twelve  hours  in  a  iolution  of  alum 
with  warm  water.  When  it  has  been  dried  in  the  air, 
jt  is  laid  to  foak  feveial  times  in  troughs  with  the  dye 
which  lias  been  boiled  thick  in  kettles  trom  the  above- 
mentioned  plants,  till  it  has  acquired  tlie  wilhed-for  co- 
lour, care  being  taken  to  dry  it  each  time  it  is  foaked. 
It  is  then  nufed  in  running  water,  and  dried  for  the 
laft  time. 

On  this  yellow  colour  a  green  is  often  dyed.  After 
the  yarn  has  been  dyed  yellow,  it  is  given  out  to  the 
blue  dyer,  who  immediately  dips  it  in  the  blue  jars,  the 
dye  of  which  has  been  already  partly  exhaufted  :  and 
if  the  green  colour  is  not  then  fulKciently  high,  the  o- 
peratinn  is  repeated,  the  y.irn  being  dried  each  time. 
See  Neue  Nordijche  Beylrage,  by  ProiclFor  Pallas  ;  or 
Pkilnfrj^ki  al  Magaznie,  \\°  2. 

GREEN,  a  t^  wnliiip  in  Franklin  county,  Pennfyl- 
vania. — Alio  a  tow  nlhip  in  Wafljington  c(  unty  in  the 
fame  State. — Morje. 

Green,  a  pelt  town  in  Lincoln  county,  in  the  Dif- 
triift  of  Maine,  fraiated  on  the  eaft  fide  of  Androfcog- 
gin  river,  31  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Pittllon,  39  north  of 
Portland,  and  164  N.  by  E.  of  Bolton,  containing 
639  inhabitants. — ib. 

Green,  a  navigable  liver  of  Kentucky,  which  rifes 
in  Mercer  county,  has  a  gentle  current,  and  is  naviga- 
ble ne<<rly  130  rnihs.  Its  courfe  is  generally  weft; 
and  at  its  confluence  with  the  Ohio  is  upwards  of  200 
yards  wide.  Between  the  mouth  of  Green  river  and 
Sale  river,  a  diftance  of  nearly  200  miles,  the  land 
upon  tiie  banks  of  the  Ohio  is  generally  fertile  and 
rich  ;  but,  leaving  its  banks,  you  tall  into  t)  e  plaiu 
country,  which  is  confidered  as  little  better  than  baricn 
land.  On  this  river  are  a  number  of  Salt  fprings  or 
licki.     There  are  three  fprings  or  ponds  of  bitumen 


131 


]  ORE 

near  this  river,  which  do  not  for.n  a  ilream,  bt^t 
ernpty  themfelves  into  a  common  refer  voir,  and  when 
ufed  in  lamps,  anfwers  all  the  p'lrpofes  of  the  beft  o;l. 
Vaft  quantities  of  nitre  are  found  in  the  caves  on  its 
banks;  and  many  of  the  fettl.-rs  manufaclure  tlieir 
own  gunpowder. — ib. 

Green  Bat,  or  Pintn  Bay,  a  fouthweflem  branch 
of  Lake  Michigan. — ib. 

Green,  a  fmall  river  which  rifes  in  the  t^wn  of 
Marlborougli  in  Vermont,  and  falls  into  Connciflicu: 
river  above  Deerfield,  in  M  iirichufetts. — ib. 

Green  Briar,  a  large  and  fertile  county  of  Virgi- 
nia,  furrounded  by  Bath,  Randolph,  Harrifon,  Kan- 
haway,  Botetourt,  and  Montgomery  counties.  It  is 
about  100  miles  long  and  45  broad;  and  together 
with  Kanhaway  county,  which  was  formerly  a  part  cf 
it,  contains  6,015  inhabitants,  including  319  flaves. 
There  is  a  large  cave  on  Rich  Creek  in  this  county, 
the  earth  at  the  bottom  of  which  is  ftrongly  inipret:- 
nated  with  fulphur.  Many  fuch  are  to  be  found  on 
(ireen  Briar  river.  The  chief  town  is  Lewifburg. 
At  Crrn  Briar  court-houfe  is  a  polUofiice,  30  miles 
W.  by  S.  of  Sweet  Spring?,  and  103  weft  of  Staun- 
ton.— ib. 

Green  Brtar  River  runs  a  S.  W.  courfe,  and  falls 
into  the  eallern  fide  of  the  Great  Kanhaway,  at  the 
place  where  that  river  breaks  through  the  Laurel 
Ridge,  and  oppoike  to  the  mouth  of  New  river,  in 
N.   hit.   38._:-^. 

Green  Mountains,  a  range  of  mountains  extend- 
ing N.  N.  E.  to  S.  S.  VV.  and  dividing  the  waters 
which  How  cafterly  into  Connedlicut  river,  from  thofe 
which  fall  wellerly  into  Lake  Champlain,  Lake 
George,  and  Hudfon's  river.  The  afcent  from  the 
eaft  to  the  top  of  the  Green  Mountain  in  Vermont,  i» 
much  cafier  than  fiom  the  weft,  till  you  get  to  Onion 
river,  where  the  mountain  terminates.  Tlie  height  cf 
land  is  gentrdlly  from  20  to  30  miles  from  the  river, 
and  aliout  the  fame  diftance  from  the  New- York  line. 
The  natural  growth  upon  this  mountain,  is  hemlock, 
pine,  fpruce,  and  otlier  evergreens  ;  hence  it  has  al- 
ways a  green  appearance,  and  on  this  acconnt  has 
obtained  the  defcriptive  name  of  fer  Moris,  Green 
Mruntain.  On  fornc  parts  of  tliis  mountain  fnow  lie$ 
till  May,  and  fometimes  liil  June.  The  ch.iin  extends 
througl^  MalTachufetts  and  ConneiSicut,  and  termin  itej 
in  New-Haven.  Kellington  Peak,  the  liigheft  ot  thefe 
mountains,  is  about  3,454  fi^et  above  the  level  of  the 
ocean. — ib. 

Green  IVoods,  a  vaft  foreft  of  (lately  pines  in  Litch- 
field county,  Conneflicut,  which  cover  the  face  of  a 
part  of  that  county.  Thcfe  are  cloathed  in  greca 
bearded  mofs,  which  being  pendant  from  the  bough-, 
fcreens  many  of  the  trees  from  the  eyes,  and  gives  10 
the  whole  a  gloomy,  wild,  and  whimfical  appearance. 
—ib. 

GREENBURGH,  a  townfhip  in  Weftchefter  coun- 
ty, New-York,  containing  1400  inliabitants,  ofwlioiu 
122  are  llivts,  and  164  are  clsiftors. — ib. 

GREENCASTLE,  a  town  in  Fr.mkliu  county, 
Penulylvania,  fituated  near  the  Corcgocheague  crctk. 
lleic  are  about  80  houfes,  2  German  churches,  and  a 
Prtfl))  tcrian  church.  It  is  11  miles  S.  by  W.  of 
Chambcrfburg,  and  156  W.  by  S.  of  Philadelphia. — ib. 

R    2  GtCENC, 


G     R     E 


C    132    ] 


G     R     E 


Oreene 

II 
Crecnfvill! 


Grefne,  a  county  in  Kentucky,  extending  fiom 
Ohio  liver  on  the  north,  to  Tenneffee  State  on  the 
fjiith,  and  bordering  well  on  the  Millillippi  river,  and 
eaft  upon  Hardin  and  Jclferfon  counties. — ib. 

Greene,  a  county  in  Wadiington  dillriifl  in  the 
State  of  Tennelfee,  having  7,741  inhabitants,  of 
whom  4c;4  are  {lives.  Greenville  college  has  been 
eHablilhed  by  law  in  this  county.  It  is  iituated  be- 
tween two  fmall  northern  branches  of  Nolachucky 
river,  about  15  miles  N.  W.  by  W.  of  Joneiborougb, 
and  54  eaft  of  the  jnoitth  vi  French  Broad  river. — ib. 

Greene,  a  townfhip  In  Tioga  ct)unty.  New- York, 
on  the  eaft  fide  of  Clienengo  river. — ib. 

Greene,  a  county  in  the  upper  diftriifl  of  Georgi.i, 
bounded  weft  by  the  upper  part  of  Oconee  river,  eaft 
by  Wilkes  county,  and  Ibuth  by  that  of  Wafhington. 
It  contains  5,405  inhabitants,  including  1,377  flaves. 
Chief  town,  Greenfbarough. — ib. 

GREENEVILLE,  a  poft-tuwn,  and  the  chief  town 
of  Pitt  county,  North-Carolina;  fituated  on  the  fouth 
bank  of  Tar  river,  diftant  from  Ocreecok  Inlet  iic 
miles.  It  contains  about  50  houfes,  a  court-houfe  and 
gaol;  alfo  a  feminary  of  learning,  called  the  Pitt  Aca- 
demy. It  is  23  miles  from  Walliington  and  2^  miles 
from  Tarborough. — ib. 

Greeneville,  a  frn:ill  poft-town  in  Greene  county, 
in  the  State  of  Tennelfee,  Iituated  on  tlie  weft  fide  of 
the  north-eafternmoft  branch  of  Nolachucky  river, 
about  fix  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Greenville  college,  26 
miles  north  weft  of  Jnneft)or(nigh,  75  eaft  of  Knox- 
rille,  and  6;^  fouth-weft  of  Philadelphia. — ib. 

GREENFIELD,  a  handfome  flourilfiing  town  in 
Harnpfnire  county,  Malfathufelts,  about  4  miles  north 
of  Deci  field,  and  114  W.  by  N.  of  Bofton.  The 
townllilp  lies  on  the  wcft  bank  of  Conneflicut  river, 
was  incorporated  in  1753,  and  contains  1,498  inhahi- 
tants.  A  company  was  incorporated  in  1796  to  build 
a  bridge  over  Connedicut  river,  to  conned  this  town 
V'ltli  Montague. — ib. 

Greenfield,  a  townfhip  in  Saratoga  county,  New- 
York  ;   380  of  the  inhabitants  are  ele>flors, — ib, 

GREENLAND,  a  town  in  Rockingham  county, 
New-Hampfhire,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  ocean,  5  miles 
fouthcrly  from  Portfmouth.  It  was  incorporated  in 
1713,  and  contains  634  inhabitants. — ib. 

GREENSBOROUGH,  a  poft-town,  and  chief 
town  of  Greene  county,  Georgia,  30  miles  from 
Lexington,  and  78  W.  by  S  from  Augufta. — ib. 

Greensborough,  a  thriving  village  in  Caroline 
county,  Maryland ;  on  the  weft  fide  of  Choptank 
Creek,  about  fcven  miles  north  of  Danton,  and  22 
miles  S.  E.  by  S.  of  Chefter. — ib. 

Greensborouch,  a  new  towniliip  in  Orleans  coun- 
ty in  Vermont.  It  adjoins  to  Minden  on  the  north- 
vtil,  and  Wheelock  on  the  foutheaft,  and  contains 
only  19  inhabitants. — ib. 

GREENSBURG,  a  poft  town,  and  the  capital  of 
'Weflmoreland  county,  Pennfylvania.  It  is  a  neat 
pretty  town,  fituated  en  a  branch  of  Sewickly  Creek, 
wlilch  empties  into  Youghiogany  river.  Here  are  100 
dwelling  hcufes,  a  German  Calvinift  church,  a  brick 
court  houfe,  and  a  ftone  gaol.  It  is  31  miles  S.  E.  by 
E.  of  Pittft)urg,  and  270  W.  by  N.  of  Philadelphia. 
—ib. 

GE.EENSVILLE,   a  county  of  Virginia,   encom- 


palfed  by  Brunfwick,  Southampton,  and  SulTex  coun-  Greenville 
ties,  on  the  weft,  north,  and  eaft,  and  by  the  S;.ite  of         II 
NorthCirolina  on  ihe  fouth.      It  is  about  24  miles  ^I^^I^i!!^' 
long,  and   20  broad,  and  contains  6,362  inhabitants, 
of  whom  3,620  are  (laves. — ib. 

GREENVILLE  Court-Houfe,  in  Virginia,  ftands 
on  Kick's  Ford,  25  miles  from  Southampton,  and  61 
from  Norfolk. — ib. 

Greenville,  a  county  in  Walliington  diftrii.'t,  S. 
Carolina;  Iituated  in  the  N.  W.  corner  of  the  Slate; 
bounded  eaft  by  Sparta:.burg  county,  in  Pinckney  dif- 
tridl  ;  fouth,  by  Pendleton;  weft,  by  the  State  of 
Georgia,  and  that  traft  of  country  which  the  State  of 
Soi. lb-Carolina  ceded  to  the  United  States;  and  north, 
by  the  State  cf  North  Carolina.  It  contains  6,503 
inh.abitants',  cf  whom  606  are  flaves.  Taxes  ^192  : 
6:8.  The  lands  are  mountainous  and  hilly,  and 
well  watered,  and  the  climate  healthy  and  agreeable. 
— lb. 

Greenville,  a  poft-town  of  South-Carolina,  and 
chief  town  of  Cherviws  diftiid;  fituated  on  the  weft 
lide  of  Great  Pedee  river,  in  Darlington  county.  It 
contains  about  30  houfes,  a  ccurt-houfe,  gaol,  and 
academy.  It  is  55  miles  E.  N.  E.  of  Camden,  90 
N.  E.  by  E.  of  Columbia,  135  N.  by  E.  of  Charlef- 
ton ib. 

Greenville,  a  fort  and  fettlement  in  the  N.  W. 
Territory,  on  tlie  fou'h  diXi  of  a  iiorth-weftern  branch 
of  the  Great  Miami,  fix  miles  north-weft  of  Fort  Jef- 
ferfon  on  the  fame  branch,  and  about  23  miles  fou'h- 
eaft  of  Fort  Recovery.  It  is  a  picketed  fort,  with  baf- 
tions  at  each  angle,  and  capacious  enough  to  accom- 
modate 2,000  men.  Here  the  American  legion  had 
their  head-quarters  in  the  late  war  with  the  Indians. 
It  was  cftablifiied  by  the  late  Mr.j.  Gen.  A.  Wayne  in 
1793,  and  here  he  concluded  a  treaty  of  peace  with 
the  [ndian  nations,  on  the  3d  of  Auguft,   1795. — '^• 

Greenville  Bay,  or  La  Bay,  a  town  and  port  of 
entry  on  the  eaft  or  windward  fide  of  the  ifland  of 
Granada.  It  has  about  60  dwelling-houfes,  a  church, 
and  feveral  licli  ftores  of  India  and  European  goods, 
and  plantation  utenfils.  The  Gtuation  is  low,  and  ra- 
ther unhealthy. — ib. 

GREENWICH,  a  townftiip  in  Hampfhire  county, 
Malfachufetts,  incorporated  in  1754,  contains  1045 
inhabitant.s.  It  is  20  miles  eafterly  of  Northampton, 
and  75  wefterly  of  Bolion. — ib. 

Greenwich,  a  townlhip,  the  fecond  in  rank  in 
Gloucefter  county,  New-Jerfey,  fituated  on  the  eaft 
bank  of  Delaware  river,  oppofite  to  Fort  Mifflin,  3 
miles  N.  by  E.  of  Woodbury,  and  6  fouth-eaft  of  Phi- 
ladelphia.— ib. 

Greenwich,  a  townfhip  in  SufTex  connty,  New- 
Jerfey,  on  tlie  eaft  fule  cf  Delaware  river,  in  a  moun- 
tainous country,  about  5  miles  north-eafterly  of  Eaf- 
ton,  in  Pennfylvania,  and  31  fouth-weft  of  Newton, 
the  ftiire  town.  It  contains  2,035  inhabitants,  of 
whom  64  are  flaves. — ib. 

Greenwich,  a  town  in  Cumberland  county,  New- 
Jerfey,  on  the  north-weft  bank  of  Cohanzy  creek, 
about  3  miles  from  its  mouth  in  Delaware  bay.  Here 
are  about  80  houfes,  and  a  Friend's  meeting-houfe. 
It  is  15  miles  f  )Uth-eafterly  of  Salem,  and  66  S.  by 
W.  of  Philadelphia.— Z/-.. 

G&eenwich,  a  ma;itime  townfljip  in  Fairfield  coun- 

t7> 


G     R     E 


Green- 
wood 

II 
Gregory. 


[     M3     ] 


G     R     E 


ty,    Conr.eaicut,    and    the   fouth-weflernmoft  of   the    but  he  fatisfied  them  fo  far  as  to  prevent  ihc  profecuiion  Gre-orv. 


State,  lies  about  50  miles  weft  of  New-Haven,  and 
40  eaft  cf  New-York  city.  Its  fea-coaft  on  Long 
Ifland  Sound,  and  that  of  the  townlhip  of  Stamford 
on  the  eaftward,  has  a  number  of  ides  and  rocks  bor- 
dering the  inlets  of  the  fea  and  mouths  of  the  creeks. 
Byram  river  paifes  through  this  town,  the  largeft  of 
the  fmall  ftrearas  which  water  it,  and  only  noticeable 
as  forming  part  of  the  line  between  Conneflicut  and 
New- York. 


of  a  man  known  to  be  Co  extcnfively  ufeful  by  his  know- 
ledge  of  medicine. 

About  the  beginning  of  this  century  he  removed  with 
his  family  to  Aberdeen,  and  in  the  time  of  Qiuen 
Anne's  war  employed  his  thoughts  upon  an  improve- 
ment in  artillery,  in  order  to  make  the  (hot  of  great 
guns  more  deftruftive  to  the  enemy,  and  executed  a 
model  of  the  engine  he  had  conceived.  Dr  lleid  in. 
forms  us,  that  he  converfed  with  a  clnck-maker  in  A- 


This  trad  was  purchafed  of  the  native  Indians  in    berdeen  who  had  been  employed  in  miking  thii.  model; 
1640,  and  fetdod  under  the  government  of  the  New    but   having  made  many  d  fTeient  pieces  bv  diredicn 

>.T-...l,„1 1,     r XT-...  17-_..l.  \     __J     : J       .-y 1  ■  .1      ■       •  '^ .  .' 


Netherlands  (now  New-York)  and  was  incorporated 
by  Piter  Stuyvefar.t  in  1665,  who  was  then  governor 
of  the  New  Netlierlands.  This  town  falling  within 
the  bounds  of  Connedlicut,  was  afterwards  granted  to 
eight  perfons  by  that  colony. — !&. 

GREENWOOD,  a  townlhip  in  Cumberland  coun- 
ty, Pennfylvania.  Alfo,  a  townfliip  in  Mifflin  coun- 
ty in  the  fame  State. — ii. 

GREGORIA,  St,  a  town  of  New-Mexico,  fituat- 
ed  on  the  ead  fide  of  Rio  Bravo,  a  few  leagues  north 
of  St  Antonin. — 11,. 

GREGORY  (David),  was  a  fon  of  the  Rev.  John 
Gregory,  mii.ilter  oi  Drumoak,  in  the  county  of  Aber- 
deen, and  elder  brother  to  Mr  James  Gregory,  the  in- 
ventor of  the  moll  common  redeiling  telefccpe.  He 
was  born  about  the  year  1627  or  1628;  and  though 
he  polfefTed  all  the  genius  ot  the  other  branches  of  his 
family,  he  was  educated  by  his  father  for  trade,  and 
ferved  an  apprenticelhip  to  a  mercantile  houfe  in  Hol- 
land. Having  a  ftronger  paffion,  however,  for  know- 
ledge than  for  money,  he  abandoned  trade  in  16^5  ; 
and  returning  to  his  own  country,  he  fucceeded,  upon 
the  death  of  an  elder  brother,  to  the  ellate  of  Kinar- 
die,  fituated  about  forty  miles  north  from  Aberdeen, 
where  he  lived  many  years,  and  where  tliirty-two  child- 
ren were  born  to  him  by  two  wives.  Of  tliefe,  three 
fons  made  a  confpiciious  figure  in  the  republic  ot  let- 
ters, being  all  proitlfors  of  mathematics  at  the  fame 
time  in  three  of  the  Btitilh  univerfities,  viz.  David  atOx- 
ford,  James  at  Edinburgh,  and  Chailes  at  St  Andrews. 

Mr  Gregory,  the  fubject  of  this  memoir,  while  he 
lived  at  Kinardie,  was  a  jell  among  the  neighbouring 
gentlemen  for  his  ignorarxe  of  what  was  doing  about 
his  own  farm,  but  an  oracle  in  matters  of  learning  and 
philofophy,  and  particularly  in  medicine,  which  he  had 
fludied  for  his  amufement,  and  began  to  praifid'e  among 
his  poor  neighbours.  He  acquired  fuch  a  reputation 
in  that  fcience,  that  he  was  employed  by  the  nobility 
and  gentlemen  of  tliat  county,  but  took  no  fees.  His 
hours  of  ftudy  were  fingular.  Being  much  occupied 
through  the  day  with  thofe  who  applied  to  him  as  a 
phyfician,  he  went  early  to  bed,  rofe  about  two  or 
three  in  tlie  morning,  and,  after  applying  to  his  ftudies 
for  fome  hours,  went  to  bed  again  and  llept  an  liour 
or  two  before  breakfaft. 

He  was  the  firfl  man  in  that  country  who  had  a  ba- 
rometer; and  having  paid  great  attention  to  tiic  chan- 
ges in  it,  and  the  correfpcndiiig  changes  in  the  wea- 
ther, he  was  once  in  danger  of  being  tried  by  the  prcf- 
bytery  for  witchcraft  or  conjuration.  A  deputation 
of  that   body   waited    upon   Inni   to  enquire  into  tlie 


without  knowing  their  intention,  or  how  they  were  10 
be  put  together,  he  could  give  no  account  of  the 
whole.  Alter  making  fome  experiments  with  this  mo- 
del, which  fatisfied  him,  the  old  gentleman  was  fo  fan- 
guine  in  the  hcpe  of  being  ufeful  to  the  allies  in  the 
war  againit  France,  that  he  fct  about  preparing  a  field 
equipage  with  a  view  to  make  a  campaign  in  Flinders, 
and  in  the  meantime  fent  his  model  to  his  fon  the  Sa- 
vili.in  prottiror,  that  he  might  have  his  and  Sir  Ifiac 
Newton's  opinion  cf  it.  His  fon  iliewed  it  to  New- 
ton, without  letting  him  know  that  his  own  fatiier  was 
the  invenlcT.  Sir  Ifa.ic  was  mu-h  difpleafed  with  it, 
faying,  that  if  it  had  tended  as  much  to  the  preftrvation 
of  mankind  as  to  their  deflruiftion,  the  inventor  would 
have  defervcd  a  great  reward  ;  but  as  it  was  contrived 
folely  for  deflrudion,  and  would  foon  be  known  by 
the  enemy,  he  rather  defcrved  to  be  punilhed,  and 
urged  the  profelTor  very  ftrongly  to  deflroy  it,  and  if 
polfible  to  fupprefs  the  invention.  It  is  probable  the 
protelfor  followed  this  advice.  He  died  foon  afi^r, 
and  the  model  was  never  found. 

If  this  be  a  jiift  account  cf  the  matter,  and  Dr 
Reid's  veracity  is  unqueftionable,  we  cannot  help 
thinking  that  Newton's  ufual  fagacity  had,  on  that  oc- 
cafion,  f'orfaken  him.  Were  tlie  implements  of  war 
much  more  detbuctive  than  they  are,  it  by  no  means 
follows  that  more  men  would  be  killed  in  battle  than 
at  prefent.  Mufkets  and  cannons  are  i'urely  more  de- 
flrudive  weapons  than  javeiines  and  bows  and  arrows  ; 
and  yet,  it  is  a  well  known  fact,  that  fince  tlie  inven- 
tion of  gunpowder,  battles  are  not  h.ilf  I'o  bloody  as 
they  were  before  that  period.  The  oppofite  armies 
now  feldoiii  come  to  clofe  quarters,  a  few  rounds  of 
mulketry  and  artillery  commonly  decide  the  fate  of 
the  day  ;  and  had  Mr  Gregory's  improvement  been 
carried  into  ciTed,  dill  fewer  rounds  would  have  decid- 
ed it  than  at  pvefcnt,  and  the  carnage  would  conle- 
qucntiy  have  been  Ids. 

When  the  rebellion  broke  out  in  17 15,  the  old  f;entlc. 
man  went  a  fecond  time  to  Hollinl,  and  teiurncd 
vji^n  it  was  over  to  Aberdeen,  where  he  died  a*>out 
1720,  aged  93,  leaving  behind  him  a  hiftory  of  liis 
own  time  anil  coiuniy,  which  was  never  publifiied. 

Gregory  (Dr  David).  In  addition  to  the  ac- 
count given  in  the  Eiicyclufi.nlia  of  this  eminent  mathe- 
matician, it  may  be  proper  to  add,  that  he  was  a 
moll  intimate  and  coniideiitial  friend  of  Sir  liiiac  Nrw- 
lon,  and  w.is  intruded  with  a  m-inulcript  copy  of  the 
Princil'ia,  for  the  put  pole  <f  miking  obfeivations  <n 
it.  Ot  ihcfe  Newton  availed  himfelf  in  the  fecnnJ 
edition,  they  having  come  too  late  for  his  fird  puhl'Cj- 
ground  of  certain  reports  that  had  come  to  ihcir  eaii  J    tion,  which  was  exceedingly  hurried  by  Dr  Halle-, 

trout 


G     R     I  [     134     ]  G     R     I 

fioni  fears  thnt  Newron's  b  ickwardnefs  woiil.J  not  let  it    a  NcwcaRle  grintlflc-ne  of  a  fine  gilt  and  ten  inches  in  Grinding, 

appeir  Rt  all.       Theie  is  a  complete  copy    of    theCe  diameter,  and  alfo  a  block   of  mahogany  to   be  ufed  ^"^^^^^^ 

o^ierviiti^ns  preferved  in  tlie  libiary  of  the  iiniverfiiy  with  emery  on  its  face.  Both  the  llcne  and  the  wood- 
of   Edinburgh,   prefcnted  to  it  by  Dr  James  Gregory,    en  block  were  mounted  on  an    axis,  to   be  occafinnally 

the  prefent  pioftlf'r  of  the  praiftice  of  medicine.  Theie  applied  between  the  centres  of  a  ftiong  lathe.  In  this 
contain  many  fiiblime  m.ithematical  difcuflion?,  many     Htiiation  both  were  turned  truly  cylindrical,  and  ot  the 

valu.'.ble  commentaries  on  the  Pnncip'ta,  and  many  in-  fime  diameter.     The  face  ot  the  wood  was   grooved 

teriflirg  anecdotes.     There  are  in  ii  f 'Hic  paragraphs  obliquely  in  oppofite  direcflions,  to  afford  a  lodgement 

in  the  liand  writing  of  H'lyghcns  relative  to  his  The-  for  the  emery.  The  face  of  the  llone  was  lett  I'mooth, 
oty  of  Light.  It  would  appear  that  this  work  of  and  there  was  a  trough  of  proper  fize  applied  benea'.h 
con  u'ential  friendfiiip  wa'i  the  I  unidation  of  that   fyf-    the  ftone    to  hold  water.     Th.e   grindllone  was   then 

tem  of  phyficd  and  math-matlcal  allionomy  which  has  ufed  with  water,  and  the  wooden  cylinder  was  iaced 
ra'f; J  Dr  Gregory  to  great  eminence  in  the  republic  of    with  emery  and  oil.     Tlie  inflrutnent  ground   w.is  a 

letters.  file,    out  of  which  it  was  propofcd   to   grind   all  the 

GREGSTOWN,    a    village    in    Somerfet    county,  teeth.     The  rotation  was  produced  by  the  mechanil'm 

New-Jeifey,  rn  the  call  fide  of  Millrtone  river,  6  miles  of  the  lathe;  the  velocity  being  fuch  as  to  turn  the 

norih-e.iilerly  of  Princeton,  and  about  9  fouth-weft  of  grinding  ajiparatus  about  five  revolutions  in  a  fccond. 

N-.-w-Brunfwick. — Alone.  The  ffone  operated  but  flowly,  and  the  water  from  the 

GRES,  Cape  av,  a  promontory  on  the  eaftern  fide  trough  was  foon  exhaufled,  with  inconvenience  to  the 

cf  the  Mifliflippi   in   the  N.  W.   Territory,  8  leagues  workman,  who  could  fcarcely  be  defended  fiomit  but 

above  the    Illinois   river,  and  the   tr.idf  of  country  fo  by   fltckcning  the   velocity.     The  emery  cylinder  cut 

called   extends  5   le.ig\ies  on  that   river.     There   is  a  rather  falter.      But   notwiihftanding   the  friction  was 

a  gradual  deicei.t  back  to  deliglitful  meadows,  ^nd  to  made  to  operate  fucceffively  and  by  quick  changes  on 

beautiful  and  fertile  uplinds,  watered  by  feveral  rivu-  the  whole  furface  of  the  file,  it  foon  became  too  much 

lets,  which  fill  into  the  Illinois  river,  between  30  and  heated  to  be  held  with  any  convenience  ;  and  when  a 

40  miles  from  its  entrance  into  the  MiffifTippi,  and  into  cloth  was  ufcd  to  defend  the  hand,  the  work  not  only 

the  latter   at  Cape  au   Gre^.     The  dillance   from  the  became  awlcward,  but  the  heat  increaled  to  fuch  a  de- 

Midiffippi  to  the  Illinois  acrofs  the  country,  is  leffened  gree  that  the  C'il  began  to  be  decompofed,  and  emitted 

or  increafed,  according  to  the  windings  of  ihe  former  an  empyreumaticfmell.  The  (lone  was  then  fuffered  to 

river  ;  the  fmalleft  dillance  is   at  Cape  au  Ores,  and  dry,  and  the  file  tried  upon  its  face.     It  almoft  imme- 

theie   it  is  between  4  and  5  miles.     The  lands  in  this  diately  became   bltie,    and    foon   afterwards    red  hot. 

intermediate   fpace   between   the  above   two  rivers  are  Both  the  cylinders  were  then  covered  with   tallow,  by 

rich,  almoll  beyond  parallel,  covered  with  large  oaks,  applying  the  end  of  a  candle  to  each   while  revolving, 

walnut,  Sec.   and   not  u   Hone  to   be  fsen,  except  upon  and  emery  was  fprinkled  upon  the  cylinder  of  wood, 

the  fides  of  the  river.  The  fume   tool  was  then  .ipplied  to  the  grindltonc   in 

If  fcttlemtnts  were  begun  here,  the   Frendi  inhabit-  rapid    motion.      At   the   firit   inftant   the    Iriiftion   was 

ants  acknowledge  that  the   Spanilh  fettlements  on  the  fcarcely  perceptible  ;  but  very  fptedily  altci wards  the 

other  lide   of  tlie  Mdfiirippi    would   be  abandoned  ;  as  zone  of  tallow   prelfed   by  the  tool  became  fuled,  and 

the  former  would  txcite   a  conllant  fucceflion  cf   fet-  the   ftone  cut   very  fafl.      The  tool  was  fcarcely  at  all 

tiers,  and  intercept  all  the  trade  ot  the  upper  Miflif-  heated  lor   a  long  time  ;    and  when  it  began  to   feel 

l;ppi. — ih.  warm,  its  temperature  was  immediately  lowered  by  re- 

G RINDING   in  Cutlery,  a  well  known  operation,  moving  it  to  a  new  zone  of  the  cylinder.     The  fame 

by    wliich    edge-tools  are   ihirpened.     As  commonly  efie<ff  took  place  when    the    experiment  was  repeated 

prafliled,  the  grinding  of  tools  is  attended  with  great  wiih  the  v.'ooden  cylinder. 

inconveniency  aiifing  Irom  the  produ<5lion  or  develope-  It  is  not  diflicult  to  explain  this  by  the  modern  doc- 
ment  of  heat  by  friftion.  The  fad  of  fparks  flying  trine  of  heat.  When  oil  was  ufed  upon  the  wooden 
irom  a  dry  grindlfone  when  a  piece  of  iron  or  Heel  is  cylinder,  the  heat  developed  by  the  friflion  was  em- 
applied  toils  furface  during  the  rotation',  has  been  fecn  ployed  in  railing  the  temperature  of  the  tool  and  of  the 
by  every  one.  The  heat  produced  during  this  procefs  fluid  oil:  but  when  tallow  was  fubllituted  inllead  of 
is  fuch  that  the  Reel  very  foon  becomes  ignited,  and  the  oil,  the  gicaiell  part  of  the  heat  was  employed  in 
hard  tools  are  very  fiequently  foftened  nnd  fpoiled,  fir  fufing  this  confi.flent  body.  From  the  increafed  capa- 
want  of  care  during  the  grinding.  When  a  cylindri-  city  of  the  tallow,  when  melted,  this  heat  was  abforb- 
cal  (lone  is  partly  immerfed  in  a  trough  of  water,  the  ed,  and  became  latent,  inftead  of  being  employed  to 
rotation  mull  be  moderate  and  the  work  flow,  other-  raife  the  temperature  :  and  whenever,  by  continuing 
wife  the  wa'er  would  foon  be  thrown  off  by  the  cen-  the  jirocefs,  the  tallow  already  melted  began  to  grow 
trifugal  force  ;  and  when  this  fluid  is  applied  by  a  cock  hot,  together  with  the  tool,  it  was  eafy  to  reduce  the 
from  above,  the  quantity  is  too  fmall  to  preferve  the  temperature  again  by  employing  the  heat  on  another 
lequifite  low  temperature.  It  is  even  found,  that  the  zone  of  confillent  tallow.  He  uled  thefe  two  cylinders, 
point  of  a  hard  tool,  ground  under  a  confidetable  raafs  with  much  fatisfaiflion,  in  a  conlidcrable  quantity  of 
<if  water,  will   be   foftened,  if  it  be  not  held    fo  as  to  work. 

meet  the  (Ireani ;  fparks  being  frequently  alforded  even         This  promifes  to  be  a  valuable  difcovery  ;  and  the 

under  the  water  public  is  obliged  to  the  ingenious  author  of  the  Philo- 

To  find  a  remedy  for  this,  Mr  Nichol.on  was   led,  fophical  Journal  for  being  at  fo  much  pains  on  this,  as 

hjl  fonie   accounts   which  he  received  of  German  cut-  well  as  on  other  occalions,  to  render  his  fcience  fubfer- 

Icry,  to  make  the  following  experiiiient.     He  procured  vient  to  theu-Oeful  arts. 

GROSE 


G     R     O  [     1 

Grofe.         GROSE  (Francis  Efq;  F.A.S.)  was  born,  we  be- 
lieve, in  1731.     He  was  the  fon  of  Mr  Francis  Grofe 
of  Richmond,  jjwel'.er,    who   filled  up  the  coronation 
crown  of  George  II.    and  died    1769.     By  his  fatlier 
he  was  left  an  independent  fortune,  which  he  was  not 
of  a  difpofition  to  add  to,  or  even   to  preferve.      He 
early  entered  into  the  Surrey   militia,  of  which  he  be- 
came  adjutant  aod  paymaftsr ;  butfo  much  had  dillipa- 
tiou  taken   polL-fllon  of  him,   tliat  in  a  fituation  which 
above  all  others  required  attention,  he  was  fo  carelefs  ?.s 
to  have  for  foine  time   (as  he  ufed   pleafantly  to  ttU) 
only  two  books  c^i'  accounts,   viz.    his  light  and  lelt 
hand  pockets.     In  the  one  he  received,  and  from  the 
other  paid  ;  and   this  too  with  a  want  of  circumfpec- 
ilon  which  may  be  readily  fappofed  froin  fiich  a  innde 
of   book-keeping.       His    lolfes    on   this   occafion   rou- 
fed  liis  latent  talents.     With  a  gtod   clafflc.il  educa- 
tion he  united  a  fine  talle  for  drawing  ;  and  encouraged 
by  his  fiiend^,  as   well   as  pronjpttd  by  his  lltnation, 
he  undertook  the  work  from  which    he  derived  botii 
profit  and  rep\itation  ;   wc  ruc.in,  his  Views  of  Antiqui- 
ties in  Eiiglaud  and  WUes,   vvh:ch  he  firll  besjan    to 
publifh  in  numbers  in  ihe  year   1773,  and  finished    in 
the  year   1776.     The  next  year  he   added  two   more 
volumes   to  his   Eiiglifh   Vitw>,    in  which  he  included 
the  ill  mds  of  Guernfey  and  Jerfey,   which   were   com- 
pleted in  1787.     This  work  anfwered    his    mod   fan- 
guine  expeiflations ;  and,  from  the  time  he  began  it  to 
the  end  of  his  life,  he  continued  without   inter  miirnm 
to  publilli  various  works   (a  lift  of  which  we  fubjoin), 
generally    to  the  advantage  of  his  literary  reputation, 
and  almoft  always  to  the  benefit  of  his  finances.     His 
wit  and  good  humour  were  the  abundant  fource  of  la- 
tista<ftion  to  hlmfelf,  and  entertainment  to  his  friends. 
He  vifited  almoft  every  part  of  the  kingdom,  and  was 
well  received  wherever  he  went.     In   the  fummcr  of 
1789  he  fet  out  on  a  tour  in  Scotland  ;  the  refult  of 
vi-hich  he  began  to  communicate  to  the  public  in  1790 
in  numbers.     Before  he  had  concluded  this  work,  he 
proceeded  to  Ireland,  intending  to  furnilh  that    king, 
dom  with  views  and  defer iptions  of  her  antiquities,  in 
the  fame  manner  he  had  eiecuted  thofe  of  Great  Bri- 
tain ;  but  foon  after  his  arrival  in  Dublin,  being  at  the 
houfe  of  Mr  Home  there,  he  fuddenly  was  feized  at 
table  with  an  apopleiflic  fit,  on  the  6tli  of  May,  1791, 
and  died  immediately.     He  was  interred  in  Dublin. 

"His  literary  hiftory  (fays  a  friend),  refpeflable  as 
it  is,  was  exceeded  by  his  good  humour,  conviviality, 
and  friendlhip.  Living  much  abroad,  and  in  the  beft 
company  at  liorr.e,  he  had  the  eafieft  habits  of  adapt- 
ing himfelf  to  all  tempers;  and,  being  a  man  of  gene- 
ral knowledge,  perpetually  drew  out  feme  converfaticn 
that  was  either  ufefal  to  himfelf,  or  agreeable  to  the 
party.  He  could  obferve  upon  moft  tilings  with  jire- 
cifion  and  judgment  ;  but  his  natural  tendency  was  to 
liumour,  in  which  he  excelled  both  by  ihe  feledion  of 
anecdotes,  and  his  manner  of  telling  them:  it  may  be 
faid,  too,  that  his  figure  rather  alGfted  him,  which  wa3 
in  Jafl  the  very  title  page  to  a  joke.  He  had  neither 
the  pride  nor  malignity  of  authorlhip  ;  he  lelt  the  in- 
dependency of  his  own  talents,  and  was  fatisficd  witli 
them  without  degrading  others.  His  friendlhips  were 
of  the  fame  call;  con/iant  and  fincere,  overlookuig 
Ibme  faults,  and  fceking  out  greater  virtues.     li:  hud 


] 


G     R     O 


a  good  lieart  ;  and,  abating  thofe  little  indifcretlons  na- 
tural  to  moft  rr.en,  could  do  no  wrong." 

He  married  at  Canterbury,  and  refided  there  fome 
years,  much  beloved  and  refpeded  for  his  wit  and  vi- 
vacityj  "  which  (another  friend  obOirves),  though 
he  polFelfed  in  an  extreme  degree,  was  but  little  tire- 
tared  withjhe  cauftic  fpirit  fo  prevalent  among  fpirits 
ol  that  claia.  His  humour  was  of  that  nature  which 
exJiilarates  and  enlivens,  without  leaving  behind  it  a 
fting  ;  and  thougli  perhaps  none  poffcficd  more  than 
hirnl'tlf  the  taculty  of  '-fetting  the  table  in  a  roar,"  it 
was  never  at  the  expenre  of  virtue  or  good  manners. 
Of  liim,  indeed,  m.iy  be  faid  in  the  words  of  Shake- 
fpeare, 


a  merrier  man, 

AVithin  the  limit>  of  becoming  mirth, 
I  never  fpent  an  hoirr's  talk  withal  : 
His  eye  begets  occafion  for  his  v.  it ; 
And  every  object  that  the  one  doth  catch, 
The  other  turns  to  a  mirth-moving  jeft. 

"Ot  the  moft  carelefs,  open,  and  artlefs  difpofition, he 
was  often  (panicnlaily  in  the  early  part  of  his  life)  the 
prey  cl  the  defigning  ;  and  has  more  than  cncc  (it  is 
beli.ved)  embarr.rir.d  hinrfclf  by  too  implicit  confident e 
in  the  probity  of  oiliers.  A  txle  of  dillrefs  never  fail- 
ed to  draw  cmmil'c ration  from  hii  heart  ;  and  often 
has  the  tear  been  tiifcovired  gUdiiig  down  that  clictk 
which  a  moment  before  was  fiufhed  with  jocularity." 

He  was  father  of  Daniel  Grofe,  Efq;  captain  cf  the 
royal  regiment  of  artillery  (who,  alter  feveral  cam- 
paigns in  America,  was  appointed  in  1790  deputy  go- 
vernor of  the  new  lettknient  at  Botany  Bay),  and  fornc 
other  children. 

His  works  are  as  follow  : 

I.  The  Antiquities  of  England  and  Wales,  8  voh. 
4to  and  8vo.  2.  The  Antiquities  of  Scotl.md,  2 
Veil.  4to  and  Svo.  3.  The  Antiquities  cf  Ireland,  2 
vols.  4to  and  Svo.  4.  A  Tieatileon  ancient  Armour 
and  Weapons,  4to,  1785.  5.  A  Claffical  Diflionary 
of  the  Vulgar  Tongue,  8vo,  1785.  6.  Military  An- 
tiquities ;  being  a  Hiftory  of  the  Englifti  Army  frortt 
the  Conqueft  to  the  prefent  time,  2  vols  4:0,  1786, 
1788.  7.  The  Hiftory  of  Dover  Caille,  by  lire  Rev. 
William  Danell,  4to,  1786.  8.  A  Provincial  Glof- 
fary,  with  a  Colledion  of  local  Proverbs  and  p  -pirlar 
Siiperftitions,  Svo,  1788.  9.  Rirles  for  drawing  C.i- 
ricatures,  Svo,  1788.  10.  ^'upplcInellt  to  the  Treatife 
on  Ancient  Armour  air  J  Weapons,  4to,  1789.  11. 
A  Guide  to  Health,  Beaiiiy,  H  inour,  and  Riches; 
being  a  colkdlion  of  humourcirs  Advenifement;,  point- 
ing out  the  means  to  obtain  thofe  bKlInrgs;  with  -a 
fuitable  intr-oduAory  Pief.-tce,  Svo.  12.  'ihe  Olio  ; 
being  a  Cul'telion  <>f  E/fays  in  Svo,  1793. 

GROS  MORNE  ftands  in  tire  nridJle  of  the  n-^rth 
peninful  I  of  the  illaiid  of  Sc  Donringo,  between  the 
mountain  and  the  head  waters  of  a  river  wlrich  falh  in- 
to the  foa  4  leagues  to  the  north,  and  a  league  and  a 
half  weft  of  P.>it  de  P.iix.  It  is  equally  dillant,  11 
leagues  norlh-eaft  of  Point  Paradis,  and  north-weft  of 
Les  Gonaives.  N.  lat.  )9''46',  W.  long,  ficm  Paris 
75"  'j'- — ^^orse. 

GROTON,  a  townflrip  in  Caledonia  county,  in 
Vermont,    it  fituated  willwarj  of   and  adjoining  to 

Ryegatc 


G     U     A 


136 


G    U    A 


Ouanza* 

Tclica. 


Pye^ate  townflilp  on  Conneflicut  river,  and  9  miles   has  (lupendout  falls,   15  miles  fouth  of  ihe  city  of  its   Guamallcj 

northwelkrly   of    Stephen's   Fort   on    lli.it   river.     It    name. — ib. 

contains  45  inhabitants. — ib.  GUAIRA,  a  Spanidi  province  in  the  eaft  divifion 

Groton,  a  townlhip  in  MidJlefex  county,   MafTa-    of  Paraguay,  in  S.  Arrerica.     Its  city  is  Cividad  Real, 
chufcus,    35   miles   N.    W.  of    Bofton,    and  contains    cjIL'J  alfo  Guiira,  an^l  Oliveros. — ib. 
I,i'40  inhabitants. — ih.  GITAM.-^LIES,  a  province  in  the  jiuifdlflion  of  the 

Groton,  a  towi'diip  in  New  London  county,  C^m-    archbilhop  of  Lima,    in  S.   America,   and  empire  of 
ncflicul,  having   Filhcr's   Ill.nd   Sound  on  the   fouth-    Peru,  begins   80  leagues  nortlveaft  of  Lim_a,  and  ex- 
ward,  and   Thames  river  en   the    well;     vliich  fepa- 
rxtes  it   from   New-London,  to    which   it  formerly  be- 
longed.    It  was  incorporated  in   1705,  and  conlilU  ot 
two  pailfhes,  containing    3,946  inh,d)itants.     In  1770 


tends  along  the  centre  of  the  Cordillera.  The  Indian 
inhabitants  apply  themfelves  10  weaving,  and  making 
a  great  variety  ot  bair.es,  ferges,  and  other  (luff?,  with 
which  they  carry  on  confiderable  trade  with  the  other 


there  were  140  Indians  here;  44  of  whom  could  read,  provinces. — ib. 
and  17.  were  church  members.  On  a  height,  on  the  GUAMAN  VILLAS,  a  jurifdiaion  under  the 
bank  of  the  Thame?,  oppofiie  New- London  city,  flood  archbilhop  of  Lima,  7  leagues  from  Guamanga.  It 
Fort  Grilwnld,  memorable  for  being  ftormed  on  the  is  highly  fertile,  abounding  with  corn,  fruits,  pailures, 
6ih  of  September,  17S1,  by  Benedia  Ainold,  a  na-  cattle  in  great  quantities,  and  all  manner  of  efculeiU 
live  of  Connefticut,  after  he  had  become  a  traitor  to  vegetables.  The  Indians  here  are  equally  induftrious 
his  country.  Here  70  men,  the  flower  vi  the  town,  as  thc>l'e  above  mentioned,  making  baizes,  corded 
were  put  to  the  fword,  after  they  had  fnrrendered  fluffs,  &c.  which  they  fend  to  Cufco  and  other  provin- 
themitlves  prifoners.     '1  he  compafl  part  of  the  town    ces. — ib.  . 

was  burnt  at  the  fame  time,  and  fuftained  lofFes  to  the  GUAMANGA,  or  Guamanca,  or  St  'Juan  de  la 
amount  cf /■23,2I7.  Fort  Grifwold  defends  the  har-  Vitloria,  a  city  of  Peru,  about  60  leagues  fouth-eall 
bour  of  New-London. — ib.  of  Lima,  and  having  Pifco  between  it  and  the  fea.     It 

GROVE  Flint  forms  the  north  fide  of  the  mouth  was  founded  by  Pizarro,  in  1539.  The  houfes  are  all 
of  Silfafras  river,  in  Cliefapeak  Bay,  5  miles  fouth-  of  (lone,  covered  with  flates.  There  are  in  it  3  ele- 
fouth-well  of  Turkey  Point. — ib.  gant  churches,  feveral  convents,  and  a  rich  hofpital  ; 

GROVET's  Creek,  in  the  State  of  Tenneffee,  lies  being  the  feat  of  a  biP.wp,  under  the  archb.lhop  of 
7  miles  from  King's  Spring,  and  2  from  the  foot  of  Lima,  the  feat  of  a  governor,  and  the  capital  of  a 
Cumberland  Mountain. — ib.  fmall  province.     The  air  is  wholcfome  and  temperate. 

GRYALVA,  a  river  in  the  province  of  Chiapa,  in  The  foil  produces  wheat,  and  the  meadows  breed  nu- 
New  Spain,  which  is  faid  to  bieed  certain  amphibious  merous  herds  of  cattle  There  are  in  the  province 
bcafls  not  to  be  found  in  any  other  place.  They  re-  mines  of  gold,  filver,  iron,  lead,  copper,  and  fulphur. 
femble  monkeys,  and  are  fpotted  like  tygers  ;  they  The  famous  quick-filver  mines  of  Guancavelica  are  9 
hide  themfelves  generally  under  water,  and  if  they  fee  or  10  leagues  from  this  city.  S.  lat.  12°  20',  W. 
any  man  or  bealt  fwim  by,  they  twift  their  tails  about   long.  72"  36'. — ib. 

a  leg  or  arm  to  draw  them  to  the  bottom  ;  and  yet  it  GUANA  PATINA,  a  volcano  near  Arequipa,  in 
has  never  been  obfervcd  that  they  eat  them. — ib.  the  valley  of  Quilea,  in  S.   America,  and  empire  of 

GRYSON,  a  new  county  of  Virginia,  taken  from  Peru;  whofe  eruption,  affifted  by  an  earthquake,  laid 
Montgomery,  which  bounds  it  on  the  noith.     It  has    Arequipa  in  ruins  in  1600. — ib. 

the  State  of  N.  Carolina,  fouth,  Henry  and  Wythe  GUANCHA  BELICA,  a  jurifdicflion  fubjea  to 
counties  on  the  eaft  and  weft. — ib.  the  archbilhop  of  Lima,  in  Peru,  30  leagues  north  of 

GUACANA,    a  village  in  New   Spain,    near  the    the   city   of    Guamanga;    has   very   rich    quick-filver 
mountain  Jcruyo,  which  was  deflroyed  by  a  volcano    mines,  but  otherwife  very  barren. — ib. 
in  that  mountain,  in  1760. — ib.  GUANCHACO,    a  port  or  harbour  in  Peru,    S. 

GUADALAJARRA,  or  Guadalaxara,  a  province  America,  about  2  leagues  north  of  Truxillo,  and  the 
in  the  audience  of  Galicia,    in  Old  Mexico  or  Naw    channel  of  its  maritime  commerce,  fituated  in  8"  6' 


Spain,  and  its  capital,  an  epifcopal  city  ot  the  fame 
name,  both  large  and  beautiful.  The  city  was  built 
anno  1531,  by  one  of  the  family  of  the  Guzmans ; 
and  the  biftiopric,  which  was  before  (eltled  at  Compof- 
tella,  was  tranflaled  thither  in  1570.  It  is  lituated  on 
a  delightful  and  fertile  plain,  watered  with  feveral 
llreams  and  fountains,  not  far  from  Baranja  river. 
The  air  of  the  country  is  temperate,  and  the  foil  fo 
fertile,  that  it  yields  100  to  one;  and  all  the  fruits  of 


S.  lat.  in  the  South  Sea. — ib. 

GUANTA,  a  jurifdiftion  north-north-weft  of  Gua- 
manga 4  leagues,  in  the  empire  of  Peru;  under  die 
archbifhop  of  Lima.  Its  rich  lilver  mines  are  nearly 
cxhaufted. — ih. 

GUANZAVELICA,  or  Guancavelica,  a  town  of 
Peru  in  South-America,  and  in  the  audience  of  Lima. 
It  is  fich  and  abounds  in  mines  of  quick-filver;  120 
miles  ni.nh-eaft  of  Pifco,  and  175  fouth-eafl  of  Lima. 
S.  lat.   13",  W.  long.   88°  30'.     The  famous  quick- 


Europe  grow  in  luxuriance  and  abundance.     N.  lat 

20°  50',  V/.  long.  104''  49'.     The  province  is  watered    filver  mines  called  Guanzavelica,  or  £1  yfj^enlo  cle  Oro- 
by  the  Guadalaxara  river. — /'/;.  ptfo,  not  far  from  the  above  town,    near  the  city  of 

GUADALAXARA,  or  Great  River,  in  Mexico  Oropefo,  were  difcovered  by  the  Spaniards  in  1566, 
or  New  Spain,  rifes  in  the  mountains  of  the  valley  of  and  produce  annually  a  million  pounds  of  quick-filver, 
Toloccan,  where  ftands  the  city  of  Guadalajarra,  or  which  is  tranfported  by  land  to  Lima,  afterwards  to 
Guadalaxara,  the  capital  of  New  Ga'icia.  After  run-  Arica,  and  thence  to  Potofi,  where  they  make  ufe  of 
riing  a  courfe  of  more  than  600  miles,  it  empties  into  it  to  melt  and  refine  the  filver  ;  and  it  yields  to  the 
ihe  Pacific  Ocean,  in  the  22d  degree  of  N.  lat.     It    Spanifh  treafiiry  40,000  ducats  a  year,  befides  other 

emoltu 


G    U    A 


r  ^21  ] 


G     IT     A 


emolument'!.  Thi  qnick-filver  Is  found  In  a  whitifh 
msfs  rel'emblini];  brick  half  burned.  This  fubftance  is 
volatilized  by  fire,  and  received  in  flejm  by  a  combi- 
nation of  glafs  vellels,  where  it  cnndenfcs  by  means  of 
a  little  water  at  the  bottom  of  each  vcilel,  and  forms 
a  pure  heiivy  liquid. — ib. 

GUAR  A,  a  town  in  its  own  jurifdiiflinn  on  the 
road  from  Truxillo  to  Lima,  containing  about  200 
houles.  It  Iws  a  parifh  church,  and  a  convent  of 
Francifcans,  furrounded  by  fine  plant:itions,  and  de- 
lightful improvements.  At  the  fouth  end  of  Guara 
ftands  a  lart-e  tower  with  a  gate,  and  over  it  a  kind  of 
redoubt.  This  tower  is  ercfled  before  a  (lone  bridge, 
under  which  runs  Guara  river.  It  lies  in  S.  lat.  n° 
31'  36".  Not  far  from  this  town  are  rtill  to  be  feen  a 
great  many  ruinous  remains  of  the  edifices  of  the 
Yncas  or  Incas ;  fuch  as  walls  of  palace?,  large  dykes, 
by  the  fides  of  fpacious  highways,  f  >rtre(re<,  and  caf- 
tles,  ercifted  for  checking  the  inroads  of  the  enemy. 
—ih. 

GUARCHT,  a  jnrifdiftion  6  leagues  eaft  of  Lima, 
in  Peru,  extends  itlelf  above  40  leagues  along  the  Cor- 
dilleras, abounding  in  grain  and  fruits.  It  has  fome 
filver  mines,  but  as  the  metal  is  indifferent,  few  are 
wrousht. — ib. 

GUARMOY,  a  fmall  maritime  town  of  Peru,  in 
South-America.  It  is  the  relidence  of  a  corregidore  ; 
has  a  good  harbour,  and  lies  134  miles  north-weft  of 
Lima,   S.  lat.  iS°  3'  53'. — ib. 

GUASl'ACA,  or  Piiniico,  a  province  which  borders 
on  New  Leon  and  Mexico,  in  winch  province  are  sjrain, 
cochineal,  and  fome  very  rich  filver  mines.  All  the 
fliores  are  low,  overflowed,  unhealthy,  and  full  of  fait 
marlfies. — ib. 

GUATIMALA,  (En:ycl.).  There  is  a  great  chain 
of  high  mountains,  whicli  runs  acrofs  it  trom  eaft  to 
weft,  and  it  is  fubjeft  to  earthquakes  and  ftorms.  It 
is,  however,  very  iertile,  and  produces  great  quanti- 
ties of  chocolate,  cochineal,  cotton,  indigo,  honey, 
fome  balfmi  and  woad.  The  merchandize  of  the  pro- 
vince is  generally  conveyed  to  the  port  of  St  Thomas 
in  the  bay  of  Honduras,  to  be  fent  to  Europe.  The 
way  acrofs  this  province  to  the  South  Sea  is  about  65 
leagues,  and  is  the  next  to  that  from  Vera  Cruz  to 
Acapulco.  This  province  is  called  by  the  Indians 
^latticmalhc,  whicli  (ignilles  a  rolten  tree. 

St  Jago  de  Guatimala,  the  capital  city,  is  fituated 
in  a  valley,  through  the  midft  of  which  runs  a  river 
between  two  burning  mountains.  In  1541  this  city 
was  ruined  by  a  dreadful  tempeft,  and  a  number  of 
the  inhabitants  were  buried  in  the  ruins.  It  was  re- 
built at  a  good  diltance  from  the  volcano,  and  became 
a  large  and  rich  town,  with  a  bifh"p's  fee,  and  an  uni- 
verfity  ;  but  it  was  fwallowed  up  by  an  earthquake  in 
1773.  It  contained  about  60, coo  inhabitants  of  all 
colours,  and  was  immenfely  rich,  but  there  are  no 
traces  of  it  left.  The  lofs  was  valued  at  15  millions 
fterling  ;  and  it  was  the  third  city  in  rar.k  in  Spanifh 
Am-rica.  In  this  dreadful  earthquake  8,000  families 
indantly  periflied.  New  Guatlniala  is  built  at  fome 
dirtance,  is  well  inhabited,  and  carries  on  a  great 
trade.     N.  ht.  ij°  40',  W.  long.  90"  3c'. — ib. 

GUAX^CA,  a  province  in  the  audience  of  Mexi- 
co, in  New  S;ain,  N.  America,  and  its  capital  city  of 
the  fame  name.      It  reaches  Irom  the  bay  of  Mexico 

ScrpL.  Vol.  II. 


on  the  north  to  the  South  Sea,  having  the  province  of   Gatxm 
Tlafcala  on  the  north-weft,  and  thofe  of  Chiapa  and  ^■ 

Tabafco  on  the  fouth-eaft.  It  extends  neaily  OS^.^^^^^ 
leagues  along  tlie  South  Sea,  50  along  the  bay  of 
Mexico,  and  near  i2o,  fay  fome,  along  the  confines  of 
Tlafcala,  but  not  above  50  on  thofe  of  Chiapa.  I'hc 
air  here  is  good,  and  the  foil  fruitful,  efpeci ally  In 
mulberry  trees;  fo  that  it  produces  more  filk  than  any 
province  in  America.  Except  the  valley  of  Guaxaca 
(whicli  is  famous  for  giving  the  title  of  Marques  del 
Valle  to  Ferdinand  Cortez,  the  conqueror  of  Mexico) 
the  greateft  part  is  mountainous,  yet  abounding  with 
wheat,  cattle,  fugar,  cotton,  honey,  cocoa,  plantanes 
and  other  fruits.  It  has  rich  mines  of  gold,  filver, 
and  lead;  and  all  its  rivers  have  gold  in  their  finds. 
Caflla,  cochineal,  cryftal,  and  copperas  abound  a!fo 
here.  Vanilla,  a  drug,  ufed  as  a  perfume  to  give 
chocolate  a  flavor,  grows  plentifully  in  this  province. 
There  were  in  this  province  120  monafteries,  belides 
hofpitals,  fchonls,  and  other  places  of  public  charity, 
150  conliderable  towns,  befides  upwards  of  300  vil- 
lages. But  now  the  province  is  laid  to  be  thinly  In- 
habited.— ih. 

Guaxaca,  the  capital  of  the  la  ft  mentioned  pro- 
vince,  is  a  bifhop's  fee,  and  the  rcfidence  of  a  gover- 
nor. It  lies  230  miles  fouth  of  the  city  of  M-xIco, 
120  weft  of  Spirito  Santo,  and  132  fouth  of  the  guif 
of  Mexico,  and  of  Vera  Cruz,  in  the  delightful  valley 
of  Guaxaca,  which  is  40  miles  in  length  and  20  in 
breadth  ;  and  on  the  road  leading  through  Chiapa  to 
Guatimala.  Tliis  city  contains  a  very  ftitely  cathe- 
dral, and  feveral  thoufand  families,  both  Spaniards 
and  Indians.  It  carries  on  a  coiifiderable  trade  with 
the  N.  and  S.  feas.  The  river  is  not  fortified,  fo  that 
It  lies  open  to  invafion.  The  Creolian  clergy  here  are 
bitter  enemies  to  the  Spanilh  clergy.  iVccording  to 
fome,  the  proper  name  of  Guaxaca  is  Antijufra ;  but 
this  laft,  others  make  a  feparate  town  and  bifhop's  fee 
alfo,  lituated  about  80  miles  to  the  S.  W.  It  is  faid 
to  h^ve  a  flately  cathedral,  adorned  with  many  large 
and  high  pillars  of  marble,  each  of  which  is  one  en- 
tire ftone.  It  is  fituated  in  N.  lat.  18°  2',  W.  long. 
101"  10'.  Guaxaca  is  fituated,  according  to  fome.  In 
N.  lat.  17°  45'.     W.  long.  100° — ib. 

GUAYALAS,  a  province  and  jurifdicflion  in  the 
archbifhopric  of  Lima,  in  Peru,  S.  America;  extends 
along  the  centre  of  the  Cordilleras  begins  50  leagues 
N.  N.  E.  of  Lima  ;  produces  grain,  lVuit>,  and  pafture 
for  cattle. — ib. 

GUAYAQUIL,  called  by  fome  Guiaquil,  by  others 
Guayaquil  and  Giiayala',  a  city,  bay,  harbour  and  river. 
In  Peru,  South-America.  Guayaquil  city  is  the  fecond 
of  Spanilh  origin,  being  as  ancient  as  1534;  is  fituated 
on  the  weft  fide  of  the  river  Guayiquil,  north  of  the 
iflind  <if  Puna,  at  the  head  of  the  bay,  and  ab'^ut  155 
miles  S.  S.  W.  of  Quito,  in  2^^  1 1'  fouili  lat.  79''  17' 
weft  long.  Cividad  Viega,  or  Old  Town,  was  its  firll 
(Uuation,  but  it  was  rjinoved  about  a  q-jaricr  of  a  league 
in  169^  l)y  Orellina;  and  tlic  cinimunication  over  the 
great  ravins  or  h.ollows  of  water,  prefcrved  bctween_ 
the  old  and  new  towns  by  a  wooden  bridge  of  halt 
a  quarter  <f  a  league.  The  city  Is  about  two  miles  in 
extent  ;  is  defended  by  three  forts,  two  on  the  river 
near  the  city,  and  the  third  behind  it,  guarding  the  en- 
trance of  a  ravin.  The  churches,  convctii.i,  aiid  houf- 
S  es 


C     U     I 


[  138  ] 


G     U     I 


euayara  es  are  of  wood.  It  contains  about  20,oco  inhabitants — 
J  Europeans,  Creoles  and  other  calls  ;  befides  a  num^ 
yj^!^^^  ber  of  ftrangers  drawn  hither  by  commercial  interefts. 
The  women  here  are  famed  for  their  perfonal  charms, 
polite  manners,  and  elegant  drefs.  The  fait  creek  here 
abounds  with  lobllers  and  oyfters  ;  bu;  the  fifh  in  the 
neighbourhood  are  not  elleemed,  being  full  of  bones, 
and  unpalatable.  But  this  place  is  moft  noted  for  a 
fliell-fiih  called  turbine,  no  bigger  than  a  nut,  which 
produces  a  purple  reckoned  to  exceed  all  others  in  the 
world,  and  to  vie  with  that  of  the  Tyi  ians.  It  is  called 
the  purple  of  Punta,  a  place  in  the  juiifdidion  of  Guaya- 
quil. Willi  this  valuable  and  fcarce  purple,  they  dye 
the  threads  of  cotton,  ribbands,  laces,  &c.  and  the 
■weight  and  colour  are  faid  to  exceed  according  to  the 
hours  of  the  day  ;  fo  that  one  of  the  firft  preliminaries 
to  a  contratft  is  to  fettle  the  time  when  it  Ihall  be 
weighed.  The  dye  is  only  the  blood  of  the  fifh,  prelTcd 
out  by  a  particular  procefs  ;  and  the  cotton  fo  dyed 
is  called  by  way  of  eminence  caracollillo.  The  river 
Guayatjuil  is  the  channel  ot  its  commerce  ;  and  the 
diftance  of  the  navigable  part  of  it,  to  the  cuftom-houfe 
of  Babahoio  is  reckoned  about  24  leagues.  The  com- 
merce of  this  place  is  conliderable ;  the  produflions  of 
the  country  alone  form  the  moft  confiderable  part  of  it ; 
thefe  are  cocoa,  timber,  fait,  horned  cattle,  mules,  and 
colts  ;  Guinea  pepper,  drugs,  and  lana  de  ceibo,  a 
kind  of  wool,  the  produft  of  a  very  high  and  tufted 
tree  of  that  name,  being  finer  than  cotton.  It  is  ufed 
for  matrafles  and  beds. — ib. 

GUAYARA,  La,  a  maritime  town,  and  one  of  the 
thief  of  Caraccas,  in  South-America. — ib. 

GUERITE,  in  Fortification,  a  ccntry-box  ;  being 
sfmall  tower  of  wood,  or  ftone,  ufually  placed  on  the 
point  of  the  baftion,  or  on  the  angles  of  the  Ihoulder,  to 
hold  a  centinel,  who  is  to  take  care  of  the  ditch,  and 
watch  againft  a  furprife. 

GUIANDOT,  a  river  of  Virginia,  which  rifes  in  the 
Cumberland  Mountain,  and  running  a  N.  by  W.  courfe 
about  80  miles,  falls  into  the  Ohio  river,  about  34  miles 
below  the  Great  Kanhaway.  It  is  faid  to  be  Go  yards 
vvide  at  its  mouth,  and  as  many  miles  navigable  for 
canoes. — Morse. 

GUILDHALL,  a  tovi^nfliip  in  Eflex  county  in  Ver- 
mont, is  fituated  on  Conneflicut  river,  and  contains  15S 
inhabitants.  It  is  oppofite  the  mouth  of  Ifrael  river 
in  New-Hamplhlre. — ib. 

GUILFORD,  a  townfliip  in  Franklin  county, 
Pennfylvania. — ib. 

GuiLfORD,  a  townfhip  in  Windham  county,  Ver- 
mont, on  the  weft  bank  of  Connedicut  river,  and  op- 
pofite to  the  mouth  (f  Alhutlot  river  in  New-Hamp- 
thire.  It  has  Hinfdale  on  the  fouth-eaft,  and  the  State 
of  Maflachufetts  on  the  fouth,  and  contains  2432  in- 
habitants.— ib. 

Guilford,  a  poft-town  of  Connedicut,  in  New- 
Haven  county,  fituated  on  the  fouth  fide  of  Long-Ifland 
Sound,  about  18  miles  E.  by  S.  of  New-Haven  city. 
The  townlhip  is  large,  and  is  divided  into  5  parilhes, 
and  was  fettled  in  1639.  Ix.  \viis  cz[\i<l  Mcnuncatuck 
by  the  Indians. — ib. 

Guilford  County,  in  Saliftjury  diftria,  North-Caro- 
lina, is  bounded  eaft  by  Orange,  weft  by  Rowan,  fouth 
by    Rockingham  county,   and  north  by  the  ftate  of 


Guillotine. 


Virginia.     It  is  noted  for  the  extenfive  and  rich  tracts  Guildford 
called  New  Garden,  BufFaloe  and  Deep  river  lands.    It 
contains  7191  inhabitants,  indufive  of  576  flaves.    Chief 
town,  M.irtinville. — ib. 

Guilford  Court-Houfs.  It  is  on  the  poft-road  from 
Halifax  to  Salifbury,  48  miles  fouth-weft  of  Hillfbo- 
rough,  and  61   caftward  of  Salifbury. — ib, 

GUILLOTINE,  a  new  term  introduced  into  the 
languages  of  Europe  by  the  mournful  effeiils  of  fana- 
ticilhi  in  the  holy  caufe  ot  liberty.  Our  leaders  are  not 
ignorant  that  this  is  the  name  given  by  the  National 
Aftembly  ot  France  to  the  engine  of  decapitation,  which 
thofe  ufurpers  of  the  legiflative  authority  decreed  to  be 
the  fole  punifhment  of  thofe  condemned  to  death  for 
their  Climes.  This  decree  was  iifued  on  March  20th 
1792. 

We  do  not  imagine  that  the  world  will  derive  much 
ufeful  inftruiflion  from  a  minute  defcription  of  this  ter- 
rible inftrument  of  public  jullice  ;  and  therefore  con- 
tent otirfelves  with  giving  two  figures  of  it,  fuiSciently 
expreftive  of  its  conftruftion.  It  is  only  the  revival  of 
an  inftrument  ufed  in  former  times.  The  earlieft  ac- 
counts that  we  have  of  it  is,  that  it  was  ufed  in  the  ba- 
rony-of  Halyfax  in  Yorklhire.  It  was  alfo  fet  up  in 
Scotland  ;  but  we  have  no  certain  information  that  it  has 
ever  been  ufed  ;  and  it  is  ftill  lliewn  as  a  fort  of  curiofity 
by  the  name  of  the  Mayden.     See  Maiden,  Encycl. 

Eratofthenes  could  not  think  of  a  better  way  of  hand» 
ing  down  his  name  to  future  a^es  than  by  burning  the 
temple  of  Diana  at  Ephefus  ;  Dr  Guillotin,  phyfician 
at  Lyons,  and  member  of  the  felf-named  National  Af- 
fembly  of  France,  thought  himfelf  honoured  by  the  de- 
cree which  aflociated  his  name  with  this  inftrument  of 
popular  vengeance.  It  was  indeed  propofed  by  him 
as  an  inftrument  of  mercy,  in  a  ftudied  harangue,  filled 
with  that  fentimental  flang  of  philanthropy,  which 
cofts  fo  little,  promifes  fo  much,  and  has  now  corrupt- 
ed all  the  languages  of  Europe.  His  invention  is  in- 
deed one  of  the  moft  exprefiTive  fpecimens  of  Gallic  phi- 
lanthropy, whofe  tender  mercies  are  cruel  ;  and  was  ac- 
cordingly received  with  loud  applaufes,  both  from  the 
houfe,  and  from  the  galleries.  To  proceed,  however, 
with  impofing  dignity,  it  was  referred  to  the  conlidera- 
tion  of  a  committee,  with  injunftions  to  atk  the  opinion 
of  able  furgeons  of  its  efficiency.  Mr  Louis,  a  celebra- 
ted furgeon  of  Paris,  declared  it  well  fitted  for  the  taik,  in 
a  long  pedantic  diflertation;  in  which  he  takes  occafion 
to  deliver,  with  academic  coldnefs,  a  theory  of  the  ope- 
ration of  cutting  inftruments  ;  and  fays  that  he  had 
examined  the  edge  of  the  guillotine  and  other  fucli 
inftruments,  with  a  microfcope,  and  had  dlfcovered 
that  the  nneft  edges  were  toothed  like  a  faw.  M.  Guil- 
lotin,  he  faid,  had  therefore  with  great  judgment  made 
the  axe  of  his  engine  of  death  with  a  Hoping  edge,  by 
which  means  il  gliffoit  d'une  fagon  injinitment plus  douci. 
This  dilfertation  was  fo  much  to  the  tafte  of  the  hu- 
mane legiflature,  that  they  rewarded  Mr  Louis  with 
2000  livres,  and  publilhed  it  in  the  Paris  Journals.  As 
to  the  inventor,  he  reaped  all  the  benefit  from  it  which 
he  fu  kindly  intended  for  the  nation,  by  the  trial  of  it 
on  Iiis  own  perfon,  when  he  fell  under  the  difpleafure 
of  Robefpierre. 

We  acknowledge,  tliat  in  as  far  as  this  inftrument 
lefTens  the  duration  of  the  horrid  conflidl  with  the  king 

of 


G    U     L 


C    I 


of  terrors,  and  probably  diminifiies  the  corporeal  fuiFer- 
ance,  it  may  be  called  merciful  (ala')  I  the  d.iy  !)  ;  but 
we  quekion  much,  whether  the  dreadful  agitation  of  foul 
is  not  rather  increafed  by  the  long  train  of  preparatory 
operations.  The  hands  of  the  cimvift  are  tied  behind 
his  back  :  he  is  then  ftretched  along  on  his  face  on  a 
Ifrong  plank,  and  his  precife  pofition  adjufted  to  the  in- 
flrunient.  When  faftened  to  the  plank,  it  is  pulhed 
forward  into  its  place,  under  the  fatal  edge,  his  neck  ad- 
jufted to  the  block,  and  a  balket  placed  juft  before  his 
eyes  (for  the  face  of  Louis  XVI.  was  not  covered)  to 
receive  his  head.  This  mull  employ  a  good  deal  of 
time,  and  every  moment  is  terrible. 

The  conllrucflicn  has  received  many  alterations  and 
refinements  ;  and  has  at  laft  been  made  fo  compendious 
and  portable,  as  to  become  part  of  the  travelling  equi- 
page of  a  commilTioner  from  the  National  AH'embly, 
lent  on  a  provincial  or  fpecial  vifitation.  Thus  did  the 
fovereign  people  become  teirible  in  majefty.  So  fen- 
fible  was  the  Aifemblyof  the  advantages  of  thisavvful  im- 
prefllon,  or  fo  intoxicated  with  the  enjoyment  of  irre- 
fiftible  power,  that  they  have  thought  their  coins  orna- 
mented by  this  attribute  of  their  lupreraacy  :  and  as 
Jupiter  is  diftinguilhed  by  his  thunderbolt,  fo  the  ma- 
jelly  of  the  people  is  diftinguilhed  by  the  no  lefs  fatal 
axe.  We  have  feen  a  piece  of  ten  fous,  ftruck  at  Mentz 
in  1793,  and  iirued  as  current  money,  at  the  very  time 
that  they  were  planting  the  tree  of  liberty  in  that  illu- 
minated city  by  the  hands  of  Cuikine  and  his  trO'  ps. 
The  device  is  the  fafces  and  axe  of  ancient  Rome, 
crowned  with  the  red  cap,  and  furrounded  by  a  laurel 
wreath.  The  infcription  is,  Repullique  Frangoife,  1793, 
tin.  2d.  Fully  imprelfed  with  the  fame  fentiments, 
Lequinio,  the  fentimental  novellift  of  Trance,  whom 
Mercier  compares  with  the  tender,  the  heart-touching 
Sterne — Lequinio,  now  commifTioner  lent  by  the  Na- 
tional Alfembly  to  regenerate  Normandy  and  Brittany, 
Writes  to  his  mailers,  that  "he  is  very  fuccefsful  in  con- 
verfions  fr<im  fuperllition  to  found  reafon."  He  oppofes 
to  the  bible  and  the  teliifls  cf  the  faints  the  conftitu- 
tion  and  the  guillotine.  "  And  you  would  wonder  (fays 
he)  at  my  fuccefs — The  wife  (but  they  are  few)  give 
up  their  prejudices  at  once  ;  but  the  multitude,  the  ftu- 
pid  worfliippers  of  Noire  Dame,  look  at  our  lady  the 
guillotine  ;  are  filent,  become  ferious,  and  their  doubts 
vanifh  ; — they  are  converted.  This  is  your  labarum — 
in  hocfigno  vlnces." 

GULA,  GvEULE,  or  Cola,  in  Architeiflurc,  a 
wavy  member  whofe  contour  refembles  the  letter  S, 
commonly  called  an  Ogee. 

GULF  OF  Florida,  or  Nem  Bahama  Channel,  is 
bounded  on  the  well  by  the  peninfula  of  Eaft-Floiida, 
and  on  the  eaft  by  the  Bahama  Illands.  It  is  gene- 
rally about  40  miles  wide,  and  extends  from  the  25th 
to  the  28th  degree  of  N.  latitude. — Alorsj. 

Gulf  Stream.  This  remarkable  phenomenon  is  a 
current  in  the  ocean  which  runs  along  the  coalt,  at  un- 
equal diftances  from  Cape  Florida  to  the  Illc  of  Sables 
and  the  banks  of  Newfoundland,  where  it  turns  oflTand 
runs  down  through  the  Weftern  illands  ;  thence  to  the 
coaft  of  Africa,  and  along  that  coaft  in  a  fouthern  di- 
rection, till  it  arrives  at,  and  fiipplies  the  pl.ice  ot  thofe 
waters  carried  by  the  confiant  trade-winds  from  the 
coaft  of  Africa  toward  the  well,  thus  producing  a  con- 
fiant  circulating  current.      This  ftreara  is  about   75 


39    ]  GUN 

miles  from  th:  fh ores  of  the  Southern  ftate.',and  the  Cunjvoti 
dillance  increafes  as  you  proceed  ntrihward.  The  '^'■^^ 
width  of  it  is  about  40  or  50  miles,  widening  towards 
the  north.  Its  common  rapidity  is  three  miles  an  hour. 
A  north-eaft  wind  narrows  the  ftream,  renders  it  more 
rapid,  and  drives  it  nearer  the  coalK  North-well  and 
v/eft  winds  have  a  contrary  efFeil.  The  Gulf-Stream  is 
iujipofcd  to  be  occafioned  by  the  trade-winds  that  are 
conllantly  driving  the  water  to  the  wcftward,  which 
being  comprcil'ed  in  the  Gulf  rf  Mexico,  tinds  a 
palfage  between  Florida  and  tiie  Bahama  Iflands,  and 
runs  to  the  north-eaft  along  the  American  coaft.  This 
hypothefis  is  confirmed  by  another  fa£l :  It  is  faid  that 
tlie  water  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  is  many  yards  higher 
than  on  the  weftern  fide  of  the  continent  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  It  is  highly  probalile  that  the  fand  carried 
down  by  great  rivers  into  bays,  and  the  current  out  of 
thefe  bays  meeting  with  the  Gulf  Stream,  by  their  ed- 
dies, have  formed  Nantucket  Shoals,  Cape  CoJ, 
George's  Bank,  the  Ifland  of  Sable,   &c. 

Skilful  navigators,  who  have  acquired  a  knowledge 
of  the  extent  to  which  this  ftream  reaches  on  the  New- 
England  coaft,  have  learnt,  in  their  voyages  from  Eu- 
rope to  New-England,  Nevv-York,  or  Pennfylvania,  to 
pafs  the  banks  of  Newfoundland  in  abo'it  44"  or  45' 
N.  hit.  to  fail  thence  in  a  courfe  between  the  northern 
edge  ot  the  Gulf  Stream,  and  the  fhoah  and  banks  of 
Sable  Illand,  George's  Bank,  and  Nantucket,  by  which 
they  make  better  and  quicker  voyages  to  America. 
— ii. 

GUNPOWDER,  as  we  have  obferved  in  the  Ea,y. 
clopxJia  under  the  woid  Gun,  has  been  known  in  the 
eaft,  and  particularly  in  China,  from  a  period  of  very 
remote  antiquity.  No  man,  however,  fcems  to  hav* 
fufpe(fled  that  the  knowledge  ot  it  was  conveyed  from 
the  eaft  into  Europe  ;  but  all  have  atjreed  to  allow  the 
merits  of  the  invention  both  to  friar  Bacon  and  to 
Bartholomew  Schwartz.  This  generally  received  opi- 
nion  has  been  lately  controverted  by  citizen  Lar.gles, 
who,  in  a  memtir  read  in  the  French  natioi.al  inftitute, 
contends,  that  the  knowledge  of  gunpowder  was  con- 
veyed to  us  from  the  Arabs,  on  the  return  oi  the  Cru- 
faders  to  Europe.  He  allures  us  that  the  Arabs  made 
ufe  of  it  in  690  at  the  fiege  of  Mecca  ;  and  lie  adds, 
that  they  derived  it  from  the  Indians,  among  whom 
it  muft  liave  been  known  in  the  remoieft  ages,  fince 
their  facred  books  (the  Vedam)  forbid  the  ufe  of  it  in 
war. 

It  is  indeed  extremely  probable,  tliat  the  compof:- 
tion  of  gunpowder  was  known  in  India  at  a  very  early 
period  ;  lor  in  whatever  country  nature  forms  nitre  in 
the  greateft  plenty,  there  its  deflagrating  qu.il  ty  is 
moll  likely  to  be  fiift  obferved;  and  a  few  experiments 
founded  on  that  oblervation,  will  Icail  to  the  compofi. 
tion  which  produces  fuch  fudden  and  violent  effeifls. 
"  Nitre  (lays  Sir  George  Staunton)  is  the  natural 
and  daily  piodiice  ot  China  and  India  ;  and  there,  ac- 
cordingly, the  knowledge  <  f  gunpowder  fcems  to  be  co- 
eval with  tiiat  of  the  moft  diftant  hiftoric  events.  A- 
mong  the  Chinefe,  it  has  been  applied  at  all  times  to 
ufcfiil  purpcfes,  fuch  as  blaUing  rocks,  and  removing 
great  obftniiflions,  and  to  thofe  of  amufcment  in  ma- 
king a  vaft  variety  of  fire  works.  It  was  alfo  uled  m> 
a  defence,  by  undermining  the  probable  pallagc  of  tlie 
enemy,  and  blowing  him  up.  But  its  furce  had  not 
S  2  bcc* 


GUN 


C     HO     ] 


GUN 


tioni  of  the 


Gunpow-  been   directed  through  ftrong   metallic  tubes  as  it  was 

''^'■-        by  Europeans  foon  atter  they  had  dllcovered  it.     And 

though,  in  imitation  of  Europe,  it  has  been  introduced 

inti)  the  armies  of  the  Eall,  other  modes  of  warfare  are 

fome'.imes  llill  preferred  to  it." 

Of  gunpowder  manutaflured  by  thofe  who  have 
nianufuftured  it  fo  long,  it  is  defirable  to  know  the 
comp  ful'in  and  the  qualities.  It  was  therefore  na- 
tural for  the  H^n.  George  Napier,  when  fuperintend- 
ing  the  roj  al  laboratory  at  Woolwich,  arid  mailing  ex- 
periments uponfo  ncctdary  an  implement  oi  modern 
war,  to  procure  fome  Cliinefe  powder  from  Canton. 

Thii  he  did  ;  and   analyzing  two  ounces  of  it,    he 
found,  after  repeating  tlie  operation  fix  times,  that  the 
mean  refuk  gave  the  following    proportions*.     Nitre 
I  02.  lo  dwts.   charcoal  6   dwts.   fulphtir  3  dwts.  14 
Jioyal  Ir'ijh    g^g^       Here    is  a   deficiency  in    weight  of  ten  grains, 
Ataictny.      ^.],jp]^  ^j_  Napier  fuppofes  the  confequence  of  iome  de- 
fefl  in  his   pr^ccfs  ;  but   as  M.  Bautnc,  a  French  che- 
mifl,  made  a  vaiiety  of  experiments  to  obtain  a  total  fe- 
par.ition  of  the  fulphur  from  the  chaicoal  of  gunpow- 
der, and  was  never  able  to  efF:(fl  it,  one  fourteenth  part 
remaining  united,  three  grains  mull  be  dedudltd  from  the 
cliarcOrti,    and  added  to  the  fulphur  to  give  the  accu- 
rate proportion  of  the  ineredients  ;  which  by  turning  to 
the   arti>le  Gunpowdlr,   Eiicycl.  the   reader  will  per- 
ceive differs  fomewhat  from  the  proportion  of  the  fame 
ingredients  in  the  gunpowder  of  Europe.     This  Chi- 
nefe  powder  was  ufualiy  large  grained  and  not  ftrong, 
but  very  durable.     It  had  been  made  many  years  when 
our  author  got  it  ;   yet  there  was  nn  nfible  fymptom  of 
decay,  the  grain  being  hard,  well  coloured,  and  though 
angular,  it  was  even-hzed,  and  in  periedt  prefervation. 
When  we  confider  the  operations  in  which  gunpow- 
der is  employed,  it  is  obvious  that  it  muft  be  an  ohjeft 
of  impoitance  to  afctrtain  its  explofive  lorce  ;  and  yet 
there  is  fcarcely    a   fubjed   concerning  which  the  moft 
approved  writers  have  fo  much  differed.     Mr  Robins, 
who  has  done  more  towards  perfefling  the  art  o)  gun- 
nery thcAn  any  other  individual,  dates  the  explofive  force 
of  j:unpowder  to  be  1000  times  greater  than  the  mean 
preifure  of  the  atmofphere  ;  while  the  celebrated  Daniel 
Bernouilli  determines  it  not  tobelefsihan  10,000  times 
this  preifure.     Such  a  difference  of  opinion  led  Count 
Rumfoid  to  purfue  a  courfe  of  experiments,  of  which 
fome  were  publilhed   in  the  Traniadions  of  the  Royal 
Society  for  the  year  17S1,  and  the  remainder  in  the 
Tranlaclions  of  the  fame   Society  for  i  797  ;   with  the 
view  principally  of  determining    the  initial  expinfive 
force   of  gunpowder.     By  one  of  thefe  experin.cnts,  it 
ajipeared  thai,  calculating  even  on    Mr  Robins's   own 
piinciples,   the  force  ot  gunpowder,  infttad    of  bein^ 
1000   times,  mult  at  lealt  be  1308  times  greater  than 
the  mean  preflure  of  the  atmo,phere.     From  iliis  ex- 
periment, the  Count  thought  himfelf  wananted  in  con- 
cluding, that  the  principles  allumed  by  Mr  Robins  were 
erroneous,  and  that  his  mode  of  afcertaining  the  force 
ot  gunpowder  could  never  fatist.nftorily  dciermine  it. 
Defpaiiing  of  fuccefs  in   that  way,  he  refolved  to  make 
an  attempt  for  alcertaining  this  force  by  aflual  mca- 
furement  ;  and  after  many  unfuccef  ful  experiments,  he 
■was  at  length  led  to  conclude,  that  lliis  force  was  at 
leall  50,000  times  greater  than  the  mean  prdluie  of  the 
atmofphere. 

Mr  Robins  apprehends  that  the  fotce  of  fired  gun- 


powder confifls  in  the  aflion  of  a  permanently  elaRIc  Gunpow- 
tluid,  limilar,  in  many  re:ptifls,  to  common  atmofpheri-  ^<-^- 
cal  air ;  and  this  opinion  ha->  been  very  generally  re- 
ceived :  but  Count  Rumford  thin-s,  that  though  the 
permanently  ela.lic  fluids,  generated  in  the  combullion 
of  gunpowder,  aflill  in  producing  the  effects  which  re- 
fult  from  its  evplolion,  its  enormous  force,  allowing  it 
to  be  50,000  times  gieater  than  the  rriean  preffure  of 
the  atmol'phere,  cannot  be  explained,  without  fuppofing 
that  it  aiifes  principally  from  the  elafticity  of  the  a- 
queous  vapour  generated  from  the  powder  in  its  com- 
buftion. 

"The  biilliant  difcoveries  cf  modern  chemifts  (fays 
he)  have  taught  us,  that  both  the  conflituent  parts  of 
which  water  is  compofed,  and  even  water  lUelf,  exift  in 
the  maieiials  which  arc  combined  to  make  gunpowder; 
and  there  is  much  reafon  to  believe  that  water  is  ac- 
tually formed,  as  well  as  difengaged,  in  its  combullion. 
M.  Lavoifier,  I  know,  imagined  that  (he  force  of  fired 
gunpowder  depends  in  a  great  meafuie  upon  the  ex- 
panlive  force  of  uncombined  caloric,  fuppofed  to  be  let 
loole  in  gieat  abundince  during  ihe  conibullion  or  de- 
fiagiation  ol  the  powder  :  but  it  is  not  only  dangerous 
to  admit  the  adion  of  an  agent  whofe  cxiltcnct:  is  not 
yet  clearly  dcmonftrated  ;  but  it  appears  to  me  that 
this  fuppofuion  is  quite  unneceifiry,  the  elaftic  force 
of  the  heated  aqueous  vapour,  whole  exift-  nee  can 
hardly  be  doubted,  being  quite  fufficient  to  account  lor 
all  the  pha:nomena.  It  is  well  known  that  the  elalli- 
city  ot  aq  leus  vapour  is  incompaiably  more  augment- 
ed by  any  given  augmentation  of  temperature  tlun  that 
of  any  peimanently  elallic  fluid  whatever  ;  and  thole 
who  are  acquainted  with  the  amazing  force  of  Ifeam, 
when  healed  <  nly  to  a  few  dej:rees  above  the  boiling 
point,  can  ealily  perceive  that  its  elall  city  mull  be  al- 
motl  iiifinite  when  greatly  condenfed  and  healed  to  the 
temperature  of  reJ  hot  iron  ;  and  this  heat  it  mud  cer- 
tainly acquire  in  the  exp lofion  of  gunpowder.  But  if 
the  force  of  fiied  gunpowder  arifes  principally  fri  m  the 
eladic  force  of  heated  aqueous  vapour,  a  cannon  is  no- 
thing more  than  a  Jham  engine  upon  a  peculiar  con- 
ftrudion  ;  and  upon  determining  the  ratio  of  the  elaf- 
ticity  of  this  vapour  to  irs  denlity,  and  to  its  tempera- 
ture, a  lav/  will  be  found  to  obtain  very  different  from 
that  affumed  by  Mr  Robins  in  his  Trcatifc  on  Gun- 
nery." 

In  order  to  meafure  the  elafiic  force  of  fired  gun- 
powder, Count  Ru.mford  adopted  a  new  plan  ;  and,  in- 
llead  of  caullng  the  generated  elalHc  fluid  to  aft  on  a 
moveable  body  through  a  determined  fpace,  wliicli  he 
had  found  to  be  ineffeiSual  to  his  puipofe,  he  contrived 
an  apparatus  in  which  tliis  fluid  IhoiiKl  be  made  to  aft, 
"  by  a  determined  furlace  againfl  a  weiglu,  which,  by 
being  increaled  at  pleafure,  Ihould  at  lalt  be  fudi  as 
would  jull.  be  able  to  confine  it,  and  which  in  that  cafe 
wr.uld  jud  counterbalance  and  confequeatiy  weitfure  the 
eladic  force." 

Having  lucceeded  in  fetting  fire  to  the  powder, 
without  any  conmiunication  to  the  extern.d  air,  "by 
cauling  the  heat  employed  for  that  purpofe  to  pa's 
through  the  folid  fubihmce  of  the  bairel,  it  only  re- 
mained to  apply  luch  a  weight  to  an  opening  made  in 
the  biirel,  as  the  while  lorce  if  the  geneiared  tlaliic 
fluid  Ihould  not  be  able  to  lift  or  difplace."  Many 
piecautions  weie  necetlary.     Afolid  block  of  very  h  irj 

ftone. 


Cunj>ovv- 
der. 


GUN  [     141     ]  GUN 

ftone,  four  feet  four  inches  fquare,  was  pbced    upon  a    could  be  burfl  by  the  force  of  gunpowder,  if  this  force   Cunpoww 
bed  of  loliJ  nialonry,   which  dslcended  In  ieet  below    bcnot  in  faamuchgreaterlhsn  it  haiever  beenfuppofed        <"'"• 

to  be,  he  pnceeds  to  (hew  that  tlie  combuftion  of 


the  furface  of  the  earlh.  Upon  ihis  block  of  Itone, 
which  lerved  as  a  bale  to  the  whole  machinery,  was 
placed  ihe  fnuU  barrel,  in  which  the  explotions  were 
made,  wiih  its  opening  dirtclly  upwards.  This  open- 
ing was  clii(ed  by  a  fo'.id  henufphere  ot  hardened  fteel, 
on  which  the  weight  to  be  overcome  by  the  exph'linn 
was  l.iid.  Having  charged  tlie  barrel  wifh  lo  grains 
of  powder,   its  whole  contents  being  about  2S  grain?. 


gun- 
powder, inftertd  of  being  inftantaneous,  as  Mr  Robins's 
theory  fuppoCes,  ib  much  lei's  rapid  than  h.ts  hitherto 
been  apprehended  ;  .in  obfervation  which,  if  eAablilli- 
ed,  ii  certainly  fufficient  to  anfwer  the  ohjec'tlon. 

He  rem.irks,  that  it  is  a  wiU-kn.^wn  faifl,  that  on  the 
diicharge  of  fire-arms  of  all  kindf,  there  is  always  a 
conliderable  quantity  of  unconfum^d  giains  cf  gunpow. 


and  a   24    pounder   wci-hing    8081    lbs   avoirdupois,    der  blown  out  of  them;  and  what  is  very  remarkable,  as 
being  pl.ced  en  its  cafcabel  fo  as  by  its  weight  to  ccn-    it  leads  directly  to  a  difcovery  of  the  caufe  ol  this  tff^a, 
fine  the   generated  elaftic  fluid,  a  heated  iron  ball  was    ihcfe  uncor.fiimed  grains  are  not  merely  blown  out  of  the 
.L         j-r.u  ..  I  .    /     ,      ,,   ,  ,■  ,  muzzles  of  lire-arms,  l)ut  come  out  alfo  by  their  vents 

or  touch-holes,  where  the  fire  enters  to  inlhme  tlie 
charge,  as  many  perfons  who  have  had  the  ii.ijfortune 
to  (land  with  their  faces  near  the  touch-hole  of  a  mufket, 
when  it  has  been  dli'ch  trged,  have  found  to  their  coU. 

It  appears  extremely  improb.ilb  to  cur  aulhor,  if 
not  abfoluttly  iinpoflible,  that  a  grain  ol  gunpowder 
actually  in  the  chamber  of  the  piece,  and  completely 
furrouiided  by  flame,  (liould,  by  the  aiflion  of  thit  ve- 
ry flame,  be  blown  out  ot  it  without  being  at  the  Utne 
time  fet  on  fire.  And,  if  iliis  be  true,  he  confidets  i: 
as  a  moll  dccilive  proof,  not  only  that  the  comliuliioa 
of  gunpowder  is  lefs  rapid  than  it  has  generally  b.-en 
thought  to  be,  but  that  a  grain  of  gunpowder  aflually 
on  tire,  and  burnir.g  with  the  utmol't  violence  over  the 
whole  of  its  furface,  may  be  projefled  with  fuch  a  ve- 


applied  to  the  end  of  the  vent  tube,  ( a  fmall  Iblid  pro 
jeflion  irom  the  centre  cf  the  bottom  of  the  barrel). 
In  a  few  moments  the  powder  took  lire,  though  the 
explofion  made  a  very  feeble  report  ;  and  when  the 
weight  was  raifed,  (he  contined  elsliic  v.npcur  lufhed 
out  of  the  barrel.  The  flight  elieft  produced  by  this 
explolion  induced  I'cme  of  the  attendants  on  this  occa- 
fion  to  undervalue  the  importance  oi  this  experiment, 
and  to  foim  a  very  inatlecjuate  idea  of  the  real  free 
of  the  elaftic  fluid  that  had  been  thus  alniolt  in- 
fenlibly  difcharged.  In  a  lecond  e.\ptiiiiient,  the  bar- 
rel was  filled  with  powder,  and  the  faux  weight  laid 
on  as  before.  1"he  bairel  was  made  tf  the  bell  ham- 
mered iron,  and  uncommonly  (tiong.  The  charge  (.f 
powder  amounted  to  little  more  than  -jV  of  a  cubic 
inch,   which  is    not  fo    niui.h   as  would  be  required  to 


load  a  (mall  pocket  pilfol,  and  no\  one-tenth  part  of  the  locity  into  a  cold  atmjfphere,  as  to  extinguilh  the  tire, 
quantity  Irequently  ufed  for  the  charge  of  a  common  and  iwScr  the  remains  of  the  grain  to  fall  to  the  ground 
muiket.     Yfct  thi'.  iiiconfiderable  quantity  of  powder,    unchanged, and  as  inflammable  as  before. 


neighbourh 


when  let  on  fire,  exploded  with  a  force  that  burlt  the 
barrel,  and  with  a  loud  report  that  alarmed  the  wliole 
d. 

The  auth  r  proceeds  lo  make  an  eflimate  from  the 
known  ftrength  of  iron,  and  the  area  ot  the  frafture  of 
the  barrel  in  the  preceding  experiment,  of  the  real 
force  employed  by  the  elallic  vapour  to  but  ft  it  ;  and 
lie  computes  that  it  mull  have  been  equal  to  the  pref- 
fure  ol  a  weight  of  412529  lbs.;  v/hich,  by  another 
computation,  he  found  to  be  53004  times  greater  than 
the  mean  pitlfure  of  the  atmofphere.  By  another  pro- 
ceA,  he  inveftigates  the  ftrength  of  the  iron  of  which 
the  barrel  was  made  ;  and  he  thence  finds  that  the  force 
required  to  bu-:lf  it  was  equal  to  the  prelfure  of  a 
weight  ot  4106244  lbs.  This  weight,  reduced  into 
atmofpluies,  gives  54750  atmofpheres  for  the  raea- 
fure  of  the  fuice  ei.eitcd  by  the  elaftic  fluid  in  the  pre- 
fent  inllance.  H^liis  foice  mull  be  tonliderably  lefs 
than  the  initial  force  rf  the  elaftic  fluid  generated  in 
tiie  combuftion  rf  gunpowder,  before  it  has  begun  to 
expand  ;  "  for  it  is  ni<  re  than  prol)al>lc  (fays  Count 
Run.fcrd)  that  the  barrel  was  in  fa<51  buill  before  the 
genciated  elaftic  (Ijid  had  exerted  all  it^  lorce,  or  that 
this  fluid  would  have  beeuiibleto  h^ve  burfl  a  barrel 
llill  ftronger  than  tiiat  ufed  in  the  e.\pe:iiiieiit." 

After  having  fliewn  the  eiireruc  f  rce  of  fired  gun- 
powder, the  Count  adveils  to  an  oi>jedlion  which  may 
be  made  agamft  his  drduifhoiis.  How  docs  it  liappen 
that  fire-arms  and  aitille:  y  I'f  all  kinds,  which  certawily 
are  not  calculated  to  vvijliliand  fo  ent>imou»  a  f  >ice,  are 
rot  always  burft  when  they  are  tifed  ?  InfteaJ  ol  an- 
fwering  tl.is  quellion,  by  afking  how  it  happe::ed  that 
Uic  ejitrcmcly   Itror^  batiel  uied  in    his  tipiiimcnt 


This  extraordinary  fasT  was  afcertained  beyond  all 
poUibilily  of  doulit  by  the  Cour.l's  experiments.  Ha- 
ving procured  from  a  pcwdermill  in  the  neighbotjrhood 
ol  the  city  of  Munich,  a  quantity  of  gurpowder,  all  of 
the  fame  mafs,  but  formed  into  grains  of  very  ditlerent 
fizes,  feme  as  fmall  ^s  the  grains  of  the  fineft  Battel 
powder,  he  placed  a  number  of  vertical  "fcreens  of  very 
thin  paper,  one  behind  another,  at  the  diftance  of  12 
inches  from  each  other  ;  and  loading  a  common  muf- 
ket  repeatedly  with  this  powder,  fometimes  without 
and  fometimes  with  a  waJ,  he  fired  it  againil  the  fcre- 
moft  fcreen,  and  oblerved  the  quantity  and  effeifls  of 
the  unconfumed  grains  of  powder  which  impinged 
againlt  i;.  The  tcreens  were  lb  con.rived  by  means  of 
double  frames  united  by  hinges,  that  the  paper  could 
be  ch.anged  with  very  little  trouble,  and  it  was  seTually 
changed  after  every  eiperimcnl. 

The  diilance  iron)  the  muzzle  of  the  run  to  the  6rft 
fcreen  was  not  always  the  l.tme  ;  in  fomeof  thecx|  c- 
riments  it  was  only  8  feet,  in  others  it  was  10,  and  in 
fome  12  feet. 

The  chai  ge  of  powder  was  varied  in  a  great  nuniber 
of  dilTereut  ways  ;  but  the  llJoA  intereftirg  expcrin.ent* 
were  made  with  one  fingle  large  grain  o(  jM>w»:er,  pro- 
pelled by  fmalier  and  larger  charges  of  very  finegraiced 
powder. 

Tbele  large  grains  never  failed  to  iiach  tlie  fcreen  ; 
and  though  they  fimelimes  :ip|c,.rcJ  to  have  been  bro- 
ken into  fcveral  pieces  by  the  (orcc  of  the  explofl  )r, 
yet  they  irequently  reached  ihe  fcrtcn  entire ;  r.nJ 
fometimes  paifcd  ihroiigh  all  ibe  fcreens  (five  in  ni'in- 
bci )  without  beit.g  broken. 

AViitu  tJuy  wcie  propelled  by   large  charge*,  and 

<oiii'c- 


GUN 


C    142   ] 


GUN 


Cunpnw-  ecnfequcnr!)'  with  great  velority,  they  vvere  feldom  on 
^^lyjll^  file  uiien  ihey  arrived  ;it  the  lirli  fcreen  ;  which  was  e- 
vident  not  only  tVnm  their  rot  fctting  fire  to  the  paper 
(which  tliey  fomefmes  did),  butalfo  from  their  being 
found  nicking  in  a  foft  board,  againft  which  they 
ftrncl;,  after  having  pali'ed  througli  all  the  five  fcreen-) ; 
or  leaving  vif'dile  marks  of  tlieir  having  been  impinged 
againft  it,  and  being  broken  to  pieces  and  difperled  by 
the  blow.  Tiiefe  pieces  were  often  found  lying  on  the 
ground;  and  from  their  firms  and  dimenfions,  as  well 
as  from  otlier  appearances,  it  was  often  quite  evident 
that  the  1  ttle  globe  of  jwwder  had  been  on  fire,  and 
that  its  diameter  had  been  diminilhed  by  the  combuf- 
tion  before  the  fire  was  put  out,  on  the  globe  being 
projeclcd  into  the  cold  atmofphcre. 

That  thefe  globes  or  large  grains  of  powder  were  al- 
ways fet  on  fire  by  the  combuflion  of  the  charge,  can 
hardly  be  doubted.  This  certainly  happened  in  many 
of  the  experiments  ;  for  they  arrived  at  the  fcreens 
on  fire,  and  fet  five  to  the  paper  ;  and  in  the  experi- 
ments in  which  they  were  projeiffed  with  fmall  ve- 
locities, they  were  often  feen  to  pafs  through  the 
air  on  fire  ;  and  when  this  was  the  cafe,  no  veflige 
vas  to  be  found.  They  fometimes  paffed  on  fire 
through  feveral  of  the  foramofl  fcreens,  without  fetting 
them  on  fire,  and  fet  fire  to  one  or  more  of  the  hind- 
moll,  and  then  went  on  and  impinged  againft  the  board, 
vhich  was  placed  at  the  diftance  of  12  inches  behind 
the  lafl  fcreen. 

The  Count  then  proceeds  to  mention  another  expe- 
riment, in  which  the  progreflive  combuftion  of  gunpow- 
der  was  fliewn  in  a  manner  Hill  more  flriking,  and  not 
lefs  conclulive. 

A  fmall  piece  of  red  hot  iron  being  dropped  down 
into  the  chamber  of  a  common  horfe-piftol,  and  the 
piftol  being  elevated  to  an  angle  of  about  45  degrees, 
upon  dropping  down  into  its  barrel  one  of  the  fmall 
globes  of  powder  (of  the  fize  of  a  pea),  it  took  fire, 
and.  was  prnje<5fed  into  the  atmofphere  by  the  elaflic 
fluid  generated  in  its  own  combuflion,  leaving  a  very 
beautiful  train  of  light  behind  it,  and  difappearing  all 
at  once  like  a  falling  flar.  This  amufing  experiment 
was  repeated  very  often,  and  with  globes  of  different 
iizes.  When  very  fmall  ones  were  ufed  fingly,  they 
were  commonly  confumed  entirely  before  they  came 
out  of  the  barrel  of  the  piflol  ;  but  when  feveral  of 
them  were  ufed  together,  fome,  if  not  all  of  them,  were 
commonly  projedled  into  the  atmofphere  on  fire. 

As  the  flownefs  of  the  combuftion  of  gunpowder  is 
undoubtedly  the  caufe  which  has  prevented  its  enor- 
mous and  almoft  incredible  force  from  being  difcover- 
ed,  our  author  deduces,  as  an  evident  confequence,  that 
the  readieft  way  to  increafe  its  effefls,  is  to  contrive 
matters  fo  as  to  accelerate  its  inflammation,  and  com- 
buftion. This  may  be  done  in  various  ways  ;  but,  in 
his  opinion,  the  moft  tlmple  and  mofl  effeftual  man- 
ner of  doing  it  would  be  to  fet  fire  to  the  charge  of 
powder,  by  thooiing  (through  a  fmall  opening)  the 
flame  of  a  fmaller  charge  into  the  midft  of  it. 

He  contrived  an  ir.ftrument  on  this  principle  for 
firing  cannon  three  or  four  years  ago  ;  and  it  was  found, 
on  repeated  trials,  to  be  ufeful,  convenient  in  pradlice, 
and  not  liable  to  accidents.  It  likewife  fuperfedes  the 
uecefTity  of  ufing  priming,  of  vent-tubes,  port-fires,  and 
matches,  and  on  that  account  he  imagined  it  might  be 


of  ufe   v.i  tlic  Britifli  navy,  but  it  does  not  appear  to   Gur.pov- 
have  been  received  into  praitic*.  ^'^^' 

Another  infallible  method  of  increafing  very  con- 
fiderably  the  elTcit  of  gunpowder  in  fire-arms  of  all 
forts  and  dlmenfions,  would  be  to  caufe  the  bullet  to 
fit  the  bore  exa(5Hy,  or  without  windage,  in  that  part 
of  the  bore  at  Icaft  where  the  bullet  refts  on  the  charge; 
for,  wlien  the  bullet  does  not  completely  clofe  the  o- 
pening  of  the  chamber,  not  only  much  of  the  elaltlc 
fluid,  generated  in  the  firft  moment  of  the  combuftion 
of  the  charge,  efcapes  by  the  fide  of  the  bullet;  but 
what  is  of  ftilt  greater  importance,  u  confiderable  part 
of  the  unconfumed  powder  is  blown  out  of  the  chiim- 
ber  along  v.iih  it  in  a  ftate  of  a{5lual  combuftion,  and, 
getting  before  the  bullet,  continues  to  burn  on  as  it 
pafles  througli  the  whole  length  of  the  bore  ;  by  which 
the   motion  of  the  bullet  is  much  impeded. 

The  lofs  of  force  which  ariles  from  this  caufe,  is  in 
fome  caies  almoft  incredible  ;  and  it  is  by  no  means  dif- 
ficult to  contrive  matters  fo  as  to  render  it  very  appa- 
rent, and  alto  to  prevent  it. 

If  a  common  borfe-piftol  be  fired  with  a  loofe  ball, 
and  fo  fmall  a  charge  of  powder  that  the  ball  fhall  not 
be  able  to  penetrate  a  deal  board  fo  deep  as  to  ftick  in 
it  when  fired  againft  it  from  the  diftance  of  fix  feet ; 
the  fame  ball,  dlfcharged  from  the  fame  piftol  with  the 
fame  charge  of  powder,  may  be  made  to  pafs  quite 
through  one  deal  board,  and  bury  itfelf  in  a  fecond 
placed  behind  it,  merely  by  preventing  the  lofs  offeree 
which  arifes  from  what  is  called  windage,  as  he  found 
more  than  once  by   adual  experiment. 

The  Count  has  in  his  pofTelHon  a  mufket,  from 
which,  with  a  common  charge  of  powder,  he  fires  two 
bullets  at  once  with  the  fame  velocity  that  a  fingle  bul- 
let is  dlfcharged  from  a  mufket  on  the  common  con- 
ftrU(5fion  with  the  fame  quantity  of  powder.  And, 
what  renders  the  experiment  ftill  more  ftriking,  the 
diameter  of  the  bore  of  his  mufket  is  exadlly  the  fame 
as  that  of  a  common  mufket,  except  only  in  that  part 
of  it  where  it  joins  the  chamber,  in  which  part  it  is 
juft  i'o  much  contrafled,  that  the  bullet,  which  is  next 
to  the  powder,  may  ftick  faft  in  it.  He  adds,  tliat 
though  the  bullets  are  of  the  common  fize,  and  are  con- 
fequently  confiderably  lefs  in  diameter  than  the  bore, 
means  are  ufed  which  effedfnally  prevent  the  lofs  of 
force  by  windage  ;  and  to  this  lalf  circumftance,  he 
concludes,  it  is  doubtlefs  owing,  in  a  great  roeafure, 
that  the  charge  appears  to  exert  fo  great  a  force  in 
propelling  the  bullets. 

That  tlie  conic.il  form  of  the  lower  part  of  the  bore 
where  it  unites  with  the  chamber  has  a  confiderable 
fhare  in  producing  this  extraordinary  eSe&,  is,  how- 
ever, very  certain,  as  he  has  found  by  experiment  made 
with  a  view  merely  to  afcertain  that  faft. 

At  the  clofe  of  the  Count's  laft  memoir,  we  have  a 
computation,  defigned  to  fliew  that  the  force  of  the  e- 
laftic  fluid  generated  in  the  combuftion  of  gunpowder, 
enormous  as  it  is,  may  be  fatisfaflorily  explained  on  the 
fuppofition  that  it  depends  folif/y  on  the  elafficity  of 
watery  vapour,  or  fteam.  From  experiments  made  in 
France  in  the  year  1790,  it  appears  that  the  elafticlty 
of  fleam  is  doubled  by  every  addition  of  temperature 
equal  to  30*  of  Fahrenlieit's  thermometer.  As  the 
heat  generated  in  the  combuftion  of  gunpowder  can- 
not be  lefs  than  that  of  red-hot  iron,  it  may  be  fiip- 

pofed 


GUT  C     H3     ]  GUT 

iw-    pofed  equal  to   icoo°  of  Fahrenheit's  fcale  :— but  the  the  tranfverfe^nd  oblique  mufcles  into  the  abdomen,     Cat-tie. 

elaftic  force  of  fteam  is  juft  equal  to  the  mean  prefTure  pafs  over  the  ureters  in  acute  angles ;  at  which  tuminir,  ^-^-'"^ 

of  th*  almoiphere,  when  its   temperature  is  equal  to  by  their  great  length  and  elaftic  force,  the  peritoneum 

that  of  boiling  water,  or  to  212°  of  Fahrenheit's  ther-  is  ruptured  ;  the  \nfj  dcfcrentia  are  fevered  from  the 

momcter;  confequeniiy  2 12° +  30"=  240°  will  rcpre-  tefticles,  and  fpringing  back,  form  a  kind  of  bow  from 

ient  the  temperature,  when  its  elallicity  will  be  equal  the  urethra,  where  they  are  united,  over  the  ureters,  to 

to  the  preifure  of  two  atmofpheres ;   and,  purfuing  the  the  tranfvcrfe  and  oblique muicles,  and  there  again  unite, 

calculation,   at  602*^   or  2°   above  the  heat  of  boiling  where  they  firll  entered  the  abdomen  ;  the  part  of  the 

liniced  oil,  its  clallicity  will  be  equal  to  the  prelFure  of  gut  that  is  tied  ii   the  jejunum,  at  its  turning  from 

8192   atmofpheres,  or    above  eight  times  irreater  than  the  left  lide  to  the  right,  and  again  from  the  right  to 

the  utiTioll  force  of  tlie  fluid  generated  in  the  combuf-  the  left,  firming  right  angles  under  the  kidney,  and  at- 

tion  of  gunpowder,  according  to  Mr  Robins's  compu-  tached  to  the  duplicature  of  the  peritoneum,  to  which 

tation  :  but  the  heat  in  this  cafe  is  much  greater  than  it  was  united,  wliere  the  rupture  happened.   There  tlic 

that  of  602°  of  Fahrenheit ;  and  therefore  the  elallicity  bow  of  the  gut  hangs  over  the  bow  of  the  vafa  defe- 

of  the  fteam  generated  from  the  water  contained  in  the  rentia,  which,  by  a  fudden  motion,  or  turn  of  the  bealt, 

powder  muft  be  much  greater  than  the  preffure  of  S192  farm  a  hitch  or  tie  of  the  firing  round  the  bow  of  the 

atmofpheres.     At  722°,  the  elallicity  will  be  equal  to  gut  (filled  with  air),  fimilar  to  what  a  carter  makes  on 

tlie  preillire  of  131,072  atmofpheres ;  and  this  tempe-  his  cart  line.     This  caufes  a  ftoppage  in  the   bowels, 

rature  is  lefs  than  the  heat  of  iron,  which  is  vifibly  red-  and  brings  on  a  mortification,  which,  in  two  days,  or 

hot  in  daylight,  by  i<^'^'^  : — but  the  flame  of  gunpow-  four  at  moft,  proves  fatal :  And  to  this  accident  is  the 

der  has  been  found  to  melt  brafs,  which  requires  a  heat  beaft,  when  callralcd  as  above,  liable  from  the  day  that 

equal  to  that  of  3807°  of  Fahrenheit;   2730°   above  he  was  callrated  till  the  time  of  his  being  flaughtcred. 
the  heat  oi  red  hot  iron,  or  3805°  higher  than  the  tern-         The  fymptoms  of  the  gut-tie  nre  the  fame  as  tliofe 

perature  which  gives  to  fteam  an  elallicity  equ^l  to  the  of  an  incural)le  colic,  volvulus,  or  mortification  of  the 

preillire  of   131,072   atmofpheres.     That    there   is  in  bowels.     The  beaft  affcfled  with  this  complaint  will 

gunpowder  viater  fufficient  for  fupplying   the  necelfary  kick  at  its  belly,  lie  down,  and  gruan  ;  it  has  alfo  a  to- 

quantity  of  fteam,  the  author  has  very  fatisfaiflrrily  tal  ftoppage  in  its  bowels   (except  blood   and  mucu£, 

evinced:  but  wc  mufl  f>ot  purfue  his  curious  inveftiga-  which  it  will  void   in  large  quanllties),  and  a  violent 

tions  any  farther.     Thofe  who  want  a  fuller  account  fever,  &c.     To  diftingullh   with  certainty  the  gut-tie 

of  tliem,  will  find   it  either   in   the  original   memoirs  from  the  colic,  &c.  the  hand  and  arm  of  the  operator 

themfelves,  or  in  a  very  accurate  abridgement  of  tliefe  muft  be  oiled,  and  uitioduced  inio  the  anus,  through  the 

memoirs  in  the  firfl  volume  of  Nichohon's  journal  of  reiflum,  beyond  the  os  pubis  turning  the  hand  down  to 

Natural  P k'.lofophy ,   &c.  the  tranfverfe  and  oblique  mu.'cles,  where  tlie  velfels  of 

We  cannot  conclude  this  article  without  mentioning  the  tefticles  enter  the  abdomen.     There  the  ftring  will 

a  new  kind  of  gunpowder,  invented  fbmc  years  ago  in  be  found  united  to  the  mufcles,  and  is  cafily  tr.iced  to 

France,  in   which  the  marine  acid  is  fubllituted,  in  e-  tlie  ftiicture  by  the  hand,  without  pain  to  the  bcatl. 
qual  quantity,  fcr  nitre.     Dr  Hutton    tried  feme  of         From  the  general  view  ot  tlie  agriculture  cf  the  coun- 

thls  new  powder  which   was  made  at  Woolwich,  and  ty  of  Hereford,  drawn  up  by  Mt  Clark  of  BuiMi,  Bre- 

found  it  of  about  double  the  ftrength  of  the  ordinary  conlhire,  we  learn  that  Mr  Harris  farmer  at  Wickton, 

fort ;  but  it  is  not  likely  to  come  into  common  and  ge-  near  Leominfter,  had  been  uncommonly  fucccfsful  in 

neral  ufe,  for  the  preparation  of  the  acid  is  difEcult  and  the  cure  of  the  gut-tie.     That  gentleman  informs  us, 

espenlive,  (See  CHEMisTRY-/nf/ifx  in  this  SuppL),  and  that  he  had  cut  cattle  for  iKx-,  difeafi:  fiom  the  age  of 

the  powder  which   is  made  of  it  catches   fire  and  ex-  three  months  to  that  of  nine  years ;  and  as  it  is  a  mat- 

plodes  from  the  fmalleit  degree  of  heat,  and  without  ter  of  great  importance,  we  fhall  ftate  his  m:thoi  of 

the  aid   of  a  fpark.     It  is  to  this  circumftance,  liow-  operating  in  his  own  words. 

ever,  that  its  iuperior  flrength  feems  to  be  in  a  great         "The  only   method  of  cure  (fays  be  )  tliat  call  be. 

meafure  owing.  fafely  ventured  upon  is,  to  make  a  perpendicular  incifion, 

GuNPOWDfcR,    a    river    of    the    weftern    fhore    of  four  Inches  under  tlic  lliiid   vtrlcbia  of  the  loins,  ot> 

Maryland,  whcfe  chief  branches  unite  a  little    above  the  left  fide,  over  th;  paunch  or  (lomach,  and  irtrodnce 

Joppa,  and  emi  ly  into  Chefapeak  Bay,  about  12  miles  the  arm  to  find  tlie  pirt  ail\fled  ;  if  pcfllble,  keep  the 

above  Patapfco  river.     It  is  navigable  only  a  few  miles,  b.aft    ftanding  by  t!ie  help  of  proper  ui!i.l..nti.     The 

by  reafon  of  f.illb. — Morse.  knife  I  ma'si  ufe  of  to  fever  the  Itring   i>  in  the  form 

Gunpowder  Neck, ncarthehcad  of  Cliefapeak  Bay,  of    a  large  filh  hook,  with    an  eilgc  on  the  concave 

is  a  curious  peninfula  formed  by    Gunpowder   river,  fide  j  it  is  fixed  to  a  ring,  which  fits  the  middle  finger, 

and  Bulh  river. — ih.  which  finger  crooks  round  the  baci^  of  the  knife,  the 

GUNTF-R's   Chain.     See   Geometrv,  Encyclcps-  end  of  the  thun.b  being  placed  on  its  edge.     The  m- 

di,i,  Pait  II.  chap.  i.  flrument,  by  being  thus  held  in  ihc  haid,  is  fecurcd 

GUT-TIE,  a  dangerous  difeafe  to  which  oxen  and  fioni  wounding  the  furruunding  in^ellines ;  with  it  I 

male  cdves  are  rendered  liable  by  an  improper  mode  of  divide  the  ftring  or  ftrings,  and  brirg  out  one  or  both 

caftration.     In  fome  pl.iccs,  and  pariiculaily  in  Here-  as  circumft.inces  requite.     Here  it  is   to  be  obferved, 

foidliiire,  the   breeders  of  cattle,  wlicn   they   callrate  that  great  c.ire  muft  be  taken  by  the  operator  net  to 

their  calves  open  the  fcrotum,  take  hdld  of  the  tefticles  wound  or  divide  the   ureters,  which  would  be  certain 

with  their  teeth,  and  tear  tliem  out  with  violence;  by  death.     I  then  few  up  llie  divided  lips  cJ  the  pcrlto- 

which  means  all  the  velfels  thereto  belonging  arc  lup-  ncum  very  clofc,  with  a  furgern's  nccd'e  threaded  wltli 

luted.     The  vnfa  deferctitia,  eiiteiing  by  the  boles  cf  llror.g  thread,  ci^jLt  or  icu  douLlc,  fuflicieaily  wmcd  ; 


H    A    C 


[     144    ] 


HAG 


Gut-ile.  I  alfo  few  up  the  fkin,  leaving  a  vacancy  at  the  top 
«"'~^'^^  and  bottom  uf  the  wound  futficiently  wide  to  introduce 
a  tent  of  furgeon's  tow,  i'pread  with  common  digeliive 
and  traumatic  balfani ;  covering  the  ircifion  with  a  pla- 
ller  made  of  the  whites  ofejrgs  and  wheat  flour.  The 
wound,  thus  treated  and  drefled  every  day,  will  be 
well  in  a  fortnight.  The  medicine  I  give  to  remove 
the  ftoppage  in  the  three  ftomachs  occationed  by  the 
tie,  and  to  carry  off  the  fever,  is  lour  ounces  of  Glau- 
ber's fait,  two  ounces  of  cream  of  tartar,  and  one  ounce 
of  fenna,  infufed  in  two  pounds  of  boiling  water,  adding 
half  a  pcund  cf  olive-oil,  and  working  it  off  with  plen- 
ty of  gruel,  miied  vx'ith  u  large  quaniity  of  intufion  of 
mallows  and  elder-bark.  I  adminillcr  the  gruel  and 
infullon  for  at  leaft  two  or  three  days ;  by  which  time 
the  bead  will  be  well,  will  eat  his  provender,  and  chew 


the  cud,  and  will  for  ever  be  relieved,  and  remain  fafe 
from  this  fatal  dil'order. 

"The  following  fimple  and  eafy  method  of  caftra- 
tion  will  effeftually  prevent  the  gut  tie.  Open  the 
fcrotum,  loofen  out  the  tefticles,  and  tie  the  feveral  vef- 
fels  with  a  waxed  thread  or  filk  ;  or  fear  them  with  a 
hot  iron,  to  prevent  their  bleeding,  as  in  the  common 
way  of  cutting  colts.  This  method  can  never  difplace 
the  velll'ls  of  the  teflicles,  bladder,  kidneys,  or  intef- 
tines  ;  all  of  which  remain  covered  or  attached  to  the 
peritoneum,  or  lining  ot  the  abdomen  of  the  bead, 
which  renders  it  impnlTible  that  there  lliotild  ever  he 
a  rtriflure  or  tie  on  the  gut." 

GUZ,  an  Indian  mealure,  varying  in  different  places, 
but  which  miy  be  reckoned  about  an  Englift  yard. 
The  guz  of  Akbar  was  41  fingers. 


H. 


Hacha  TTACHA,  Rio  DE  LA,  or  La  Hach/i,  a  province, 
II  XJL   its  chief  town,  and  a  river,   in  Terra  Firma  or 

Hackinfack  Callile  del  Oro,  in  South-Ameiica.  The  province  is  fur- 
^'^'^''^^^  rounded  on  two  fides  by  the  ocean,  vi/.  on  the  N.  and 
N.  W.  and  on  the  third  eaftward  by  the  gulf  of  Vene- 
zuela. The  town  is  fitnated  at  the  mouth  of  the  riv- 
er, and  on  its  weft  fide,  on  a  little  hill  about  a  mile  from 
the  fea.  The  foil  about  it  is  very  rich,  and  abounds 
with  produ(f>ions  common  to  the  climate,  alfo  European 
plants  and  fruits;  well  fiipplied  with  fait  fprings,  veins 
of  gold,  and  feme  gems  of  great  value.  The  harbour 
is  none  of  the  beft,  being  expofed  to  the  north  v/inds. 
It  is  about  8  leagues  from  New. Salamanca,  and  18 
from  Cjpe  Vela,  N.  by  E.  and  246  miles  eafl  of  Car- 
ihagena.  Here  the  Spani'h  Galleons  touch  at  their 
arrival  in  South-America,  from  whence  expreffes  are 
fent  to  all  the  fettlement.-,  to  give  them  notice  ot  it.  In 
1595  it  was  furprifed  and  facked  by  Sir  Francis  Drake. 
JJ.  hit.   11=  30',  W.  long.  72". — Morse. 

HACKETSTOWN,  a  fmall  poll-town  in  SufTcx 
county,  New-Jerfey,  on  the  north-well  f:de  of  Mulcone- 
cunk  rivtr.  It  is  about  three  miles  above  the  mineral 
fpring  near  Ri  .xbury,  on  the  oppofr.e  fide  of  the  river, 
22  miles  VV.  by  N.  of  Moniftown,  16  S.  W.  by  W.  of 
Sulfex  court-houfe,  and  1 20  N.  N.  E.  of  Philadelphia. 
—ib. 

HACKINSACK,  a  river  of  New-Jerfey  which  rifcs 
in  New-York,  and  runs  a  foutheily  courle  four  or  five 
niihs  well  of  Hudfon's  river.  It  unites  with  Paflrfic 
river  at  the  head  of  Newark  bay,  and  is  navigable  about 
15  miles. — ib. 

Hackinsack,  the  chief  town  in  Bergen  county, 
Ncw-Jtrfey,  isfituated  near  the  weft  bank  of  the  above 
river,  20  mile>  Noith-weft  of  New-York  city.  The  in- 
liahi  ants  are  mollly  Dutch.  'I'he  houfes  are  chiefly 
built  of  Hone,  in  the  old  Dutch   talle.     Here  are  four 


public  buildings,  a  Dutch  and  Epifcopal  church,  a 
court-aoufe,  and  a  flourilhing  academy.  The  people, 
who  are  mollly  farmers,  carry  their  produce  to  New- 
York.— Z;^. 

HADDAM,  a  town  of  Connefticut,  the  fecond  in 
rank  in  Middlefcx  county,  fituated  on  the  weft  fide  of 
Connecticut  river,  18  or  20  miles  from  its  mouth,  and 
10  miles  I'outh-eaft  of  the  city  of  IvLddletown.  This 
townfhip,  including  Eaft-Haddam,  on  the  oppjofite  lide 
of  the  river,  was  purchRled  of  the  Indians,  May  20th, 
1662.  A  fpot  in  EallHaddam  was  famous  for  Indian 
Paivnius,  and  was  luhje»5f  for  many  years  to  earthquakes 
and  various  noifes,  which  the  lirlt  fettlers,  agreeable  to 
the  fuperllitious  ideas  of  that  age,  attributed  to  t.iefe 
Pazuaws.  An  old  Indian  being  afked  what  was  the 
realon  of  fuch  noiles  in  this  place  .'  ani'wered,  The 
Indian's  God  was  very  angry  becaufe  the  Eiigliflimen's 
God  came  here."  Thele  noifes  are  now  frequently 
heatd. — ib. 

HADDONFIELD,  a  imall  town  in  Gloucefter 
county.  New  Jerfey,  9  miles  S.  E.  by  E.  of  Philudcl- 
phia,  and  17  from  Burlington. — ib. 

HADLEY,  a  pleafant  town  in  Hampliiire  county, 
MafTachufetts,  lying  on  the  eaft  fideof  Conneifticut  river, 
nearly  oppofite  to  ^Northampton,  20  miles  north  of 
Springfield,  and  97  weft  of  Bolton.  The  town  con- 
fiih  of  two  long  fptcicus  ftreets,  which  run  parallel 
with  each  other,  and  with  the  river.  The  townfhip  con- 
tains S82  inhabitant'. — ib. 

HAGARSTOVVN,  now  called  Elizabeth-'To'wn. 
It  has  a  confiderable  trade  with  the  wellern  country, 
and  has  between  two  and  300  houfes.  It  is  fitu- 
ated in  Wafliington  c<  unty,  Maryland  ;  it  is  a  poft. 
town  26  miles  north-weft  of  Fred'^ricktown,  73  N.  W. 
by  W.  of  Baltimore,  and  22  S.  by  W.  of  Cham- 
bcrfbi;rg  in  Pera:fylvania. — ib. 

HALBUT 


H;i<lc3ain 

II 
Hagarf. 


Hallmt 

II 
Halifax. 


HAL  [     145     ]  HAM 

HALBUT  Point,  the    north  ead   point   of   Cip:    incnrporalej  m    1734,  and  conuins  6G4   iiiliab'tants.     MaUit 
Anne,  in  Mp.ir,)chnfett?. — Morse.  — ih.  , 

H.'iJ.F  MOON,  an  extenlive  to'.vnOiip    in  Albany        Halifax,  a  villaae  or  fct'l^ment  on  thf  <ra(l  fid-  of  """^'1^ 
county,  New-York.     It  contnins  3,600  inhabitants ;  of    Siifquehannali  riverain  D.iuphin  c(,unty,  Peniifjlrrfni^, 

tbele,   128  are  flaves,   and   563   are  qualified   eledors.     I  3  m  l;s  notlh  of  H  irri(burq. ;}. 

Wateiford,  ?L  TMUt,  compaft,  iluiving  village  of  about  Halifax,  one  of  the  middle  dillrii.'ts  of  North-Ciro- 
70  or  80  houfe^,  two  miles  E.  N.  E.  of  the  Cohoez,  lini,  bound  :d  north  by  the  S'atc  of  Vir.;inia,  e^ft  by 
and  12  miles  north  of  Albany,  on  the  north  bank  of  EJenton  di:lriift,  weft  by  HdKbjrcugh,  and  fouth  by 
the  moll  northeily  branch  of  Mohawk  river  and  on  Newbern.  It  is  divided  into  7  coumic«,  viz.  Nonh- 
the  weft  bank  of  the  Hudfon,  is  fuuated  in  this  town-  amptor,  Hilifax,  Martin,  E  Igconib,  Warren,  Franfc- 
fliip — ib.  lin,  and  Nrflh,  which  contain  64.630  inhabitants,  mcl  jd- 

HALIFAX,  a  county  in  the  e.iftern  p^rt  rf  the  ing  25,402  (lives.  Befidcs  finaller  ftream?,  the 
Britilh  province  of  Nova  Scotij.  It  contains  H:difdx,  Roanoke  pa.Tes  ih-ough  tliis  diilriifl  in  a  fcuth-call 
the  capital  ;  ihe  townlhips  f  I  Lnndnnderry,  'J'ruro,  conrfe,  and  the  Paniplico  has  it»  fource  in  it.  Ch'cf 
Oi'flow,   Cnlchtifcr,    L;>.wrence,  Southarrpton,  Car.fo,    town,  Halifax. — ib. 

and  Tinmouth.  Tlie  inlubitants  are  chiefly  In(h,  Halifax,  a  coU!ity  of  ihc  above  diflrlO,  bounded 
Scutch,  and  New-Engl.mders.  It  has  numerous  bays,  north  by  N'Tthampt'^n,  fmrh  by  Edgcomb,  ea!l  by 
and  rivers  ;   the  chiet  ot  the  la'tcr  are  Shabbennacadie,     Bertie,  and  well   by  V/anen.      It   contains    7459   in» 

which  ii  a  boutable  river,  the  Peticcodiac,  Msmraincook,    habitants,  and  6506  flave';.     Chiet  town,  Hal  f.ii ib. 

Sec. — ill.  Halifax,  the  chief  tov/n  of  tin;  abive  county,  aiij  of 

Halifax,  the  capital  oftlie  provinceofNova  Scotia,  the  diiliifl  of  its  nam;  in  NorthC  irohna,  is  a  poll* 
in  the  county  of  its  nam?,  was  feuled  by  a  number  of  town,  pleafantly  (ituatrd  on  the  weflern  bink  of  ihe 
Britdh  fubjecls  in  1749.  It  is  fuuated  cm  a  Ipacifus  Roanoke,  about  fix  nii'es  bel)w  tlie  falls,  regularly  laid 
and  commodious  bay  or  h  irbour,  called  Chclni^^o,  of  a  out,  and  belides  dwcU'ng  houfcs,  has  a  court-houli:  and 
bold  and  caly  ei  trance, -Aliere  a  thoulxiid  of  the  largeft  paol.  It  is  36  mile^  north  of  T.irborough,  28  mile* 
iliips  might  ride  with  great  convenience  and  fa!ety.  from  Grenviile  court  houf:,  147  north-eall  cf  Fayettt- 
The  town  is  built  on  the  weft  tide  of  the  h.irbour,  en  vi  le,  75  S.  by  W.  <{  Pctei Iburg,  Virj;inia,  and  383 
the  declivity  of  a  commandincj  hill,  whi  fe  fummit  is  S.  W.  by  S.  of  Philadelphia,  N.  lat.  36''  13'. — li. 
236  feet  perpendicular  from  the  level  of  the  fea.    The         Halifax,  a  coun-y  in  Virginia,   birJering  on  the 

State  of  North-Carolit^a.  It  is  about  42  miljs  lonj» 
and  39  broad,  and  contains  14,722  inhabitants,  includ- 
ing 5565  flives. — rh. 

HALLOWELL,  a  fl  urlfliin,;;  piU-town  in  the 
Diilriift  ol  Maine,  and  the  (iiite  town  of  Lincoln  coun- 
ty, lituated  in  N.  hit.  44'^  16',  at  the  head  of  the  tide 


town  is  liid  (Ut  into  oblong  I'quares  ;  the  (Iree's  pa- 
rallel and  at  right  angles.  The  town  and  iubnibs  are 
about  two  miles  in  length  ;  r.nd  the  general  width 
a  quarter  of  a  mile.  It  contained  in  1793  ab  nit  4000 
inhabitants  and  700  houfcs.  At  the  nonliern  extremi- 
ty ol  the   town,  is  the  king's  naval  yard,   completely 


built  and  fupplied  with   llores   of  every    kind  for  the  waters  on  the  well  lide  of  Kennebeck  river.     An  acade- 

royal  navy.     The  harbour  of  Halifax  is  reckoned  in-  my  is  cftaSlilhed  here  v/ith  aconfiderablefund  inlands, 

fcrior  to  no  place  in   Britilh   America  for  the   feat    of  I'he  court-hmife  h.ie  is  12  miles  S.  by   W.   of  VaiTal- 

governmei.t,  being  open  and  accellible  at  all  feafons  of  borough,  30  N.  by  W.  of  WifcilTet,  40  north-eaft  of 

the    year,  when  almoft   all   other    harbours     in  thefe  Nevv-Gl"uceller,  and    195  N.  by  E.  of  Boftnn.     Ha/- 

provinces  are  locked   up  with   ice  ;  alio  from   its  en-  hwell  HoA  lies  on  the  i.imc  fide  of   the  river,  three 


trance,  fitnation,  and  its  proximity  to  the  bay  of  Fundy, 
and  principal  interior  feltlenients  of  the  province. 

This  ci'y,  lying  on  the  fouth  coaft  of  Nova  Scotia, 
has  communicatii>n  with  Piflon,  68  miles  to  the  north- 
eaft  on  the  eulf  ol  St.  Lawrence,  bv  a  [rood  cart-road. 


miles  below  the  tovvn,  and  five  north  of  Pittfton.     Th; 
whole  towntliip  contains  1 194  inhabitants. — ib. 

HAMBATO,  a  principal  alllonto  or  jurifdiJlion  in 
the  province  of  Qnito,  in  Peru.  It  is  fituated  in  1°  41' 
S.  lat.  and  12  mucs  well  of  the  city  of  Quito;  and 
finilhed  in  1792.  It  is  twelve  miles  northerly  of  C-ipe  has  6  fmall  villages  in  its  dependence.  It  contains 
Sambro,  which  forms  in  part  the  entrance  of  the  bay  ;  about  18,000  inhabitants,  who  are  mollly  employed  in 
27  fouih-eaftcrly  of  Windfor,  40  N.  by  E.  of  Truro,  80  weaving  lI'ifFs  and  in  knitting. — .'i. 
N.  E.  by  E.  of  Annapolis  on  the  bay  of  Fundy,  and  157  HAMBDEN,  or  llamcUn,  a  townfh^p  in  New-Yoik 
fouth-eaft  of  St.  Ann,  in  New-Brunfwick,  meafurirg  State,  bounded  north  by  land  ceded  to  Maflachufctts, 
in  a  ftraight  line.     N.  lat.  44"  40' W.  long    63"  15'.    fouth  by  the  north   line  of  Pennfylvania,  and  eaft  by 

;^.  Sidney.       Sufquchinnah  river  palfcs  in  a  well    courts 

Halifax,  a  fort  in  the  town  of  Window,  in  Lincoln  tlirough  both  towns.  The  centre  of  the  town  lies 
county,  Maine,  ereded  by  order  of  Governor  Shirley  in  1 3  miles  W.  by  S.  cf  the  mouth  of  Chcnengo  river.— »7-. 
1754.  It  ftands  on  the  point  of  land  firmed  by  the  HAMBURG,  a  fmall  poft  town  of  Nexv-Jerfcy,  i3 
contluence  of  the  Sebaftacook  with  the  Kennebeck,  miles  from  Godien  in  New- York,  and  20  Irom  New- 
30  mi'.cs  below  Sandy  river. — ib.  town  or  Sulfex  court  houfe — ib. 

Halitax,  a  townlhip  in  Windham  county,  Vermont,  Hamburg,  a  handfomc  town  in  Burke's  county, 
23  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Bennin<;toii,  has  Marlborough  on  Pennfylvania,  fcated  on  the  eaft  fide  of  Schuvlkill. 
the  north,  and  the  Malfachuietts   line  fouih.      It  con-    Here  arc  about  50  or  60  houfcs,  a  German  Luther.m 

tains  1309  inhabitants, ib.  -inJ  Calvinill  church  united.     It  is  18  miles  N.  by  W. 

Halifax,  a  townlhip  in  Plymouth  county,  Malfa-  of  Reading,  and  70  northnnrth-weft  of  Philadelphia. 
chufetts,  lituated  35  miles  fouih-callofBofton.     It  was    Ncrih  lat.  40°  34',  well  long.  76^— ;*. 

Su FPL.  Vol.  II.  T  H.AMDEN, 


n   A  M 


C     I4(^     ] 


HAM 


Karadca 

,      II 
Hsmilton 


IIAMDEN,  a  townflilp  in  New-IIavcn  cnuntj-, 
Connedicut,  about  tight  r.iiies  north  cf  New-Haven 
city. — il). 

HAMILTON,  a  cape  on  the  north  end  of  New- 
foundland ifliind  — i!/. 

Hamilton.  There  are  three  towndiips  of  this  naine 
in  Pennfylvania  ;  one  in  each  of  the  counties  of  York, 
Frankhn,  and  Northampton. — ii. 

Hamilton,  a  feitlenient  in  Vermont  on  the  Canada 
line. — if'. 

Hamilton,  in  Herkemer  county,  New-York,  z 
townfhip  12  miles  fciuare,  20  foulh  of  old  Fort  Schuy- 
ler, a  level  tovvnihip  of  good  land,  fart  fettling  — 
Orifke  or  Olhiflce  creek,  a  water  of  M.  hawk,  and  Che- 
iiung,  a  water  of  Sufqiiehannah,  rife  in  this  townlhip. 
In  1796  there  were  1202  inhabitants,  of  whom  196 
were  eltclors. — il/. 

Hamilton,  a  town  or  fet'.Iement  lately  laid  out  in 
Albany  ccunty,  New-York,  in  ihe  extenfive  townfh-p 
c  f  AV'ater  VUct,  formerly  called  the  Glti/s  Faificry  ;  and 
has  its  prefent  narrje  in  honour  ot  that  great  patron  of 
Ameiican  nmnufHiflutes,  the  late  fecretary  of  the  treafu- 
ry  of  the  United  States  cf  America.  It  lies  ic  miles 
weft  of  Albany,  two  miles  from  the  Scheneflady  road  ; 
and  is  one  tf  the  moft  decifive  eli'orts  ol  private  enter- 
prize  in  the  manufjfliiring  line,  as  yet  exhibited  in  the 
United  States.  The  glafs  manufiflury  is  now  fo  well 
eflablilhed,  and  fo  happily  fituated  for  the  fupply  of  the 
ncrthern  and  weftern  parts  of  the  State  of  New- York, 
as  well  as  Vcrmopt  ;.nd  Canada,  tiiat  it  is  to  be  ex- 
fefted  the  proprietors  will  be  amply  rewarded  for  their 
great  and  expenfive  exertions.  The  glafs  is  in  good 
reput.ition.  Here  are  two  glafs  houfes,  and  various 
other  buildings,  curious  hydrauUc  vvoiks,  to  five  manu- 
al labour,  by  the  help  of  machinery.  A  copious 
ftream  runs  through  the  heart  of  the  fettlement 
^hicli  lies  high  ;  and  being  furrounded  by  pine 
plains,  the  air  is  highly  falubiious.  The  great  Scho- 
harie road  traverfes  the  fettleinenr.  A  fpacious  fchool- 
houfe,  and  a  church  of  an  o>Sagon  foini  are  foon  to  be 
ireifled. 

In  the  neighbourhood  of  ihefe  glafs  works,  a  block 
vi-as  cut  out  of  an  ancient  tiee,  not  many  years  ago, 
containing  evident  maiks  of  an  a:!e  or  fome  edge  tool, 
made  185  years  ago,  determined  according  to  the  ufual 
and  certain  mode  of  afcerlaining  the  age  of  trees.  The 
block  is  preferved  in  Albany  as  a  curiofity.  Henry 
Hudfon  afccnded  the  river  which  bears  his  name,  as 
high  as  Albany,  in  the  atitunin  of  1609,  187  years 
ago,  and  thefe  marks  were  probably  made  by  ibme  of 
his  men. — ii. 

Hamilton  Ford  lies  ne.ir  the  mouth  of  Bullock's 
Creek  in  North-Carolina.  This  was  the  route  purfued 
by  Tailctcn,  after  his  defeat  at  Covvpens,  in  Jrinuary, 
l-j&i  —  ii. 

Hamilton,  a  didrii^  in  the  State  of  TennefTce, 
f  tuated  on  the  va'crs  of  the  Hclfton  and  Clinch  ; 
licundtd  fiiiuh  by  Tcnneffee  river,  ard  feparated  from 
Jr'ero  dirtridi:  on  tlie  wtrt  by  an  uninhabited  country.  It 
con'a'ns  the  c(  unties  rf  Knox,  JciTtrfon,  Blouct,  Se- 
vier and  Grainger. — iL 

Hamilton,  a  county  of  the  N.  W.  Territory,  ereQ- 
td  Jan.  2,  1790,  "beginning  on  the  bank  of  the  Ohio 
river,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Little  Miami  ;  and  down 
the  fciid  Ohio  river  to  the  mouth  of  the   big  Miami, 


grafs. 


and   up  filJ  Miami  to  the   Standing  Stone  Forks,  or  Hamilton 
branch   of  f.ud  river  ;  and   thence  with  a  line   to  be  H 

drawn  due  E.  to  the  I.ittle  Miami,  and  down  faidlittle  J^^Jl^P!^ 
Miami  river,  to  the  place  of  beginning." — il>. 

Hamilton  Fort,  (lands  on  the  eaft  fide  of  tlie 
Great  Miami,  in  the  N.  W.  Territory  ;  25  miles  foutli 
of  Fort  St.  Clair,  and  25  north  of  Cincinnati.  It  is  a 
flockaded  fort,  capable  of  containing  200  men.  The 
fituation  is  as  advantageous  for  defence  aspleafingto 
the  eye.  It  is  built  upon  a  narrow  neck  cf  land,  com- 
manding the  Miami  on  the  north-weft,  and  a  praire 
and  flieet  of  water  on  the  north-eaft,  about  a  mile  wide, 
and  2i  miles  long.  The  foil  near  it  is  rich  and  fertile  ; 
and  forage  may  be  got  by  repeated  mowings  of  natural 

Hamilton,  a  port  in  the  Bermuda  Iflands. — IL 

HAMMEL'S  TOWN,  a  town  in  Dauphine  county, 
Pennfylvania,  five  miles  from  Sufquehannah  river,  and 
S5  from  Piiiladelphia.  It  contains  a  Gei  man  church, 
and  about  35  dwelling  houfes. — il/. 

HAMPSHIRE,  an  extenfive,  populous,  and  weal- 
thy county  in  MalFachufett?,  made  a  fliire  in  1662. 
It  is  in  many  parts  mountainous  and  hilly,  and  ex- 
tends acrofs  the  State  from  north  to  fouth  ;  bounded 
north  by  the  States  of  New-Hampfhire  and  Vermont, 
fouth  by  the  State  of  Connedlicut,  eaft  by  Worcefter 
county,  and  weft  by  Berkftiire.  It  contains  60  town- 
ftiips,  9181  houfes,  9617  families,  and  59,681  inhabi- 
tants. Its  principal  towns  lie  on  both  tides  of  Con- 
neiflicut  river,  which  interfefls  it  from  north  to  fouth. 
Thefe  are  Springfield,  Weft  Springfield,  Northampton, 
Hadley,  Hatfield,  Deerfield,  and  Northfield.  It  is  ge- 
nerally of  a  fertile  foil,  and  produces  the  neceffaries  of 
life,   and  fome  of  its  luxuries  in  great  plenty. — il>. 

Hampshire,  a  county  in  Virginia,  bounded  N.  and 
N.  W.  by  the  Patowmack  river,  which  divides  it  from 
the  State  of  Maryland.  It  is  about  60  miles  long  and 
50  broad,  and  contains  7346  inhabitants,  including 
454  flaves.  It  is  well  watered  by  Patowmack  and  its 
fouth  branch.  Iron  ore  and  coals  have  been  difcovered 
on  the  banks  of  this  river.     Chief  town,  Romney, — i5. 

PIAMPSTEAD,  a  town  in  Rockingham  county, 
New-Hamplhire,  about  34 miles  wefterly  of  Portfmouth. 
It  was  incorporated  in  1749,  and  contained  in  1775, 
768  inhabitants  ;   in  1790,  724. — ii. 

Hampstead,  a  tewn  on  Long  liland,  New-York, 
nine  miles  eafterly  of  Jjmaica,  and  23  miles  eaftward 
of  New- York  city.  In  this  town  is  an  extenfive  ani 
remarkable  plain  called  Hamtjlead  Plain  — ih. 

Hampstead,  a  village  in  Georgia,  about  four  miles 
from  Savannah,  and  about  a  mile  from  another  village 
called  Highgate.  The  inhabitants  are  gardeners,  and 
fupply  the  town  with  greens,  pot  herbs,  root:.,  &c. — ib. 

HAMPTON,  a  townfhip  in  Windham  county,  Con- 
ne"icut,  three  miles  north-eaft  of  Windham,  of  which 
it  was  formerly  aparilh,  but  lately  incorporated. — ib. 

Hampton,  East,  a  townftiip  in  Ilampfhire  county, 
M-dfachufetts,  containing  457  inhabitants,  and  fituated 
105  miles  weft  of  Bofton.  It  was  incorporated  in  17S5. 
—ih. 

Hampton,  East,  on  the  eaft  end  of  Long-Ifland, 
(New- York)  a  half  ihire  town  of  Suffolk  county.  It 
has  3260  inhabitants;  and  in  it  is  Clinton  Academy, 
whirli  in  1795  had  92  ftudents. — ih. 

Hampton,  a  townih'p  on   tJie  fea  coaft  of   Nev/- 

lianif  fhire^ 


Hancock. 


HAN  C     I 

Hampton  Hanipflilre,  on  theeiftcrn  fiJe  of  Rockingham  county, 
and  called  IFintcumd  by  the  Indians.  It  was  fettled 
under  MHirachufetis,  and  incorporated  in  1C38.  In 
1775  it  contained  £62  inliabitants,  and  in  1790,  S53. 
It  is  12  or  14  miles  S.  by  VV.  cf  Portfmoutk,  and  8 
fnu'heafi:  of  Exeter.  In  1 791,  a  cana!  was  cut  ihrougli 
tlie  marflies  in  this  town,  which  opens  an  inland  naviga- 
tion from  H.'.nipton  through  Salifbiiry  into  Mirriinack 
river  for  r.boiu  eij^ht  miles  ;  loaded  boats  may  pafs 
through  it  with  eafe  and  fafeiy. — ii. 

Hampton  Falls,  a  imall  town  taken  front  the  above 
town,  lyirg  on  the  road  which  leads  from  Exeter  to 
NewburyPort,  fix  miles  fouth  eallerly  of  the  former, 
?.nd  eight  northeily  of  the  latter.  In  1775  it  contained 
^145,  and  in  1790,  541  inl^abitants.  It  was  incorpo- 
rated in  17  i  2. — ii. 

HAMfTON,  a  townOiip  in  the  northern  partcf  WaQi- 
ingtor.  coun:y,  New-Yoik,  having  Skeeiilh  irough  on 
the  wefl.  It  lias  ^6j  inhabitants,  of  whom  107  are 
tleflors. — a. 

Hampton,  the  capital  of  ETzabeth  county,  in  Vir- 
ginia, alio  a  poit  of  entry,  and  port  town,  fituated  at 
the  head  of  a  bay  whicli  runs  up  north  from  the  inouth 
of  James  river,  cal'ed  H.im/'ioii  R'.ad,  five  milcs  nor'.h- 
welt  of  Point  Comlort.  It  contains  about  30  houfes, 
an  epifcopal  church,  a  courtJicufe  and  gaol.  The  va- 
lue of  its  exports  of  grain,  lumber,  (laves,  &c,  amount- 
ed to  41,997  dollars  in  one  year,  ending  September  30, 
1794.  Tills  town  was  anciently  called  Ks  oughton  by 
the  Indians.  It  is  j  8  miles  north  of  Norfolk,  22  fouih- 
eaft  of  Yorktown,  93  eifl-fouth  eaft  of  Richmond,  and 
205  W.  by  S.  (f  Phil.idclphi;;.— /■/'. 

HANCES,  Ranches,  Haunches,  or  Hurfcs,  in 
architeiflure,  are  certain  fmall  intermediate  paits  of 
iirches  between  the  key  or  crown  and  the  fpring  at  the 
bottom,  being  peihaps  about  one-third  of  the  arch,  and 
fituated  nearer  the  bottom  than  the  top  or  crown  ;  and 
are  otherwife  called  xhi  fpandrels .  See  Arch  in  this 
Supplement. 

HANCOCK'S  Harbour,  called  by  the  Indians 
Clioquot,  is  fituated  about  20  leagues  eall-fouth-e.ill  of 
Nooika,  in  N.  lat.  48"  30',  welt  long,  from  Green- 
wich 125°  26'.  The  entr.mce  of  this  harbour  is  about 
five  miles  in  length,  and  has  good  anchorage  ;  about 
it  are  fcattered  a  number  cf  iflanJs,  and  feveral  fand- 
banks  or  fpits.  It  has  alfo  a  number  cf  fine  coves. 
The  land  round  thehaibjur  is  generally  uneven,  rocky 
and  mountainous  ;  covered  however  with  pine,  fir, 
fpruce,  cedar,  hemlock,  cyprefs  and  other  trees  of  a 
remarkable  fize.  The  climate  here  is  much  milder 
than  in  the  fame  latitude  on  the  cadern  fidi  cf  the 
continent  ;  the  froft  in  winter  being  feldim  fo  fevere  as 
to  prevent  vegetation.  An  eafteily  wind  is  confidered 
here  is  a  prognoftic  of  a  llorm,  and  well  winds  bring 
fair  weather.  Deer,  racoons,  wolves,  bears,  fquirrels, 
martins,  land  oiters,  beaver,  and  wild  cats  aie  the  ani- 
mals which  inhabit  the  foiefts.  'Ilie  amphibious  ani- 
mals are  the  common  fcal,  and  the  feaotter.  The 
llcin  of  the  latter  is  very  valuable.  The  inhabitants 
are  faid  to  be  cannibals.  This  and  other  plices  of  the 
fime  name  have  their  appellation  in  honour  of  the  late 
Governor  Hancock,  of  MalTichufctls. —  Merit. 

Hancock,   a    river    ot  Walhington   iiland,  on  the 
conh-v.cll  coaft  of  North-Americi^,  called  Miijted  by 


47    ] 


II     A     N 


the  Indians,  difcGvereJby  Captain  Cfowcll  ir.1791.  It  Huic».k. 
empties  into  the  fc  i  from  the  ion:)  end  cf  the  largeft  v,-^' ^-' 
iiland.  At  its  mouth  it  is  nearly  two  and  a  half  nauti- 
cal miles  wide  ;  and  a  confidci.>b!e  fize  ten  iDil.:i  up. 
It  has  nt  its  ir.i.uth  five  fathoms  warcr,  i^radnary  in- 
creafing  in  breadth  ;  and  for  7  ^  nrlcs  up,  to  Coofe 
Illmd,  has  not  kfs  than  rcn  fithcms.  Captiin  lugra- 
ham  examined  it  about  12  miles  ;  bu:  by  the  infoima- 
tion  of  the  natives,  he  j  idged  that  it  comminicateg 
v.ith  Skitikifs  Bay,  or  nen  it,  on  the  eaft  \\it  of  ths 
iilands.  It  is  by  tar  the  moll  el  g-ble  for  a  rew  fettlc- 
ment  of  any  place  the  C.iptain  had  fetn  on  the 
coad.  The  land  is  low  aiiJ  apparently  very  fer- 
tile :  and  the  liver  abounds  with  f.dmon.  Were  a  good 
houfe  erccled  oa  Ir.ine  of  the  pleaf  int  fp  us  it  would  liava 
every  appearance  of  being  long  fettled.  Beautiful 
buflies  and  grafs  occupy  the  llciris  of  the  woods.  Ths 
mouth  (f  the  river  is  in  north  lat.  54"  7',  weft  long. 
i3i''54'.— ,-i. 

Hancock,  a  townfliip  in  Addifon  countv,  Veraont. 
—  ■b. 

Hancock,  a  large  mari'ime  county  of  th;  DirtrivJ 
of  Miine,  bninded  nor'.h  by  Lower  Canada,  fouthby 
the  ocean,  call  by  Wall.ir.gton  county,  and  weft  by 
Lincoln  county.  It  is  190  miles  long  from  uoith  to 
louth,  and  nearly  60  broad.  It  cntains  24  townlhip* 
and  plantaticns ;  of  which  Penobfcot  and  Calline  ai« 
the  chief.  The  number  of  inhabitants  is  greatly  iix» 
creafcd  fincc  1790.  At  that  time  there  were  9549 
fouls.  It  is  remarkably  well  watered  by  Penobfcot 
river,  and  its  branches.  Union  rver,  and  other  fmallcr 
ftrcams.  The  northern  part  of  the  county  fends  its 
waters  in  ore  flream  from  numerous  blanches  in  a  N. 
E.  courfe  to  St.  J.ihn's  ti/er.  On  the  fca-coaft  are 
many  harhcurs  and  inlets,  hid  by  a  multitude  offer- 
tile  iflands  ;  the  largeft  f'{  thefc  in  a  S.  W.  direflion 
from  GolJfboTough,  are  M'lunt  Defart,  Swan  Ifles, 
Vinal  Haven,  Haut  Ifle,  Deer  and  Illelborough  i  all 
fituated  in  Penobfcot  B.iy.  Great  part  of  the  county 
is  )tt  nnfcttled.  The  towns  along  the  fta  coaft,  .nnd 
on  the  banks  cf  Penobfcot  and  Union  rivers,  are  the  mod 
feni'.e  and  populous.       C.ifline  is  the  ftiire  town. — ib. 

Hancock,  a  townlhip  in  Lincoln  county,  Maine,  cm- 
hofomed  by  the  Kennebeck  and  Sebafticook  rivers, 
bounded  N.  W.  Iiy  Canaan,  and  7  miles  north  of  the 
confluence  of  the  two  livers.  It  contains  278  inliabi- 
tants. — ib. 

Hancock,  a  townfhip  in  Hillfborough  county, 
New-Hampfhire,  fituated  between  two  wellern  branch- 
es of  Contoocook  river,  14  miles  caft  of  Kecne, 
and  between  60  and  70  W.  by  S.  of  Porlfmouth.  It 
was  incorporated  in  1 779.  and  contains  634  iolubit.'intt. 

Han  COCK,  a  long,  narrow  and  mountainou?  towndilp 
on  the  New. York  line,  in  Berkftiire  county,  Malfachu- 
fetts,  having  the  towns  of  Lanelboroiigh  and  Partridge- 
field  on  the  northward,  and  Pittsficld  on  the  S.  It 
was  incorporated  in  1776,  has  121 1  inhabitants,  and 
lies  20  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Lenox,  and  150  W.  of  Bof- 
ton. — ib. 

Hancock,  a  fmall  poft  town  of  Maryland,  fituated 

in  Walhington  county,  on  the  N.  bank  of  Patowmack 

liver,  between  Conolowy  and  Little  Condowy  creeks, 

about    25     miles    S.   1".    of    Bedford    in    Pcnnfylra- 

T  a  ciif 


HAN 


[     148     ] 


H     A     Pv 


Hancoclt   nia,  34  N.  E.  of  Old  Town  in  Maryland,  and  1 19  N.  W.    of  wood,   150  by  50  feet,  and  three  (lories  high,   was    Hanover 

II  of  Bahimore. — ib.  ereifled  in  1786,  containing  36  rooms  for  ftudents.     Its  II 

^Vbnover^       Hancock,  a   new  county  in  the  upper    diftriifl  of    fitu.ition  is  elevated,  healthful  and  pleafant,  command- ^^ii^^<[^ 


Geor^ia.- 

FIANNAH  Bay  Houfe,  a  fiidory  of  the  Hudfon's 
Bay  Company,  at  the  f'nuth  end  of  Jimes'  Bay  in 
North  America,  and  on  the  ea;lern  (ide  of  Hanican.iw 
river,  45  miles  E.  by  S.  cf  Moofe  Fort,  and  18  btbw 
a  houfe  on  the  fame  river. — ib. 

Hannah's  Town,  in  Weftmoreland  county,  Penn- 
fylvania,  4  miles  N.  N.  E.  of  Greenfburg,  and  on  the 
road  from  Bedford  to  Piitlburg  ;  54  miles  N.  W.  by 
W.  of  the  former,  and  26  eall  of  the  latter. — ib. 


ing  an  extenlive  profped  to  the  weft.  There  are  three 
other  public  buildings,  belonging  to  the  college,  and  a 
handfjme  congregational  meeting  houfe  has  lately  been 
ereifled,  in  which  the  commencement  exercifes  are  ex- 
hibited. It  is  32  miles  north  of  Charlefton,  1 15  N.  W. 
by  W.  of  Portfmouth,  138  N.  W.  of  Bofton,  and  378 
N.  E.   by  N.  of  Philadelphia.— ;i. 

Hanover,  atownfliip  in  Morris  county,  New-Jerfey. 
In  a  ridge  of  hills  in  this  tovvnllilp  are  a  number  of 
well?,  40  miles   from  the  fea  in  a  ftraight   line,  which 


HANNIBAL,   a   military  townlhip  in  the  State  of    regularly  ebb  and  flow   about  6  feet  twice  in  every  24 


New- York,   on  Lake  Ontario,   10  miles  S.  by  W.   of 
Fort  Ofwego. — ib. 

HANOVER,  a  bay  in  the  fea  of  Honduras,  fituated 
on  the  eaft  fide  of  the  peninfula  of  Yucatan,  from  which 
it  receives  the  waters  of  the  Rio  Honde.  The  traft  of 
land  between  the  river  Hindeand  the  Balize  was  ceded 
by  the  Spanilh  king  to  the  king  of  Great  Britain,  at  the 
peace  of  1783,  for  the  purpofe  of  cutting  and  carrying 
away  logwood. — ib. 

Hanover,  a  townfliip  in  Lu/erne  county,  Pennfyl- 
vania.  Alio  a  townlhip  in  Walhington  county.  Eaft 
and  Weft  Hanover,  are  two  townlhips  in  Dauphine 
county  in  the  fame  State. — ib. 

Hanover,  or  M'JlUJier's  Toivn,  a  port  town  in 
York  county,  Pennfylvania,  fituated  betv,'e;n  Cndorus 
creek,  and  a  branch  of  Little  Conewago,  which  flows 
into  the  Sufquehanuah.  It  contains  nearly  300  dv\ el- 
ling  houfes,  and  a  German  and  Lutheran  church.  It 
is  '7  miles  north  of  the  Maryland  line,  18  miles  fouth- 
vtil  of  York,  and  106  VJ .  by  S.  of  Philadelphia. — ib. 
Hanover,  a  townlhip  in  Plymouth  county,  Maffa- 
e1uU";tts,  2j  miles  S.  E.  from  Bofton,  was  incorporated 
in  1727,  and  contains  1,003  inhabitants. — ib. 

Hanover,  a  poft-town  of  Nov.'-Hampllure,  fituated 
pn  the  eaft  fide  of  Connecticut  river  in  Grafton  coun- 
ty. Durlmoulh  College,  in  this  town,  is  fituated  on  a 
beautiful  plain,  about  half  a  rnile,  from  the  river,  in 
43"  43'  N.  lat.  and  in  72°  14'  VV.  long,  from  Green- 
wich. It  derives  iis  name  from  William  Earl  of  Dart- 
mouth, one  of  its  principal  benetaftors,  and  was  found- 
ed in  the  year  1769  by  the  late  Dr  Eleazer  Wheelock. 
The  fluids  of  the  college  confift  chiefly  of  lands, 
•mounting  to  about  80,000  acres,  which  are  increafing 
in  value  in  proportion  to  the  growth  of  the  country  ; 
1,200  acres  lie  contiguous  to  the  college  ;  and  are  ca- 
pable ofthebeft  improvement;  12,000  lie  in  Vermont. 
A  trad  of  8  miles  fquare  was  granted  by  the  aifembly 
of  Nevv-Hampfliire  in  1789.  The  revenue  of  the  col- 
lege arifing  from  the  lands,  in  1793,  amounted  annual- 
ly to  ;^I40.  By  contradls  then  made,  they  would 
amount,  in  four  years  after,  to  ^450  ;  and  in  1 2  years, 
10650.  The  income  from  tuition  is  about  ;^6oo  per 
annum.  The  number  of  under.graduates  is,  on  an  av- 
erage, from  15010  18  ).  A  grammar  fchool  of  about 
50  or  60  fcholars  is  annexed  to  the  college.  The  ftu- 
denta  are  under  the  infmediate  government  and  inftruc- 
tion  of  a  prefident,  who  is  alfo  profeffor  of  hiftory,  a 
profelFor  of  mathematics,  and  natural  philofopliy,  a 
profeiFor  of  languages,  and  two  tutors.  The  college  is 
furnifiied  with  a  handfonie  library  and  a  philofopliical 
apparatus  tolerably  complete.     A  new  college  edifice 


hours.     It  is  about  16  miles  N.  W.  of  Elizabeth-Town, 
and  j  jins  upon  Morriftown. — ib. 

Hanoter,  a  county  of  Virginia,  lying  between  Pa- 
muaky  and  Chitkahominy  rivers.  Its  length  is  about 
48  miles,  and  its  breadth  22  ;  and  contains  14,754  in- 
habitants, including  8,223  Aaves.  It  abounds  with 
limellone. — ib. 

Hanover,  a  fmall  town  of  Virginia,  of  the  above 
county,  fituated  on  the  weft  fide  of  the  Pamunky,  in 
which  is  an  academy.  It  is  6  miles  from  Ke^vcaftle, 
22  N.  E.  by  E.  of  Richmond,  and  no  N.  N.  W.  of 
Walhington  city. — ib. 

HANSPIKE,  or  Handspec,  a  lever  or  piece  of 
ftrong  wood,  for  raifing  by  the  hand  great  weights, 
Sec.  It  is  five  or  fix  ieet  long,  cut  thin  and  crooked  at 
the  lower  end,  that  it  may  get  the  eafier  between  things 
that  are  to  be  feparated,  or  under  any  thing  that  is  to 
be  raifcd.  It  i:>  better  than  a  crow  of  iron,  becaufe  its 
length  allows  a  better  poife. 

HANTS,  a  county  of  NovaScotia,  beginning  about 
30  miles  from  Halifax,  contains  the  townlhips  ot  VVind- 
for,  Falmouth,  and  Newport  ;  feveral  valuable  trafts 
remain  unfettled.  Tlie  road  from  Halifax  runs  part 
of  the  way  between  Wlndfor  and  Newport,  and  has 
fettlements  on  it  at  fmall  diftances.  The  county  is 
about  20  miles  fquare,  and  is  well  watered.  The 
rivers  St.  Croii,  Kenetcoot,  and  Cocmiguen  empty 
into  the  Avon,  and  are  all  navigable  except  the  laft. 
The  Cacaguet  and  Cobeguit  are  navigable  40  miles 
for  veffels  cf  60  tons. — Morse. 

HARDIN,  a  new  county  in  the  State  of  Kentucky, 
bounded  N.  E.  by  Waftiington  and  Lincoln,  N.  W. 
and  W.  by  Nellbn  and  Greene,  and  S.  E.  by  Logan 
counties. — ib. 

FIARDWICK,  a  townftiip  in  Caledonia  county,  in 
Vermont. — .b. 

Hardwick,  a  townlhip  in  Worcefter  county,  Mafla- 
chufetts,  25  miles  N.  W.  of  V/orcefter,  and  70  S.  W. 
of  Bofton.  It  is  feparated  from  New-Bralntree  and 
Ware  by  Ware  river.  There  are  within  this  town  245 
houfes,  1,725  inhabitants,  5  corn  and  4  faw  mills,  and 
two  clothiers'  works. — ib. 

Hardwick,  a  townlhip  in  Siiflex  county,  New-Jer- 
fey, nearly  10  miles  S.  W.  of  Newton. — ib. 

Hardwick,  a  fmall  town  of  Georgia,  at  the  mouth 
of  Ogeeche  river,  and  about  18  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Sa- 
vannah.    It  has  lately  been  made  a  port  cf  entry. — ib. 

HARDY,  a  county  of  Virginia,  bounded  north  by 
Hampftiire.  It  is  about  60  miles  long,  and  40  in 
breadth,  and  contains  7,336  inhabitants,  including  369 
Haves.     Chief  town,  Moorfield. — ib. 

HARDYSTON, 


Hardyfton 

II 
Harplc. 


H     A     R  [I 

HARDYSTON,  a  townfhip  in  SulTex  county,  New- 
Jerfey,  containing  2,393  inhabitants,  including  26 
flave=. — ib. 

HARFORD  County,  in  Maryland,  is  bounded  norih 
by  York  county  in  Pennfylvanin ;  cart  by  Sulquebiui- 
rah  river  and  Ciiefapeak  Bay.  The  chief  waters  within 
the  county  are  Diilh  river  and  Deer  creek  ;  on  which 
are  16  mills  of  different  kinds.  On  the  former  and  its 
branches  are  the  towns  of  Harford,  Abington,  Coopf- 
town,  and  Belle-Air.  The  other  towns  are  Havre  de 
Gras  at  the  mouth  of  Sufquehannah,  and  Joppa  be- 
low the  foi  ks  of  Gunpowder. 

It  contains  14,976  inhabitants,  including  3,417  flaves. 
Chief  town,  Belle-Air. — ib. 

Harford,  or  Bujh-twwn,  in  Harford  county,  Mary- 
land, lies  at  the  head  of  the  tide  waters  of  Bulli  river, 
between  Binam's  and  James's  runs  ;  the  forrr.er  fepa- 
rating  it  from  Abington.  It  has  few  houfes,  and  is 
falling  to  decay  fince  the  courts  of  juftice  have  b;-en 
removed  to  Belle-Air.  It  is  9  miles  8.  E.  of  Belle- 
Air,  and  25  N.  E.  by  E.  of  Baltimore ib, 

HARLEM,  a  townlhip  in  Lincoln  county,  Maine, 
incorporated  in  1796.  It  was  formerly  called  Jones's 
Plantation . — ib. 

Harlem,  or  Eajl  River,  a  riv^-r  which  connetTs 
Long-IOand  Sound  with  North,  or  Hudfi.n  river,  and 
forms  York-Illand. — ib. 

Harlem,  a  divifion  of  New- York  county  in  the  nor- 
thern part  of  York-Ifl  ind,  which  contains  803  inhabi- 
tants, including  189  llaves.  The  village  of  its  name 
ftands  9  miles  northerly  of  New-York  city,  and  4  S. 
W.  of  Weft-Cheftcr.  It  is  oppolite  to  the  welt  end  of 
Hell  Giii.—ib. 

HARMAN's  Sttilion,  in  Krnrucky,  is  a  futton  the 
eaft  fide  of  the  well  branch  of  Big  Sindy  river.  On 
the  oppofue  lide  of  this  branch  is  the  Great  Salt  fpring. 
Harman's  Station  is  about  20  miles  fouth  ol  Van- 
couver's fort. — ib. 

HARMAR,  a  well  conUruiled  fort  in  the  N.  W. 
Territory,  fituated  at  the  mouih  of  the  Mulkinguni. 
It  has  5  baftions,  and  3  cannon  mounted,  and  is  gar- 
lifoned  by  4  companies.  It  is  conveniently  (itu.ited  to 
reinforce  any  of  the  polls  up  or  doun  the  river  Oiiio. 
The  place  is  remarkably  healthy. — ib. 

HARMONY,  a  village  in  Luzerne  county,  Penn- 
fylvania,  clofe  on  the  line  of  New- York,  on  the  north 
iide  of  Starucca  creek,  a  water  of  the  call  branch  of 
Sufquehannah  river.  B:tween  this  and  Stockport  on 
Delaware  river,  dillant  t8  miles  E.  S.  E.  there  is  a 
portasie.  It  is  about  140  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Philadel- 
phia, and  130  N.  \V.  of  New-York.  N.  lat.  41"  58'. 
—ib. 

HARPATH,  a  fmall  boat.tble  river  in  Tenneffee, 
which,  after  a  N.  N.  W.  courfe  of  about  40  ni'les, 
falls  into  Cumberland  river,  19  miles  N.  W.  cf  Nalh- 
ville. — ib. 

HARPERSFIELD,  a  townfirp  in  Ocfego  county, 
in  New-York,  bunnded  S.  W.  by  Unidilla  townlhip, 
and  32  miles  S.  E.  of  Cooperftown  ;  155  of  it;  inhabi- 
tant- are  eleflors.  Through  this  town  runs  the  great 
poft.road  from  Hudfon  to  WiUiamfburgb,  62  miles 
well  of  Hudfon  city. — ib. 

HAKPLE,  a  townlhip  in  Delaware  county,  Penn- 
fylvani.i. — ib. 


49     ] 


H     A     R 


HARPSWELL,  a  townfliip  in  Cumberland  coun-  HarpfweU 
ty,  Dilltia  of  Maine,  incorporated  in  175H,  and  con-         H . 
tains    1071    inhabitants.       It   is    bounded    callerly    by  ^JiJ^ji^ 
Georgetown  ;  from  which  it  is  leparated  by  a  navigable 
river.     The  people  here  are  opening  a  communication 
by  a  canal  between  the  waters  of  Kennebeck  river  and 
thofe  of  Cafco  Bay,  through  the  arm  of  the  fca  called 
Stevens's  river.      The  point  called  Merryconeag,  pro- 
jeding  i'.felf  into  the   bay  together  with  the  ifland  Se- 
bafcodeagan,  and  fcveral  other  fmall   iflands,  are  in- 
corp'>rated  and  form  this  townfhip.    Tlie  w.iters  round 
this  ifland  extend  to  within  two  miles  of  the  waters  of 
the  Kennebeck,  and  thus  form   what  is  called   fmall 
Point. — ib. 

HARRINGTON,  a  townlliip  in  Bergen  county, 
Ncw'-J^ifey. — ib. 

HARRIOT  (Thomas)  was  a  very  eminent  ma- 
thematician of  the  1 6th  and  17th  centuries,  of  whom 
fome  account  has  been  given  in  the  EncycloptJia. 
In  that  article  it  has  been  Ihewn,  that  Des  Cartes  had 
feen  fome  improvements  of  Harriot's  in  algebra,  and 
publifh°d  them  to  the  world  as  his  own  ;  but  this  piece 
of  plagiarifm  has  been  more  completely  proved  in  the 
Afironomical  Ephemeris  for  the  year  178H,  by  Dr 
Z  ich,  allronomer  to  tlie  Duke  of  Saxe-Gotha  ;  who 
likewife  lliews  that  H.iriiot  was  an  allrcnomer  as  well 
as  an  algebralll. 

"  I  here  prefcnt  to  the  world  (fays  the  Doflor)  a 
fliort  account  of  fome  valuable  and  curious  manufcripts, 
which  I  found  in  the  year  17S4  at  the  feat  of  the  earl 
of  Egremont,  at  Petworth  in  Siillcx. 

"  A  predecelfor  of  the  family  of  lord  Egremont, 
viz.  that  noble  earl  of  Northumberland,  named  Henry 
Percy,  was  not  only  a  generous  favourer  of  all  good 
learning,  but  alfo  a  patron  and  Mxccnas  of  the  learned 
men  of  his  age.  Thomas  Harriot,  the  author  of  the 
faid  manufcripts,  Robert  Hues  (well  known  by  his 
Treatife  upon  the  Globes),  and  Walter  Warner,  all 
three  eminent  mathematician-,  who  were  known  to  the 
earl,  received  from  him  yearly  pcnfions  ;  fo  that  when 
the  carl  was  committed  prifoner  to  the  Tower  of  Lon- 
don in  the  year  1606,  our  author,  with  Hues  and  \V.ir- 
ner,  \v-ere  his  conllai.t  companions  :  and  were  ufually 
called  the  earl  of  Northumberland's  three  Magi. 

"  Thomas  Harriot  is  a  known  and  celebrated  mathe- 
matician among  the  learned  of  all  nations,  by  his  excel- 
lent work,  Aitis  Analyifcs  Prjxii,  aJ  eyui:li'.n<rt  rt/ff- 
braicas  nova  cxpcilit.i  iy  gtnerali  mtlhodo,  refah-tttduy 
TraSaliis  pojlhumus :  Lond.  1631  :  dedicated  to  Hen- 
ry earl  of  Northumberland  ;  publilhcd  after  his  death 
by  W.ilter  Warner.  It  is  remirkable,  that  the  fame 
and  the  honour  of  thi<  truly  great  m.in  were  conll  mtljr 
attacked  by  the  French  iratheniaticians,  who  could  not 
endure  that  Harriot  fliould  in  any  way  diminllh  the 
fame  cf  their  Vieta  and  Des  C.irtes  cCpecially  the  lat- 
ter, who  was  openly  accuted  of  pUgiarifm  from  our  au- 
thor. 

"  Des  C.irtes  publiHisd  his  Geometry  fix  years  after 
Harriot's  work  appeared,  viz.  in  ih.-  year  1637.  Sir 
Charles  Cavendilh,  th.n  ambalfador  ai  the  French  court 
at  Paris,  obferved  10  the  famous  geometrician  Rover- 
val,  that  thefc  improvements  in  an.ilyfib  had  been  al- 
ready m.ide  ihcfe  fix  years  in  England,  and  (licwcd 
him  afterwards  Harriot's  Artli  Analytiijc  Prasu ;  which. 


H     A     R 


[     150     ] 


H     A     R 


Harriot,     as  RovfTval  was  looking  rver,  at  every  page  he  cried 

"'"''^^'^^  out,   Oui  !  out  !  il  I'a  vu  .'   Tes  !  yes  !  he  has  fan  il  !    D;s 

Canes  had  alfobeen  in  England  before  Harriot's  death, 

and  had  heard  ol  his  new  improvements  and  inventions 

in  ana'.ydi. 

"  N<iw   all   this   re'a'es  to    H.irrint  the  celebrated 
analy[l  ;  but  it  has  n'>t  hitherto  been  known  tluit  IIu- 
liot  was  an  eminent   aftronomer,  both  theoretical  and 
j'ia«51ical,  which    fiill    nppears  by   ihtfe   rranufcripts ; 
aincn^  whii:h,  tlie  molt   lem.irkable  are  199  obferva- 
tions  of  the  fun's  fpots,  with  their  drawing?,  caktla- 
tinns,  and  determinations  of  the  fun's  rotation  al^rut  his 
axis.     There  is  the  greateft   probability  thit  Harriot 
was  the  firll  difcoverer  of  ihefe  fpots,  even  befor- either 
Galileo  or  Scheiner.     The  cailiell  intelligence  we  hive 
of  the  firft  difcovered  folar  fpots  is  of  one  Joh.  Fuiiri- 
cius  Phryfius,  who  in  the  year  161 1  publilhed  at  Wit- 
temberg  a  fmall  treatife,  intiiled,  De  Jl'Iaculis  in  Sole  ob- 
fervalis  cjf  apparinte  eonim  cum  Sole  coKvsrJwne  narral'w. 
Galileo,  who  is  commonly  accounted  the  firft  difcoverer 
of  the  folar  fpots,  publifhed  his  book,  IJloria  e  Dinion- 
ftra^ioni    i/ilurne    aHe    Machle  Solare  e  loio  aal.Ienl':,  at 
Rome  in  the  year  1613.     His  firll  obfervation  in  this 
work  is  dated  June   2d  1612.     Anpelo  de  Filiit,  the 
editor  of  Galileo's  work,  who  wrote  the  dedicanoii  and 
preface  t")  it,  mentions,  page  3.  tliat  Gali'.eo  liad  not 
only  difcovered  thefe  fpots  in  the  month  of  April  in  the 
year  161  i,  at  Rome,  in  the  Quirinal  Garden,  l)Ut  had 
(hewn  them  fcveral  months  bet  ne   {molli-meji  inanzi) 
to  his  friends  in  Florence  ;  and  that   the   oblervations 
iif  the  difguifed  Apelles    (the  Jcfult  Scheiner,  a  pre- 
tender to  this  firft  difcovery)   were  not  later  than  the 
month  of  Odober  in   the   fame  year;  by  which  the 
epoch  of  this  difcovery  was  fixed  to  the  beginning  cf 
the  year  161 1.     But  a  palfage  in  the  firft  letter  cf  Ga- 
lileo's works,  pa.  1 1.  gives  a  more  precife  term  to  this 
difcovery.     Galileo  there  fays  in  plain  term?,  that  he 
had  obferved  the  fpots  in  the  fun   18   months  before. 
The  date  of  this  letter  is  May  24.  lf)i2  ;  which  brings 
the  true  epoch  cf  this  difcovery  to  the  month  of  Novem- 
ber 1610.     However,  Galileo's  firll  produced  obferva- 
tions  are  only  from  June  2.  161 2,  and  thofe  of  father 
Scheiner  of  the  month   of  Oflober  in  the  fame  year. 
But  now  it  appears  from  Harriot's  manufcripts,  that 
his  firft  obfervations  of  thefe  fpcts  are  of  Dec.  8.  1610. 
It  is  not  likely  that  Harriot  could  have  this   notice 
from  Galileo,  for  I  do  not  find  this  mathematician's 
name  ever  quoted  in  Harriot's  papers :   But  I  find  him 
quoting  book   i.  chap.  2.  of  Jofeph  a  Cofta's   Natural 
and  Moral  Hijlory   of  the  IVefl  Indies  ;   in  which  he  re- 
lates, that  in  Peru  there  are  fpots  to  be  feen  in  the  fun 
which  are  not  feen   in   Europe  :  and  hence  it  is  pro- 
bable, that  Harriot  took  the  hint  of  looking  for  fuch 
fpots.     Befides,  it  is  not  unlikely,  that  living  with  fo 
munificent  a  patron,  Harriot  got  from  Holland  the  new 
invented  telefcopes  much  fooner  than  they  could  reach 
Galileo,  who  at  the  lime  lived  at  Venice.     Harriot's 
very  careful  and  exact  obfervations  of  thefe  fpots,  fiievv 
alfo  that  he  was  in  pofftrlHon  of  the  beft  and  moft  im- 
proved telefcopes  of  that  time ;  for  it  appears  he  had 
foroe  with  magnifying  powers  of  10,  20,  and  30  times. 
At  leaft  there  are  no  earlier  obfervations  of  the  folar 
fpots  extarit  than  his;    they    run  from  December  8. 
i6to,  till  January   18.  1613.     I  compared  the  corre- 
fponding  ones  with  thefe  obferved  by  Galileo,  between 


which  I  found  an  exa(?l  agreement.     Had  Harriot  had     '^2"^?'*, 

any  notion  about    Galileo's    difcoveries,   lie  certainly 

would  have  alfo  known  fomething  about  the  phafes  of 

Venus  and  Mercury,  and  efpecially  abiut  the  fmgul.ir 

thapc  of  Saturn,   firll  difcovered  by  G  ilileo  ;  but  I  find 

nnt  a  word  in  all  his  papeis  concerning  the  particular 

figure  of  that  planet. 

"  I  fvui  id  like  wife,  (cuniinues  Dr  Zach)  among  the 
papers  if  Harriot  a  large  fct  of  obfeivaticns  on  the  f«. 
tellites  of  Jupiter,  with  dra'Aiiigs  of  them,  their  pofi- 
tionv,  and  calculitions  cf  their  revoluti'  ns  arid  periods. 
His  firft  obfervation  of  thofe  diicovjred  f  itellites,  I  find 
to  lie  of  January  16.  i6fO  ;  and  they  go  till  February 
26.  1C12.  Galileo  pretends  to  have  difcovered  them 
January  7.  1610;  fo  th<-.t  it  is  not  improbible  that 
Harriot  was  likewife  the  fiift  difcoverer  of  thefe  attend- 
ants of  Jupiter. 

"  Among  his  other  obfervations  of  the  moon,  of  e- 
ciipfes,  of  the  planet  Mars,  of  folftlces,  of  refraiflion,  of 
tiie  declination  of  the  needle,  E-ic.  there  are  remarkable 
ones  of  the  comet  cf  1607,  and  the  latter  comet  (for 
there  were  two)  of  161 8.  They  were  all  obferved 
vith  a  crofs-ftafF,  by  nieafuring  their  dlftances  from 
fixed  flars  ;  whence  thefe  obfeivations  are  the  more  va- 
luable, as  comets  had  before  been  but  grofsly  obferved. 
Kepler  hinifelf  obferved  the  comet  of  1607  only  with 
the  naked  eye,  pointing  out  its  place  by  a  coarfe  efti- 
m  ition,  v;ithout  the  aid  of  an  inftrument ;  and  the  ele- 
ments of  their  orbits  could,  in  defeifl  of  better  obferva- 
tions, be  only  calculated  by  them.  The  obfervations  of 
the  comet  of  the  year  1607  are  of  the  more  importance, 
even  now  for  modern  attionomy,  as  this  is  the  frme 
comet  that  fulfilled  Dr  Halley's  prediflion  of  its  return 
in  the  year  1759.  That  prediction  was  only  grounded 
upon  the  elements  afforded  him  by  th:fe  coarfe  obferva- 
tions ;  for  which  reafon  he  only  afligned  the  term  of  its 
return  to  the  fpace  of  a  year.  The  very  intricate  cal- 
culations of  the  perturbations  of  this  comet,  afterwards 
made  by  M.  Clairaut,  reduced  the  limits  to  a  month's 
fpace.  But  a  greater  light  may  now  be  thrown  upon 
this  matter  by  the  more  accurate  obfervations  on  this 
comet  by  Mr  Harriot.  In  the  month  of  Oflober 
17S5,  when  I  converfed  upon  the  fubje£l  of  Harriot's 
papers,  and  efpecially  on  this  comet,  with  the  celebra- 
ted mathematician  M.  de  la  Grange,  direflor  of  lh« 
Royal  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Berlin,  he  then  fuggeft- 
ed  to  me  an  idea,  which,  if  brought  into  execution,  will 
clear  up  an  important  point  in  aftronomy.  It  is  well 
known  to  aftronomers  how  difficult  a  matter  it  is  to  de- 
termine the  mafs,  or  quantity  of  matter,  in  the  planet 
Saturn  ;  and  how  little  fatisfadlory  the  notions  of  it  are 
that  have  hitherto  been  formed.  The  whole  theory  of 
the  perturbations  of  comets  depending  upon  this  uncer- 
tain datum,  feveral  attempts  and  trials  have  been  made 
towards  a  more  exaifl  determination  of  it  by  the  moft 
eminent  geometricians  of  this  age,  and  particularly  by 
la  Grange  himlelf ;  but  never  having  becnfatisfied  with 
the  few  and  uncertain  data  heretofore  obtained  for  the 
refolution  of  this  problem,  he  thought  that  Harriot's 
obfervations  on  the  comet  of  1607,  and  the  modern 
ones  of  the  fame  comet  in  1759,  would  fuggeft  a  way 
ofrefolving  the  problem  a  pofleriorl ;  that  of  determining 
by  them  the  elements  of  its  elliplis.  The  retardation 
of  the  comet  compared  to  its  period,  may  clearly  be 
laid  to  the  account  of  the  attraition  and  perturbation  It 

has 


H    A     R  [     1 

fiatrifijBrj  has  fufFered  in  the  region  of  Jupiter  and  Saturn  ;  and 
II  as  the  part  of  it  belonging  to  Jupiter  is  very  well  known, 

s^^^^i^i^  the  remainder  murt  be  the  fliare  which  is  due  to  Saturn  ; 
whence  the  mafs  of  ihe  latter  may  be  inferred.  In 
confequence  of  this  confideration,  I  have  already  begun 
to  reduce  mod  of  Harriot's  obfervations  of  this  comet, 
in  order  to  calculate  by  them  the  true  elements  of  its 
orbit  on  an  elliptical  hypothefis,  to  complete  M.  de  la 
Grange's  idea  upon  this  matter. 

"  I  forbear  to  mention  here  any  more  of  Harriot's 
analytical  papers,  which  I  found  in  a  very  great  num- 
ber. They  contain  feveral  elegant  folutions  of  qua- 
dratic, cubic,  and  biquadratic  equations  ;  with  fome 
other  folutions  and  /oca  geometric^,  that  lliew  his  emi- 
nent qualifications,  and  will  ferve  to  vindicate  them  a- 
gainft  the  attacks  of  fereral  French  writers,  wlio  refufe 
him  the  judice  due  to  his  Ikill  and  accomplilhments, 
merely  to  fave  Dt-s  Cartes's  honour,  who  yet,  by  fome 
impartial  men  of  his  own  nation,  was  accufed  of  public 
plagiarifm." 

HARRISBURG,  a  p'-fttown,  and  the  capital  o| 
Dauphine  county,  Penr;f)lv3nia,  is  fituated  on  the  N. 
E.  bank  of  Sufquehannah  river.  It  is  la'd  out  regular- 
ly, and  contains  about  3C0  houfes  ;  of  whici)  feveral 
are  neat  and  convenient ;  fome  of  brick  and  others  of 
ftone.  In  1789,  it  contained  130  houfes,  a  (lone 
gaol,  and  a  German  church.  At  that  perinj  it  lud 
been  fettled  about  3  veats.  It  is  107  miles  W.  N.  W. 
of  Philadelphia,  53  W.  S.  W.  of  Readin-j,  and  17  E. 
N.  E.  of  Carlille.      N.  lat.  40°  iG'.—Mone. 

HARRISON,  a  townfliip  in  Well-Chefter  county, 
New. York,  containing  1004  inhabitants ;  of  whom  115 
are  eledors,  and  54  llaves. — ib. 

Harrison,  a  county  in  the  weftern  part  of  Vir- 
ginia, bounded  N.  by  Ohio  county,  N.  E.  by  Monon- 
galia, S.  by  Gre;i^briar,  and  S.  W.  by  Kenhawa.  Its 
length  is  about  120  miles,  its  breadth  80;  and  the 
number  cf  inhao'tants  2,c8o,  including  67  (lave:. 
Chief  town  Clarkfburg. — ib. 

Harrison,  a  new  county  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  tl:e 
State  of  Kentuckv,   N.  of  Bourbon. — ib. 

HARRODSBURG,  or  Horro/JIcnvr.  ;  apod-town 
in  Mercer  county,  Kentucky,  at  the  head  rf  Salt 
river,  whch  contains  about  2chcnfes,  and  is  10  miles 
S.  W.  of  Danville,  30  S.  by  W.  of  Frankfort,  and  825 
S.  W.  of  Philadelphia  —ib. 

HARTFORD,  a  townihip  in  Windfor  county,  Ver- 
mcnt,  en  Coiiueclicut  river,  oppnfite  the  town  of  Le- 
banon, in  New-Hampfljire.  It  contains  988  ir.liabi- 
tants. — ib. 

Hartford,  a  townfliip  on  the  eafV  bank  of  Geneifee 
river,  in  New-York  State,  40  miles  W.  of  Geneva, 
and  67  S.  E.  by  E.  of  Fort  Ni:ignra. 

Hartford,  a  fertile  and  populous,  though  hilly 
county,  in  Ccnnecfticut,  bcu-Jed  N.  by  the  State  of 
Mniracl.ufetfs  ;  S.  by  part  of  Middlefcx  and  New- 
Haven  coun;ies  ;  E.  by  Tolland,  and  ^V^  by  Litchfield 
county.  It  is  about  34  miles  from  N.  to  S.  and  its 
greatell  breadth  frrm  E.  to  W.  is  30  miles.  It  is 
divided  into  15  townlhip«,  and  contains  38,029  inha- 
bitants, inclixling  265  ilaves.  Chief  town,  Hartford 
city. — ib. 

Hartford  City,  the  capit,d  of  Conncflicut,  lies 
on  the  well  bank  of  Connc<flicut  river,  in  the  county 
9Dd  townlliip  of  its  own  n  inie,  50  miles  north-v.eUerly 


51       ] 


HAS 


from  the  mouth  of  the  river,  at  Saybrook  Bar,  In  H«tf.,rd 
Long  Idand  Stund  ;  and  thus  far  the  tide  flows.  The  I 
townlliip  is  6  miles  fquare,  bounded  N.  by  Windfor  "»'''«'<l''i'*- 
N.  E.  by  Eaft.Windfor,  W.  by  Farmington.  E.  by  ^^'  ^ 
Eaft-Harlford,  S.  E.  by  Glaftenbury,  and  S.  by  We- 
thersfield.  The  town  is  divided  by  a  froall  dream 
called  Lutle  River,  with  high  romantic  bank?,  over 
which  is  a  bridge  ccnne^ing  the  two  divifions  of  the 
town.  T  he  city  is  regularly  laid  out,  the  ftreets  inter- 
fering each  other  at  right  angles.  Its  buildings  are 
an  elegant  ftate-houfe,  lately  built,  2  churches  for 
Congregationalilts,  i  for  Epifcopalians,  and  between 
400  and  500  dwellinsi-houfes ;  a  number  of  which  are 
handfumely  built  with  brick.  The  inhabitants  amount 
to  upwards  of  4,000.  A  bank  was  incorporated  in 
1792,  with  ioo,coo  dollars  capital,  number  of  diares 
250.  The  corporation  have  the  power  to  extend  their 
eapital  to  joo,coo  dollar?.  A  woollen  manufaaory 
was  edabhiiied  here  and  encouraged  by  the  State,  but 
has  not  fucceeded.  Tlie  town  is  aJvaiitageoufl*  fituat- 
ed for  trade,  has  a  fine  bad:  country,  enters  largely 
into  the  manufai>uiing  bufinefs,  and  is  a  tich,  flou- 
rilhing,  commercial  town. 

This  town  was  fird  fettled  in  the  year  i6j6,  by  Mr 
Haynes  and  Mr  Hooker,  who,  with  ihclr  adherents, 
removed  from  Miff.jchufctts.  The  Dutch  had  then  a 
trading  ho.ifeat  the  confluence  of  Mill  and  Connefticut 
rivers.  They  foon  rclinquilhed  the  fettlement,  and 
their  lands  were  confifcated  by  a  commilTion  from  the 
Commonwealth  cf  England  in  1653.  A  point  "f  Und, 
which  forrred  part  of  their  pcflelGons,  is  dill  called 
Dutch  Point.  It  is  40  miles  N.  E.  by  N.  of  New- 
Haven,  ^^  N.  W.  of  New-Lcndon,  124  S.  W.  rf 
B  .lion,  128  N.  E.  of  Ncw-Yoik,  223  N.  E.  of  Phila- 
delphia, 502  from  Richmond,  376  from  Wadiington 
city,  1044  from  Augulia,  and  1018  from  Frankfort 
in  Kentucky.     N.  Int.  41^'  44',  W.  lorg.  73"  4'. ,b. 

HARTLAND,  a  townlliip  of  Coiine(rticut,  the 
north-eadeinmoll  in  Litchfield  county. — ib. 

Hartland,  a  towcfliip  in  W.ndfor  ctiirty,  Ver- 
mont, fuuated  on  the  wdl  bank  of  Connclicut  river, 
II  miles  belnv;he  15  mile  lalls. — ;'3. 

HARVARD,  a  townfhip  in  the  eadern  part  of  Wor- 
cetler  county,  MafTachufctts,  23  mles  N.  E.  cf  V.'or- 
ceder,  and  35  north  ea'lerly  of  Built  n.  It  was  incor- 
porated in  1732,  by  iliis  name,  in  honour  t^i  the 
founder  of  Hirvard  Univcrfiiy  in  Cambridj/e.  Jt  has 
1400  inhibir.in's. —  ib. 

HARWICH,  a  townfliip  on  Cape  Cod,  in  Barn- 
dab'e  county,  Mjlfarhufelts,  lyiti^;  between  Yarmouth 
and  Chatham,  about  8S  miles  S.  E.  of  Dodon,  con- 
taining 2392  inhabitants.  It  cx'ends  quite  acrofs  the 
cap?,  which  is  here  about  6  miles  over.  Their  ma- 
rine bulinefj  lies  chiefly  in  the  filhcry.  The  remiiiiii 
cf  the  Indians  of  tliis  townfh'p  arc  only  6  or  7  fouls. 
They  live  at  PiLuiumiuut — ib. 

Harwich,  a  tcwnlhip  in  Rutland  county,  Vermont, 
containing  i^j  inhab'tants. — ib. 

HARWIN'GTON,  a  pod  town  of  ConneSicur,  in 
IJtchSelJ  coiin-y,  8  m'tes  E.  of  Litchfield,  and  24 
VV.  by  N.  of  Ha-tford.— /*. 

HASSELC)l-TIST  (Frederick)  wa5  born  in  ihc 
province  of  Ead  GoihUud  in  1722,  and  dudied  medi- 
cine and  botany  in  the  univerfity  of  Upfal.  Lionxus 
had  in  his  hfluies  rcf  refcnccJ  the  cxcraordinaiy  merits 

and 


HAS 


C    IJ2    ] 


HAT 


Haflclqiiift.  nnd  great  celebrity  which  a  ynnr.;^-  (ludcnt  might  ob- 
''-^'^''^■^  t^j^  ijy  travelling  thro'.igh  Paleftine,  and  by  inquiring 
into  and  defcribing  the  natural  liiflory  of  that  country, 
which  was  till  then  unknown,  and  h?.d  become  of  the 
grcaiefl  importance  to  interpret  the  bible,  and  to  iin- 
derllar.d  eaftern  ph'lology.  H.ifielquifl  was  fired  with 
ambition  to  accomplilh  an  objcfl  lb  important  in  itfelf, 
and  fo  warmly  recommended  by  his  beloved  maQer. 
There  being  no  fund  arifing  frcm  th.e  liberality  of  the 
crown,  private  collei^ions  were  made,  whiih  poured  in 
very  copicofly,  efpecially  from  the  n.itive  country  of 
the  young  traveller.  All  the  faculties  of  the  univerfity 
ot  Upfil  alio  granted  him  a  ftipend. 

Thus  prctcifled,  he  cnmmei^ccd  his  jnnrrey  in  I'le 
fumnier  cf  1749.  By  the  interference  ot  Lagerftroem, 
he  had  a  free  palfage  to  Smyrna  in  one  of  the  Kwedilh 
E.ift  Indiamen.  He  arrived  there  at  tlie  conclrfion  of 
the  year,  an  J  was  received  in  the  mod  friendly  manner 
by  Mr  A.  Rydel,  the  Swedilh  confnl.  In  the  besin- 
lling  of  1750  lie  let  cut  for  Egypt,  and  remained  n'ne 
monlhs  at  Cairo  the  capital.  Hence  he  fent  to  Lin- 
naeus and  to  the  learned  focieties  cf  his  country,  fcir.e 
fpecimcns  of  his  refe^nch.e?.  They  were  publilhed  in 
the  public  papers,  and  met  with  the  gre.i-e.l  approba- 
tion ;  and  upon  the  piopofition  of  Uean  Baeclf  and  Dr 
Wargentin,  fecretary  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Scien- 
ces, a  cclledion  of  upwards  cf  io,coo  ciolla's  in  copper 
money  w.is  made  for  the  continup.nce  (f  the  travels  of 
young  HalFelqiiift.  Counfellors  Lagcrllroem  and  Nor- 
dencrantz  were  the  mod  acflive  in  ridfing  fubfcriptions 
at  Stockholm  and  Gothenbiirgh.  In  th.e  (pring  cf 
175T,  he  repaired  to  his  dtftination,  and  palfed  thn  iigh 
Jaifa  to  Jtrufalem,  Jericho,  &c.  He  returned  after- 
wards through  Rhodus  and  Scio  to  Smyrna.  Thus  he 
fulfilled  all  the  expeiftations  of  his  countiy,  but  he  was 
not  to  reap  the  reward  of  his  toils.  The  burning  heat 
of  the  fandy  deferts  of  Arabia  had  afT^fled  his  lungs  ; 
lie  reached  Smyrna  in  a  ftate  of  illnefs,  in  which  he 
languidied  for  fome  time,  and  died  February  9.  1752, 
in  the  joih  year  of  his  age. 

The  fruits  of  his  travels  were,  hovrever,  preferved 
through  the  liberality  of  a  great  piincefs.  He  had 
been  obliged  to  contrad  debts.  The  Turks,  theref<  re, 
fei/.ed  upon  all  his  coUeiftions,  and  threatened  to  expofe 
them  to  public  fale.  The  Swedilh  conful  prevented  it. 
He  fent,  with  the  intelligence  of  the  unhappy  exit  of 
his  countryman,  an  account  of  the  diftrcifes  under  which 
he  died  ; — and  at  the  reprefentation  of  Dean  Baeck, 
Queen  Louifa  Ulrica  granted  the  fum  of  14,000  dol- 
lars in  copper  fpecie  to  redeem  all  his  colleflions.  They 
arrived  afterwards  in  good  prefervation  at  Stockholm  ; 
confiding  of  a  great  quantity  of  antiques,  Arabian  ma- 
nufcripts,  Ihells,  birds,  ferpent?,  infers  Sec.  and  were 
kept  in  the  cabinets  at  Ulrichfdale  and  Drottningholm. 
The  fpecimens  of  the  natural  curiofities  of  thefe  mufe- 
ums  being  double  or  treble  in  number,  Linrxus  cb- 
tained  f.me  of  them,  and  publifhed  the  voyage  of  his 
ill-fated  friend,  and  honoured  his  memory  with  a  plant. 


which  he  called  from  his  name  Hafilquijiia .  Hassel- 
QUiRTA,  JRrfycl. 

HAT-iviAKiNG  is  a  mechanical  procefs,  which  is  de- 
tailed in  tl:e  E.-icydopfdra  from  the  bed  irformition 
that  could  then  be  obtained.  We  have  lately  learned, 
however,  th;it  our  detail  is  fometimes  defective,  and 
fometimes  erroneous  ;  and  it  is  our  duty  tofupply  thofe 
defects,  and  to  crrreiff  thcf;  errors.  But,  drangers  as 
we  are  to  the  b'jfinsfs  of  hit-making,  we  (ho'jld  not 
peihaps  have  fufpe^Jted,  that  we  had  been  milled  by  the 
perfons  whom  we  confultcd,  h  id  we  not  been  informed 
by  a  very  intelligent  writer  in  Nicholfon's  Philf  fnphical 
Journal,  that  the  account  of  the  manufacturing  of  hats, 
which  is  civen  in  the  Encyclofixdia  is  far  from  the 
truth.  This  information  induced  us  to  look  through 
the  Journal  itfelf  for  a  more  accurate  account  of  the 
procefs  ;  well  convinced,  that  the  liberal-minded  author 
of  that  work  would  not  have  poin'ed  out  our  midakes 
without  making  us  welcome  to  avail  ourfslves  of  his 
aid  to  correcl  them.  Oor  readers  viill  therefore  be  in- 
t.debted  only  to  Mr  Nichnlfi  n  and  his  correfpondent  for 
wliatevcr indruflicn  they  may  deiive  frf.m  this  article; 
and  as  we  wilh  not  to  deck  ourfelves  in  borrowed 
plume?,  we  fhall  communicate  that  inftruflion  in  the 
wi-rds  cf  i"s  authrr. 

Having  vifited  the  manufactory  of  MefTrs  Collinfons, 
1'  urers  in  Gravel  lane,  Southwark,  Mr  Nicholfon  gives 
ihe  following  account  of  their  procedure  : 

"  The  materials  for  makin':;  hats  are  rabbits  fur  cut 
off  from  the  flcin,  jifcr  the  hairs  have  been  plucked  out, 
together  with  v.ool  and  beaver.  The  two  former  are 
mixed  in  various  proportions,  and  of  different  qualities, 
according  to  the  value  of  the  article  intended  to  be  made; 
and  the  lat'er  our  author  believes  to  be  univerfally  ufed 
fur  facing  the  finer  articles,  and  never  for  the  body  or 
main  duff.  Experience  has  fliewn,  that  thefe  materials 
cannot  be  evenly,  ard  v.ell  felted  together,  ur.lefs  all  the 
fibres  be  fird  fepatated,  or  put  into  the  fame  date  with 
regard  to  each  other.  This  is  the  objeifl  of  the  firft 
procefs,  called  how'ing.  The  material,  without  any  pre- 
vious preparation  (a),  is  laid  upon  a  platform  of  wood, 
or  of  wire,  fomewhat  more  than  four  feet  fquare, 
called  a  hur:'.le,  which  is  fixed  againll  the  wall  of  the 
workfliop,  and  is  enlightened  by  a  fmall  window,  and 
feparated  by  two  fide  partitions  from  other  hardies, 
which  occupy  the  red  of  ihefpace  along  the  wall.  The 
hurdle,  if  of  wood,  is  made  of  deal  planks,  not  quite 
three  inches  wide,  difpofed  parallel  to  the  wall,  and  at 
the  diftance  of  one  fortieth  or  one  fiftieth  of  an  inch 
from  each  other,  for  the  purpofe  of  fuffering  the  dud, 
and  other  impurities  of  the  duff,  to  pafs  through  ;  a 
purpofe  (till  more  effedually  anl'wered  by  the  hurdle  of 
wire. 

"  The  workman  !>;  provided  with  a  bow,  a  bow-pin,  a 
bafket,  and  feveral  ch  ths.  The  bow  is  a  pole  of  yellov7 
deal  wood,  between  feven  and  eight  feet  long,  to  which 
are  fixed  two  bridge?,  fomewhat  like  that  which  re- 
ceives the   hair  in  tlie  bow  of  the   violin  (b).     Over 

thefe 


(a)  Some  writers  mention  a  partial  wetting  of  the  fur  while  on  the  fkin,  by  lightly  fmearing  it  with  a  folutica 
of  nitrate  of  mercury  to  give  it  a  curl.     MellVs  CoUinfons  do  not  ufe  it,  nor  any  other  preparation. 

(b)  Mr  Nicholfon's  correfpondent,  who  is  himfelf  a  hatter,  fays  that  a  bow  is  bed  made  of  adi  ;  that  it  is  com- 
pol^ed  of  \[\z Jiang  or  handle  ;  that  the  bridge  at  the  fnialler  end,  or  that  which  is  reared  the  window  in  the  a<fl 
of  bowing,  is  called  the  cod  ;  and  that  the  oth.er  bridge,  which  is  nearer  to  the  workman's  hand,  is  called  th« 
hrttih. 


^I     A    "^  C     153     ]  HAT 

Hat.m»k-  thcfe  Is  flretched  :,  catgut  about  onctwelfih  p.rt  of  an  diametrically  oppofi.e  to  ,h«  of  the  inner  felt,  i^'hich  it  H.t-n.a. 

^j;:^:^  .nch  ,n    h,cknel.       Ihc  bow-pm  >s  a  ft.ck  ^mh  a  knob,  muft  therefore  greatly  tend  to  ftrengthen.     The  prin         -S 

and  .s  uled  for  rluck.ng  the  bow-ftrmg.     Ihe  bafkct  .s  cipal  part  of  the  hat  is  thus  put  together,  and  now    e-  ^^^ 

a  fquare  piece  of  ozier  work,  confillnig  of  open   flra.t  quires  to  be  worked  uith  the  hands  a  confiderable  time 

bars  wth  no  eroding  or  .nterweavmg     Its  length  acroft  upon  the  hurdle,  the  cloth  bcin;;  alio  occaf.onally  fprinki 

the  bars  may  be  about  tv/o  feet,  and  .ts  breadth  e.gh-  led   with  clear  water.     During  the  whole  of  this  ope- 

teen  .nehe..      The  i.des  ,nto  wh,ch  the  bars  are  hxed  ration,  which  is  called  i./onin^^c),  the  article  beco,^,ei 

are  fl.ghtly  bended  mto   a  circular  curve,  fo  that  the  firmer  and  firmer,  and  contraas  in  its  dimenfions.     It 

balket  may  be  fet  upright  on  one  of  thefe  edges  rear  may  eaCly  be  underdood,  that  the  chief  ufe  of  the  pa- 

the  fTCTht    hanii   enil    (jt    tlie    buret  e.    wlier(>    ir     kIiki  W  ■-.or    :,  .„  .1. ,  .-j    _  r  ,■  1  .  .  ' 


n'^V^bt  ,     "d  end  of  the  hurdle,  where    .t    ulually  per,  is  to  prevent  the  fides  from  felting  together 

ftands.    The  cloths  arelmen.  Befides  tnefe  .mplements,  "  The  bafoning  is  followed  by  a  ftiU  more  efTcc.ua. 

the  workman  is  alfo  provided  with  brown  paper.  continuation  of  the  felting  called  ivoriin^  (d)    This  is 

"  The  io'wws  commences  by  fliovellmg  the  material  done  in  another  (liop,  at  an  apparatus  called  a  i.;//'r. 


flual 


The  ftnng.  in  its  return,   ftnkes  part  ot  the  tur,  and  together  in  the  form  of  a  frullum  of  a  pyramid,   and 

caufes  It  to  rile,  and  fly  partly  acrols  the  hurdle  in  a  meeting  in  the   kettle  at  the  middle.     The  outer  or 

light  open  form.   By  repeated  ftrokes,  the  whole  is  thus  upper  edge  of  each  plank  is  about  two  feet  broad,  and 

fubjeaed  to  the  bow  ;  and  this  beating  is   repeated  till  rifes  a  little  more  than  two  feet  and  a  half  above   the 

all  the  original  clots  or  malFes  of  the  filaments  are  per-  ground  ;  and   the  flope  towards  the  kettle  ij  confider- 

feftly  opened  and  obliterated.    The  quantity  tiius  treat-  ably  rapid,  fo  that  the  whole  battery  is  little  more  than 

ed  at  once  is  cdled  a  bait,  and  never  exceeds  half  the  fix  feet  in  diameter.     The  quantity  of  fulphuric  acid 

quantity  required  to  make  one  hat.  added  to  the  liquor  is  not  fufricient  to  give  a  four  tafte, 

"  When  the  batt  is  fufficiently  bowed,  it  is  ready  for  but  only  renders  it  rough  to  the  tongue.  In  this  li- 
hankning  ;  which  term  denotes  t!  e  firft  commencement  quor  heated  rather  higher  than  unpraftifed  hands  could 
of  felting.  The  prepared  material  being  evenly  difpo-  bear,  the  article  is  dipped  from  time  to  time,  and  ihea 
fed  on  the  hurdle,  is  firft  prelfed  down  by  the  convex  worked  on  the  planks  with  a  roller,  and  alfo  by  folding 
fideof  the  balket,  then  covered  with  a  cloth,  and  prelfed  or  rolling  it  up,  and  opening  it  again  ;  in  all  which,  a 
fucceffively  in  its  various  parts  by  the  hands  of  the  certain  degree  of  care  is  at  firft  necellary,  to  prevcn* 
workman.  The  prelfuie  is  gentle,  and  the  hands  are  the  fides  from  felting  together  ;  of  which,  in  the  mora 
very  (lightly  moved  back  and  forwards  at  the  fame  time  advanced  ftages  of  the  operation,  there  is  no  danger, 
through  a  fpace  of  perhaps  a  quarter  of  an  inch,  to  fa-  The  Imperfeillons  of  the  work  now  prefent  themfelret 
vour  the  hardening  or  entangling  of  the  fibres  (See  to  the  eye  of  the  workman,  who  picks  out  knots  and 
Felting  in  this  Siippl.)  In  a  very  (horl  time,  indeed,  other  hard  fubftances  with  a  bodkin,  and  add>  more  felt 
the  fluff  acquires  lulficient  firmnef,  to  bear  careful  upon  all  fucii  parts  as  require  llrengthening.  Thii 
handling.  The  cloth  is  then  taken  off,  and  a  flieet  of  added  felt  is  patted  down  with  a  wet  brulh,  and  foon 
paper,  with  its  corners  doubled  In,  fo  as  to  give  itatii-  Incorporates  with  the  reft.  The  beaver  is  laid  on  to- 
angular  outline,  Is  laid  upon  the  batt,  which  laft  is  fold-  wards  the  conclufion  of  this  kind  of  working.  Mr 
ed  over  the  paper  as  it  lies,  and  its  edges,  meeting  one  Nicholfon  could  not  dilllniSly  learn  why  the  bee? 
over  the  other,  form  a  conical  cap.  The  joining  is  foon  grounds  were  ufed  with  beaver-hats.  Some  workmen 
made  good  by  prelTure  with  the  hands  on  the  cloth,  faid,  that  by  rendering  the  liquor  more  tenacious,  the 
Another  batt,  ready  hardened.  Is  in  the  next  place  laid  hat  was  enabled  to  hold  a  greater  quantity  of  it  for  a 
on  the  hurdle,  and  the  cap  here  mentioned  placed  upon  longer  time;  but  others  faid,  that  the  mere  acid  and 
it,  with  the  joining  downwards.  This  lall  batt  being  water  would  not  adhere  to  the  beaver  facing,  but  would 
»lfo  folded  up, will  confequently  haveitsplace  ofjunftlon  roll   off  immediately  wlien  the  article  was  laid  on  the 

SuppL.  Vol.  II.  U  plank* 

(c)  Mr  Nicholfon's  correfpondent  fays,  that  after  bowing,  and  previous  to  the  bafoning,  %  hardening  fiin, 
that  is,  a  large  piece  of  fkin,  about  tour  leet  long  and  three  feet  broad,  of  leather  alumed  or  half  tanned.  Is  prelfed 
upon  the  batt,  to  bring  It  by  an  eafier  gradation  to  a  compaift  appearance  ;  after  which  It  is  bafoned,  being  Hill 
kept  upon  the  hurdle.  This  operation,  the  bafoning,  derives  its  name  from  the  procefs  or  mode  of  iMtiing, 
being  the  fame  as  that  pradlifed  upon  a  wool  hat  alter  bowing;  the  laft  being  done  upon  a  piece  ot  call  metal, 
four  feet  acrofs,  of  a  circular  lliape,  called  a  bafon :  the  joining  of  each  batt  is  made  good  here  by  IliutHing  the 
hand,  that  Is,  by  rubbing  the  edges  of  each  batt  folded  over  the  other  to  e.\cite  the  progrcllivc  motion  ol  eacli  of 
the  filaments  in  i'clting,  and  to  join  the  two  together.  Many  journeymen,  to  hurry  this  work,  ufe  a  quantity  of 
vitriol  (fulphuric  acid),  and  then,  to  make  the  nap  rife  and  How,  they  kill  the  vitriol,  and  .  p.-n  the  body  again 
by  throwing  in  a  handful  or  two  of  oatmeal ;  by  tJiis  means  they  get  a  great  many  made,  though,  at  the  lame 
time,  they  leave  them  quite  grainy  from  the  want  of  labour.  This,  in  handling  the  dry  grey  hat  when  made 
may  be  in  part  difcovered  ;  but  in  part  only. 

(d)  The  Intelligtnt  wiiter,  who  has  been  fo  often  quoted,  fays,  that  before  this  operation  is  begun,  the  hat  is 
dipped  into  the  boiling  kettle,  and  allowed  to  lie  upon  the  plank  until  cold  again  ;  thin  is  called  /o.iiin^,  that  is, 
being  perfeflly  f.iturated  with  the  hot  liquor  :  if  they  are  put  in  too  hallily  in  this  ftatc,  tor  they  are  then  only 
bowed  and  bafoctd,  they  would  burll  from  th.e  edges,  each  batt  not  being  fufficiently  telted  into  the  other. 


Hat-mik- 
ing. 


HAT  [I 

plank.  It  is  probable,  as  he  obferves,  that  the  nianu- 
faiflurers  who  now  tollow  ihe  eftablilhed  pra(5lice,  may 
not  have  tried  what  are  the  inconveniencies  this  addition 
is  calculated  to  remove." 

Our  author's  correfpondent,  however,  aQlgns  feveral 
reafons  ior  the  addition  of  thofe  dregs,  which,  he  fays, 
ought  to  be  thick,  and  the  foureft  that  can  be  got. 
1.  Vitriol  (fulphuric  acid)  would  harden  the  hat  too 
much,  which  is  kept  mellow  by  the  dregs,  z.  The 
dregs  are  faid  by  the  workmen  to  hold  or  fill  the  body, 
whiift  a  little  vitriol  cleanfes  it  of  the  dirt,  &c.  that 
may  be  on  the  rabbit  or  other  wools.  3.  Another  ad- 
vantage attending  the  life  of  dreg:,  whether  of  beer, 
porter,  or  wine,  is,  that  as  the  boiling  of  the  dyeing 
does  net  draw  out  much  of  the  mucilage  from  each  hat 
when  it  comes  to  be  ftiffened,  the  dregs  form  a  body 
•within  the  hat,  fufficiently  ftrong  or  retentive  to  keep 
the  glue  from  coming  through  amongd  the  nap.  4. 
Vitriol  (fiilphiuic  acid)  alone  purges  or  weakens  the 
goods  tio  much;  confequently  half  of  the  quantity 
does  bitter  with  the  addition  of  dregs,  as  it  allows  the 
body  to  be  made  clofer  by  more  work. 

Of  thefe  four  reafons  for  the  ufe  of  dregs,  the  laft 
alone  appears  to  us  perfpicuous  or  at  all  fatisfaflory. 
But  be  this  as  it  msy,  acid  of  fome  kind  gives  a  rough- 
nefi  to  the  furfriceof  the  hair,  which  facilitates  tlie  me- 
chanical aftion  of  felting  ;  and  Mr  CoUinfon  informed 
Mr  Nicholfon,  tliat  in  a  procefs,  called  carotli/ij;,  they 
make  ufe  of  nitrous  acid.  In  this  operation,  the  ma- 
terial is  put  into  a  mixture  of  the  nitrous  and  fulphuric 
acids  in  water,  and  kept  in  the  digeflingheat  of  a  (love 
all  night  ;  by  which  means  the  hair  acquires  a  ruddy 
or  yellow  colour,  and  lofes  part  of  its  ftrengih. 

"U  mud  be  rcmeniberedjthat  our  hat  dill  pn/Tcffes  the 
form  of  a  cone,  and  that  the  whole  of  the  feveral  ac- 
tions it  has  undergone  have  only  converted  it  into  a  foft 
ilexible  telt,  capable  of  being  extended,  though  with 
fome  diiliculty,  in  every  diieilion.  The  next  tiling  to 
be  done  is  to  give  it  the  fjrm  required  by  the  weaier. 
For  this  purpofe  the  workman  turns  up  the  edge  or 
rim  to  the  depth  of  about  an  inch  and  a  half,  and  then 
returns  the  point  back  again  through  the  centre  or  axis 
of  the  cap,  fo  far  as  not  to  take  out  this  fold,  but  to 
pioduce  another  inner  fold  of  the  fame  depth.  The 
point  being  returned  back  again  in  the  fame  manner, 
produces  a  third  fold  ;  and  thus  the  workman  proceeds, 
until  the  v.-hch  has  acquired  the  appearance  of  a  Hit 
circular  piece,  confilling  of  a  number  of  concentric  un- 
dulations or  folJs,  with  the  point  in  ths  centre.  This 
is  laid  upon  the  plank,  v.here  the  workman,  keeping 
the  piece  wet  with  the  liquor,  pulls  out  the  point  with 
his  fin:rerf,  and  preifes  it  down  with  his  hand,  at  the 
fime  time  turning  it  round  on  its  centre  in  contact  with 
the  plank,  till  lie  has,  by  this  means,  i  ubbed  out  a  flat 
po)  tion,  equal  to  the  intended  crown  of  the  hat.  In 
the  next  place  he  takes  a  block,  to  the  crown  of  which 
he  applxs  the  flat  central  portion  of  the  felt,  and  by 
forcing  a  ftring  down  the  fides  of  the  block,  he  caufes 
the  next  part  to  affuroe  the  figure  of  the  crown,  which 
he  continues  to  wet  and  work,  until  it  has  properly  dif- 
pofed  itfelf  lound  the  block.  The  rim  now  appears 
like  a  fljunced  or  puckered  appendage  round  the  edge 
of  the  crown  ;  but  the  block  being  Vet  upright  on  the 
plank,  the  requifite  figure  is  foon  given  by  working, 
rubbing  and  e^^tsnding  this  part.     Water  only  is  ufed 


54     ] 


HAT 


in  this  operation  of  fafliioning  or  blocking  ;  at  the  con- 
clufion  of  which  it  is  prelfed  out  by  the  blunt  edge  of 
a  copper  implement  for  that  purpofe. 

"  Previous  to  the  dyeing,  the  nap  of  the  hat  Is  raifed 
or  loofened  out  with  a  wire  brufh,  or  carding  inllru- 
ment.  The  fibres  are  too  rotten  after  tlie  dyeing  to 
bear  this  operation.  The  dyeing  materials  are  logwood, 
and  a  mixture  of  the  fulphates  of  iron  and  of  copper, 
known  in  the  market  by  the  names  of  green  copperas 
and  blue  vitriol.  As  the  time  of  Mr  CoUinfon  was  limit- 
ed, and  my  attention,  fays  Mr  Nicholfon,  was  more  par- 
ticularly directed  to  the  mechanical  procefl'es,  I  did  not 
go  into  the  dye-houfe  ;  but  I  have  no  doubt  that  the 
hats  are  boiled  with  the  logwood,  and  afterv.'ards  im- 
meifed  in  the  laline  folution.  I  particularly  alked  whe- 
ther galls  were  ufed,  and  was  anfwered  in  the  negative. 

"  The  dyed  hats  are,  in  the  next  place,  taken  to  the 
fliffening  Ihop.  One  workman,  alTilted  by  a  boy,  does 
this  pan  of  the  bufinefs.  He  has  two  veifels,  or  boil- 
ers, the  one  containing  the  grounds  of  ftrong  beer, 
which  cofts  feven  lliillings  per  barrel,  and  the  other  vef- 
fcl  containing  melted  giue  a  little  thinner  than  it  is 
ufed  by  carpenters.  Our  author  particularly  alked, 
whether  this  laft  folution  contained  any  other  ingre- 
dient befides  glue,  and  wasaffured  that  it  did  not.  'I'he 
beer  grounds  aie  applied  in  the  infide  of  the  crown  to 
prevent  the  glue  from  coming  through  to  the  face,  and 
alfo,  as  he  luppofes,  to  give  the  requifite  firmneis  at  a 
lefs  expence  than  could  be  ])roduced  by  glue  alone.  If 
the  glue  were  to  paf>  through  the  hat  in  different  places, 
it  mfght,  he  imagines,  be  more  diUicult  to  produce  an 
even  glofs  upon  the  face  in  the  fubfetiuent  finifhing. 
The  glue  fliffening  is  applied  after  the  beer-groundi 
are  diied,  and  then  only  upon  the  hnver  face  of  (l:e 
flap,  and  the  infide  of  the  crown.  For  this  pin  pole, 
the  hat  is  put  into  another  hat,  called  a  fliffening  hat, 
the  crown  t'f  which  is  notched,  or  flit  optn  in  various 
dirtflions.  Thefe  are  then  placed  in  a  liole  in  a  deal 
board,  which  fupports  the  flap,  and  the  glue  ii  applied 
with  a  brufh. 

"  The  dry  hat,  after  this  operation,  is  very  rigid,  and 
its  figure  irregular.  The  lalf  dreffing  is  given  by  the 
application  of  moidure  anJ  lieat,and  the  ufe  of  the  brulb, 
and  a  hot  Iron,  fome«  b.at  in  the  fhaj)e  of  that  ufed  by 
tailors,  but  fhorter  and  broader  on  the  fice.  The  hat 
being  f  iltened  by  expofure  to  fleara,  is  drawn  upon  a 
block,  to  which  it  is  fecurcly  appl  td  by  the  fom^cr 
method  of  forcing  a  firing  down  from  the  crown  to 
the  coninienccmcnt  of  the  lim.  The  judgment  of  the 
Workman  is  employed  in  nicIUening,  brulhing,  and  iron- 
ing t.he  hat,  in  order  to  give  and  preferve  the  proper 
figure.  When  the  rim  of  the  hat  Is  not  intended  to 
be  of  an  equal  width  throughout,  it  is  cut  by  means  of 
a  wooden,  or  perhaps  nietHllIc  pattern  ;  but  as  no  fuch 
hats  are  now  in  fafliion,  Mr  Nicholfon  faw  only  t)ie 
tool  for  cutting  them  round.  The  contrivance  is  very 
ingenious  and  fimple.  A  number  of  notches  are  made 
in  one  edge  of  a  flat  piece  <  f  wood  for  the  purpofe  of 
inferting  the  point  of  a  knife,  and  from  one  fide  or 
edge  of  this  piece  of  w<>od  th^re  proceeds  a  flrait 
handle,  which  lies  parallel  to  thenotcl~,ed  fide,  forming 
an  angle  fomewhat  like  that  of  a  carpenter's  fquate. 
When  the  legs  of  this  angle  are  applied  to  the  --.uifide 
of  the  crown,  and  the  board  lies  flat  on  the  rim  of  the 
hat,  ths  notched  edge  will  lie  nearly  in  the  dirc<Sion  of 

the 


ing. 


HAT  [     ,^.    ]  H     A     T 

Tlat-mak-  ihe  radit:s,  or  line  poiniinQ;  to  the  centre  of  tlie  hat  or  anv  mliw  n,.,t/.,-ui         ■   r  i     ,        i  ,. 

^^^Aknifeh^ngthereLeiirtcdinoneofthenotch^ 

,t  .s  eafy  to  draw  ,t  round  by  leanmg  the  tool  aga.nll  any  of  the  bctore  mentioned  matclah.  and  with    h  °p- 

the  crown,  and  .t  ^v>U  c,  .  the  border  very  regular  and  er  filk.      This   (hag  (houUl  be  flrctch-d  on  a  S 

true.     Th,scut,,madebe.re.hehat,squ,tefinilhed,  fuch  a.  dyers  ufe  to  rack  ck„h  ;  t  en  (having  pr"! 

and  -s  not  carr.ed  entne.y  through;  fo  that  one  of  il.c  cully  fet  the  pile  upright  wi,h  u  comb,  to  pre^vcn^i.s 

laft   opcn.t,on3    confuls  ,n   tcar.ng  c(F  the  redundant  being  injured  or  P.uck  together),  go  over  the  ground 

part    .h,ch  by  that  means    eav-es  an  edg.ng  of  beaver  with  thin  fize.  la.d  on  with  a  n.ft^rufh.     For^lacfc 

round  the  external  face  ot  the  flap.     When  the  hat  is  or  dark  colours,  common  f,ze  w.U  do  ;  with  wh^t^    or 

compleuly  fin,.hed,  the  crown  is  tied  up  m  gauze  pa-  any  light  colour,  ufe  illnglafs,  or  a  f.ze  made  from  white 

kid  leather.     Tliefe,  or'gum,  or  any  other  mucilagi. 


nous  matter,  which,  wiiiiout  altering  the  colour,  will 
prevent  oil  frc m  getting  throni;h  the  ground  fo  as  t\ 
injure  the  pile,  will  anfwer  the  purpofe.  Take  care 
not  to  apply  more  of  any  mateiiil,  as  a  preparstior, 
than  may  be  fully  fatiiratcd  with  oil  orvarnifti,  fothat 


per,  which  is  neatly  ironed  down.     It  is  then  ready  for 
the  fubfeqnent  operations  of  lining,"  Sec. 

Oiir  author  concludes  his  valuable  memoir  on  the 
fabrication  of  hats,  with  liime  obfervations  on  the  pro- 
bable gain  or  lofs  ol  employing  machinery  in  the  ma- 
nuf.iiflure.     Thefe  obfervations,  as  they  are  ftated  in 

the  original  paper,  we  recommend  to  the  feiious  attcn-  water  will  not  difch'arge  it  fmrn  the  gronnd  The 
tion  of  every  judicious  hat-maker,  who  carries  on  his  fue,  or  other  glutinous  matter,  bcin?  dry  t'-e  pi- 
bufmefs  on  a  large  fcale;  for  he  will  find  them  not  the  muftbe  teafckd,  or  c^nrded  with  a  fine  'ca-d  till 
reveries  of  a  rath  Ipeculatift,  b:.t  the  cool  rdlecliuns  of  a  the  filk  is  completely  taken  cut  of  the  twill  or  throw- 
real  philofopher,  whnisatthe  fimct.menoftrangerto  ing,  when  it  wiil  lofe  its  coarfe  fiiaggv  look,  and  af- 
the  arts  ot  li!e.  They  fuggell  the  following  fubjecfs  of  fume  tlie  appearance  of  a  ve-y  fine  tir.'  It  mull  hot 
enquiry  ;  Whether  carding,  which  is  rapidly  and  me-  be  once  more  fet  upright  with  -i  cor.^U,  ard  you  may 
chanically  don?,  be  inferior  to  bowii.g,  whicli  does  not  proceed  to  lav  on  yoOr  water-proof  material  ;  (his  too 
promife  much  f.icility  lor  mechanical  operation  ?  Whe-  may  be  varied  according  to  clrcumn^nco^.  For  black, 
ther  a  fucceffion  of  baus  or  carding?  might  be  thrown  or  any  daik  colour,  lin(ecd  oil  well  boiled  with  the  u- 
round  a  fluted  cone,  which  rapidly  revolving,  in  con-  fual  dViers,  and  thickened  with  a  frar.ll  quantity  of  any 
taa  with  three  or  more  cjlindcrs,  might  perform  the  good  drying  colour,  will  do  ;  for  white,  or  very  fine  co- 
hardening,  and  even  the  working,  with  much  more  lours,  poppy  or  nut  oil,  or  copal  or  other  varnifhe;,  may 
precifion  and  fpecd  than  they  are  now  done  by  hand  i  be  ufed.  In  this  particular  the  maniifa..1urer  mull 
Whether  blocking  or  fiiaping  be  not  an  operation  ex-  judge  what  will  betl  anfwer  his  purpofe,  taking  car; 
tremely  well  calculated  for  the  operation  of  one  or  mora  never  to  ufe  anything  that  will  dry  hard,  or  be  ('ubjcdl 
machines  ?  Whether  loofe  weaving  and  fubfcquent  felt-  to  crack.  Mr  Dunnage  has  found  good  drying  Hir- 
ing might  not  produce  a  lighter,  cheaper,  and  llronger  feed  oil  prel'erable  to  any  other  thing  which  he  has 
article  ?  And  how  far  the  mechanical  felting,  whicli  is  ufed,  and,  with  the  precaution  of  laying  nn  very  lltll: 
not  confined  merely  to  the  hairs  of  animals,  might  be  the  firft  time,  it  will  not  injure  the  finell  colours.  Wh-.>n 
applied  to  this  art?      ^  the  tirfl   coat   of  oil   is  dry,  go  over  it  a   fecond  and 

Before  we  diimifs  this  fubjeft,  it  may  be  worth  while    a  third  time,  if  necclfary,' till  you  are  convinced  the 
to  ftate  Mr  Dunnage's  method  of  making  loatey-proof  pores  of  the  ground  are  fully  clcfed  up,  and  the  (luff 
hai.u  in  imitation  of  beaver,  for  which,  in  November    rendered  impervious  to  water.     It  (hould  now  (land 
1794,  he  obtained  a  patent.     It  is  as  follows:  Let  a    feveral  days,  till  the  fmell  is  fuflicienily  gone  ofFj  and 
fhag  be  woven,  of  fuch  count  In  the  reed,  and  cut  over    before  it  is  taken  from  the  frame,  (hould  be  gone  over 
fuch  fizcd  wire,  as  will  give  the  hats  to  be  manutadu-    with  fome  ox  gall  or  lime-water,  to  takeofFthe  greafi- 
red  from  it  tiiat  degree  of  richnefs  or  appearance  of    ncfs,  which  wtiild  otIierwI(e  prevent  the  fliffening  tVorn 
fur,  which  may  be  thought  neceffary.     The  materials    adhering  to  the  oil.     The  material  being  now  ready  to 
of  which  this  Ihag  may  be  cnmpo("cd  are  various,  and    be  formed  into  hits,  (hould  be  cut  into  proper  (hapes 
ihould  be  accommodated  to  different  kinds  of  bats,  ac-    for  that  purpofe.     The  crown  (hould  be  made  up  over 
cording  to  the  degree  of  beauty  and  durability  to  be    a  block,  with  needle  and  filk,  the  oiled  fide  outwards, 
given  them,  and  the  price  at  which  they  are  defigned    The  feams  Ihould  then  b;  rubbed  with  a  piece  cf  hard 
to  be  fold;  that  is  to  fay,  filk,  mohair,  or  any  other    wood,  bone,  or  ivory,  to  make  them  lie  (lit,  and  the 
hair  that  is  capable  of  being  Ipun  into  an  end  fine  e-    edges  of  the  (luiT  pared  off  very  near  the  (lilches,  that 
rough  for  the  purpofe,  cotfn,  inkle,  wool,  or  a  mix-    m  joint  may  appear  on  the  right  fide.     The  feams 
lure  of  any,  or  all  ihe  above  materials,  as  may  fuit  the    Ihould  tlien  b;  carefully  gone  over  with  the  prepared 
clifferent  purpofes  of  the  manufacturer.     Thole  anl'wcr    oil,  till  evciy  crevice  or  hole  made  by  the  needle  is 
bed,    (fays  our  author),    which    are  made  with  two    completely  filhd  up,  and  the  crown  rendered  perfeflljr 
poles,  either  of  Bergam,  Piedmont,  or  Orgmziuc  fiik,    water-proof.     The  crown  may  then  he  turned  and  ftilT- 
rifing  alternaiclv,  in  a  reed  of  abi'Ut  nine  hii  idred  count    ened,  by   (licking  linc-ii,  leather,  paper,  or  any  other 
to  eighteen   indies  wide,   with  three  fliocits  over  each     material  that  may  be  found  to  antvvcr  the  purpofe,  to 
wire.      This    method  of  weaving  di(lribii:ei  tlio  (ilk    the  inner  or  painted  fide,  till  it  acquiies  a!>out  the  firre 
(as  it  may  be  put  fiiigle  into  the  liarnels),  and  pre-    degree  of  ItifTncfs,  nr  rcfillance  l.>  (he  touch,  as  a  good 
vents  any  ribby  appearance  which  it  might  have  if  the    beaver.     The  mucilaginous  matter  which  he  ul'ed  to 
filk  were  palfed  double,  and  the  whole  of  the  pole  cut    attach  the  llifFcning  to  the  crown,  and  the  upper  and 
over  each  wire.     Tliis  may  be  made  either  on  a  two    under  parts  of  the  brim  to  each  other,  was  ccmpofed 
or  four  thread  ground  of  liard  (ilk.  (hot  with  tine  cot-    of  one  pound  of  gum  ai  able  or  ("cncgj,  on:  pound  of 
ton,  which  he  thinks  pref.-rable  for  ihoot,  to  filk,  inkle,    (larch,  and  a  half  a  pound  of  glue,  bailed  up  with  as 

U  2  much 


HAT 


C    156    ] 


H     A     V 


II 

Hatfield. 


Hat-mak-  much  water  as  reduced  die  whole  to  the  confidence  of 
'"S  a  thick  p;ifte.  A  greater  or  lefs  proportion  of  any  of 
ihefe  ingredients  may  be  ufed,  and  other  glutinous  and 
adhefive  fubftances  may  anfwer  the  fame  purpofes ;  or 
drying-oils  may  be  made  ufe  of,  inflead  of  this  or  other 
mucilage  ;  or  any  of  tlie  relinous  gums  diil'olved  in 
oil  or  i'pirits  ;  only  it  fhould  be  obferved,  in  this  cafe, 
the  hats  will  require  more  time  in  the  preparation,  as 
the  oily  matter,  unlefs  expofed  to  the  air,  will  not  rea- 
dily dry;  but  he  found  by  experience  that  the  above 
mentioned  compofition  does  not  dry  hard  or  brittle, 
but  retains  that  pleafant  flexibility  which  is  agreeable 
to  the  touch,  whil:  it  communicates  to  the  other  mate- 
rials a  fufficicr.t  degree  of  elafticity.  Before  the  brim 
is  perledly  dry,  care  fliould  be  taken  to  form  a  neck 
or  riling  round  the  hole  where  it  is  to  be  attached  to 
the  crown,  by  notching  it  round  wiih  a  pair  of  fcif- 
fars,  and  ihen  forcing  it  over  a  block  fometiiing  larger 
than  you  have  made  the  hole,  fo  that  the  uncut  Huff  may 
turn  up,  under  the  lower  edge  of  the  crown,  about  a 
quarter  of  an  irich.  Belore  you  join  the  crown  and  brim 
together,  go  over  the  outfide  of  the  neck  of  the  brim, 
and  the  infide  cf  the  cioun,  as  high  as  the  neck  will 
come  (which  Ihould  be  about  half  an  inch),  with  the 
prepared  oil ;  and  when  ihey  are  neaily  dry,  fo  as  to 
adhere  to  the  finger  on  touching  them,  put  the  crown 
over  the  neck  of  the  brim,  and  let  them  be  fewed 
flrongly  together,  taking  care  to  few  down  as  little  of 
the  pile  as  poffijle,  and  ufing  the  fame  precaution  of 
oiling,  where  the  needle  has  been  through,  as  was  ob- 
ferved in  making  up  the  crown.  The  hat  is  now  rea- 
dy for  drefling  ;  which  opeiation  may  be  performed 
over  a  block,  with  a  hot  iron,  brulh.  Sec.  in  the  fdme 
manner  as  thofe  commonly  called  felts.  When  putting 
in  the  lining,  be  very  careful  to  let  the  needle  only  take 
hold  of  the  under  furface  of  ihe  brim  ;  for  fliould  it 
perforate  the  upper  one,  the  water  will  find  its  way 
through,  and  the  hat  be  of  no  value.  Though  we 
have  already  declared  how  little  we  are  acquainted  with 
the  operation  of  hat-makine,  we  cannot  help  luggefting 
the  enquiry,  whsther  thefe  water-proof  hats  might  not 
be  improved  butli  in  Ilrength  and  beauty,  by  a  flight 
felting  before  the  application  of  the  fize  by  the  brufn. 
Such  of  them  as  are  compofed  of  wool  or  hair,  or  con- 
tain a  mixture  of  thefe  materials,  are  unqueftionably 
fufceptible  of  foiling. 

HATBOROUGH,  a  fmall  town  in  Montgomery 
county,  Pennfylvani.t,  fitriated  on  the  N.  E.  ilde  of 
Pennepeck  Creek,  which  runs  into  Delaware  river 
nbout  5  miles  above  Frankfort,  It  contains  about  20 
houfes. — Morse. 

HATCHY,  a  navigable  river  in  the  State  of  Ten- 
fletTee,  runs  weilerly  into  the  Miffiflippi,  ab'>ut  19  miles 
N.  of  Wolf  river,  and  is  about  80  yards  v.'ide  7  miles 
from  its  mouth. — ib. 

HATFIELD,  a  very  pleafant  town  in  Hampfhire 
county,  Malfichufects,  (ituated  on  the  weft  bank  of  a 
bend  of  Conneflicut  river  where  it  is  80  rods  wide, 
5  miles  north  of  Northampton,  and  100  weft  of  Bolfon. 
It  lies  chiefly  on  one  ftreet,  and  contains  103  houfes, 
and  703  inhabitants.  Here  are  two  ferries  on  Con- 
neifiicut  river  ;  the  one  to  Hadley,  fhe  other  to  Am- 
lierft.  North  of  the  ferry  to  .'Vmherft,  the  river  meets 
with  abed  of  rocks,  which  ledens  its  breadth  20  or  30 
fods—^o  fill,  but  a  large  eddy  at  high  water. — /'i. 


HATTERAS  is  the  moft   remarkable  and  danger-    Hattcraj 
ous  cape  on   the  coafl  of  N.  America.     This  point  ex-  H 

tends  far  into  the  ocean,  from  the  coaft  of  N.  Carolina,  ^J^'^-il^ 
in  35°  15'  N.  lat.  The  water  is  very  (hoal  at  a  great 
diftance  from  the  cape,  which  is  remarkable  for  fudden 
fqualls  of  wind,  and  for  the  mod  fevere  ftorms  of 
thunder,  lightning  and  rain,  which  happen  almoft 
every  day,  during  one  half  the  year.  At  the  time  of 
Sir  Walter  Raleigh's  approaching  this  coafl,  the  fiioals 
in  the  vicinity  of  Hatteras  were  found  fo  dangerous, 
fo  e.\tenfive,  and  fo  Ihallow,  many  of  them  covered 
with  not  more  than  5  or  6  feet  water,  that  no  vefl'els, 
in  that  latitude,  ventured  within  7  leagiies  of  the  land. 

At  prefent  the  out-flioals,  which  lie  about  14  miles 
S.  W.  of  the  cape,  are  but  of  5  or  6  acres  extent, 
and  where  they  are  really  dangerous  to  veifels  of  mo- 
derate draught,  not  above  half  that  extent.  On  the 
fhoalell  part  of  thefe  is  about  10  feet  at  low  water; 
and  here,  at  times,  the  ocean  breaks  in  a  tremendous 
manner,  fpouting,  as  it  v.'ere,  to  the  clouds,  from  the 
violent  agitation  of  the  Gulf  Stream,  which  touches 
the  eaftern  edge  of  the  banks,  fioin  which  the  declivity 
is  fudden,  that  is  to  fay,  from  10  fathoms  to  no 
foundings.  On  the  fpot  above  meniioned,  which  is 
firm  fand,  it  has  been  the  lot  of  many  a  good  velfel  to 
ftrike,  in  a  gale  of  wind,  and  go  to  pieces.  In  mode- 
rate weather,  however,  thefe  flioals  may  be  pa(fed 
over,  if  necelTary,  at  full  tide,  without  much  danger, 
by  vell'els  not  drawing  more  than  8,  9,  or  10  feet  wa- 
ter. From  this  bank,  formerly  of  vaft  extent,  and 
called  the  Full  Moor.  Shoal,  a  ridge  runs  the  whole  dif- 
tance  to  the  cape  about  a  N.  W.  courfe,  is  about  half 
a  mile  wide,  and  at  low  water  has  generally,  10,  11 
and  1 2  felt  water.  There  are  gaps  at  equal  intervals, 
affording  channels  of  about  15  or  16  feet  water.  The 
mod  noted  of  thefe  is  about  a  mile  and  a  half  from 
the  land,  and  is  at  lead  two  miles  and  a  half  wide, 
and  might  at  full  fea  be  lately  paffed  by  the  largefl 
fliips ;  but  is  rarely  ufed  except  by  coading  veffeh.  It 
may  be  eafily  known  by  a  range  of  breakers  always 
feen  on  the  weft  fide,  and  a  breaker  head  or  two  on 
the  eaftern  fide;  which,  liowevei,  aie  not  fo  conftant, 
only  appearing  when  the  faa  is  confiderably  agitated. 
A  little  north  of  the  cape  is  good  anchoring  in  4  or  5 
fathoms;  and  with  the  wind  to  the  wedward,  a  boat 
may  land  in  fafcty,  and  even  bring  off  cafks  of  frefh 
water,  plenty  of  which  is  to  be  found  every  wheie  on 
the  beach,  by  digging  a  foot  or  two,  and  putting  3 
barrel  into  the  fand. — ib. 

HATTON'S  FORD,  on  Tngelo  river,  a  vlll.ige 
16  miles  from  Pendleton  court-houfe,  in  S.  Carolina, 
and  17  from  Franklin  court-houfe,  in  Georgia. — ih. 

HAVERFORD,  a  townfliip  in  Delaware  county, 
Pennfylvania. — tb. 

HAVERHILL,  a  pod-town  of  New-Hampfliire. 
and  the  capital  of  Grafton  county,  fituated  on  the  ead 
fide  cf  Connedicut  river,  in  Lower  Coos.  It  has  be- 
tween 40  and  50  compaft  houfes,  a  well  conftruded 
court-houfe,  and  a  congregational  church.  This  town- 
fliip was  incorporated  in  1763,  and  contains  552  in- 
habitants. In  it  is  a  bed  ot  iron  ore,  which  lias  yield- 
ed fome  profit  to  the  proprietor,  alfo  a  quarry  of  free- 
done,  fit  for  hearths  and  chimney  pieces.  It  has  alfo 
a  fulling-miU,  an  oil  mill,  and  many  other  excellent 
mill  feats.     It  is  oppofite  to  Newbury  iu  Vermont,  35 

miles 


HAW 


C     '57     ] 


HAW 


Haverhill 

B  . 

Hawkins. 


miles  above  Dartmouth  college,  119  miles  N.  W.  of 
Portfmouth. — ii. 
,  Haverhill,  a  handfome  poft-town  of  MaiTachu- 
fetts,  in  Elfex  county,  fuuated  on  the  N.  fide  of  Mer- 
rimack river,  acrofi  which  is  an  elegant  bridge,  cou- 
nedling  this  town  with  Bradford,  650  feet  long  and  34 
■wide.  It  has  3  arches,  of  180  ieet  each,  fapported 
by  3  handfonie  ftone  piers,  40  feet  fquare  ;  alfo  a  draw 
of  30  feet,  over  the  channel  of  the  river.  Havethill 
has  a  confiderable  inland  trade,  lying  about  32  miles 
N.  by  W.  of  Bofton,  and  12  miles  from  Newbury- 
port,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  and  about  28  S.  W. 
of  Portfmouth  in  New-Hampdiire.  It  lies  chiefly  up- 
on two  ftreets ;  the  principal  of  which  runs  parallel 
■with  the  river.  Veffcls  of  100  tons  burden  can  go  up 
to  it.  Travellers  are  ftruck  with  ths  pleafantnefs  of 
the  fituation  ;  and  a  number  of  neat  and  well  finifhed 
houfes  give  it  an  air  of  elegance.  Hsre  are  two 
churches,  one  for  Congregationalifts  and  one  for  Bap- 
tills  ;  3  dillilleries,  one  of  which  has  lately  undergone 
;t  laudable  tranfmutation  into  a  brewery.  Some  veileh 
are  annually  built  here,  and  feveral  are  employed  in 
the  Well  India  trade.  A  manufailory  of  fail  cloth 
■w^is  begun  here  in  I7<S9,  and  is  faid  to  be  in  a  pro- 
rnifmg  way.  The  tr;'.de  of  the  place,  however,  is  con- 
liderably  lefs  than  before  the  revolution.  Tlie  whole 
townlhip  contains  330  houfes,  and  2,408  inhabitants. 
—ik 

HAVERSTRAW  BAY,  calhd  by  fome  ffdi'^r- 
Jham,  in  Hudfon's  river,  38  miles  above  New-York 
city,  (preads  S.  of  Stony  Point,  and  before  the  town 
of  its  own  name,  is  10  miles  long  and  about  3  wide. 
—lb. 

Haverstraw,  a  townfliip  in  Orange  county,  New- 
York,  fituated  on  the  W.  fide  of  the  above  bay,  35 
miles  N.  of  New. York  city.  It  contains  4,^26  inha- 
bitants, of  whom  98  are  qualified  eledors,  and  238 
flaves. — ib. 

HAVRE  DE  GRACE,  or  GRAS,  a  poft.tov.'n 
and  pot  of  entry  in  H-iiford  county,  Maryland,  on 
the  W.  fide  of  S'jfqucharinah  river,  at  its  m.iuth  in 
Chcfapeak  Bay.  I;  contains  about  40  h:.iu:cs,  250  in- 
lubitan's  and  is  the  port  of  entry  for  all  the  lliores  of 
Chefaptak  Bay  above  Tuikey  Ponit.  It  is  6  miles  W. 
by  S.  of  Chailtfton  in  Cecil  county,  37  N.  E.  nf 
Baltimore,  and  65  AV.  S.  VV.  of  PiiilaJclph.a.  N. 
lat.  39°   39'. — ib. 

HAW,  a  water  of  Cape  Fear  which  unites  with 
Deep  river.  It  may  be  rendered  navigable  lor  50 
miles. — ih. 

H  AWKE,  a  townfhip  in  Rockingham  county,  New- 
Hanjpfliire,  was  inccrj.orated  in  1760,  and  contained 
in  1775,  5°4'  •'"'^  'f'  '79°'  420  inhabitants. — ib. 

HAWKINS  (Sir  Jolin),  wis  the  yoiingell  fon  of  a 
man  wh ',  tiiough  dele  ended  troin  Sir  John  Hawkins 
the  memorable  adrnir  il  and  tvcnfurer  ot  the  navy  in  the 
reign  ot  Queen  Elizabtth,  followed  at  firll  the  occupa- 
tion of  a  Loufe-Ciirpan'.er,  which  lie  afterwards  exchan- 
ged for  the  proleflion  of  a  furveyor  and  builJtr.  lie  w.is 
born  in  the  city  of  L'nidon  en  the  30th  day  ol  March 
I  7  1 9  ;  and  after  having  been  lent  tii  It  to  one  fcliool,  and 
afterwards  to  a  fecoiid,  wi;eie  he  acquired  a  tolerable 
knowledge  ol  Latin,  he  went  through  a  regular  courfe 
of  architcifture  and  peiipeclive,  in  order  to  tit  him  for 
liis  lather's  profefiion  ot  a  furveyor.      He  was,  how- 


fenion  of  his  (irft  cliclce,  and  to  embrace  tliit  of  the  Uj-vlin 
law  ;  and  was  accordingly  articled  to  Mr  John  Scott  an  "'^"'^^ 
attorney  and  foiicitor  in  great  pradice.      In  this  liiu  i- 
tion  his  time  was  too  fully  employed  in  the  aitual  dif- 
patch  of  bufinefs  to  permit  him,  wiihjut  fume  extra- 
ordinary means,  to  acquire  the  necelfary  knowledge  of 
his  profelFion  by  reading  and  fludy  ;  bcliJes  that,  his 
mailer  is  faid  to  have  been  more  anxious  to  render  him 
a  good  copying  clerk,  by  fcrupulous  attention  to  his 
hand-writing,  than  to  qualify  him  by  inftru^.'lion  to  cou- 
duiff  bufinefs.  To  remedy  this  inconvenience,  therefore, 
be  abridged  himfclf  of  his  rell,  and  riling  at  four  in  the 
morning,  found  opportunity  of  reading  all  the  neccdarjr 
and  moll  eminent  law  writers,  and  the  works  of  our 
moft  celebrated  authors  on   the  fubjcds  of  verfe  and 
profe.     By   thefe   means,  before  the  expiration  of  his 
clerkfliip,  he  had  rendered  himfclf  a  very  able  lawyer, 
and  had  acquired  a  love  lor  literature  in  tjeneral,  but 
particularly  lor  poetry  and  the  polite  arts;  and  the  belter 
to  iacilitace  his  improvement,  he  occafionally  furnifiied 
to  the  Univerfil  Spedator,  the  Wcliminfter  J  juriial, 
the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  and  other  periodical  publi- 
cations of  the  time,  elfays  and  dilquifiti  )ns  on  f.vcral 
fubjeiSs.      The  tirlk  of  thefe  is  believed  to  have  been  an 
Ell'ay  on  Stvearin^  ;  but  the  exact  time  of  its  appear- 
ance, and  the  paper  in  which  it  was  inferted,  are  both 
unknown.     It  was,  however,  re-publilhcd  lomc  years 
before  his  death  (■.viilnuit  his  knowledge  till  he  faw  it  in 
print)  in  or.e  of  ilie  nevvfpapcrs.     His  next  produdlion 
was  an  EH'ty  on  Honejly,  inferted  in  the  G:n:leman's 
Magazine  for  Match   1739;  and  which  occalioned  a 
controverfy,  continued  through  the  Migazincs  for  fe- 
veral fucceeding  months,  between  him  and  a  Mr  Ca- 
limy,  a  defccndant  of  the  celebrated  Dr  Edmund  Ca- 
laiuy,  then  a  fellow-clerk  witli  him. 

About  die  year  1741,  a  club  hiving  been  indituted 
by  feveral  amateurs  cf  mufie,  under  the  r.ame  of  ths 
Madrigal  Soeiety,  to  meet  every  Wednefday  evening, 
and  his  clerkfliip  being  now  out,  he  became  a  nie.aiber  of 
it,  and  continued  io  many  years.  Purlutng  his  inclina- 
tion for  muilc  Hill  firther,  iie  became  aho  a  member  ot 
the  Academy  of  Ancient  Mulir,  which  nfed  to  meet 
every  Thurld ay  eveiiing  at  the  Cro-*-u  and  Anch'ir  in 
the  Strand,  but  lincc  removed  to  F.'eemafcns  Hall ; 
and  of  this  he  continued  a  member  till  a  few  years  be- 
fore its  rem ival. 

Impelled  by  his  own  tafle  for  p-etty,  and  excited  to 
it  by  his  fiiend  Fo.ler  Webl>'s  example,  who  had  con- 

II  ibuled  lothe  Gentltman's  M  igaz'nc  m;iny  veryclei^anl 
p  )elical  compolitionshchad, before  this  tinie.himfeh  be- 
c  me  an  occafional  contiibuiorin  the  fame  kind,  as  well 

III  that  as  to  f  ime  other  publications.  The  earlicll  of 
hii  produ.lions  of  this  fpecics,  now  known,  is  fuppofcJ 
t'i  le  a  copy  of  veries  "To  Mr  George  S:anley,  occa- 
lioned by  looking  over  fomc  Conipofitions  ofhi$lat:ly 
puMlhed,"  whicii  bears  date  19th  February  1740,  and 
was  iiferted  in  the  Daily  Adverlilcr  for  Fcbru.uy  2  1. 
I  741  ;  but,  about  the  year  1742,  he  prnp  fed  to  Mr 
Stanl.-y,  the  projea  of  publilhing,  in  onjunclicn  with 
him,  111  cantatas  tor  3  voice  and  inllrnnicnls,  the  words 
to  be  faTnidied  bv  himlllf,  and  ilie  mulic  by  Mi  Stan- 
ley. Tiic  propofil  was  accepted,  the  publication  was 
to  be  a:  their  joint  cxpence,  and  for  their  mutual  be- 
nefit j  aid  accordingly,  in  1742,  fix  cantatas  were  thus 
publilLed,  the  live  firft  written  by   Mr  Hawkins,  the 


evei-,  pcrfuaded,  bv  a  near  relation,  to  abandon  the  pro-    iixlh  and  lall  by  Fuller  Webb;  and  thcfc  having  iuc- 

ccedcd 


HAW 


[     158     ] 


HAW 


Ila-wldn?.  ee;  led  b3yond  the  mod  fanguine  expeiJlationi  of  their 
*""'''"^'^^~' authors,  a  feconi  fot  of  IH  moxf:,  written  wholly  by 
himfelf,  was  in  like  manner  publillied  a  few  months  af- 
ter, and  fucceeded  equally  well. 

As  thefe  compofitions,  by  being  frequently  perform- 
ed at  Vauxhall,  Ranelagh,  and  oiher  puMic  places,  and 
at  many  private  concerts,  had  become  Civouiite  enter- 
tainme'irs,many  perfons,  finding  the  author  alfo  a  modeft 
well-informed  young  man  of  uneNceptlonable  morals, 
were  become  defirous  of  his  acqu:iintance.  Among  thefe 
was  Mr  Hareof  Limehoufe,  a  brewer,  who  being  himfelf 
a  nufic.il  man,  and  having  met  him  at  Mr  Stanley's  at 
mufical  partie',  gave  him  an  invitation  to  his  houfe  : 
and,  to  forward  him  in  his  profeflion,  introduced  him 
to  a  friend  cf  his,  Peter  Storer  of  Highgate,  Efq; 
which  proved  the  means  of  making  his  fortune. 

In  the  winter  of  the  year  174.91  -D''  ''■*"  '^'^  John- 
fm,  v.-as  induced  to  in(li;Mre  a  club  to  meet  every  Tucf- 
day  evening  at  the  King's  Head,  in  Ivy-lane,  near  St 
Paul's.  It  confifted  only  of  nine  peilbiis;  and  Mr 
Hawkins  was  one  i  f  ihc  firft  members.  About  this  time, 
as  it  is  fuppofcd,  finding  his  father's  hoii'c,  where  he 
had  hitherto  refilled,  too  finali  for  the  difpatch  of  his 
bufinefs,  now  very  much  incieafing,  he,  in  conjunflion 
with  Dr  Muncley,  a  phyfician,  with  whom  he  had 
contrsded  an  intimacy,  tock  a  houfe  in  Clements- 
lane,  Lombard-flreet.  The  ground  floor  was  occupied 
by  him  as  an  office,  and  the  firft  floor  by  the  Doflor  as 
his  apartment.  Here  he  continued  till  the  beginning  of 
1753,  when,  on  occafion  of  his  marriage  with  Sidney, 
the  youngell  of  Mr  Storer's  daughters,  who  brought 
liim  a  confiderablc  fortune,  he  took  a  houfe  in  Aullin 
Friars,  near  Broad-ftreet,  Rill  continuing  to  follow  his 
profeflion  of  an  attorney. 

Having  received,  on  the  death  of  Peter  Storer,  Efq; 
his  wife's  brother,  in  1759,  '^  '^'^^V  'ai'ge  addition  to  her 
fortune,  he  quitted  bufinefs  to  Mr  Clark,  afterwards  .41- 
derman  Clark,  who  had  a  fhort  time  before  completed 
his  clerkfliip  under  hina.  difpofed  of  his  houfe  in  Aufiin 
Friars,  and  purchafed  a  houfe  at  Twickenhim.  Soon 
afterwards  he  bought  the  leafe  of  on;  in  Hatton-ftreet 
London,  for  a  town  refidence. 

From  a  very  early  period  of  his  life  he  had  entertain- 
ed a  ftronglove  for  tlie  amufement  of  angling  ;  and  his 
afFeilicn  lur  it,  together  with  the  vicinity  of  the  river 
Thames,  was  undoubtedly  his  motive  to  a  refidence  at 
this  village.  He  had  been  long  acquainted  with  Wal- 
ton's Complete  Angler  ;  and  had,  by  obfervation  and 
experience,  become  himfelf  a  very  able  proficient  in  the 
art.  Hearing,  about  this  time,  that  Mr  Mofes  Browne 
propof.-d  to  I'ublilh  a  new  edition  of  that  work,  and 
being  himfelt  in  pofl":Oion  of  feme  material  particular.'. 
rsfpefli[ig  Walton,  he,  by  letter,  made  Mr  Browne  :i'i 
offer  of  writing,  for  his  intended  edition,  Walton's 
Life.  To  this  propofal  no  anfwer  was  returned,  at 
leaft  for  fome  time  ;  from  which  circumflance  Mr  Hf  w- 
Jcins  concluded,  as  any  one  reafonably  would,  that  his 


offer  was  not  accepted  ;  and,  therefore,  having  alfo  Hawkii 
learnt  that  Mr  Browne  meant  not  to  publifh  the  text  as  ^-^""^ 
the  author  left  it,  but  to  modernize  it,  in  order  to  file 
off  the  ruil,  as  he  called  it,  he  wrote  again  to  tell  Mr 
Browne  that  he  underftood  his  intention  was  to  fophi- 
fliicate  the  text,  and  that  therefore  he,  Mr  Hawkins, 
wouldhimfelfpubliih  a  corre;5l  edition.  Such  an  edi- 
tion, in  1760,  he  accordingly  publi(hed  in  odfavo  with 
notes,  adding  to  it  a  Life  of  W.dton  by  himfelf,  a  Life 
of  Cotton,  the  author  of  the  fecond  part  by  the  well- 
known  Mr  Oldys  ;  and  a  fee  of  cuts  defigned  by  Wale, 
and  engraved  by  Ryland. 

His  propenfity  to  mufic,  manifefted  by  his  becoming 
a  member  and  frequenter  of  the  feveral  mufical  focieties 
before  mentioned,  and  allii  by  a  regular  concert  at  his 
houle  in  Auflin  Friars,  had  led  him,  at  the  time  that 
he  w.as  endeavouring  to  get  together  a  good  library  cf 
books,  to  be  pirticulirly  folicitous  for  colL'fling  the 
works  of  fome  of  the  beft  mufical  compofers ;  and,  a- 
mong  other  acquifition's,  it  was  hh  Angular  good  for- 
tune to  become  poffetfed  by  purcliife  c  f  feveral  of  the 
moft  fcarce  and  valuable  theoretical  treatifes  on  the 
fcience  any  where  eslant,  which  had  formerly  been 
colleifted  by  Dr  Pep-jfch.  With  this  flock  of  erudition, 
therefore,  he,  about  this  tlm;,  at  the  inftance  of  f-ms 
friends,  let  about  procuiing  materials  for  a  work  then 
very  much  wanted, a  Hiftory  of  the  Science  and  PraL^ice 
of  Mufic,  which  he  afterwards  publilhed. 

At  the  recommendation  of  the  well  known  Paul 
Whitehead,  to  the  Duke  of  Newcaftle,  then  Lord 
Lieutenant  for  Middlefex,  his  name  was,  in  1761,  in- 
ferted  in  the  Conimilflon  of  the  Pe:ice  for  that  coun- 
ty ;  and  having  by  the  proper  flud;cs,  and  a  fedulous 
attendance  at  the  fefllons,  qualified  himi'elf  for  the 
office,  he  became  an  acflive  and  ufeful  magiftrate  in 
the  county(A).  Obferving,  as  he  had  freq\ient  occafion 
to  do  in  the  courfe  of  his  duty,  the  bad  ftate  of  high- 
ways, and  tlie  great  deleft  in  the  laws  for  amending 
and  kjeping  them  in  repair,  he  fet  himfelf  to  revili?  the 
form.'r  ftatutes,  and  drew  an  aft  of  parliament  confoli- 
datii',g  all  the  former  ones,  and  adding  fuch  other  re- 
gulf.tions  as  were  neceffary.  His  fentiments  on  this 
fubjeft  he  publillied  in  oftavo,  in  1763,  under  the  title 
of  "  Obfervations  on  the  State  of  Highways,  and  on. 
the  Laws  for  amending  and  keeping  them  in  repair;" 
fnbjoining  to  them  the  draught  ot'  the  aft  before  men- 
tioned ;  which  bill  being  afterwards  introduced  intD 
parliament,  pafled  into  a  law,  and  is  that  under  which 
all  the  highways  in  Englantl  are  at  this  time  kept  re- 
paired. Of  this  bill  it  is  but  juftice  to  add,  that,  in  the 
experience  of  more  than  thirty  years,  it  has  never  re- 
quired a  fingle  amendment. 

Jfihnfon  and  Sir  J.:)lhua,  then  Mr  Reynolds,  had,  in 
the  winter  of  this  year  1763,  projeftecl  the  eltablilhment 
of  a  club  to  meet  every  Monday  e-ening  at  the  Turk's 
Head  in  Gerard  ftreet  ;  and,  atjihnfon's  folicitation, 
Mr  Hawkins  became  one  of  the  firft  members. 

An 


(a)  When  he  firft  began  to  aft,  he  formed  a  refohition  of  taking  no  fee?,  not  even  the  legal  and  aut!)orifed 
ones,  and  purfued  this  method  for  fome  time,  till  he  found  that  it  was  a  temptation  to  litigation,  an. I  that  every 
trifling  ale-hnul'e  quarrel  produced  an  applicatior  for  a  v/arrant.  To  check  this,  therefore,  lie  idiered  his  mode, 
and  received  his  due  fees,  but  kept  them  fopav.  tely  in  a  purfe ;  and  at  the  end  of  every  fumm-^r,  before  he  left 
the  cou'itry  for  the  winter,  delivered  the  whole  araount  to  the  clergyman  of  the  parifh,  to  be  by  him  diftributed 
amui'.g  fuch  of  the  poor  .is  he  judged  fit. 


HAW 


C 


HiwkinB.  An  event  of  confiderable  importance  engaged  him,  in 
^""'"^'"^^  the  )e.\T  1764,  to  ftand  forth  as  the  champion  of  the 
county  of  Middlefex,  againft  a  claim  then  for  the  firft 
time  fet  up,  a:id  fo  enormous  in  its  amount  as  juftly  to 
excite  refinance.  The  city  of  London  finding  it  necef- 
faiy  to  re-builJ  the  gaol  of  Newgate,  the  expsnce  of 
which,  according  to  their  own  elliinates,  wouM  amount 
to  L. 40,000,  had  this  year  applied  to  parliament,  by  a 
bill  brought  into  the  Houfe  of  Commons,  in  which,  on  a 
fuggeftionthat  the  county  prifoners  removed  toNewgate 
for  a  few  days  previous  to  their  trials  at  the  Old  Bailey, 
were  as  two  to  one  of  the  London  prifoneis,confl;antly 
confined  there,  they  endeavoured  to  throw  the  burthen 
of  two-thirds  of  the  expence  on  the  county,  \vhi;e  they 
themfelves  propofed  to  contribute  one-thiid  only.  This 
attempt  the  magiilrates  for  Middlefex  thought  it  their 
duty  to  oppofe  ;  and  accordingly  a  vigorous  oppolition 
to  it  was  commenced  and  fupported  under  the  ccndu(5l 
of  Mr  Hawkins,  who  drew  a  petition  agninft  the  bill, 
and  a  i.afe  ol  the  county,  which  was  printed  and  dillri- 
buled  arriongil  the  members  of  both  houfes  cf  ])arlia- 
nient.  It  was  the  fubjedl  of  a  d<iy's  converfation  in  the 
Hdufe  of  Lords  ;  and  it  produced  fuch  an  clTedt  in  tlie 
Houfe  ol  Commiiiis,  that  the  city,  by  its  own  i;iem- 
beis,  moved  for  leave  to  wiihuraw  the  bill.  The  fuc- 
cefs  cf  this  oppofitioi),  and  the  abilities  and  fpint  wiih 
which  it  w.-ib  conduced,  iiatur.-.llv  attraifled  towards  Mr 
Hawkins  the  a'.tei.tion  of  his  iellow-magiftr.ttes  ;  and 
the  chairman  of  the  quarter  klllons  dying  not  long  af- 
ter, he  was,  on  the  lyih  day  ct  ijepttuiber  1 765,  ele>?.eJ 
his  fuccelFor. 

In  the  year  1771,  he  quitted  Twickenham,  and  fold 
his  houle  there  to  Mr  Valll.in!  ;  and,  iu  the  rummer  of 
the  neit  year,  tor  the  purpofe  ol  obtaining,  by  f,:arches 
in  the  Bodleian  and  other  Lbiaries,  farther  mate- 
rials for  hisliiilory  of  mufic,  he  made  a  j  lurneyto  Ox- 
fold,  carrying  with  him  an  engraver  from  London,  to 
make  drawings  fr.'ni  ihe  portraits  ia  the  inufic  fihcol. 
On  occalionofailual tumults  or  expefledditturbancis, 
he  had  inoie  than  once  been  called  into  lervice  of  great 
pei/bnal  danger.  When  the  liots  at  iirentiord  had 
arifcn,  during  the  lime  ot  the  Mlddlefex  elcitlon  in  the 
year  176H,  lie  ?.nd  fome  of  hi;,  brttliren  attended  to  fup- 
prefs  th.-m  ;  an  J,  in  cnfequence  of  a'.i  Ciptcled  lictous 
iiftenibly  of  the  j  )urneyincn  Spita'.-tirldb  weavers  in 
Moo'fields  in  1769.  the  magiilrates  of  Middlefex,  and 
he  at  their  lisad,  with  a  party  of  guards,  attended  to 
oppofe  them  ;  but  the  ni"b,  on  feeing  them  prepared, 
thought  it  prudent  to  d;rpeife.  In  tiiefe  and  other  in- 
flance^,  and  p  irtlcul  irly  in  his  cond'jdt  as  ch.iirinan,  ha- 
ving given  fufiicient  pro,  f  of  hlsaflivrty,  lefoluilon,  abi- 
l;ties,  integiity  and  loyalty,  he,  on  the  33d  of  October 
1772,  received  from  his  inajcfty  the  honour  cf  knight- 
hood. 

In  1 773  Dr  J  liinf  )n  and  Mr  Stevens  p'lblilhed,  in  ten 
volume^  .  cl-avu,  their  firll  joint  cditiiin  cl  Shakefjicare, 
to  which  Sir  Jo'm  Hawkins  contributed  fuch  ncte^  as  are 
diilinguiihed  by  his  name,  as  he  afteri'.arJs  did  a  f.v/ 
more  on  the  republication  of  it  in  I  778.  An  addrcfs  to 
the  kigfrcm  the  county  of  Middlefex, onoccafion  of  the 
American  war,  having,  in  1774,  been  judged  expedient, 
and  at  his  inftance  voted,  he  drew  up  fuch  an  addrefs, 
and,togcilier  with  two  of  hi)  brethren,  had,  in  tlie  month 
of  Ctober  in  that  year,  tlie  honour  cf  piefentlng  it. 
Aj"ier  liitcen  years  laboui,  be,  i:;  1776,  publiUiid,  in 


59     ]  HA     W 

five  volumes  quarto,  his  General  Hitloryof  the  Science 
and  Pradice  of  Mufic  ;  which  in  confequence  of  per- 
million  obtained  in  1773,  he  dedicated  to  the  Ling,  and 
prtfcnted  It  to  him  at  buckinpham-houfe  on  ihe  i4;h 
of  November,  1776,  when  he  was  lionoured  with  an  au- 
dience  of  confiderable  length  both  from  the  kii.!'  ar.d 
queen. 

Not  long  after  this  publication,  that  is  to  fay  in  No- 
vember I  777,  he  was  induced,  by  an  attempt  to  rob  his 
houfe,  whicii,  though  unfuccelsiu!,  was  made  three  dif- 
ferent nights  with  the  interval  (.f  one  or  ti*o  only  be- 
tween each  attempt,  to  quit  his  houfe  in  Hatton-ftreet  ; 
and,  after  a  temporary  rcfidence  for  a  Ihoit  time  in  St 
James's  Place,  he  took  a  leafe  cf  one,  formerly  iiihabi- 
ted  by  the  famous  admiral  Vernon,  in  the  (Ireet  leading 
up  to  C^ieen  Square,  Weftnjinfter,  and  removed  thither. 

By  this  removal  he  became  a  conllant  attendant  on 
Divine  worlliip  at  the  parifh-church  of  St  -Margaret, 
Weftminfler  ;  and  having  learnt,  ia  December  1778, 
that  ihe  furveyor  to  the  board  of  ordnance  was,  in  de- 
fiance ol  a  piovifo  in  the  leafe  und;r  v/hich  they  cl.iiir- 
ed,  cni  ry  ing  up  a  building  at  the  eait  end  of  the  church, 
which  was  likely  t  j  obfcuie  the  beautiful  painted  glafs 
window  over  the  altar  there,  Sir  Juhn  Hiwkltis,  with 
the  concurrence  of  fomc  of  the  principal  inhabitants, 
wsoteto  the  fji  vcyor,  and  compelled  him  to  take  down 
two  feet  of  the  wall,  which  he  had  already  carried  up 
above  the  fill  of  the  window,  and  to  fl,)pc  olT  the  roof 
oi  his  building  in  Inch  a  manner  as  that  it  is  nJt  only 
no  Injur),  but,  or.  the  contrary,  a  dclcncc  to  the  win- 
daw. 

In  the  month  (f  December  1783,  Dr  Johnfm  ha- 
ving dilcovcied  in  himl-;lf  fymptom-.  of  a  dropfy,  fmt 
for  S  r  J  .hii  il.'.vvkins,  and  t^;lllr.g  hirn  tlie  precari- 
ous  (tat,:  of  his  health,  decl<red  hisdclire  (f  making  a 
wiU,  and  reqaedcd  him  to  b,-  one  cl  hi»  executors.  S.r 
John  accepted  the  office;  iaflnifled  the  Dotlor  how 
to  n;a!;e  his  will :  and  on  his  d^ath  undertook  to  be 
his  biographer,  and  the  guardian  of  his  f.irac,  by  pub- 
lilhlt.g  a  complete  edition  of  his  works. 

Not.  three  months  after  the  conirr.encsnjent  of  this 
undertaking,  he  met  with  the  fevc  rell  lofs  of  alninll  any 
that  a  literary  man  can  fullain,  lliott  of  that  of  I  is 
friend-  or  leLitlons,  in  the  delliuJlion,  by  die,  ot  his  li- 
brary ;  confining  of  a  numerous  and  wiilchofen  col- 
lci5iit-n  ol  books,  ancio:;t  and  modern,  in  many  langua- 
ges, and  on  moll  fubjeiSs,  which  it  had  been  the  bufi- 
nefs  of  above  30  years  at  intervals  to  get  together. 
Of  this  ]of>,  gicat  as  it  was  in  pecuniary  val;ic,  and 
compriling  in  books,  piints,  and  drawing',  many  ai- 
tides  that  could  neier  be  replaced,  he  was  oner  hear  J- 
in  the  fmullcR  degree  to  complain  ;  but  having  f  und  a 
temporary  reception  in  a  latge  houi'c  in  Oicliard-llrcct, 
Wcilminller,  he  continued  thtre  a  Ihort  time,  and  ihca 
toc'k  a  haufc  in  the  Broad  S.incluary,  Weltminiler. 

This  event,  for  a  Ihort  time,  put  a  flop  to  the  pro- 
prefs  of  his  literary  purfuits.  As  foon,  however,  as  he 
could  funicier.tly  cileift  his  thoughts  he  recommenced 
his  office  of  biographei-  of  Johnfon  ;  and  completed  his 
intention  by  ptiblitlilng,  in  17S7,  the  life  and  works, 
in  eleven  volumet  oiUvo,  which  he  dedicated  to  tlie 
king. 

\Vith  this  prodoiflion  he  terminated  his  literary  la- 
b-)i:rs ;  and  hav'ng  for  many  years  b:en  m  -re  paiticu- 
larly  ftdulocs  ia  h.s  i;i;ri-.ijn  to  the  daiics  of  religion, 

aad. 


H^wluus. 


HAW  [     II 

lliwkins  anj  accuRomed  to  fpend  all  his  leifure  from  other  ne- 
II  cedary  concerns  in  theological  and  devotional  lludies, 

/j^:^^]-^^  he  now  more  clolely  addiifted  himlelf  to  them,  and  ict 
himfelf  to  prepare  for  that  event,  which  he  faw  could 
be  at  no  great  diftance  ;  and  the  better  to  accomplifli 
this  end,  in  the  month  of  May  1788,  he,  by  a  v? ill  and 
other  proper  inftruments,  made  fuch  an  arrangement  of 
Iiis  affairs  as  he  meant  (liouldtake  place  after  his  deceafe. 

In  this  manner  he  fpent  his  time  till  about  the  begin- 
ning of  M.iy  17S9,  when,  finding  his  appetite  fail  him  in 
a  greater  degree  than  ufual,  he  had  recourfe,  as  he  had 
fometimes  had  before  on  the  fame  occafion,  to  the  wa- 
ters of  the  lilington  Spa.  Thefe  he  drank  for  a  few 
mornings  ;  but  on  the  14th  of  that  month,  while  he 
WHS  there,  he  was,  it  is  fuppofed,  feized  with  a  paraly- 
tic affeilion,  as,  on  his  returning  to  the  carriage  which 
waited  for  him,  his  fervants  perceived  a  vifible  alteration 
in  his  face.  On  his  arrival  at  home,  he  went  to  bed, 
but  got  up  a  few  Iiours  after,  intending  to  receive  an  old 
friend,  from  whom  he  expccfted  a  viiit  in  the  evening. 
At  dinner,  however,  his  diforder  returning,  he  was  led 
up  to  bed,  from  which  he  never  rofe,  on  the  21ft  of 
tlie  fame  month,  about  two  in  the  morning,  dying  of 
an  apoplexy.  He  was  interred  on  the  28th  in  the 
cloifters  of  Weftminfter  Abbey,  in  the  north  walk  near 
the  eaftern  door  into  the  church,  under  a  flone,  con- 
taining, by  his  exprefs  injiiniSions,  no  more  than  the  ini- 
tials of  his  name,  the  date  of  his  death,  and  his  age; 
leaving  behind  him  a  high  reputation  for  abilities  and 
integrity,  united  with  the  well-earnt  character  of  an 
ailive  and  refolute  magiftrate,  an  afPeflionate  huf- 
band  and  father,  a  firm  and  zealous  friend,  a  loyal  fub- 
jeft,  and  a  fincere  Chriftian. 

Such  is  the  character  of  him  in  the  Biographical 
Diflionary,  which  we  have  neither  right  nor  inclina- 
tion to  controvert.  With  none  of  his  works  are  we 
acquainted  but  his  edition  of  IVahon's  Complete  Angler, 
and  his  L'tfe  of  Johnfon.  The  former  is  a  very  plea- 
fmg  book  ;  and  in  the  latter  are  colleifted  many  inte- 
refting  anecdotes  of  literature  and  literary  men;  but 
they  are  not  well  arranged,  and  the  ftyle  of  the  com- 
pofition  is  coarfe  and  flovenly.  Sir  John,  we  doubt 
not,  was  a  man  of  worth,  and  his  reflexions  on  the  fen- 
limental  flang  of  Sterne  and  others,  (hew  that  he  had 
fiiccefsfully  ftudied  human  nature  ;  but  he  certainly  was 
not  a  man  of  general  tade. 

HAWKINS,  a  county  in  Wafhington  diftrifl,  in 
Tenneffee,  having  6,970  inhabitants,  inclufive  of  807 
Haves,     Chief  town,  Rogerfville. — Morse. 

Hawkins  CourtHoiiJe,  in  TennelTee,  is  25  miles 
from  Free-done  Gap,  72  from  Abington,  and  178 
from  Danville  in  Kentucky. — ib. 

HAWK'S  BAY,  on  the  coaft  of  Weft- Florida, 
weftward  of  the  mouth  of  Mobile  Bay,  is  between 
Pelican  and  Dauphin  iflands.  There  is  a  broad  chan- 
nel of  II  and  12  feet  water,  afterwards  faie  anchor- 
age in  4  fathoms,  good  holding  ground,  and  fheltered 
from  moll  winds ;  on  which  account  it  is  very  conveni- 
ent for  fmall  veffels. — ib. 

Hawk's  Harbour  is  an  arm  of  Igornachoix  Bay, 
Newfoundland  Ifland. — ib. 

H  AWLEY,  a  townfhip  In  Hampfliire  county,  Maf- 
fachufetts,  120  miles  wcflerly  ot  Bollon.  Previous  to 
its  incorporation  in  1792,  it  was  called  Plantation  No. 


] 


H     E     A 


7,  and  had  539  inhabitants.  It  is  corapofed  of  parts 
of  feveral  adjoining  towns,  and  is  about  20  miles  N. 
W.  of  Northampton. — ib. 

HAYCOCKS,  a  fmall  ifle  in  Delaware  river,  about 
7  miles  below  Eafton,  in  Northampton  county,  Penn- 
lylvania, — ib. 

HAYNE'S  fort,  colonel,  is  fuuated  in  Nel- 
fon  county,  Kentucky,  on  the  north  fide  of  Green 
river,  25  miles  weft  of  Craig's  Fort,  and  53  from  the 
Ohio ib. 

HEaT.  See  in  this  Supplement,  Chemistry, 
Part  I.  chap.  v.  where  we  have  endeavoured  to  eftabli(h 
the  modern  do(5lrine  refpefting  Caloric  or  latent  heat. 
In  n"  3C9,  &c.  of  that  article,  we  have  given  an  ac- 
count of  Count  Romford's  ingenious  experiments,  in- 
ftituted  with  a  view  to  determine  whether  or  not  ca- 
loric be  a  fubflance,  and  have  ftatcd  our  reafons  for 
diifenting  from  his  opinion.  It  has  been  fuggefted  to 
us,  however,  by  a  friend,  to  whofe  judgment  we  are 
inclined  to  pay  great  deference,  that  it  would  be  pro- 
per, in  this  place,  to  give  the  Count's  arguments  at 
full  length,  and  in  his  own  words  :  and  the  propriety  of 
this  is  the  more  apparent,  that  in  the  fupplementary 
article  Electricity,  we  have  hinted  our  own  fufpi- 
cions  of  the  non-exi(lence  of  an  eleBrical  fluid.  The 
Count  then  reafons  from  his  experiments  in  the  follow, 
ing  words : 

"  By  meditating  on  the  refults  of  all  thefe  experi- 
ments, we  are  niturally  brought  to  that  great  queftion 
which  has  fo  olten  been  tiie  fubjeft  of  fpeculation  a- 
mong  philofophers,  namely.  What  is  heat  ? — Is  there 
any  fuch  thing  as  an  igneous Jluid ? — Is  there  any  thing 
that  can  with  propriety  be  called  caloric  ? 

"  We  have  feen  that  a  very  confiderable  quantity  of 
heat  may  be  excited  in  the  fri(!1:ion  of  two  metallic  fur- 
faces,  and  given  ofiF  in  a  conft ant  ftream  or  flux  in  all 
direcliens,  without  interruption  or  inteimiftion,  and 
without  any  figns  of  diminution  or  exhauftion. 

"  From  whence  came  the  heat  which  was  continual- 
ly given  off  in  this  manner  in  the  foregoing  experiments? 
Was  it  furnifhed  by  the  fmall  particles  of  metal  detach- 
ed from  the  larger  folid  mafles  on  their  being  rubbed 
together  ?  This,  as  we  have  already  feen,  could  notpof- 
fibly  have  been  the  cafe. 

"  Was  it  furniflied  by  the  air  ?  This  could  not  have 
been  the  cafe  ;  for  in  three  of  thefe  experiments,  the 
machinery  being  kept  immerfed  in  water,  the  accefs  of 
the  air  of  the  atmofphcre  was  completely  prevented. 

"  Was  it  furnifhed  by  the  water  which  furrounded 
the  machinery  ?  That  this  could  not  have  been  the  cafe 
is  evident ;  JirJ},  becaufe  this  water  was  continually  re- 
ceiving heat  from  the  machinery,  and  could  not  at  the 
fame  time  he  giving  to  and  receiving  heat  from  the  fame 
body  ;  nx\<i,fecondly,  becaufe  there  was  no  chemical  de- 
compofition  of  any  part  of  this  water.  Had  any  fuch 
decompofition  taken  place  (which  indeed  could  not 
reafonably  have  been  expefted),  one  of  its  compound 
elaftic  fluids  (moft  probably  inflammable  air)  muft  at 
the  fame  time  have  been  fet  at  liberty,  and,  in  making 
its  efcape  into  the  atmofphere,  would  have  been  detect- 
ed ;  but  though  1  frequently  examined  the  water  to  fee 
if  any  air  bubbles  rofe  up  through  it,  and  had  even 
made  preparations  for  catching  them  in  order  to  exa- 
mine them  if  any  (hould  appear,  I  could  perceive  none; 

Hor 


J 


H     E     B  [16 

nor  was  there  any  fign  of  decompofition  of  any  kind 
whatever,  or  other  chemical  procefs  going  on  in  the 
water. 

"  Is  it  poffible  the  heat  could  have  been  fupplied  by 
means  of  the  iron  bar  to  the  end  of  which  the  blunt 
(leel  borer  was  fixed  ?  or  by  the  fmall  neck  of  gun-me- 
tal by  which  the  hollow  cylinder  was  united  to  the 
cannon?  Thefe  fuppofitions  appear  more  improbable 
even  than  either  of  thofe  before  mentioned  ;  for  heat  vras 
continually  p;"ing  off  or  out  of  the  machinery,  by  both 
thefe  laft  paltages,  during  the  whole  time  the  experiment 
lafted. 

"  And,  in  reafniing  on  this  fubjeft,  we  mufl  not 
forget  to  confider  that  mod  remarkable  circumftancc, 
that  the  fource  of  the  heat  generated  by  friflion  in 
thefe  expi-'rimentsappearedevidently  to  beinexhauftible. 

"  It  is  hardly  necelfary  to  add,  that  any  thing  which 
any  infulated  body  or  fyftem  of  bodies  can  continue  to 
furnilh  ivhhout  limUatwri,  cannot  pollibly  be  a  material 
fubjlame ;  and  it  appears  to  me  to  be  extremely  diffi- 
cult, if  not  quite  impoflible,  to  form  any  diftinift  idea 
of  any  thing  capable  of  being  excited  and  communica- 
ted in  the  manner  the  heat  was  excited  and  communi- 
cated in  thefe  experiments,  except  it  be  motion. 

"  But  although  the  mechanifm  of  heat  fliould  infaft 
be  one  of  ihife  myfteries  of  nature  which  are  beyond 
the  reach  of  human  intelligence,  this  ought  by  no 
means  to  difcourage  us,  or  even  Iclfen  our  ardour,  in 
our  attempts  to  inveftigate  the  laws  of  its  operations. 
How  far  can  we  advance  in  any  of  the  paths  which 
fcience  has  opened  Co  us,  before  we  find  ourfelves  en- 
veloped in  thofe  thick  mills  which  on  every  fide  bound 
the  horizon  of  the  human  intellect  ?  But  how  ample 
and  interefting  is  the  field  that  is  given  us  to  explore  ? 

"  Nobody,  furely,  in  his  fober  fenfes  has  ever  pre- 
tended to  underftand  the  mechanifm  of  gravitation;  and 
yet  what  fublime  difcoveries  was  our  immortal  Newton 
enabled  to  make,  merely  by  the  inveftigation  of  the 
laws  of  its  adion  !  The  effefts  produced  in  the  world 
by  the  agency  of  heat  are  probably  jujl  as  cxtenjtve 
and  quite  as  important,  as  thofe  which  are  owing  to  the 
tendency  of  the  particles  of  matter  towards  each  other  ; 
and  there  is  no  doubt  but  its  operations  are  in  all  cafes 
determined  by  laws  equally  immutable." 

HEATH,  a  townlhip  in  Hamplhire  county,  Maf- 
fachuletts,  containing  379  inhabitants.  It  was  incor- 
porated in  1785,  and  is  125  miles  N.  W.  of  Bofion, 
and  about  18  miles  N.  N.  W.  of  Northampton. — 
Morse. 

HEBRON,  a  town  in  Cumberland  county,  Maine, 
fituated  on  the  N.  E.  fide  of  Little  Androfcoggin, 
was  incorporated  in  1792.  It  is  35  miles  N.  by  W. 
of  Portland. — ll. 

Hebron,  a  townfhip  in  Wafliington  county,  New- 
York,  containing  1703  inhabitants,  of  wliom  414  are 
eleiflors. — \b. 

Hlbron,  a  townfhip  in  Tolland  county,  Connefli- 
cut,  fettled  in  1704  from  Northampton.  Mod  of  the 
lands  were  given  by  Joftiua,  fachem  of  the  Mohcgan 
tribe,  in  his  laft  will  and  teilamcnt.  It  lies  between 
Lebanon  and  Glaitenbury,  about  18  miles  S.  E.  of 
Hartford,  and  16  fouth  of  Tolland. — \b. 

Hi  HRON,  a  Moravian  fettlement  in  Pennfylvania,  16 
miles  from  Litiz,  which  is  70 miles  northerly  of  Phila- 
dclpliia.     This  fettlement  began  in  1757- — t'j' 

vJiJPPL.  Vol.  II. 


]  H     t    L 

^  HECTOR,  a  military  lownfliip  in  the  State  o!  N;w- 
Vork,  on  the  call  fide  of  Seneca  Lake  toward*  llic 
fouth  end,  having  Ovid  on  the  nonh  and  Newtown 
townfliip  on  the  foulh,  and  29  miles  S.  by  \V.  of  il.: 
ferry  on  Cayuga  Lake. — ih. 

HEIDELBERG,  a  Moravian  fettlement  in  Pcnn- 
fylvania,  begun  in  1743  ;  fituated  24  miles  fif.ni  Liiiz, 
which  is  in  Warwick  townfliip,  Lancaftcr  county. — /*. 

Heidflberg,  a  handfome  town  in  Dauphinc  coun- 
ty, Pennfylvania,  containing  about  ico  houfes  and  two 
German  churches  for  Lutherans  and  Calvinifts  ;  one 
of  the  churches  is  a  handfome  flone  building.  It  it 
33  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Harrifburg,  and  74  N.  W.  by 
W.  of  Philadelphia.  I'licre  are  two  other  townfhip* 
of  this  name  in  the  State,  the  one  in  York  county,  the 
other  in  that  of  Northampton. — ib. 

HEIGHT  OF  LAND,  a  r^nge  of  mountains 
which  extend  from  S.  W.  to  the  N.  E.  and  feparalcs 
the  Dilliiift  ot  Maine  from  I^owcr  Canada,  giving  rife 
to  many  rivers  wliich  fall  into  St  Lawrence  tivcr,  and 
others  which  fall  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  The  prin- 
cipal growth  between  the  Heiglit  li  Land  and  Sc 
Francis  river  is  beech,  maple,  birch,  liemlock  and  fir, 
very  few  white  pines,  and  no  oak  of  any  fott.  Some 
of  the  rivers  have  fine  intervales. — ib. 

HELENA,  or  St  Hei.kna.  In  addition  to  tht 
account  of  this  ifi^nd  in  the  Enry-lojviilia,  the  following 
particulars  from  Sir  Gerrge  Staunton  dekrve  a  place 
in  this  SuppUmeni,  liecaufe  ibme  ot  them  are  impoitJnt 
in  themfelves,  while  others  corred  one  or  two  miflakes 
into  which  we  had  fallen,  by  adopting,  implicitly,  the 
narrative  of  Forller. 

The  circumference  of  St  Helena  meafures  fomewhat 
lefs  than  twenty-eight  miles.  Along  the  whole  coalt 
to  leeward,  or  to  the  northward,  fhips  may  anchor  in 
perfed  fecurity  in  all  I'eafons  of  the  year,  but  the  bank 
fhelves  fo  abruptly  afterwards,  that  the  anchorage,  be- 
ing in  deep  water,  is  infecure.  The  tide  feldom  riles 
above  three  feet  and  a  hall';  but  the  furge  of  the  fea  is 
fometimes  tremendous  ;  and  feveral  accidents  happened 
in  approaching  or  quitiing  the  fhuie,  until  a  wliaif  was 
erevfted,  lately,  whicli  renders  the  arnv.il  tlitre,  and  dc- 
paituie  from  it,  pcifcflly  fate.  In  the  imnicdi.ite  neigh- 
bourhood of  the  illand,  itorms  are  little  known,  thun- 
der is  rarely  heard.,  and  ligluning  is  feldi'iu  perceived. 

The  llcep  eminences  wliicli  inleivene  between  tlic 
v.illeys,  tint  are  the  chief  feats  c\  popul.<tion,  render 
the  communication  from  one  part  of  this  little  fpot  t.) 
another  flow  and  dillicult.  Planters  on  the  windward 
fide  of  the  ifland  confider  a  joutncy  to  the  leew.ird,  or 
feat  of  government,  as  a  feiious  undertaking.  Severn! 
of  them  take  that  opportunity  of  piying  their  rcfpefls 
to  the  governor,  whiLh  is  called  there  (bmetimts  "  go- 
ing to  court."  Thire  are  St  Hekna  planters  \\ho 
have  not  travilled  fofar.  At  prcfei.t,  b)  cider  ot  the 
governor,  there  are  fignals  fo  placed  all  over  the  illand, 
as  to  give  inllaut  notice  of  the  approach  il  velicls  to 
any  part  of  it. 

in  the  Eiicyclopadit,  it  is  laid  that  pe.ichcs  are  the 
only  European  traits  vhich  tlirivc  in  Si  Helena  ;  but 
this  appears  to  be  a  millakc.  Several  Ions  of  fruit 
trees  imported  into  the  illand  had  been  deflroyed  by  ■*. 
particular  inlecT  ;  but  cncour.igemcnt  has  been  given 
for  the  cultivation  of  thofe  which  that  mllthievous  ani- 
mal is  known  to  fpare,  fuch  as  the  apple,  for  eiample, 
X  with 


Hffl»r 

H-lcna. 


H     E     L  [     162     ]  HEN 

Hilfna.    wiih  all  the  vaiietiss  cf  which  it  is  fii^ceplible     The  HELENA  ISLAND,  St,  on  the  coaft  of  S.  Caro 

"^^^''^'^  plantain  and  banana,  or  the  two  fpecies  of  the  mufa,  Una,  wiili  thj  cotuiiient  onjhe  north,  forms  St  Helena 

thrive  alio  remarkably   well.     The  ground  is  fertile,  Sound   or   Entrance,  and  gives  name   to  a  purilh  in 

and  in  favourable  feafons  producef,  in  fome  inftancec, 


dcubh  crops  withi.i  t!:e  year.  Plantations,  however, 
of  cotton,  indigo,  or  canes,  were  not  found  to  anfwer: 
though  fome  good  cotfee  has  been  produced  in  it.  A 
botanic  garden  has  been  ellablilhed  neur  the  governor's 


Ecaufort  dillrii.1. — Morse. 

Helena  Parish,  St,  in  Beaufort  diflridV,  S.  Caro- 
lina, confills  of  a  duller  of  illand?,  on  the  S.  VV.  fide 
ot  Sc  Helena  Ifland,  one  of  the  largeif  of  which  is 
Port  Royal.     Adjacent  to  Port  Royal  are  St  Helena, 


country  houfe.  An  intelligent  gardener  has  been  Tent  Ladies,  Pa;is,  and  Hunting  Illands.  The  Hunting 
to  take  care  of  it  by  the  company;  and  a  vaft  variety  Illands  are  j  or  6  in  number,  bordering  on  the  ocean, 
of  tree-,  plants,  and  flowers  i.f  different,  and  fometimes  fo  called  from  the  number  of  deer  and  other  game 
oppofite  climates  are  already  ccllefted  in  it.  The  fur-  found  upon  them.  All  thefe  iflands,  and  fome  others 
rounding  (qa  abounds  in  efculent  filh  ;  and  feventy  dif-  of  lefs  note  belong  to  this  p.;ri!h.  The  produce  of  tha 
fcrent  fpecies,  including  turtle,  have  been  caught  upon  illands  is  rice,  indigo,  cotton,  corn,  and  fweet  potatoes  ; 
the  coalls.  Whales  ate  feen  in  great  numbers  playing  the  cultivation  of  which,  as  well  as  in  other  parts  of 
round  the  ifland,  where  it  is  iuppofed  the  fouthern  the  State,  is  entirely  carried  on  by  Haves.  Taxes  paid 
whale  filhery  might  be  carried  on  to  gre.U  national  ad-  by  St  Helena  parilh  ^'1,144 :  13:2.  Chief  town,  Beaa- 
vant:-:2C.  fort,  on  Port  Royal  illand. — ib. 

The  country  is  chiefly  culliva'.jd  by  blacks.  Per-  Helena,  St,  a  town  on  the  coaft  of  Florida,  built 
fons  of  that  colour  were  brought  in  a  Hate  of  flavery  to  by  the  Spaniards,  and  burnt  by  Sir  Francis  Drake  in 
St  by  its  firft  European  fe'.tltrs  ;  and  it  feldom  happens     1585. — ib. 

that  white  men  will  fubnnt  to  common  work  where  HELICOID  Parabola,  or  the  Parabolic  Spiral 
there  are  black  flaves  to  whom  it  may  be  transferred,  is  a  curve  ariling  from  the  fuppofition  that  the  common 
Thefe  vv'ere  for  a  long  time  under  the  unlimited  do-  or  Apollonian  parabola  is  bent  or  twilled,  till  the  axis 
minion  of  their  owners,  until  a  reprefentation  of  the  a-  come  into  the  periphery  of  a  circle,  the  ordinates  dill 
bufes  made  of  that  pr.wer  induced  the  India  Company  retaining  their  places  and  perpendicular  pofitions  witii 
to  place  them  under  the  immediate  proteflion  of  the  refpeft  to  the  circle,  all  thefe  lines  Hill  remaining  in 
ni.igiflracy,  ard  to  enaifl  various  regulations  in  their  fa-    the  fame  plane. 

vour ;  whi.h  have  contributed  to  render  them,  in  a  HELISPHERICAL  Line,  is  the  Rhumb  line  in 
great  degree,  comfortable  and  fecure.  Thefe  regula-  Navigation  ;  being  fo  called,  becaule  on  the  globe  it 
lions  may  have  hurr,  ;>t  firft,  the  feelings  of  the  own-  winds  round  the  pole  helically  or  fpirally,  coming  Hill 
ers  of  flaves,  but  not  their  real  intcrell  ;  for  it  appears,    nearer  and  nearer  to  it. 

that  before  their  introduclion  there  was  a  lofs,  upon  an  HELL  GATE,  this  celebrated  ftrait  is  near  the 
averasie,  of  about  ten  in  a  hundred  flaves  every  year,  to  vi'ell  end  of  Long  Ifland  Sound,  oppofue  to  Harlem 
be  fupplied  at  a  very  heavy  e.xpence  ;  whereas,  under  in  York  Illand,  and  about  8  miles  north-eaft  of  New- 
the  prcfent  fyftem,  they  naturally  increafe.  All  t'uture  York  city,  and  is  remarkable  for  its  whirlpools,  which 
importation  of  flaves  into  the  ifland  is  prohibited.  make  a  tremendous  roaring  at  certain  times  of  the  tide. 

Belidcs  the  blacks  in  a  (late  of  llavery,  there  are  Thefe  whiilpools  are  occalioned  by  the  narrownefs  and 
fome  who  are  free.  The  labour  of  thefe  tending  to  crookednefs  of  the  paffage,  and  a  bed  of  rocks  which 
di.nainifli  the  value  tf  that  cf  flaves,  the  free  blacks  be-  extend  quite  acrofs  it;  and  not  by  the  meeting  of  the 
came  once  obnoxious  to  iome  tlave  owners;  who  had  tides  from  eaft  to  well,  as  has  been  conjeflured,  be- 
fufficient  irflaence,  in  a  grand  jury,  to  prefent  them  as  caiife  they  meet  at  Frog's  Point,  feveral  miles  above, 
without  vifible  means  of  gaining  a  livelihood,  and  liable  A  fkilful  pilot  may  condudl  a  lliip  of  any  burden,  with 
to  become  burdenfome  to  tl'.e  community;  but  upon  fafety,  through  this  llrait,  at  high  water  with  the  tide, 
txamination,  it  appeared  that  all  free  blacks  of  age  to  or  at  low  water  with  a  fair  wind.  There  is  a  traditi- 
work  were  a>flually  employed  ;  that  not  one  of  them  had  on  among  the  Indian;,  that  in  fome  diftant  period, 
been  tried  for  a  crime  for  feveral  years,  nor  had  any  of  in  former  times,  their  anceftors  could  (lep  from  rock 
them  been  upon  the  parirti.  They  are  now  by  the  hu-  to  rock,  and  crofs  this  arm  of  the  fea  on  foot  at  Hell 
mane  interpofition   of  the  company  placed  under  the    Gate. — Morse. 

immediate  proteflion  of  the  government,  and  put  near-        HEMLOCK,  a  lake  in  New- York  State,   12  miles 
ly  upon  a  fcoting  with  the  other  free  inhabitants,  who,    lon<;,  and  i  broad,  in  the  Gennelfee  country. — ib. 
vhenaccufed  of  crimes,  have  the  privilege  of  a  jury,  as         HEMPFIELD,    tlie    name   of    two    townfhips  in 
well  as  in  civil  cauft's.  Pennfylvania,  the  one  in  Lancaller  county,  the  other 

The   principal  fcttlement  of  St  Helena  has  the  pe-    in  that  of  Weflmoreland. — ib. 
culi.ir  advantage  of  uniting  ihe  ihelter  of  a  leeward  ll-        HENDERSON'S  GRANT,  a  trafl  12  miles fquare, 
tuation  with  the  coolnefs  ef    windward  gales.     The    on   the   peninfola  formed   by   the  jundlion    of   Green- 
fou'h-eall  wind  blows  conllantly  down  the  valley,  ren-    river  with  the  Ohio,  in  the  State  of  Kentucky — il>. 
dcrirg  a  refidence  in  it  pleafant  as  well  as  healthy.        HENIOCHAS,  or  Heniochus,    a  northern  con- 
The  country  is  fo  fertile,  and  the  climate  fo  congenial    Itellaticn,  the  fame  as  Auriga,  which  fee  Encycl. 
to  the  human  feelings,  that  perhaps  it  would  be  dif-        HENLEY    HOUSE,    a  (lation  of  the  Hudfon's 
ficult  to  find  cut  a  Cpot  where  perfons,  not  having  ac-    Bay  Company,  on  the  north  bank  of  Albany  river, 
quired  a  relifli  for  the  enjoyments  of  the  world,  or  al-    in  New  S.  Wales,   150  miles   S.  W.  of  Albany  Fort, 
ready  advanced  in  hfe,  and  furfeited  with  them,  could    and  1 10  N.  W.  by  W.  of  Brunfwick  Houfe.     N.  lat. 
have  a  better  chance  of  protrailing  their  days  ia  e;ife,    51°   14'  27".  W.  long.  85°  5'  54''. — Morse. 
health  and  comfort.  ilENNlKER,  a  toiirnfliip  in  Hilllborough  county, 

I^ew.. 


HEN 


Hcnlopcn  New-Hampfliire,  about  12  miles  wed  of  Concord.  In 
, ,"  1775"    't    contained   367,  and  in   1700,   1127  inhabi- 

J^l^  tants.— ,-i. 

HENLOPEN,  Cape,  forms  the  S.  W.  fiJe  of  the 
entrance  of  Delaware  Bay,  and  Cape  May  the  N.  E. 
fide,  28  miles  apart.  Cape  Henlopen  lies  in  N.  lat. 
38°  50',  and  in  W.  long.  75°  2C'.  There  is  a  light- 
houfe  here,  a  few  miles  below  the  town  of  Lewis,  of 
anoclagonform.handfomely  buikof  ftone  1 15  feet  high, 
and  its  foundation  is  nearly  as  much  above  the  level  of 
the  CsA.  The  lantern  is  between  7  and  8  feet  fquare,  light- 
ed with  8  lamps,  and  may  be  feen  in  the  night  10 
leagues  cff  at  iea.  Its  annual  cxpenfe  is  about  ^6  jo. 
There  is  a  ftrong  iron  net-work,  in  order  to  prevent 
birds  from  breaking  the  glafs  at  night.  Yet  fo  attrac- 
tive is  the  light  to  the  winged  tribe,  that  fiiortly  after 
its  eredion,  110  birds  of  different  kinds  were  found 
dead  one  morning,  and  a  duck,  in  particular  flew 
againft  ie  with  fuch  force,  as  to  penetrate  through 
both  the  wire  and  glafs,  and  was  found  dead  in  the 
lantern.  Since  the  above  accident,  few  fimilar  ones 
have  occurred,  and  the  birds  have  become  more  wary. 

V'eflels  off  the  Delaware,  upon  difplaylng  a  jack  at 
the  foretopmaft-head,  will  be  immediately  furnilhed 
with  a  pilot.  None,  however,  are  to  be  depended 
upon,  unlefs  they  are  fumiflied  wiih  branches,  and 
wiih  a  certificate  from  the  board  of  wardens  of  Phila- 
delphia.— ill. 

HENRICO,  a  county  of  Virginia,  about  30  miles 
long,  and  7  broad,  contains  12,000  inhaljitants,  in- 
cluding 5819  Haves.  It  is  furrounded  by  Hanover, 
Charles  City,  and  Goocliland  counties,  and  James 
river.  A  number  of  co^l  mines  are  in  the  county, 
and  pits  have  been  opened  by  many  of  the  proprietors, 
and  worked  to  confiderable  profit.  The  coals  in  fevc- 
Tal  of  the  pits  are  found  nearly  200  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  river,  and  3  or  4  feet  below  the  furlace  of 
the  ground.  It  is  fuppofed  that  joo,ooo  bufliels  might 
be  raifed  irom  one  of  thefe  in  a  year.  Chief  town, 
Richmond. — ;/;. 

HENRIQUELLE,  a  remarkaljle  falt-pond  in  the 
Spanilh  part  of  the  ifland  of  St.  Domingo,  about  22 
leagues  in  circuit.  It  is  inhabited  by  lizards  and  alli- 
gators, and  land  tortoifes,  all  of  a  large  fize.  The 
water  is  deep,  clear,  bitter  and  fait,  and  has  a  dif- 
agreeable  fmell.  Near  the  middle  of  this  pond  is  an 
island  aljout  2  leagues  long,  and  a  league  wide,  in 
which  is  a  fpring  of  frefh  water,  well  flocked  with 
cabriloes,  and  thence  called  Cabrilo  {[land.  This  pond 
is  about  1 1  leagues  E.  of  Port-au-Prince. — ib, 

HENRY,  a  cape,  the  north-eallern  extremity  of 
Princefs  Ann  county,  in  Virginia,  i  2  miles  S.  by  W. 
of  Cape  Charles  in  Northampton  county.  Thefe  capes 
form  the  entrance  of  Chefapeak  B  ly.  Cape  Henry 
lies  in  N.  lat.  37°,  W.  long.  7'')''  \6' .—iL 

Hknry,  a  fort  in  Penntylvinia,  8  miles  N.  by  W. 
of  Myer's  Town,  at  tlie  head  of  Tulpehocken  creek, 
32  N.  of  Lancafter,  and  nearly  37  S.  E.  of  Snnbury. 

Hknrv,  a  mountainous  and  hilly  county  of  Virginia, 
bounded  N.  by  Franklin,  S.  and  S.  E.  by  Patrick,  S. 
W.  by  Grifon,  and  N.  W.  and  W.  by  Montgomery. 
It  is  about  40  miles  long,  15  broad,  and  contains 
6928  inhabitants,  including  155 1  flaves. — ib. 


C     i^>3     ] 


M     K     R 


HERKEMER,  a  new  county  cf  New- York,  divi- 
ded into  20  tovvnfhips,  vi/.  German  Fiats,  Warrc  1, 
Fran!;fort,  and  Lilchfi;ld,  formed  out  of  German fiali 
in  Feb.  1796.  Herkemer,  Fairfield  and  Norway, 
formed  out  of  /a/r/ff/V,  Feb.  1796. — Schuvler.  The 
following  were  compr,ehended  originally  in  IVIAte/lorL-i., 
viz.  Paris,  Sangerfield,  Hamilton,  Sherbum,  Brook- 
field,  C.izenovia,  Weftmoreland,  Mexico,  Rome, 
Steuben  and  Floyd.  By  the  St.ite  ccnfus  of  1796  tlrs 
county  contains  25,573  inhabitants,  of  whom  4161  *r= 
clcftors.  It  is  bounded  N.  by  part  of  Lower  Canada 
and  the  river  St  Lawrence,  N.  \V.  by  the  E.  end  of 
Lake  Ontario,  and  the  river  St  Lawrence;  S.  by 
Otfego  county;  E.  by  Clinton  and  part  of  Wafliin?- 
ton  county. — ib. 

Herkemer  To'.vk,  in  the  above  county,  is  fituiteJ 
on  the  nortli  fide  of  Mohawk  river.  The  townfhip  in- 
cludes the  village  called  Little  German  Flats,  and  the 
celebrated  plain  called  German  Flats.  The  village 
contains  a  court-honfc,  gaol,  a  Dutch  church,  and 
about  40  dwelling  houfes,  which  lad  are  very  indiffer- 
ent buildings.  It  is  So  miles  N.  W.  by  W.  of  AlSiny, 
16  S.  E.  ot  old  Foit  Schuyler,  and  20  in  a  like  dirtc. 
tion  from  Whiteftown.  In  ihc  midft  of  the  flats  is  a 
fhrub  oak  plain  of  80  or  100  acres,  barren  and  deny, 
of  no  ufe  but  for  building  lots.  The  towiilhip  is  nam- 
ed in  honour  of  general  Herkemcr,  who  was  mcrtaily 
wounded  in  the  late  war.  It  c  intained  in  179C,  by 
the  State  cenfus,  2073  inh.ibitants ;  cf  whom  3'8 
were  eleftors. — ib. 

HERO,  NORTH,  an  ifland  in  Lake  Champlain,  is 
a  townlhip  annexed  to  Chi:tendcn  county  in  N'erm^  n'.. 


Hcrktmer 

0 
Hertfc.rd. 


It 


IS  13  miics  in  lengt.'i. 


and  contains  125  inhabitants, 
and  2  in  breadth. — ib. 

Hero,  Soui  h,  an  idand  in  the  fime  lake,  belong- 
ing to  Chittenden  comity,  Vermont,  is  a  townlhip  and 
port  of  entry,  and  contains  537  inhabitants.  It  is  14 
miles  long,  and  3!  bio.id.  Numerous  fmall  dies  fui- 
round  the  Heros.  This  ifland  produces  good  crryit 
of  whe.u  and  other  grain.  In  it  is  a  quarry  oi  bluifk 
grey  marble,  wh'ch  has  the  .Tppcarai<>:e  of  being  j. 
petrifaflion  of  fcallops,  a  fpecics  of  dull  common  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  lake,  togetlicr  wirli  tlic  common 
earth  of  thcfhore,  wliicji  is  of  ainitlev  fubdnnce. — iL 

HERON,  PASS  Air, ;«  the  bay  of  Mobile,  in  \>'. 
Florida,  is  18  miles  E.  of  PafV.igoiila  river,  and  Ins 
4  feet  water  ;  and  from  thence  to  the  point  which  is  on 
the  E.  fide  of  the  bay  of  Mobile,  in  N.  Lit.  30"  17' 
is  nearly  6  miles. — ib. 

HERRING  BAY,  lies  on  the  W.  fide  cf  Chcfa- 
peak  Bay,  Maryland,  :6  miles  S.  of  Annapolis  and 
derives  its  name  from  the  fidt  ci  its  nimc  whi.h  fr> 
quent  it — ib. 

HERSCHEL,  ihc  name  by  wliicli  the  French,  ani 
mod  other  European  n  iiions,  call  the  new  p'.inct  dil- 
covered  by  Dr  Hcrfcbei  in  the  year  17S1.  Its  mark 
or  character  is  ^.  The  Italians  call  it  Ouranos,  or  1.'- 
rania  ;  but  the  tinglilh,  ihc  Georgian  plane:,  or  Geot- 
gium  Sidiis. 

HERTFORD,  a  county  of  EJcnfn  didri.l,  N. 
Carolina  ;  hounded  N.  by  the  State  of  Virginia,  S.  by 
Bertie  county,  E.  by  Chownn,  and  W.  by  Noiihamp- 
ton,  and  contains  5S2S  inhabitants,  ol  uhotn  244J 
are  flaves.     Chief  town.  Wynion. — iMon: 

X  a  UETERO- 


H     I     L 


[     164    ] 


H     I     N 


Hrtfrcdro- 
mus 

P 

Trugll. 


IIETERODROMUS  Vectis,  or  Lever,  in  Me- 
chanics, a  lever  in  which  the  fulcrum  or  point  of  fuf- 
penfion  is  between  the  weiglit  and  the  power  ;  being 
the  lame  as  what  is  otherwile  called  a  kver  of  the  firli 
kind. 

HIATSTOWN,  a  village  in  Mlddlefex  county, 
New-feri'ey;  13  miles  northeafterly  of  Trenton,  and 
17  S.'by  W.  of  New-Brunfwick. — Mors^. 

HICKMAN'S,  a  fetilenent  in  I'ayette  county, 
Kentucky,  on  the  N.  fide  of  Kentucky  liver,  10  miks 
N.  of  Dinville,  and  22  S.  of  Lexington. — ib. 

HID  ISLAND  is  fituated  in  the  N.  W.  Territory  ; 
in  Pkin  river,  the  northern  head  water  of  the  Illinois. 
—ib. 

HIGHGATE,  a  village  in  Georgia,  about  4  miles 
from  Savannah. — ib. 


a  court-houfe  and  gaol ; 


HiGHGATE,  the  north-wefternmoft  townlliip  except    healthy   and   fertile   country. 
Alburgh,   in  Veimont,   in  Franklin  county,    contains    houfes, 
103  inhabitants. — ib. 

HIGHLANDS,  a  mountainous  traft  of  country 
on  the  banks  of  Hudfon'-s  river,  in  the  State  of  New- 
York,  between  40  and  60  miles  N.  of  New-York  city. 
The  partage  on  the  river  through  thcfe  Highlands, 
for  the  diftance  of  about   18  miks,  is  grand  and  ro- 


HiLLsr.oROUGH,    a  village  on  the  eaftern  fide  of     HiUfbo. 
Chefapeak  Bay,  in  Caroline"  county,  Maryland  ;  feat-      '■°"g'^ 
ed  on  the  E.  fide  of  Tuckahoe  Creek,  one  of  the  chief  j^;    ''i,,„^ 
branches  of  Choptank  river,   7   miles  S.  E.  by   E.  of  \^r-y^ 
Denton,  9  N.  W.  of  Greenfborough,  and  27  S.  S.  W. 
of  Cheller. — ib. 

Hillsborough,  one  of  tlie  middle  di(lri<5ts  of 
North-Carolina,  bounded  N.  by  the  State  of  Virginia, 
S.  by  FayetteviUe  diftrift,  E.  by  Halifax,  and  W.  by 
Salifburv.  It  comprehends  the  counties  of  Granville, 
Perfon,  Cafwell,  Orange,  Wake,  Chatham,  and  Ran- 
dolph ;  and  contains  59,983  inhabitants,  of  whom 
13,506  are  Oaves.     Chief  town,  Hillfborough. — ib. 

Hillsborough,  a  poll-town  of  North-Carolina, 
and  capital  of  the  diftriift  of  its  name,  is  fituated  in 
Orange  county,  on  the  N.  fide  of  Eno  river,  in  a  high. 


It  contains  about  So 
and  had  in  1788  an 
academy  o(  60  or  80  ftudents,  patronized  by  the  prin- 
cipal gentlemen  of  the  State.  The  Eno  unites  with 
Little  and  Flat  rivers,  and  forms  the  Neus,  about  17 
miks  below  ihc  town.  It  is  180  miles  W.  N.  W.  of 
Newbern,  26  S.  by  W.  of  Perfon  court-houfe,  101 
W.  by  S.  of  Halifax,  no  E.  N.  E.  of  Salifbury,  and 


mantic  in  a  high  degree.  The  opening  feems  to  have 
been  formed  on  purpnfe  for  the  palT.ige  of  this  noble 
river.  In  ihefe  highlands  are  fituated  the  important 
and  famous  fortrelks  of  Well  Point,  Fort  Montgo- 
mery, and  Stnney  Point.  The  mod  noted  peaks  are, 
as  you  afcend  the  river,  Thunder  Hill,  St  Anthony's 
N"fe,  Sugar  Loaf,  Butter  Hill,  and  Break  Neck  Hill. 
After  paffing  the  two  lad,  the  country  opens  delight- 
fully, and  prefents  to  the  eye  the  pleafant  villages  of  a  townlhip  in  Bucks  county  in  the  fame  St.ite. — ib. 
New-Windfor  and  Newburgh.  Thefe  mountains  HILTON  HEAD  is  the  moft  fouthern  fea  land  in 
abound  with  iron  ore. — ib.     '  S.   Carolina.      W.  and    S.    W.   of    Hilton   Head  lie 

HIGUEY,  or  Ji'lu  Cracia,  a  city  in  the  S.  E.  part    Pinckney's  Bulls,  Dawfufkies  and  fome  fmalkr  iflands, 
of  tlie  Spanifii  divifion  of  St  Domingo,   the  ealfern-    between  which  and  Hilton  Head,  are  Calibogie  river 


452  S.  W.  by   S.  of  Philadelphia.— /'iJ. 

HILLSDALE,  a  townlhip  in  Columbia  county, 
New-York,  18  miles  from  Hudfon  city,  containing 
4556  inhabitants,  including  31  flaves.  By  the  State 
cenfus  of  1 796,  622  of  the  inhabitants  are  ekftors. — ib. 

HILLTOWN,  a  fmall  town  near  the  centre  of 
Chefter  county,  Pennfylvania  ;  28  miks  W.  of  Phila- 
delphia, and  21  N.  W.  of  Chefter.     Alfo  the  name  of 


moft  of  all  the  i'eltkments  in  the  ifland,  celebrated 
formerly  for  its  fcnility,  and  the  quantity  of  fugar  it 
pioduced.  It  was  formerly  the  feat  of  Cayacoa,  the 
iJioll  powerful  cacique  of  the  ill.irid.  It  has  now  only 
about  500  ii.habitantr,  and  is  diftant  about  40  leagues 
to  the  eallward  of  St  Domingo,  between  which  and 
Hii^uey  are  thiee  roads,  the  circuit'- us  and  northernmoft 
of  which  leads  by  Bayaguana.     N.  lat.  18°  30'.—;^. 

HILLSBOROUGH,  an  ifland  on  the  Labrador 
coaft,  on  a  bay  at  the  head  of  which  is  Nain. — ib. 

Hillsborough,  a  county  of  New-Hamp(hire, 
bounded  N.  by  Grafton  county,  S.  by  the  State  of 
Mallachufettf,  V/.  by  Chelirue,  and  E.  by  Rocking- 
ham  county. 

It  is  divided  into  37  townfhips  and  4  gores  of  land, 
■which  contain  32,871  inhabitants,  all  free  people,  who 
chiefly  foUow  agriculture.  The  academy  at  Amherft, 
has  /Soo  funds,  and  another  at  New-Ipfwich  of 
^"icoo.  Chief  towns,  Amherll  and  Hopkinton. — ib. 
Hillsborough,  a  townfliip  in  the  above  county, 
fituated  on  the  northern  head  branches  of  Contocook 
river,  about  18  or  zo  miles  W.  of  Concord,  was  in- 
coroorated  in  1772,  and  contains  798  inhabitants. — ib. 
HiLLSBOROUH,  a  townlhip  in  Someffet  county, 
New-Jerfey,  containing  2,201  inhabitants,  including 
386  flaves.  It  is  about  15  miles  W.  of  Brunfwick, 
and  iS  northerly  of  Trenton. — ib. 


and  found,  which  form  the  outlet  of  May  and  New 
rivers. — ib. 

Hilton's  Point,  in  Pafcataqua  river,  in  New- 
Hampfliire,  is  the  fpot  where  the  united  ftream  of 
Newichawannock  and  Cochecho  rivers,  which  comes 
from  Dover,  meets  the  weftern  branch  and  forms  the 
Pifcataqua  :  From  thence  to  the  fea  is  7  miks,  the 
courfe  gener.ally  S.  to  S.  E.  and  the  river  is  fo  rapid 
that  it  never  freezes. — ib. 

HINCHE,  a  territory  and  town  in  the  Spanifii 
part  of  St  Dmiingo.  The  canton  of  Hinche  is  bound- 
ed W.  by  the  French  parilhes  of  Gonaives,  Petit  Rivi- 
ere and  Mirebalais — and  contains  with  fome  appen- 
dages about  12,000  fouls.  The  town  contains  about 
500  houfes,  and,  together  with  its  dependencies,  4,500 
fouls,  500  of  whom  arc  capable  of  bearing  arms.  It 
is  fituated  on  the  E.  fide  of  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Guayamuco,  64  miles  N.  W.  of  St  Domingo,  N.  lat. 
19°  3'. — ib. 

HINESBURGH,  a  townfliip  in  Chittenden  county, 
in  Vermont,  lies  E.  of  and  joins  Charlotte  on  Lake 
Champlain.     It  contains  454  inhabitants. — tb. 

HINGHAM,  a  poft-town  in  Suffolk  county,  Maf- 
fachufetts,  fituated  on  a  fmall  bay  which  fets  up  fouth 
from  Bofton  Bay.  It  contains  a  number  of  houfes 
compaftly  built,  two  Congregational  churches,  and  a 
well  endowed  fchool,  ciUkd,  in  honoui  of  its  principal 

doaor 


i 


H     I    N 


C     165     ] 


H     I     N 


Hinzuan. 


Hinfd.vle  donor  and  founder,  Derby  School.  It  ts  19  miles  S. 
E.  of  Bofton,  and  23  in  a  like  direftior  from  Ply- 
mouth. The  townthip  is  about  4  miles  fqinre,  ecniifts 
of  two  pariilies,  was  incorporated  in  1635,  and  con- 
tains 2,085  inhabitants.  Here  are  6  grift-mills  3  fiw- 
mills,  and  a  fulling-mill;  four  of  which  are  tide  mills. 
Two  hills  in  this  town,  one  of  wliich  is  called  Baker's 
Hill,  prcfent  exrenfive  and  delightful  profpeifls  of  Bof- 
ton  Bay,  its  ifl.mds,  and  the  adjacent  country. — ib. 

HINSDALE,  the  S.  eallernmoll  townlhip  in  Ver- 
mont, and  in  Windham  county.  It  contains  482  in- 
habitants.— ib. 

HINSDALE,  a  townfhip  in  Chefliire  county,  New- 
Hamplliire,  on  the  eall  bank  of  Coniieflicut  river, 
where  the  fouth  line  of  the  State  flrikes  tlie  river  in 
42'-'  43'  59"  N.  lat.  and  is  oppofite  to  Hinfdale  in 
Vermont.  It  was  incorporated  in  1753,  and  contains 
522  inhabitants.  It  is  about  38  miles  above  North- 
ampton.— ib. 

HINZUAN,  the  proper  name  of  one  of  the  Como- 
ra  iilands,  which  by  different  writers  of  difterent  na- 
tions has  been  called  ylnzuiwte,  Anjuan,  Jitanny,  and 
yohanr.a,  and  which  is  defciibed  in  the  Encyclopedia 
under  the  name  of  St  Joann.^.  In  that  article,  it  is 
obferved,  tliat  an  anonymous  writer  has  cenfured  the 
defcriptions  of  this  ifiand  given  by  the  Abbe  Reynal 
and  Major  Rooke,  as  being  not  only  exaggerated,  but 
erroneous  ;  neither  the  country  being  fo  pic'turefque  as 
the  former  reprefents  it,  nor  the  inliabitants  meriting 
the  refpeflable  charafter  given  ot  them  by  the  latter. 

There  was  not  perhaps  m\ich  propriety  in  adnntting 
into  fuch  a  work  as  the  Encyclopaedia  the  anonymous 
ccnfure  of  defcriptions,  authenticated  by  the  names 
of  refpeflable  authors  ;  but  the  belf  reparation  which 
we  can  make  to  thofe  authors,  is,  to  inform  our  read- 
ers, that  their  defcripiions  of  Hinz.uan  are  confirm- 
ed by  Sir  William  Jones,  whofe  teliimonv,  we  believe, 
no  man  will  cor.trovert.  That  accompliihed  fcholar, 
who  vifited  the  ifland  on  his  voyage  to  India,  thus  de- 
fcribes  its  appearance  from  the  bay  in  which  the  Ihip 
rode  at  anchor. 

"  Before  us  was  a  vaft  amphitheatre,  of  which  you 
may  form  a  general  notion  by  pifluring  in  your  minds 
a  multitude  of  hills  iniinitely  varied  in  fize  and  tigure, 
and  then  fuppofmg  them  to  be  thrown  together,  with 
a  kind  of  attlefs  fymmetry,  in  all  imaginable  politions. 
The  back  ground  was  a  feries  of  mountains,  one  of 
which  is  pointed,  near  half  a  mile  perpendicularly  high 
from  tlie  level  of  the  fea,  and  little  more  tlian  ti)iee 
miles  from  the  fhore,  all  of  them  richly  clothed  with 
wood,  chiefly  fruit  trees,  of  an  exquifite  verdure.  I 
had  feen  many  a  mountain  of  (lupendous  height  in 
Wales  and  Swilferland,  but  never  faw  one  before,  round 
the  bofom  of  which  the  clouds  were  alnioft  continually 
rolling,  while  its  green  fummit  rofc  Hourindng  above 
them,  and  received  from  them  an  additional  brightnefi. 
Next  to  this  didant  range  ot  hills  was  another  tier,  part 
of  which  appeared  chaimingly  verdant,  and  part  rather 
barren  ;  but  the  contraft  of  colours  clianged  even  this 
nakednefs  into  a  beauty  :  nearer  Hill  were  innumerable 
mountains,  or  rathe-  clifts,  wliich  brought  down  their 
Tcrdure  and  fertility  quite  to  tlie  beach  ;  fo  that  every 
fhade  of  green,  the  fvvecteft  of  colours,  was  difplaycd 
at  one  view  by  land  and  by  water.  But  nothing  con- 
duced mors  to  the  v.uiety  of  this  enchanting  profpcft, 


than   the  many   rows  of  palm-trees,  efpecially  the  tall   Hinrczn. 

and  graceful  Arecat,  on  tlie  (hores,  in  the  valleys,  and  ^-'~-^^*-' 

on  the  ridges  of  hills,  where  one  might  almoft  fuppofe 

them  to  have  been  planted  regularly   by  defign.      A 

more   beautiful  appearance  can  fcarce  be    conceived, 

than  fuch  a  number  of  elegant  palms  in  fuch  a  fitua- 

tion,  with  luxuriant  tops,  like  verdant  plumes,  placed 

atjull  intervals,  and  fliowing  between  them  part  of  the 

remoter  landfcape,  while  they  left  the  reft  to  be  fup- 

plied  by  the  beholder's  imagination.     The    town    of 

Matfamtidhliy  on  cur  left,  remarkable  at  a  diQance  for 

the  tower  of  the  principal  mofque,  which  was  built  by 

Hah'mah,  a  queen  of  the   illand  from  whom  the  pre- 

fent  king  is  defcendcd  :  a  little  on  our  right  was  a  fmall 

town  called  Baiiljni.      Neither  the  territory    of  Xice, 

with  its  olives,  date  trees  and  cyprelfes,  nor  the  ifles  of 

Hieres,  with  their  delightful  orange  proves,  appeared 

fo  ch.irniing  to  me,  as  the  view  from  the  road  of  Hin- 

zui-i." 

Sir  William  Jones,  fpeaking  of  the  inhabitants  takes 
notice  of  the  Lords,  Dukes  and  Princes,  of  whom  we 
have  made  mention  after  major  Rooke.  "  The  frigate, 
(fays  he)  was  [irel'enlly  furrounded  with  canoes,  and 
the  deck  foon  crowded  with  natives  of  all  ranks,  from 
the  high  born  chief,  who  walhed  linen,  to  the  half- 
naked  flave  who  only  paddled.  Moft  of  them  had  let- 
ters of  recommendation  from  Englilhmen,  which  none 
of  them  were  able  to  read,  tiiough  they  fpoke  Englilli 
intelligibly;  and  fome  appeared  vain  of  titles,  which 
our  countrymen  gave  them  in  play,  according  to  their 
fuppofed  Itations  :  we  had  Lords,  Dales,  and  Princes 
on  board,  foliciting  our  cuilom,  and  Importuning  us  for 
prefents.  In  fad,  they  were  too  fenliblc  to  be  proud 
of  empty  founds,  but  jjlUy  imagined,  that  thofe  ridi- 
culous titles  would  ferve  as  marks  ot  diltindlion,  and, 
by  attracting  notice,  procure  lor  them  fomething  fub- 
ftantial."  He  fpeaks  with  great  refpedl  of  the  king, 
whofe  name  was  Ahmed,  as  well  as  of  feveral  chiels 
whom  he  faw,  and  feems  to  have  met  with  no  man  of 
rank  on  the  illand  whofe  charadcr  was  contemptible, 
but  Sslim  the  king's  eldell  fon.  For  the  behaviour  cf 
that  prince,  the  old  fovereign  made  the  bell  apology 
that  he  could,  while  he  privately  alfured  the  interpre- 
ter, that  he  was  much  dilpleafcd  with  it,  and  would 
not  fail  to  exprefi  l.is  dlfpleafurc.  He  concluded  his 
converfation  with  a  lon^  harangue  on  the  advantage 
which  the  Englilli  might  derive  from  fending  a  Ihip  c- 
very  year  from  Bombay  to  trade  w  ith  Jiis  fubje,5ls,and  od 
the  wonderful  cheapnefs  of  their  commodities,  efpeci  il- 
ly of  their  cowiies.  Ridiculous  as  this  idea  might 
fcem,  it  (h owed  (fays  Sir  William)  an  enlargement  of 
mind,  a  delire  of  promoting  tlie  intctelt  of  h:s  pe:iple, 
and  a  fenfe  of  the  benefits  arifing  from  trade,  which 
could  hardly  have  been  expected  from  a  petty  .African 
chief,  and  which,  if  he  had  been  fovereign  of  Yemen, 
migiit  have  been  eipandcd  into  raticnnl  projects  pro- 
portioned to  the  extent  of  his  dominions. 

The  mailer  of  the  frigate  learned  fiom  one  of  the 
chief? :i  lew  curious  circumllances  concerning  the  go. 
vernmcnt  of  Hinzuan  ;  which  he  found  to  be  a  mo- 
narchy  limited  by  an  aiiftocracy.  The  king,  he  was 
toKI,  had  no  power  of  making  war  by  iiis  own  authori- 
ty ;  but,  if  tlie  all'embly  of  nobles  who  were  from  tln.e 
to  time  convened  by  him,  refolved  on  a  war  with  an/ 
of  the  neighbouring  idacds,  thty  defrayed  tlie  cLaijk* 

of 


M     I     N                    [     i66    ]  H     I     R 

Tfliniujii.  of  it  by  voluntary  contribulions  ;  in  return  for  which,  to  be  concealed.  When  he  was  on  the  cnad  of  Afri- 
''"''"^'"^^  they  claimed  as  tlieir  own  all  the  booty  and  captives  ca  in  the  dominions  of  a  very  f.ivage  prince,  a  fmall 
ihit  might  be  taken.  The  hope  of  gain  or  the  want  European  veffel  was  wrecked  ;  and  the  piince  not  only 
of  ilivts,  is  iifually  the  real  motive  for  fuch  enterprifes,  feized  all  that  could  be  faved  from  tlie  wreck,  but 
and  oltenfible  pretexts  are  eafily  found  :  at  that  very  claimed  the  captain  and  the  crew  as  his  flaves,  and 
time,  be  underllood  they  meditated  a  war,  becaufe  they  treated  them  v.-ith  ferocious  infolence.  Alwi  alfured 
v.-antcd  hands  for  the  following  harveft.  Their  fleet  me,  that,  v/hen  he  heard  of  the  accident,  he  halleaed 
confifted  of  fixteen  or  feventeen  fmall  veffeh,  which  to  the  prince,  fell  proftrate  before  him,  and  by  tears 
they  manned  with  about  two  thoufand  five  hundred  and  importunity  prevailed  on  him  to  give  the  Euro- 
idanders,  armed  with  mufkets  and  cutlalfes,  or  with  peans  their  liberty  ;  that  he  fupported  tliem  at  his  own 
bows  and  arrows.  Near  two  years  before  they  had  expence,  enabled  them  to  build  another  veffel,  in  which 
polfefied  themfelves  of  two  towns  in  Mayuta,  which  they  failed  to  Ilitiztian,  and  departed  thence  for  Europe 
they  flill  kept  and  garrifoned.  The  ordinary  expcnces  or  India  :  he  fhewed  me  the  captain's  promirtbry  notes 
of  the  government  were  defrayed  by  a  ta;:  from  two  for  fums,  wliich  to  an  African  trader  muft  be  a  con- 
hundred  villages  ;  but  the  three  principal  towns  were  fiderable  object,  but  which  were  no  price  for  liberty, 
exempt  from  all  taxes,  except  that  they  paid  annually  fafety,  and,  pephaps,  life,  v.'hich  his  good,  though  dit- 
to the  chief  Mu/ii  a  fortieth  part  of  the  value  of  all  interefted  offices  had  procured.  1  lamented  that,  in 
their  moveable  property,  and  from  that  payment  nei-  my  fituation,  it  was  wholly  out  of  my  power  to  affifl 
ther  the  king  nor  the  nobles  claimed  an  exemption.  Alwi  in  obtaining  juf^ice  ;  but  he  urged  me  to  deliver 
The  kingly  authority,  by  the  principles  of  their  confli-  an  Arabic  letter  from  him,  enclofing  the  notes,  to  the 
tution,  was  confidered  as  elective,  though  the  line  of  governor-general,  who,  as  he  faid,  knew  him  well  ;  and 
fuccefllon  had  not  in  fadl  been  altered  fince  the  firfl  I  complied  with  his  requeft.  Since  it  is  pofTible,  that 
eleflion  of  a  fultan.  a  fubfiantial  defence  may  be  made  by  the  perfon  thus 
Sir  William  Jones  concludes  his  remarks  on  this  accufed  of  iujudlce,  I  will  not  name  either  liim  or  the 
ifland  with  fome  reflections ;  cf  which,  though  they  may  veffel,  wliich  he  had  commanded  ;  but,  if  he  be  living, 
be  confideied  as  digrefiive,  we  are  perfuaded  our  readers  and  if  this  paper  fliouid  fall  into  his  hands,  he  may  be 
v</ill  approve  of  our  extending  the  circulation.  induced  to  reflect  how  highly  it  imports  our  national 
"  We  have  lately  heard  of  civil  commotions  in  Hin-  honour,  that  a  people,  whom  we  call  favage,  but 
zuan,  which,  we  may  venture  to  pronounce,  were  not  who  adminifler  to  cur  convenience,  may  have  no 
excited  by  any  cruelty  or  violence  of  Ahmed,  but  were  juft  caufe  to  reproach  us  with  a  violation  of  our  con- 
probably  occafioned  by  the   infolence   of  an  oligarchy  traifts." 

naturally  hoRile  to  king  and  people.     That  the  moun-  HIPS,  in   architeflure,  arc  thofe  pieces   of  timber 

tains  in  the  Comara  iflands  contain  diamonds,  and  the  placed  at  the  corners  of  a  roof.    Thefe  are  much  longer 

precious  metaU,  which  are  ftudioufly  concealed  by  the  than  the  rafters,  becaufe  of  their  obhque  pofition.     Hip 

policy  of  the  feveral  governments,  may  be  true,  though  means  alfo  the  angle  formed  by  two  parts  of  the  roof, 

I  have  no  reafon  to  believe  it,  and  have  only  heard  it  when  it  rifes  outwards. 


iffertcd  without  evidence  ;  but  I  hope,  that  neither  an 
e.\pei5tation  of  fucli  treafures,  nor  of  any  other  advan- 
tage, will  ever  induce  an  European  power  to  violate 
the  firft  principles  of  juftice  by  alfuming  the  fovereign- 
ty  of  Hinzuati,  which  cannot  anfwer  a  better  purpofe 
than  that  of  fupplying  our  fleets  with  feafonible  re- 
frtfhment  ;  and,  although  the  natives  have  an  intereil 


Hinzusa 

.  n 

Hirundo. 


Hir-Roof,  called  alfo  Italian  roof,  is  one  in  which 
two  pans  of  the  roof  meet  in  an  angle,  rifing  out- 
wards :  the  fame  angle  being  called  a  valley,  when  it 
fmks  inwards. 

HIRCUS,  in  aflronomy,  a  fixed  ftar  of  the firft  mag- 
nitude, the  fame  with  capella. 

HiRCus  is  alio  ufed  by  fome  writers  for  a  comet,  en- 


in  receiving  us  vith  apparent  cordiality,  yet,  if  we  wiffi  compalfed  as  it  were  with  a  mane,  feemingly  rough  and 

their  attachment  to  be   unfeigned  and   their    dealings  hairy. 

julf,  we  mufl;  fet  them  an  example  of  flrift  honeRy  in  HIRUDO.  Pite  Encycl.  A  new  fpecies  of  this  in- 
the  performance  of  our  engagements.  In  truth,  our  fecft  was  difcovered  in  the  South  Sea  by  Le  Martiniere, 
nation  is  not  cordially  loved  by  the  inhabitants  of  H'm-  naturalift  in  Peroufe's  voyage  of  difcovery.  He  found 
•z,iian,  who,  as  it  commonly  happens,  form  a  general  o-  it  buried  about  half  an  inch  in  a  fhark's  liver,  but  could 
pinion  from  a  few  inflances  of  violence  or  breich  of  not  conceive  how  it  had  got  thither.  It  was  fomething 
faith.  Not  many  years  ago  an  European,  who  had  more  than  an  inch  long,  of  a  whitilh  colour,  and  corn- 
been  hofpitably  received  and  liberally  fupported  at  pofed  of  feveral  rings  fimlhir  to  thofe  of  the  txnia.  The 
Matjamudo,  behaved  rudely  to  a  young  married  wo-  fuperior  part  of  its  head  v.'as  furnifhed  with  f  jur  fmall 
man,  who,  being  of  low  degree,  was  walking  veiled  ciliated  mamiils,  by  which  it  took  its  fond  ;  under  each 
through  a  ftreet  in  the  evening  :  her  hufband  ran  to  mamilla  on  both  fides  was  a  fmall  oblong  pouch,  in  the 
proteiTt  her,  and  refented  the  rudenefs,  probably  with  form  of  a  cup;  and  in  the  form  of  its  injirumcnta  ci- 
menaces,  pofllbly  with  affual  force  ;  and  the  European  bar'ia,  it  very  nearly  refembles  the  animal  which  has 
is  faid  to  have  given  him  a  mortal  wound  with  a  knife  been  fuppofed  to  be  the  caufe  of  meafles  in  fwine.  Both 
or  bayonet,  wluLh  he  brought,  after  the  fcuf!le,  from  thefe  fpecies  are  referable  to  the  genus  hirudo,  the  cha- 
his  lodging.  This  foul  murder,  which  the  law  of  na-  rafters  of  which,  as  given  by  Linnzus,  ftand  (fays  Mar- 
ture  would  have  juflified   the  magiftrate  in  punifliing  tiniere)  in  need  of  reformation. 

with  death,  was   reported   to  the  king,  who  told  the  HIRUNDO    Escvlenta    (fee  Hirwkdo,    EncycL 

governor  (I  ufe  the  very  words  of  Alwi  a  coufin  of  the  11°  3.),  is  thus  defcribed  in  the  TranfaS'ions  of  the  Ba- 

king'sj,  that  "  it  would  be  wifer  to  hufli  it  up."   Al-  iavian  Society  in  the  IJland  of  Ja'va,  vol.  ill.;  and  the 

wi  mentioned  a  civil  cafe  of  liis  own,  which  ought  not  defcription   confirms    the  f.igacious  conjedlure  of  Mr 

Latham 


HIS  C     167    ]  HIS 

Hlrundo  Latham  refpeflV.g  the  f.ze  of  the  bird,  which  the  rca-  nioh.  a  very  ccr^njerablc  fliare  of  happIncA.  In  fpite  Hifpanio!.. 
Hifp  Lla.  '^'\r^^^  ""''  '» '^"^.^^  '^1^  "^""d  o  _  of  what  our  relllefs  innovators  call  political  evils,  f.^.na  ^^ 
^J^^^  .  ','.  ^^^  »^'  .'^"'^°  efcuhnta  >s  of  a  blacblu  grey  colour,  of  prolpcr.ty  were  everywhere  viable  ;  their  towns  were 
.ncl.n.ng  a  httle  to  green  ;  but  on  the  bacK  to  the  tail,  opulent,  their  markets  pknt.ful,  their  commerce  e-tcn- 
as  well  as  on  the  belly,  this  bUckilh  colour  gradually  five,  and  their  cultivation  incrcafinK 
changes  into  a  rnouCe  colour.  Ths  whole  length  or  the  Such  was.  in  1788,  the  Itatc  of  ihe  French  colcnr 
bird  irom  the  oill  to  the  tail  is  about  four  inches  and  a  in  the  illand  of  St  Domingo  ;  but  in  that  eventful  ye-ir 
haU,  and  its  height  from  the  bill  to  the  extremity  of  the  flame,  which  had  burlt  forth  in  Europe  foreadit' 
the  middle  toe  three  inchc.  and  a  ([uarter.  The  diilancc  felf  to  the  Well-Indies,  An  aifociation  had  been  form' 
from  the  tip  ot  the  one  wing  to  that  ot  the  other,  when  ed  in  France  upon  principles  fomewhtt  fim;i  ir  to  thofo 
extended,  is  ten  inches  and  a  quarter.  The  largelt  of  our  fociety  for  tlie  abolition  cf  the  dive  trade  •  but 
feathers  of  the  wings  are  about  four  inches  in  length,  that  alfociation,  which  called  itfelf  ^/„,;/^,,  Aw/  had 
The  head  is  flat;  but,  on  account  of  the  thicknefs  of  much  more  dangerous  defigns  than  ours.  Avowin^ 
the  feathers,  appears  round,  and  to  be  of  a  large  fize  in  its  detellation  of  every  kind  of  flavery,  as  well  -iscfthe 
proportion  to  the  reft  of  the  body.  The  bill  is  broad,  African  trade,  and  condemning  thofc'abettorst  f  llber- 
and  ends  ia  a  fiiarp  extremity,  bent  downwards  in  the  ty  who  dared  to  declare  thtmfelves  polFcirnrs  cf  m-n 
form  of  an  awl.  The  width  of  it  is  increafed  by  a  iis  members  kept  up  an  intimate  and  clandeftfnc  con- 
naked  piece  of  fKin  fomeuhat  like  parchment,  which,  neiflion  with  thofe  rich  mulattoes  who  refided  in  France 
whe;i  the  bill  is  Ihut,  lies  folded  together  ;  but  which,  for  their  education,  and  laboured  toconvi.-;ce  them  that 
v/hen  the  bill  opens, is  confukrably  extended,  andcnables  neither  their  colour  nor  ihelr  fpurhuj  lirih  (hould  males 
the  bird  to  catch  with  greater  eafc,  while  on  wing,  the  any  civil  or  pohtical  dillinaion  betwern  them  and  th; 
infects  that  ferve  it  for  food.  The  eyes  are  black,  and  whiles  v  ho  were  born  \\\  lucdhck.  To  co  optrutcj 
of  a  confiderable  'ivt.i.  The  tongue,  which  is  not  fork-  as  it  were,  with  thefe  faclious  and  falf:  dcflrines"  the 
cd,  is  fliaped  like  an  arrow.  The  ears  are  flat,  round,  National  AlFembly  ilTued  its  famous  declaration,  in 
raked  fpots,  with  fmall  oblong  openings,  and  are  entire  which  it  was  maintained  that  all  mankind  are  born,  ard 
ly  concealed  under  the  leathers  of  the  liead.  The  neck  continue  fiee,  and  equal  in  their  richts.  Tilt  conf;. 
is  very  fliort,  as  well  as  the  legs  and  the  bones  of  the  queiice  of  this  was  fuch  as  might  have  been  expcL^led. 
wings.  The  thighs  are  wholly  covered  with  fe.ithers  ;  '1  he  mulaltoes  of  HifpaniLla  inrtrucled  in  llie  French 
and  the  very  tender  lower  parts  of  the  legs,  and  ihe  feet  phil-fophy  ( i  the  rights  cf  man,  broke  out  into  rcbel- 
themfelves,  are  covered  with  a  llvin  like  black  parch-  lion;  but  n^t  adting  in  co.ocerf,  they  were  quickly  over- 
ment.     Each  foot  has  four  toes,  three  of  which  are  be-  powered. 

fore  and  one  turned  backwards.  They  are  all  detached  The  Ipirit,  however,  which  had  been  excited  amnn" 
from  each  other  to  the  roots ;  and  the  middle  one,  to-  theiii,  11:11  continued  to  ferment ;  and  the  National  Af- 
gether  with  the  claw,  is  fully  as  long  as  the  lower  p  irt  fembly  if  France,  taking  the  Hate  of  the  iiland  into  fo- 
of  the  leg.  Each  toe  is  fumlflied  wuh  a  black,  lliarp,  lemn  conlideration,  decreed,  by  a  gre.it  rnajoiity,  ihjt 
crooked  claw  of  a  confiderable  Icngih,  by  winch  the  its  intention  had  never  been  to  intermeddle  with  the  in. 
animal  can  with  great  facility  attach  itfelf  to  crags  and  ternal  affairs  of  the  colony  ;  that  their  internil  Ic'iflj. 
rocks.  The  tail  is  iully  as  long  as  the  body  together  tion  was  entirely  cheir  own  ;  and  that  the  Icgiflaiurs 
with  the  neck  and  the  head.  When  expanded  it  has  of  the  mother  country  would  make  no  innovatuin,  Ji- 
ihe  form  of  a  wedge,  and  confifts  of  ten  l^.rge  featheis.  reftly  or  iiidiredly,  in  the  fyllein  tif  commerce  in 
The  four  firit  on  each  lide  are  long ;  and,  when  the  tail  which  the  colonies  wore  already  concerned.  However 
is  clofed,  extend  almoll  an  inch  beyond  the  rclt.  The  grateful  this  dtcliraiii  n  might  be  to  the  white*  of  St 
other  feathers  decreal'e  towards  the  middle  cf  the  tail,  Domingo,  and  in  the  then  Itate  oft!  in^s  however  wife 
and  are  equal  to  about  the  length  of  the  body."  in  itfelf,  it  eccalif  ned  difcoitent  and  retnonfliances  on 
There  is  a  variety  of  this  fpecies  of  hirundo,  witli  a  th;  part  of  the  failious  friends  of  the  nct^rces.  Tlicy 
fpeckled  bread,  and  white  fpcts  on  the  tail  feathers;  regarded  it  as  an  unw.irrai.table  f.inflion  of  the  African 
and  this,  though  lefs  numerous  than  the  other,  and  in-  traffic,  and  a  confclllnn,  that  tlie  planters  of  Hlfp.tnioU 
deed  not  found  at  all  in  Java,  appears  to  have  been  the  were  not  col  .mils,  but  an  independent  people, 
only  hirundo  efculenta  known  to  Linnx-us.  For  an  ac-  The  colonills  them(elve«,  indeed,  nr  rather  their  re- 
count of  the  eatable  nefls  of  thefe  birds,  and  the  manner  prcfentatives,  fccm  t«>  hive  thought  that  by  thi*  decree 
of  collefting  them,  fee  Cap  and  Button  in  this  Su^-  they  were  rendered  independent  ;  tor  in  iheir  central 
plcmcnt.  ad'enibly  ihey  palfed  an  afl  debarring  the  king'i  delc- 
HISPANIOLA,  or  St  Do.mingo,  the  largeft  of  gate,  the  governor  gcneial,  from  I'cg.i.ivmg'  any  of 
the  Antilles  or  Carlbbee  illards,  has  been  defcribed,  as  their  future  .ic'^s.  This  viilcnt  meaCure  wa'.  I'ar  Irr  ra. 
it  exifled  prior  to  the  French  revolution,  in  \\\<i  Ency-  giving  univcrfal  lati^t.uTii'n.  The  wf  (Icrn  parilhcs  rc- 
clofjttiia.  Previous  to  the  year  1789  the  govcmmcnt  called  their  delegates,  while  thnfe  cfCipc  Francois  re- 
ef the  French  part  of  the  iiland  was  adminiUered  by  .in  nounced  their  obedience  to  the  «holc  .iifemHy,  and  pe- 
cdiccr  called  (he  lutcndant,  and  a  Govcrnor-CIeneral,  titioncd  the  governor  todnfolve  it. 
both  nominated  by  the  crown,  and  invelled  wlili  autho-  During  ihele  dilL-nfiors,  the  commander  if  s  fttip  of 
rity  for  three  years.  Their  powers  were  in  fome  cafes  the  line,  which  lay  in  the  h.trbour  rf  Port-»u-l'riiice, 
diftinifV,  and  in  others  united  ;  but  though  thefe  powers  gave  a  lumptuous  ertercainmeiu  to  the  Iricndi  of  the 
were  extenfive  and  almoll  abfolute,  the  attention  which  governor  ;  on  wliich  accunt  the  feamen,  who  declared 
the  old  g  ivernmcnt  of  France  paid  to  the  chara>.1er  and  thcmlclves  in  the  inttrMl  of  the  alfembly,  thought  fit 
rank  of  ihofe  ptifuns  whom  it  had  placed  over  its  fo-  to  mutiny;  and  the  alfcmbly,  in  retuiri,  voted  their 
xeigu  f.-ulenaeiit;,  fcciircd  to  ibi;  inbablt.ints  of  Hifi'.i-  iLaiiks  to  the  muiinecis.    Scire  ct'ih:.rpAiiizar,5,  feii- 


H     I     S 


C    i5s    ] 


H     I     S 


Hifpanielu.  ]ng  al  the  fame  time  a  powder  magazin!,  the  governor 
tleclareJ  them  adherents  to  traitors,  and  called  on  all 
officers,  civil  and  military,  to  bring  them  to  puniflinient. 
This  was  the  fignal  for  civil  infiirredtion  ;  armed  troops 
took  the  field  on  both  fides ;  and  war  feemed  inevitable, 
when  the  aifembly  refolved  to  repair  in  a  body  to  France 
and  juftify  their  pad  conduft. 

In  the  mean  time  the  ylmh  dfs  No'in  contrived  to  ex- 
cite the  people  of  colour  to  rebellion.  They  initiated 
in  the  dodtrinc  of  equality  and  the  lights  of  man  one 
James  Oge,  then  refiding  in  Paris  in  fome  degree  of 
affluence.  They  perfuaded  him  to  go  to  St  Domingo, 
put  iiimfelf  at  the  head  of  his  people,  and  deliver  them 
from  the  opprcffion  of  the  whites  ;  and  in  order  to  evade 
the  notice  of  government,  they  undertook  to  procure 
for  him  arms  and  ammunition  in  America.  He  em- 
barked accordingly,  July  1790,  for  New  England  with 
money  and  letters  of  credit;  but  notwithflanding  the 
caution  of  the  Am'ts  des  Nolrs,  his  defigns  were  difco- 
vered  by  the  French  government,  and  his  portrait  was 
fent  out  before  him  to  St  Domingo.  He  landed  on  the 
ifland  in  Oftober,  and  fix  weeks  afterwards  publiflied  a 
manifefto,  declaiing  his  intention  of  taking  up  arms,  if 
the  privileges  of  whites  were  not  granted  to  all petfvns 
luithout  di/linaion.  He  was  joined  by  about  200  men 
of  colour  ;  and  this  little  army  of  ruffians  not  only  maf- 
facred  the  whites  wherever  they  fell  in  with  them  in 
fmall  numbers,  but,  by  a  (bll  more  unjultifiable  mode  of 
eonduft,  took  vengeance  on  thofe  of  their  own  colour 
who  refufed  to  join  their  rebellious  ftandard.  They 
were,  however,  foon  overpowered  by  the  regular 
troops ;  and  their  leader,  after  difclofing,  it  is  faid, 
fome  important  fecrets,  fullered  the  punilhment  due  to 
his  treafon. 

While  thefe  things  were  gouig  on  in  the  ifland,  the 
members  of  the  Colonial  Aifembly  arrived  at  Paris, 
where  they  were  received  by  the  reprefentatives  of  the 
French  people  with  marked  fymptoms  of  averfion.  The 
refolutions  compofing  their  famous  decree  were  pro- 
nounced improper ;  their  vote  of  thanks  to  the  muti- 
neers  was  declared  criminal  ;  they  were  themfelves  pcr- 
fonally  arrefted  ;  orders  were  given  for  a  new  aifembly 
to  be  called  ;  and  tlie  king  was  requefted  to  augment 
the  naval  and  military  force  then  at  St  Domingo. 

The  National  Aifembly  of  France  having  decreed 
that  every  perfon  twenty-five  years  old  and  upwards, 
pofTelTing  property,  or  having  refidcd  two  years  in  the 
colony  and  paid  taxes,  fhould  be  permitted  to  vote  in  the 
formation  of  the  colonial  aifembly,  the  people  of  colour 
very  naturally  concluded  that  this  privilege  was  confer- 
red upon  ihem.  Such,  however,  we  believe,  was  not  the 
meaning  of  the  National  Aflembly  ;  but  Gregoire,  v.'ith 
the  other  fj  lends  of  the  negroes,  at  laft  prevailed,  and 
mulattoes  born  of  free  parents  were  pronounced  to  be 
not  only  worthy  of  choofing  their  reprefentatives,  but 
alfo  eligible  themfelves  to  feats  in  the  colonial  alfemblies. 
This  decree  facrificed  at  once  all  the  whites  in  the  ifland 
to  the  people  of  colour  ;  and  the  indignation  which  filled 
the  minds  of  both  the  royal  and  the  republican  parties 
feemed  to  have  united  them  in  cue  common  caufe. 
They  refolved  to  rejefl  the  civic  oath  ;  to  confifcate  the 
IVench  property  in  the  harbour,  on  which  they  aflually 
laid  an  embargo ;  to  pull  down  the  national  colours,  and 
to  hoill  the  Britifli  ftandard  in  their  ftead.  The  mulat- 
toes in  the  mean  time  colleded  in  armed  bodies,  and 


waited  witli  anxious  expeflation  to  fee  what  meafiircs  Hi/panioh. 
the  colonial  affernbly  would  adopt.  ^^-^r^^m* 

During  thefe  dillenfions,  the  negro  flaves,  into  whofe 
minds  had  been  fcduloufly  inftilled  an  opinion  that  their 
rights  were  equal  to  thofe  of  their  maftcrs,  refolved  to 
recover  their  freedom.  On  the  morning  of  the  23d  of 
Augufl  1 79 1 ,  the  town  of  the  Cape  was  alarmed  by  a 
confufed  report  that  the  flaves  in  the  adjoining  parifhes 
h.id  revolted ;  and  the  tidings  were  foon  confirmed  by  the 
ai  rival  ot  thofe  who  had  narrowly  efcaped  the  malfacre. 
■J'he  rebellion  had  broken  out  in  the  parifli  of  Acul, 
nine  miles  from  the  city,  where  the  whites  had  been 
butchered  without  diftinciion  ;  and  now  the  rebels  pro- 
ceeded from  parilh  to  parifh,  murdering  the  men,  and 
ravifhing  the  unl'ortunate  women  who  fell  into  their 
hands.  In  a  fliort  time  the  fword  was  accompanied 
with  fire,  and  the  cane-fields  blazed  in  every  direfrion. 
The  citizens  now  flew  to  aims,  and  the  command  of 
the  national  troops  was  given  to  the  governor,  whiKl 
the  women  and  children  were  put  aboard  the  fhips  in 
the  harbour  for  fafety.  In  the  firft  aftion  the  rebels 
were  repulfed  ;  but  their  numbers  rapidly  increafing, 
the  governor  judged  it  expedient  to  aft  folely  on  the 
defenfive.  In  the  fpaceof  two  mcnths  it  was  compu- 
ted that  upwards  of  2000  white  perfons  periflied ;  and  of 
the  infurgents,  who  confilled  as  well  of  mulattoes  as  of 
negroes,  not  fewer  than  10,000  died  by  famine  and  the 
fword,  and  hundreds  by  the  hands  of  the  executioner. 

When  intelligence  ofthefedreadful  proceedings  reach- 
ed Paris,  the  Aifembly  began  to  be  convinced  that  its 
equalizing  principles  had  been  carried  too  far  ;  and  the 
famous  decree,  which  put  the  people  of  colour  on  the 
fame  footing  with  the  whites,  was  repealed.  Three 
commiflloners  were  likewife  fent  to  the  colony  to  reftore 
peace  between  the  whites  and  the  mulattoes  ;  but  two 
of  them  being  men  of  bad  character,  and  none  of  them 
poifefllng  abilities  for  the  arduous  tafl;  of  extinguifiiing 
the  flames  of  a  civil  war,  they  returned  to  France  with- 
out accompliflring  in  any  degree  the  obje<5l  of  their 
million. 

In  the  mean  time  the  /l7?iis  da  Noin  in  the  mother 
country  had  once  more  gained  the  afcendant  in  the  Na- 
tional Aifembly  ;  and  three  new  commiffioners,  San- 
thonax,  Polverel,  and  Ailhaud,  with  6000  chofen  men 
from  the  national  guards,  were  embarked  for  St  Do- 
mingo. It  was  flrongly  fufpeifled  that  the  objefl  of 
thefe  commiffioners  was  to  procure  unqualified  freedom 
for  all  the  blacks  in  the  ifland  ;  but  they  folemnly  fwore 
that  their  fole  purpofe  was  to  eftablifh  the  rights  of  the 
mulattoes,  as  decreed  by  the  law  which  had  been  lately 
repealed.  The  whites  therefore  expeded  that  a  colo- 
nial aflembly  would  be  convoked  ;  but  inftead  of  this 
the  commiffioners  nominated  twelve  perfons,  of  whom 
fix  had  been  members  of  the  lall  aifembly,  and  fix  were 
mulattoes,  Une  CommiJJiun  In'.crmcd'iare,  with  authority 
to  raife  contributions  on  the  inhabitants,  the  application 
of  which,  however,  they  referved  to  themfelves.  The 
governor  finding  that  the  commiflloners  ufurped  all  au- 
thority, complained  that  he  v^'as  but  a  cypher  in  public 
affairs ;  his  complaint  was  anfwered  by  an  arrefl;  upon 
his  perfon,  and  he  was  fent  a  flate  prifoner  to  France. 

The  tyranny  of  the  commiffioners  did  not  fl;op  here. 
They  overawed  the  members  of  the  commiffion  inter- 
mediare,  by  arrefting  four  of  their  number;  and  difa- 
greeing  among  themfelves,  Sanihonax  and  Polverel  dif- 

milfed 


Hifpaniola 

II 
Hiwaffee. 


H     I     W  [     1 

mifled  Ailhaud  from  their  councils.  War  was  by  this 
time  declared  bitween  the  mother  country  and  Great 
Britain,  and  prudence  compelled  the  government  of 
France  to  take  fome  care  of  t)ie  injured  colony.  Gal- 
baud,  therefore,  a  man  of  fair  charader,  was  appointed 
governor,  and  ordered  to  put  the  ifland  in  a  ftate  of  de- 
fence againfl  foreign  invafion ;  but  pofleffing  Weft  India 
property,  which  it  feems  was  a  legal  difqualification  for 
the  office  of  governor,  the  commiffioners  difregarded 
his  authority,  and  took  up  arms  againft  him.  Finding 
themfelves  likely  to  be  worded,  they  offered  to  purchale 
the  aid  of  the  rebel  negroes,  by  the  offer  of  a  pardon 
for  their  paft  conduft,  freedom  in  future,  and  the  plun- 
der of  the  capital.  Two  of  the  negro  chiefs,  more  ho- 
nourable than  the  French  commillioners,  fpurned  at  the 
bafe  propofal  ;  but  a  third,  after  the  governor  had  fled 
to  the  (hips,  entered  the  town  with  3000  revolted  ne- 
groes, and  began  an  indifcriminate  malfacre.  The  mi- 
ferable  inhabitants  fled  to  the  Ihore,  but  their  retreat 
was  ftopped  by  a  party  of  mulattoes  ;  and  for  two  days 
the  (laughter  was  incelfant.  Tlie  town  was  half  con- 
fumed  by  fire;  and  the  commiffioners,  terrified  at  the 
work  of  their  own  hands,  fled  lor  proteftion  to  a  (hip 
of  the  line,  and  thence  ilFued  a  manifefto,  which,  while 
it  tried  to  extenuate,  evinced  a  confcioufnefs  of  their 
guilt. 

Thus  was  loft  perhaps  to  Europe,  and  loft  by  the 
frantic  conduiSl  of  French  pliilanthropills,  the  fineft 
ifland  in  the  Weft  Indies  ;  an  ifland  which  produced 
alone  as  much  fugar  as  all  the  Britilh  Well  India  pof- 
feffions  united  1  not  to  mention  the  coffee  and  indigo, 
which  were  in  immenfe  quantities  cultivated  in  Hifpa- 
niola. Had  it  not  been  for  the  reftlefs  machinations  of 
the  ylmis  dcs  Noirs,  it  does  not  appear  that  fo  general 
a  revolt  would  have  taken  place  among  the  flaves ;  for 
though  the  fpirit  of  republicanifm  had  Ibund  its  way 
into  the  ifland,  the  republicansjoined  with  the  royalifts 
to  keep  the  negroes  in  proper  fubjedtion.  The  unfuc- 
cefsfu)  attempt  which,  at  the  requeft  of  the  more  re- 
fpeftable  part  of  the  inhabitants,  the  Britilh  government 
made  to  fubdue  the  execrable  commillioners  and  tlielr 
adherents,  is  fre(h  in  the  memory  ol  all  our  readers, 
and  need  not  here  be  detailed  at  length.  Suffice  it  to 
dry,  that  after  prodigies  of  valour,  our  troops  were 
compelled,  rather  by  difeafe  than  by  the  fwords  of  the 
enemy,  to  abandon  the  iliand,  which  is  now  under  the 
controul  of  a  negro  or  mulatto-chief.  What  will  ulti- 
mately become  of  it,  future  events  mull  decide  ;  but  let 
its  protracted  and  bloody  difputes  be  a  warning  to  all, 
and  among  others  to  our  alFociitinn  for  the  abolition  ot 
the  flave  trade,  that  it  is  impoliible  to  promote  a  good 
end  by  wicked  means,  and  that  fltvcs  mull  be  civili/.cd 
before  they  be  made  iree. 

HITCHEL.'\GA,  or  Hochelaga,  an  Indian  vilbge 
in  Lower  Canada,  lituated  in  the  ifland  of  Montreal, 
and  at  the  foot  of  the  mountain  (o  called.  It  is  forti- 
fied after  the  Indian  manner,  and  the  inhabitants  fpcak 
the  Huron  language. — Alors^. 

Hri'TON,'a  (mall  villige  in  Anne  Arundel  coun- 
ty, Maryland,    13  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Baltimore. — ib. 

HIWASSKE  is  tlie  only  rivor  of  any  confcqucnce 
wliich  empties  into  the  'I'cnncllcc  from  tlie  foulh.  It 
is  a  bold  river,  pafling  through  the  Cherokee  towns 
and  empties  into  the  Tennclfee  about  40  miles  below 
the  moutli  of  the  Clincji,  and  46  above  the  Whirl  or 

ijuppL.  Vol.  II. 


69     ]  H     O     L 

Suck,  by  land,  but  60  by  water.     It  is  navigable  till  HdoVo., 
it  penetrates  the  mountains  on   its  S.   lide.     Ore  was         H 
foiind  in  thefe  mountains,   wlien  in  po/Icffion  of  tlic  l^^'i^ 
Britilh,  from  which  gold  was  extr-i^Tcd.     The  Indians 
know  the  fpot ;  but  are  very  aniious  to  keep  it  a  fecret. 
A  branch  of  the  Hiwaffee,  called  Amoia,  almoft  inter- 
locks a  branch  of  the  Mobile.     The  portage  between 
them  is  (hort,  and  the  road  firm  and  level.— Vi. 

HOBOKEN,  a  trafl  of  Imd  in  Bergen  county, 
New.Jerfey,  (ituated  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Hudf  jn, 
in  the  mountainous  country  between  the  town  of  Ber- 
gen and  Fort  Lee,  about  7  miles  above  New-York 
city. — ib. 

HOC KHOC KING,  a  river  in  the  N.  W.  Territory, 
about  28  mdcs  below  the  Mulltingum,  which  it  rtfem- 
bles,  but  is  inferior  to  it  in  fize.  It  rifes  near  a  branch 
ot  the  Sciota,  and  taking  a  S.  W.  courfe  enters  the 
Ohio  at  Bellpre,  in  N.  lat.  38'  57'.  It  is  navigable 
ior  large  flit  bottomed  boats,  between  70  and  ^o 
miles;  h.is  fine  meadows  with  high  banks,  which  are 
feldom  overflowed,  and  rich  ujilands  on  its  borders. 
On  the  banks  of  this  fine  river  are  ineihauftible  quar- 
ries o(  free-ltone,  large  beds  of  iron  ore,  rich  mines 
of  lead,  and  coal  pits.  There  are  alio  produiftive  fait 
fprings,  beds  of  white  and  blue  clay  of  an  excellent 
quality.  Red  bole,  and  many  other  ufcful  fodils  have 
been  found  on  the  banks  of  this  river. — ib. 

HOLDEN,  a  townfliip  in  Worccfter  county,  Maf- 
fachufetts,  was  formerly  the  north-we(^crn  part  cf 
Worcefter,  from  which  it  is  diftant  7  miles,  and  51 
miles  W.  of  Bollon.  It  ccmtains  1080  inhabitants. 
It  was  incorporated  in  1740.  In  the  earthquake  iti 
J  75  5,  there  were  feveral  acres  of  land,  in  an  obfcure 
place  in  the  N.  E.  corner  cf  the  townlhip,  quite  fur- 
rounded  by  a  vifible  fraiilure  in  the  eartli,  of  a  circu- 
lar form,  and  of  various  width  and  depth.  The  fmall 
river  there  had  its  bed  railed  (0  as  to  occafion  a  confi- 
derable  fall  of  water,  where  tf.ere  was  liitleor  none  be- 
fore. The  ftump  of  a  tree,  that  ftood  directly  over  the 
chafm,  on  the  E.  was  divided  into  two  equ.d  parts, 
one  (landing  on  the  outlide  of  the  chafm,  the  other 
upon  the  inlidc  ;  but  not  oppofitc  to  each  other  :  the 
half  within  the  chafm,  being  carried  5  (cet  forward, 
towards  the  river. — b. 

HOLDERNESS,  a  townflrp  in  Grafton  county, 
New-Hair plliiie,  iiiuated  on  the  eiftern  fide  of  I'emi- 
gewall'ct  river,  was  incorporated  in  1761,  and  cont.iins 
329  inhabitants.  A  corner  of  Squam  Lake  is  in  this 
townlhip  ;  and  Rattlcfnake  Mount <in  lies  partly  in  this 
and  Sandwich  the  adjoining  tmvnlliip  on  the  N.  E.  It 
is  64  miles  N.  N.  W.  of  I'ortfmoulh. — ib. 

HOLE  IN-THE  W.VLL,  a  viilji;e  in  Talbot 
county,  Maryland,  on  the  E.  fide  of  Cliefipcak  bay; 
7  miles  eallerly  of  Oifoid,  and  a  like  diilaiicc  i>.  of 
Eallon — ib. 

HOLLAND,  a  townlhip  in  H.imp(hire  county, 
Malf.rchufetts,  which,  until  iucorpniaicil  in  1 785,  was 
the  E.  parilh  of  South-Bnmficld,  and  is  bounded  S. 
by  Tolland  county,  in  Conntclicut,  E.  by  Worcefter 
county,  and  northward  by  Bnmli-.ld.  It  contains  42. S 
inhabitants,  and  is  75  miUs  S.  W.  by  W.  of  Bofton. 
—ib. 

Holland  Company  LanJt,  are  lituated  in  PcnnfjU 
vania,  on  the  navigable  waters  of  Alleghany  river  and 
French  Creek.— ii. 

Y  HOLL.tSD'j 


H     O     L 


[ 


II 
Holftoii. 


Holland's  l/lmdi  are  near  to,  an  J  fouth  of 
Hooper's  IflanJ  and  Straits  in  Chelapc;ik  Bay. — ib. 

Hoi.LANu's  Pchit,  cm  the  \vcil  (iJe  of  Chefapealc 
Bay,  together  with  Parket's  Illati-J,  iurrn  tlie  mouth 
of  Herring  Bay. — ib. 

HOLLI.S,  the  NiJiitJTii  of  the  Indians,  a  townfhip 
in  Hilllliorough  county,  New-Hainplhire,  lituatcd  on 
tlie  Mnirachiilelts  line,  incurpurated  in  1746,  and  con- 
tains 1441  inhabitants.  It  is  about  70  miles  S.  \V.  of 
Portfmoiith,  ami  45  N.  W.  of  Bollon. — ib. 

HOLLIDAYS  IJland  lies  15  miles  up  Chowan 
river  in  North  Carolina :  Thus  iar  the  river  is  three 
niiles  wide. — lb, 

HOLLISfON,  the  mod  fouthern  townlliip  in  Mid- 
dlefc-x  ciuinty,  MalFachuletts,  has  Hopkinton  on  the 
north,  Wrentharn  on  the  eaft,  and  is  24  miles  S.  by 
W.  of  Bollon.  The  lirft  fettiements  were  made  here 
in  1710,  and  in  1724  the  town  was  incorporated  by  its 
prefent  name  in  honour  of  Thomas  Hcliis  of  London, 
one  of  the  patrons  of  Cambridge  Univerfity;  and  it 
now  contains  875  inhabitants. — ib. 

HOLLOW,  in  architeflure,  a  concave  moulding, 
about  a  quarter  of  a  circle,  by  forae  called  a  cafement, 
by  others  an  abacus. 

HoLLoir-Tower,  in  fortification,  is  a  rounding  made 
of  the  remainder  of  two  brifures,  to  join  the  cuitain  to 
the  crillon,  where  the  fmail  Ihot  are  played,  that  they 
may  not  be  fo  much  expofed  to  the  view  of  the  enemy. 

HOLSTON,  the  Urged  branch  of  Tennelfee  river, 
rifes  in  Virginia,  and  joins  that  river  22  miles  below 
Knoxville.  It  is  a  large,  bold  river,  upwards  of  300 
yards  wide  at  that  town,  is  about  200  miles  in  length, 
and  receives  in  its  courfe  feveral  confiderable  rivers, 
viz.  from  its  head  downwards,  Watauga,  French 
Broad,  (which  includes  Limeftone  Creek,  Nolachucky, 
Swanano,  Big  Laurel,  and  Big  and  Little  Pigeon)  and 
Little  rivers.  The  dreams  on  the  northern  fide  are  creeks 
ofnogieat  fize  or  length  of  courfe.  Holfton  is  naviga- 
ble for  boati  of  25  tons  upwards  of  100  miles,  as  liigh 
as  the  mouth  of  the  North  Fork  ;  at  which  place  Mr 
David  Rofs  has  ere.5ted  iron-works  upon  a  large  fcale. 
At  the  mouth  of  this  river,  on  the  north  fide,  (lands 
Fort  Grainger.  The  river  is  150  yards  wide,  ]6  miles 
above  the  North  Fork  at  Rof:.'s  iron-works,  and  near- 
ly 5  above  Long-lfland,  and  in  N.  lat.  36°  27',  W. 
long.   83°  %'.—Morie. 

HoLSTOS,  a  fettlenient  on  the  river  above  mention- 
ed, in  the  State  of  Tennelfee,  containing  28,649  inha- 
bitants, though  in  the  year  1775  it  had  hardly  2,200; 
yet  its  importance  during  the  revolution  may  be  con- 
ceired,  when  it  is  known  that  a  great  part  of  thofe 
volunteer  troops  who  -attacked  and  defeated  the  Britiih 
andtorieson  King's  Mountain,  who  were  commanded 
by  Colonel  Fergufon,  came  from  this  country. 

The  land  is  generally  fertile,  but  the  face  of  the 
country  is  much  broken.  Placed  between  two  large 
mountains,  it  feldom  fuffers  for  want  of  rain.  It 
abounds  with  iron  ore.  A  capital  furnacs  and  forge 
have  lately  been  erecled  in  HoKton  near  the  Virginia 
line,  a  bloomery  below  the  mouth  of  Watavrga, 
and  another  25  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  French 
Broad.  There  are  fundry  lead  mines  in  the  fettle- 
ment,  one  in  particular  on  the  French  Broad,  that 
produces  75  per  cent,  pure  lead.  Long-IQand  on 
Hoi  (Ion  river  is  340  miles  S.  W.  by  W.  of  Richmond 
in  Virginia. — ib. 


o    ]  HON 

HOLV/ELL  (John  Zephaniah,  Efq;),  was  a  gen-   Holiroll 
tleman  of  letters,  whofc  hillory  is  well  intitled  to  a  place  II 

in  fuch  a  colle(flion  as  ours;  but,  unfortunately,  ^e  ^'""^'"'* 
know  not  either  the  time  or  the  place  of  his  birth,  or  the  v,^-v->^ 
fchool  at  which  he  was  educated.  At  an  early  [leriod  of 
life  he  was  fent  to  Bengal  as  a  writer  in  the  Lall-India 
Company's  fervice,  and  in  the  year  1 756,  was  fecond  in 
council  at  Fort  William,  when  an  ctfencc  was  given  to 
the  nabob  of  Bengal  by  the  governor's  proteding  a  fu- 
gitive native.  In  revenge  for  this,  the  nabob  marched 
againll  the  fort  with  a  poweiful  army.  Drake,  the 
chief  who  had  given  the  offence,  defertcd  his  ftation, 
and  tlie  command  devolved  on  Mr  Holwell,  who,  with 
the  few  men  he  had,  defended  the  place  lo  the  lall  ex- 
tremity. This  oppofition  incenftd  the  nabob  againft 
Mr  Holwell  ;  and  although  on  the  furrcnder  he  had 
given  his  word  that  no  harm  fliould  come  to  him, 
Mr  Holwell  and  his  unfortunate  fellows  in  arms  were 
thrull  into  a  clofe  prifon,  called  the  Black  Hole*,  not  .<•.  p 
eighteen  feet  fquare,  to  the  number  of  146  perfons,  and  ^J^^^ 
into  which  no  fupply  of  air  could  come  but  by  two  Encyd. 
fmall  windows  in  one  end.  Here  for  one  whole  night 
they  were  confined  ;  the  numbers  crowded  together  cau- 
fed  a  mod  prolufe  perfpiration,  whicli  wasfucceeded  by 
a  raging  thirll.  They  crdled  for  water,  but  the  little 
fupply  which  the  humanity  of  the  black  foldiers  could 
grant  them,  was  nearly  all  loft  in  the  ftrugglc  to  obtain 
it.  Every  few  minutes  fome  one  or  otlier  expired, 
through  third,  or  preffure,  or  were  trampled  to  death. 
Mr  Holwell,  after  flruggling  for  many  hours,  threw 
himfelf  down  on  a  plattorm,  and  in  a  Ihort  fpace  of 
lime  happily  became  infenfible.  In  this  difmal  dun- 
geon they  were  kept  till  fix  o'clock  in  the  morning, 
when  twenty-three  only  were  found  alive.  Mr  Holwell 
himfelf  was  in  a  high  fever,  but  was  loaded  with  fetters 
and  otherwife  ill  treated,  yet  tlie  excellency  of  his  con- 
ftitution  overcame  all  his  hardlliips,  and  he  was  foon 
after  relcafed  and  embarked  for  England.  In  1758  he 
publilhed  a  well  written  and  affeiling  narrative  of  the 
futferings  of  himfelf  and  his  companions.  Since  this 
time  Mr  Holwell  has  relided  in  England,  and  has  writ- 
ten feveral  tracfls  on  Indian  affairs,  particularly  a  work 
in  three  parts,  intitled  "  Events  relative  to  Bengal  and 
Hindoitan." — "  The  manner  of  inoculating  for  the 
fmall-pox  in  the  Eaft  Indies.'' — "  A  new  experiment 
for  the  prevention  of  crimes,"  publiified  in  1786.  He 
has  alfo  publilhed  a  trad  which  contains  fome  very  fin- 
gular  fentiments  on  religious  fubjefls,  intitled  "  Differ- 
tations  on  the  origin,  nature-,  and  purfuits  of  intelligent 
beings,  and  on  Divine  Providence,  religion,  and  reli- 
gious v/orlliip."  Mr  Holwell  was  elcfled  many  years 
ago,  F.  R.  S.  and  lived  to  a  good  old  age,  refpecled. 
by  his  acquaintance,  and  although  much  affli(fled  by 
bodily  complaints,  poffeffed  a  wonderful  fund  of  fpirits. 

HOMER,  a  military  townfhip  in  Onondaga  cour- 
ty.  New  York,  on  the  head  waters  of  the  N.  W. 
branch  of  Chenengo  river;  56  of  its  inhabitants  are 
eledors. — ib. 

HOMODROMUS  Vectis,  or  Lever,  in  mecha- 
nics, is  a  lever  in  which  the  weight  and  power  are  both 
on  the  fame  lide  of  the  fulcrum  as  in  the  lever  of  the 
2d  and  3d  kind  ;  being  fo  called,  becaufe  here  the  weight 
and  power  move  both  in  the  fame  diredlion,  whereas 
in  the  heterodromus  they  move  in  oppofite  direflions. 

HONA  CHITTO,  a  river  which  rifes  in  Georgia, 

ia 


Hondo 

II 
Hooke. 


H     O     O  [     171     ]  MOO 

in  N.  lat.  32',  between  Pearl  and  Loofa  Chltto  rivers,    mutual  gravitatioi*  of  the  planets  j  a  fiii  wliith  h:     Hooke. 
runs  foutherly  125  miles,  and  at  the  town   of  Manca    had  moft  fyftematically  announced.     Pie  had  ftiewn,  ^-^^""^ 
^  in  Weft-Florida,  a  few  miles  from  its  mouth,  runs  W.    that  a  force,  jjcrfedtly  analogous  to   gravity  on  this 
to  Mifiiffippi  river.     N.  lat.   30°   25'. — ii.  earth,  operated  on  the  furfaee  of  the  moon  and  ofjii- 

HONDO,   RIO,  a  river  of  Yucatan,  which  empties    piter.     Confidering  the  numerous  round  pils  on  iho 
into  tKe  bay  of  Honduras.     This  river,  by  the  peace    lurface  of  the  moon,  furroundcd  with  a  fort  of  wall 
of  1783,  was  the  northern  boundary  of  the  trail  fouth-    and  having  a  little  eminence  in  the  middle,  as  tlie  pro. 
ward  of  Ballelfe  river,  granted   by  the  Spaniards  to    duftion  of  volcanoes,  he  infer:  cd,  that  the  ejcLlcd  matter 
the  Britifli,  to  cut  and  carry  away  logwood. — ii.  fell  back  again  to  the  moon,  as  fiich  matter  falls  back 

HONDURAS,  a  province  of  New  Spain,  having  again  to  the  earth.  He  faw  Jupiter  furroundcd  with  an 
the  bay  of  its  name  and   the  North  Sea  on  the  north  ;    atmofpliere,   which  accompanied  him  ;   and  thertft  ro 

Yucatan  on  the  north-weft;   and   the  Mofquito  Shore    prcffed  on  him,  as  our  air  preffes  on  the  earth  : He  in- 

on  the  nonheaft  ;  Nicaragua  and  Guatimala  on  the  ferred,  that  it  was  the  fame  kind  of  power  that  maintain- 
fouth,  and  Vera  Paz  on  the  weft.  It  is  about  100  ed  the  fun  and  other  planets  in  a  round  form.  He  infer- 
leagues  long  and  So  broad.  It  abounds  with  honey,  red  a  force  to  the  fun  from  the  circulation  round  hlni, and 
cotton,  fine  wool,  dye  woods  in  particular,  and  has  he  called  it  ^  gravilalioii ;  and  faid  that  it  was  not  the 
fome  gold  and  filver  mines.  The  rivers  overflow  like  earth  which  defcribed  the  cUipfe,  but  the  centre  of  gra- 
the  Nile,  and  enrich  the  land.  The  air  is  good,  ex-  vity  of  the  earth  and  moon.  He  therefore  made  a  co- 
cept  near  the  lagoons  and  low  grounds.  The  foil  in  nical  pendulum,  whofe  tendency  to  a  vertical  pofition 
many  parts  bears  Indian  corn  thrice  a  year  ;  and  the  reprefented  the  gravitation  to  the  fjn,  and  v/hich  w;;s 
vineyards  bear  tv/ice  a  year  ;  for  immediately  after  the  projefled  at  right  angles  to  the  vertical  pUne;  and  fnew- 
vintajre  they  cut  them  again;  and  the  fecond  grapes  ed  experimentally,  how  the  different  proportions  of  the 
are  ripe  before  Chriftmas.  Valladolid  is  the  chief  projeiflile  and  centripetal  tendencies  produced  various 
town,  where  the  governor  and  bilhop  refide.  Tiuxillo  degrees  of  eccentricity  in  the  orbit.  He  then  added 
is  alfo  a  fine  town,  and  very  ftrong  by  nature;  and  another  pendulum,  licfcribing  a  cone  round  tlie  firft, 
Omoah  is  ftrongly  lortified.  The  Spaniards  claim  this  while  this  defcribed  a  cone  round  the  vertical  line,  in 
country  ;  but  the  Englifh  have  been  long  in  poflellion  order  to  fee  what  point  bet«'een  them  defcribed  the 
of  the  logwood  trad  in  the  Bay  of  Honduras,  cutting  ellipfe.  The  refults  of  the  experiment  were  intricate 
large  quantities  of  it  every  year.  And  the  Mofquito  and  unfatisfadlory  ;  but  the  thought  was  ingeniou'. 
Indians  to  the  eaft  of  this  province  have  entered  into  He  candidly  acknowledged,  that  he  had  not  dilcovered 
treaties  with  the  Englilh,  received  them  into  their  the  true  law  of  gravitation  which  would  produce  the 
country,  and  done  iheni  feveral  fei  vices.  Befides,  tiie  defcription  of  an  ellipfe  round  ihs  focus,  owing  to  l:is 
Spaniards  have  no  forts  in  this  bay,  or  in  the  country  want  of  due  mathematical  knowledge;  and  therefore 
of  the  Mofquito'i,  only  two  fmall  towns. — ib.  left  this  inveftigation  to  liis  fiiperiors.      Sir  Ifaac  New. 

HONEYYOE,  a  lake  in  the  GenelFee  country  in  ton  was  the  happy  man  who  made  the  difcovery,  atier 
New- York  State,  weiUvard  of  Canandargua  Lake,  5  having  entertained  the  fame  notions  of  the  forces  which 
miles  long  and  3  broad. — ib.  ronneded  the  bodies  of  ilie  I'ular  fyftcm,  before  he  had 

HONOMINIES,  a  river  in  the  N.  W.  Territory  any  acquaintance  with  Dr  Hooke,  or  knew  of  liis  fpe- 
which   rims   S.   S.  eafterly  into  Puan  Bay.     Between    culations. 

the  head  of  this  river  and  Lake  Superior  is  a  lliort  1660,  The  engine  for  cutting  clock  and  watch  wheels. 
portage — /',';.  — The  chief  phenomena  of  capillary  altradion. — The 

HOOKE  (Dr  Robeit)  is  faid,  in  the  account  of  freezing  of  water  a  fixed  temperature. 
him  which  is  piiblllhed  in  the  Encyclcpadia,  to  have  laid  1663,  The  method  of  fupplying  air  to  a  diving  bell, 
claim  to  the  inventions  of  others,  and  to  have  boafted  — The  number  of  vibrations  made  by  a  mufical  chord, 
of  many  of  his  own,  which  he  never  communicated.  1664,  His  Micrographia  was,  by  the  council  of  the 
We  will  not  prefume  to  fay  that  this  charge  is  entirely  Royal  Society,  ordered  to  be  prf.ited  ;  but  in  that  work 
groundlefs ;  but  we  know  tliat  it  has  been  greatly  ex-  are  many  juft  notions  rel'peding  rcfpiralion,  the  com- 
aggerated, and  tliat  many  dlfcovcrics  undoubtedly  made  pofition  of  tlie  atmofpliere,  and  the  niiure  of  light, 
by  him  have  been  claimed  by  otliers.  Of  this  the  which  were  afterw.irds  attributed  as  difcoverics  to  Ma- 
reader  will  find  one  confpicuous  proof  under  the  article  yow  and  others,  wlio,  tliough  we  are  far  from  liippo- 
Watch  (Eticyd.);  and  perhaps  the  ioilowing  hiftory  ling  that  they  lUle  tlieir  dilcoveries  from  Dr  Hooke, 
ot  the  inventions  to  which  he  laid  claim  may  furnilli  were  certainly  anticipated  by  him. 
another.      It  would  be  harlh  to  charge  him  with  f.illity  1666,  A  quadrant  by  redeifllou. 

in  any  of  them  ;  tliat  is  to  fiy,  to  imigine  that  he  ei-  1667,  The  marine  barometer. — Tlie  gage  for  found- 
ther  ftole  them  from  others,  or  did  not  ihtnl,  at  leaft,    ing  uufathom.ible  depth'. 

that  he  was  an  inventor.  And,  with  refpeifl  to  many  166S,  The  meafurement  of  a  degree  of  the  meriJi- 
ofthem,  the  priority  of  his  claim  is  beyond  difpute.  an,  with  a  view  to  determine  the  rigure  of  tlie  earth, 

1656,  Barometer,  a  weather  glafs.  by  means  of  a  zenith  fedor. 

1657,  A  fcapemciit,  for  maintaining  the  vibration  of  16(^9,  The  f.id  of  the  cor.firvaiio  virium  vh'.trum, 
a  pendulum. — And  not  long  after,  the  regulating  or  and  tint  in  all  the  produ«5lions  and  extinclions  of  mo- 
balance-fpring  for  watches.  tion,  the  accumulated  forces  were  as  ihe  fipiares  of  the 

165S,  The  double  barrelled  ,air  pump. — The  00-  final  or  initial  velocities.  Tliis  doctrine  he  annniincei 
nical  pendulum. — His  firft  employment  of  the  coni-  in  all  its  generality  and  importance,  deducing  from  it 
cal  pendulum  was  no  kfs  ingenious  and  fcicntific  than  all  the  confequences  \vliich  John  Bernoulli  values  hini- 
it    was   original.     He  employed  it  to  reprefcnt  the    felf  fo  highly  upon,  and  which  aic  the  chiet  fads  a^l- 

Y  2  diiceJ 


H     O     O  [17 

Hoolce.  tliiced  by  Leibnilz  in  fupport  of  his  doif^riiie  of  llie 
"^■^'"~'  (bices  of  bodies  in  motion.  But  Hooke  w.is  perfeflly 
jivvare  of  their  entire  correfpondence  with  the  Cirtedan, 
or  common  doctrine,  and  was  one  of  the  tirft  in  apply- 
ing the  cek-bratcd  39th  propolition  of  Newton's  Prin- 
cipia  to  his  former  pofitions  on  this  fubjcift,  as  a  m:ithe- 
matical  demonllration  of  them. 

1673,  That  the  catenarca  v.-as  the  beft  form  of  an 
arch . 

1674,  Steam  engine  on  Newcomen's  principle. 

1679,  That  the  air  was  the  fole  fource  of  heat  in 
burning  :  Thai  combiiflion  is  the  folution  of  the  inflam- 
mable vapour  in  air;  and  that  in  this  folution  tlie  air 
j^ives  out  its  heat  and  li;^ht.  That  nitre  explodes  and 
caules  bodies  to  burn  without  air,  becaule  it  confiiU 
of  this  air,  accompanied  by  its  heat  and  liglit  in  a  con- 
denftd  or  folid  Rate;  and  air  fuppotts  flame,  becaule 
it  contains  the  fame  ingredients  that  gunpowder  doth, 
that  is,  a  nitrous  fpirit :  That  this  air  dUl'olvcs  fonie- 
thing  in  the  blood  while  it  is  expofed  to  it  in  the  lungs 
in  a  very  expanded  furface,  and  when  faturated  with  it, 
can  no  longer  fupport  life  nor  flame  ;  but  in  the  a^ft 
of  folution,  it  produces  animal  heat :  'I'hat  the  arterial 
and  venal  blood  differ  on  account  of  this  fomething  be- 
ing wanting  in  one  of  them.  In  fhort,  the  fundamen- 
tal dciflrincs  of  modern  chemiflry  are  fyftcniatically  de- 
livered by  Dr  Hooke  in  liis  Micrographia,  publilhed  in 

1664,  and  his  Lampas,  publiflied  in  1677. 

1680,  He  firlk  obferved  the  fecondary  vibrations  of 
ebllic  bodies,  and  theirconneftion  withharmonio  founds. 
A  glafs  containing  water,  and  excited  by  a  fiddleftick, 
threw  the  water  into  undulations,  wiiich  were  fquare, 
hexagonal,  oft.igonal,  &c.  ihewing  that  it  made  vibra- 
tions fubordinate  to  the  total  vibration  ;  and  that  the 
fundamental  found  was  accompanied  by  its  0(ftave,  its 
twelfth,  S:c. 

1681,  He  exhibited  mufical  tones  by  means  of  tooth- 
ed wheels,  wliirled  round  and  rubbed  with  a  quill, 
which  dropped  from  tooth  to  tooth,  and  produced 
tones  proportioned  to  the  frequency  of  the  cracks  or 
Ihaps. 

1684,  He  read  a  paper  before  the  Royal  Society, 
in  which  he  afhrnis,  that  fome  years  before  that  period 
he  had  propofed  a  method  of  difcourfing  at  a  dift.ince, 
not  by  found,  but  by  fight.  He  then  proceeds  to  de- 
i'cribe  a  very  accurate  and  complete  telegraph,  equal, 
perhaps,  in  all  refpefls  to  thofe  now  in  ufe.  But  fome 
years  previous  to  1684,  M.  Amontans  had  not  invent- 
ed his  telegraph  ;  fo  that,  though  the  Marquis  of  Wor- 
cefter  unquelUonably  gave  the  tirft  hint  of  this  inllru- 
mcnt,  Dr  Hooke  appears  to  have  firll  brought  it  to 
perfection.  See  Telegraph,  Encych ;  and  a  book, 
publiflted  1726,  entitled  Philofoph'ual  Experiments  and 
Obfervations  of  the  late  eminent  Dr  Robert  Hooke. 

We  are  indebted  to  him  for  many  other  difcoveries 
of  leifer  note ;  fuch  as  the  wheel  barometer,  the  uni- 
verfal  joint,  the  manometer,  fcrew  divided  quadrant, 
telefcopic  fights  for  allronomical  inftruments,  reprefen- 
tation  of  a  mufcular  fibre  by  a  chain  of  bladders,  ex- 
periments ftiewing  the  Inflexion  of  light,  and  its  at- 


] 


HOP 


tr.a(flion   for   folid  bodies,  the  curvilineal  path  of  light    Hookfet 
through  the  atmofphcre.  II 

HOOKSET  FALLS,  or  Hoolfet  ip  Falls  \n\\i.x.^'^^^^ 
rim;ick    river,    juft   below   the   mouth   of  Suncook,  7 
miles  above  Amulkeag  Falls,  and  8  miles  below  Con- 
cord,  in  Ncw-Hamplhlre. — Morse. 

HOOKSTOWN,  a  villngc  on  the  wcfl  fide  of  Che- 
fapexk  Bay  in  Maryland,  in  Baltimore  county,  6  miles 
N.  W.  of  tlie  town  of  Baltimore. — ih. 

HOOKTOWN,  a  village  on  the  eaft  fide  of  Chcfa- 
peak  Bay,  in  Talbot  county,  Maryland,  lies  north  of 
Eafton,  and  S.  \V.  of  Williamfburg,  nearly  3  miles 
from  each — ib. 

HOOPER'S  ISLAND  and  STRAITS  lie  on  the 
eaft  lide  oi  Cliefapeak  Bay,  and  on  the  S.  \\' .  coall  of 
Dorchcfter  county,  Maryland.  The  illand  is  7  miles 
long,  and  2]   broad. — ib. 

HOOSACK,  a  river  of  New- York  which  falls  into 
the  Hudfon  from  the  eaft,  about  8  miles  above  the  city 
of  Lanlinburgh.  It  lifes  in  Berkfliire  county,  Malfa- 
chufetts,  runs  north. weRerly  through  Pownul  in  Ver- 
mont, thence  into  New-York  State.  Its  length  is  about 
40  miles.  The  curious  mill-ftream  called  Hudfon's 
Brook,  which  falls  into  a  north  branch  oi  Hoofack,  is 

defcribed  in  tlie  article  Adams.,  in  this  Sufplenient. ib. 

HOPE,  a  village  in  Suflex  county,  New-Jerfey,  on 
the  poll-road  from  Newtown  to  EaRon  in  Pennfylvania, 
16  miles  S.  VV.  of  the  former,  and  20  N.  E.  of  the 
latter.  It  is  inhabited  by  about  100  of  the  Moravian 
United  Brethren. — ib. 

Hope,  a  bay  on  the  N.  W.  coaR  of  N.  America, 
fo  named  by  Capt.  Cook.  The  entrance  of  Nootka, 
or  St  George's  Sound,  is  fituated  in  the  eaR  corner  of 
Hope  Bay,in  N.  lat.  49°  33',  E.  long.  233"  12'. — ib. 

Hope,  a  Moravian  fettlement  in  Wachovia,  in  N. 
Carolina,  in  Surry  county,  where  is  a  meeting-houfe 
of  the  United  Brethren. — ib. 

Hope,  a  fmall  illand  in  Narraganfet  Bay,  State  of 
Rhode-Ifland.— ;3. 

HOPEWELL,  a  townfliip  in  Cumberland  county, 
in  the  province  of  New-Brtmfwick,  fituated  on  Chepo- 
die  river,  which  runs  eaRerly  into  a  northern  arm  of 
the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  is  navigable  4  or  5  miles. — ib. 

HorEWELL,  the  name  of  3  townlhips  in  Pennfyl- 
vania, viz.  in  York,  Huntingdon,  and  Waihington 
counties. — ib. 

Hopewell,  a  townfhip  in  Hunterdon  county, New- 
Jeriey,  fituated  on  Delaware  river,  14  miles  W.  of 
Princeton,  11  above  Tieni;on  and  30  fouth-wefterly 
of  New-Brunfwick.  It  contains  2320  inhabitants,  in- 
cluding 233  ilaves.  Another  townfhip  of  this  name 
lies  in  Cumberland  county,  in  New.Jerfey. — ib. 

HOPKINS,  or  Hupki?ifville,  a  townfliip  in  Caledonia 
county,  in  Vermont,  was  granted  to  Dr  Hopkins  ;  1 1 
miles  northweft  of  the  upper  bar  of  the  Fifteen  Mile 
Falh  in  Conneflicut  river. — ib. 

HOPKINSON  (Francis,  Efq.)  Judge  of  the  Court 
of  Admiralty   in   Pennfylvania,  poifeil'ed  an    unconi- 
mon   ftiare   of  genius    of   a    peculiar    kind.      He    ex- 
celled in  mufic  and  poetry,  (a)  and  had  fome  know- 
ledge 


(a)  He  invented  an  improved  tongue  for  the  harpfichord  ;  a  defcription  of  which  accompanied  v?ith  an  en- 
graving, may  be  feen  in  the  Columbian  Magazine  for  May  1787.  He  alfo  publifhed  a  fmall  coUeflion  of 
longs,  compofed  and  fet  to  mufick  by  himfelf,  which  have  been  uuiverfally  admired. 


HOP 


[     173     ] 


II     O     R 


Hopkinfon  ledge  in  painting.  But  thefe  arts  did  not  monopolife 
^"*''"''^'~'  all  the  powers  of  his  mind.  He  was  well  fkilled  in 
Jiiany  praflical  and  ufeful  fciences,  particularly  mathe- 
matics and  natural  philolbphy,  and  he  had  a  general 
acquaintance  with  the  principles  of  anatomy,  chemillry, 
and  natural  hiffory. — But  h:i /orti  was  humour  and  fa- 
tire,  in  both  of  which  he  was  not  furpaifed  by  Lucian, 
Swift,  or  Ilabelais.  Thefe  extraordinary  powers  were 
confecrated  to  the  advancement  of  llie  interefts  of  pa- 
trioiifm,  virtue,  and  fcience.  It  would  lill  many  pages 
to  mention  his  numerous  publications  during  the  late 
revolution,  all  of  which  v.-ere  direded  to  ihofe  impor- 
tant objecls. He   began  in  the  year  1775,   ^'''^  ^ 

fmall  traft  which  he  entitled  "  A  pretty  llcry"  in 
which  he  cxpofed  the  tyranny  of  Great  Britain  in 
Anierica,  by  a  mod  beautiful  allegory,  and  he  con- 
cluded his  contributions  to  his  country,  in  this  way, 
■with  the  hiftory  of  "  a  new  roof."  A  performance, 
which  for  wit,  humour,  and  good  fenfe,  mull  lall  as 
long  as  the  citizens  of  America  continue  to  admire, 
and  to  be  happy  under,  the  prefent  national  govern- 
ment of  the  United  States. 

Newfpiper  fcandal,  frequently  for  months  together, 
difappearcd  or  lanj^uiUied,  after  the  publication  of 
feveral  of  his  irreliltible  latires  upon  that  difgraccful 
fpecies  of  writing.  He  gave  a  currency  to  a  thought 
or phrafe  in  thefe  eflulions  from  liis  pen,  which  never 
failed  to  bear  down  the  ipirit  of  the  time>,  and  fre- 
quently to  turn  the  divided  lides  of  pany-rage,  into 
one  general  eiiatmel  of  ridicule  or  contempt. 

Sometimes  he  employed  his  formidable  powers  of 
humour  and  fatire  in  e.vpofing  the  formalities  ot  tech- 
nical fcience. — He  thi.ught  much,  and  thought  jultly, 
upon  the  lubjecl  of  education.  He  often  riJiculcd  in 
converfation,  the  pr.tdice  of  teaching  children  the  Eng- 
Ii(h  language  by  means  of  grammar.  He  conlidered 
mod  of  the  years  which  are  fpent  in  learning  ihe  Latin 
and  Greek  languages  as  loft,  and  he  held  feveral  of  the 
arts  and  fciences  whicli  are  (till  taught  in  our  colleges, 
in  great  contempt.  His  fpecimen  of  modern  leariung, 
in  a  tedious  examination,  the  only  objeft  of  which  was 
to  defcribe  the  properties  of  a  "  falt-bos,"  publilhed 
in  the  American  Mufeum  for  February  17S7,  will  al- 
ways be  relilhed  as  a  niorfel  of  cxquilite  humour, 
while  the  prefent  abfurd  modes  of  education  continue 
to  be  pradifed  in  the  United  States. 

Mr  Hopkinfon  p(  (ililcd  uncommon  talents  for  pleaf- 
ing  in  company.  His  wit  was  not  of  that  coarfe  kind 
which  was  calculated  to  "  let  the  table  in  a  roar."  It 
was  mild  and  elegant,  and  infufed  cheerfulnefs,  and  a 
fpecies  of  delicate  joy,  r.ither  tlian  mirth,  into  the 
hearts  of  all  who  heard  it.  His  empire  over  the  at- 
tention and  pallions  (?f  liis  company  was  not  purchufed 
at  the  expenle  (  f  innocence.  A  perlon  who  lias  palled 
many  delightful  hours  in  his  fociety,  declares  with 
plealurc,  that  he  never  once  heard  him  ule  a  profane 
exprefllon,  nor  utter  a  word  that  would  have  made  a 
lady  blulli,  or  lave  clouded  her  countenance  for  a  mo- 
ment with  a  look  of  dil'apprtbation.  It  is  this  fpecies 
of  wit  alone  that  indicates  a  ricli  and  powerful  imagi- 
nation, while  that  which  is  tintTured  with  profanity,  or 
indelicacy,  argues  poverty  of  genius,  inafmuch  as  they 
have  both  been  conlidercd  very  properly,  as  the  cheap- 
eft  produJls  of  (he  mind. 

Mr  Hopkiufon's  chara(Jlcr  for  abilities  and  patrioiifm 


Home. 


procured  him  the  confidence  of  his  countrymen  in  the  Hopkinton- 
moft  trying  exigencies  of  their  affairs.  He  reprefented 
the  ftate  of  New-Jerfey,  in  Corgrefs,  in  the  year  1776,  , 
and  fubfcribed  the  ever-memorable  declaration  of  in- 
dependence. He  held  an  app(jiii;ment  in  the  loan- 
office  for  feveral  years,  and  afterwards  fucce:dej 
George  Rofs,  Kfq.  as  judge  of  the  admiralty  for  the 
ftate  of  Pennlylvania.  In  this  ftation  he  continued 
till  the  year  1 790,  when  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the 
diftria  court  in  Pennlylvania,  by  the  Prelidcnt  of  the 
United  States.  In  each  of  thefe  judicial  offices,  he 
conduced  himfelf  with  integrity.  His  education  quali- 
fied him  lor  their  duties,  for  he  had  been  regularly- 
bred  to  the  law,  under  Benjamin  Chew,  Elq.  when 
attorney  general  of  Pennlylvania. 

He  was  an  aiflive  and  ufeful  member  of  three  great 
parties  which  at  different  times  divided  his  native  (late 
— he  was  a  -whig,  a  republican,  and  ^  fcderahjl,  and  he 
lived  to  fee  the  principles  and  wiftics  of  each  of  ihofe 
parties  finally  and  univerfally  fuccefsful.  Althougli 
his  labours  had  been  rewarded  with  many  plentiful 
liarvelts  of  well-earned  fame,  yet  his  death,  to  his 
country  and  his  friends,  was  premature.  He  had  been 
fulijiiS  to  frequent  attacks  of  the  gout  in  his  head, 
but  for  fome  time  before  his  death,  he  had  enjoyed  a 
coiifiderahle  refpite  from  them.  On  Sunday  evening, 
M  ly  tlie  8t)),  1791  he  was  ibmewhat  indifpofed,  and  pail", 
ed  a  reftlefs  night  after  he  went  to  bed.  He  iOi"e  on 
Monday  morning  at  his  ufual  hour,  and  breakfafted 
with  his  family. — At  feven  o'clock  he  was  iiiized  with 
an  apopledic  lit,  which  in  two  hours  put  a  period 
to  his  exiftence,  in  the  53d  year  of  his  age. 

Hib  perfon  was  a  little  below  the  common  fize. 
Hii.  features  were  fmall,  but  extremely  animated.  His 
fpeech  was  quick,  and  all  his  motions  feemed  to  par- 
take of  the  unceaftng  adlivity  and  verfatility  of  die 
powers  of  his  mind. 

It  only  remains  to  add  to  this  account  of  Mr  Hop. 
kinlbn,  that  the  various  caufes  which  contributed  to 
the  eftablilhment  of  the  independence  and  federal  go- 
vernment of  the  United  States,  will  not  be  fully  traced, 
unhfs  much  is  afcribed  to  the  irrelillible  inftuence  of 
the  ridicule  which  he  poured  fortli,  from  time  to 
time,  upon  the  enemies  of  thole  great  political  events. 

HvJPKlNTON,  a  townlhip  in  Hillft)orough  coun- 
ty, New-Hanipliiire,  on  Contooeook  river,  y  miles  S. 
W.  from  its  confluence  with  the  Merrimack,  and  di- 
vided from  Concord  on  the  eill,  by  the  Rockingham 
county  line.  It  was  firft  granted  by  Maffachuietts, 
was  incorporated  in  1765,  and  contains  1,715  irdiabi- 
tants,  who  are  chiefly  farmers.  It  is  42  njiles  E.  by 
S.  of  Charleftown  on  C or.ne^icut  river,  and  about  58 
W.  by  N.  of  Portfmouth. — Morse. 

HopKiNTON,  a  townlhip  in  Middlefex  county,  Maf- 
fachuietts. It  was  incorporated  in  1715,  and  ctnt.iins 
1 3 17  inhabitants.  The  rivers  Concord,  Providence 
and  Charles  receive  each  of  iheni  a  branch  from  lliis 
town:  Thefe  llreams  fuinilh  feats  for  7  or  8  grill- 
mills,  a  number  of  faw-niilK,  iron-works,  &c. — \b. 

Hopkinton,  a  townlhip  in  W'alhington  county, 
Rhode-lfland,  filu  ittd  on  the  weft  line  of  the  State,  on 
feveral  branches  ot  Pawcatuck  liver.  It  contains  2462 
inhabitants,  including  7  flavcs.^ri. 

HORNE  (George,  D.  D.),  late  Lord  BiHiop  of 
Norwich,  was  a  mao  of  fucb  anuablc  difpofitions,  pri- 

tuiiive 


II     O     R 


C    174    ] 


H     O     R 


Home,  initive  piety,  and  exemplary  morals,  that  we  wifli  it 
'""'^''''"'"'  were  in  our  power  to  do  jiillice  to  his  charadter.  His 
life,  it  is  true,  has  been  already  written,  at  confiderable 
length,  by  two  authors,  poflelFed  of  erudition  and  of 
unqueftionable  integrity;  but  mere  erudition  is  by  no 
means  fnflicient  to  fit  a  man  for  dil'ch.irging  the  duties 
of  a  biographer.  It  was  not  the  learning  of  Jchiifon, 
but  his  fagacity,  and  intimate  acquaintance  with  human 
nature,  that  placed  him  fo  far  above  his  contemporaries 
in  this  department  of  literature. 

Of  Bi^op  Home's  biographers,  one  poflVfTed,  in- 
deed, the  great  advantage  of  having  lived  in  habits  of 
intimacy  with  him  from  his  boyifli  years.  In  the  au- 
thenticity of  his  narrative,  therefore,  the  fullcft  confi- 
dence may  be  placed  :  and  that  narrative  we  (hall  taith- 
iuUy  follow  ;  rcferving,  however,  to  ourfelves  the  liber- 
ty of  fometimes  making  reiledtions  on  the  various  in- 
cidents recorded,  widely  different  from  thofe  of  the 
author. 

George  Home  was,  in  1730,  born  atOthamin  Kent, 
a  village  near  Maidftone,  giving  the  name  to  a  parifli, 
of  which  his  father  was  the  redor.  He  was  the  fe- 
cond  of  four  fons  ;  of  whom  the  eldell  died  in  very 
early  lif.;,  and  the  yoangelt,  who  is  (lill  alive,  fucceeded 
liis  father  both  in  the  rciftory  of  Oiham  and  in  that  of 
Breda  in  the  county  of  Sullex.  He  had  likewife  three 
fillers,  of  whofe  foi tunes  we  know  nothing. 

Mr  Home,  the  father  of  the  family,  was  of  a  tem- 
per fo  remarkably  averfe  from  giving  pain  or  trouble 
upon  any  occafion,  that  he  ul'ed  to  awake  his  fon 
George,  when  an  infant,  by  playing  upon  a  flute,  that 
the  change  from  fleeping  to  awaking  might  be  gradual 
and  pleafant.  Having  been  for  fome  years  a  tutor  at 
Oxfoid,  he  took  upon  himfelf  the  early  part  of  the 
tlalFical  education  of  his  favourite  fon  ;  an  office  ot 
which  he  was  well  qualified  to  diftharge  the  duties. 
Under  fuch  an  inftruclor,  the  fubjeift  ot  this  memoir 
led  a  very  pleafant  life,  and  made  a  rapid  progiefs  in 
the  Greek  and  Latin  languiges.  By  the  perfualion  of 
a  friend,  however,  he  was,  at  the  age  of  thirteen,  placed 
in  the  fchool  of  Miiidllone,  then  under  the  care  of  a 
Mr  Bye,  eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  ancient  litera- 
ture. And  remaining  with  tins  gentleman  two  years, 
lie  added  much  to  his  ftock  cf  learning  ;  and,  among 
other  things,  a  little  elementary  knowledge  ol  the  He- 
brew tongue,  which  Mr  Bye  taught  on  the  plan  of 
Buxtorf.  Though  Dr  Home  afterwards  rejeifled  that 
])lan,  he  readily  admitted,  that  the  knowledge  of  it 
was  of  great  advantage  to  him. 

At  the  age  of  fifteen,  he  was  removed  from  Maid- 
flone  fchool  to  Univerfity  college  Oxford,  where  his  fa- 
ther had  happily  obtained  for  him  a  fcholarlhip.  At 
college  his  ftudies  were,  in  general,  the  fame  with  thofe 
of  other  virtuous  and  ingenious  youths  ;  while  the  vi- 
vacity of  his  converfation,  and  the  propriety  ol  his  con- 
dud,  endeared  him  to  all  whofe  regard  was  creditable. 
About  the  time  of  his  taking  his  batchelor's  degree,  he 
was  chcfen  a  fellow  of  Magdalen  College  ;  and  foon  af- 
terwards, if  not  before,  commenced  author. 

The  hirtory  of  his  authorfliip  is  curious,  and  we  fhall 
give  it  at  fome  length.  While  he  was  deeply  engaged 
in  the  Rudy  of  oratory,  poetry,  and  every  brancii  of 
polite  literature,  he  was  initiated  by  his  faithful  friend 
Mr  Jones  in  the  myfteries  of  Hutcliinfonianifm  ;  but 
Mr  Jones  was  not  his  preceptor.     Indeed  that  gentle- 


man informs  us,  that  when  he  firft  communicated  to  Home. 
Mr  Home  the  novelties  with  which  his  own  mind  was  '•''^•~* 
filled,  he  found  his  friend  very  little  inclined  to 
confider  them  ;  and  had  tie  mortification  to  fee,  that 
he  was  himfelf  lofing  ground  in  Mr  Home's  ellcem, 
even  tor  making  the  atterript  to  convert  him.  At  this 
we  are  not  to  be  much  furprileJ.  Mr  Hornc,  though, 
by  his  biographer's  acccunt,  no  deep  Newtonian,  faw, 
or  thought  he  faw,  the  neceffity  cf  a  -vacuum  to  the  pof- 
fibility  of  motion;  and  as  we  believe  that  every  man, 
who  knows  liie  meaning  of  the  words  motion  and  vacu- 
um, and  whofe  mind  is  not  biall'ed  in  favour  of  a  fyllem, 
lees  tlie  fame  thing,  it  was  not  to  be  fuppofed,  that  a 
youth  of  found  judgment  would  haflily  relinquini  fo 
natural  a  notion.  By  Mr  Home,  however,  it  was  at 
length  relinquifhed.  Mr  Jones  introduced  him  to 
Mr  George  Watfon,  a  fellow  of  Univerfity  college, 
whom  he  reprefcnts  as  a  man  of  very  fuperior  accom- 
plillimenls  ;  and  by  Mr  ^V'atfon  Mr  Home  was  made 
a  Hutchinlbnian  oi  fuch  zeal,  that  at  the  age  of  nine- 
teen he  implicitly  adopted  tl.e  wild  opinion  of  the  au- 
thor of  that  fyllem,  that  Newton  and  Clarke  had  form- 
ed the  dclign  of  bringing  the  Heathen  Jupiter,  or  Stoical 
aii'nna  miint/i,  into  the  place  of  the  God  of  the  univerfe. 
With  fuch  a  conviflion  imprelVed  upon  his  mind,  it  is 
not  wonderful  that  he  (hould  endeavour  to  difcredit  the 
fyftem  of  Newton.  This  he  attempted,  by  publilhing 
a  parallel  between  that  fyllorn  and  the  Heathen  doc- 
trines in  the  Somnitim  Scipionis  ol  Cicero.  That  pub- 
lication which  was  anonymous,  we  have  never  feen  ; 
but  Mr  Jones  himfelt  admits  it  to  have  been  exception- 
able ;  and  the  amiable  author  feems  to  have  been  of  the 
fame  opinion,  for  he  never  republillied  it,  nor,  we  be- 
lieve, replied  to  the  anfwers  wliich  it  provoked. 

He  did  not,  however,  defert  the  caule,  but  publiflied, 
foon  afterwards,  a  mild  and  ferious  pamphlet,  which  he 
called  ^4  Fair,  Candid,  and  Impartial  State  of  the  Cafe 
between  Sir  Ifaac  Ne'u.''on  and  Mr  Hutchinfon.  Even 
of  this  pamphlet  we  have  not  been  able  to  procure  a 
fight ;  but  Mr  Jones  affiires  us,  that  the  author  al- 
lows to  Sir  Ilaac  the  great  merit  of  having  fettled 
laws  and  rules  in  natural  philofophy,  and  of  having 
meafured  _/'i'-i-a  as  a  mathematician  with  fovereign  {kill ; 
vvhilrt  he  claims  for  Tvlr  Hutchinfon  the  difcovery  of 
the  true  phyfiological  caiifes,  by  which,  under  the 
power  of  the  Creator,  the  nitural  world  is  moved  and 
dircfted. 

If  this  be  a  fair  view  of  the  fate  of  the  cafe,  it  allows 
to  Newton  more  than  ever  Newton  cliimed,  or  has 
been  claimed  for  him  by  his  fondert  admirers  ;  for  th« 
laws  and  rules,  which  he  fo  faithfully  followed  in  the 
ftudy  of  philofophy,  were  not  fettled  by  him,  but  by 
the  illuflrious  Bacon.  With  refpeift  to  the  true  c.-'.ufes 
here  mentioned,  we  have  repeatedly  had  occafion,  du- 
ring the  courfe  of  this  Work,  to  declare  our  opinion, 
that  all  men  are  equally  ignorant  of  them,  if  they  be 
confiderrd  as  any  thing  diftincfl  from  the  general  ]aivt 
by  which  the  operations  of  nature  are  carried  on.  To 
the  difcovery  of  other  phyfiological  caufes,  Newton,  in 
his  greatefl  work,  made  indeed  no  pretenfion  ;  but  it 
may  be  worth  while,  and  can  hardly  be  confidered  as 
a  digreffion,  to  confider  what  are  the  pretenfions  cf 
Hutchinfon,  to  which  MelTrs  Home  and  Jones  gave 
fo  decided  a  preference. 

Mr  Hutchinfon  himfelf  writes  fo  obfcurely,  that  wc 

dare 


H     O     R 


c 


Morne.  dare  not  venture  to  tranflate  his  language  into  common 
^~^'""**^  F.nglilli,  Icll'we  ftiould  undefignedly  mifreprefent  his 
meaning;  but  accnrdirg  to  Mr  Jones,  who  has  lludiid 
his  works  with  care,  his  diftinguilhing  dodrine  in  phi- 
lofophy  iE,  that  "  The  I'orcss,  of  which  the  Newtonians 
treat,  are  not  the  forces  of  nature  ;  but  that  the  world 
is  carried  on  by  the  a<5tion  of  the  elements  on  one  ano- 
ther, and  all  under  God"  What  is  here  meant  by 
the  elements,  we  are  taught  by  another  eminent  dif- 
ciple  of  that  fchool.  "  The  great  agents  in  nature, 
■which  carry  on  all  its  operations,  are  certainly  (fays 
Mr  Parkhurft)  the  Jiuid  of  the  heavens;  or,  in  other 
words,  the  fire  at  llie  orb  of  the  fun,  the  light  ilRiing 
from  it,  and  the  ipirit  cr  grofs  air  constantly  fupport- 
ing,  and  concurring  to  the  aclions  of  the  other  two." 
(See  Cherubim  in  this  Suppletiieytt ) .  Mr  Home  adopt- 
ed this  fyllem  in  preference  to  the  Newtonian  ;  be- 
caufe,  fays  his  biographer,  "  It  appealed  to  him  no- 
thing better  than  raving,  to  give  aflive  powers  to  mat- 
ter, fuppofing  it  capable  of  ading  where  it  is  not ;  and 
to  affirm,  at  the  fame  time,  that  all  matter  is  inert,  that 
is,  inaiftive  ;  and  that  the  Deity  cannot  ai5l  but  where 
he  is  frefint,  becaufe  his  poiver  cannot  be  but  where 
his  fulfiance  is." 

That  much  impious  arrogance  has  been  betrayed, 
not  by  Newtonians  only,  but  by  philofophers  of  every 
fchool,  when  treating  of  the  moihu  operandi  of  the 
Deity,  we  feel  not  ourfelves  inclined  to  controvert  ;  but 
ve  never  knew  a  well-informed  Newtonian,  who  fpoke 
of  the  aclive  powers  of  matter  but  in  a  metaphorioil 
fenfe ;  and  fuch  language  is  ufed,  and  mull:  be  ufed,  by 
the  followers  ot  liuichinlon.  Mr  Jones  fpeaks  ol  the 
c^i-jii  of  the  elements ;  and  Mi  Parkhurlt  calls  the  fluid 
of  the  heavens,  which,  according  to  him,  confilU  of  fire, 
light,  and  air,  agents  ;  but  it  would  furely  be  uncandid 
to  accufe  thefe  two  pious  men  of  animating  the  ele- 
ments, though  we  km  w  that  a<.7;en  and  activity,  in  the 
literal  fenfe  of  the  words,  can  be  predicated  only  of 
living  beings.  With  refpeft  to  giving  a6ive  powers  to 
matter,  therefore,  the  followers  of  Hutchinion  rave  juft 
as  much  as  ihnfe  of  Newton  ;  and  we  fee  not  the  ra- 
ving ot  either  in  any  o;her  light  than  as  the  necelFary 
confequence  of  the  poverty  of  language. 

But  the  Newtonian  makes  matter  z&  upon  matter 
at  a  diftance !  No;  the  genuine  Ne  ^  tonian  does  not 
make  matter  ad  (in  the  ]ircper  fenfe  of  th.e  word)  at 
all  ;  but  he  believes,  that  Gid  has  fo  conllituted  mat- 
ter, that  the  motions  of  dilFerent  mafles  of  it  are  alTeift- 
ed  by  each  other  at  a  diftancc  :  and  the  Hutchinfonian 
hold<;  the  very  fame  thing.  As  this  celellial  fluid  of 
Mr  Parkhurll's  confills  partly  of  air,  we  know,  by  the 
tell  of  experiment,  that  it  is  elaftic.  The  particles  of 
■which  it  is  compofed  are  theretbrc  diltant  from  each 
other  ;  and  yet  they  refill  compreffion.  How  does 
the  Hutchinfonian  account  for  this  fafl  ?  Perhaps  he 
will  fay,  that  as  matter  is  in  iifelf  equally  indifferent  to 
motion  and  red,  God  has  fo  coiilHtuted  the  particles 
of  this  fluid,  that  though  they  polfefs  no  innate  power 
or  activity  of  their  own,  they  arc  affecled  by  each  other 
at  a  diftance,  in  confequence  of  his  fiat  at  the  creation. 
This  we  believe  to  be  the  only  folution  of  the  difficulty 
which  can  be  given  by  man  ;  but  it  is  the  very  anfwer 
given  by  the  Newtonians  to  thofe  who  objed  to  them 
the  abfurdity  of  fuppollng  matter  to  be  affeiJled  by  mat- 
ter at  a  diftance.     That  the  motions  of  the  heavenly 


75     3  H     O     R 

bodies  are  affedled  by  the  prefence  of  each  other  is  a 
f.id,  fay  they,  which  appears  incontrovertible.  "  We 
have  afcertained  with  preclfion  the  laws  by  which  thefe 
motions  are  regulated  :  and  wiiliout  troubling  ourfelves 
with  the  true  phyfiological  caufes,  have  demonilrated 
the  agreement  of  the  phenomena  with  the  laws.  The 
interpofition  of  this  cekdial  iluid  removes  not  a  finele 
difficulty  with  which  our  doflrine  is  fuppofed  to  "be 
clogged.  To  have  recourfe  to  it  can  therefore  fcrve  no 
purpofe.even  were  the  phenomena  confiftent  with  the  na- 
ture of  an  elaftic  fluid  confidered  as  a  phyfical  caufe  ; 
but  this  is  not  the  cafe.  It  is  demonftrable  (fee  Astro- 
nomy and  Dynamics  in  this  Si/ppl.),  that  the  motions  of 
the  heavenly  bodies  are  not  conliftcnt  with  the  mecha- 
nifm  of  an  elaliic  fluid,  confidered  as  the  caufe  of  thefe 
motions;  and  therefor?,  whether  there  be  fuch  a  fluid 
or  not  diffufed  through  the  folar  fyftem,  we  cannot  al- 
low that  it  is  the  great  agent  in  nature  by  which  all  its 
operations  are  carried  en." 

Such  might  be  the  reafoning  of  a  well-informed  New- 
tonian  in  this  controverfy  ;  and  it  appears  fo  conclufive 
againft  the  objedions  of  Hutchinfon  to  the  Newtonian 
forces,  as  well  as  againft  the  agents  which  he  has  fub- 
ftituted  in  their  Head,  that  fome  of  our  readers  may  be 
difpofed  to  call  in  queftion  the  foundnefs  of  that  man's 
underft.inding  who  could  become  a  Hutchinfonian  fo 
zealous  as  Mr  Home.  But  to  thefe  gentlemen  we  beg 
leave  to  reply,  that  the  foundeft  and  moft  upright  mind 
is  not  proof  againft  the  influence  of  a  fyftem,  efpecially 
if  that  fyftem  has  novelty  to  recommend  it,  and  at  the 
fame  time  confifts  ot  parts,  of  which,  when  taken  fepa- 
rately,  many  are  valuable.  Such  was  the  fyftem  of 
Hutchinfon  w  hen  adopted  by  Mr  Home.  It  was  then 
but  very  little  known  ;  it  could  be  ftudied  only  through 
the  medium  of  Hebrew  literature,  not  generally  culti- 
vated ;  and  that  literature,  to  the  cultivation  of  wliich 
Mr  Hutchinfon  had  given  a  new  and  a  better  turn,  ii 
in  itfelfof  theutmolt  importance.  Let  it  be  obferved, 
too,  that  the  Hutchinfonians  have,  for  the  moft  part, 
been  men  of  devout  minds,  zealous  in  the  caufe  of 
Cliriftianity,  and  untainted  by  a  variety  of  eitra- 
vagant  herefies  which  have  fo  often  divided  the 
church  of  Chrift  : — and  when  all  thele  circumftances 
are  taken  into  confideratiop,  it  will  not  be  deemed  a 
proof  ff  any  defect  in  Mr  Home's  underilanding,  that 
in  early  life  he  adopted  the  ctW^  of  a  fyftem,  of  which 
fome  ot  the  parts  contain  fo  much  that  is  good  ;  efpe- 
cially when  it  is  remt-nibered,  tliat  at  fir/l  •■ieiv  the  a- 
gency  of  the  ccleftial  fluid  appears  fo  plaufible,  that  for 
a  time  it  feems  to  have  iinpoled  upon  the  mind  cf  New- 
ton himfelf. 

But  the  truth  is,  that  Mr  Hornc  was  at  no  period 
of  hi^  lite  a  thorough  i>.iced  Hutchinfonian.  It  is  con- 
felfed  by  Mr  Jones,  that  "  Mr  Hutchinfon  and  his  ad- 
mirers laid  too  great  a  llrefs  on  the  evidence  of  He- 
brew etymology  ;  and  that  fome  cf  them  carried  the 
matter  fo  far  as  to  adopt  a  mode  of  fpeak'iig,  which 
had  a  nearer  refcmblance  to  cant  and  jargon  than  to 
found  fenfe  and  fober  learning.  Of  this  (continues  he) 
Mr  Home  was  very  foon  aware;  and  he  was  in  fo 
little  danger  of  following  the  example,  that  he  iifed  to 
difplay  the  foibles  of  fuch  perfor.s  with  that  mirth  and 
good  liumour,"  which  he  pcflciftd  in  a  more  cxquifite 
degree  than  moft  men.  Tliis  feems  to  be  complete 
evidence  that  he  waj  never  a  fii:nd  to  the  etyraclogi- 

Cil 


Ilcrne 


H     O     R 


[     176     ] 


H     O     R 


Hornc.  cal  part  of  the  fyQem;  and  the  prefent  writer  can  at- 
'^~'''^^  telt,  that,  in  the  year  1786,  he  leeined  by  his  conver- 
falion  to  have  Ui\  much  of  his  conviftion  of  the  agency 
oi  the  celeftial  fluid.  He  continued,  indeed,  to  Itudy 
the  Hebrew  Scriptures  on  the  plan  of  Mr  Hutcliinfon, 
unincumbered  with  the  Maforetic  points,  or  with  rab- 
binical interpretations  ;  and  the  fruits  of  his  (ludies  are 
in  the  hands  of  the  religious  public,  in  works  which, 
by  that  public,  will  be  efteemed  as  long  as  their  lan- 
guage is  underllood. 

Hitherto  Mr  Home  was  a  layman,  but  he  intercft- 
ed  himfelf  in  every  thing  conncdled  with  religion,  as 
much  as  the  mod  zealous  dignitary  of  the  church  ;  and 
confidcring  the  mituralizaiion  of  the  Jews  as  a  ineafure 
at  leaft  indecent  in  a  Chriftian  country,  he  pubhihed, 
in  an  evening  paper,  a  feries  of  letters  on  that  fubject, 
both  when  the  Jew-bill  was  depending,  and  after  it  had 
palled  the  houie.  The  letters  were  anonymous  ;  but 
they  attrafled  much  notice,  and  many  groundlefs  con- 
jeftures  were  made  refpeifting  their  author.  To  the 
real  author,  the  nieafure  which  they  oppolcd  was  fo 
very  obnoxious,  tliat  he  refufed  to  dine  at  the  table  of 
a  friend,  only  becaufe  the  fon-in-law  of  Mr  Pelham  was 
to  be  there.  And  he  was  not  much  more  friendly  to 
the  marriage-aa  than  to  the  Jew-bill.  If  he  confider- 
ed  the  one  as  difgraceful  to  religion,  he  probably 
thou'jht  that  the  other,  with  its  numerous  claufes,  might 
be  made  a  fnare  for  virtue. 

The  time  now  approached  when  he  was  to  take  holy 
orders,  which  to  him  was  a  very  ferious  affair  ;  and 
when  he  gave  an  account  of  his  ordination  to  an  inti- 
mate friend,  he  concluded  the  letter  with  the  following 
refledions,  which,  even  in  an  abltraci  like  this,  it  would 
be  unpardonable  to  omit : 

"  May  he,  who  ordered  Peter  three  times  to  feeJ 
lis  lambs,  give  me  grace,  knowledge,  and  ikill,  to  watch 
and  attend  to  the  flock  which  he  purchafed  upon  the 
crofs,  and  to  give  reft  to  thofc  who  are  under  the  bur- 
den of  fin  and  forrow.  It  hath  plsafed  God  to  call 
me  to  the  miniftry  in  very  troublefome  times  indeed, 
when  a  lion  and  a  bear  have  broken  into  the  fold,  and 
are  making  havoc  among  the  flieep.  With  a  firm, 
though  humble  confidence,  do  1  purpofe  to  go  forth  ; 
not  in  my  own  ftrength,  but  in  the  ftrength  of  the  Lord 
God;  and  may  he  profper  the  work  of  my  hands!" 
This  was  in  the  year  1753,  when  the  pious  author  was 
hardly  23  years  of  age;  and  he  had  not  been  many 
months  in  order^,  when  one  of  the  moft  celebrated 
preachers  in  the  metropolis  pronounced,  that  "  George 
Home  wa?,  without  exception,  the  bell  preacher  in 
England." 

In  the  year  1756,  he  was  again  involved  in  contro- 
verfy.  A  pamphlet  had  been  publilhed  at  Oxford, 
fuppofed  by  Mr  Kennicott,  who  afterwards  gained  fuch 
fame  as  a  collator  of  Hebrew  manufcripts,  entitled  A 
Word  to  the  Hutch'mjonians,  in  which  Mr  Home  was 
perfonally  ftruck  at.  To  this  work  our  author  replied 
in  a  fmall  trai5t,  called  An  Apology  for  certain  Getitlernen 
in  the  Univcijity  of  Oxford,  Afpcrfed  in  a  late  Ammy- 
mous  Pa?iiphhi  ;  and  whatever  may  be  thought  of  the 
queftion  at  illue,  all  men  muft  admire  the  temper  with 
which  the  apologill  conduded  himfelf  under  very  great 
provocation. 

But  it  was  not  about  Hutchinfonianlfm  alone  thatthefe 
two  illuRiious  men  were  doomed  to  differ.     Mr  Home 


took  a  decidid  part  agiinft  Mr  Kennicott's  propofal  Home, 
for  collating  the  text  of  the  Hebrew  bible,  with  fuch  ^-*'^^^*" 
manufciipts  as  could  be  found,  for  the  purpofe  of  r.f- 
formirig  the  lest,  and  prcpaiing  it  for  a  new  tranflation 
into  the  Englilli  language  ;  and  in  the  year  1760,  he 
publilhed  A  Fiiiv  vf  Mr  Kennicott's  Methsd  of  Cor- 
reeling  the  Hehretu  Text,  luith  three  Queries  formed 
thereon,  and  humlly  fubmitled  to  the  Chrijlinn  ivorld. 
That  his  alarm  was  on  this  occafion  too  great,  experi- 
ence has  fhewn ;  but  that  it  was  not  groundlefs,  is  evi- 
dent  i'rom  the  Vieiv,  in  which  the  reader  will  find  a- 
bove  20  inftances  from  Mr  Kennicott's  differtations 
(fee  Kennicott,  Encycl.),  to  thew  what  an  inunda- 
tion of  licentious  criticifm  was  breaking  in  upon  the 
facred  text.  Indeed  there  is  reafon  to  believe,  that  this 
trafl,  together  with  another  on  the  fame  fide  of  the 
quellion  by  Dr  Rutherforth  ol  Cambridge,  contributed 
to  reprcfs  the  collaioi's  raflinefs,  and  to  make  the 
Bible  of  Dr  Kennicott  the  valuable  work  which  we 
find  it.  Be  this  as  it  may,  fuch  was  the  moderation  of 
the  Drs  Kennicott  and  Home,  that  though  their  ac- 
quaintance commenced  in  hollility,  they  at  length  con- 
traded  for  each  other  a  friendfliip,  which  lafted  to  the 
end  of  their  lives,  and  ftill  fubfilts  between  their  fami- 
lies. 

In  what  year  Mr  Home  was  admitted  to  the  degree 
of  D.  D.  and  when  he  was  chofen  prefident  of  his  col- 
lege,  Mr  Jones  has  not  informed  us ;  but,  if  our  me- 
mory does  not  deceive  us,  he  had  obtained  both  thefe 
preferments  when,  in  the  year  1772,  he  gave  to  the 
public  a  fmall  work,  8vo,  intitled  Confulerations  on  the 
Life  tmd  Death  of  St  John  the  Bapt'ijl.  This  trad  was 
the  fubftance  ot  a  courl'e  of  fermons,  which  he  had 
many  years  before,  in  conformity  to  an  eft.iblilhed  cuf- 
tom  at  Magdalen  College,  preached  before  the  univer- 
fity  of  Oxford.  Mr  Jones,  Ipeakingof  it,  fays,  that  "he 
is  perluaded,  there  was  no  other  man  of  his  time,  whofe 
fancy  as  a  writer  was  bright  enough,  whofe  ikill  as  an 
interpreter  was  deep  enough,  and  whofe  heart  as  a  mo- 
ralill  was  pure  enough,  to  have  made  him  the  author 
of  that  little  work."  By  moll  readers  this  ftrain  of  pa- 
negyric will  be  thought  extravagant,  and  of  courfe  it 
will  defeat  its  own  purpofe  ;  but  the  work  is  certainly 
a  work  of  merit. 

In  the  year  1776,  when  the  author  was  vice-chan- 
cellor, was  pubhihed,  in  two  volumes  4to,  Dr  Home's 
Commentary  on  the  Pfalms.  It  is  a  work  of  which 
very  different  opinions  have  been  formed,  though  it  was 
the  refult  of  the  labour  of  twenty  years.  That  it  will 
always  be  a  favourite  companionof  thedevout  Chrillian, 
we  are  as  much  inclined  to  believe  as  Mr  Jones  ;  but  we 
cannot,  without  belying  our  own  judgment,  fay  that  it 
appears  to  us  calculated  to  produce  much  general  good 
in  an  age  like  the  prefent.  Granting  it  to  be  true,  which 
we  believe  will  not  be  granted  without  fome  exceptions, 
that  Clarke,  and  Hoadley,  and  Hare,  and  Middleton, 
and  Warburton,  and  Sherloci;,  and  South,  and  Wil- 
liam L.4.W,  and  Edmund  Lav.-,  had  turned  the  public 
attention,  of  which  they  had  got  the  entire  command, 
too  much  to  the  letter  ot  the  bible  to  the  neglecft  of  the 
fpirit  of  it ;  fhould  not  Dr  Home,  after  the  example  of 
St  Paul,  have  let  in  th;  light  gradually  upon  fuch  weak 
organs  as  thofe  of  the  public  tiius  difealed,  rather  than 
pour  it  upon  them  at  once  in  a  flood  of  fplendor.  The 
apoflle  "  fed  his  Corinthian  converts  with  milk  and  not 

witli 


H     O     R  C     I 

Hornc.  v.ith  meat,"  when  he  found  tliem  unable  to  bear  the 
'"''^^^•^  latter  food  ;  and  there  is  reafon  to  fufpedl:  that  the  car- 
nal followers  ffWathurton,  :ind  Sherlock,  and  South, 
were  unable  to  bear,  at  once,  fucli  llrong  meat,  as  that 
v/hich  makes  the  fifteenth  pfalm  a  portrait  of  our  Sa- 
viour. Indeed,  we  think  it  not  improbable  that  the 
mind  of  Sherlock  would  have  recoiled  with  horror  from 
the  very  conception  of  the  pojfibility  of  Jefus  Chrift 
"  fwearing  to  his  neighbour  and  difappointing  him," 
though  that  conception  muft  have  paifed  through  a  mind 
which  was  certainly  as  pure  as  his.  The  commentary, 
however,  though  truth  thus  compel;  us  to  fay  that,  in 
our  opinion,  it  is  far  (rom  perfeifl,  is  certainly  a  work 
of  great  harning,  great  genius,  and  fervent  piety,  and 
fuch  as  the  devout  Chriftian  will  perufe  again  and  again 
with  much  advantage. 

Dr  Horne's  next  work  was  of  a  different  kind,  and, 
v^e  think,  of  a  fuperior  order.  In  the  year  1776  was 
publiflied  a  letter  of  Dr  Adam  Smith's,  giving  an  ac- 
count of  the  death  of  Mr  David  Hume.  The  objedt  of 
the  author  was  to  fliew  that  Mr  Hume,  notwithftand- 
ing  his  fceplical  principles,  liad  died  with  the  utnioft 
compofure,  and  that  in  his  life  as  well  as  at  his  death 
he  had  conduced  himfelf  as  became  one  of  the  wifell 
and  beft  men  that  ever  exifted.  The  letter  is  very  much 
laboured,  and  yet  doss  no  honour  either  to  the  author  or 
liis  friend.  It  could  not  reprefent  Mr  Hume  as  fupport- 
ing  himfelf  under  the  gradual  decay  of  Nature  with  the 
hopes  of  a  happy  immortality  ;  but  it  miglit  have  re- 
prefented  him  as  taking  refuge,  with  other  infidels,  in 
the  eternal  fleep  of  death.  This,  though  but  a  gloomy 
prolpeft,  would  not  have  been  childilh  ;  but  the  hero  of 
the  tale  is  exhibited  as  talking  like  a  fchool  boy  of  his 
conferences  with  Charon,  and  his  reluflance  to  go  into 
the  Stygian  ferry-boat,  and  confoling  himfelf  with  the 
thought  of  leaving  all  his  friends,  and  liis  brother's 
family  in  particular,  in  great  profperity  !  !  !  'i'he  ab- 
furdities  of  this  letter  did  not  efcape  the  watchiul  and 
penetrating  eye  of  Dr  Home  ;  and  as  he  could  not 
miftake  its  objeft,  he  held  it  up  to  the  contempt  and 
fcorn  of  the  religious  world  in  A  Letter  to  Adam  Smith, 
L.  L.  D.  on  tke  Life,  Death  nml  Philofophy  of  his  Friend 
David  Hume,  Efq;  by  one  of  the  People  cnUed  Chr[Hians. 
The  reafoning  of  this  little  traft  is  clear  and  couclufive, 
while  its  keen,  though  good  humoured  wit  is  inimitable  ; 
and  it  was,  fome  years  afterwards,  followed  by  a  feries 
of  Letters  on  Infidelity,  compcfed  on  the  fame  plan,  and 
with  much  of  the  fame  fpirit.  This  fmall  volume,  to 
the  fecond  edition  of  which  the  letter  to  Dr  Smith  was 
prefixed,  is  better  calculated,  than  almod  any  other 
with  which  we  are  acquainted,  to  guard  the  minds  of 
youth  againft  the  iniidious  llrokes  of  infidel  ridicule,  the 
only  dangerous  weapon  which  infidelity  has  to  wield. 

When  the  letters  on  infidelity  were  piibliflied,  tlieir 
author  had  for  fome  time  been  Dean  of  Canterbury, 
where  he  was  beloved  by  the  chapter  and  almoll  adored 
by  the  citizens.  He  was  a  very  frequent  preacher  in 
the  cathedral  and  metropolitical  church,  where  the 
writer  of  this  (hort  fkctcli  has  litlened  to  him  with  de- 
light, and  feen  thoufands  of  people  of  very  various  de- 
fcriptions  hang  with  rapture  on  his  lips.  As  a  preacher 
indeed  he  excelled  ;  and  notwithdanding  the  fliortnefs  of 
his  fight,  which  deprived  him  of  fome  of  the  graces  of  a 
pulpit  orator,  fuch  were  the  excellence  of  his  matter, 
the  fimple  elegance  of  his  ftyle,  and  the  fwcetnefs  of 
SoppL.  Vol.  II. 


77    ]  ii     O     R 

his  voice,  that,  when  at  the  primary  vifitaiion  of  ilij  pr;- 
fent  archbiihop,  he  preached  liis  admirable  fernion  on 
the  Duly  of  Contending  fir  the  Faith,  the  attention  of  more 
th.an  2000  people  was  fo  completely  fixed,  that  the  fmali- 
eft  noife  was  not  to  be  lieard  through  the  whole  crowd- 
ed choir.  Of  the  importance  of  preachintr,  and  qX  th.e 
proper  mode  of  performing  that  duty,  he  had  very  ju(t 
'notions;  and  though  he  never  had  himf:lf  a  paroctiial 
cure  of  folds,  it  v/as  the  defire  and  pleaiure  of  his  life  to 
make  himfelf  ufeful  in  the  pulpit  wherever  he  was, 
whether  in  town  or  in  the  moll  obfcure  corner  of  tlio 
country.  Four  or  five  volumes  of  his  fermons  have 
been  publidied  fince  his  death. 

In  the  year  17S7  lie  jjublilhed,  under  the  name  of  zii 
undergraduate  ot  the  univerfity  of  Ojfrrd,  a  letter  m 
Dr  Priefl'ey,  in  which  lie  made  that  oracle  of  Socinian- 
ifm  almolt  as  ridiculous  as,  in  tiie  letter  to  Dr  Sraitli, 
he  had  iormerly  made  the  hero  of  modern  fcepticifm. 

The  merits  of  Dr  Home,  which  had  made  him  pre- 
fident  of  Magdalen  College,  a  king's  chaplain,  and  dean 
of  Canterbury,  raifed  him,  we  think  in  the  year  1730, 
to  the  fee  of  Norwich  ;  and  he  had  foon  an  opportunity 
of  (hewing  that  he  had  not  loft  fight  of  his  fpiritual 
character  in  the  fplcndor  of  the  peer  of  parliamcn:. 
The  Scotch  Epifcopahans  h.ad  for  fome  time  been  foli- 
citing  the  legillature  to  repeal  certain  penal  laws  of  un- 
common feverity,  under  which  they  liad  groaned  for 
upwards  of  forty  years;  but  they  found  it  a  work  of 
no  little  difllculty  to  make  the  equity  of  their  claim  ge- 
nerally underllood*.  In  icmoving  this  difSculty  no  man 
was  more  allillinp  to  them  than  the  Dean  of  Canter- 
bury, to  whom  their  religious  and  political  principles 
were  well  known  ;  and  he  continued  Ills  alllftance  aficr 
he  was  billiop  of  Norwich.  Indued  tiie  whole  bench 
(hewed,  on  this  occafion,  a  zeal  for  the  in'.ercfts  of  true 
religion  every  way  becoming  their  chara<51er  of  Chriftian 
hiihops ;  and  alter  Dr  Home  was  removed  to  a  better 
world,  the  Scotch  Epifcopahans  found  among  his  furvi- 
ving  brethren  friends  as  zealous  and  adivc  as  he. 

l3r  Home,  though  a  very  handlbme  man,  was  not 
naturally  of  a  llrong  conftitution  ;  and  from  thedilad- 
vantagc  of  being  uncommoply  near  fiehted,  lie  had  not 
been  able  to  incrcafe  itt  ftrength  by  tlie  pradlice  of  any 
athletic  f.vcrcife.  The  only  amnfement  in  which  he 
took  delight  was  agreeable  converfation ;  and  his  life 
was  therefore  wjiat  is  called  fedent.iry.  The  conic- 
quence  of  this  was,  tliat  the  infirmities  of  age  came  fiil 
upon  liim  ;  and  when  the  defign  was  tornied  of  niiking 
him  a  billioii,  he  felt  liimfclf  little  inclined  to  undcilakc 
tlie  charge  of  fo  weighty  an  olllcc.  He  wj~,  liowcvcr, 
)ircvailed  upon  to  accept  of  the  fee  of  Norwic!)  ;  but  lie 
enjoyed  his  new  dignity  for  a  very  Ihort  period,  if  lie 
can  with  truth  be  laid  to  have  cn/otri.' it  at  all.  His 
health  declined  rapidly;  and,  in  the  autumn  of  1791, 
he  fuffered,  while  on  the  road  from  Norwich  to  liaih, 
a  paralytic  ftroke,  the  cfFcifis  of  which  he  never  reco- 
vered. He  lingered  a  montli  or  two,  with  fuch  appa- 
rent changes  in  the  (fate  of  his  health  as  f  imitiincs  gave 
delufive  hopes  to  his  family,  till  the  171]!  of  January 
1792,  wlicu  he  died  In  the  (ii<\  year  ot  his  age,  with 
thole  hopes  wlvch  can  be  excited  only  by  the  conlciouf- 
ncfs  of  a  well  fpent  life,  and  by  a  firm  Iruil  in  the  pro- 
mifes  of  the  gofpel. 

In  this  Ihort  (ketch  of  the  lite  of  bifliop  Home  we 

have  taken  the  liberty  to  r xprefs  our  diircni  from  fome 

Z  of 


1  (orr.f . 


•  See 
Scotch 
Episcopa- 
lian's in 
this  SufJiL- 

nietit- 


II     O     R 


C    178    ] 


H     O     V 


Iloins  of  his  opinions,  anj  to  (lute  the  reafons  on  which  that 
II  tlliicnt  relU.     J3y  hinrifclt  we  know  that  this  part  of  our 

vli^^^J^^^  sonduift  would  have  been  applauded  ;  but  it  is  pofllble 
that  by  feme  of  his  Iriendsit  may  be  deemed  d.licfpccfl- 
ful  to  his  memory.  'I'o  ihefe  gentl*men  we  beg  leave 
to  obferve,  th.it  it'  Johnfon  made  the  praife  of  Kyr!, 
Pope's  man  of  Rol's,  really  more  folid  by  making  it 
more  credible,  it  will  be  dilHcult  to  perfu.)de  us  that  we 
h  ive  done  any  injury  to  Dr  Heme's  fame  by  avoiding 
the  extravagant  panegyric  of  ihofe  who  feem  to  have 
conddered  him  as  a  man  exempted  from  error.  He 
■was  (irll  induced  to  favour  the  Hutchinfonians  becaufe 
he  thought  he  perceived  danger  to  religion  in  the  New- 
tonian doifirines  of  attrailion  and  repultion  ;  and  we  very 
readily  admit  that  many  Newtonians,  not  underftanding 
t.he  dodlrines  of  their  nnlter,  have  exprellsd  thcmfelves 
in  fuch  a  manner  as  could  not  render  a  religious  man 
paiti;il  to  their  fyftem.  But  from  the  dangers  of  mif- 
take  no  fyliem,  whether  religious  or  philofophical,  was 
ever  free  ;  and  the  atheillical  purpofes  which  the  agency 
of  ethers  and  celeflial  fluids  has  lately  beenmade  to  ferve, 
mult  induce  every  man  of  piety  to  paufe  before  he  ad- 
mit fuch  agency.  Dr  Home  lived  to  witnefs  fome  of 
its  pernicious  elfefls  ;  and  wc  have  reafon  to  believe 
that  they  made  a  due  imprefllon  on  his  mind  ;  but  he 
i'pcnt  his  latter  years,  as  indeed  he  had  fpent  tiie  greater 
part  of  his  life,  in  nobler  purfuits  than  the  fludy  of  hu- 
man fcience  ;  he  fpent  them  in  the  proper  employments 
of  a  Clirilli.m,  a  clergyman,  and  a  bllliop.  His  faith 
was  founded  on  a  rock  ;  and  it  was  that  genuine  faith 
which  worketh  by  love;  for  though  his  preferments 
were  rich,  his  charity  kept  pace  with  them  ;  and  it 
has  been  proved  that,  nof.vith'.tanding  his  proper  eco- 
nomy, he  hoarded  not  one  fliilling  of  his  annual  in- 
come. Tiiis  was  an  elevation  of  character  above  all  li- 
terary, above  all  philofophic  fame.  The  author  of  this 
article  had  the  honour  to  be  known  to  Dr  Home,  to 
enjoy,  if  he  miHook  not,  a  fhare  in  his  friendlhip,  and  to 
correfpond  with  him  regularly  for  many  years ;  and 
there  is  not  one  of  his  rational  admirers  wlio  more  fully 
admits  the  truth  of  the  charader  given  of  him  by  Dr 
Thnrlow  late  bifhop  of  Durham  when  fucceeding  him 
in  the  office  of  proftor  in  the  Univerfity.  "  As  to  the 
lall  prcflor  (faid  he)  I  fliall  fpeak  of  him  but  in  few 
words,  for  t!ie  truth  of  which  I  can  appeal  to  all  that 
are  here  prefent.  If  ever  virtue  itfelf  was  vifible  and 
dwelt  upon  earth,  it  was  in  the  perfon  who  this  day  lays 
down  his  office." 

Soon  after  he  was  advanced  to  the  prefidentfhip  of 
Magdalen  col'ege,  this  great  and  good  man  married  the 
only  daughter  of  Philip  Burton,  Efq  ;  a  gentleman  of 
confiderable  fortune.  By  this  lady  he  had  three  daugh- 
ters, of  whom  the  eldell  was  married  to  a  clergyman  a 
fhort  time  before  the  death  of  her  father,  and  the  two 
younger  weie,  in  1796,  refiding  with  Mrs  Home  in 
Hertfordfliire. 

HOK.NTOWN,  a  village  in  Maryland,  31  miles 
from  Snowhill,  26  from  Drumniond,  or  Accomack 
court-houfe,  in  Virginia,  and  168  from  Philadelphia. 
— Morse. 

HOROGRAPHY,  the  art  of  making  or  conftrufl- 
ing  dish  ;  called  alfo  dialling,  horologiography,  gnomo- 
wica,  fciatherica,  photofciatherica,  &c. 

HOROPTER,    in   optics,    is  a  right   line  drawn 


through  the  point  where  the  two  optic  axes  meet,  pa-  Horfe- 
rallel  to  that  which  joins  the  centres  of  the  two  eyes,  or  neck-field 
the  two  pupils.  point. 

HORSENECK-FIELD-POINT,  a  round  bluff  on  HoveLat- 
the  coail  of    Greenwich  townfliip    in   Conneflicut,    2  tic 
miles  E.  of  the  New. York  line  at  Byram  river. — Morse.  --^'^'"^•^ 

HoRSKNECK,  a  point  of  land,  on  the  north  fide  of 
Long-Ill  and,  between  Hog's  Neck  and  Eafton's  Neck. 

HoRSENECK,  a  town  in  Fairfield  county,  Connefti- 
cut,  called  by  the  Indians  Pai  horn  fing,  was  fettled  in 
1680.  It  lies  fix  miles  N.  E.  of  Rye,  in  WclIChefter 
county,  New- York  State.  A  bloody  battle  was  fought 
here  between  the  Dutch  and  the  Indians,  in  1646. 
The  Dutch  with  great  dilficulty  gained  the  victory. 
Great  numbsrs  were  ilain  on  both  fides;  and  their 
graves  appear  to  this  day.  It  is  53  miles  S.  W.  of 
New-Haven,  and  37  N.  E.  of  New- York  city. — lb. 

HoRSENF.cK,  a  village  in  Elfex  county,  Ncw-Jerfey, 
on  the  fouthern  bank  of  Palfaic  river  above  the  Little 
Falls,  four  miles  S.  W.  by  S.  of  the  town  of  Patter- 
fon. — ib 

HORSE-Shoe,  in  fortification,  is  a  work  fometimes 
of  a  round,  fometimes  of  an  oval  figure,  inclofed  with  a 
parapet,  raifed  in  the  ditch  of  a  marlhy  place,  or  in  low 
grounds ;  fometimes  alfo  to  cover  a  gate  ;  or  to  ferve  as 
a  lodgment  for  f:.ldiers,  to  prevent  iurprifes,  or  relieve 
an  over  tedious  defence. 

HORSHAM,  a  townfhip  in  Montgomery  county, 
Pcnnfylvania. — Morse. 

HOSACK,  or  Hutfick,  a  townlhip  in  RenfFalaer 
county,  New-York,  fituated  on  the  eallern  boundary 
of  the  State,  contains  3035  inhabitants,  419  of  whom 
are  eleftors. — :h. 

HOVEN  is  a  word  of  the  fame  import  with  rai- 
fedj/nueUfil,  tumefisd.  It  is  particularly  applied  to  black 
cattle  and  (heep,  when  from  eating  too  voracioufly  of 
clover,  orany  other  I'ucculent  food,  they  become  fwollen. 
Such  cattle  are,  in  the  language  of  the  farmer,  called, 

Hoi'EN-Cattle ;  and  the  beaft,  whether  bullock  or 
fheep,  which  is  hoven,  when  left  without  relief,  dies  in 
half  an  hour.  The  caufe  of  the  difeafe  is  the  extra- 
quantity  of  air  taken  down  with  that  kind  cf  food, 
which,  in  its  pallage  from  the  paunch  upwards,  forces 
the  broad  leaves  of  the  clover  before  it,  till  they  clofe 
up  the  pafTage  at  the  entrance  of  the  paunch,  and  pre- 
vent the  wind  from  going  upwards  in  its  regular  courfe. 
The  ufiial  method  of  relief  is  to  ftab  the  animal  in  the 
paunch  ;  an  operation  which  is  always  dangerous,  and 
has  often  proved  fatal.  It  was  therefore  with  good 
reafon  that  tlie  Society  for  the  Encouragement  of  Arts, 
Manufactures,  and  Commerce,  voted  a  bounty  of  fifty 
guineas  to  Mr  Richard  Eager  of  Graffliam  farm,  near 
Guildford,  for  making  public  a  very  fimple  method 
praflifed  by  him  for  the  cure  of  hoven  cattle.  It  is 
this  ;  "  let  the  grazier  or  farmer  have  always  ready 
fmooth  knobs  of  wood,  of  different  fizes,  fixed  to  the 
end  of  a  flexible  cane,  which  for  oxen  fhould  be  at  lead 
fix  feet  long,  and  for  fheep  three  feet.  When  a  beaft 
is  hoven,  let  one  perfon  take  hold  of  him  by  the  noflril 
and  one  horn  ;  let  another  hold  his  tongue  fafl  in  one 
hand,  putting  the  cane  down  his  throat  with  the  other. 
Be  careful  not  to  let  the  animal  get  the  knob  of  the  cane 
between  his  grinders  :  obferve  alfo  to  put  the  cane  far 

enough 


H     O     U 


C     1/9     ] 


H     O     U 


I 


Houghton.  enoLH^h  down  ;  the  whole  length  will  not  injure.     You 

^'^~''''^^  will  find    the  obflaclc    at   the  entr.ince  of  the  paunch  ; 

pufh  the  cine  hard,  and  when  you  perceive  a  fmell  to 

come  from  the  p.iunch,  and  the  anim  il's  bodj-  to  fink, 

the  cure  is  performed,  and  Mature  will  aft  for  itfelf." 

This  method,  we  doubt  not,  will  prove  fuccefsful ;  but 
might  not  the  purpofe  be  as  well,  if  not  better,  eStit- 
ed,  by  uling,  inftead  of  the  cane  and  knob,  a  piece  of 
thick  lliffrope,  which,  in  many  places  of  Scotland,  is 
employed  to  force  down  turnips  or  potatoes  when  they 
lliok  in  the  thtnat  of  a  bullock  ? 

HOUGHTON    (  )  is   a  man    to  whom  the 

fcience  of  geography  is  ib  much  indebted,  that  we  are 
almoft  alham-id  to  confefs  that  we  know  not  his  Chri- 
ftian  name,  the  place  where  he  was  born,  or  the  age  at 
■which  he  died.  He  had  been  a  captain  in  the  69th  regi- 
ment, and  in  the  year  1779  had  afted  under  General 
Rooke  as  fort  major  in  the  iiland  of  Goree.  Healing, 
fome  time  in  the  year  1789,  or  perhaps  earlier,  that  the 
African  alJ'ocialion  wifhed  to  penetrate  to  the  Niger  by 
the  way  of  Gambia,  he  expreiFcd  his  wiilingnefs  to  under- 
take the  execution  of  their  plan.  For  this  talk  he  was 
pecsliarly  fitted.  A  natural  intrepidity  of  character, 
which  feemed  inacceflible  to  fear,  and  an  eafy  flow  oi 
conftltutional  good  humour,  wliich  even  the  rougheft 
accidents  of  life  were  not  able  to  fubdue,  formed  him  for 
exploring  the  country  of  relentlei's  favages  ;  whilll  the 
darknefs  of  his  complexion  was  fuch,  that  he  fcarcely 
differed  in  appearance  from  the  Moors  of  Barbary, 
whofe  drefs  in  travelling  he  intended  to  affume. 

His  inftructions  from  the  afiociaticn  were,  to  afcer- 
tain  the  courfe,  and,  il  poOible,  the  rile  and  termination 
of  the  Niger;  and  after  viliting  the  cities  of  Tombuc- 
Too  and  Houssa  (fee  thefe  articles  in  this  Supplement), 
to  return  by  the  way  of  the  delart,  or  by  any  other 
route  which  the  circumftances  of  his  fituation  at  the 
trme  might  recommend  to  his  choice. 

Having  left  England  on  the  i6th  of  Oflober  1790, 
he  arrived  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gambia  on  the  loih 
of  November,  and  was  kindly  received  by  the  king  of 
Barra,  who  remembered  the  vifit  which  the  Major  had 
.  formerly  paid  him  from  the  ifland  of  Goree ;  and  wlio 
now,  in  return  for  a  fmall  prefent  of  the  value  of  20s. 
cheerfully  tendered  proteflion  and  affiftance  as  far  as  his 
dominion  or  influence  extended. 

An  offer  from  the  niafter  of  an  Englifli  veflel  em- 
ployed in  tlie  trade  of  the  river,  enabled  the  Major,  and 
the  interpreter  he  had  engaged  on  the  coaft,  to  proceed 
to  Junkiconda  ;  where  he  purchal';d  from  the  natives  a 
hcrle  and  five  afles,  and  prepared  to  pafs  with  tlie  mer- 
chandife  which  conllituted  his  travelling  fund,  to  Me. 
dina,  the  capital  of  the  fmall  kingdom  of  WooUi. 

Fortunately  for  him,  a  few  words,  accidentally  drop, 
ped  by  a  negro  woman  in  the  Mandingo  language,  of 
which  he  liad  haftily  acquired  a  fuperficial  knowledge, 
excited  fufpicions  of  danger;  and  gave  him  intimation 
of  a  confpiracy  which  the  negro  millrelTes  of  the  tra- 
der?, who  feared  that  the  Major's  expedition  portended 
the  ruin  of  their  commerce,  liad  formed  againft  his  life. 
Afraid,  therefore,  of  travelling  by  the  cuUomary  route, 
he  availed  himl'elf  of  the  opportunity  which  the  dry  fea- 
fon  and  the  tide  of  ebb  afforded  of  fwimming  his  horfe 
and  his  afles  acrol's  tlie  llream  ;  and  having  by  thofe 
means  avoided  the  parties  who  were  fent  for  his  dellruc- 
tion,  he  proceeded  with  much  dillkulty  oa  thcfouiheru 


ProaeJ'tifgs 
cftbc  Afri 
can  AJfoiia- 
ijon. 


fide  of  the  liver,  to  that  dirtria  of  Cantor  wl.ith  is  op.  Hough-.o.. 
pofiie  to  tlie  kingdom  of  Woolli.  Tnere  h:  repalfeJ  "*^~''"— ' 
the  Gambia,  and  fent  a  mefienger  to  inform  the  kin  ' 
of  his  arrival,  and  to  requcll  a  guard  for  his  protcciiji:.' 
An  eicort,  commanded  by  the  king's  fon,  was  imnif- 
diately  difpatched  ;  and  the  Major,  whole  intended  pre- 
fent  had  been  announced,  was  kindly  received,  audhof. 
pitably  entertained  at  Medina. 

The  town  is  ficuated  at  the  diftance  of  about  qcd 
miles  by  water  from  the  entrance  of  the  G  imbia  ;  and 
the  country  adjacera  abounds  \\\  corn  and  cattle,  and, 
generally  I'peaking,  in  all  things  that  are  requilite  for 
the  fupport,  or  eilential  to  the  comfort  tf  life.  Tv.u 
different  ftifts  of  religion  diltingu'lh  rather  than  divide 
the  people  ;  the  on,  is  compofed  of  (lie  profcllbrs  of  tlv.- 
Mahomedan  faith,  who  are  called  Bulhrcens ;  the  other, 
and,  it  is  faid,  ilie  more  numerous,  coiilifts  of  tliofe 
who,  denying  the  milTion  of  the  propl:ct,  avow  theni- 
lelves  deilts,  and  from  their  cuftom  of  dt inking  with 
freedom  the  liquors  of  which  he  prohibited  the  ufe,  are 
denominated  S(  nikees  or  drinking  men. 

Ill  a  letter  from  Major  Houghton  to  his  v.Ife,  which 
a  feaman  prcferved  from  the  wreck  of  a  velfel  in  which 
the  difpatches  to  the  fociety  were  lol>,  the  Major  in- 
dulged the  reflexions  that  naturally  arofe  from  his  pall 
and  prefent  fituations.  A  bilious  fever  had  attacked 
him  foon  after  his  arrival  in  the  Gambia  ;  but  his  health 
was  now  unimpaired — a  confpiracy  had  afl'ailed  his  life  ; 
but  the  danger  was  palfcd — the  journey  trom  Junki- 
conda had  cxpofed  him  to  innumerable  liardltips ;  but 
he  was  now  in  poirefiion  of  every  gratification  which 
the  kindnefs  of  the  king  or  the  holpitality  of  the  people 
could  enable  him  to  supy.  Deliglited  with  the  healthi- 
nefs  of  the  country,  the  abundance  of  tlie  game,  the  fe- 
curity  with  which  he  made  his  excurlions  on  horfeback, 
and  above  all,  with  the  advantages  that  would  attend 
the  erecfion  of  a  fort  on  the  falubrious  and  beautiful 
hill  of  Fatetenda,  where  tlie  Engblh  once  had  a  fartory, 
he  exprelles  his  earneft  hope  that  his  wife  willhereaficr 
accompany  him  to  a  place  in  which  an  in:cme  of  ten 
pounds  a  year  will  fupport  tliem  in  atllu-'nce  ;  and  that 
ihe  will  participate  with  liim  in  the  pleafure  of  rapidly 
acquiring  that  vail  wealth  which  he  imagines  its  com- 
merce  will  afford. 

While,  in  this  manner,  he  indulged  tlie  dream  of  fu- 
ture prol'perity,  and  with  IliU  more  ample  fitislaiflion 
contemplated  the  eclat  of  the  dilcoveries  lor  whicli  he 
was  preparing,  but  in  the  purfuit  of  which  he  was  re. 
tarded    by    the    abfence  of  the  native  merchant,  f.ir 
whofe  company  he  had  engaged,  he  found  himfclffud- 
denly  involved  in  unexpeifled  and  irreliiUble  misfortune. 
A  fire,  the  progrefs  of  which  was  accelerated  by  the 
bamboo  roofs  of  the  buildings,  confumed  with  fucli  ra- 
pidity the  houf'e  in   which  he  lived,  and  with  it  the 
greateft  part  of  Medina,  that  feveral  of  the  articles  of 
merchandize,  to  which  he  trullcd  lor  the  exfiences  of 
his  journey,  were  deilroycd  ;  and  to  add  to  his  afflic- 
tion, his  faithlefs  interpreter,  who  had  made  an  inclTec- 
tual  attempt  on  his  goods,  dilappearcd   wiih  liis  liorfe 
and  three  of  his  aiies  ;  a  trade  gun  which  he  lud  pur- 
chafed  on  the  river  foon  afterwards  burit  in  his  hands, 
and  wounded  him  in  the  face  and  arm  :  and  though  the 
hofpitable  kindnefs  of  the  people  of   the  neighbouring 
town    of   Barraconda,    who    cheerfully    cpciieJ    iheii 
houfcs  10  more  liian  a  thoufaaj  families,  whoi'e  tcne- 
Z  2  nicnts 


11    o    u 


[  ly 


Houghton,  mcnts  the  llames  liAil  confumeJ,  was  anxloudy  exerted 
'"'"^''"'*'  for  his  relief;  yet  tile  lofs  of  his  goods,  and  the  confe- 
(]\itnz  diminution  of  his   iriivelling   fund,    were   evils 
which  no  kindncf5  could  remove. 

It  v.'as  in  this  fitualion  that,  weariid  with  tlic  fruit- 
lefs  hope  of  tlu  return  of  the  native  trader,  with  whom 
lie  had  contrafled  for  his  journey,  he  refolved  to  avail 
himl'eif  of  the  comp.iny  of  another  flave  merchant,  who 
was  lately  arrived  from  the  foiith,  and  was  now  on  his 
way  to  iiis  farm  on  the  frontier  of  the  kingdom  of 
Ij  imbouk.  Accordingly,  on  the  evening  of  the  8ih 
of  May,  he  proceeded  by  moon  light  and  on  foot,  with 
his  two  alfes,  which  the  fervants  of  the  llave  merchant 
offered  to  drive  wi'.h  thtir  own,  and  whicli  carried  the 
wreck  of  his  fortune;  and  journeying  by  a  north-ealt 
courfe,  arrived  on  the  filth  day  at  the  uniiihv.hited  fron- 
tier which  feparates  the  kingdoms  of  Woolli  and  Bon- 
dou. 

He  had  now  parted  the  former  limit  of  European 
difcovery  ;  and  while  he  remarked  with  pleafure  tlie 
numerous  and  extenfive  population  of  this  unvifited 
country,  he  obferved,  that  the  long  black  hair  and 
copper  complexion  of  the  inhabitants  announced  their 
Arab  original.  They  are  a  branch  of  that  numerous 
tribe  %vhlch,  under  the  appellation  of  Foolies,  have  over- 
ipread  a  conliderable  part  of  Senegambia  ;  and  their 
leligious  dilliniftions  are  fimilar  to  thoi'e  whicli  prevail 
in  the  kingdom  of  Woolli. 

A  journey  of  150  miles,  which  was  often  interrupt- 
ed by  the  engagements  of  his  companion,  who  traded 
in  every  town,  conduilad  him  to  the  banks  ot  the  Fa- 
5enic,  the  fouth-weftera  boundary  of  the  kingdom  of 
Bambouk.  Its  flream  was  exhaidled  by  the  advanced 
Itatc  of  the  dry  feafon,  and  its  bed  exhibited  an  ap- 
pearance of  flate  intermixed  with  gravel. 

Bambouk  is  inhabited  by  a  nation,  whofe  woolly 
hair  and  fable  complexions  befpe|a)c  them  of  the  negro 
I  ace,  but  whofe  charafler  feems  to  be  varied  in  propor- 
tion as  the  country  rifes  from  the  plains  ot  its  weftern 
divifion  to  tlie  highlands  of  the  call.  Dillinguilhed 
ir.to  feifls,  like  the  people  of  Woolli  and  Bondou,  by 
i!ie  different  tenets  of  Mahomedans  and  Deifts,  they 
are  equally  at  peace  with  each  other,  and  mutually  to- 
Liate  the  refpeflive  opinions  they  condemn. 

Agriculture  and  pafturage,  as  in  the  negro  dates 
on  the  coaft  of  the  Atlantic,  are  their  chief  occupa- 
tions ;  but  the  piogrefs  which  they  have  made  in  the  ma- 
uufailuring  arts,  is  fuch  as  enables  them  to  fmelt  their 
iron  ore,  and  to  furnilh  the  feveral  inftruments  of  huf- 
bandry  and  war.  Cloth  of  cotton,  on  the  other  hand, 
which  in  this  part  of  Africa  feems  to  be  the  univerfal 
wear,  they  appear  to  weave  by  a  difficult  and  laborious 
procefs ;  and  to  thefe  two  circumftances  it  is  probably 
owing,  that  with  them  the  meafure  of  value  is  not,  as 
on  the  coafl,  a  bar  of  iron,  but  a  piece  of  cloth. 

The  common  vegetable  food  of  the  inhabitants  ap- 
pears to  confift  of  rice  ;  their  animal,  of  beef  or  mut- 
ton. A  liquor,  prepared  from  fermented  honey,  fup- 
plies  the  want  of  wine,  and  furnidies  the  means  of  thofe 
ieftive  entertainments  that  conftitute  the  luxury  of  the 
court  of  Bambouk. 

On  the  Major's  arrival  at  the  banks  of  the  river  Fa- 
leme,  he  found  that  the  war  which  had  lately  fubfifted 
between  the  kings  of  Bondou  and  Bambouk  was  ter- 
minated by  the  ceffioQ  to  the  former  of  the  conquefts 


o     ]  H     O     U 

he  had  made  in  the  low  land  part  of  the  dominions  of  HooRhtoa. 
the  latter  ;   and  that  the  king  of  Bondou  had  taken  up  "-^^^'"'-^ 
his  refidence  in  the  territory  wliicli  l.e  had  thus  obtain- 
ed. 

The  Major  haflened  to  pay  his  refpeds  to  the  vic- 
torious prince,  and  to  offer  a  fimilar  prefent  to  that 
which  the  kings  of  Barra  and  Woolli  had  cheerfully 
accepted  ;  but  to  his  great  difappointment  an  ungra- 
cious reception,  a  fullen  permillion  to  leave  the  prefent, 
and  a  Hern  command  to  repair  to  the  frontier  town 
from  which  he  came,  were  followed  by  an  intimation 
that  he  lliould  hear  again  from  the  king.  According- 
ly, on  the  next  day,  the  king's  fon,  accompanied  by  an 
armed  attendance,  entered  the  houfe  in  which  the  Ma- 
jor had  taken  up  his  temporary  dwelling,  and  demand- 
ed a  fight  of  all  the  articles  he  had  brought.  From 
thefe  the  prince  felefled  whatever  commodities  were 
beft  calculated  to  gratify  his  avarice,  or  pleafe  his  eye  ; 
and  to  the  Major's  great  difappointment,  took  from 
him  the  blue  coat  in  which  he  hoped  to  make  his  ap- 
pearance on  the  day  of  his  introdudion  to  the  Sultan 
of  Tombuvfloo.  Happily,  however,  a  variety  of  ar- 
ticles were  fuccefsfuUy  concealed,  and  others  of  inferior 
value  were  not  confidered  as  fufficiently  attraiflive. 

The  Major  now  waited  witli  impatience  for  the  per- 
formance of  the  promife  which  the  flave  merchant,  with 
whom  he  had  travelled  from  the  Gambia,  had  made  of 
proceeding  with  him  to  Tombuifloo  ;  but  as  the  mer- 
chant was  obliged  to  fpend  a  few  days  at  his  rice  farm 
on  the  banks  ot  the  Faleme,  the  Major  accepted  an  in- 
vitation to  the  hofpitality  of  his  roof.  There  he  ob- 
ferved, with  extreme  regret,  that  the  apprehenfion  of  a 
fcarcity  of  grain  had  alarmed  his  friend  ;  and  that, 
dneading  the  confequences  of  leaving  his  family  in  fo 
perilous  a  feafon  to  the  chances  of  the  market,  he  had 
determined  on  coUeding,  before  his  departure,  a  fuf- 
ficient  fupply  for  their  fupport.  This  argument  for 
delay  was  too  iorcible  to  be  oppofed  ;  and  tlierefore 
the  Major  refolved  to  employ  the  interval  in  viliting 
the  king  of  Bambouk,  who  refidcd  in  the  town  of  Fer- 
banna,  on  the  eallern  fide  of  the  Serra  Coles,  or  river  of 
Gold.  Unfortunately,  however,  by  a  miftake  of  his 
guide,  he  loft  his  way  in  one  of  the  vaft  woods  of  the 
country  ;  and  as  the  rainy  feafon,  which  commenced 
with  the  new  moon  on  the  4th  of  July,  and  was  intro- 
duced with  a  wellei  ly  wind,  was  now  fet  in,  the  ground 
on  which  he  paifed  the  night  was  deluged  with  rain, 
while  all  the  iTcy  exhibited  that  continual  blaze  of 
lightning,  which  in  tliofe  latitudes  often  accompanies 
the  tornado.  Diftreffed  by  the  fever,  which  began  to 
affail  him,  the  Major  continued  his  route  at  the  break 
of  day,  and  waded  with  difficulty  through  tlie  river 
Serra  Coles,  which  was  fwelled  by  the  floods,  and 
on  the  banks  of  which  the  alligators  were  bafking  in 
the  temporary  fun-fiiine. 

Scarcely  had  he  reached  Ferbanna  when  his  fever 
rofe  to  a  height  that  rendered  hi.-n  delirious  ;  but  the 
ftrength  of  his  conllitution,  and  the  kindnefs  of  the  ne- 
gro fam.ily  to  which  his  guide  had  condudted  him,  fur- 
mounted  the  dangerous  difeafe;  and  in  the  friendly  re- 
ception which  was  given  him  by  the  king  of  Bambouk, 
he  foon  forgot  the  hardfhip^  of  his  journey.  The  king 
informed  him,  that  the  loffes  he  had  lately  fuftained  ia 
the  conteft  with  the  armies  of  Bondou,  arcfe  from  his 
having  exhaufted  his  ammunition  j  for,  as  the  French 

traders 


H     O     U  I     iS 

Houghton,  traders,  who  formerly  fupplied  his  troops,  had  aban- 
'^"''~'''"**^  doiied  the  tort  ot  St  Jol'eph,  and,  either  from  the  dry- 
ncfs  cf  the  lall  leafon,  cr  irom  otiier  cuufcs,  had  delerc- 
ed  the  navigation  ot  the;  upper  part  ol'  the  Senegal,  he 
had  no  means  ot  repleuithing  his  itores;  whereas  his 
enemy,  the  king  o)  UonJou,  coniinued  to  receive  from 
the  Britilli,  through  the  channel  of  his  agents  on  the 
Gambia,  a  conftant  and  adequate  I'upply. 

Major  Houghton  availed  hinifeU  of  the  opportunity 
which  this  converl'ation  afforded,  to  fugged  to  the 
king  the  advantage  ot  encouraging  the  Britilli  to  open 
a  trade  by  the  way  ot  his  dominions  to  the  populous 
cities  on  the  banks  of  the  Niger. 

Such  VMS  die  Hate  of  the  negociation,  when  all  bufi- 
nefs  was  fuf])endi.d  by  the  arrival  of  the  annual  prcfents 
of  Mead,  which  the  people  of  Bambouk,  at  that  feafon 
of  the  year,  are  accuftomed  to  lend  to  their  king  ;  and 
which  are  always  fcUowed  by  an  intemperate  fellivalof 
feveral  fucceffive  days. 

In  the  interim,  the  Major  received,  and  gladly  ac- 
cepted, the  propofal  of  an  old  and  refpeitable  merchant 
of  Bambouk;  who  offered  to  conduift  him  on  horfe- 
back  to  Tombufloo,  and  to  attend  him  back  to  the 
Gambia.  A  premium  of  L.  125,  to  be  paid  on  the 
Mijor's  return  to  the  Britilh  factory  at  Junkiconda, 
was  fixed  by  agreement  as  the  merchant's  future  re- 
ward. It  was  further  determined,  that  the  Major 
fliould  be  furnilfied  with  a  horfe  in  exchange  for  his 
two  afl'es  ;  and  fliould  convert  into  gold  duft,  as  the 
mod  portable  fund,  the  fcanty  remains  of  the  goods  he 
})ad  brought  from  Great  Britain. 

Tliis  plan  was  much  approved  by  the  king,  to  whom 
tiie  merchant  was  perfonally  known;  and  who  gave  to  the 
Major  at  parting,  as  a  mark  ot  his  efleem,  and  a  pledge 
of  his  future  friendihip,  a  prel'ent  of  a  purfe  of  gold. 
With  an  account  ot  thefc  preparations  the  Major  clofed 
)iis  lad  difpatch,  of  the  24th  July  1791  ;  and  the  A- 
frican  affociation  entertained  tor  fome  time  finguine 
hopes  of  his  reaching  Tombuftoo.  Alas !  thefe  hopes 
were  blafted.  Mr  Park,  wlio  fucceeded  him  in  the  ar- 
duous talk  of  exploring  that  lavage  country,  learned, 
that  having  reached  Jarra  (See  that  article  in  this 
Supplement  J,  he  there  met  with  fome  Moors  who  were 
travelling  to  Tifheet  (a  place  by  the  fait  pits  in  the 
Great  Defart,  ten  days  journey  to  the  northward)  to 
purchafe  fait  ;  and  that  the  Major,  at  the  expence  of 
fome  tobacco  and  a  mufket,  engaged  them  to  convey 
him  thither.  It  is  impoffible  (fays  Mr  Park)  to  form 
any  other  opinion  on  this  determination,  than  that  the 
Moors  intentionally  deceived  him  with  a  view  to  rob, 
and  leave  him  in  the  Defart.  At  the  end  of  two  ilays 
he  fufpe<Sed  their  treachery,  and  infifted  on  returning 
to  Jarra.  Finding  him  perfid  in  this  determination, 
the  Moors  robbed  him  of  every  thing  which  he  polfelf- 
ed,  and  went  off  with  their  camels  Being  thus  defcrt- 
ed,  he  returned  to  a  watering  place,  in  polfcllion  of 
the  Moors,  called  Farra  ;  and  being  by  ihcfc  unfeeling 
wretches  refiifed  food,  which  he  had  not  taded  for  fome 
days,  he  funk  at  lad  under  his  misfortunes.  Whether 
he  adlually  died  of  hunger,  or  was  murdered  outriglit 
bf  the  favage  Mahometans,  Mr  I'ark  could  not  learn  ; 
but  he  was  fhewn  at  a  didance  the  fpot  in  the  woods 
to  which  his  body  was  dragged,  and  where  it  was  left 
a  prey  to  corruption. 

Thus  peiillied,  in  the  prime  of  life,  Major  Houghton, 


I     ]  H     O     U 

a  man  whole  travels  enlarged  the  limits  of  European  HouiTj. 
dilcovery,    and  wliofe  accounts  of  the  piaccs  which  h.;  ^-^"'^ 
vifited   wfre    drongly   continued   by    the    inteljigenc- 
which  the   Britilh  conful  at  Tunis  collecbd   froo   th-; 
Barbary  merchants. 

HOUSSA,  the  capital  of  an  African  empire,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Niger,  is  a  city  which  has  excited  mucli 
curiofity  among  men  of  fciencc,  fince  it  was  firft  men- 
tioned to  a  committee  cf  the  African  Alfociation  about 
the  year  1790.  The  pcrfon  from  whom  they  re- 
ceived their  information  was  an  Arab,  of  the  name  of 
Shabeni  ;  who  faid  that  the  population  of  HoulTa, 
where  he  had  refiJed  two  years,  was  equalled  only  (f> 
far  as  his  knowledge  extended)  by  that  of  London  and 
Cairo  :  and,  in  his  rude  unlettered  way,  he  defciibcd 
the  government  as  monarchieal,  yet  not  unlimited  ;  its 
juftice  as  fevere,  but  directed  by  written  laws  ;  and  the 
rights  of  landed  property  as  guarded  by  the  inditutions 
ot  certain  hereditary  ofiicers,  whol'e  fundions  appear  to 
be  fimilar  to  tliofe  of  the  Canongoes  of  Hindodan  (See 
Canongoes,  in  this  Suppl.)  ;  and  v/hofe  important  and 
complicated  dtities  imply  an  unufual  degree  of  civiliza- 
tion and  refinement.  For  the  probity  of  the  merchants 
of  Houlfa,  the  Arab  exprclfed  the  highed  refpeiS  ;  but 
remarked,  with  indignation,  that  the  women  were  ad- 
mitted to  fociety,  and  that  die  honour  of  tlu  hud>and 
was  often  infecurc.  Of  their  written  alphabet  he 
knew  no  more,  than  that  it  is  perfedly  different  from  the 
Arabic  and  the  Hebrew  chara<flers ;  but  he  reprefcnted 
the  art  of  writing  as  common  in  Hcuffa.  And  when  he 
dcfcribed  the  manner  in  whidi  tlieir  pottery  is  made, 
he  gave,  unknowingly  to  himfelf,  a  reprcfentation  of 
the  ancient  Grecian  wlucl.  In  palTing  to  Houlfa  from 
Tombuctoo,  in  which  lad  city  lie  had  relided  feveii 
years,  he  found  the  banks  of  the  Niger  more  numerouf- 
ly  peopled  than  thofe  of  the  Nile,  from  Alexandria  to 
Cairo  ;  and  his  mind  was  obvioufly  impreifcd  with 
higher  ideas  of  the  wealth  and  grandeur  of  die  empire 
of  Houifa,  than  of  thofe  of  any  kingdom  which  he  had 
feen,  England  alone  excepted. 

The  exidence  of  the  city  of  HouiT.i,  and  cf  the  em- 
pire thus  dcfcribed  by  Shabeni,  was  drorgly  confirmed 
by  letters  which  the  committee  received  from  his  Ma- 
jedy's  confuls  at  Tunis  and  Morocco  ;  ar.il  it  has  been 
put  beyond  all  polfibility  of  doubt  by  Mr  Park,  who  re- 
ceived from  various  pcrfons  fuch  concurring  accounts  of 
it,  as  could  not  be  the  offspring  of  deliberate  falfthood. 
From  a  well  informed  lliereeff,  who  had  vifited  Houifa, 
and  lived  fome  years  at  Tombuiloo,  he  learned,  that  the 
former  of  thefe  cities  was  the  largcd  that  the  iiiercef  had 
ever  feen  ;  and  by  comparing  this  man's  account  cf  its 
population  with  that  of  various  other  cities,  cf  which 
Mr  Park  had  feen  one  or  two,  we  can  hardly  edi- 
mate  the  inhabitants  of  Houifa  at  a  lefs  nurr.bcr  than 
icOjOOO.  Many  merchants,  with  whom  our  traveller 
converfed,  reprefcnted  Houifa  as  larger,  and  mere  po- 
pulous than  Tombii(ftoo,  and  th.e  trade,  police,  and 
government  as  nearly  the  fime  in  botli.  In  that  cafe, 
tlie  king  of  Houifa  and  chief  officers  of  date  mull  be 
Moors,  and  zealots  lor  the  Mahometan  religion  ;  but 
they  cannot  be  fo  intolerant  as  the  fovcreigii  of  Tom- 
bufloo  and  his  mlniders ;  lor  in  HouHa,  Mr  Park  was 
told  that  the  negroes  are  in  greater  proportion  to  the 
Moors  than  in  Tombiu^op,  and  that  they  have  like- 
wife  foinc  lluirc  in  the  govcinmeut.  According  to  ac- 
count 


H     O     U 


[     182     ] 


H     O     U 


Houfatoiiic  cniir.ts  ilcriveJ  from  Barb.iry  nierchantf,  ihe  people  of 
IIoii(r.i  have  tl.c  art  ol  ten)pciir.g  their  iion  with  mcro 
than  liurnpean  rtjll  ;  and  their  files  in  particular  are 
mucli  Uiperior  10  thole  of  Great  Biitaiu  and  France. 
The  confiils  at  Tunis  and  Morocco  alFured  ilie  coni- 
mittec  of  the  African  Ad'oci  ition,  that  at  both  tlici'e 
courts  the  eunuchs  of  the  feraglio  are  brought  from 
Hon  (Fa. 

To  thofe  who  may  dill  entertain  doubts  of  fo  much 
refinement  being  to  be  iound  in  the  interior  parts  of  a 
country,  conlidered  as  peculiarly  favage,  we  Ihall  only 
fbfcrve,  in  the  words  of  the  committee  of  alFociation, 
that  it  is  by  no  means  "  impollible  tiiat  the  Carthagi- 
I  ians,  who  do  not  appear  to  have  pcrillitd  with  tlieir 
cities,  may  have  retired  to  the  fouthern  parts  of  Alri- 
ca  ;  and  though  loft  to  the  Defart,  may  have  carried 
with  tlicm  to  the  new  regions  which  they  occupy, 
fome  portion  of  thofe  arts  and  fciences,  and  of  that 
commercial  knowledge,  for  which  the  inhabitants  ot 
Carthage  were  once  fo  eminently  famed.  In  Major 
llennel's  lafl  map  of  North  Africa,  Houffa  is  placed  in 
16°  and  abcut  20'  N.  L.  and  4"  30'  E.  Long. 

HOUSATONICK,  a  river  of  Conneaicut,  in  the 
Indian  language  fignifying  over  the  mountain,  rifes  by 
two  fources  ;  the  one  in  Lanefborough,  the  other  in 
Windfor,  both  in  Berklhire  county,  Maifachufetts. 
I'hefe  branches  form  a  junflion  near  Salifbury,  and  the 
liver  after  pafTing  through  a  number  of  towns,  empties 
i;fclf  into  Long-Ifland  Sound,  between  Stratford  and 
Milford  in  Conoeilicut.  It  is  navigable  abcut  12  miles, 
to  Derby.  A  bar  of  ihells,  however,  at  its  mouth, 
obftrufts  the  navigation  of  large  velfels.  In  this  river, 
between  Salifbury  and  Canaan,  is  a  catarafl,  where 
the  water  of  the  whole  river,  which  is  150  yards  wide 
falls  perpendicularly  60  feet. —  J\Iorse. 

HOUZOUANAS  are  a  wandering  people,  who 
inhabit  that  part  of  Africa,  which,  in  a  direction  from 
eafl  to  weft,  extends  from  CafFraria  tu  the  country  of 
the  Greater  Niniiquas  (fee  Nimiquas,  in  tliis  Sup/)!.) 
According  to  the  map  prefixed  to  VaiUant's  new 
travels,  the  ditliiiff  occupied  by  the  Houzouanas  lies 
between  16°  and  29''  call  longitude.  Of  its  breadth 
from  fouth  to  north  we  are  ignorant ;  but  it  begins  at 
the  23d  parallel,  and  ftretchcs  northward  probably  a 
great  way. 

M.  Vaillant  is  inclined  to  believe,  that  the  Houzoua- 
nas are  the  original  ftem  of  the  various  nations,  inhabit- 
ing at  prefent  the  Ibuthern  part  of  Africa,  and  that 
from  them  all  the  tribes  of  the  eaftern  and  wellern 
Hottentots  are  defccnded.  The  people  thcmfelves 
know  nothing  of  their  origin  ;  but  to  the  qucftions  that 
are  put  to  them  on  the  fubjecT:,  they  always  reply,  that 
they  inhabit  the  country  which  was  inhabited  by  their 
•anceftors.  At  the  Cape,  M.  Vaillant  received  tlie  fol- 
lowing account  of  them,  which,  though  he  does  not 
warrant  its  authenticity,  has  much  the  appearance  of 
being;  authentic. 

When  the  Europeans  firft  eftablifhed  themfelves  at 
the  Cape,  the  Houzouanas  inhabited  the  country  of 
Camdebo,  the  fnowy  mountains,  and  tlie  diftrift  that 
feparates  thefe  mountains  from  CafFraria.  Become 
neighbours  to  the  colony,  in  confequence  of  its  extend- 
ing itfelf  towards  them,  they  at  firft  lived  on  peaceable 
terms  with  the  planters  ;  and,  as  they  difplayed  more 
intelligence  and  greater  adivity  than  the  Hottentots, 


they  were  even  empl  yc d  in  preference  toalTift  incultl-  Houzob- 
vating  the  land  and  in  Icrming  the  Icttlement.  Thisgood     *"" 
undei  Handing  and  haimnny  were,  however,  foon  inter- 
rupted by  that  inultiiude  of  lawlcfs  banditti  fent  from 
Holland  to  people  the  ccunlry. 

Thofe  worihkfi  profligates  will.ed  to  enjoy  the  fruits 
of  the  land  without  the  trouble  of  tilling  it.  Educa- 
ted, befules,  with  all  the  prejudices  of  the  whites,  they 
imagined  tliat  men  of  a  different  cclcur  were  born  only 
to  be  their  llaves.  They  accordingly  fubjtfled  them 
to  bondage,  condemned  them  to  the  moft  laborious  fer- 
vices,  and  repaid  thofe  fervices  with  harlh  and  fevere 
treatment.  The  Houzouanas,  incenfed  at  fuch  aibitra- 
ry  and  tyrannical  conduct,  refufed  any  longer  to  work 
for  them,  and  retired  to  the  defiles  cf  their  mountains. 
The  [lanters  took  up  arms  and  purfued  them  ;  they 
malFacred  ihsm  without  pity,  andfeiz^d  on  their  cattle 
and  their  country.  Thofe  who  el'caped  their  atrocities 
betook  thcmfelves  to  flight,  and  removed  to  the  land 
which  they  now  occupy  ;  but,  on  quitting  their  former 
polFeflions,  they  fwore,  in  their  own  name  and  that  of 
their  pofterlty,  to  exterminate  thofe  European  mon- 
fters,  to  be  revenged  againll  whom  they  had  fo  many 
incitements.  And  thus,  if  tradition  be  true,  was  a 
peaceful  and  induftrious  nation  rendered  warlike,  vin- 
diflive,  and  ferocious. 

This  hatred  has  been  perpetuated  from  generation  to 
generation,  though  the  Houzouanas  of  the  prefent  day 
are  ignorant  of  the  original  caufe  of  it.  Bred  up  with 
an  invincible  averfion  to  the  planters,  they  know  only 
that  they  are  animated  to  plunder  and  deftroy  them  ; 
but  it  is  only  by  a  vague  fentiment  of  deteftation,  with 
the  fource  of  which  they  are  unacquainted  ;  and  which, 
though  it  renders  them  cruel  towards  the  planters,  does 
not  prevent  them  from  being  good,  kind,  and  humane, 
towards  each  other. 

The  Houzouanas,  being  known  only  by  their  incur- 
fions  and  plundering,  are  in  the  colonies  often  confound- 
ed with  the  Bn(hmen,  and  dllllnguifhed  by  the  fame 
appellation.  Sometimes,  however,  from  their  tawny 
colour,  they  are  called  Chinefe  Hottentots;  and,  by 
means  of  this  double  denomination,  ill-informed  travel- 
lers may  eafily  be  led  into  an  error,  of  which  the  con- 
fequence muft  be,  that  their  narratives  will  be  replete 
■with  abfurdity  and  falfehoods. 

Their  real  name,  and  the  only  one  which  they  give 
themfelves,  is  that  of  Houzouara  ;  and  tliey  have  no- 
thing in  common  with  the  Bolhmen,  who  are  not  a 
diftind  people,  but  a  mere  colledfion  of  fugitives  and 
free-booters.  The  Houzouanas  form  no  alliances  but 
among  themfelves.  Being  almoll  always  at  v^ar  with 
the  furrounding  nations,  they  never  mix  wlt.h  tlicm  ; 
and,  if  they  confent  at  any  time  to  admit  a  ftranger  in- 
to their  hordes,  it  is  only  after  a  long  acquaintance,  a 
fort  of  apprenticefhip,  during  which  he  has  given  proofs 
of  his  fidelity,  and  eftabllflied  his  courage.  Such  in- 
deed are  their  courage  and  predatory  habits,  that  they 
are  the  dread  of  all  the  furrounding  tribes ;  and  the 
Hottentots  who  accompanied  M.  Vailhnt  trembled  at 
the  very  thought  of  entering  the  Houzouana  territo- 
ries. Nay,  after  they  had  lived  many  days  among 
them,  and  had  experienced  their  fidelity,  they  conti- 
nued under  the  daily  apprehenfion  of  being  maffacred 
by  them.  Yet  one  of  their  own  countrymen,  who  had 
lived  long  among  the  Houzouanas,  gave  fuch  a  charac- 

Ur 


H     O     U 


[     183     ] 


H     O     U 


HoDzou.     ter  of  that  people  as  (hould  liave  banlfiicd  thoCe  idle    an  enteiprizing  European  ihiough  that  lon^  and  ha-  H«» 

^_^!1^:,^__,  fears.  zardoiH  journey. 

"  The  Houzouanas  (fald  he)  are  by  no  means  what  Yet  thefe  people,  fo  fuperior  both  in  body  and  n-.Ind 
you  fuppole  them  to  be,  murderers  by  profeaiosi.  If  to  the  other  natives  of  South  Africa,  are  but  of  low 
they  fometimes  llied  blood,  it  is  not  from  a  thitft  of  Ilature  ;  and  a  perlon  five  feet  four  inches  in  height  is 
carnage,  hot  to  make  juft  reprifals  that  they  take  up  accounted  among  them  very  tall ;  but  in  their  littl-  bo- 
arms.  Attacked  and  perlecuted  by  iurrounding  na-  dies,  perfealy  well  proportioned,  are  united  with  fur- 
tions  they  have  found  themlelves  leduced  to  the  ne-  pnfing  llrength  and  agility,  a  certain  air  of  airurance. 
ceffity  ol  flying  to  inacceUihie  places  among  the  b.inen  boldnefs,  and  haughtinefs,  which  awes  the  b-holder 
mountains,  where  no  other  people  could  exill.  and   wiili  which  our  author  was  greatly  pie  tfed      Of 

"  If  they  find  antelopes  and  damans  to  kill ;  if  the  all  die  favage  races,  he  faw  none  that  appeared  to  be  en- 
nymphs  of  ants  are  abundant ;  or  it  their  good  fortune  dowed  with  fo  aflive  a  mind,  and  fo  hardy  a  conftitution 
brings  thsm  plenty  of  locufts— they  remain  within  the  Their  head,  though  it  exhibits  the  principle  charac- 
precinds  ol  their  rocks ;  but  if  the  provifions  neceflary  teriftics  of  that  of  the  Hottentot,  is,  however,  rounJ-r 
to  fubfirtence  fail,  the  nations  in  their  neighbourhood  towards  the  chin.  They  are  alfo  not  fo  bhick  in  com- 
muft  fuffer.  Fiom  the  fummits  of  their  mountains,  plexion  ;  but  have  the  lead  colour  of  the  Miliys,  difi 
they  furvey  at  a  dillance  the  countries  around  ;  and,  if  tinguilhed  at  the  Cape  by  tlie  name' of  LouJuir,;:' 
they  obferve  cattle,  they  make  an  incurfion  to  carry  Their  hair,  more  woolly,  is  fo  iliort  that  he  ima-iced 
them  off,  or  llaughter  them  upon  the  fpot,  according  at  firll  their  Jieads  to  have  been  fhaved.  The  nolt  too 
to  circumftances  ;  but  though  they  rob,  they  never  is  Hill  Hatter  than  that  of  the  Hottentots  ;  or,  rather, 
kill,  except  to  defend  their  lives,  or  by  way  of  retalia-  they  feem  altogether  deftitute  of  a  nofe';  what  they 
tion  to  revenge  an  ancient  injury.  have  confiRing  only  of  two  broad  nodrils'  which  pro- 

"  It  happens  fometimes,  however,  that  after  very  jed  at  moft  but  five  or  fix  lines.  From  tliis  conforma- 
fatigning  expeditions  they  return  without  booty  ;  either  tion  of  the  nofe,  a  Houzou-.na,  when  fcen  in  profile,  is 
becaufe  the  obje.fls  of  their  attack  have  dtfappeaied,  or  the  reverfe  of  handfome,  and  confiderably  refembles'an 
becaufe  they  liave  been  repulfed  and  beaten.  In  fuch  ape.  When  b=held  in  front,  he  prefints,  on  the  firlt 
cafes,  the  women,  exafperated  by  hunger  and  the  la-  view,  an  extraordinary  appearance,  as  half  the  face 
mentation  of  their  children  crying  for  food,  become  al-  feems  to  be  forehead.  '  The  features,  however,  are  fo 
mod  furious  with  padion.  Reproaches,  infult,  and  expreflive,  and  the  eyes  fo  large  and  lively,  that,  not- 
threats,  are-employed  ;  they  wilh  to  feparate  from  fuch  withftandlng  this  lingularity  of  look,  the  countenance 
daftardly  men,  to  quit  hufbands   deftitute  of  courage,    is  tolerably  agreeable. 

and  to  feek  others  who  will  be  more  anxi.us  to  pro-  As  the  heat  of  the  climate  in  which  he  lives  rend-ri 
cure  provifion  for  tliem  and  their  children.  In  Ihort,  clothing  unneceffary,  he  continues  during  the  whole 
having  exhauUed  whatever  rage  and  defpair  could  year  almoft  entirely  naked,  having  no  otiier  covering 
fuggelt,  they  pull  off  their  fmall  apron  of  modelly,  and  than  a  very  fmall  jackal  fl;in  faltened  round  his  loins  by 
beat  their  huihands  about  the  head  with  it  till  their  two  thongs,  the  extremities  of  which  hang  down  tohii 
arms  are  weary  of  the  exercife.  knees.     Hardened  by  this  conftant  habit  of  nakednefs, 

"  Of  all  the  affronts  which  they  can  offer,  this  is  the  he  becomes  fo  infenfiblc  to  tlie  variations  of  the  aimoi"- 
moft  iniuhing.  Unable  to  withlland  it,  the  men  in  phere,  that  wlien  he  removes  from  the  burning  fands 
their  turn  become  furious.     They  put  on   their   war-    of  the  level  country  to  the  fnow  and  hoar-froll  of  his 


cap,  a  fort  of  helmet  made  with  the  Ikin  that  covers 
the  neck  of  the  hyma,  the  long  hair  of  which  forms  a 
crefl  that  floats  over  the  head,  and,  fetting  out  like 
madmen,  never  return  till  they  have  fucceeded  in  tarry- 
ing off  fume  cattle. 


mountain-,  he  feems  indifferent  to,  and  not  even  to  feel 
the  cold. 

His  hut  in  no  wife  refembles  that  of  the  Hottentot. 
It  appears  as  if  cut  vertically  through  the  middle;  fo 
that  the   hut  of  a   Hottentot  would  make  two  of  tliofe 


"  When  they  come  back,  their  wives  go  to  meet  of  the  Houzouanas.  During  their  cnvgratlons,  they 
them,  and  extol  their  courage  amidft  the  fondeff  ca-  leave  them  ftandlng,  in  order  that,  if  any  other  horde 
reffes.  In  a  word,  nothing  is  then  thought  o{  but  of  the  fame  nation''pafs  that  way,  they  may  make  ufe 
mirth  and  jollity  ;  and,  till  fimilar  fcenesare  lecallcd  by  of  them.  When  on  a  journey,  they  have  nothing  to 
fimilar  wants,  pall  evils  are  forgotten."  repufe  on  but  a  mat  fufpendeJ  from  two  flicks,  and 

Such  was  the  charader  given  of  this  formidable  placed  in  an  inclined  pofition.  They  often  even  fleep 
people  to  M.  Vaillantat  his  lirll  interview  with  them  ;  on  the  bare  ground.  A  prpjedting  rock  is  then  fut". 
and  during  the  long  excurfions  whicli  he  made  in  their  ficicnt  to  fhelter  them  ;  for  every  thing  is  fiiited  to  a 
company  they  did  not  belie  it  in  a  (ingle  inllance.  In  people  whofe  conftitutions  are  proof  againd  the  fevered 
many  refpdfls  they  appeared  to  reiemble  the  Arabs,  fatigue.  If  however  tliey  Hop  anywhere  to  fojourn 
who,  being  aho  wanderers,  and  like  them  brave  and  for  a  while,  and  find  materials  proper  for  conftruiflin'* 
addiifled  to  rapine,  adhere  with  unalterable  fidelity  to  huts,  they  then  form  a  kraal  ;  but  they  abandon  it  on 
their  engagements,  and  defend,  even  to  the  lall  drop  of  their  departure,  as  is  the  cafe  with  all  llic  huts  whi.h 
their  blood,  the  traveller  who    civilly    purchafes  their    they  ereiff. 

fervices,  and  puts  himfelf  under  their  protection.  In  This  cudom  of  labouring  for  others  of  tlieir  tribe 
our  author's  opinion,  if  it  be  at  all  praflicable  to  tra-  announces  a  focial  chara^ler  and  a  benevolent  dlfpoli- 
verle  from  fouth  to  lu.rth  the  whole  of  Africa,  it  could  lion.  They  are  indeed  not  only  affeclionate  hufbands 
only  be  undtr  the  condu>5l  of  the  Houzouanas  ;  and  he  and  good  fathers,  but  cicellent  companions.  When 
really  thinks  that  fifty  men  of  their  temperate,  brave,  they  inhabit  a  kraal,  there  is  no  fuch  thing  among  iliem 
and  indefatigable  nation,  would  be  fufhcicnt  to  protc«.^  as  private  propcity  ;  whatever  il>ey  polfels  is  In  corn- 
won. 


II    o    u 


C    1S4   j 


a   u   D 


rnon.  It"  tv.-o  hordes  of  ihc  fame  lutlon  meet,  the  re- 
ccpt!<m  is  en  bo:Ii  lides  f'tie;idly  ;  tliey  allonl  eadi  o- 
ther  mutual  protciflion,  and  confer  reciprocal  obliga- 
tions. In  Ihort,  they  trcac  one  another  as  brethren, 
tliouj;h  perhaps  they  are  perfect  Ibangers,  a;iU  have 
never  fisn  each  other  liefore. 

Acfiive  and  nimble  by  nature,  the  Houzouanas  cor- 
fidcr  it  as  amuieinent  to  climb  mountains,  and  the  moil 
elevated  peaks  ;  and  tbcy  conduced  M.  Vaillant,  his 
fervants  and  ca'.lle,  over  precipice?,  and  througli  defiles, 
which  he  and  his  Hottentots  would  have  deemed  ablb- 
lutily  impad'ible.  The  only  arms  of  this  people  arc 
bows  and  ariows,  in  the  ufe  of  which  they  are  very  ex- 
pert. The  ariowp,  wliich  are  iinccmmnnly  Ihort,  are 
carried  on  the  llioulder  in  a  quiver,  about  eighteen  inch- 
es in  length,  and  four  in  diameter,  made  of  the  bark 
of  the  ahe,  and  covered  with  the  ikin  of  a  large  fpecies 
of  lizard,  which  tbefe  wanderers  find  in  all  iheir  rivers 
pai  ticulai  ly  on  the  banks  of  Orange  and  Fidi  River. 

Ihift'jinal  fires  are  a  peculiar  language  underllood 
and  employed  by  aimed  all  favage  nations.  None, 
however,  have  carried  lliis  art  fo  far  as  the  Houzoua- 
nas, becaufe  none  have  fo  much  need  of  underftanding 
and  bringing  it  to  perfedion.  If  it  be  neceflary  to 
announce  a  defeat  or  a  vi>flory,  an  arrival  or  departure, 
a  fucceisful  plundering  expedition,  or  the  want  of  alfift- 
ance,  in  a  word,  any  intelligence  whatever,  they  are 
able,  either  by  the  nuWiber  of  tlieir  fires  or  the  manner 
in  which  they  arrange  them,  to  make  it  known  in  an 
inftant.  They  are  even  fo  fagacious  as  to  vary  their 
tires  from  time  to  time,  lell  their  enemies  Ihould  be- 
come acquainted  with  their  fignals,  and  treacherouily 
employ  them  in  their  turn  to  furprile  them. 

Our  author  fays  that  he  is  unacquainted  with  the 
principles  of  tliefe  fignals,  invented  with  fo  much  inge- 
nuity. He  did  not  requell  information ;  becaufe  he 
very  rationally  interred  that  his  reqiiell  would  not  have 
iieen  granted  ;  but  he  obferved,  that  three  fires  kindled 
at  the  diftance  of  twenty  paces  from  each  otlier,  fo  as 
to  form  an  equilateral  triangle,  were  the  fignal  for  ral- 
lying. 

Among  the  phyfical  qualities,  which,  in  M.  Vail- 
lant's  opinion,  prove  that  the  Houzouanas  are  a  di- 
ftinifl  nation,  he  mentions  the  enormous  natural  rump 
of  the  women,  as  a  deformity  which  dillinguilhes  them 
from  every  other  people,  fivage  or  polilhed,  which 
he  had  ever  known.  "  I  have  ieveral  times  (fays  he) 
had  occalion  to  remark,  that,  among  the  lemale  Hot- 
tentots in  general,  as  they  advance  in  age,  the  interior 
part  of  the  back  fwells  cut,  and  acquires  a  fize  which 
greatly  exceeds  the  proportion  it  bore  i:i  infancy  with 
the  other  parts  of  the  body.  The  Houzouana  women, 
having  in  their  figure  fome  refeml)lance  to  the  Hotten. 
tots,  and  appearing,  therefore,  to  be  of  the  fame  race, 
one  might  be  induced  to  believe  that  their  projeftion 
behind  is  only  the  Hottentot  rump  more  fwelled  and 
extended.  I  obferved,  however,  that  among  the  form- 
er this  fingularity  was  an  excrefcence  of  flow  growth, 
and  in  fome  meafure  an  infirmity  of  old  age  ;  whereas 
among  the  latter  it  is  a  natural  deformity,  an  original 
charafteriftic  of  their  race.  The  Houzouana  mothers 
wear  on  their  reins,  like  our  miners,  a  fkin  which  co- 
vers this  protuberance  of  the  pofteriors  ;  but  which, 
being  thin  and  pliable,  yields  to  the  quivering  of  the 
flefh,  and  becomes  agitated  in  the  fame  manner.    When 


Hudfon'a 


on  a  joutney,  or  whin  they  have  children  too  yo'jing  to  Howland's 
fi  llov/   tliem,  iht-f  place   them  upon  their  rump.      I 
faw   one  of  lliefe   womea  run  in   this  manner  witli  a  , 
child,  about  three  years  of  age,  that  Hood  ereft  on  its 
iVct  at  lier  back,  like  a  foot  boy  behind  a  carriage." 

If  one  half  ot  what  our  traveller  f.iys  of  the  adivity 
and  enterprilwig  fpirit  of  this  lingular  people  he  true, 
migi'.t  not  the  African  Affociatlon,  now  that  the  Cape 
is  a  Uritilli  province,  fend  a  feecnd  Houghton,  or  fs- 
cond  Park,  to  make  difcoveries  in  that  une.vplored 
country,  under  the  proteflion  of  the  Houzouanas  i 
We  do  not  indeed  think  that  it  would  be  polfible  to  tra- 
verfc  the  whole  extent  of  Africa  from  fouth  to  north, 
but  Vaillant  penetrated  farther  in  that  dirciflion  than 
any  one  had  done  before  him  ;  and  it  appears,  that 
with  his  intiepid  Houzouanas  he  might  have  penetra- 
ted mucli  farther. 

HOWLAND'S  Ferry,  i?  the  narrow  part  of  the 
waters  that  feparate  Rhode-Illand  from  the  main  land. 
It  is  about  a  quarter  ot  a  mile  wide.  The  bridge  built 
acrofs  this  Itrait  coil  3d,ooo  dollars,  and  was  carried 
away  by  a  llorm  in  January,  1 796.  It  is  rebuilt. 
—Mors.'. 

HUBBARDSTON,  a  townfhipin  Worcefler  coun- 
ty, Mali'achufetts,  and  formed  the  N.  E.  quarter  of 
Rutland,  until  incorporated  in  1767.  It  borders  on 
the  weftern  part  of  Wachufet  Hill,  and  contains  933 
inhabitants.  It  is  20  miles  N.  Vv'.  of  Worceller,  and 
60  \V.  of  Bollon.— /<5. 

HUDSON'S  BAY  took  its  name  from  Henry 
Hudi'on,  who  difcovered  it  in  1610.  It  lies  between 
^^  and  65  degrees  of  north  latitude.  The  eaflern 
boundary  of  the  bay  is  Terra  de  Labrador;  the  northern 
part  has  a  ftraighc  coafl,  facing  the  bay,  guarded  witii 
a  line  of  ifles  innumerable.  A  vad  bay,  called  the 
Archiwinnipy  Sea,  lies  witiiin  it,  and  opens  into  Hud- 
inn's  Bay,  by  means  of  Gulf  Hazard,  through  which 
the  Beluga  whales  pafs  in  great  numbers.  The  en- 
trance of  the  bay,  iVom  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  after 
leaving,  to  the  north.  Cape  Farewell  and  Davis's 
Straits,  is  between  Reiblution  Ifles  on  the  north,  and 
Button's  Ifles,  on  the  Labrador  coaft,  to  the  fouth, 
forming  the  eaftern  extremity  of  Hudfon's  Straits. 
The  coafts  are  very  high,  rocky  and  rugged  at  top  ; 
in  ibme  places  precipitous,  but  ibmetimc'.  exhibit  ex- 
tenfive  beaches.  The  iilands  of  Sallfbury,  Notting- 
ham, and  Digges  are  very  lofty  and  naked.  The 
depth  of  water  in  the  middle  of  the  bay  is  140  fathoms. 
From  Cape  Churchill  to  the  fouth  end  of  tiie  bay,  arc 
regular  foundings;  near  the  fliore,  fhallow,  with  mud- 
dy or  fandy  bottom.  To  the  northward  of  Churchill, 
the  loundings  are  irregular,  the  bnttom  rocky,  and  in 
fome  parts  the  rocks  appear  above  the  furl'ace  at  low 
water.  Hudfon's  Bay  is  reckoned  about  300  leagues 
wide,  from  north  to  fouth.  Its  breadth  is  unequal, 
being  about  1 30  leagues  where  broadel^  :  but  it  grows 
narrower  at  both  extremities,  being  not  much  above 
35  leagues  in  fome  places.  The  conmierce  in  the 
countries  adjacent  to  this  inland  fea  is  in  the  hands  of 
an  exclufive  Britiih  Company  of  its  name,  who  employ 
only  4  fhips,  and  130  feamen.  The  forts,  Prince  of 
Wales,  Churchill  river,  Nelfon,  New  Severn,  and  Al- 
bany, are  garrifoned  by  186  men.  The  French,  in 
1782,  took  and  deftroyed  thele  fettlements.  See.  faid 
to  amount  to  the  value  of  ;^'joo,ooo  fterling.     The 

Company's 


HUD 


C     i§5     ] 


H     U     D 


Huufon't.  Company's  experts  are  to  the  amount  of  ^16,000, 
^'■^"'''^^^  moftly  the  drugs  of  the  market,  which  produce  re- 
turns, chiefly  in  beaver  fliins  and  rich  furs,  to  the  va- 
lue of  /"29,00c;  yielding  government  a  clear  revenue 
of  ;^3,734.  This  includes  the  filhery  in  Hudfoii's 
Bay.  The  fkins  and  furs  procured  by  this  trade,  when 
manufaflured,  afford  articles  for  trading  with  many 
nations  of  Europe,  to  great  advantage. — ii. 

Hudson's  Strait,  <ir  Frol/ijler's  Mijlaken  Strait, 
which  leads  into  Hudfon's  Bay,  in  a  weilerly  courfe  is 
76  njiles  wide,  between  Cape  Cl.idley  and  the  S.  point 
of  Refolution  Iflaad. — ib. 

Hudson's  House,  one  of  the  Hudfon's  Bay  Com- 
pany's factories  in  N.  America,  lies  on  the  S.  W.  fide 
of  Sufliafhawan  river,  100  miles  eafl  of  Mancheller 
Houfe,  and  167  S.  E.  by  E.  of  Buckingham  Houfe. 
N.  lat.  53^  o'   32",  W.  long.    ic6-'    27'   20''. — ib. 

Hudson's  River  palfes  its  whole  courfe  in  the  State 
of  New-York,  and  is  one  of  the  largell  and  fined  rivers 
in  the  United  States.  It  rifes  in  a  mountainous  coun- 
try, between  the  lakes  Ontario  and  Champlain.  In  its 
courfe  foutheafterly  it  approaches  within  6  or  8  miles 
of  lake  George  ;  tlien,  alter  a  Ihort  courfe  E.  turns 
foutherly,  and  receives  the  Sacondaga  from  the  S  W. 
which  heads  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Mohawk  river. 
The  courfe  of  the  river  iher.ce  to  New- York,  where  it 
empties  into  York  Bay,  is  very  uniformly  S.  12°  or 
15°  ^V^  Its  whole  length  is  about  250  miles.  From 
Albany  to  lake  George  is  65  miles.  This  diftance,  the 
river  is  navigable  only  tcr  batteaux,  and  has  two  port- 
ages, occafioned  by  falls,  of  halt  a  mile  each.  The 
banks  of  Hudfon's  river,  efpecially  en  the  wefteni  fide, 
as  far  as  the  highlands  e.\tend,  are  chiefly  rocky  cliifs, 
The  palfage  through  the  highlands,  which  is  16  or  18 
miles,  affords  a  wild  romantic  fcene.  In  this  narrow 
pafs,  on  each  fide  of  which  the  mountains  tower  to  a 
great  height,  the  wind,  if  there  be  any,  is  coUcfled 
and  comprefled,  and  blows  continually  as  through  a 
bellows  ;  vedels,  in  paifing  through  it  are  often  obliged 
to  lower  their  fails.  The  bed  of  this  river,  which  is 
deep  and  fmooth  to  an  allonilhing  dillance,  ihrougb  a 
hilly,  rocky  country,  and  even  through  ridges  of  lome 
of  the  highell  mountains  in  the  United  States,  mull 
undoubtedly  have  been  produced  by  fome  mighty 
convulfion  in  nature.  The  tide  flows  a  icw  miles 
above  Albany,  which  is  160  miles  from  New-York. 
It  is  navigable  for  floops  of  80  tons  to  Albany,  and 
for  fhips  to  Hudfon.  Ship  navigation  to  Albany  is  in- 
terrupted by  a  number  of  illands,  and  Qioals  6  or  8 
miles  below  the  city,  called  the  Over/laugh.  It  has 
been  in  contemplation  to  confine  the  river  to  one  chan- 
nel, by  which  means  It  will  be  deepened,  and  the  dif- 
ficulty of  approscliing  Albany  with  velfels  of  a  larger 
fize,  be  removed.  About  60  miles  above  New- York 
the  water  becomes  frelli.  The  river  is  ftored  with  a 
variety  of  fifli,  which  renders  a  fummer  palfage  to  Al- 
bany, delightful  and  amufing  to  thole  who  are  fond 
of  angling.  The  advantages  of  this  liver  for  carrying 
on  the  fur  trade  with  Canada,  by  means  of  the  lakes, 
are  very  great.  Its  conveniencies  tor  internal  com- 
merce are  Angularly  happy.  The  produce  of  the  re- 
motell  farms  is  cali'y  :a)d  fpeedily  conveyed  to  a  cer- 
tain and  profitable  market,  and  at  the  lowcft  expenf«. 
In  this  rcfpcifl,  New-Yiiik  li.is  greatly  the  advantage 
of  PfiilaJelpliia.     A  great  proportiin  of  the  prcduce 

SurPL.  Vol.  II. 


of  Pennfylvania,Is  carried  to  market  in  waggons,  over  HuJfo.. 
a  great  extent  (  f  country,  fome  cf  which  is  rough  ;  ^■^'^''^^ 
hence  it  is  that  Philadelphia  is  crowded  with  waggons, 
carts,  horfcs  and  their  drivers,  to  do  the  fame  bufincfs 
that  is  done  in  New-Yoik,  wl-.ere  all  the  produce  of 
the  country  is  brought  to  market  by  water,  with  much 
lefs  Ihew  and  parade.  But  Philadelphia  has  other  ad- 
vantages, to  compenf.ite  for  this  natural  defcfl.  The 
increaling  population  of  the  fertile  lands  upon  the 
northern  branches  of  tlie  Hudfon,  mull  annually  in- 
creafe  the  amazing  wealth  that  is  conveyed  by  its  wa- 
ters to  New-York.  The  northern  and  wellern  canals, 
when  completed,  will  be  of  incalculable  advantage  to 
the  trade  of  this   State. — ib. 

Hudson's  River,  a  broad  but  fliort  river  emptying 
into  Chefapeak  Bay,  in  Dorchefter  county,  Maryland. 
Hill's  Point,  N.  E.  of  it,  fhapes  the  broad  mouth  of 
the  river. — ib. 

Hudson  City,  a  port  of  entry  and  pod  town  fitu- 
ated  in  Columbia  county.  New- York,  on  the  eail  fide 
of  Hudfon's  river,  30  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Albany,  and 
132  north  of  New-York  city.  The  limits  of  the  cor- 
poration include  a  fquarc  mile,  and  its  privileges  as  3 
pert  of  entry  extend  no  farther.  In  ihe  autumn  of 
1783,  Melfrs.  Selh  and  Thomas  Jjr.kinF,  from  Provi. 
dencc,  in  the  State  of  Rhode-Illand,  fixed  on  the  unfet- 
tled  fpot,  whereon  this  city  (lands,  for  a  town,  to  which 
the  city  is  navigable  lor  velfels  ol  any  fiz.c.  Tlie  city  is 
laid  out  into  large  fquares,  bordering  en  the  river, 
and  divided  into  30  lots.  Other  adventurers  were  admit- 
ted to  proportions,  and  the  town  was  laid  out  in 
fquares,  formed  by  fpacious  ftreets,  crolling  each  other 
at  right  angles.  Each  fquare  contains  30  lots,  two 
deep,  divided  by  a  20  feet  alley.  Each  let  is  50  feet 
in  front  and  i  20  feet  in  depth.  In  the  fpring  ot  1 784, 
I'everal  houfes  and  llores  were  ercifled.  The  increafe 
cf  the  town  from  this  pcii.'d  to  the  fpring  of  1786, 
two  years  only,  was  allonilhingly  rapid,  and  refleds 
great  honour  upon  the  entcri'rifuig  and  perlevering  fpi- 
rit  of  the  original  founders.  In  the  fpace  of  time  jull 
mentioned  no  lefs  than  150  dwelling- houfes,  befidcs 
fhops,  barns,  and  other  buildings,  four  ware-houfcs, 
feveral  wharves,  fpermaeeti  work?,  a  covered  rope- 
walk,  and  one  of  tlie  bell  dilliUeries  in  America,  were 
crefted,  and  1,500  fouls  collcifled  on  a  fpot,  wliich 
three  years  before,  was  improved  as  a  farm,  and  but 
two  years  before  began  to  be  built.  Its  increafe  lince 
has  been  very  rapid  ;  a  priniing-ofiice  has  been  e(lab> 
lilhed,  and  feveral  public  buildings  have  been  ercflej, 
befides  dwelling  houfe?,  (lores,  Sec.  The  inhabitants 
arc  plentilully  and  conveniently  lupplied  witli  water, 
brought  to  their  cellars  in  wooden  pipes,  from  a  lprin;.j 
two  miles  from  the  town.  It  has  a  large  bay  10  the 
fouthward,  and  llands  on  .'.n  eminence  from  wJixh  are 
extenlive  and  delightful  views  to  the  N.  W.  N.  and 
round  that  way  to  the  S.  E.  confiding  of  hills  and 
vallies,  variegated  with  woods  and  orchards,  corn- 
fields and  meadows,  with  the  river,  which  is  in  moil 
places  a  mile  over,  and  may  lie  feen  a  confiderable 
dillance  to  the  northward,  forming  a  number  cf  bays 
and  creeks.  From  the  S.  F-.  to  the  S.  VV.  the  city- 
is  fcicencd  with  bills,  at  difl'crent  diftaiiccs,  and  wett 
afar  off  over  the  river  and  a  large  valiey,  the  prolpeft 
is  bounded  by  a  chain  ot  lliipendous  mcnaiains,  calleJ 
the  Katts  Kill,  running  to  the  W.  N.  \V.  wiiicli  add 
A  a  ma^n'ticcncc 


Hugh;-- 
burg, 


li     U     M  C     iS6     ]  H     U     N 

nu-'Tiiiicencc  and  fablimity  to  the  whole  fceiie.     Up-  churcii  and  about  yo  houfes ;  fituated  on  the  fouth  fide  HuDg-ry. 

wards  of  I  200  lliiglii  entered  the  city  daily,  for  fevcnil  of  Swetara  creclc,  6  miles  north  of  MIddletown,  lo  E.  ^'^^'''^^^ 

days  togethsr,  in   February,   1786,  loaded  vilh  grain  by  N.  of  Harrifhiirg,  :ind  ico  wcQ-north-well  of  Plii- 

of  various  kind?,  boards  Ihinj^ks,  (laves,  hoops,  iron  ladtlphia. — i//. 
■  ware,  Hone  for  building,  lire-wood,  and  fundry  articles  HUNGARY-Water,    is    fpirit  of    wine  diftiUed 

of  provifion  for   the   m.irket,  iVoiii   which   fome  idea  upon  rofcraary,  and   which   thertfore  contains  its  oily 


may  be  ibrmed  of  the  advantai^e  of  its  fituation,  witli  and  ftroiij^  fccnted  edencc  (fee  Pharmacy,  n'^  365,  Eti- 

refpeiTt  to  the  cou:,try  adj,icent,' which  is  every  way  ex-  cyclj.     To  be  really  good,  fays  Profeffor  Beckniann, 

ttnfive  and  fertile,  particularly  wellward.    The  original  the  fpirit  of  wine  oii);bt  to  be  very  llrong,  and  the  rofe- 

proprietors  of  Hudfon,  offered  to   purchafe  a  traift  of  mary  frelh  ;  and  if  that  be  the  cafe,  the  leaves  are  as 

land  adjoining   the   fouth  pan  of  the  city  of  Albany,  proper  as  the  flowers,  wliich,  accordin.^  to  the  prefcrip- 

and    were   conftrained,  by  a  refufal  of  the  propofition,  tion  of  lome,  (hould  only  be  taken.      It  is  likewife  ne- 

to  become   competitors  for  the  conimcrce  of  the  nor-  celfary  that  the  fpirit  of  wine  be  diftillcd  feveral  times 

thern  country,  when  otherwife  they  v.-ould  have  added  upon  the  rofemary  ;  but  that  procefs  is  too  troublefonie 

ereat  wealth  and  confequence  to  Albany.     There  is  a  and  e.ipenfive  to  admit  of  iliis  water  being  difpofed  of 

bank   here,  called    Bank   of  Columbia,  whofe  capital  at  the  low  price  it  is  ufiially  fold  for  ;  and  it  is  certain, 

jnay   not  exceed    i6o,oco  dollars.     It  is  compofed  of  that  the  greater  part  of  it  is  nothing  elfe  than  common 

Acc  Ihares,  at  400  dollars  each.     Hudfon   city  is  go-  brandy,  united  witii  the  eflence  of  rofemary  in  the  fim- 

verned  by  a  mayor,  recorder,  4  aldermen,  4  iiffiflants,  pled  manner.     In  general,  it  is  only  mixed  with  a  few 

and  a  number  of  other  officers.    The  number  of  inlia-  drops  of  the  oil.     For  a  long  time  pad,  this  article  has 

hitants    in   Hud/on    TownJl?ip,  by  the  cenfus  of    1790,  been  brought  to  us  principally  from  France,  where  it  is 

amounted  to  2,1:84,  including   193  (laves;   and  it  ap-  prepared,  particularly  at  lieaucilic,   Montpellier,  and 

pears    by  the   State  cenfus  oY  1796    that   338   of  the  other  places  in  Languedoc,  in  which  that  plant  grows 

inhabitants    are   eleiiors.     Hudf  m  city  is  4  miles   S.  in  great  abundance. 

W.  of    Claverack  ;   47  north  of  Poughkeepfie  ;    and  The  name  Hungary  water  feems  to  fignify,  that  this 

43  fouth  of  Lanlinburcr. ib.  water,  fo  celebrated  for  its  medicinal  virtues  is  an  Hun- 

HUGHESBURG,     a   town     in    Northumberland  gaiian  invention  ;  and  we  read  in  many  books,  that  the 

county,  Pcnnfylvania,  called  aUb  Cataiocffj,  being  litu-  receipt  for  preparing  it  was  given  to  a  queen  of  Hun- 

ated  at  tiie  mouth  of  Catawelfy  creek,   25  miles  N.  E.  gary  by  a  hermit ;  or,  as  otliers  fay,  by  an  angel,  who 

of  Sunbury.     It  contains  about  60   handfome  houfes,  appeared  to  her  in  a  garden,  all  entrance  to  which  was 

and  a  meeting  houfe  for  Friends.     It  is  144  miles  N.  (hut,  in  the  form  of  a  hermit  or  a  youth.     Some  call 

W.  of  Philadelphia.     N.  lat.  40"  54'. — ib.  the  queen  St  Ifabella  ;  but  thofe  who  pretend  to  be  belt 

HULL,  an  inconfiderable  town  in   Suffolk  county,  acquainted  with  tlie  circumflanre  affirm,  that  Elizabeth, 

on  the  foilth   fide  of  Boflon   harbour,  MaiTachufetts,  wife  of  Charles  Robert  king  of  Hungary,  and  daugh- 

containing    120  inhabitants.     On  the  (ort  on  the   ead  ter  of  Uladiflaus  II.  king  of  Poland,  who  died  in  1380 

hill  there  is  a  well  funk  90  feet,  which  commonly  has  or  i  381,  was  the  inventrefs.    By  often  wafhlng  with  this 


Hljl.  >fln. 

ventiont. 


80  odd  feet  of  water. — ii. 


fpirit  of  rofemary,  wlien  in  the  70th  year  of  her  ac 


HUMAS,  nn  Indian  village  on  the  eafl  fide  of  Mif-    (he  was  cured,  as  we  are  told,  of  the  gout  and  an  uni 


fiflippi  river  in  Louifiana,  60  miles  above  New  Orleans 
The  Humas  were  formerly  a  conliderable  nation,  but 
about  1770  were  reduced  to  about  25  warriors.  The 
Alabamas,  whofe  villages  are  near  thofe  of  the  Hu- 
mas,   had,  at  the   above   period,  about   30   warriors. 


verfal  lamenefs  ;  fo  that  flie  not  only  lived  to  pais  80, 
but  became  fo  lively  and  beautiful,  that  (he  was  courted 
by  the  king  of  Poland,  who  was  then  a  widower,  and 
who  wi(hed  to  make  her  his  fecond  wife. 

The  Pro('e(for  jullly  confiders  this  ftory  as  a  ridicu- 


and  followed   the   French  here   when  they   abandoned  lous  fable  (a).     "  It  appears  to  me  (fays  he)  mofl  pro- 

the  poll  on  Alabama  river  in  1762.     The  Chetimachas  bable,  that  the  French  name  l',-aii  de  la  rtine  d'  Hon^rie, 

have  about  27  warriors. ib.  ^^^^  chofen  by  thofe  who,  in  latter  times,  prepared  fpi- 

HUMMEL'S  TOWN,  a  thriving  town  in  Dauphine  rit  of  rofemary  for  file,  in  order  to  give  greater  confe- 

county,  Pennfylvania,  containing  a  German  Lutheran  quence  and  credit  to  their  commodity  ;  as  various  me- 


dicines 


(a)  It  was  firfl  publifhed  to  the  world  in  1659  in  a  pofthumous  work  of  John  Prevot,  who  fays  that  in  the 
beginning  of  a  very  old  breviary,  he  (aw  a  remedy  for  the  gout,  written  by  the  queen's  own  hand,  in  the  fol- 

lowing  words :  ,    ,     •  l    l  •      1  ■  r 

«<  1  Elizabeth,  queen  of  Hungary,  being  very  infirm  and  much  troubled  with  the  gout  in  the  yzd  year  of  my 
age,  ufed  for  a  year  this  receipt,  given  to  me  by  an  ancient  hermit,  whom  I  never  iaw  before  nor  fince  ;  and  was 
not 'only  cured,  but  recovered  my  ftrength,  and  appeared  to  all  fo  remarkably  beautiful,  that  ihe  king  of  Poland 
afsed  me  in  marriage,  he  being  a  widower  and  I  a  widow.  I,  however,  refufed  him  for  the  love  of  my  Lord 
Jefus  Chrlif ,  from  one  of  whofe  angels,  I  believe,  I  received  the  remedy.     The  receipt  is  as  follows  : 

"  R.  Take  of  aqua  vits,  four  times  diftllled,  three  p;irts,  and  of  the  tops  and  flowers  of  rofemary  two  parts  : 

piit  thefe  together  in  a  clofe  veffel,  let  them  (land  in  a  gentle  heat  50  hours,  and  then  diftil  them.      Take 

one  dram  of  this  in  the  morning  once   every  week,  either  in  your  food  or  drink,  and  let  your  face  and 

the  difeafed  limb  be  wafhed  with  it  every  morning. 

"  It  renovates  the  (Irength,  brightens  the  fpirits,  purifies  the  marrow  and  nerves-,  rellores  and  prelerves  the 

flght,  and  prolongs  life."     Thus  far  from  the  Breviary.      Then  follows  a  confirmation  which  Prevot  gives 

I'lom  his  own  experience. 


Hunger- 
ford,  • 

1 
Hunter. 


H     U     N  [     1S7     ]  HUN 

dicines,  fome  years  ago,  \rjra  esttlled  in  the  gazettes        In  ilie  winter    175;,  Dr  Hunter  admitted   Iiim  to  Huntrr. 
under  t!ie  title  of  Pompadour,  though  the  celebrated     a  partnerlhip  in  his   lefluies,  and  ;i  certain  portion  oi"  *^^  "" 
lady,  from  whofe  name  they  derived  their  impoitance,    the  courle  was  allotted  to  him  ;  befides  whicli,  he  gave 
certainly  neither  ever  f.ivv  ili;m  nor  ufed  them."  IciSures  when  the  Dud>Or  was  called  away  to  at'.end  liis 

'     ■     "       '"  patients.     Making  anatomical  preparations  wa?  nt  iJiis 

tinje  a  new  ait,  and  very  little  known  ;  every  prepara- 
tion,  therefore,  that  was  llcilfuUy  made,  became  an  ob- 
jea  of  admir.ition  ;  many  were  wanting  for  the  ufe  of 
the  ledures;  and  the  Dodor  being  himfeU  an  eathi;- 


liUNGERFORD,  a  townlhip  in  Franklin  county, 
Vermont,  containing  40  inliabitants,  7  miles  fouth  of  the 
Canada  line  and  14  eaft  of  Lake  Champlain. — Lhrje. 

HUNGER  CREEK,  a  llream  which  carries  the 
various  water  machinery,  in  the  new  and  thrivint;  ma- 


iiufafturing  town  of  Hamilton,  between  Albany   and  fiafl  for  the  art,  left  no  means  untried  to  infufe  iiit«>  Iiis 

Schenecflady,  New- York. — ib.  brother  a  love  (or  his  favourite  purfuits.       How  well 

HUNTER  (John),  the  celebrated  furgeon,  was  the  he  fucceeded,  the  crOledlion  afterwards  made  \rj  Mr 

youngcfl   child   of  John   Hunter  of   Kilbride,  in   the  Hunter  will  fufhcienlly  evince. 

county  of  Lanark.     He  was  born  on  the  I4lh  of  July  Anatomy  feems  to  have   been  a  purfuit  for  which 

1728,  at  Long  Calderwood,  a  fmall  eftate  belonging  Mr  Himter's  mind  was  peculi^irly  fitted,  and  heapplied 

to  the  family  ;  and  loling  his  father  when  he  was  about  to  it  with  an  ardour  and  pcrfeverance  of  which  there  i» 

ten  years  of  age,  he  was,  perhaps,  too  much  indulged  hardly  any  example.     His  labours  were  fo  ufeful  to  his 

by  his  mother.     One  confequence  of  this  was,  that  at  brother's  colle(flion,  and  lo  gratifying  to  his  difpofilion, 

the  grammar-fchool  he  made  no  progrefs  in  learning  ;  that  although  in  many  other  refj^fls  they  did  not  agree, 

and  he  may  be  faid  to  have  been  almoft  totally  illiterate  this  fimple  tie  kept  them  together  for  many  years, 

when,  in  September  1748,  he  arrived  rn  London.     His  Mr  Hunter  worked  for  ten  years  on  human  anato- 

brother,  Dr  William  Hunter,   of  whom  an  account  is  my,  during  which   period  he  matle  hinifelf  mallet-  of 

given  in  the  F.ncyclopsdia,  was  then  the  moft  celebrated  what  was  already  known,  a;  well  as  made  f-rae  addi- 

teacher  of  anatomy,  and  John  had  exprelTed  a  defire  to  tion  to  that  knowledge.      He  traced  the  ramifications 

atlKl  him  in  liis  refcarches.    The  Doflor,  who  was  very  of  the  olfadlory  nerves  upon  the  membranes  of  the  nofe, 

defirous  to   fcrve  him,  and  anxious  to  form  fome  opi-  and  difcovered  the  courfc  of  fome  of  the  branches  i  f 

nion   of  his  talents  for  anatomy,  gave  him  an  arm  to  the  fitlh  pair  of  nerves.     In  the  gravid  uterus,  he  tra- 

diffeft   for   the   niufcles,  with   the  necellary  direiftions  ced  the  arteries  of  the  uterus   to   their  termination  in 

how  it  was  to  be  done  ;  and  he  found  the  performance  the  placenta.     He  was  alfo  the  firft  who  difcovered  the 

fuch  as  greatly  exceeded  his  expedition.  exiftence  of  the  lympjiatic  veliels  in  birds. 

His   firft  elFay  in  anatomy  having  thus  gained  him  Many  parts  nt   the  human  body  being  fo  complex, 


fome  credit,  Mr  Hunter  was  now  employed  in  a  direc- 
tion of  a  more  difllcult  nature  ;  this  was  an  arm  in 
which  all  the  arteries  were  injedled,  and  thefe,  as  well 
as  the  mufcles,  were  to  be  expofed  and  prelerved.  The 
manner  in  which  this  was  performed,  gave  Dr  Hunter 


that  their  ftruifture  could  not  be  nndevrtond,  nor  their 
ufes  afcertained,  Mr  Hurler  was  led  10 examine  limilar 
parts  in  other  animal?,  in  which  the  (Iruauie  was  more 
fimple,  and  more  v.ithin  the  reach  of  invelligation  ;  this 
carried  him  into  a  wide  field,  and  laid  the  f(.undalioit 


fo  much  fatisfaflion,  that  he  did  not  fcruple  to  fay,  of  his  colleflion  in  comparative  anatomy, 
that  his  brother  would  become  a  good  anatomlfl,  and  In  this  new  line  of  purfuit,  this  adive  inquirer  be- 
that  he  fhould  not  want  for  employment.  From  this  gan  with  the  more  common  animals,  and  pieferved  fuch 
period  we  may  conlider  Mr  Hunter  as  having  ferioufly  parts  as  appeared  l)y  their  analogy,  or  in  fume  other 
engaged  in  anatomy  ;  and  under  the  inllruflions  cf  Dr  way,  to  elucidate  the  human  economy.  It  was  not  liis 
Hunter,  and  his  affiftant  Mr  Symonds,  he  had  every  intention  to  make  dillei^ions  ot  particular  animal-,  but 
opportunity  of  improvement,  as  all  the  difleflions  at  to  inftitute  an  inquiry  into  the  various  organisations  by 
this  time  carried  on  in  London  were  confined  to  that  which  the  fun^ions  of  life  arc  performed,  that  he  might 
fchool.  thereby  acquire   fome   knowledge  of    general    princi- 

In  the  fummer  1 749,  Mr  Chefelden,  at  the  reqiieft  of  pies. 
Dr  Hunter,  permitted  him  to  attend  at  Chclfea  Hofpi-         So  eagerly  did  Mr  Hunter  attach  himfelf  to  com- 

tal;   and  he  there  karncd  the  firft  rudiments  of  furgery.  parative  anatomy,  that  he  I'ought  by  every  means  in  his 

The  following  winter  he  was  fo  far  advanced  in  the  power  the  oppnitmiiiies  d  prc'fecuting  it  witli  advan- 

knowledge  (/f  human  anatomy,  as  to  inllruft  the  pupils  tage.     He  applied  to  the  keeper  of  wild  bealls  in  the 

in  diir.(ftitn,  to  whom  Dr  Hunter  had  very  little  time  Tower  for  the  bodies  nf  iliofe  which  died  there  ;  and 

to  pay  attention.     This  odice,  theretore,  fell  almoft  en-  he  made  fimilar  applications  to  the  men  who  llioweJ 


tirely  upon  him,  and  was  his  conftant  employment  du- 
ring the  winter  f-^afon. 

In  the  fummer  months  of  1750,  Mr  Hunter  attend- 
ed the  hofpital  a:  Chclfea  ;  in  1751,  he  became  a  pu- 
pil at  St  Bartholomew's,  and  in  the  winter  was  prefcnt 
at  operations  occafioii.-»lly,  whenever  any  thing  extraor- 


wild  hearts.  He  purchafed  all  rare  animals  which  came 
in  his  way  ;  and  thefe,  with  fuch  ethers  as  were  prc- 
fcnted  to  him  bv  his  friends,  he  ciniullcd  to  the  (how- 
men  to  keep  till  tliey  died,  the  better  to  encourage 
them  to  affilt  him  in  his  la'>ours. 

His  health  w:j.s  fo  much  imp.iired  by  cxcelfivc  atten- 


dinary  occurred.      The  following  fummer  he  went  to  tion  to  his  purfuit<,  that  in  the  ye,u  1760  he  «as  ad- 

Scotl.ind  ;  and   in    1753  entered,  it  is  diflicult  to  con-  vifed  to  go  abroad,  hiving  compUint'.  in  his  bread, 

ceive  lor  what  reafon,  as  a  gentleman  commoner  at  St  which  threatened  to  be   conliimplive.      In   Oi^bber  ot 

Mary  hall,  Oxford.       In   1754  he  became  a  furgeon's  'hat  year,  Mr  Adair,  infpev'loi-general  of  hoipitaU,  ap- 

pupil  at  St  George's  hofpital,  where  he  continued  dn-  pointed  him  n  furgccn  en  the  llalF;  and  in  the  follow- 

ring  the  fummer  months  ;  and  in  1756  was  appointed  ing  fpring  he  went  with  the  army  to  IJellille,  leaving 

houfefurgeon.  Mr  Hewlbn  to  alhil  his  brother  during  his  abfence.    ■ 

A  a   2  Mr 


II     U     N  [     iS8     ]  HUN 

Winter.  Mr  Hunter  fcrved,  while  the  war  continued,  as  fe-  In  the  year  1768,  Mr  Hunter  became  a  member  of  Hunter, 
nior  i'urgeon  on  the  IblF,  bolh  in  liellille  and  Portugal,  the  corporation  of  furgeons ;  and  in  the  year  following,  *-^~''"'** 
till  the  year  1763;  and  in  that  period  acquired  his  through  his  brother's  intereft,  he  was  elcfled  one  of 
knowledjfc  of  gun-ihot  wounds.  On  hisieturn  to  Eng-  the  furgeons  of  St  George's  hofpital.  In  May  1771, 
land  he  fettled  in  London  ;  where,  not  finding  the  e-  his  treatife  on  the  Natural  Hllh.ry  of  the  Teeth  was 
moluments  from  his  half-pay  and  private  practice  fuffi-  pnblilhed  ;  and  in  July  of  the  fame  year  he  married 
cient  to  fupport  him,  he  taught  praiflical  anatomy  and  Mifi  Home,  the  elded  daughter  of  Mr  Home,  fiirgeon 
operative  furgery  for  fcveral  winters.  He  returned  .ilfo,  to  IJurgoyiie's  regiment  of  light  horfe.  Tiie  expence 
with  unabated  ardour,  to  comparative  anatomy  ;  and  of  his  purfuits  had  been  fo  great,  that  it  was  not  till 
as  his  esptrinients  could  not  be  cariied  on  in  a  large  feversl  years  after  his  firft  engagement  with  this  lady 
town,  he  purchafed  for  that  purpofe,  about  two  miles  that  liis  affairs  could  be  fufficiently  arranged  to  admit 
from  London,  a  piece  of  ground  near  Briniplon,  at  a    of  his  marrying. 

place  called  Eail's  Court,  on  which  he  built  a  houfe.  Though  alter  his  marriage  his  private  praftice  and 
In  the  courfe  ot  his  inquiries,  tliis  excellent  anatomift  prof(.llional  charaiiter  advanced  rapidly,  and  thcMigh  his 
afccrtained  the  clianges  which  animal  and  vegetable  family  began  to  increafe,  he  (lill  devoted  much  of  iiis 
fubftances  undergo  in  the  llomach  wlien  aded  on  by  time  to  the  forming  of  his  collection,  which,  as  it  daily 
the  gaflric  juice;  he  difcovered,  by  means  of  feeding  became  laiger,  was  alfo  attended  with  gi  eater  e.xpenctf. 
young  animals  with  madJer  (which  tinges  growing  The  whole  fuit  of  the  bell  rooms  in  his  hoiil'e  were  oc- 
bonet  red  J,  the  mode  in  which  a  bone  retains  its  (hape  cupied  by  his  preparations  j  and  he  dedicated  his  morn- 
during  its  growth  ;  and  explained  the  procefs  of  exfo-  ings,  from  funrife  to  eight  o'clock  (the  hour  for  break- 
liation,  by  which  a  dead  piece  of  bone  is  feparated  from  fad),  entirely  to  his  puifuits.  To  thefe  he  added  fuch 
the  living.  parts  of  the  day  as  were  not  engaged  in  attending  his 

His  fondnefs  for  animals  made  him  keep  feveral  of  patients, 
different  kinds  in  his  houfe,  which  by  attention  he  ren-  The  knowledge  he  derived  from  his  favourite  Audies 
dered  familiar  with  him,  and  araufed  himfelf  by  obfer-  he  conftantly  applied  to  the  improvement  of  the  art  of 
ving  their  peculiar  habits  and  inftincls ;  but  this  fami-  furgery,  and  omitted  no  opportunity  of  examining  mor- 
liarity  was  attended  with  confiderable  rifk,  and  fome-  bid  bodies;  irom  which  he  made  a  collection  of  fafts 
times  led  him  into  fituations  of  dinger,  of  which  the  which  are  invaluable,  as  they  tend  to  explain  the  real 
following  is  a  remarkable  inllance  :  caufes  of  fympioms,  v.'hich  during  life  could  not  be  ei- 

Two  leopards,  which  were  kept  chained  in  an  out-  aiftly  afcert.iined,  the  judgment  of  tlie  pradlitioner  be- 
boufe,  had  broken  from  their  confinement,  and  got  in-  ing  too  frequently  milled  by  theoretical  opinions,  and 
to  the  yard  among  fume  dogs,  which  they  immediately    delulive  fenfations  of  the  patients. 

attacked  ;  the  howling  tliis  produced  alarmed  the  whole  In  the  praftice  of  furgery,  where  cafes  occurred  in 
neighbourhood  ;  Mr  Hunter  ran  into  the  yard  to  fee  which  the  operations  proved  inadequate  to  their  inten- 
what  was  the  matter,  and  found  one  of  them  getting  tion,  he  always  invcftigated,  with  uncommon  care,  the 
up  tiic  wall  to  make  his  efcape,  the  other  furrounded  caufes  of  that  want  of  fuccefs ;  and  in  this  way  de- 
by  the  dogs  ;  he  immediately  laid  hold  of  them  boih,  tected  many  tallacies,  as  well  as  made  fome  important 
and  carried  them  back  to  their  den  ;  but  as  foon  as  they  difcoveries,  in  the  healing  art.  He  deteiSed  the  caufe 
■were  fecured,  and  he  had  time  to  relkift  upon  the  rifk  of  failure,  common  to  all  the  operations  in  ufe  for  the 
of  his  own  fuuation,  he  was  fo  much  agipaied,  that  he  radical  cure  of  the  hydrocele,  and  was  enabled  to  pro- 
was  in  danger  of  fainting.  pofe  a  mode  of  operating,  in  which  that  event  can  with 

On  the  fifth  of  February  1767,  he  was  chofen  a  fel-  certainty  be  avoided.  He  afcertained,  by  experiments 
low  (if  the  Royal  Society.  His  defire  for  improvement  and  obfervationj,  that  cvpofure  to  atmofpherical  air 
in  thiife  blanches  of  knowledge  which  might  allill  in  fimply,  can  neither  pioduce  nor  increafe  inflimmation. 
his  refearches,  led  him  at  this  time  to  propofe  to  Dr  He  difcovered  in  tlie  blc-od  fo  many  phenomena  con- 
George  Fordyce  and  Mr  Gumming,  an  eminent  me-  nefted  with  lite,  and  not  to  be  referred  to  any  other 
chanic,  that  they  fliould  adjourn  from  the  meetings  of  caufe,  that  he  confidered  it  as  alive  in  its  fluid  (late, 
the  Royal  Society  to  fome  cotlee-houfe,  and  difcufs  fuch  He  improved  the  operation  for  the  fiftula  lachrymalis, 
fubjecls  as  were  conneited  with  fcience.  This  plan  by  removing  a  circular  portion  of  the  os  unguis  inftead 
was  no  fooner  ellablifhed,  than  they  found  their  num-  of  breaking  it  down  with  the  point  of  a  trochar.  He 
bers  increafed  ;  they  were  joined  by  Sir  Jofeph  Banks,  alfo  difcovered  that  the  gaftric  juice  had  a  power  when 
Dr  Solander,  Dr  Mafkelyne,  Sir  George  Shuckburgh,  the  ftomach  was  dead  of  diifolving  it;  and  gave  to  the 
Sir  Harry  Englefield,  Sir  Charles  Bhgden,  Dr  Noothe,  Royal  Society  a  paper  on  this  fubjefl,  which  is  publifti- 
Mr  Ramfden,  Mr  Watt  of  Birmingham,  and  many  ed  in  the  Philofophical  Tranfa(5tions. 
others.  At  thefe  meetings  difcoveries  and  improve-  In  the  winter  1773,  be  formed  a  plan  of  giving  a 
ments  in  different  branches  of  philofophy  were  the  ob-  courfe  of  ledures  on  the  theory  and  principles  of  fur- 
jeils  of  their  confideralion  ;  and  the  works  of  the  mem-  gery,  with  a  view  of  laying  before  the  public  liis  own 
bers  were  read  over  and  criticifed  before  they  were  opinions  upon  that  fubjeft.  For  two  winters  he  read 
given  to  the  public.  It  was  in  this  year  that,  by  an  his  h&ares  gratix  to  ihe  pupils  of  St  George's  Hofpi- 
exertion  in  dancing,  after  the  mufcles  of  the  leg  were  tal ;  and  in  1775,  gave  a  courfe  for  money  upon  the 
fatigued,  he  broke  his  tendo  achillis.  This  accident,  fame  terms  as  the  other  teachers  in  the  different  branches 
and  the  confinement  in  confequence  of  it,  led  him  to  of  medicine  and  lurgery.  But  giving  leftures  was  al- 
pay  attention  to  the  fubjedt  of  broken  tendons,  and  to  ways  particularly  unpleafant  to  him  ;  I'o  that  the  de- 
make  a  feries  of  e.tperiments  to  afcertain  the  mode  of  fire  of  fubmitting  his  opinions  to  the  world,  and  learn- 
(heir  union.  ing  their  general  eftimation,  were  icarceJy  fufficient  to 

overcome 


HUN 


[     189     ] 


HUN 


Hunter,    overcome  his  natural  diflike  to  fpeaking  in  public.     He 
^'"^'"^^  never  gave  the  fiift  leifiure  of  his  courfe  without  taking 
30  drops  of  laudiinuin  to  take  off  tlie  effefls  of  his  un- 
ealinefs. 

Comparative  anatomy  mny  be  confidered  as  the  pur- 
fuit  in  wliich  Mr  Hunter  was  conflantly  employed.  No 
opportunity  efcaped  him.  In  the  year  I773>  ■*'  ''^^ 
requeft  of  his  friend  Mr  Wallh,  he  dilfeiled  the  torpe- 
do, and  laid  before  the  Royal  Society  an  account  of 
its  eleiftrical  organs.  A  young  elephant,  which  had 
been  prefented  to  the  Queen  by  Sir  Robert  Barker, 
died,  and  tlie  body  was  given  to  Dr  Hunter,  which  af- 
forded Mr  Hunter  an  opportunity  of  examining  the 
ftrufture  of  that  animal  by  affift ing  his  brother  in  the 
difleftion  ;  lince  that  time  two  other  elephants  died  in 
the  Qu^een's  menagerie,  both  of  which  came  under  Mr 
Hunter's  examination.  In  1774,  he  publilhed  in  the 
Philofophical  Tranfiiftions  an  account  of  certain  re- 
ceptacles of  air  in  birds,  which  communicate  with  the 
lungs,  and  are  lodged  both  among  the  fleOiy  parts  and 
hollow  bones  of  thefe  animals ;  and  a  paper  on  the  Gilla- 
roo  trout,  commonly  called  in  Ireland  the  Gizzar/Jtrout. 

In  1775,  feveral  animals  of  that  fpecies,  called  the 
gymitotus  eledrkus  of  Surinam,  were  brought  alive  to  this 
country,  and  by  their  eleiftrical  properties  excited  very 
much  the  public  attention.  Mr  VValfh,  defirous  of 
purfuing  his  invelligations  of  animal  eleflricity,  made  a 
number  of  experiments  on  the  living  animals  ;  and  to 
give  his  friend  Mr  Hunter  an  opportunity  of  examining 
them,  purchafed  thofe  that  died.  An  anatomical  ac- 
count of  their  eleftrical  organs  was  drawn  up  by  Mr 
Hunter,  and  publilhed  in  the  Philofjphical  Tranfac- 
tions.  In  the  fame  volume  there  is  a  paper  of  his,  con- 
taining experiments  on  animals  and  vegetables  refpec- 
ting  their  power  of  producing  heat. 

In  the  courfe  of  his  purfuits,  Mr  Hunter  met  with 
many  parts  of  animals  where  natural  appearances  could 
not  be  preferved,  and  others,  in  wliicli  the  minuter  vef- 
fels  could  not  be  diftiniftly  feen  when  kept  in  fpirits; 
it  was  therefore  neceifary  to  have  them  drawn,  either 
at  the  moment,  or  before  they  were  put  into  bottles. 
The  expence  of  employing  profefled  draughtfmen,  the 
difficulty  of  procuring  them,  and  the  difadvantage  which 
they  laboured  under  in  being  ignorant  of  the  fubjevT' 
they  were  to  reprefent,  made  him  defirous  of  having  an 
able  perfon  in  his  houfe  entirely  for  that  purpofe. 

With  this  view  he  engaged  an  ingenious  young  artifl 
to  live  with  him  for  ten  years ;  liis  time  to  be  wholly 
employed  as  a  draughtfman,  and  in  making  anatomical 
preparations.  This  gentleman,  whofe  name  was  Bell, 
ibon  became  a  very  good  praflical  anatomift,  and  Irom 
that  knowledge  was  enabled  to  give  a  fpirited  and  ac- 
curate refemblance  of  the  fubjects  he  drew,  fuch  as  is 
rarely  to  be  met  with  in  reprefentations  of  anatomical 
fubjeds.  By  his  labours  Mr  Hunter's  colleiflion  is  en- 
riched with  a  confidcrable  number  of  very  valuable 
drawings,  and  a  great  variety  of  curious  and  delicate 
anatomical  preparations. 

In  January  1776,  Mr  Hunter  was  appointed  fur- 
geon  extraordinary  to  his  Majefti^j  and  in  the  fpring 
he  gave  to  the  Royal  Society  a  paper  on  the  bell  mode 
of  recovering  drowned  perfons. 

In  the  autumn  he  was  taken  extremely  ill,  and  the 
nature  of  his  complaiots  made  bis  friends,  as  well  as 


himfelf,  confider  his  life  to  be  in  danger.  When  he  Hunter. 
reHjfljd  upon  his  own  filuation,  that  all  his  foitune  ^-'^^''^ 
had  been  expended  in  his  purfuits,  and  that  his  family 
had  no  provifion  but  what  fliould  arife  from  the  fale  of 
his  cclleaion,  he  became  very  felicitous  to  give  it  its 
full  value,  by  leaving  it  in  a  ftate  of  arrangement.  This 
he  accomphlhed  with  the  affi.lance  of  Mr  B-.ll  and  his 
brother-in-law  Mr  Home. 

In  1778,  he  publiniedthe  fecond  part  of  his  Treatife 
on  the  Teeth,  in  which  their  dlfeafes,  and  the  mode  cf 
treatment  are  confidered.  This  rendered  his  work  up- 
on  that  fubjea  complete.  He  publiflied  alfo  in  the 
1  hilofophical  Tranfadtions  a  paper  on  the  Heat  of  Ani- 
mais  and  Vegetables.  In  1779,  he  publilhed  his  account 
of  the  Free  Martin  in  the  Philofophical  Tranfaaions; 
and  in  1780,  he  hid  before  the  Royal  Society  an  ac- 
count of  a  woman  who  had  the  fmall-pox  during  preg- 
nancy, where  the  difeafe  feemed  to  have  been  communi- 
cated to  the  foetus. 

In  1 781,  he  was  eleftcd  a  fellow  of  the  R0y.1l  So- 
ciety of  Sciences  and  Belles  Lettres  at  Gottenburg. 
And  m  1782,  he  gave  the  Royal  Society  a  paper  on 
the  Organ  of  Hearing  in  Fifh.  Befides  tlie  papers 
which  he  prefented  to  that  learned  body,  he  read  fix 
Crocnion  leftures  upon  the  fubjeft  of  Mufcular  Aaion. 


for    the   years    1776,    1778, 


1779.   1780,    1781,  and 


1782.  In  thefe  leflures  hecolkaed  all  his  oblervations 
upon  mufcles,  refpefling  their  powers  and  effefls,  and 
the  (hmuli  by  which  they  are  alTeaed ;  and  to  thefe 
he  added  Comparative  Obfervations  upon  the  movin" 
Powers  of  Plants.  '^ 

T^efe  le<51ures  were  not  publiflied  in  the  Philofophi- 
cal Tranfaaions,  for  they  were  withdrawn  as  foon  as 
read,  not  being  confidered  by  the  author  as  complete 
di/Fcnations,  but  raiiicr  as  materials  for  feme  future 
publication. 

It  is  much  to  be  regretted  (fays  Mr  Home)  th.at  ^Mr 
Hunter  was  fo  tardy  in  giving  his  obfervations  to  the 
pubhc  ;  but  fuch  was  liis  turn  for  inveftigation,  and  fo 
extenfive  the  fcale  upon  which  he  inftitutcd  his  inqui- 
ries, that  he  always  found  fometliing  more  to  be  acccm- 
plifhid,  and  was  unwilling  to  publilh  any  thing  which 
appeared  to  himfelf  untinKhed.  His  obfervations  on  the 
Mufcular  Aaion  of  the  Blood-veliels  were  laid  before 
the  Royal  Society  in  1780,  and  yet  he  delayed  publilh- 
ing  them  till  his  Obferv.itions  on  ihe  Blood  and  Inflam- 
mation \\'ere  arranged  :  and  they  m.ikc  part  of  ilic  vo- 
lume which  was  publilhed  after  his  de.uh. 

In  1783,  he  was  chofen  into  the  Royal  Society  cf 
Medicine  and  the  Royal  Academy  of  Surgery  in  P.ans ; 
and  the  fame  year  the  leafe  of  the  houfc  which  he  oc- 
cupied in  Jermyn  llreet  having  expired,  he  pui  chafed 
the  leafe  of  a  large  houfe  on  the  eaft  lide  of  Leicellcr- 
fquare,  and  the  whole  lot  of  ground  adjoining  to  Cafile- 
ftreet,  on  which  there  was  another  houfe.  In  the  mid- 
dle fpace  between  the  two  houles,  he  ercaed,  at  the  ex- 
pence  of  L.30CO,  a  building  for  his  coUeaion  ;  though, 
unfortunately  for  his  family,  the  kale  did  not  eitenj 
beyond  24  years. 

In  the  building  formed  for  the  colhaion  there  was 
a  room  fifty-two  feet  long,  by  twenty-eight  feet  wide, 
lighted  from  the  top,  and  having  a  gallery  all  round, 
for  containing  his  preparation?.  Under  this  were  t"o 
apartments  j  one  for  bis  loSures,  and  the  other,  with 

DO 


HUN 


[     19 


Hur.ter  tio  parlicul.ir  deftination  at  firft,  but  afterwards  made 
^•'''^■^^•^^  ,ifc  of  for  weekly  meetings  of  medical  friends  during 
tlie  winter.  To  tliii  building  the  houfe  in  CalUe-lUeet 
was  entirely  fubfervient  ;  and  the  rooms  in  it  were  ufed 
for  tlie  different  branches  cf  human  and  comparative 
anatomy. 

Abrut  this  period  Mr  Hunter  may  be  confidered  as 
at  the  height  of  his  chinirs>ical  career  ;  his  mind  and 
body  were  both  in  their  full  vigour.  His  h.*nds  were 
capable  of  performing  whatever  was  fuggefted  by  his 
mind  ;  and  his  judgment  was  matured  by  former  ex- 
perience. Seme  inllances  of  his  extraordinary  Ikill 
may  very  prt)peily  be  mentioned. 

ile  removed  a  tumor  from  the  fide  of  the  head  and 
neck  of  a  patient  at  St  George's  Hofpital,  as  large  as 
the  head  to  wliich  it  was  attached  ;  and  by  bringing 
llie  cut  edges  of  ihc  fkin  together,  the  whole  was  near- 
ly healed  by  the  firft  intention. 

He  dilFeited  out  a  tumor  on  the  neck,  which  one  of 
the  bell  operating  furgeons  in  this  country  had  decla- 
red, rather  too  llrongly,  that  no  one  but  a  fool  or  :i 
madman  would  attempt  ;  and  the  patient  got  perfedlly 
well. 

He  difcovered  a  new  mode  of  performing  the  opera- 
tion for  the  popliteal  aneurifm,  by  taking  up  the  fe- 
moral artery  on  the  anterior  part  of  the  thigh  without 
doing  any  thing  to  the  tumor  in  the  ham.  The  fafety 
and  efficacy  of  \his  mode  have  been  confirmed  by  many 
(ubfequent  trials ;  and  it  muft  be  allowed  to  ftand  very 
high  among  the  modern  improvements  in  I'urgery. 

If  we  confider  Mr  Hunter  at  this  period  of  his  life,  it 
will  afford  us  a  ftrong  piflure  of  the  turn  of  his  mind, 
of  his  defire  to  acquire  knowledge,  and  his  unremitting 
affiduity  in  profecuting  whatever  was  the  obje«ft  of  his 
attention. 

He  was  engaged  in  a  very  extenfive  private  praiflice  ; 
he  was  furgeon  to  St  George's  Hofpital ;  he  was  giving 
a  very  long  courfe  of  leflures  in  the  winter ;  he  was  car- 
rying  on  his  inquiries  in  comparative  anatomy  ;  had  a 
fchoul  of  pra(ftical  human  anatomy  in  his  houfe ;  and 
was  always  employed  in  fome  experiments  refpeding 
the  animal  econcmy. 

He  was  ahvays  folicitous  for  fome  improvement  in 
medical  education  ;  and,  with  the  allillance  ol'  Dr  For- 
ilyce,  infiituted  a  medical  fociety,  which  he  allowed  to 
meet  in  hi:;  kflure-rooms,  and  of  which  he  was  chofen 
one  of  the  patrons.  Tlie  fociety,  called  the  Ly<eurn 
Med'icum  Londinsnfe,  under  his  aufpicesand  thofeofDr 
Fordyce,  has  acquired  conliderable  reputation,  both 
from  the  numbers  and  merits  of  its  members. 

In  the  year  1786,  in  confequence  cf  the  death  of  Mr 
Middleton,  Mr  Hunter  was  appointed  deputy  furgeon- 
general  to  the  army.  He  now  publifhed  his  work  up- 
.  on  the  Venereal  Difeafe,  which  had  been  long  e.xpeift- 
ed  by  the  public  ;  and,  if  we  may  judge  from  the  rapid 
fale  of  the  firft  edition,  thefe  expedations  have  not  been 
difappointed.  He  alfo  publilhed  a  work  entitled,  Ob- 
fervations  on  certain  Parts  of  tlie  Animal  Economy. 
In  this  work  he  has  colleded  feveral  of  his  papers  in- 
lerted  in  the  Philofophical  Tranfadions,  which  related 
to  that  ful.jea,  having  permillion  from  the  prefident 
and  council  of  the  Royal  Society  to  reprint  them  ;  there 
are  alfo  Obfervalions  upon  fome  other  Parts  of  the  Ani- 
mal Economy,  which  had  not  before  been  publilhed. 
This  work  met  wiih  a  very  ready  fale. 


o     ]  HUN 

In  the  year  17S7,  lie  gave  a  paper  to  the  Royal  Zo-  Hunter, 
ciety,  containing  an  Experiment  to  determine  theeffeifl  ^■^"^■'^^ 
of  extirpating  one  Ovarium  on  tlie  N'Jinber  of  Young  ; 
a  paper  in  which  the  wolf,  j  ickall,  and  dog,  are  proved 
to  be  of  the  fame  fpeci.'s;  and  a  third  upon  the  Ana- 
tomy of  the  Whale  Tiibe.  Th-fe  papers  procured  him 
the  honor  of  receiving  Sir  John  Copley's  annual  gold 
medal,  given  as  a  mark  of  diftinguiihed  abilities. 

His  colledion,  which  had  bien  the  greit  objefl  of 
his  life,  both  as  a  puifuit  and  an  amufement,  was  now 
brought  into  a  ftate  of  arrangement ;  and  gave  liim  at 
length  the  fatisfaiflion  of  fliewing  to  the  public  a  feries 
of  anatomical  fa<5ls  formed  into  a  fyflem  by  v/hich  the 
economy  of  animal  life  was  illultratsd.  Heiliewcdit 
to  his  friends  and  acquaintances  twice  a-year,  in  O&o- 
l)er  to  medical  gentlemen,  and  in  May  to  noblemen  and 
gentlemen,  who  v/ere  only  in  town  during  tlie  fpring. 
This  cuftom  he  continued  to  his  death. 

Upon  the  death  of  Mr  Adair,  which  happened  in  the 
year  1792,  Mr  Hunter  was  appointed  infpeflor  general 
cf  hofpitals,  and  furgeon  general  to  the  army.  He  was 
alfo  elefteda  member  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons 
in  Ireland.  In  the  year  1791,  he  was  fo  much  enga- 
ged in  the  duties  of  liis  office,  as  furgeon-general  to  the 
army,  and  his  private  praiflice,  that  he  lud  little  time 
to  beftow  upon  his  fcientifical  objeifls  ;  bit  his  leifure 
time,  fmall  as  it  was,  he  wholly  devoted  to  them. 

In  1792,  he  was  elected  an  honorary  member  of  the 
Chirurgo-Phyfical  Society  of  Edinburgh,  and  was  clin- 
fen  one  of  the  vice-prefidents  of  the  Veterinary  College, 
then  firft  eftablilhed  in  London.  He  publiflud  in  the 
Tranfaiflions  of  the  Society  for  the  Improvement  of  me- 
dical and  chirurgical  Knowledge,  if  which  fociety  he 
was  one  of  the  original  members  and  a  zealous  promo- 
ter, three  papers  on  the  following  fubjeifls :  Upon  the 
Treatment  of  Inflamed  Veins,  en  Introfufception,  and 
on  a  Mode  of  conveying  Food  into  the  Stomach  in 
Cifes  of  Paralyfis  of  the  Qifopliagus. 

He  finilhed  his  Obfervations  on  the  Economy  of  Bees, 
and  prelented  them  to  the  Royal  Socitty.  Thefe  ob- 
fervalions were  made  at  E  irl's  Court,  and  liad  engaged 
his  attention  far  many  years  ;  every  inq-iiry  into  the 
economy  of  thefe  infe>5ts  had  been  attended  by  almoft 
unfurmoiintable  difficulties  ;  but  thefe  proved  to  him 
only  an  incitement,  and  the  contrivances  lie  made  ufe 
of  to  bring  the  different  operations  of  thefe  indefatiga- 
ble animals  to  view  were  almoft  without  end. 

Earl's  Court  to  Mr  Hunter  was  a  retirement  from 
the  fatigues  of  his  profeffion  ;  but  in  no  refpe>5l  a  re- 
treat from  his  labours  ;  there,  on  the  contrary,  they 
were  carried  on  withlefs  interruption,  and  with  an  un- 
wearied perfeverance.  From  the  year  1772  till  his 
death,  he  made  it  his  cuftom  to  fleep  there  during  the  au- 
tumn months,  coming  to  town  only  during  the  hours  of 
bufinefs  in  the  forenoon,  and  returning  to  dinner. 

It  was  there  he  carried  on  his  experiments  on  di- 
geftion,  on  exfoliation,  on  the  tranfplanting  of  teeth  in- 
to the  combs  of  cocks,  and  all  his  other  inveftigations 
on  the  animal  econcmy,  as  well  in  health  as  in  difeafe. 
The  common  bee  was  not  alone  the  fubjeft  of  his  ob- 
fervation,  but  the  wafp,  hornet,  and  the  lef»  known 
kinds  of  bees,  were  alfoobje<fts  of  his  attention.  It  was 
there  he  made  the  feries  of  preparations  of  the  external 
and  internal  changes  cf  the  filk  worm  ;  alfo  a  feries  of 
the  incubation  of  the  egg,  with  a  very  valuable  fet  of 

drawings 


HUN  [19 

HcntcT.  draw  ings  of  the  wliole  feties.  The  growth  of  vegetables 
*'"^~*"''*^  was  alfo  a  iavourite  fubjcift  of  inquiry,  and  one  on  which 
he  was.  always  engaged  in  making  experiments. 

The  collcdion  of  comparative  anatomy  which  Mr 
Hunter  has  left,  and  which  may  be  confidered  as  the 
great  cibjeift  of  his  life,  mtift  be  allowed  to  be  a  proof 
of  talents,  affiduity,  and  labonr,  which  cannot  be  con- 
templated wit'iout  furprife  and  admiration.  It  remains 
an  unequivocal  ted  of  his  perfeverance  and  abilities,  and 
an  honor  to  the  country  in  whofe  fchools  he  was  edu- 
cated, and  by  the  patronage  of  which  he  was  enabled 
«n  fo  extenfive  a  fcale  to  carry  on  his  purfuits.  In  this 
€olle(5lion  we  find  an  attempt  to  expofe  to  view  the  gra- 
ciations  of  Nature,  from  the  moft  (imple  flate  in  which 
life  is  found  to  exift,  up  to  the  moll  pcrfed  and  moft 
complex  of  the  animal  creation — man  himfelf. 

By  the  powers  of  his  art,  this  collcdor  has  been  ena- 
bled fo  to  expofe,  and  preferve  in  fpirits  or  in  a  dried 
ftate,  the  different  patts  of  animal  bodies  intended  for 
fimilar  ufes,  that  the  various  links  of  the  chain  of  per- 
fe<5l!on  are  readily  followed  and  may  be  clearly  under- 
ftood. 

This  collection  cf  anatomical  facflt  Is  arranged  ac- 
cording to  the  fubjecls  they  are  intended  to  illuftrate, 
which  are  placed  in  the  following  order  :  Firjl,  Parts 
conftrufted  for  motion.  SecctiJly,  Parts  cffential  to  ani- 
mals lefpedling  their  own  internal  economy.  Thirdly, 
Parts  fuperadded  for  purpofes  conne(fled  with  external 
objefts.  Fourthly,  Parts  fi  r  the  propagation  of  the  fpe- 
■cies  and  maintainance  or  fiipport  of  tlie  young. 

Mr  Hunter  was  a  very  healthy  man  for  the  Hrft  forty 
years  of  his  life  ;  and,  if  we  except  an  inflammation  of 
Ills  lungs  in  the  year  1759,  occal'ioned  moft  probably 
by  his  attention  to  anatomical  purfuits,  he  had  no  com- 
plaint of  any  confei]ucnce  during  that  period.  In  the 
(pring  of  1769,  in  his  furty-firft  year,  he  had  a  regular 
fit  of  the  gout,  which  returned  the  three  following 
fprings,  but  not  the  fourth  ;  and  in  the  fpringof  1773, 
having  met  with  fomething  which  very  forcibly  affec- 
ted his  mind,  he  was  attacked  at  ten  o'clock  in  the  fore- 
noon with  a  pain  in  tlie  rtomach,  attended  with  all  the 
fymptoms  of  angina  peBurls.  In  tlie  life  of  him  prefix- 
ed to  his  Trealife  on  the  Blood,  Injiammation,  and  Gun- 
Shot  IVoundi,  the  reader  will  find  one  o{  the  moft  com- 
plete hillories  of  that  difeafe  upon  record.  Suffice  it, 
in  this  place,  to  fay,  that  for  twenty  years  he  was  fub- 
jeft  to  frequent  and  fevere attacks  of  it,  which  however 
did  not,  till  a  Ihort  time  before  his  death,  either  impair 
his  judgment  or  render  hirn  incapable  of  performing 
operations  in  furgery.  "  In  autumn  1790  (fays  Mr 
Home),  and  in  the  ipiing  and  autumn  1791,  he  had 
more  fevere  attacks  than  during  the  other  periods  o(  the 
■year,  but  of  not  more  than  a  few  hours  duration  :  in  the 
beginning  of  Oiflober  1792,  one,  at  which  I  was  pre- 
fent,  was  fo  violent  that  I  thought  he  would  have  died. 
On  Odlober  the  i6th,  1793,  when  in  his  ufual  ftate  of 
health,  he  went  to  St  George's  Hofpital,  and  meeting 
with  fome  things  which  irritated  his  mind,  and  not  be- 
ing perfeiflly  mailer  of  the  circumftances,  he  withheld 
liis  fentiments  ;  in  which  ftate  of  reftraint  he  went  into 
the  next  room,  and  turning  round  to  Dr  Ilobertfon, 
one  of  the  phyficians  of  the  hofpital,  he  gave  a  deep 
groan  and  dropt  down  dead  ;  being  then  in  his  65th 
jear,  the  fame  age  at  which  his  brother  Dr  Hunter  had 
died." 


I       ]  HUN 

It  is  a  curious  circumftance,  that  the  Srft  attack  of 
thefe  complaints  was  produced  by  an  affection  of  tlie 
mind,  and  every  t'uture  return  of  any  conf:qucDce  arof.* 
from  the  fame  caule  ;  and  although  bodily  er.ercife,  or 
dilUn'.ion  of  the  ftomach,  brought  en  flighter  affec- 
tions, it  ftill  required  the  mind  to  be  affcfted  to  ren- 
der them  fevere  ;  and  as  his  mind  was  irritated  by  trifles, 
thefe  produced  the  moft  violent  tffedls  ou  the  difeafe. 
His  coachman  being  beyond  his  time,  or  a  fervar.t  not 
attending  to  his  direftions,  brought  on  the  fpafm', 
while  a  real  misfortune  produced  no  tffeifl. 

Mr  Hunter  was  of  a  (hort  llature,  uncommonly  ftrong 
and  aflive,  very  compadtly  made,  and  capable  oi  great 
bodily  exertion.  His  conntenance  was  animated,  open, 
and  in  the  latter  part  of  his  life  deeply  impreficd  with 
thoughtfulnefs.  When  his  print  was  (hewn  to  Lavater, 
he  faid,  "  That  man  thinks  for  himfelf."  In  his  ycuth 
he  was  cheerful  in  his  difpofition,  and  entered  into 
youthful  follies  like  others  of  the  fame  age  ;  but  v/ine 
never  agreed  with  his  ftomach  ;  fo  that  alter  fome  time 
he  left  it  off  altogether,  and  for  the  laft  twenty  years 
drank  nothing  b\it  water. 

His  temper  was  very  warm  and  impatient,  readily 
provoked,  and,  when  irritated,  not  eafily  foothsd.  His 
diipofition  was  candid,  and  free  from  refcrve,  even  to 
a  fault.  Pie  hated  deceit ;  and  as  he  was  above  every 
kind  of  artifice,  he  detefted  it  in  others,  and  too  open- 
ly avowed  his  fentiments.  His  mind  was  uncommonly 
aiflive  ;  it  was  naturally  formed  for  inveftigation,  and 
that  turn  difplayed  itielf  on  the  moft  trivial  occafjons, 
and  always  with  mathematical  exaiflnefs.  What  is  co- 
rious,  it  fatigued  him  to  te  long  in  a  mixed  company 
which  did  not  admit  of  conneifled  converfation  ;  more 
particularly  during  the  Inft  ten  years  of  his  life. 

He  required  lefs  relaxation  than  moft  other  men  ; 
feldom  fleeping  more  than  four  hours  in  the  night,  but 
almoft  always  nearly  an  hour  after  dinner  ;  this,  pro- 
bably, arofe  from  the  natural  turn  of  his  mind  being  fo 
much  adapted  to  his  own  occupations,  that  they  were 
in  reality  his  amufement,  and  therefore  did  not  fatigue. 

In  private  practice  he  was  liberal,  fcrupuloufty  honeft 
in  faying  what  was  really  his  opinion  of  the  cafe,  and 
ready  upon  all  occafions  to  acknowledge  his  ignorance, 
whenever  there  was  any  thing  which  he  did  not  undcr- 
ftand. 

In  converfation,  he  fpoke  too  freely,  and  fometimes 
harfhly,  of  his  contemporaries;  but  if  he  did  not  do 
juftice  to  their  undoubted  merits,  it  arofe  not  from  envy, 
but  from  his  thorough  conviifli^n  that  furgery  was  as 
yet  in  its  infancy,  and  he  himfelf  a  novice  in  his  own 
art;  and  his  anxiety  to  have  it  carried  to  perfccflion, 
made  him  think  meanly  and  ill  of  every  one  whofe  ex- 
ertions in  that  rcfpcil  did  not  equal  his  own. 

HUNTER  FOR  r,  21  miles  weft  of  Schencflady, 
on  the  fouth  fide  of  Moh.awk  river,  at  the  mouth  of 
Schohary  Creek,  over  which  a  bridge  is  about  to  be 
built.  Here  is  an  old  church  built  in  the  reign  of  queen 
Ann,  and  3  or  4  houfes.  At  this  place  was  the  Old 
Mohawk  town,  which  was  abandoned  by  that  nation 
as  late  as  the  fpring  of  1780.  Thefe  Indians  had  made 
confiderable  advances  in  civilization— could  generally 
fpeak  the  Englilli  langu.igc,  and  numbers  of  them  made 
profefllon  ot  their  f.iith  in  the  Chriftian  religion.  In 
the  church  which  is  now  ftanding,  they  ufed  to  attend 
pubhc  worfhip  in  \ht  Epifcopal  form.     Theft  Indiani 


HUN 


C     19^     ] 


H     Y     D 


Humf- 

hurj;. 


Hunterdon  are  naw  fettle  J,  a  p.irt  of  them  on  Grand  river,  a 
northern  water  of  Lake  Erie,  and  a  part  of  them  in 
acothsr  part  of  Upper  Canada.  None  of  this  nation 
■  now  remain  in  tlie  United  States.  The  father  of  the 
onlv  remaining;  fimily  was  drowned  in  1788. — Morse. 
HUNTERDON  County,  in  New-Jerfcy,  is  bounded 
N.  by  that  of  Morris,  E.  by  Somerfet,'  S.  E.  by  Biir- 
lington,  S.  W.  and  W.  by  Delaware  river,  which  fepa- 
rates  it  from  the  State  of  Pennfyivania,  and  N.  W.  by 
SuiTex  county.  It  is  about  40  mdes  long,  and  32  broad, 
is  divided  into  10  towr.fliips,  and  contains  20,253  '"' 
habitant;,  including  1,301  fl.ives.  On  the  top  of  Ivluf- 
konetcong  mountain  in  this  county,  is  a  noted  me- 
dicinal fpring,  much  reforted  to.  It  ilTues  from  the 
fide  of  a  mountain  into  an  artificial  refcrvoir,  tor  the 
accommodation  of  thcfe  who  wifli  to  bathe  in,  as  well 
as  to  diink,  the  waters.  It  is  a  ftrong  chalybeate. 
Trenton  is  the  chief  town. — lb. 


Vermont.     It  is  fituated  on  the  Canada  lioe,  having  Hantfviae,' 
46  inhabitants. — ;i.  «  j  " 

HUNTSVILLE,  a   pofttowfi  in  North-Carolina,  "I,^™^"' 
10  miles  from  Bethania,  and  16  from  Rockford. — lb.     \^-^r^ 

HURLEY,  atownfhip  inUlller  county,  New-York, 
containing  847  inhabitants ;  of  whom  116  are  eledlors, 
and  245  flaves.  The  compaft  part  contains  about  30 
houfes,  fituated  on  Efipus  Kill,  about  5  miles  from  the 
weft  bank  of  Hudfon's  river,  and  ico  north  of  New- 
York.  The  lands  around  it  are  low  and  fertile,  but 
infefled  witli  wild  onions. — lb. 

HURON,  one  of  the  five  principal  northern  lakes. 
It  lies  between  43°  30',  and  47°  30'  N.  lat.  and  be- 
tween 80°  45',  and  84"  45'  W.  long,  and  is  reckoned 
to  be  upwards  of  1000  miles  in  circumference.  The 
fifh  are  of  the  iame  kind  as  in  Lake  Superior,  and  it 
communicates  with  that  lake  through  the  (Iraits  of  St. 
Marie  on  the  N.  W.  with  Michigan  on  the  W.  and  with 


HUNTERSTOWN,  a  village  of  Pennfyivania,  fitu-    Erie  on  the  S.     It  is  of  a  triangular  (hape,  and  on  the 


S.  VV.  part  is  Sagulnum  or  Sagana  bay,  80  miles  in 
length,  and  about  18  or  20  in  breadth  ;  the  other  mod 
remarkable  bay  is  "Thunder  Bay.  On  the  banks  of 
the  lake  are  found  amazing  quantities  of  fand  cher- 
ries. The  land  bordering  on  the  weftern  fliore  of  the 
lake  is  greatly  inferior  in  quality  to  that  on  Lake  Erie. 
It  is  mixed  with  fand  and  fmall  llones,  and  is  princi- 
pally covered  with  pines,  birch,  and  fome  oaks  ;  but  a 
little  dillance  from  the  lake  the  foil  is  very  luxuriant. 
Twenty  years  ago,  part  of  the  Indian  nations,  called 
Chepaways  and  Ottawas,  who  inhabited  round  Sagui- 
num  bay  and  on  the  banks  of  the  hke  could  furnifh 
2C0  warriors ;  and  thofe  of  the  latter  nation,  who  lived 
on  the  E.  fide  of  Lake  Michigan,  2i  miles  from  Mi- 
chiUimakkinack  could  furnifh  2co  warriors — ib. 

HURON,  a  fmall  river  of  the  N.  W.  territory, 
which,  after  a  courfe  of  38  miles,  falls  into  Lake  St 
Clair  from  the  N.  W.  Gnadenhuetten  lies  on  this 
river.  Alfo  the  name  of  another  fmall  river  in  the  fame 
territory,  which  runs  N.  eaftward  into  Lake  Erie,  40 
miles  weftward  of  Cayahoga,  and  15  S.  E.  of  the 
mouth  of  Sandufky  Lake. — lb. 

HURTERS,  in  fortification,  denote  pieces  of  tim- 
of  Standing  S;cne  creek,  50  miles  from  the  mouth  of  ber,  about  fix  inches  fquare,  placed  at  the  lower  end  of 
Juniatta,  contains  about  90  houfes,  a  court-houfe,  and  the  platform,  next  to  the  parapet,  10  prevent  the 
"aol.  It  is  about  23  miles  W.  S.  W.  of  Lewis  Town,  wheels  of  the  gun-carriages  from  damaging  the  pa- 
and  184  W.  N.  W.  of  Philadelphia. — ib.  rapet. 

Huntingdon,  a  poft-town  on  the  north  fide  of  HYDE,  a  maritime  county  in  Nevvbem  diftrift. 
Long  Ifland,  New-York,  fituated  at  the  head  of  a  bay  North-Carolina  ;  bounded  E.  by  the  ocean,  "W.  by 
in  Suffolk  county,   which  fets  up  fouth  from  the  found,    Beaufort  county,  N.  by  Tyrrel,  and  S.  by 


atcdin  York  county,  25  miles  W.  by  S.  of  York-Town. 
—lb. 

HUNTING-CREEK,  in  Virginia,  runs  eaft  into 
Patowniak  river,  at  the  fouth  corner  of  the  territory  of 
Columbia. — lb. 

HuNTiNG-CxEEK-TowN,  a  village  In  the  northern 
part  of  Dorchcller  county,  Maryland  ;  14  miles  N.  N. 
W.  of  Vienna,  16  S.  by  W.  of  Denton,  and  iS  N.  E. 
of  Cambridge. — lb. 

HUNTINGDON,  an  extenfive  and  mountainous 
county  in  Pennfyivania,  bounded  N.  and  N.  W.  by 
Lycoming  county,  E.  and  N.  E.  by  MiiHin,  S.  E.  by 
Franklin,  S.  and  S.  W.  by  Bedford  and  Somerfet,  and 
wefl  by  Wefimorcland.  It  is  about  75  miles  long  and 
39  broad  ;  contains  1,432,960  acres  of  land,  divided 
into  7  townfhips,  which  contain  7,565  inhabitants. 
Liraeftone,  iron  ore  and  lead  are  found  here.  A 
furnace  and  two  forges  manufatfture  confiderable  quan- 
tities of  pig  and  bar  iron,  and  hollow  ware  ;  large 
works  have  alfo  been  eflabllflied  for  manufafluring  of 
lead.      Chief  town,  Huntingdon. — II. 

Huntingdon,  the  capital  of  the  above  county,  fituat- 
ed on  the  N.  E.  fide  of  Juniatta  river,  and  at  the  mouth 


contains  about  70  houfes,  a  Prefbyterian  and  Epifcopal 
church.  It  is  38  miles  E.  by  N.  of  New-York  city. 
It  is  oppofite  to  Norwalk  in  Connedicut,  and  contains 
3,260  inh.abitants  ;  of  thefe,  ^^z  are  eledors,  213 
llaves. — lb. 

Huntingdon,  a  townfliip  in  York  county,  Pennfyi- 
vania.— ib. 

HUNTINGTON,  a  townfhip  in  Fairfield  county, 
ConneSicut,  feparated  from  Derby  on  the  north-eaft 
bv  Stratford  river, — lb. 


120    inhabitants,    of  v\hom 


Carteret. 
1048  are 


It    contains   41 
flaves. — Morse. 

HYCO-OTEE,  or  Hycoo,  a  fmall  river  which  emp- 
ties into  the  Dan,  about  4  miles  above  the  mouth  of 
Staunton  river. — lb. 

HYDESPARK,  a  townfiiip  in  Orleans  county,  in 
Vermont,  containing  43  inhabitants.  It  is  25  miles 
S.  of  the  Canada  line,  and  126  north  by  eafl  of  Ben- 
nington.— lb. 

HYDROGRAPHICAL  Ch.\rts  or  Maps,  more 


Hunting-Town,  a  village  on  the  weft  fide  of  Che-    ufually  called  fea-charts,  are  projeaions  of  fome  part  of 

"  "  "  '  ihe  fea,  or  coaft,  for  the  ufe  of  navigation.  In  thefe 
are  laid  down  all  the  rhumbs  or  points  of  the  compais, 
the  meridians,  parallels,  &c.  with  the  coafts,  capes, 
iflauds,  rocks,  (hoals,  fliallows,  Sec.  in  their  proper 
places,  and  proportions. 


fapeak  bay  in  Maryland,  fituated  on  the  S.  E.  fide  of 
Hunting  Creek,  in  Calvert  county,  3  miles  N.  by  W. 
of  Prince  Frederick,  and  22  E.  N.  E.  of  Port  To- 
baccn. — ;/). 

HUNTSBURG,  atownflilp  in  Franklin  county,  in 


HYDRO. 


Hydrome- 
ter, 

II 
HyJrus. 


H     Y     D  [     I 

HYDROMETER,  is  an  inftrument,  of  which  fo 
much  has  been  faid  in  the  Encycl.  under  that  title,  and 
in  the  article  Specific  Gravity,  that  we  certainly 
,  (liould  not  again  iiuioduce  it  in  this  place,  but  to  guard 
our  readers  againft  error,  when  ftudying  the  works  of 
the  French  chemiils.  Thefe  gentlemen,  who  are  fo 
ftiongly  attached  to  every  thing  wliich  is  new,  as  to 
believe  that  their  anceftors  have  for  ages  been  wander- 
ing in  the  mazes  of  ignorance,  refer  very  frequently  to 
the  pefe-Uqumr  of  Baume  ;  and  as  that  indrument  has 
never  been  generally  ufed  in  this  country,  it  becomes 
our  duty  to  defcribe  its  conllruction. 

Inftead  of  adopting  the  fimple  method  of  immediate 
numerical  reference  to  the  denlity  of  water  expreliid  by 
unity,  as  is  done  in  all  modern  tables  of  fpecitic  gravi- 
ty, he  had  recouife  to  a  procefs  fimilar  to  that  of  gra- 
duating the  llems  of  thermometers  from  two  fixed 
points.  The  lirll  of  thefe  points  was  obtained  by  im- 
merfing  his  inllrument,  which  is  the  common  areome- 
ter, ccnlilting  of  a  ball.  Hem,  and  counterpcife,  in  pure 
water.  At  that  point  of  the  Hem  which  was  interfeifled 
by  the  furfaceof  the  fluid,  he  marked  ^ero,  cr  the  com- 
mencement of  his  graduations.  In  the  next  place,  he 
provided  a  number  of  folutions  of  pure  dry  common 
fait  in  water :  thefe  folutions  contained  refpciflively 
one,  two,  three,  four,  &c.  pounds  of  the  fait;  and  in 
each  folution  the  quantity  of  water  was  fuch,  as  to 
make  up  the  weight  equal  to  one  hundred  pounds  in 
the  whole;  fo  that  in  the  folution  containing  one 
pound  of  fait,  there  were  ninety-nine  pounds  of  water  ; 
in  the  folution  containing  two  pounds  of  fait,  there 
were  ninety-eight  pounds  of  water,  and  fo  of  the  rell. 
The  inftrunient  was  then  plunged  in  the  tirll  folution, 
in  which  of  courfe  it  floated  with  a  larger  portion  of 
the  ftem  above  the  fluid,  than  when  pure  water  was 
Vifcd.  The  fluid,  by  the  interfeiSion  of  its  furface  up- 
on the  ftem,  indicated  the  place  for  marking  his  firft 
degree  ;  the  fame  operation  repeated,  with  the  fluid 
containing  two  pounds  of  fait,  indicated  the  maik  for 
the  fecond  degree  ;  the  folution  of  three  pounds  afford- 
ed the  third  degree  ;  and  in  this  manner  his  enumera- 
tion was  carried  as  far  as  fii"teen  degrees.  The  tirft 
fifteen  degrees  afterwards,  applied  wiih  the  compalfes 
repeatedly  along  the  ftem,  fcrved  to  extend  the  gradua- 
tion as  far  as  eighty  degrees,  if  required. 

This  inftrunient,  which  is  applicable  to  the  admea- 
furement  of  denfitics  exceeding  that  of  pure  water,  is 
conmionly  diltinguilhed  by  the  name  of  the  Hydrometer 
for  falls. 

The  hydrometer  for  fpirits  is  conftrufled  upon  the 
fame  principle  ;  but  in  this  the  counterpoife  is  fo  ad- 
jufted,  that  moft  part  of  the  ftem  lifes  above  the  fluid 
when  immerfed  in  pure  water,  and  the  graduations  to 
exprefs  inferior  dcnflties  are  continued  upwards.  A 
folution  often  parts  by  weight  oi  fait  in  ninety  parts 
of  pure  water,  aflfords  the  firft  piiint,  or  zero,  upon  t!ie 
ftem  ;  and  the  mark  indicated  by  pure  water  is  called 
the  tenth  degree  ;  whence,  by  equal  divilions,  the  re- 
maining degrees  are  continued  upwards  upon  the  ftem 
as  far  as  the  fiftieth  degree. 

Thefe  experiments,  in  both  cafes,  are  made  at  the 
tenth  degree  of  Reaumur,  which  anfwers  very  nearly 
to  fifty-five  of  Fahrenheit. 

HYDRUS,  or  W.\teii  Serpent,  one  of  the  new 
fouthcrn  conftellations,  including  only  ten  ftars. 

tJuppL.  Vol.  II. 


93     ]  H     Y     G 

HYGROMETER,  is  an  inftrument  of  fo  much  Hjgromc- 
importance  to  the  meteorologift,  that  it  becomes  us  to  '"■ 
give  fome  account  of  every  improvement  of  it  which 
h.is  fallen  under  our  notice.  In  the  Encyclopaedia,  the 
principles  upon  which  hygrometers  are  conftruded  have 
been  clearly  ftated,  and  the  defers  of  each  kind  of  hy- 
grometer pointed  out. 

Inftead  of  hairs  or  cat-gut,  of  which  hygrometers 
of  the  firft  kind  are  commonly  made,  CalFebuis,  a  Bc- 
nediftine  monk  at  Mcnt/,  propofcd  to  make  i'uch  hy- 
grometers  cf  the  gut  of  u  lilk  worm.  When  that  in- 
fed  is  ready  to  fpin,  theie  arc  found  in  it  two  velTtU 
proceeding  from  tlie  head  to  the  ftomach,  to  which 
they  adhere,  and  then  bend  towards  the  bjck,  wiiere 
they  form  a  great  many  folds.  The  part  of  thefe  vef- 
fels  next  the  ftomach  is  of  a  cylindric  form,  and  about 
a  line  in  diameter.  Thefe  velllls  contain  a  gummy  fort 
of  matter  from  which  the  worm  fpins  iis  (ilk  ;  and, 
though  they  are  exceedingly  tender,  means  have  been 
devifcd  to  extra<5l  them  from  the  infeiff,  and  to  prepare 
ti.em  for  the  above  purpofe.  When  the  worm  is  a- 
bout  to  fpin,  it  is  thrown  into  vinegar,  and  fnfFc-rcd  to 
remain  there  twenty-It  ur  hours;  during  which  tin-.e 
the  vinegar  is  abfoibed  into  the  body  of  the  infect,  and 
coagulates  its  juices.  The  worm  being  then  opened, 
both  the  veilcls,  which  have  now  acquired  ftrenglh,  are 
extracted;  and,  on  account  of  their  pliability,  are  ca- 
pable of  ccnfiderable  cxtenfion.  That  they  may  net, 
however,  become  too  weak,  they  are  ftretched  only  to 
the  length  <f  about  filteen  or  twenty  inches.  It  ii 
obvious  that  they  muft  be  kept  fuflicicnlly  extended 
till  they  are  completely  dry.  Before  they  attain  to 
that  ftate,  they  mull  be  freed,  by  means  cf  the  nail  of 
the  finger,  from  a  fl  my  fubliance  which  adheres  to 
them.  Such  a  thread  will  fuftain  a  weight  of  fix  pounds 
without  breaking,  and  may  be  ufed  for  an  iiygrome- 
ter  in  the  fame  manner  as  cat-gut ;  but  we  confels  that 
we  do  not  cleaily  perceive  its  fuperiority. 

To  an  improvement  of  the  hygrometer  conftruiflcd 
on  the  third  principle,  ftated  in  the  Eny:lop,zdia,  M. 
Hochheimer  was  led  in  the  following  mai-ncr: 

Mr  Lowit/.  found  at  Dmitriewlk  in  Aftracan,  on 
the  banks  of  the  \S'olga,  a  thin  bluifli  kind  of  flaie 
which  atlraded  moifture  remarkably  foon,  but  again 
fullered  it  as  foon  to  elcape.  A  plate  of  tliis  flat- 
weighed,  when  brouglit  to  a  red  heat,  175  grains,  and, 
when  firturated  with  water,  247:  it  had  therefore  im- 
bibed, between  complete  dryncls  and  the  point  rf  com- 
plete moifture,  72  grains  of  water.  Louitz  fufpendeJ 
a  round  thin  plate  of  this  flate  at  the  end  of  a  very  de- 
licate balance,  fiiftened  within  a  wooden  frame,  and  fuf- 
pcndcd  at  tlie  other  arm  a  chain  of  lilver  wire,  the  end 
of  which  was  made  i^SS.  to  a  lliding  nut  that  m.iveJ  up 
and  down  in  a  fni.ill  groove  on  the  edijc  of  one  fide  of 
the  frame.  He  determined,  by  trial,  the  pofition  of 
the  nut  when  the  balance  was  in  equihbrioanJ  w.'ien  it 
had  ten  degrees  of  over-weight,  and  divided  iho  fpace 
between  thele  two  points  into  ten  equal  parts  adding 
fuch  a  r.umber  more  of  thefe  paits  as  might  be  ntcef- 
fary.  When  the  ftone  was  fufpcndcd  from  the  one  arm 
of  the  balance,  and  at  the  other  a  weight  equal  to  175 
grains,  or  the  weight  of  the  ftone  when  pcil'e(flly  diy, 
the  nut  in  the  groove  llicwed  the  exccfs  of  weight  in 
grains  when  it  and  the  chain  were  f >  aJj\ifted  lh»t  the 
Uil.iDce  ftood  in  cquilibrio.  A  purticuhir  app.tiatus  on 
B  b  the 


This  apparatus  ,"jh'dion. 


H     Y     G  C     194    ]  HYP 

Hypromc-  the  ikmc  principles  as  a  vernier,  applied  to  the  nut,  glafs  plate  thus  moirtened  again  to  the  balance,  and    Hyper- 

'^"■^        fiiswcd  the  excels  of  weight  to  ten  parts  of  a  grain,  bring  the  latter  into  equilibrium  by  fcrewing  the  leaden      l*"'^. 

^'^~'''*~'  Lowit/.  remarked  that  tliis  hygrometer  in  continued  bullet.  Mark  then  the  place  at  which  the  bullet  ftands 
wet  wcatlier  gave  a  moiflure  of  more  than  55  grains,  as  the  highell  degree  of  moifture.  6  ~ 
and  in  a  continued  heat  cf  113  degrees  of  Fahrenheit  is  to  be  iufpended  in  a  fmall  box  of  well  dried"  wood, 
only  l>^  degree  of  moiltuic.  fufficiently  large  to  fuflfcr  the  glafs-plate  to  move  up 
The  hygrometer  tlius  invented  by  Lowitz  was,  hnv.--  and  down.  An  opening  mull  be  m<.de  in  the  lid,  cx- 
ever,  attended  v.-ith  this  f.iult,  that  it  never  threw  cfi"  aflly  of  fuch  a  fize  as  to  allow  the  tongue  of  the  ba- 
the moilluie  in  the  fame  degree  as  the  aimofphere  be-  lance  to  move  freely.  Parallel  to  the  tongue  apply  a 
came  diier.  It  was  alfo  fonJclimes  very  deceitful,  and  graduated  circle,  divided  into  a  number  of  degrees  at 
announced  moiRure  when  it  ought  to  have  indicated  pleafure  Irotn  the  higheft  point  of  drynefs  to  the  high- 
that  drjnefs  had  again  b  :gim  to  take  place  in  the  at-  e(l  dei'iee  ot  moifture.  The  box  mull  be  pierced  with 
mofphcre.  To  avoid  ihele  inconver.itncies,  M.  Hoch-  fniall  holes  on  all  the  four  fides,  to  give  a  free  palT^ge 
lieimer  propofes  the  following  U'ttlod  :  to  the  air  ;  and  to  prevent  moilhire  from  penetrating 
".  Take  a  fqi\are  bar  cf'lieel  about  two  lines  in  into  the  v.ood  by  raii;,  when  it  miy  be  requilite  to  ex- 
thicfenefj,  and  from  ten  to  twelve  inches  in  length,  and  pole  it  at  a  window,  it  mull  either  be  lackered  or 
Ibrm  it  into  a  kind  of  balance,  one  arm  of  which  ends  painted.  To  lave  it  at  all  times  from  rain,  it  may  be 
in  a  fcrew.  On  this  fciew  let  there  be  fcrewed  a  lead-  covered,  however,  with  a  fort  of  roof  fitted  to  it  in  the 
en  bullet  of  a  proper  weight,  inftead  of  the  common  molt  convenient  manner.  But  all  thel'e  external  appen- 
wcights  that  are  fufpended.  2.  Take  a  glafs  plate  dages  may  be  improved  or  altered  as  may  be  found  ne- 
about  ten  inches  long,  and  feven  inches  in  breadth,  de-  celfary. 

llroy  its  polidi  on  both   fides,  fiee  it  from  all  moillure         HYPEBOLA.  Deficient,  is  a  curve  having  only 

by  rubbing  it  over  with  warm  afhes,  fufpend  it  at  the  one  afymptote,  though  two  hyperbolic  legs  running  out 

other  end°of  the  balance,  and  bring  the  balance  into  infinitely   by   the  fide  of  the  afymptote,   but  contrary 

equilibrium  by  fcrewing  up  or  down  the  leaden  bullet,  ways. 

3.  Mark  now  the  place  to  which  the  leaden  bullet  is  HYPOTRACHELION,  in  Architeflure,  is  ufed 
brought  by  the  fcrew,  as  accurately  as  polTible,  for  the  for  a  little  trize  in  the  Tufcan  and  Doric  capital,  be- 
point  of  the  greateft  drynefs.  4.  Then  take  away  the  tween  the  aftragal  and  annulets ;  called  alfo  the  col.^rin 
glafs  plate  from  the  balance,  dip  it  completely  in  water,  and  gorgerin.  The  word  is  applied  by  fome  authors 
five  it  a  Ihake  that  the  drops  may  run  oft  from  it,  and  in  a  more  general  fenfe,  to  the  neck  of  any  column,  or 
wipe  them  carefully   from  the  edge.      5.  Apply  the  that  part  of  its  capital  below  the  aftragal. 


I. 


Ja3o1)ins. 


JACOBINS,  in  the  language  of  the  prefent  day,  is 
the  name  alTumed,  at  the  beginning  of  the  French 
revolution,  by  a  party  in  Paris,  \\hich  was  outrageouf- 
ly  democratical,  and  fanatically  impious.  This  party, 
which  confided  of  members  of  the  National  AITembly, 
and  of  others  maintaining  the  fame  opinions  and  pur- 
fuing  the  fame  objeifls,  formed  itfelf  into  a  club,  and 
held  its  meetings  in  the  hall  belonging  to  the  Jacobin 
friars,  where  meafures  were  fecretly  concerted  for  ex- 
citing infurre(5lions,  and  over-awing  at  once  the  legifla- 
ture  and  the  king.  Tlie  name  oi  Jacobin,  though  it 
was  derived  from  the  hall  where  the  club  firft  met,  has 
fince  been  extended  to  all  who  are  enemies  to  mo- 
narchy, ariRncracy,  and  the  Chrillian  religion;  and 
who  would  have  every  man  to  be  his  own  priell  and 
his  own  lawgiver.  Hence  it  is,  that  we  have  Jaco- 
bins in  other  countries  as  well  as  in  France. 

Of  the  proceedings  of  the  French  Jacobins,  fome 
account  has  been  given,  in  the  Encyc'.cfadia,  under  the 
title  Revolutiph,  and  the  fubjecl  will  be  refumed  in 
this  Supplement  under  the  fame  title.     The  purpofe  of 


the  prefent  article  is  to  trace  the  principles  of  the  fecfl 
from  their  fource  ;  for  thefe  principles  are  not  of  yeller- 
day. 

"  At  its  very  firft  appearance,  (fays  the  Abbe  Bar- 
ruel),  this  feft  counted  300,000  adepts;  and  it  was 
fupported  by  two  millions  of  men,  fcattered  through 
France,  armed  with  torches  and  pikes,  and  all  the  fire- 
brands of  the  revolution."  Such  a  wide  fpread  con- 
fpiracy  could  not  be  formed  in  an  inllant  ;  and  indeed 
this  able  writer  has  completely  proved,  that  this  feft,  with 
all  its  confpiracies,  is  in  itfelf  no  other  than  "  the  coalition 
of  a  triple  feft,  of  a  triple  confpiracy,  in  which,  long 
before  the  revolution,  the  overthrow  of  the  altar,  the 
ruin  of  the  throne,  and  the  dilfolution  of  all  civil  focie- 
ty,  had  been  debated  and  determined." 

It  is  known  to  every  fcholar  that  there  have  been 
in  all  ages  and  countries  men  of  letters  and  pretenders 
to  letters  whu  have  endeavoured  to  fignalize  themfelvcs 
individually  by  writing  againft  the  religion  of  their 
country  ;  but  it  was  relerved  for  the  philofophifts  (a) 
of  France  to  enter  into  a  combination  for  the  expreis 

purpofe 


Jacobin  »- 


(a)  This  term  was  invented  by  Abbe  Barruel,  and  we  have  adopted  it,  as  denoting  fomething  very  different 
from  the  meaning  of  the  word  philofophcr. 


J     A     C  [I 

Jacobiiis.  purpofs  of  eradicatina;  from  the  human  heart  every  re- 
^-'"■•'"^^^  ligious  fenliment.  The  man  to  whom  this  idea  firft 
occurred  was  Vohaire  ;  who,  daring  to  hi  je^ilous  of 
his  God,  and  being  weary,  as  he  faid  himfelf,  of  hear- 
ing people  repeat  that  twelve  nun  were  fufJicicnt  to 
ellabliih  Chriftianity,  refolved  to  prove  that  one  might 
be  fufficient  to  overtlirow  it.  Full  of  this  projedt,  he 
fwore,  before  the  year  1730,  to  dedicate  his  life  to  its 
accomplilhment  ;  and  for  fome  time  he  flattered  him- 
felf that  he  (liould  enjoy  a^one  the  glory  of  deflroy- 
ing  the  Chrillian  religion.  '  He  found,  however,  that 
affociales  would  be  necefTary ;  and  from  the  numerous 
tribe  of  his  admiiers  and  difciples,  he  chofe  D'Alcm- 
bcrt  and  Diderot  as  the  molt  proper  perfons  to  co- 
operate with  him  in  hisdefigns.  How  admirably  they 
were  qualified  to  aift  the  part  affigned  them,  may  be 
conceived  from  the  life  of  Diderot  in  this  Supplement. 
But  Voltaire  was  not  fatisfied  with  their  aid  alone. 

He  contrived  to  embark  in  the  fime  caufe  Frederic 
II.  of  Pruflia,  vho  wilhed  to  be  thought  a  philofo- 
pher,  and  who  of  courfe  deemed  it  expedient  to  talk 
and  write  againll  a  religion  which  he  had  never  (lu- 
dicd,  and  into  the  evidence  of  which  he  had  probably 
never  deigned  to  enquire.  This  royal  adept  was  one 
of  the  moll  zealous  oi  Voltaire's  coadjutors,  till  he  dif- 
covered  that  the  philofopliills  were  waging  war  with 
the  throne  as  well  as  with  the  altar.  This  indeed  was 
not  originally  Wiltairt's  intention.  He  was  vain  ;  he 
loved  to  be  carclled  by  the  great  ;  and,  in  one  word, 
lie  was,  from  natural  difpofition,  an  arillocrate  and  ad- 
mirer of  royalty  :  But  when  he  found  that  almoll  eve- 
ry fovereign  but  Frederick  difapproved  of  his  impious 
projefts  as  foon  as  he  perceived  iheir  ijfue,  he  determin- 
ed to  oppofe  all  the  governments  on  earth,  rather  tlmn 
forfeit  the  glory  with  which  he  had  flattered  himfelf, 
of  vanquifliing  Chrill  and  his  apoftles  in  the  held  of 
controverfy. 

He  now  fet  himfelf,  with  D'Alembert  and  Diderot, 
to  excite  univcrfal  difcontent  with  the  ellablilhed  order 
of  things.  This  was  an  employment  entirely  fuited  to 
tlieir  difpofition  ;  for  not  being  in  any  kr^k  great  them- 
felves  ()i),  they  wifhcd  to  pull  all  men  down  to  their 
own  level.  How  elFeclually  they  contrived  to  convert 
the  Eucyclop.edie  into  an  engine  to  ferve  tlieir  purfjofes, 
has  been  (hown  already  ;  but  it  was  not  their  only  nor 
their  mofl  power)  ul  engine;  they  formed  fee  ret  fo- 
cieties,  affumed  new  names,  and  employed  an  enigma- 
tical language.  Thus,  Frederic  is  called  I.uc  ;  D'Alem- 
bert, Prt^/iT^ora/,  and  fonietimes  Z>V»/rrtH(/;  Voltaire,  Ra- 
ton ;  and  Diderot,  Pinion,  or  its  anagram  Tonpla  ;  wliije 
the  general  term  for  the  confpirators  is  Cacoucc.  In 
their  fecret  meetings  they  profelled  to  celebrate  the 
myfteries  of  Mylhra  ;  and  their  great  ol>je<a,  as  they 
profelfed  to  one  another,  was  to  confound  the  ivretch, 
meaning  J —  C — .  Voitaire  propol'ed  to  ellablidi  a 
colony  of  philofophifts  at  Cleves,  who,  protci.'led  by  the 
king  of  Pruflia,  might  jiublidi  their  opinions  without 
dread  or  danger  ;  and  Frederic  was  d  fpofed  to  take 
them  under  his  protcdion,  till  he  difcovcrcd  that  their 


95  : 


J     A     C 


opinions  were  anarchical  as  well  as  impious,  when  he  JaoSini 
threw  them  off,  and  even  wrote  againll  them.  ^«.^~'^». 

They  contrived,  however,  to  engage  the  roinifters  of 
the  court  of  France  in  tlieir  favour,  by  pretending  to 
have  nothing  in  view  but  tlie  enlargement  of  fcience,  in 
works  which  fpoke  indeed  telpcftfuUy  of  revelation, 
while  every  difcovery  which  they  brought  forward  was 
meant  to  undermine  its  very  foundation.  \Vhea  the 
throne  was  to  be  attacked,  and  even  v.hen  barefaced 
atheifm  was  to  be  promulgated,  a  number  of  impious 
and  licentious  jiamphlets  were  difperfed,  for  fome  time 
none  knew  hew,  from  a  fecret  iociety  formed  at  ihe 
Hotel  d'llolbach  at  I'ari-.  Thefe  were  f  ild  for  trifles, 
or  diftributed^rnZ/V  to  fchoolmallers,  and  others  who 
were  likely  to  circulate  their  contents.  D'Alembert, 
Diderot,  and  Condorcct,  who  was  now  alfociated  with 
the  other  cimfinrators,  flattered  t!ie  ambition  of  every 
man  among  tlie  great,  and  efpecially  ofilie  Duke  d'Or- 
leans,  the  ricliell  fubjed  in  Eiirojie,  and  a  prince  of  the 
blood  of  France.  The  hi  ft  and  the  laft  cf  ihcfe  three 
adepts,  had,  by  their  mathematical  knowledge,  got  fuch 
an  afcendcncy  in  the  Royal  Academy  cf  Sciences,  that: 
they  could  admit  or  exclude  candidates  as  tliey  knew 
them  to  be  friendly  or  inimical  to  ilie  projocis  of  the 
confpirators  ;  and  they  had  contrived,  by  matchlefs  ad- 
drefs  and  unwearied  perfevcrance,  to  fid  almoll  all  the 
feminaiics  of  education  with  men  of  their  own  prin- 
ciples. 

Thus  was  the  public  mind  in  France  completely  cor- 
rupted,when  the  mafon  lodges,  over  which  tiie  infamous 
Orleans  prefided,  weie  vi/iied  by  a  delegation  from  the 
German  illuminati  ;  and  nothing  more  was  nece'fary  to 
produce  tiie  feci  ot  Jacobins,  by  whole  intrigues  and 
influence,  France,  as  M.  Barruel  espreiTes  himfolf, 
has  become  a  prey  to  every  crime.  It  was  by  the  ma- 
chinations of  this  fed  that  ics  foil  was  ftaincd  with  the 
blood  of  its  pontiffs  and  priells,  its  rich  men  and  nobles; 
with  the  blood  of  every  clais  of  its  ci.izens,  with'  u-  re- 
gard to  rank,  ageorfe.x.  'I'hcfe  difciples  of  Voltaire 
were  the  men  wno,  after  having  made  the  unfortunate 
Louis,  his  qiiecn  and  filler,  drink  to  the  very  dregs, 
the  cup  of  outrage  and  ignominy  during  a  long  confine, 
m.ent,  I'olcmnly  muidered  them  on  a  fcAtfolJ,  proudly 
menacing;  all  the  fovereigui  of  the  earth  with  a  fiinilar 
fate.  Yet  think  not,  indignant  reader,  that  the  ways 
of  Providence  are  unequal.  'i"he  nations  of  Europe 
were  ripe  for  challifement,  and  that  challifement  theii: 
villains  were  employed  to  inflid  :  but  tlieir  own  punilh> 
ment  did  not  linger.  Voltaire  died  in  agonies  of  de- 
fponding  remorfe,  whicli  can  be  exceeded  only  by  the 
torments  of  the  damned.  Thtre  is  reifon  to  bilieve 
that  the  end  of  D'Alembert  and  Dident  very  much 
refem1)led  thatof  iheir  leader  ;  while  the  m-TC  haiilened 
adept,  Condorcct,  became  hii  own  executioner;  and  the 
other  chiefs  of  the  rebellion  have  reguhrly  infl  dcd  ven- 
geance on  each  other,  every  ahci.ilion  of  the  French 
conllitutinn  (and  thefe  alterations  have  been  many)  be- 
ing followed  by  the  execution  oi  thofe  by  whom  liie 
government  was  pitviouily  aJminiltercd. 

B  b  2  JAG- 


(b)  We  do  not  by  this  mean  to  iiifinnate  that  D'Alembert  was  not  a  man  of  fcience.  He  was  perhaps  the 
only  man  ot  Icience  in  that  gang  ;  but  he  was  a  mailer  of  no  fcience  but  mathematics ;  and  his  birth  being  ob- 
fcure,  if  not  fpurinus,  and  abHrad  mathematics  not  funiilliing  ready  accefs  to  the  great,  his  ideas,  wlien  compa- 
red with  Voltaire's,  were  groveling,  and  (as  M.  Barruel  fays)  he  was  afraid  to  be  fccn. 


JAG  [ 

JAGHIRE,  afiignment  made  in  Bengal  by  an  Im- 
perial grant  upon  the  rcvtnue  of  any  dillriifl,  to  defray 
civil  or  military  charges,  penlions,  gratuities,  &c. 

JAGHIREDER,  the  holder  of  a  Jaghire. 

St.  J  AGO, the  largeft  and  moll  populous  of  the  Cape 
tie  Vtrdii  ill.mds,  of  which  fonie  account  has  been  gi- 
ven in  the  Er.cyclop.tdia,  is  reprefented  by  Sir  George 
Staunton  as  liable  to  long  and  excellive  droughts,  for 
which  no  philofophical  caufe  can  be  affigned.  When 
the  enibilfy  to  China  touched  at  it  in  tlie  Litter  end  of 
1792,  it  was  in  a  Rate  of  abfolute  famine.  Little  or 
no  r.iin  had  fillen  tor  about  three  years  before.  The 
rivers  were  almofl  all  entirely  dry.  The  furlace 
of  the  earth  waf,  in  general,  naked  of  any  heil>ai;e. 
The  greatcll  part  of  the  cattle  had  perifhed,  not  lefs 
tlirou^h  drought  than  want  of  food.  Of  the  inhabi- 
tants, many  liad  migrated,  and  many  were  familhed  to 
death.  Nor  was  this  calamity  peculiar  to  St  Jago.  All 
theiflmds  of  Cape  de  Verde  were  faid  to  have  experi- 
enced the  fame  long  drought,  and  to  be  confequently  in 
a  (late  of  fmiilar  defolatioii.  Yet  the  frequent  fhowers 
which  were  obferved  by  the  firll  navigators  who  touch- 
ed at  St  Jago,  induced  them  to  give  to  the  ifland  the 
name  of  Pluvtalii  ;  and  no  change  had  been  obi'erved 
in  the  Heady  cunent  of  wind,  blowing  from  the  eall, 
which  is  common  to  tropical  climates. 

"  What  were  the  uncommon  circimiftances  (fays  Sir 
George)  that  took  place  in  the  atmofphere  of  that  part 
cif  Aliica  to  which  the  Cape  de  Verde  Illands  lie  con- 
tiguous, or  in  the  vaft  cxpanfe  of  continent  extending 
to  the  eafl  behind  it,  and  from  which  this  direful  efieifl 
mull  have  proceded  (as  they  happened  where  no  man 
of  fcience  exiftcd  to  obfeive  or  to  record  them),  will 
therefore  remain  unknown.  Nor  is  theory  bold  enough 
to  fupply  the  place  of  obfervation.  Whatever  was  the 
caufe  which  thus  arrefted  the  bountiful  hand  of  Nature, 
by  drawing  away  the  fources  of  fertility,  it  was  obfer- 
vable,  that  fome  few  trees  and  plants  perfevered  to  fiou- 
rifli  with  a  luxuriance,  indicating  that  they  Hill  could 
extrafl  from  the  arid  earth  whatever  portion  of  humi- 
dity it  was  neceifary  to  derive  from  thence  for  the  pur- 
pofc  of  vegetable  lile,  though  it  was  denied  to  others." 

Befide  the  trees  of  the  palm  kind,  which  are  often 
found  verdant  aniidll. burning  fands,  nothing,  for  ex- 
ample, could  be  more  rich  in  flavour,  or  abound  more 
with  milky,  though  corrofive  juice,  than  the  afclepias 
gigantea  (fee  Asclepias,  Encycl.),  growing  plenti- 
fully, about  feveral  feet  high,  without  culture,  indeed, 
but  undillurbed,  it  being  of  no  avail  to  cut  it  down  in 
favour  of  plants  that  would  be  nfelul,  but  required  the 
aid  of  more  moifture  from  the  atmofphere.  The  jitro- 
phacurca«,  or  phylic  nut  tree,  which  the  French  Weft 
Indians,  with  fome  propriety,  call  hois  immorlel,  and 
plant,  on  that  account,  in  the  batmdaries  of  their  edates, 
appeared  as  if  its  perpetuity  was  not  to  be  afFeded  by 
any  drouglit.  Some  indigo  plants  were  ftill  cultivated 
With  fuccefs  in  Ihaded  vales,  together  with  a  few  cot- 
ton llirub?.  Throughout  the  country  fome  of  thofe 
fpecies  of  the  mimof  1,  or  fenfitlve  plant,  whicli  grow 
into  the  fr/.e  of  trees,  were  moil  common,  and  did  not 
appear  tolanguifh.  In  particular  fpots  the  annona,  or 
fug-ir  apple  tree  was  in  perfetl  verdure.  The  borafTus, 
or  great  fan  palm,  lifted,  in  a  few  places,  its  lofty  head 
and  fpreadlng  leaves,  with  undiminilhed  beauty.  In  a 
bottom,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  behind  the  town  of 


96    3 


J     A     G 


Praya,  was  ftill  growing,  in  a  healthy  ftate,  what  may 
be  called  tor  fize  a  phenomenon  in  vegetation,  a  tree 
known  to  botanills  by  the  name  of  adanfonia,  and  in 
Enghfli  called  7/iouLy  bread  tree.  The  natives  of  St 
Jago  call  it  kahifera  ;  others  baobab.  Its  trunk  mea- 
fured  at  the  bale  no  lefs  than  56  feet  in  girth  ;  but  it 
foon  divided  into  two  great  branches,  one  rifmg  perpen- 
dicularly, and  meafuring  42  feet  in  circumference.  That 
of  the  other  was  about  26.  By  it  Hood  another  of  the 
fame  fpecies,  whofe  fingle  trunk  of  38  feet  giith,  at- 
tracted little  notice  from  the  vicinity  of  its  huge  com- 
panion. 

But  the  annual  produce  of  agriculture  was  fcarcely 
to  be  found.  Tlie  plains  and  helJs,  foimcrly  pioduc- 
tive  ot  corn,  fugarcanes,  or  plantains,  nouiilhed  by  re- 
gular falls  of  rain,  now  bore  little  femblance  of  vegeta- 
tion. Yet  in  the  fmall  number  of  plants  which  furvi- 
ved  the  drought,  were  fome  which,  from  the  fpecimens 
fent  to  Europe,  were  found  to  have  been  hitherto  un- 
known. Vegetation  quickly,  indeed,  revived  wherever, 
through  the  loil,  any  moifture  could  be  conveyed. 

Sir  George  reprefents  Praya,  the  reftdence  of  the 
Portuguefe  Viceroy,  as  a  hamlet  rather  than  a  town. 
It  confifts  of  about  100  very  fmall  dwellings,  one  ftory 
high,  fcattered  on  each  fide  of  the  plain,  which  extend- 
ed near  a  mile  in  length,  and  about  the  third  of  a  mile 
in  breadth  ;  and  fell  oil,  all  around,  to  the  neighbour- 
ing  valleys  and  to  the  fea.  Not  being  commanded  by 
any  neighbouring  eminence,  it  was  a  fituation  capable 
of  defence;  the  tort,  however,  or  battery,  was  almofl 
in  ruins  ;  and  the  few  guns  mounted  on  it  were  moftly 
honey-combed,  and  placed  on  carriages  which  fcarcely 
held  together. 

A  party  belonging  to  the  embaffy  crofTed  the  coun- 
try to  the  ruins  ot  St  Jago,  the  former  capital  of  the 
iOand,  fituated  in  the  bottom  of  a  vale,  through  which 
ran  a  ftream  then  both  fmall  and  fluggifh.  On  each 
fide  of  that  ftream  are  the  remains  of  dwellings  of  con- 
fiderable  folidity  and  fize  ;  and  the  fragments  of  glafs 
luftres,  ftill  hanging  from  the  ceilings  of  fome  of  the 
principal  apartment!-,  denote  the  elegance  or  riches  that 
were  once  difplayed  in  tliis  now  deferted  place.  Not 
above  half  a  dozen  families  remain  in  it  at  prefent  ;  the 
reft  abandoned  it,  or  perilhed.  Here  was  ftill,  how. 
ever,  an  attempt  at  a  fljglu  manufadlory  of  ftriped  cot- 
ton Hips,  the  fame  as  are  made  in  the  other  parts  of 
the  ifland,  fir  the  ufe  of  the  Africans  on  the  main,  who 
pay  for  them  in  flaves,  elephants  teeth,  and  that  gum 
which  is  generally  called  arabic. 

Amidft  tlie  ruins  of  St  Jago  the  party  found  a  Por- 
tuguefe, to  whom  I  ne  ot  them  was  recommended,  and 
who  received  them  with  the  moft  cordial  hofpitality  in 
his  lioufe,  and  treated  tliem  with  every  fpecies  of  tropi- 
cal fruits  from  his  gai^den,  lying  on  each  fide  the  river. 

Wz  had  been  a  navigator;  and  informed  them  that 
the  ifle  of  Brava,  one  of  the  Cape  de  Verde's,  was  a 
fitter  and  fafer  place  for  fhips  to  call  at  for  water  and 
provifions  than  the  ifland  ot  St  Jago  ;  that  it  had  three 
harbours ;  one  called  Puerto  Furno  on  the  eaft  fide  c£ 
the  ifland,  from  which  velfeis  mull  warp,  or  be  towed 
out  by  boats  ;  the  Puerto  Fajendago  to  the  weft;  and 
the  Puerto  Ferreo  to  the  fouth,  which  was  the  beft  for 
large  (hips,  and  into  which  runs  a  fmall  river.  In  an- 
other of  the  Cape  de  Verde  iflands,  called  San  Vicente, 
he  obferved  that  there  was  alfo  a  large  harbour  on  the 

north 


J     A     L  C     I 

Jaloffs.  north  end,  but  that  frefh  water  was  at  fome  diftance 
^•^'"''^'^^  from  it :  and  there  was  likewife  a  good  port  at  Bona- 
vifta.  This  information  of  the  harbours  in  the  ifle  of 
Brava  was  confirmed  by  accounts  given  by  others  to 
Kir  Erafmus  Gower,  who  recommends  to  make  a  tiial 
of  them. 

JALOFFS,  or  Yaloffs,  are  an  acflive,  powerful, 
and  warhke  people,  inhabiting  great  part  of  that  trail 
of  Africa  which  lies  between  the  Senegal  and  the  M  in- 
din;jo  dates  on  ihe  Gambia  (See  Mandihgoes  in  this 
SuppletneKt).  Their  nofes,  fays  Mr  Park,  are  not  fo 
much  deprelfed,  nor  their  lips  fo  protuberant,  as  thofe 
of  the  jfencrality  of  Afiicans;  and  ihouiih  their  fkin  is 
of  the  deepeft  black,  they  are  confidered  by  the  white 
traders  as  the  mod  fightly  Negroes  in  that  pait  cf  the 
continent  where  they  live.  They  are  divided  into  fe- 
veral  independent  ftates  or  kingdoms,  which  are  fre- 
quently at  war  with  their  neighbours  or  with  each  o- 
ther.  Jn  their  manners,  fuperllitions,  and  government, 
they  have  a  greater  releniblance  to  the  Mandingoes 
than  to  any  other  nation  ;  but  excel  them  in  the  manu- 
fadure  of  cotton  cloth,  fpinning  the  wool  to  a  finer 
thread,  weaving  it  in  a  Itroader  loom,  and  dyeing  it  of 
a  better  colour.  They  make  very  good  foap,  by  boil- 
ing ground  nuts  in  water,  and  then  adding  a  ley  of 
wood  a(he?.  They  likewife  manufaflure  excellent  iron, 
which  they  carry  to  Bondou  to  barter  for  fait.  Their 
language  is  faid  to  be  copious  and  fignificant,  and  is 
often  learned  by  Europeans  trading  to  Senegal.  From 
the  nnmes  of  their  numerals,  as  given  by  Mr  Park,  it 
would  appear  that  their  numeration  proceeds  hyjivei, 
as  ours  does  by  tens. 

Our  author  relates  the  event  of  a  religious  war,  which, 
as  it  difplays  a  generofity  of  charaifler  very  uncommon 
among  favages,  will  afi'ird  pleafure  to  the  minds  cf 
many  of  our  readers.  Almami  Abdulkader,  fovereign 
of  a  Mahomedin  kingdom  called  Foota  Torra,  fent 
to  Damel,  a  king  of  the  Jaloffs,  an  imperious  mef- 
fage,  commanding  him  and  his  fubje^ts  to  embrace  in- 
ftantly  the  faith  of  the  prophet.  The  ambalfador  ha- 
ving got  admilTion  to  the  prefence  ot  Damel,  ordered 
fome  Biiflirecns  {i.e.  Mahomedan  Negroes)  who  ac- 
companied him,  to  prefent  the  emblems  ot  his  midion. 
Tv;o  knives  were  accordingly  laid  before  the  JalotP 
prince,  and  the  ambalfador  explained  himfelf  as  follows : 

"  With  this  knife  (faid  he)  Abdulkader  will  conde- 
fcend  to  fiiive  the  head  of  Daniel,  it  Damel  will  em- 
brace the  Mahomedan  faith  ;  and  with  this  other  knife 
Abdulkader  will  cut  the  throat  of  Damel.  if  Damel  re- 
fufes  to  embrace  it:  Take  your  choice." — Damel  coolly 
told  the  ambafiador  that  he  had  no  choice  to  make  : 
he  neither  chofe  to  have  his  head  Ihaved,  nor  his  throat 
cut.  And  with  this  anfwer  the  ambalfador  was  civilly 
difmilFed. 

Abdulkader  took  his  meafures  accordingly;  and 
with  a  powerful  army  invaded  Darnel's  couiitiy.  The 
inhabitants  of  the  towns  and  villages  filled  up  iheir 
wells,  deftroyed  their  provifions,  carried  off  tlieir  effeils, 
and  abandoned  their  dwellings,  as  he  approached.  By 
this  means  he  was  led  on  from  pl.iec  tn  place,  until  he 
had  advanced  three  days  journey  into  the  country  of 
the  Jaloffs.  He  had,  indeed,  met  with  no  oppofition  ; 
but  h.s  army  h.id  fuffered  fo  much  from  the  fcarcity  of 
Water,  that  feveral  ot  his  men  died  by  the  way.  'I'his 
induced  him  to  direifl  his  march  towards  a  watering 


97    ] 


J     A     R 


place  in  the  woods,  where  his  men,  having  quenched  Jiloft. 
their  ihirft,  and  being  overcome  with  fatigue,  lay  down  ^■^^'^^""^ 
cartlefsly  to  fleep  among  the  bulhes.  In  this  fitua- 
tion  they  were  attacked  by  D  imel  before  day-break, 
and  completely  routed.  Many  of  them  were  trampled 
to  dea;h  as  they  lay  aileep  by  the  Jaloffs  horfes  ;  others 
were  killed  in  attempting  to  make  their  e.'cape  ;  and  a 
Hill  greater  number  were  taken  prifoners.  Among  the 
latter  was  Abdulkader  himfelf.  Tliis  am'iitious  or 
rather  frantic  prince,  who,  but  a  month  b.-fore,  had 
lent  the  threatening  mcffage  to  Damel,  was  now  him- 
felf led  into  his  prefsnce  as  a  miferable  captive.  The 
behaviour  cf  Damel,  on  this  occafion,  is  never  mention- 
ed by  the  finging  men*  but  in  terms  of  the  higheft  ap-  •  7-^,  i,;/,^ 
probation  ;  and  it  was,  indeed,  fo  extraordinary  in  an  rlam  t/'iu 
African  prince,  that  the  reader  may  find  it  difficult  to  ctuntrj. 
give  credit  to  the  recital.  When  his  royal  prifoner  was 
brought  before  him  in  irons,  and  thrown  upon  the 
ground,  the  magnanimous  Damel,  inftead  of  fetting  his 
foot  upon  his  neck,  and  ftabbing  him  with  his  fpear, 
according  to  the  cuftom  in  fuch  cafes,  addreffed  him  as 
follows:  "  Abdulkader,  anlwer  me  this  queftion.  If 
the  chance  of  war  had  placed  me  in  your  fituation,  and 
you  in  m  ne,  how  would  you  have  treated  me  .>"  "  I 
would  have  thrull  my  fpear  into  your  heart  (returned 
Abdulkader  with  great  hrmnefs)  ;  and  I  know  that  a 
fimilar  fate  awaits  me."  "  Not  fo  (fiid  Damel)  ;  my 
fpear  is  indeed  red  with  the  blood  of  your  fubjects  kill- 
ed in  battle,  and  I  could  now  give  it  a  d;eper  llain,  by 
dipping  it  in  your  own  ;  but  this  would  not  build  up 
my  towns,  nor  bring  to  life  the  thoul'ands  who  fell  in 
the  woods.  1  will  not  therefore  kill  you  in  cold  blood, 
but  I  will  retain  you  as  my  llave,  until  1  perceive  that 
your  prefence  in  your  own  kingdom  will  be  n  >  longer 
dangerous  to  your  neighbours  ;  and  then  I  will  confi- 
der  of  the  proper  way  of  difpofing  of  you."  Abdul- 
kader was  accordingly  retained,  and  worked  as  a  llave 
for  three  months;  at  the  end  of  which  period,  Damel 
liftened  to  the  folicltations  of  the  inhabit.ants  of  Foota 
Torra,  and  rcftcrsd  to  them  their  king.  Strange  as 
this  (lory  may  appear,  Mr  Park  has  no  doubt  of  the 
truth  of  it.  It  was  told  to  him  at  Malacotta  by  the 
Negroes;  it  was  afterwards  reljted  to  him  by  the  Eu- 
ropeans on  the  Giimbia  ;  by  fome  of  the  French  at 
Goree  ;  and  confirmed  by  nine  flaves,  who  were  taken 
prifoners  along  with  Abdulkader  by  the  watering  place 
in  the  woods,  and  carried  in  the  fame  fliip  with  him  to 
the  Weft  Indies. — Such  generofity  as  this  reflects  ho- 
nour on  human  nature. 

JARRA,  is  a  town  of  confiderable  extent  in  the 
Moorilh  kingdom  of  Ludamar  in  Africa.  The  boules 
are  built  of  clay  and  ftone  intcrmiied,  a  kind  of  wall 
very  common  in  many  parts  of  Scotland,  where  clay  is 
made  to  fupply  the  place  of  mortar.  The  grea'er  part 
of  the  Inhabitants  of  Jarra  are  Negroes  from  the  bor- 
ders of  the  fouthern  ftates,  who  picfcr,  fiys  Mr  Park, 
a  precarious  protedion  under  t!ic  Moots,  wl-.ich  they 
purchafe  by  a  tribute,  to  the  being  continually  eipofeJ 
to  their  predatory  hoftilities.  The  tribute  which  they 
pay  is  confiderable;  and  they  manifeft  the  moil  unli- 
mited obedience  and  fubmillion  to  their  Moorilh  fupe- 
riors ;  by  whom  they  are,  in  return,  treated  with  the 
utmoll  indignity  and  contempt.  The  Moors  in  lhi«, 
and  the  other  ftates  adjoining  the  country  of  the  Ne- 
groes, rcftmblc  in  ih;ir  ncrfoas  the  Mulattoes  cf  the 

Weft 


I     C     E 


[     198     ] 


J     E     B 


lata.       Weft  Indies,  and  feem  to  be  a  mixed  race  between  the  kept  in  that  manner  for  a  long  time.     Plutarch  fays, 

II          Moors,  properly  fo  called,  of  the  north,  and  the  Ne-  that  a  covering  of  chaff  and  coarfe  cloth  is  fufficient ; 

,^^^4^^:,^^  groes  of  the  fjuth  ;  po/i'elling  many  of  the   worll  qua-  and  at  prefent  a  like  method  is  purfued  in  Portugal. 

iities  of  both  nations.     Jarra  is  fitualed  in  15*^  5'  N.  Where  the  fnow  has   been  colleifted  in  a  deep  gulph, 

Lat.  and  6"  48'  E.  Long.  fome  grafs  or  green  fuds,  covered  with  dung  from  the 

lATA,  a  bay  on  the  coaft  of  Chili. — Morse.  ftieep-pens,  is  thrown  over  it ;  and  under  thefe  it  is  fo 

IBBERVILLE,  a  river  or   ratlier  a  fort  of  natural  well   preferved,  th^it  the  whole  funimer  through  it  is 

canal,  of  W.  Florida,  which,  wlicn  the  MiffilTippi  over-  fent  the  dillance  of  6c  Spaniih  miles  to  Lifbon. 

flows,  and  is  high  enough  to  run  into  it,  (which  is  gene-  "  When  the  ancients,  therelore,  wifhed  to  have  cooling 

rally  inthemomhs  of  M.iy,  June,  and  July )  formsacom-  liquors,  they  either  drank  the  melted  fnow,  or  put  fome 

munication  ior  veffels  drawing  three  or  four  teet,  from  of  it  in  their  wine,  or  they  placed  jars  filled  with  wine 

the  Milfillippi  to  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  eaftward,  through  in  the  fnow,  and  fuffered  it  to  cool  there  as  long  as  they 

the  lakes   Mauripas  and  Pontchartrain.     This   canal,  thought  proper.     That  ice  was  alfo  preferved  for  thi 

which   has   been   dignilied   with  tiie  name  of  river,  is  like  purpofe,  is  probable  from  the  tcftimony  of  various 

dry  all  tlie  reft  of  the  year.  It  is  a  mile  below  a  village  authors ;  but  it  appears  not  to  have  been  ufed  fo  much 

ot  Alabama  Indians,  35  miles  from  the  fettlenients  of  in  warm  countries  as  in  the  northern.     Even  at  prefent 

Point    Coupee,  99  W,  by  N.  of    New-Orleans,     204  fnow  is  employed 'n  Italy,  Spain,  and  Portugal ;  but  in 

N.  W.  of  the  Brflize,  and  270  W.  of  Penfacola,  by  Perfia  ice.     I  have  never  any  where  found  an  account 

jthe  above  lakes.     It  receives  the  river  Amit  or  Amite,  of  Grecian  or  Roman  icehoufes.     By  the  writers  on 

from   tile   northward,  wliich  is  navigable  for  batteaux  agriculture  they  are  not  mentioned." 

to  a  ccniiderable  diftance. — ib.  ICHNOGRAPHY,  in  architedure,  is  a  tranfverfe 

IBIS.  Under  the  generic  name  Tantalus  ('^z;-  or  horizontal  fedion  ot  a  building,  exhibiting  the  plot 
cycl.),  we  have  defcribed,  after  Mr  Bruce,  a  bird  which  of  the  whole  edifice,  and  of  the  feveral  rooms  and  apart- 
he  found  in  Abyflinia,  and  concluded  to  be  the  facred  menls  in  any  ftory  ;  together  with  the  thicknefs  of  the 
ibis  of  ancient  Egypt.  M.  Vaillant,  during  his  laft  walls  and  partitions ;  the  dimenfions  of  the  doors,  win- 
travels  in  Africa,  found,  in  fome  lakes  near  the  ele-  dows,  and  chimneys;  the  projeflures  of  the  columns  and 
phants  river,  a  bird  very  different  from  Mr  Bruce's,  piers,  with  every  thing  vifible  in  fuch  a  fev.'lion. 
■which  he  conlidered  as  belonging  to  the  fame  fpecies  ;  ICHUA-TOWN,  in  the  Genelfee  country  in  the 
and  which  he  defctibes  thus:  It  is  three  feet  in  height.  Slate  of  New- York,  is  an  Indian  village  at  the  mouth 
Its  head  and  throat,  which  are  extremely  b.ire,  are  co-  of  Ichua  Creek,  a  north-eaftern  head  water  of  Alle- 
vered  with  a  fkin  of  the  brighteft  red,  terminated  by  a  ghany  river.  It  is  fio  miles  eafterly  of  Fort  Erie,  70 
band  of  a  beautiful  orange,  which  I'eparates  the  naked  E.  by  S.  of  La  Boeut,  and  67  S.  V/.  by  S.  of  Hart- 
part  from  that  covered  wiili  leathers.     The  upper  part  ford  on  Genelfee  river. — Morse. 

of  the  wings,  having  broad  ftripes  of  a  fine  violet  co-  ICUNADA  DE  BARRUGAN,  a  town  on  the 
lour,  agreeably  fhaded,  is  bordered  by  a  white  band  of  river  La  Plata,  in  S.  America. — ii. 
feathers,  the  thick  and  iilky  beards  of  which,  feparated  ICY  CAPE  is  the  northwefternmoft  head  land  of 
from  each  other,  have  a  perfeft  lefeniblance  to  a  rich  N.  America,  fituated  in  the  Northern  ocean.  Be- 
fringe. The  quills  of  the  wings  and  tail  are  of  a  green-  tween  this  cape  and  Cape  North,  in  Afia,  is  the  open- 
ifli  black,  which,  as  it  receives  the  light  in  a  more  ing  into  Behring's  Straits,  which  lead  from  the  Nor- 
or  lefs  oblique  direftion,    alfuraes    the   appearance  of  tliern  into  the  Pacific  ocean. — ii. 

violet  or  purple.     The  reft  of  the  plumage  is  of  a  beau-  JEBB  (John;,  was  born  in  Southampton-ftrect,  Co- 

tiful  white.      The   bill,  which  is  long  and  foniewhat  vent  Garden,  London  on  tlie  1 6th  of  February,   1736. 

crooked,  is  yellow ;  as  are  the  feet.     This  bird  belongs  He  was  the  eldcft  fon  of  the  Rev.  John  Jebb,  dean  of 

to  the  genus  of  the  ibis,  of  which  we  are  already  ac-  Caftiel,  in  the  kingdom  of  Ireland.     He  received  the 

quainted  with  feveral  fpecies.  elements  of  his  education  in  different  fchools,  and  was 

ICAQUE  POINT,  on  the  E.  end  of  the  ifland  of  admitted,   July  7,  1753,    penfioner  in  the    univerfity 

St  Domingo,  lat.   19"   2'. — Morse.  of  Dublin,   whence    he    removed,  November  the  9th 

ICE  House.     See  that  article,  Encyclopadia.     Pro-  1754,  to  St  Peter's  college  in  Cnmbridge,  where  lie  was 

feffor  Beckmann,  in  the  third  volume  of  his  Hiftory  of  likewife  a  penfioner.  In  January  1757  he  proceeded  to  the 

Inventions,  has  proved  clearly  that  the  ancients  were  degreeof  A.  B.  andhis  place  in  ihediftribulion  of  .acade- 

well  acquainted  with  what  ferved  the  purpofe  of  ice-  mical  honours  was,  on  that  occafion,  fecond  wrangler, 

honfes.  the  late  eminent  mathematician  Dr  Waring  being  the 

"  The  art  (fays  he)  of  preferving  fnow  for  cooling  firft.     In  1758  he  obtained  the  fecond  prize  of  fifteen 

liquors   during   the  fummcr,  in  warm  countries,  was  guineas,  annually  given  by  the  univerfity  to  the  authors 

known  in  the  earlieft  ages.     This  praflice  is  mention-  cf  the  beft  compofitions  in  Latin  profe,  being  fenior 

*Prc'jrb    ^^  ^y  Solomon,*  and  proofs  of  it  are  fo  numerous  in  or  middle  bachelors  of  arts.     Dr  Roberts,  afterwards 

XXV.  I's".  ''  ih^  works  of  the  Greeks  and  the   Romans,  that  it  is  provoft  of  Eton  college,  obtained  the  firft. 

unnecelFary  for  me  to  quote  them,  efpecially  as  they  In  the  month  of  June  1760,  Mr  Jebb  was  ad- 
have  been  colledled  by  others.  How  the  repofitories  mitted  probationer  fellow  of  St  Peter's  college,  and 
for  keeping  it  were  conftructed,  we  are  not  exprefsly  proceeded  to  the  degree  of  Mafter  of  Arts  at  the  com- 
told  ;  but  it  is  probable  that  the  fnow  was  preferved  in  mencement  in  the  fame  year;  and  on  the  firft  ot  July 
pits  or  trenches.  1761,  was  confirmed  fellow  by   Dr  Mawfon,    bilhop 

"  When  Alexander  the  Great  befieged  the  city  of  of  Ely. 

Petra,  he  caufed  30  trenches  to  be  dug,  and  filled  with  On    the   6th  of  June   1762,   he  was  ordained  dea- 

fnow,  which  was  covered  v.ith  oak  branches ;  and  which  con  at  Bngdea   by  Dr  John  Green,    biflicp  of  Lin- 
coln ; 


Iclinogra- 

phy. 

II 
]cbl,. 


J     ^     B 


c 


Jebb.      coin;  and  on  the  zjih  of  September,   1763,  he  was 
^"^'^^^  admitted  by  the  fame  bi(hop  inio  prielVs  orders. 

On  the  22d  of  Auguft,  1764,  Mr  Jebb  was  col- 
lated by  Dr  Matthias  Alawlbn,  billmp  of  Ely,  to  the 
fmili  vicarage  of  Ganilingay,  near  Potton,  in  Beiitord- 
(liire,  upon  the  recommendalion  of  Dr  Law,  malkr  of 
Peterhoofe.  On  the  I7ih  of  the  following  Odlober, 
he  was  elefled  by  the  univerfity  into  the  reiflory  of  O- 
vington,  near  V/atton,  in  Norfolk,  after  a  competition 
■with  the  Rev.  Henry  Turner,  then  fellow  of  .St  John's 
college,  afterwards  vicar  of  Burwell,  in  Cambridgefhire. 
Upon  catling  lip  the  votes,  there  appeared  to  be  for 
Mr  Jebb  91,  for  Mr  Turner  73  ;  and  accordingly  he 
was  inllituted  into  the  fame  the  15th  of  December  fol- 
lowing. 

On  the  29th  of  the  fame  month,  (December  1764) 
Mr  Jebb  married  Anne,  eldeft  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
James  Torkington,  redor  of  Little  Siukeley,  in  Hun- 
tingdonniire,  and  of  lady  Dorothy  Sherard,  daughter 
of  Philip,  fecond  earl  of  Harborough. 

Eaily  in  the  year  1765,  Mr  Jebb,  together  with 
the  Rev.  Robert  Thorpe,  fellow  of  Peterhoufe,  and 
the  Rev.  George  Woolafton,  fellow  of  Sidney  college, 
publifhcd,  in  a  fmall  quarto,  n  comment  on  thofe  parts  of 
Sir  Ifaac  Newtcn's  Prhtcipia  which  more  immediately 
relate  tn  the  fyftem  of  the  world.  The  title  of  the  joint 
work  of  thefc  able  and  judicious  philolbphers  was, 
"  Exccrpta  quxdam  e  Newtoni  principlis  philolophla; 
naturalis,  cum  noiis  variorum."  A  work,  of  which 
the  univerfity  of  Cambridge  continues  to  bear  teftimo- 
ny  to  the  excellence,  by  the  general  ufe  of  it  in  the 
courfe  of  academical  education. 

Mr  Chappelow  profeifur  of  Arabic,  dying  on  the 
14th  of  January  1768,  Mr  Jebb  offered  himlelf  a  can- 
didate for  the  vacant  chair;  but  it  was  given  to  Dr 
Hallifax,  afterwards  bifhopof  Glouceiler  ;  a  man  of  de- 
ferved  celebrity,  of  whom  we  regret  that  it  was  not  in 
our  power  to  give  a  biographical  fketch. 

On  July  10.  1769,  Mr  Jebb  was  inftituted  to  the  vica- 
rage of  Flixton,  near  Bungay,  in  Suffolk,  on  the  prefen- 
tation  of  William  Adair,  Efq.  of  Flixton-hall ;  and  on 
the  4th  of  April  1770,  was  inftitutcd  to  the  united 
reftories  of  Homertfield  and  St  Crofs,  parilhes  conti- 
guous to  Elixton,  upon  the  fame  prefentation  :  being 
alfo,  in  the  funimer  of  the  fame  year,  nominated  chap- 
lain to  Robert  earl  of  Harbnrough.  In  confequence 
of  the  acceffi'in  of  thefe  preferments,  though  not  con- 
fiderable  in  themfelves,  he  refigned,  fome  time  in  the 
month  of  October  1 771,  the  reftory  of  Ovington, 
which  he  had  received  from  the  univerfity  ;  and  Mr 
Sheepftianks,  fellow  of  St  John's  college,  was  eleded  in 
his  place. 

Dr  Hallifax  focceeding  to  the  profeflbrfhip  of  civil 
law,  in  the  month  cf  October  1770,  upon  the  death  of 
Dr  Ridlirgton,  Mr  Jebb  once  more  folicited  that  of  A- 
rabic,  which  Dr  Hallifax  then  vacated:  but  he  had  by  lliis 
time  difplayed  fuch  an  innovating  fpirit  in  religion,  that 
the  univerfity  gave  the  vacant  protclforlhip  to  Mr  Cra- 
Ten,  a  man  rcfpe<fted  even  by  Mr  Jebb  and  his  friends. 

Early  in  the  year  1 771,  a  defign  was  formed  of  a  p. 
plying  to  parliament  for  relief  in  the  matter  of  fub- 
icription  to  the  liturgy,  and  thirty-nine  articles  of  the 
Church  of  England ;  and  in  the  profecution  of  this  de- 
fign Mr  Jebb  took  a  very  aiJlive  part.  He  attended 
different  meetings  of  the  difcontcnted  clergy,  held  at  the 


99     ]  J     K     B 

Feathers  tavern,  London,  affifted  in  the  drawing  up  cf 
their  petition,  and  wrote  their  circular  letter,  which 
gave  10  the  public  an  account  of  their  aims.  He  bu- 
ficJ  himfelf  at  the  fame  time  in  making  various  at- 
tempts to  liring  about  what  he  called  a  refoimation  of 
the  univerfity  of  Cambridge,  but  finding  them  fruit- 
lefs,  he  retired,  on  the  2;thof  June  1772.  to  Bungay, 
where  he  (tudied  Frencli  and  Italian,  and  proceeded  in 
a  plan  of  iome  political  or  conjliimional  Uflures. 

He  had  by  this  time  ceafed  to  read  the  prayers  of 
the  church,  though  he  flill  continued  to  preach  occa- 
fionally  ;  and  iJie  Archdeacon  of  Suffolk,  holding,  this 
year,  his  ufual  vifitation  of  fome  neighbouring  pariOies 
in  the  church  of  Flixton,  Mr  Jebb  preached  fuch  a 
fermon  againlf  I'libfcription,  as  drew  upon  himfelf  a 
public  rebuke  from  the  Archdeacon,  in  the  preience  of 
the  clergy.  "Much  altercation,  (fays  he)  enfued  : 
and  tor  fome  days  I  expected  a  fummons  to  Norwich  ; 
but  have  heard  no  more  of  it.  /  aaed  thiii,  -ivilh  a 
vie'w  to  call  the  attention  of  the  Nor'-jjich  clergy  to  our 
caufe ;  and  have  in  part  fuccecded." 

He  aifted  much  more  honourably  than  thi?,  when, 
'"  17731  he  refigned  all  his  preferments  in  the  church  : 
which  fuiely  he  ought  not  to  have  retained  one  day 
alter  his  confcience  would  not  permit  him  to  read  the 
prayers  of  t!ie  liturgy.  He  now  refolved  to  become  a 
phyfician;  and  after  attending  St  Bartholomew's  hof- 
pital  in  London  for  fix  months,  as  the  pupil  of  Dr 
William  Pitcairn,  he  received,  on  the  ifith  of  March 
1777,  a  diploma  of  Doiflor  of  Phyfic  from  the  univer- 
fity of  St  xinJrews  !  !  He  did  not,  however,  com- 
mence prai-Tice  till  the  5th  of  February  i  778  ;  and  even 
then  he  continued  to  attend  the  leflures  of  Dr  Hrin- 
ter,  Mr  John  Hunter,  and  Dr  Higgins.  On  the  18th 
of  February  1779  '"^  ''^'^'^  elefted  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society. 

Dr  Jebb,  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  American  war, 
had  fhewn  himfelf  at  Cambridge  a  warm  paitizan  of 
the  revolting  colonies  ;  and  of  courfe  a  keen  advocate 
for  v.'hat  he  called,  and,  we  doubt  not,  thought,  the 
civil  liberties  of  m.inkind.  He  now  fignalized  him- 
felf by  "  An  addrefs  to  the  Freeholders  of  Middlefex," 
aifembled  at  Free  maion's  tavern  in  Great  Queen-ftreet, 
on  Monday,  December  the  20th  1779,  for  tlie  purpofe 
of  ellablKhing  meetings  to  maintain  and  fupport  the 
freedom  of  election.  Upon  this  occafion,  he  commu- 
nicated to  James  Townfend,  Efq.  chairman  of  that 
meeting,  the  above  addrefs,  under  the  fignature  cf 
"  Salus  Publica;"  prefiimi:\g,  that  if  the  fentimcnts 
"  appeared  to  be  founded  in  reafon,  they  would  not  be 
the  lefs  regarded  on  account  rf  their  being  fuggefled 
by  an  unknown  individual." 

This  addrefs  was  immediately  printed,  .tnd  very 
foon  pafled  through  three  editions,  each  being  enlarged 
by  the  addition  of  frcfh  matter;  and  in  1782,  followed 
the  fourtli  edition  corrcfled,  which  alfo  bore  our  au- 
thor's name  in  the  title  page. 

About  the  end  of  February  1780,  Dr  Jebb  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  committee  of  the  county  of  Hunting- 
don, one  of  their  deputies,  to  attend  a  meeting  in  Lon- 
don of  reprefentativcs  from  certain  other  petitioning 
counties,  in  order  to  concert  mcafures  for  the  more  «f- 
feftual  reform  of  the  prcfent  conftiiution  of  the  houfe 
of  commons.  Soon  afterwards  he  became  one  of  the 
noil  a^ive  members  of  "  the  foeiety  for  conftiiutional 

information; 


Jtbt. 


J     E     B  C 

Jcbb.  information;"  of  which  the  objefl,  according  to  their 
^"'"""^  own  account,  was  to  difFiife  throughout  the  kingdom, 
ai  viniverially  as  poffible,  a  knowledge  of  the  great  prin- 
ciples of  conllitulional  Ireedom,  particularly  fucli  as  re- 
fpeft  the  eleflion  and  duration  of  the  reprefeutativebody. 
"  With  tliis  view  (fay  they),  con ftitutional  trafts,  intend- 
ed for  the  extenfion  of  this  knowledge,  and  to  communi- 
cate it  to  perfons  of  all  ranks,  are  printed  and  diftri- 
buted  gratis,  at  the  expence  of  tlie  fociety.  Elfays, 
and  extrafls  from  various  authors,  calculated  to  pro- 
mote the  fame  defign,  are  alio  publifhed  under  the  di- 
reftion  of  the  fociety,  in  feveral  of  the  newfpapers  ; 
and  it  is  the  wilh  of  the  fociety  to  extend  this  know- 
ledge throughout  every  part  of  the  united  kingdoms, 
and  to  convince  men  of  all  ranks,  that  it  is  their  inte- 
reft,  as  well  as  their  duty,  to  fupport  a  free  conllitu- 
tion,  and  to  maintain  and  allert  tliofe  common  rights, 
which  are  effential  to  the  dignity  and  to  the  happinefs 
of  human  nature."  Could  Dr  Jebb  have  forcfeen  all 
the  mifchiefs  which  have  fl  jwed  from  this  inRitution  ; 
could  he  have  forefeen  the  wonderful  fpawn  of  fac- 
tious focieties  which  have  fprung  from  it  as  from  a 
parent  flock,  our  veneration  for  genius  and  learning 
will  not  permit  us  to  believe,  that  he  Would  have  ne- 
glefled  the  ftudies  of  his  profelTion  for  the  fake  of  tak- 
ing the  lead  in  party  politics. 

Dr  Petit,  one  of  the  phyficians  of  St  Bartholo- 
mevv's  hofpital,  dying  the  26th  of  May,  Dr  Jebb  offer- 
ed himfelf  a  candidate  to  fucceed  to  that  appointment. 
The  eleflion  came  on  the  23d  of  June;  when  Dr 
Budd,  his  antagonift,  fucceeded  by  a  great  majority. 

The  oppolition  which  was  made  to  his  eleflion  at 
St  Bartholomew's,  followed  him  in  the  winter,  when 
he  ofTered  himfelf  at  Si  Thomas's  hofpital  in  the  bo- 
rough. Indeed  he  relinquiflied  his  pretenfions  there 
fooner  than  in  the  former  place  ;  but  for  no  other  rea- 
lon  than  becaufe  he  found  that  all  his  political  prin- 
ciples were  likely  to  be  again  objedleJ  to  him,  and  to 
hazard  his  luccef?. 

In  the  year  17S3  he  concurred  with  others  in  form- 
ing  "  the  fociety  tor  promoting  the  knowledge  of  the 
Icriptures,"  which  met  firft  on  tlie  20th  of  September 
in  that  year,  and  whofe  meetings  continued  to  be  held, 
and,  for  ought  we  know  to  the  contrary,  are  llill  held 
at  Ellex  houfe.  The  (ketch  of  their  plan  wab  chiefly 
written  by  Dr  Jebb  ;  and  tlieir  object  was  to  propa- 
gate the  doclrines  of  Unitarianifm,  for  which  he  was  as 
great  a  zealot  as  for  civil  liberty. 

His  health  now  began  to  decline ;  but  during  his 
confinement,  he  ftudied  the  Saxon  language,  the  An- 
glo-Saxon laws,  Englilh  hiflory  and  antiquities,  with  a 
view  to  e.\3mine  into  our  criminal  code,  and  particular 
points  of  liberty.  The  vigour  of  his  mind  was  ftill 
equal  to  tlie  furnifhing  himfelf  with  this  frefti  (lore  of 
knowledge  ;  he  forefaw  the  advantage  of  fuch  an  ac- 
quifition  in  the  invefligation  of  the  legal  rights  of  Eng- 
lillimen,  and  had  defigned  to  have  employed  it  in  the 
fupport  of  fome  great  conftitutional  queftions,  which 
he  confidered  as  elfential  to  the  freedom  of  his  country. 

But  as  the  year  began  to  dawn,  it  was  very  ob- 
fervable  to  many  of  his  friends  that,  according  to  every 
appearance,  and  without  fome  very  great  and  Angular 
effort  of  nature,  his  increafed  debility  would  defeat 
every  exertion  of  the  moft  judicious  medical  afllftance, 
and  teiminate  die  remaining  fparks  of  human  life. 


00    ]  J    E    R 

In  this  enfeebled  ftate,  his  mind  was  aftive.     His  JefTcrfouit, 
"  Thoughts  on  Prifons"  were  printed  and  circulated         ' 
in  the  county  of  Suffolk  in  1785,  by  his  much  valued  ^..^^v-w 
friend  Mr  Lofft ;  and  there  is  fufllcient  reafon  for  con- 
cluding that  this  little  traift  had  effeft  on  the  delibera- 
tions of   the  jullices  at  Ipfwich  and   Bury,    then  en- 
gaged in  ereding  a  new  gaol  for  tlic  divifion  of  Ipf- 
wich,   and  a   new   houfe   of   correflion   for  that  of 
Bury. 

The  good  effe(51s  of  this  very  excellent  trad,  it 
was  apprehended,  would  be  extended  by  a  more  general 
publication.  In  this  hope  Dr  Jebb  revifed  and  cor- 
reeled  it  with  his  dying  hand  :  and  his  furviving  friend 
publiflied  it  foon  after  his  death,  adding  thereto  "  an 
abftraift  of  felonies  created  by  flatute  and  other  articles 
relative  to  tlie  penal  law. 

He  continued  to  linger  till  May  the  2d  1786,  when, 
about  8  o'clock  in  the  evening,  he  breathed  his  laft, 
leaving  behind  him,  among  men  of  different  perfuafions, 
very  different  characters.  By  the  difrenters  he  is  fel- 
doni  mentioned  but  as  the  Great  jfebb ;  by  churchmen, 
his  abilities  are  univerfally  allowed,  whilft  regret  is  ex- 
prefled  that  they  were  fo  often  employed  in  fupport  of 
faiflion  and  herefy.      His  moral  charaifler  has  never  g 

been  afperfed. 

JEFFERSONIA,  a  new  plant  lately  difcovered  in 
Georgia  by  Dr  Brickel  of  Savannah,  and  fo  named  by 
him  in  compliment  to  the  vice  prefident  of  the  United 
States.  In  the  Aloitlhly  Magazine  for  July  1798  we 
have  the  following  defcription  of  it : 

Jefferson  I A  pentandria  monogynia. 

C<i/jx,  below,  compofed  of  five  ihort  oval  imbricated 
leaves ;  corolli,  monophyllous,  funnel  fliaped,  on  the  re- 
ceptacle, fub-pentangular,  bearing  the  filaments  near  the 
bafe,  its  margin  hypocrateriform,  divided  into  five  round 
duds  nearly  equal ;  fyl(,  piliform,  Ihorter  than  the  pe- 
tal, but  longer  than  the  ftamens  ;  Jl'gma,  quadrifid  ;  an- 
thers, ereit,  linear,  fagittated;  fruit,  two  univalved,  ca- 
rinated,  polyfpermous  capfules,  united  at  the  bafe,  open- 
ing on  their  tops  and  contiguous  fides,  having  flat  feeds, 
with  a  marginal  wing. 

Only  one  fpecies  is  as  yet  difcovered,  Jcffcrfonia  fem- 
pervirens.  It  is  a  fl)rub  with  round  poliflied  twining 
flems,  which  climb  up  on  bulhes  and  fmall  trees  ;  the 
petioles  fliort,  oppofite  ;  leaves  oblong,  narrow,  entire, 
evergreen, acute;  flowers  axillary,  yellow,  having  afweec 
odour.  The  woods  are  full  of  this  delightful  fhrub, 
which  is  covered  with  blolToms  for  many  months  in  the 
year. 

JERBOA,  fee  Mus,  Encycl.  where  defcriptions  are 
given  of  the  jaculus  or  common  jerboa,  and  of  the  Ara- 
bian, Egyptian,  and  Siberian  jerboas.  A  variety  of 
this  animal  has  lately  been  found  in  Canada  by  Major- 
general  Davies,  F.  R.  S.  and  L.  S.  who  fays  it  belongs 
to  Schreber's  genus  of  Dlpus,  and  may  be  thus  charac- 
terifed  :  Dipus  Canadensis  palmis  tdradaSylis,  plaiilit 
pentadaByli!,  caudi  annulali  undique  fetosJ,  corpore  Ian- 
giore.  'Yht  truth,  however,  feems  to  be,  that  it  is  only 
a  variety,  if  indeed  a  variety,  of  the  Sibeiian  jerboa. 
The  beautiful  figure  indeed  given  by  General  Davies 
of  the  Canadian  jerboa  differs  in  fome  refpedts  from  our 
figure  of  the  Sibericus.  Its  ears  lie  flat  and  farther 
down  the  neck  ;  its  belly  is  not  fo  large  ;  its  toes  are 
longer  :  and  it  has  no  brufh  at  the  end  of  the  tail ;  but 
the  habits  of  the  two  animals  feem  to  be  the  fame.    This 

will 


J     E     R 


C 


Jerboa,     will  be  apparent  from  the  following  extrafls  of  the  Ge- 
'^'^^'^'^  neral's  letter  to  the  Linnean  Society  : 

"  The  firft  I  was  fo  fortunate  to  catch  was  taken  in 
a  large  Held  near  the  fall*  of  Montmoreiici,  and  by  its 
having  ftrayed  too  far  from  the  (kirts  of  the  wood, 
allowed  myfelf,  with  the  aifirtance  of  tliree  other  gen- 
tlemen, to  furround  it,  and  after  an  hour's  hard  chale 
to  get  it  unhurt,  though  not  before  it  was  thoroughly 
fatigued  ;  which  might  in  a  great  meafure  accelerate  its 
death. 

"  During  the  time  the  animal  remained  in  its  ufual 
vigour,  its  agility  was  incredible  for  fo  fmall  a  creatuie. 
It  always  took  progredlve  leaps  of  from  three  to  tour, 
and  fometimes  of  five  yard?,  although  I'eldom  above  1 2 
or  14  inches  from  the  fuilace  of  the  grafs  ;  but  I  have 
frequently  obferved  others  in  Ihrubby  places  and  in  the 
woods,  amongU  plants,  where  they  chiefly  refide,  leap 
confiderably  higher.  When  found  in  fuch  places,  it  is 
impolfible  to  take  them,  from  their  wonderful  agihty, 
and  their  evading  all  puriuit  by  bounding  into  the  thick- 
eft  cover  they  can  find." 

That  the  Canadian,  as  well  as  the  Siberian  Jerboa 
fleeps  through  the  winter,  leems  evident  from  a  fpecinien 
having  been  found,  towards  ihe  end  of  May,  indofed 
in  a  ball  of  clay,  about  the  fize  of  a  cricket  ball,  nearly 
an  inch  in  ihicknefs,  perfectly  fmooth  within,  and  about 
twenty  inches  under  ground.  It  was  given  to  the  Ge- 
neral :   who  proceeds  thus  : 

"  How  long  it  had  been  under  ground  it  is  impoffi- 
ble  to  fay  ;  but  as  I  never  couU  obfcrve  thefc  animals 
in  any  parts  of  the  country  atter  the  beginning  of  Sep- 
tember, I  conceive  they  lay  themfelves  up  fome  time  in 
that  month,  or  beginning  ot  October,  when  the  froft  be- 
comes Iharp  :  nor  did  1  ever  fee  them  again  before  the 
laft  week  in  May,  or  beginning  of  June.  From  their 
being  enveloped  in  balls  ot  clay,  without  any  appearance 
of  food,  I  conceive  they  fleep  during  the  winter,  and 
remain  for  that  term  without  fullenance.  As  foon  as 
I  conveyed  this  fpeclmen  to  my  houie,  1  depolited  it,  as 
it  was,  in  a  fmall  chip  bo.\-,  in  fome  cotton,  waiting  with 
great  anxiety  lor  its  waking;  but  that  not  taking  place  at 
the  feafon  they  generally  appear,  I  kept  it  until  I  found 
it  begin  to  fmcU  :  I  then  llurfed  it,  and  preferved  it  in 
its  torpid  pofuion.  I  am  led  to  believe,  its  not  recover- 
ing from  that  llate  arofe  trom  the  heat  of  my  room  du- 
ring the  time  it  was  in  the  box,  a  fire  having  been  con- 
llantly  burning  in  the  llo\-e,  and  which,  in  all  probabi- 
lity was  too  great  for  refpiration.  I  am  led  to  this 
conception  from  my  experience  of  the  fnow  bird  ot  that 
country,  which  always  expires  in  a  few  days  (atter  be- 
ing caught,  although  it  feeds  perfei.11y  well)  if  expofed 
to  the  heat  of  a  room  with  a  fire  or  (love  ;  but  being 
DOurilhed  with  iiiow,  and  i<ept  in  a  cold  room  or  patfage, 
will  live  to  the  middle  of  lummer." 

Another  variety  of  this  fpecies  is  defcribed  by  Ben- 
jamin Smith  liarton,  M.  D.  Profetlor  of  Butany  and 
Natural  Hillory,  in  the  Univerfity  ot  Pcnnlylvania,  in 
the  fourth  volume  of  the  'I'raniadions  or  tiie  American 
Philofophical  Society,  p.  1 15  and  116.  "  Tliis  aniirial," 
fays  the  Doctor,  "  is  about  the  ll/.e  of  the  conrmon 
houfe-moufc.  1  weighed  two  of  ihcm.  The  dilference 
in  their  weight  was  very  firiall.  That  of  which  1  have 
given  a  figure,  and  from  which  the  following  delcrip- 
tion  is  prmcipally  taken,  weighed  nine  penny-weights, 
and  twenty-two  gr.ains,  foon  after  the  death  of  the  ani- 

Suppr,.  Vot.  II. 


mal,  and  before  the  bowels  were  taken  out.  Like  all 
tlie  other  fpecies  of  Dipus,  this  n  furnilhed  with  two 
denies  primores,  or  cutting  teeth,  in  each  jaw.  Tliefe 
teeth  are  (harp  at  die  points,  and  of  a  chefnut-brown 
colour.  The  upper-jaw  projcfls  confiderably  beyond 
the  lower.  'I'he  noiliils  are  open.  The  whilkers  are 
long.  The  ears  are  fmall,  fomewhat  oval,  and  cover- 
ed. The  fore-feet,  er  rather  arms  are  fhort,  and  are 
turnifhed  with  four  toes  or  fingers,  the  nails  of  which 
arc  long,  and  very  (harp.  Befides  thefc  fingers,  theio 
is  a  kind  of  minute  tuborculum,  in  place  of  a  th.;nr.b. 
This  tuherculum  is  entirely  deftitute  of  a  nail.  The 
hind  legs  are  very  long,  and  are  fiirnilhed  with  five 
toes,  the  three  miJdle  ones  being  long,  (lender,  and 
nearly  of  an  erpial  length.  The  tv/o  fide-toes  arc  much 
lliorter.     The  ioncr  toe  is  the  Ihoriell  of  the  five. 

The  head,  the  back,  and  the  whole  upper  part  ai 
the  body,  are  of  a  reddilh-brown  colour,  fomewhat  ii»- 
clining  to  yellow.  Tlie  back  is  marked  by  a  d.-.rker 
'brown  than  the  other  parts.  The  whole  under  fide  of 
the  body,  beginning  with  the  upper  jaw,  and  ending 
at  the  anus,  is  of  a  cream  colour  ;  as  are,  likewife,  the 
infides  of  the  fore-legs,  or  arms,  and  the  infides  of  the 
hind-legs. 

A  yellow  ftreak,  or  band,  beginning  near  the  lower 
part  of  the  nollrils,  on  each  tide,  runs  along  the  wh  1« 
length  of  the  head  and  neck,  the  upper  and  under  fide 
of  the  forelegs,  from  thence  all  along  the  body,  termi- 
nating with  the  thighs,  at  the  joint. 

The  tail  is  confiderably  longer  than  the  body,  gra- 
dually tapers  from  its  origin,  and  is  finely  cili  ited,  or 
lightly  covered  with  hairs,  its  wliole  length.  It  endi 
in  a  fine  pencil  of  hairs.  The  upper  (\\^  is  of  a  flate- 
brown  colour,  the  under  fide  is  of  a  yellowilh-creani 
colour.      It  is  compofed  of  a  great  number  of  j  lints. 

JETTE,  the  border  made  round  the  (lilts  under  a 
pier,  in  certain  old  bridges,  being  the  f  ime  with  darling  j 
confillingof  a  (Irong  framing  of  timber  tilled  with  ftones, 
chalk,  &c.  to  prcfervc  the  toundations  of  the  piers  from 
injury. 

IGN.A.CIO,  St,  a  town  in  the  eifiern  part  of  Peru, 
and  on  the  N.  (\-^t  of  Amazon  river. — Morse. 

IGORNACHOIX,  a  bay  in  the  ill.ind  of  Newfound- 
land, fouthward  of  St  J  )lin's  Bay. — //;. 

JII^LIFREli;  is  a  town  on  the  nortlicrn  bank  of  the 
river  Gambia,  oppofite  to  James's  ill  md,  where  the 
Engliih  had  formerly  a  fmall  (ort.  The  kingdom  of 
Barra,  in  which  it  is  fituated,  produces  great  plenty  of 
the  necclfaries  of  lite;  but  the  chief  trade  of  the  inhabi- 
tants is  in  ftlt,  which  tiiey  carry  up  the  river  in  canoes; 
and,  in  return,  bring  down  Indian  corn,  cotton  cloths, 
elephants  teeth,  fmall  quaniiiies  of  gold  dufl,  io.  The 
number  ot  caioes  and  people  conllantly  employed  in 
tliis  trade,  make  the  king  of  Barra  (fjys  Mr  Park) 
more  formidable  to  Europeans  thin  any  other  chieftain 
on  the  river,  and  hive  encouraged  him  to  ellab'.ilh  thofe 
exorbitant  dutie;,  which  tr.idets  of  all  nations  arc  ob- 
liged to  pay  at  entry,  amounting  nearly  to  L.  20  on 
every  vell'cl,  grc  it  and  fm.ill.  Thcle  duties,  or  cuftoms, 
are  generally  cullcvTed  in  perl'in  by  the  alkaid  or  gover- 
nor ot  Jlllifree,  who  is  attended  by  a  numcn  us  train  oi 
noil'y  and  troublofume  dependants,  who,  by  their  fre- 
quent intercourl'u  with  t!ic  Enghtli,  have  ac<iuircd  a 
fmattcring  of  our  language,  and  beg  for  every  thing 
which  they  fancy  with  (uch  c.irncllncl's,  that  traders,  in 
C  c  order 


Jerboa. 

II 
Jillifis.-. 


ILL  [20 

order  to  pet  quit  cf  them,  are  frequently  obliged  to 
gram  their  requefts.  Lat.  13°  16'.  Long.  i6'»  jo'  eaft 
Irorn  Greenwich. 

ILEIGNES,  or  St  Cbarhs,  a  tov/n  on  the  S.  fide 
<.f  the  island  of  St  Domingo,  aiul  200  fatlioms  from 
the  city  of  St  Dorr.ingo.  It  is  inhabited  by  emigrants 
from  the  Cinary  illands,  and  has  a  few  Iheets  wiiicii 
run  from  tlie  four  cardinal  points,  and  cut  each  ( tlicr 
at  right  angle,'.  The  icihabilants  are  the  mt  U  inuullii- 
ous  people  in  the  Spaiiilh  part  of  the  ifland. — Mont. 

ILHEOS,  a  captainlhip  S.  of  that  called  Bay  of 
All-Saint?,  and  in  the  middle  divifion  ol  Brazil.  Chief 
town,  Paya.  lllieos,  the  capital  of  ihe  above  province, 
Uandi  about  jo  leagues  N.  E.  of  Porto  Segaro,  and 
as  far  S.  VV.  of  the  Bay  of  All-Saints.  It  is  watered 
liy  a  river  of  the  famo  name,  and  contains  about  200 
families.     S.  lat.  15"  40',  W.  long.  34"  28'. — ib. 

ILLINOIS,  a  large  navigable  river  of  the  N.  W. 
Te.ritory,  formed  by  the  conlluence  of  the  rivers  Pkin, 
and  Theakiki,  in  41"  48'  N.  lat.  and  in  83°  42'  W. 
longitude.  This  noble  branch  of  the  Miffiflippi,  after 
running  a  ferpentine  S.  W.  courfe,  through  an  extenfive 
ccuntry  of  rich,  fertile  land,  and  receiving  a  vail  num- 
ber of  rivers  from  20  to  100  yards  wide,  which  are 
navigable  for  boats  from  15  to  1 80  miles,  approaches 
within  5  miles  of  the  MifliJlppi ;  from  thence  running 
taftward  about  12  miles,  it  pays  its  tribute  by  a  mouth 
400  yards  wide,  in  3S<'  40'  N.  lat.  and  in  92''  12' 
AV.  longitude  ;  oppofite  the  large  cave,  I  76  miles  above 
the  Ohio  and  18  above  the  Miffouri.  The  lands  en 
the  banks  of  the  Illinois,  particularly  thofe  on  the  S. 
E.  fide,  are  perhaps  as  fertile  as  any  part  cf  North- 
America.  They  produce  in  the  mofl  luxuriant  plenty, 
wheat,  rye,  Indian  corn,  peas,  beans,  flax,  hemp,  to- 
bacco, hops,  grapes,  apples,  pears,  peaches,  dyeing 
roots,  medicinal  plants,  See.  Here  alfo  grow  large 
forefls  rf  hickory,  oak,  cedar,  mulberry  trees,  5cc. 
Savannas,  or  natural  meadows  are  both  numerous  and 
ektenfive.  In  the  forefls  are  great  variety  ot  animals, 
as  buffaloes,  deer,  &:c.  and  in  the  rivers  are  plenty  of 
fifh,  particularly  cat,  carp,  and  perch,  of  an  enormi  us 
lize.  Such  is  the  abundance  of  wild  grapes  in  this 
country,  that  in  the  year  1769,  the  French  planters 
upon  this  river  made  above  iio  hhds.  of  ftrong  wine, 
from  thefe  grapes.  On  the  nortii-wellern  fide  of  this 
river  is  a  coal  mine,  which  extends  for  half  a  mile  along 
the  middle  of  its  banks,  and  about  the  fame  diftance 
below  the  coal  mine  are  two  fait  ponds,  100  yards  in 
circumfeience,  and  f'evcral  feet  in  depth.  The  water 
is  flagnant  and  of  a  yellowifh  colour;  but  the  French 
and  natives  make  good  fait  from  it.  The  Illinois 
furnirties  a  communication  with  lake  Michigan,  by 
Chicago  river,  between  which  and  the  Illinois  are 
two  portages  the  length  of  which  do  not  »xceed  4  miles. 


] 


I     L     L 


The  whole  length  of  the  river  from  the  fource  of  illumiiuti. 
Theakiki,  which  is  but  a  lliort  tliftance  from  the  river  ^-'"^''"^^ 
St  Jofeph,  oppol'ite  to  Fort  St  Jofeph  on  the  north,  is 
480  iTjiles.  The  Indians  have  ceded  to  the  United 
States,  by  the  treaty  rf  Greenville,  in  1795,  *  *'*"^  of 
land  12  miles  Iqnare,  at  or  njar  the  mouth  of  the  Illi- 
nois; alfo  a  trafk  6  mdti  Iquarc,  at  the  Old  Prarias 
fort  and  village  near  the  fou  h  end  of  Illinois  Lake. 
That  lake  is  t  nly  a  dilatation  of  the  river,  and  is  fitu- 
ated  about  240  miles  behw  the  fource  of  Theakiki, 
and  43  below  the  Salt  Pond^.  It  is  20  miles  long 
and  5   mil'.s  broad  in  tlie  middle. — ib. 

I1.1.1NOIS  Indiiins  inhabit  near  Cahokia  on  the  Miflif- 
fippi.      Warridrs  260. — ib.  i 

ILLUMIMATI  is  the  name  which  was  affumed  by  Ol.jea  of 
a  fecrct  fociety  or  order,  founJcd  on  the  firll  of  May  ''"•'"""'*- 
1776,  by  Dr  Adam  Wcifhaupt  profclFor  of  canon  law 
in  the  uiiiverfity  of  Ingolftadt.  The  real  objeifl  of  this 
order  wa3,by  clandelline  arts,  to  overturn  every  govern- 
ment and  every  religion  ;  to  bring  the  fliences  of  civil 
life  into  contempt  ;  and  to  reduce  mankind  to  that  ima- 
ginary (late  of  Nattire  when  they  lived  independent  of 
each  other  on  the  fpontaneous  producflions  of  tlie  earth. 
Its  avowed  objecl,  however,  was  very  different.  It  pro- 
feiTed  to  difiVile  from  fecret  focieties,  as  from  fo  many 
centres,  the  light  of  fcience  over  the  world  ;  to  propa- 
gate the  pureft  principles  of  virtue  ;  and  to  re  inflate 
mankind  in  the  happinels  which  they  enjoyed  during 
the  golden  age  fabled  by  the  poets.  Such  an  objeifi 
was  well  adapted  to  make  a  deep  impreffion  on  the  in- 
genuous minds  ot  youth  ;  and  to  ycmng  men  alone 
Weifhaupt  at  tirft  addreil'ed  himfelf. 

It  will  naturally  occur  to  the  reader,  that  the  means 
of  attaining  this  glorious  objeft  fhould  have  been  made 
as  public  as  poffible;  and  that  the  veil  of  fecrecy  throwa 
over  the  proceedings  of  the  order  was  calculated  to  ex- 
cite fufpicion,  and  to  keep  even /oa/Aj  men  of  virtue  and 
fagacity  at  a  diflance.  In  any  other  country  than  Ger- 
many fecrecy  might  perhaps  have  had  this  efFeift ;  but 
various  circumftances  conlpired  there  to  make  it  operate 
with  a  powerful  attra<5lion. 

Ever  flnce  free-mafonry  had  acquired  fuch  reputa- 
tion throughout  Europe,  a  multitude  of  petty  fecret 
focieties  had  been  formed  in  the  univerfities  of  Ger- 
many, each  having  its  lodge,  its  mailer,  its  myfleries, 
all  modelled  on  thofe  founded  by  mafons  coming  from 
England  and  Scotland  (a).  Before  the  foundation  of 
Weifhaupt's  order,  thefe  lodges,  we  believe,  were  in 
general  harmlefs  ;  or  if  they  were  produiSive  of  any 
evil,  it  was  only  by  giving  the  youth  of  the  univerfities 
a  tafte  for  fecrecy  and  myflicifm.  Of  this  Weifhaupt 
availed  himfelf;  and  as  foon  as  he  had  conceived  the  out- 
lines of  his  plan,  and  digelled  part  of  his  fyflcni,  he  ini- 
tiated two  of  his  own  pupils,  to  whom  he  gave  the  names 

of 


(a)  Such,  we  are  forry  to  fiy,  is  the  cafe  (lill.  In  a  letter,  dated  the  loth  of  May  1799,  which  we  received 
from  a  gentleman  of  learning  and  honour  then  refiding  in  Upper  Saxony,  is  the  following  account  of  the  univer- 
fity  of  Jena  :  "  This  univerfity  contains  from  two  to  three  thoufand  (Indents,  who  are  almoll  all  republicans, 
and  go  about  the  country  in  republican  uniforms.  They  are  all  formed  into  clahs  or  Jicrst  focietiei  ;  and  the 
quarrel  of  one  member  of  a  club  is  taken  up  by  all.  The  confequence  is,  that  the  number  of  duels  among  the 
different  clubs  is  inconceiveable.  The  weapon  is  generally  the  fabre,  and  the  duel  often  ends  in  the  death  of  one 
•f  the  combatants."     Yet  gentlemen  of  Great  Britain  fend  their  fons  to  Germany  to  be  educated  ! 


I     L     L 


C    203    ] 


I    L     L 


niuminiti.  of  AjAr  and  Tiberius,  alTuming  that  of  Si-artacus 
^■*''^''"*"~'  to  himfelf.  Thefe  two  dil'ciples  ibon  vying  with  their 
mafter  in  impiety  (for  it  will  be  ften  by  and  bye  that  he 
was  mod  impious),  he  judged  them  worthy  of  being  ad- 
mitted to  his  myfteries,  and  conferred  on  them  the  high- 
eft  degree  which  he  had  as  yet  invented.  He  called 
them /^^rw/ap/to,  denominated  this  monftrousaflbciation, 

THB   ORDER   OF   ILLUMINATI,    Or    ILLUMINF.ES,    and     iu- 

ftalled  himfelf  general  of  the  order. 

When  public  report  fpread  the  news  in  Germany  of 
this  new  order  having  been  founded  in  the  univerfity  of 
Ingollfadt  by  Weifhaupt,  it  was  generally  fuppofed  to 
be  one  ofthofe  litllo  college-lodges  which  could  not  in- 
lereft  the  adepts  after  they  had  finillied  their  fli'diss. 
Many  even  thought  that  Weilhaupt,  who  was  at  that 
time  a  fworn  enemy  to  the  Jefuits,  had  founded  this 
lodge  with  no  other  view  than  to  form  a  party  for  him- 
felf againft  thefe  fathers,  who  after  the  fuppreflion  of 
their  order,  had  been  continued  in  their  offices  of  public 
teachers  at  the  univerfity  of  Ingolftadt ;  and  this  opi- 
nion the  illuminees  were  at  pains  to  propagate.  His 
charaflcr,  too,  was  at  this  time  fuch  as  to  remove  every 
fufpicion  from  the  public  mind.  A  feemiiig  alliJuity 
in  his  duty,  and  a  great  Ihew  of  zeal  and  erudition  in 
expounding  the  laws,  eafily  inilled  people  to  believe 
tliat  his  whole  time  and  talents  were  engrolfed  with  the 
fludy  of  them  ;  and  it  we  are  to  credit  his  own  account, 
Ingolfladt  had  never  witneifed  a  profelTorfo  well  calcu- 
lated to  add  new  luftre  to  its  univerfity. 
J  This  feems,  indeed,  to  h.ive  been  the  general  opinion 

Art  of  the  as  well  as  his  own;  for,  fome  time  after  the  foundation 
foundsr.  of  his  order,  he  applied  himfelf  with  fuch  diligence  and 
apparent  candour  to  the  duties  of  his  office,  that  he  was 
chofen  what  Abbe  Bairuei's  tranflator  calls  superior 
of  the  univerfity.  This  new  dignity  only  added  to  his 
hypocrify,  and  furnilhed  him  with  frcfh  means  of  carry- 
ing on  his  dark  defigns.  He  converted  his  houfe  into 
one  of  thofe  boarding-houfes  where  young  men,  perpe- 
tually under  the  eye  of  ihcir  mailers,  are  lupjiofed  to 
be  better  preferved  than  anywhere  elle  from  the  dangers 
whicli  threaten  them  at  that  age.  He  folicited  lathers 
and  mothers  to  entruft  their  children  to  his  care  ;  and, 
counterbalancing  in  fecrct  the  lelTons  which  he  v/as  ob- 
liged to  give  in  public,  he  fent  home  his  pupils  well 
difpofed  to  continue  the  fame  career  of  feduiflion  which 
he  himfelf  carried  on  at  Ingollladt.  Atrocioufly  im- 
pious, we  fee  hira  (fays  M.  Barruel),  in  the  firit  year 
of  his  illuminifm,  aping  the  God  of  ChrilU  inity,  and  or- 
dering jljnx,  in  the  ibilowing  terms,  to  propagate  the 
doiSrincs  of  his  new  gofpel  :  "  Did  not  Chtift  fend  his 
apoftles  to  preach  his  gofpel  10  the  univeifc  ?  You  that 
are  my  Peter,  why  Ihould  you  remain  idle  at  home?  Go 
then  and  preach." 

Thefe  preachers  had  yet  received  no  particular  defig- 
nation  ;  lor  when  his  firit  adepts  wore  initiated,  he  was 
far  irom  having  c'impleted  the  code  oi  his  order.  He 
knew  that  years  and  experience  were  nccclfary  to  pcr- 
feift  that  gradual  fyllem  of  initiations  and  trials  which, 
according  to  the  plan  he  had  conceived,  his  novices 
were  to  undergo  ;  but  he  could  not  endure  the  idea  of 
facrificlng  years  to  mere  theoretic  projects  ;  and  he 
flattered  himfelf  with  the  hopes  of  fupplying  the  defi- 
ciencies of  his  incomplete  code  by  provifional  regula- 
tions and  private  inftrudions,  and  of  acquiring  alTociatcs 


who  would  receive  his  new  gofpel  implicitly,   and  co-  Illuminati, 
operate  with  him  in  all  his  views.  v.^^v^^r' 

i\t  lengtli,  however,  the  code  was  completed,  and         3 
the  fed  divided  into  two  grand  c lalfes  j  and  eachof  thele  ^^'r^^^ 
again  fubdivided  into  lelfer  degrees,  pioportioned  to  the  divided  in- 
progicfs  of  the  adepts.  tocUffcof 

"  The  firjl  clafs   is  that  of  Preparation.     It  cor-         4 
tains  four  degrees,  viz.  thofe  of  Novice,  of  Mincrval,  of  Prcpira- 
Minor  IJlumime,  or  Jllumitialus  Minor,   and  of  Major  ''°''  ""'* 
Illumin'^e,  or  Itluminatus  Major.       To  this  clafs  belong 
liliewifelome  intermediary  degrees,  borrowed  fioni  free- 
mafonry,  as  means  of  propagation.     Of  the  nufonic 
degrees,  the  code  of  the  illuniinati  admits  tliefnft  three 
without  any  alter  all  on  ;  but  it  adapts  more  particularly 
to  the  views  of  the  fed  the  degree  of  Scotch  Kiiight,  and 
If  yles  it  the  degree  of  D'lrUVin^  Illumlme,  or  Illuminatui 
di  rig  ens. 

'L'he  ficond  clafs  is  that   of  the  Mvstfries,  w'ich         s 
are  fubdivided  into  the  /ejir  and  greater  t/iyfteri.-s.  The  "^^^  ^'^1^- 
lelfer  comprehend  llic  priellhood,  and  adminillration  of '"■""• 
the  fed,  or  the  degrees  oi prirjls,  and  of  regin'.s  ox prinres. 
In  the  grenler  myjleries    aic  comprehended  the    two 
degrees  of  Magus,  or  philofopher,  and  of  the  Mar.-ling. 
Tlie  eUcl  of  the  latter  compofe  the  counM  ami  dtgrc:  of 
Areopagites. 

"  In  all  thefe  dalles,  and  in  every  degree  (fays  the 
Abbe  Barruel),  there  is  an  office  of  the  utnioft  confe- 
quence,  and  which  is  common  to  all  the  brethren.      It  1 

is  that  wliich  is  occupied  by  him  who  is  known  in  the  The  re' 
code  by   the   appellation  of  Recruiter,  or  Brother  Infi-"^^"- 
nualor.     This  (continues  our  author)   is  not  a  term  rf 
my  invention  :  it  is  really  to  be  found  in  the  code,  and 
is  the  denomination  ot  tiiat  iUuminee  whofe  employment 
is  to  entice  members  into  the  led." 

As  the  whole  lirength  of  the  order  depended  upon 
the  vigilant  and  fucceUful  exercife  of  this  office,  fome 
brethren  were  carefully  inflruiflcd  for  it  who  mi>;ht  af- 
terwards vifit  the  dilferent  towns,  provinv-es  and  kins;- 
doms,  in  order  to  propagjtc  tli;  duclrines  of  illuminifm. 
Weilhaupt  propofed  to  fele>.T  as  his  apolUes  cither  weak 
men  who  would  implicitly  obey  his  orders,  or  men  of 
abilities,  who  would  inipinv.-  tlie  office  by  artifices  of 
their  own.  It  was,  however,  a  duty  whicli  every  bnther 
was  obliged  to  exercife  once  or  twice  in  his  lite,  under 
the  penalty  of  being  for  ever  condemned  to  the  lower 
degrees. 

To  Rimulate  the  ardour  of  the  brother  infinuator,  he 
was  appointed  fiiperior  over  every  novice  whom  he 
fliould  convert.  ToalFill  his  judgment,  he  was  inlUuiT- 
cd  in  three  important  points  concerning  the  difoription 
of  men  whom  he  ought  to  feleifl  for  converli^in,  the 
means  which  he  ouglit  to  employ  fir  enticing  them  to 
enter  the  order,  and  the  arts  v/hich  he  ought  to  llu  Jy  to 
form  their  charader.  ^ 

To  enable  the  recruiter  vi  determine  wliom  he  ought         ^ 
to  felei5l  lor  convcifion,  he  w.is  to  iiifinnatc  himfelf  in'o  To  pry  in* 
all  companies;  he  was  to  pry  into  the  charaiHer  of  all  «"!■«:  cha- 
whom  he  (liould  meet  with,  w bather  friends,  relations,  [■,!  ."»° 
Ihangers  or  enemies  ;  he  was  to  write  down  ali  his  re- 
marks regularly  every   diy  ;   10  p  >int  out  their  llrong 
and  weak  fides,  their  palliins  and  pujudicff,  tl.clr  inti- 
macies, their  intercfts,  and  their  fortune.     Thisjoumil 
was  to  be  tranfmitted  twice  every  month  to  the  fupe- 
riors  ;  by  which  means  the  order  would  learn  who  wire 
C  c  2  iiiendlj 


all  men. 


I    L     L 


C    204    ] 


I     L     L 


ninininati.  friendly  or  hoftile  to  their  views,  and  who  were  the  in- 
^"^"^''^^^  dividuals  to  whom  they  ought  to  direft  their  arts  of  fe- 
du(5)inn(B). 

The  perfons  to  be  excluded  were  all  fuch  as  would 
expofe  the  order  to  fufpicion  or  reproach.  All  indif- 
creet  talkers,  all  who  were  proved  violent,  and  difficult 
to  bemaiugcd,  all  aJdiiflcd  to  drunkennel's,  and  all  Pa- 
gans, Jews,  and  Jeluits,  were  10  bo  rejected.  As  the 
patronage  of  princes  would  tend  much  to  enrich  and 
(Ircngihcn  the  lociety,  it  was  agreed  to  admit  them  to 
the  interior  degrees,  but  they  were  never  to  be  initialed 
into  the  grand  rnylleries;  they  were  never  to  rife  be- 
yond the  degree  ot  Scotch  knight. 
g  The  perfcins  to   be  feleftcd  were  young  men  of  all 

Terfons  ftations,  from  eighteen  to  tliirty  ;  but  pailiculaily  thofe 
V^T'^'^  for  whofe  education  was  not  completed,  and  confequently 
t  e  order,  „,jj,,|g  habits  were  not  formed.  "  Seek  me  out  (fays 
Weifliaupt  in  his  direjftions  to  the  infmuator)  the  dex- 
terous and  dafhlng  youths.  We  mull  have  adepts  who 
areinfinuating,  intriguing,  full  of  lefource,  bold  and  en- 
terpriling  ;  they  mull  alfo  be  flexible  and  traflable,  obe- 
dient, docile,  and  fociable."  In  another  place  he  fays, 
"  Above  all  things  pay  attention  to  the  figure,  and  fe- 
leifl  the  well  made  men  and  handfome  young  fellows. 
They  are  generally  of  engaging  manners  ajid  nice  feel- 
ings. When  properly  formed,  they  are  the  bed  adapted 
for  negociations ;  for  firft  appearances  prepoifefs  in  their 
favour.  It  is  true,  they  have  not  the  depth  that  men 
ot  more  gloomy  countenances  often  have.  Tiej  are  twi 
the  pirjons  to  be  enirujlcd  wiih  a  rcx'olt,  or  the  care  cfjlir- 
riiig  up  the  perfle  ;  but  it  is  for  that  very  reafon  we  mull 
know  how  to  choofe  our  agents.  I  am  particularly  fond 
of  thole  men  whofe  very  foul  is  painted  in  their  eyes, 
whole  foreheads  are  high,  and  whofc  countenances  are 
open.  Aboire  all,  examine  well  the  eyes,  for  tliey  are 
the  very  mirrors  of  the  heart  and  foul.  Obferve  the 
look,  the  gait,  the  voice.  Every  external  appearance 
leads  us  to  dillinguilh  thofe  who  are  fit  for  our  fchool.'' 
Thougli  young  men  were  preferred,  yet  perfons  of 
all  ages  were  to  be  admitted  if  their  charaifter  accorded 
with  the  principles  of  the  oider.  The  infinuator  was 
defircd  to  feck  out  thofe  who  were  dillinguilhed  by  their 


power,  riches,  or  learning.  "  Spare  no  pains  (fays 
Wcilhaupt),  fpare  nothing  in  the  acquifition  of  fuch 
adepts,     li  heaven  refufe  its  fuccour,  conjure  hcU. 

F/e3ere  Ji  nequeas  fuperos,  Acleroiila  moveto." 

Peifons  were  to  be  Angled  out  from  thofe  profeffions 
which  give  men  influence  over  others,  or  put  them  in 
the  moll  favourable  fituati,  n  for  dili'eminating  any  pe- 
culiar opinkins.  With  this  view,  fthooimallers,  and  fu- 
pcrintendants  of  ecclefiallic  fcmiraries,  were  to  be 
f  lught  after  with  much  care.  BooklUlers,  ptift-mallers, 
and  the  fecretaiics  of  poll dflices  were  alfo  to  be  felec- 
ted.  Thofe  profeffions  which  accullomed  men  to  fpeak 
and  argue,  as  that  ot  counfellors  and  attorneys,  and 
even  phylicians  were  alfo  to  be  courted.  "  They  are 
Worth  having  (lays  Weifliaupt),  but  they  are  fcmctimcs 
real  devils,  fo  diflicult  are  they  to  be  led  ;  tliey  are, 
however,  worth  having  \%hen  they  can  be  gained  over." 
Every  exertion  was  to  be  made  to  gain  the  officers  of  a 
prince,  whether  prefiding  over  provinces  or  attending 
him  in  his  councils.  "  He  that  has  done  this,  has  done 
more  than  if  he  had  engaged  the  prince  bin. felf." 

There  was  alfo  another  defcription  of  men  of  whom 
Weilhaupt  very  wifely  judged  that  they  would  be  ad- 
mirably fitted  for  the  diffulion  of  his  doiflines.  Thefe 
were  the  difappointed  and  dillatisfied.  «'  Seleifl  thofe 
in  particular  (fays  he)  who  have  met  with  misfortunes, 
not  from  accidents,  but  from  fome  injullice  ;  that  is  to 
fay,  in  other  words,  the  difcontented  ;  for  fuch  men  are 
to  be  called  into  the  bofom  of  illuminifm  as  into  their 
proper  afylum. 

When  the  infinuator  has  made  choice  of  his  viiflim, 
he  is  required  to  draw  from  his  diary  a  view  of  his  cha- 
rafter,  opinions,  principles,  and  connexions.  This  he 
is  to  tranfmit  to  the  fuperiors  for  their  examination,  and 
that  they  may  compare  it  with  the  diaries  which  they 
have  already  received,  perhaps  from  ditferent  infinua- 
tors.  When  the  choice  of  the  infinuator  is  approved, 
the  fuperiors  determine  which  cf  the  infinuators  will  be 
bell  qualified  to  pertorm  the  talk  of  feducing  their  can- 
didate. 

Two  different  methods  were  recommended ;  one  of 

which 


Illuminati. 

9 
To  be  re- 
duced by 
whatever 
mcatts ; 


10 

And  their 
charaflcrs 
tranfmittcd 
to  the  fupe- 
riors. 


(b)  As  a  fpecimen  of  the  journals  kept  by  the  infinuators,  and  of  the  charaiflers  which  the  illuminees  felefted 
for  propagating  their  principles,  we  Ihall  give  the  charafler  of  Zwack,  denominated  Cato,  as  it  is  defcribed  in  the 
tablet  of  iiis  infinuator  Ajax  (Mafl'enhaufen). 

"  Francis  Xaverius  Zwack  was  fon  of  Philip  Zwack,  commiflary  of  the  Chambre  des  Coriiples,  and  was  born 
at  Ratifbon  ;  at  the  time  of  his  initiation  (29th  May  I'J'/G)  he  was  twenty  years  of  age,  and  had  finilhed  his  col- 
lege education. 

"  He  was  then  about  five  feet  high  ;  his  perfon  emaciated  with  debauchery  ;  his  confl;itutinn  bordering  on  me- 
lancholy ;  his  eyes  of  a  diity  grey,  weak  and  languilliing  ;  his  complexion  pale  and  fallow  ;  liis  health  weak,  and 
much  hurt  by  frequent  diforders ;  his  nofe  long,  crooked  and  hooked  ;  his  hair  light  brown  ;  gait  precipitate ; 
his  eyes  always  call  towards  the  ground  ;  under  die  nofe  and  on  each  fide  of  the  mouth,  a  mole. 

"  Hislieart  tender  and  philrnthropic  in  an  extraordinary  degree  ;  but  floic  when  in  a  melancholy  mood  ;  other- 
wife  a  true  friend,  circumfpcdl,  refcrved,  extremely  fecrel ;  often  fpeaking  advantageoufly  cf  himfell  ;  envious  of 
other  people's  perfcftions  ;  voluptuous ;  endeavouring  to  improve  himfelt ;  little  calculated  for  numerous  aflem- 
blies  ;  choleiic  and  violent,  but  eafily  appeafed  ;  willingly  giving  his  private  opinions  when  one  has  the  precaution 
to  pralfe  him,  though  contradifting  him;  a  lover  of  novelties.  On  religion  and  confcience  widely  differing 
from  the  received  ideas;  and  thinking  precifely  as  he  ought,  to  become  a  good  member  of  the  order. 

"  His  predominant  pafllons  are,  piide,  love  of  glory,  probity  ;  he  is  ealily  provoked  ;  has  an  extraordinary 
properrfity  for  rnylleries ;  a  perpetual  cufiom  of  fpeaking  of  himfelf  and  of  his  own  perfeftions  ;  he  is  alfo  a  per- 
feft  mafler  in  the  arts  of  dilFimulation  ;  a  proper  perfon  to  be  received  into  the  order,  as  applying  himfelf  par- 
ticularly to  the  lludy  of  the  human  heart."  Such  is  the  charaifler  of  th«  beloved  difciple  of  Weilhaupt,  the  in- 
comparable Cato,  and  a  leader  of  the  fed  of  the  illuminees  ! 


I     L     L 


of  know- 


illuminati.  which  was  to  be  employed  in  enticing  men  who  were 
^^"^''^^^  fomewhat  advanced  In  life  or  diltiiiguilhed  by  I'cience  ; 
the  other  was  to  be  ul'ed  in  feducing  young  men  whofe 
char:i(Ser  was  not  formed. 
II  With  men  of  knov.  ledge,  who  had  already  imbibed 

Proper  me-  the  principles  of  modern  phil(>fopliifm  (for  i.o  true  phi- 
thods  of  fi.--  lofophers  were  to  be  attempted),  the  infinuator  was  to 
ducingmen  gliume  the  charafter  of  a  philolopher  well  acquainted 
with  the  myiieries  of  ancient  times.  He  was  to  defcant 
upon  the  importance  of  the  fecret  doifti  ines  tranlmitted 
by  tradition,  to  quote  the  gymnofophifts  of  India,  the 
priefts  of  His  in  Egypt,  and  thole  of  Eleulis,  with 
the  Pythagorean  fchnol  in  Greece.  He  was  to  learn 
by  heart  certain  padagss  Irom  Ifocrates,  Cicero,  and 
Seneca,  that  he  might  have  tiiem  ready  upon  all  occa- 
(ions.  He  was  to  throw  out  hints,  that  ihefe  fecret  doc- 
trines explained  the  difl'icult  queltions  concerning  the 
origin  and  order  of  the  univerfe,  the  Providence  of 
God,  the  nature  of  the  foul,  its  immortality  and  future 
deftination  ;  he  was  to  inipire  them  with  the  belief  that 
tlie  linowledge  of  ihefe  things  would  render  life  more 
agreeable  and  pain  more  fiipportable,  and  would  en- 
large their  ideas  of  the  mwjeliy  of  God  ;  he  was  then  to 
declare  that  he  had  been  mitiated  into  thefe  myfteries. 
If  the  candidate  expreffed  any  curicfity  to  be  made  ac- 
quainted with  them,  the  inlinuator  was  hrft  to  afcertain 
his  opinions  upon  fome  leading  points,  by  propoling 
to  him  to  write  a  dilFertation  upon  certain  queltions. 
Should  the  anfwers  not  pleafe  the  infinuator,  he  was  to 
relinqutlh  his  prey  ;  but  Ihould  they  be  fatisfavSory,  tlie 
candidate  was  to  be  admitted  to  tlie  firft  degree. 

When  the  feledted  viaim  was  young,  and  had  not  im- 
,  bibed  any  of  lliofe  opinions  which  correfponded  with 
'  the  principles  of  the  ieit,  a  different  method  was  to  be 
followed.  "Let  your  fiili;  care  (fays  the  legillalor  to 
his  infinuators)  be  to  gain  the  afFeiflion,  the  confidence, 
and  the  elleem  of  thole  whom  you  are  to  entice  into  the 
order.  Let  your  whole  condui.'t  be  fuch,  that  they  fhall 
furmife  fomething  more  in  you  than  you  wi(h  to  Ihew; 
hint,  that  you  belong  to  fome  fecret  and  powerful  fo- 
ciety  ;  excite  by  degreeb,  and  not  at  once,  a  willi  in 
your  candidate  to  belong  to  a  fiinilar  I'ociety.  Certain 
arguments  and  certain  books,  which  the  infinuator  muft 
Jiave,  will  greatly  contribute  to  raife  I'uch  a  wiih  ;  fuch, 
for  example,  are  thofe  which  treat  of  the  union  and 
ftrength  of  aflbciations." 

Every  infinuator  muft  be  provided  with  books  of  this 
fort.  But  that  their  fuccefs  might  not  depend  folcly 
upon  books,  Wellliaupt  gave  to  his  dlfclples  a  fpecimen 
of  the  artifices  which  they  might  employ.  The  inli- 
nuator might  begin  by  obferving,  that  a  child  in  the 
cradle,  abandoned  to  itfelf,  is  entirely  helplefs ;  and  that 
it  is  by  the  aflillance  of  others  that  It  acquires  ftrength  ; 
and  that  princes  owe  their  greatnefs  and  their  power  to 
the  union  of  their  fubjefls.  Then  the  Infinuator  might 
touch  on  the  importance  of  knowing  mankind,  and  the 
arts  of  governing  them  ;  that  one  man  of  parts  might  ea- 
fily  lead  hundreds,  even  thoufands,  if  he  but  knew  bis 
advantages.  He  was  next  to  dwell  upon  the  defeifts  of 
civil  fociety  ;  to  mention  how  little  rellel  a  man  can  ob- 
tain even  from  his  bell  friends ;  and  how  very  necellary 
it  is  for  individuals  to  fupport  one  another  in  thefe  days : 
to  add,  that  men  would  triumph  even  over  heaven  were 
they  but  united.  He  was  to  adduce  as  examples,  the 
influence  of  the  freemafons  and  of  the  Jefuits.     He  was 


13 
Intothc  no- 


il 
And  yoiin 
men, 


[     20J     ]  ILL 

to  afTert,  that  all  the  great  events  which  take  place  in  the  Illuminat; 
world  depend  upon  hidden  caufes,  whicli  thefe  focleties  ^— '^''"'^ 
powerfully  influence.       He  was  to  awake  in  the  bread 
of  his  pupil  the  delire  of  reigning  in  fecret ;  of  prepa- 
ring in  his  clofet  a  new  ccnftitution  for  the  world  j  and 
ot  governing  thofe  who  think  they  govern  others. 

Alter  thefe,  or  other  artifices  of  the  fame  kind,  have 
been  employed,  if  the  candidate  be  Infpired  with  an  ar- 
dour to  be  initiated,  and  givefatisladory  anfwers  to  the  ^"^'•'"^ 
queflions  propofed  to  him,  he  is  immediately  admitted 
a  novice.  But  ihould  he  rejed  all  means  of  feduc'lion, 
let  him  take  heed  to  himfelf ;  "for  the  vengeance  of 
fecret  focleties  Is  not  a  common  vengeance  ;  it  Is  the 
hidden  fire  of  wrath.  It  Is  Irrtconclk-able  ;  and  fcarce- 
ly  ever  does  It  ceafe  the  purfult  of  its  viiftlms  until  it  has 
fcen  them  immolated." 

The  peilod  of  the  novlclite  varied  according  to  the 
age  of  the  new  convert  to  lllumlnlfm.  At  firft  it  con 
tlnued  three  years  for  thole  under  eighteen  years  of 
age,  two  years  for  thofe  between  eighteen  and  twenty- 
four,  and  one  year  for  tliofe  who  were  near  thirty ;  but 
it  was  afterwards  fhoitened. 

The  novice  was  not  acquainted  with  any  of  the  or- 
der except  his  infinuator,  under  whofe  diretftion  he 
remained  during  his  noviciate.  The  firft  Icd'uns  which 
he  was  taught  refpecTed  the  inviolable  nature  of  the  le- 
crecy  which  every  lllumlnce  was  obliged  to  obfervc. 
He  was  told  that  filence  and  fecrecy  were  the  very  foul 
of  the  order  ;  that  Ingcnuoufnefs  was  a  virtue  only  with 
refpecl  to  his  fuperiors  ;  and  that  diftruft  and  teferve 
Were  fundamental  principles.  He  was  enjoined  never 
to  fpeak  of  any  circumllance  relating  to  the  order,  con- 
cerning his  own  aJmlllion,  or  the  degree  which  he  had 
received,  not  even  before  brethren,  without  the  ftrongell 
necefllty ;  and  was  required  to  fign  a  declaration  to 
this  purpofe. 

The  novice  was  next  taught  the  diiftlonary  of  the  or- 
der, its  geography,  calendar,  and  cypher.     To  prevent  Diaionar)-, 
the  poilibllity  of  dlfi:overy,  every  illumlnee  received  a  g^^t^raf  hy, 
new  name,  vi'hich  was  charatteriftic  of  his  diipofitlons,  '"'''"''•^» 


14 

Period  of 
tlic  novi- 
ciate. 


15 


or  of  the  fervlces  which  were  expected  of  him.      Thus  Vt  ,iP^  " 


Wellhaupt,  as  we  have  obferved,  was  called  Sparlacui,  dcr 
becaufe  he  pretended  to  wage  war  againil  thofe  opprel- 
fors  who  had  reduced  mankind  to  flavcry  ;  and  Zwack, 
as  we  have  feen,  was  named  dilo,  becaufe  he  had 
written  a  dlifertation  in  favour  of  fuicidc,  and  had  once 
determined  to  commit  that  crime. 

According  to  the  new  geography  of  the  order,  Ba- 
varia was  called  Achaia  ;  Munich  was  called  rithens  ; 
Vienna  was  named  Rome ;  Wurtzburgh  was  denomina- 
ted Carthage;  and  Ingchladt,  the  fountain  of  the  or- 
der, was  called  Efhcjus,  and  by  the  profound  adepts 
ElctiJ'is.  The  novice  had  alfo  to  learn  the  Perfian  c.-i- 
lendar,  which  the  order  had  adopted.  Their  era  began 
A.  D.  630.  Tlie  months  received  new  names ;  May 
wii  caWcd  Atlarpahafcht  ;  June,  Chardad ;  July,  Th:r- 
meh  ;  Auguft  MerJedmeh  ;  and  l"o  on.  'I'he  cypher 
confided  of  numbers  which  correfponded  to  the  letters 
of  the  alphabet,  in  this  order  <;,  I,  e,  d,  anfwering  to 
the  numbers  12,  11,  10,  9. 

The  novice  had  next  to  ftudy  tht  J!alules  of  the  il!u- 
vtineei,  which  he  was  alfured  contained  nothing  injurious 
to  the  ftatc,  to  religion,  or  to  good  morals.  He  was 
next  defired  to  apply  himfelf  to  acquire  the  morality  of 
the  order  :  which  he  was  to  do,  not  by  reading  the  go- 

fpcls, 


1     L     L 


[     206     ] 


I     L     L 


16 

Kovice 
nbliged  to 
driw  his 
own  cha- 
ridcr. 


niunriiiai!.  fpcls,  but  by  perufing  Epiaciiis,  Seneca,  and  Anto- 
^^^^"^^"^  niiius,  and  by  fiudying  the  woiks  c>(  the  mcdcrn  fo- 
phills  Weiland,  Meiners,  and  Helvcliiis,  5:c.  The  ftu- 
dy  ot"  man  was  alio  recommended  as  llie  moft  intertft- 
ing  of  all  the  fciences.  He  was  taught  this  lUidy  not 
merely  as  a  fcience,  but  as  an  art.  A  model  of  a  jour- 
nal  was  given  him,  and  he  was  required  to  infert  in  it 
obfervations  upon  the  charafler  of  every  perfon  thai  he 
happened  to  meet  with.  To  quicken  his  diligence,  the 
inlinuatnr  occalionally  examined  his  journal.  In  the 
mean  time  the  inlinuator  was  watching  him  as  a  cen'.inel, 
and  noting  down  regularly  obfervations  upon  the  de- 
fefls  and  merits  of  his  pupil,  which  he  always  fent  to 
his  fupcriors. 

The  great  obje^  of  the  infinuator  was  to  entangle  tlie 
novice,  and  to  bind  him  indilfulubly  to  the  order.  With 
this  view  he  required  the  novice  to  draw  a  laitblul  pic- 
ture of  himfelf,  under  the  pretence  that  he  would  thus 
know  himfelf  better.  He  delired  him  to  write  down 
liis  name,  his  age,  his  country,  his  refidcnce,  and  his 
employment  ;  to  give  a  lid  of  the  books  in  his  library  ; 
to  ftate  his  revenue  ;  to  enumerate  his  fiiends  and  ene- 
mies, and  the  caufe  of  his  enmities.  He  was  alfo  to  give 
a  finiilar  account  of  his  lather  and  mother,  bis  brothers 
and  fillers,  and  to  be  very  careful  in  pointing  out  their 
Mliions  and  prejudices,  their  lUong  and  weak  fides. 

In  the  mean  lime, the  iufmuatorwas  occupied  in  draw- 
ing up  a  new  ftateraent  of  every  thing  he  had  been  able 
to  difcover  of  the  charaifter  and  condud  of  the  novice. 
This  Hatcment  was  tranfmitted  to  the  fuperiors,  and 
compared  with  the  former.  If  the  novice  was  approved, 
he  wa.s  then  admitted  to  the  fecond  degtee,  upon  his  an- 
Iweiing,  in  a  fatisf.iclory  manner,  twenty-four  grand 
quellions,  which  might  enable  the  order  to  judge  of  his 
principles  and  the  credit  to  which  he  was  entitled,  and 
would  fi.x  h 
the  fuperiois 

nees  now  begin  to  appear,  as  will  be  evident  from  the 
t'ollowing  quedions  which  we  have  felefled  : 

Have  you  ferioully  relieved  on  the  importance  of  the 
ftep  you  take,  in  binding  yourfelf  by  engagements  that 
are  unknown  to  you  ?  Should  you  ever  difcover  in  the 
order  any  thing  v/icked  or  unjull  to  be  done,  what  part 
would  y('U  take?  Do  you,  moreover,  grant  the  power 


be  was  determined  to  give  implicit  obedience  to  all  the  IHuminati. 
laws  of  the  order?  The  infuiuaor  became  fecurity  for  ^•^~'''^*^ 
his  pupil,  and  then  requellcd  for  him  ihe  proteftion  of 
the  order,  which  the  fuperior  granted  with  great  folem- 
nity,  protcfting  that  nothing  would  be  found  there  hurt- 
ful to  religion,  to  morals,  or  to  the  ftate.  Having  thus 
f^id,  the  fuperior  takes  up  the  nai;ed  fword,  and  point- 
ing it  at  the  heart  of  the  novice,  threatens  him  with  the 
fatal  confequences  of  betraying  the  fecrets  of  the  order. 
The  novice  again  takes  an  oath,  by  wliich  he  binds 
himfelf,  in  the  moft  unlimited  manner,  to  ferve  the  or- 
der with  his  life,  honour,  and  eftate,  and  to  obferve  an 
inviolable  obedience  and  fidelity  to  all  his  fuperiors. 
He  is  then  admitted  a  Minerval,  and  henceforth  is  al- 
lowed to  attend  the  academy  cf  the  fcft. 

The  Minerval  acadeany  was  compofed  of  10,  12,  or  19 
15  M  nervals,  and  placed  under  the  dire<£lion  of  a  ma-  Minerval 
jor  lUuminee.  It  met  twice  every  month  in  an  inner ''""""'^ ' 
apartment,  feparated  from  the  other  rooms  of  the  man- 
fion  by  an  antichamber;  the  door  of  which  was  to  be 
lliut  with  care  during  the  meeting,  and  (Irongly  feeu- 
red  by  bolts.  At  the  commencement  of  every  meet- 
ing, the  prelident  read  and  commented  upon  fome  fe- 
leh.  paifages  of  the  Bible,  Seneca,  Epifletus,  Marcus 
Aurelius,  or  Confucius ;  evidently  with  a  view  of  dimi- 
nilhing  the  reverence  for  the  facred  writings,  by  thus 
placing  them  on  a  level  with  the  heathen  moralills. 
Then  each  brother  was  afked  what  books  he  had  read 
fince  lad  meeting,  what  obfervations  he  had  made,  and 
what  fervices  he  had  performed  for  promoting  the  fuc- 
cefs  of  the  order? 

To  each  Minerval  academy  a  library  belonged.  This         10 
was  formed  by  the  contributions  of  the   brethren,  by  Its  library, 
prefents  of  books,  and   by   another  method  very  ex- 
All  lUuminees  aifting  as  librarians,  or 


i 


traordinary. 
m  down  by  Itronger  ties  to  the  authoiity  of    keepers  of   archives,    were  admoniihed    to  ^<"<j/  fuch 
s.     The  detellabie  principles  of  the  illumi-    books  or  manufcripts  as  might  be  ufeful  to  the  order. 

■  At  one  time,  fending  a  lift  of  the  books  which  he  widi- 
ed  to  be  embezzled  from  the  library  of  the  Carmes, 
Weiftiaupt  fays,  "  All  tliefe  would  be  of  much  greater 
ufe  if  they  were  in  our  hands.  What  do  thofe  rafcals 
do  with  all  thefe  books  ?" 

Every  brother  at  his  admiffion  wis  required  to  declare 
to  what  art  or  fcience  he  meant  ch'efly  to  apply  ;  and  it 
was  expeftod,  that  he  (bould  afterwards  every  year  give 


of  life  and   death  to  our  order  or  fociety  ?  Are  you 

difpofed,  upon  all  occafions,  to  give  the  preference  to    an  account  of  the  difcoveriesor  iinprL.vements  which  he 


17 

Power  of 

life  and 

death  j^^^  „(  oi,r  order  over  all  other  men  ?  Do  you  fubjedl 

the'Tode^''  yourfelf  fa  a  W;ni/ofe</»Vw<',   ivithout  any  rejlrialon  luhat- 
fotver  ? 

The  novice  having  thus  furrendered  his  confcience, 
his  will,  and  his  life,  to  the  devotion  of  the  confpirators, 
and  thus  fubfcribed,  with  his  own  hand,  and  confirmed 
by  his  oath,  a  refolution  to  become  the  moft  abjeft 
flave,  was  now  deemed  qualified  to  afcend  to  the  fecond 
degree,  called  Minerval. 
18  In  the  dead  hour  of  midnight  he  was  conducted  to  a 

retired  apartment,  where  two  of  the  order  were  waiting 
to  receive  him.  The  fuperior,  or  his  delegate,  appear- 
ed (landing  in  a  fevere  and  threatening  pofture  ;  he  held 
a  glimmering  lamp  in  his  hand,  and  a  naked  iVord  lay 
before  him.  The  novice  was  alked,  whether  he  Hill  per- 
filled  in  his  intention  of  adhering  to  the  order  ?  Upon 
anfwering  in  the  affirmative,  he  was  ordered  into  a  dark 
room,  there  to  meditate  in  filence  on  his  refolution.    On 


AdmilTion 
to  the  de-' 
gree  of  Mi 
nerval. 


had  made.  All  the  other  brethren  who  were  occupied 
in  tiie  fame  ftudies,  were  defired  to  give  him  every  pol- 
fible  affiftance.  Thus  a  kind  of  academy  was  formed, 
to  which  thofe  who  could  not  ferve  it  by  their  talents 
might  give  pecuniary  contributions.  That  this  acade- 
my might  have  the  appearance  of  a  literary  fociety, 
prizes  were  annually  diftributed  ;  the  beft  difcourfe  was 
publifhed,  and  die  profits  fent  to  die  coffers  of  the  or- 
der. 

Every  month  the  prefidcnt  was  to  take  a  review  of  the 
faults  which  he  had  obferved  in  his  pupils,  and  examine 
them  concerning  thofe  which  they  might  have  been 
confcious  of  in  themfelves  ;  and  it  would  he  an  un- 
pardonable negleift,  fay  the  llatutes,  fiiculd  any  pupil 
pretend,  that  during  the  fpice  of  a  whole  month  he  had 
remarked  nothing  reprehenfible. 

It  is  impoflible  to  read  thefe  rules  without  admiring 

them.     Were  men  but  half  as  anxious,  attentive,  and 

his  return,  he  was  llricHy  and  repeatedly  quellioned  if   careful,  to  render  themfelves  good  citizens  and  good 

men 


I     L     L 


[     207     ] 


I     L    L 


llluminat;.   men,  as  thefe  men  were  to  render  themfelves  fuccefsfiil    Above  all,  they  were  dircifted  to  avtil  themfelves  of  ninmlnsti. 


conl'pirator":,  what  a  blcired  world  iliould  we  fee  ! 

The  Minerval  was  rigoroully  Icrutinized,  whether  he 
was  ready  to  iubmit  to  every  torture,  or  even  to  com- 
mit fuicide,  rather  than  give  any  information  agamit  the 
order.  Surcidc  was  reckoned  not  only  innocent,  but  ho- 
nourable, and  was  alfo  reprefented  as  a  peculiar  fpeciesof 


thofe  moments  when  tliey  obfcrved  a  pupil  difccntented 
with  the  world.  «'  It  is  then  (fays  VVeilliaupt)  you 
mull  prefs  the  fwelling  heart,  Simulate  the  fenfibilliy, 
and  den'onllrale  how  nectlfary  fecret  focicties  are  fcr 
the  attainment  of  a  better  order  of  things." 

Having  palled  with  .".pplaufe  through  the   Qates  of 


12 
Minor  illu- 
minees 
trainfd  for 
the  degree 
bC 


voluptuoufneft.     In  order  to  difcover  the  lentlments  of  pre  baticn    already   defcribed,    the  minor  illuminee  is 

the  Minervals  upon  this  fubjeift,  they  were  required  to  promoted  to  the  rank  of  major  illuminee,  or  Scotch 

write  a  dilfertation  upon  the  ciiarailer  and  death  of  Ca-  ncvice.     As  major  illuminee,  he  is  encnmpafTsd  with 

to,  or  any  limilar  fubjccf.     They  were  alio  defired  to  more  rigid  chains;  and  as   Scotch  novice,  he  is  dif- 

difcufs  the  favourite  dodrine   of  Weifiiaupt,  that  t/.>e  patched  as  a  miirior.ary  into  mafonic  lodges,  to  convert 

end  fanfUfes  the  rrnans  ;   a    principle   of  the   mofl   per-  the  brethren  to  illuminifm. 

nicious  tendency,  whidi  would  render  calumny,  ali'ain-  Thi  candidate  lor  this  degree  is  flriflly  examined,  in 
nation,  fediiion,  and  treafon,  laudable,  and  excellent,  order  to  difcover  what  opinions  he  now  entertains  con- 
Next,  they  were  called  upon  to  compolb  a  diffcrtation,  cerning  the  ol.jc^^  of  the  fcciety  ;  the  motives  that 
by  which  tlieir  opinions  concerning  kings  and  prielfs  prompted  him  to  join  it ;  whether  he  is  difpof^J  ftill  to 
might  be  afcertained.  If  they  pci  formed  all  thefe  talks  co-operate  with  the  rell  of  the  brethren  in  accnmplilh- 
wiih  the  fpirit  of  an  infidel,  and  the  defperate  firmncfs  iiig  the  grand  objetfl ;  and  whether  he  be  a  member  of 
of  a  confpirator,  they  were  then  judged  worthy  of  be-  any  other  fociety  ;  and  what  are  the  duties  which  it  re- 
iug  promoted  to  the  degree  of  minor  illuminee.  quires. 

The  min(>r  illuminee'.  held  meetings  fimilar  to  thofe  The  fertile  genius  of  Weifiiaupt  is  not  exhaufted  ;  he 

of  the   Minerval   academy.     It  was  necell'ary  that  the  has  Hill  in  referve  artifices  more  profound,  and  bonds 

prelident  tliould  be  one  who  w-as  railed  to  the  degree  of  more  powerful ;  his  refources  keep  pace  with  the  pro- 

prieft,  and   initiated   in  the  mylleries :   but  he  was  re-  grefs  of  his  fchemes.     He  now  lays  a  fn arc  for  his  pu- 

quired  to  perfuade  his  pupils,  that  beyond  the  degree  pils,  from  which  he  hopes  r.one  can  efcape,  and  there- 

which  he  hid  attained  there  were  no  mylleries  to  be  fore  he  flatters  himfelf  they  are  his  for  ever.     He  de- 

dilclofed.     The  minor  illuminees  were  to  be  lb  trained,  mands  of  every  candidate  for  higher  dejrees,  to  write, 

that  they  might  look  upon  themfelves  as  the  founders  as  a  proof  of  confidence,  a  minute  and  faithful  account 

of  the  order;  that  by  this  powerful  motive  they  might  of  his  whole  life,  without  any  referve  or  dilfimulation. 

be  animated  to  diligence  and  exertion.    With  this  view,  Referve  or  dilllniulation  would  indeed  be  vain  ;  for  the 

hints  were  fcattered  rather  than  precepts  enjoined.     It  mod  fecret  circumllances  oi  his  life  are  already  well 

was  infinuated,  that  the  world  was  not  fo  delightful  as  known  to  the  adepts,  my  means  of  innumerable  fpies, 

it  ought  ;  that  tlie  happinefs  lor  which  man  was  made  who,  by  the  appointmsnt  of  the  fuperiors,  have,  un- 

is  prevented  by  the  misfortunes  of  fome,  and  the  crimes  known  to  him,  been  watching  and  fcrutinizing  all  his 

of  others ;  that  the  wicked  have  power  over  the  good  ;  adfir ns  and  word?,  his  temper,  pafi'ions,  and  opinions, 

that  partial  infurreiflion  is  ufelefs ;  and  that  peace,  con-  Now  is  prefented  to  the  candidate  the  code  of  the 

tentment,  and  fafety,  might  be  eafily  obtained  by  means  brother  fcrutator,  called  by  the  order  the  nofce  le  iffum 

drawn  from  the  greateft  degree  of  force  of  which  hu-  (know  ihyfelf).     This  is  a  catechifm,  containing  from 

man  nature  is  capable.     Such  views,  it  is  added,  aftu-  a  thoufand  to  fifteen  hundred  queiiinns,  concerning  his 

ating  a  fecret  fociety,  would  not  only  be  innocent,  but  perfon,  his  healtli,  his  education,  his  opinions,  his  in- 

moft  worthy  of  the  wife  and  well-dlfpofed.  clinations,  his  habits,  his  ])a(lions,  his  prejudices,  and 

WeilTiaupt  had  formed,  with  peculiar  care,  a  code  even  his  weaknelfes.     Queftions  are  alfo  propofed  re- 

for  this  degree,  which  was  intitled /«/?/-a..7;o/Mybr/brm-  fpefting  his  acquaintances,  his  relations,  friends,  and 

ing  vfejul  Labourers  hi   Illuminifm.     Thefe  inllruflions  enemies.     The  candidate  is  required  to  enumerate  his 

difcover  an  aftonifhing  knowledge  of  human  nature,  and  favourite  colours,  to  deftribe  his  language,  the  nature 

are  drawn  up  with  a  degree  of  fyfiematic  coolnefs  which  of  his  converfation,  his  gait  and  gelluics.     Nothing,  in 

perhaps  no  confpirator  before  him  ever  exhibited.    He  fliorr,  is  omitted  that  can  tend  to  diftinguifh  his  charac- 

lays  down  rules,  by  which  the  charafter  of  almoll  any  ter  as  an  individual,  or  as  a  member  of  fociety.     Upon 

perfon  may  be  afcertained.     He  recommends  to  the  many  qualities  in  his  characfer,  thirty,  forty,  or  fome- 

minor  illuminees,  to  attend  to  the  conduit  of  any  per-  times  near  a  hundred  quedions  are  propofed.      The 

fon  entrufted  to  their  care,  at  two  periods  ;  when  he  is  following  fpecimcn  will  enable  the  reader  to  judge  what 

tempted  to  be  what  he  ought  not  to  be,  and  when,  re-  aftonilliing  care  Weifhaupt  employed  to  difcriminate 

moved  from  the  infiuence  of  every  external  temptation,  charaiffers. 

he  follows  the  didlates  of  his  inclination.     They  were  Is  his  ^<j/V  flow,  quick,  or  firm  ?  Are  his  fleps  long, 

to  lludy  the  peculiar  habits  and  ruling  paflions  of  each  ;  fliort,  dragging,  lazy,  or  ikipp'ng  ?  Is  his  Ajnyuj^c  re- 

to  kindle  his  ardour  by  delcanting  on  the  dignity  of  the  gular,  diforderly,  or  interrupted  I   In  Ipeaking,  docs  he 

order,  and  the  utility  of  its  labours ;  to  infufc  a  fpirit  agitate  his  hands,  his  head,  or  his  body  with  vivacity  ? 

of  obfervation,  by  afking  queftions,  and  applauding  the  Does  he  clofe  upon  the  perfon  he  is  fpeaking  to  ?  Decs 

wifdom  of  the  anfwers  ;  to  correifl  the  tailings  of  their  he  hold  him  by  the  arm,  clotlies,  or  button  hole?    Is 

pnpil,  by  fpeaking  of  them  as  if  they  were  not  his,  he  a  great  talker,  or  is  he  taciturn?  If  fo,  why?  Is  it 

and  thus  making  iiim  judge  in  his  own  caufe ;  to  in-  through   prudence,    ignorance,  refpe(51,  or  (loth?  &c. 

ftrucl  and  advife,  not  by  tedious  declamation,  but  by  Concerning   his  c.hicalion,  he  is   qucftioncd   to   whom 

fometimcs  dropping  a  few  words  to  the  purpofc,  when  docs  he  owe  it  ?  Has  he  always  been  under  the  eyes  of 

the  mind  Hiould  be  in  a  proper  ftate  to  receive  them,  his  parents?  How  has  he  been  brought  up?  Has  he 

any 


2? 

Scotch  no- 
vice. 


24 
Candidates 
fcr  higher 
degrees 
fubmit  to 
new  uials. 


I     L     L 


[     208     ] 


1     L     L 


lildTiinati.  any  eflsetn  for  his  ma  tiers  ?  Has  he  travelled,  and  in  might  form  two  others.     "  Let  thcfc  (fays  he)  only  lUuminatl. 

^"^"""^^  what  countries  ?  be  united,  and  nothing  will  be  inipoflible  to  our  order."  ^-^^^^-^ 

By  thcfe  queftions  his  temper  and  difpofitions  might  All  this  is  very  fpecious  :   it  is  well   contrived  to  fafci- 

be  accurately  known.     His  leading  pillions  would  be  n»te  the  imagination  of  the  young,  and   the  Iieart  of 

difcovered  by  tlie  following  queries.     "  When  he  finds  the  generous  and  benevolent,  while,  under  all  this  pre- 

l)imfcU  witli  different  parties,  which  does  he  adopt;  tended  regard  to  virtue  and  to  the  happinefs  of  mankind, 

tlie  lirongcll  or  the  weakeft  ;  the  wittied  or  the  moll  is  concealed  a  nioft  formidable  confpiracy   againll  the 

ilupid  ?  Or  does  he  form  a  third  ?   Is  he  conftant  and  peace  of  the  world. 

firm  in  fpite  of  all  obftacles  ?  How  is  he  to  be  gained  ?         After  this  addrefs  is  delivered,  the  major  illuminee 

by  pr.iife,  by    flattery,  or  low   courtlhip  ;  by  women,  is  prcfented  with  the  codes  of  the  infinuator  and  fcru- 

money,  or  the  entreaties  of  his  friends  ?  Does  he  love  tator;  for  he  iiiuft  now  infpefl   the  pupils  of  the  infi- 


fatire  ;  and  on  what  does  he  excrcife  that  talent  ?  on  re- 
ligion, hypncrily,  intolerance,  government,  nilnilUrs, 
monks  ?"  ixc. 

All  tliefe  quellions  are  to  be  anfwcred  and  ilhiQrated 
by  fafls.  It  is  neceliary  to  obferve,  that  the  fcru- 
tators  alfo  give  in  written  anfwers  to  all  thefc  queftioas. 
When  tlie  candidate  has  thus  given  a  minute  hillory  of 
liis  life,  and  revealed  all  his  iccrets,  his  foibles,  his  er- 
rors, his  vices,  and  his  crimes,  Weilliaupt  triumphantly 
exclaims,  "  Now  I  hold  him  ;  i  defy  hin;  to  hurt  us  ; 
it'  he  Ihould  wi(h  to  betray  us,  we  have  alfo  his  fe- 
crets." 


25 


nuators,  and  muil  excrcil'e  the  ofiice  of  fcrutator  while 
prefiding  over  the  Minerval  academies. 

The  next  degree,  whicli  is  that  of  Scotch  knight, 
is  botli  intermediate  and  liationary.  It  is  (lationary  ^"'^''''S''"! 
for  tliofe  who  are  not  fufficiently  imbued  with  'hs  T  • 'u"^ 
principles  of  the  order,  and  intermediate  for  thcfe  who 
have  imbibed  the  true  fpirit  of  illumin'fm.  The  Scotch 
knights  were  appointed  the  directors  of  all  the  prepa- 
ratory degrees,  and  to  watch  over  the  intereds  of  the 
order  within  their  dilUivft.  They  were  to  ftudy  plans 
for  increafmg  the  revenues  of  the  order,  and  to  endea- 
vour to  promote  to  public    offices  of   confidence,  of 


The  adept  is  next  introduced  into  a  dark  apartment,  power  and  wealth,  as  many  of  the  adepts  as  poffible  ; 

\vherc  he  foleiinily  fvvcars  to  keep  fecret  Whatever  he  and  to  drive  to  acquire  an  abl'olute  fway  in  the  ma- 

may  learn  trom  the  order.     He  then  delivers   up  the  fonic  lodges.     They  were  to  procure  the  management 

hidory  of  his  life,  fealed,  when  it  is  read  to  the  lodge,  of  the  malbnic  funds ;  and  while  they  were  to  perfuade 

and  compared  with  the  charaifter  drawn  of  him  by  the  the  brethren   that  thefe  were  expended  according  to 

brother  fcrut.itors.     A  corner  of  the  veil  is  now  lifted  their  own  orders,  they  were  to  employ  them   for  pro- 


up,  dill,  however,  with  extreme  caution.  Nothing  ap- 
pears palpable  but  the  purelt  principles  and  moll  ge- 
nerous deligns.  At  the  fame  time  many  things  are 
darkly  fuggeded,  which  are  incompatible  with  puiity 
:Lnd  generoluy  ;  for  while  the  utmoll  care  is  employed 
to  deceive  the  underdanding,  nothing  i 
can  tend  fecretly  to  corrupt  the  heart 


moling  the  views  of  tlie  order.  Thus  one  oflice  of  the 
Scotch  knights  was  to  embezzle  the  money  that  was 
entrudetl  to  them,  in  order  to  dift'ufe  truth,  and  to  make 
virtue  triumpli. 

After  palling  with  applaufe  through  this  long  and 
neglefted  that  tedious  probation,  the  adept  is  introduced  to  the  clafs 
A  number  of    of  the  myderies.     He  is  not  yet,   however,   made  ae- 


quedions  are  alked  ;  the  evident  intention  of  which  is  quainted  with  the  whole  fecrets  of  the  fcciety  ;  he  mull 

to  make  the  adept  difcontented  with  the  prefent  moral  dill  fubmit  to  new  trials  ;  his  cuiioljty  mud  be  farther 

{government  ot  the  world,  and  to  excite  the  defire  of  excited,  his  imagination  mud  be  kept  longer  upon  the 

attempting  a  great  revolution.     After  anfweiing  thefe  dretch,  and   his   principles  of  depravity    be  rendered 

<lucdions,  the  fecretary  opens  the  code  of  the  lodge  ;  more  violent  and  inveterate  before   the  vail  be  entirely 

;ind  having  informed  tlie  young  illuminee  that  the  ob-  withdrawn,  which  will  difcover  to  him  Weilhaupt  and 

jedt  of  the  order  is  to  diffufe  the  pure  truth,  and  to  his  infernal  ciew,  plotting  the  dedruiflion  of  the  laws, 

make  virtue  triumph,  he  proceeds  to  fhow  that  this  fciences    and    religion    of    mankind.     The  degree  of 

is  to  be  accomplilhed  by  freeing  men  from  their  preju-  epopt  or  pried,  to  which  the  adept  was  next  railed, 

d'ces,  and  enlightening  their   underllandings.     "  To  nper>ed  to  view,  however,  fo  great  a  part  of  the  myf- 

attain  this,   (continues  the  fecretary),  we  mud  trace  teries,  that  the  reader  will  be  fully  prepared  to  expe^T: 

the  origin  ot  all  fciences,  we  mud  reward  opprelfedta-  the  fecrets  which  remain  to  be  unfolded  in  the  other 

lents,  we  mull  undertake  the  education  of  youth;  and,  degrees. 

forming  an  indifloluble  league  among  the  mod  powerful         Before  being  admitted  to  the  degree  of  epopt,  the        26 

geniules,  we  mud  boldly,  though  with  prudence,  com-  adept  was  required  to  give  a  written  anfwer  to  ten  pre-  Prepara- 

bat  luperdition,  incredulity,  and  folly  ;  and  at  length  liminary  quellions.     The  infinuations  againd  the  eda- tions  for 

firm  our  people  to  true,  juft,  and  uniform  principles  on  blifhed  order  of  the  world,  which  had  formerly  been '''=  P"^*^" 

all  fubjeds."    The  fecretary  adds,  that  in  attempting  to  fiightly  mentioned,  increafe  now  to  an  indireft  propo-       "^^ 

dived  vice  of  its  power,  that  the  virtuous  may  be  re-  fal  to  attempt  a  complete  revolution.     The  candidate 

Warded  even  in  this  world,  the  order  is  counteraded  by  is  afked,  whether  he  thinks  the   world  has  arrived  at 

princes  a/icl  priejls,  and   the  poUlical  conJ}ilutions   of  na-  that  happy  date  which  was  intended  by  nature  ?  Whe- 

tkis ;  that,  however,  it  was  not  intended  to  excite  re-  ther  civil  adociations  and  relicion  attain  the  ends  for 

volutions  and  oppofe  force  by  force,  but  merely   to  which  they   were  deligned  ?  Whcil.er  the  fciences  are 

bind  the  hands  of   the  protctftors  of  diforder,  and  to  conducive  to  real  happinefs  ?  or  whether  they  are  not 

govern  without  appearing  to  command  ;  that  the  pow-  merely  the  offspring  of  the  unnatural  date  in  which  men 

ers  of  the  earth  mud  be  encompalfed  with  a  legion  of  live,  and  the  crude  inventions  of  crazy  brains  ?  It  is  tlien 

indelatigab'.e  men,  all  direifling  their  labours  towards  propofed  as  a  quedion,  whether  there   did   not  in  an- 

the  improvement  of  human  nature.     Were  there  but  cient  times  exid  an  order  of  things  more  fimple  and 

a  certain  number  of  fuch  men  in  every  country,  each  happy  ?  What  are  the  bed  means  for  redoring  man- 

kind, 


ILL  ^  C     209    ] 

Hluminiti.  kind  to  that  ftate  of  felicity  ?  Should  it  be  by  public     Every  man. 


1     L    L 


17 

Inftrudi- 
ons  previ- 
ous (o  ad- 
milTion.  - 


meafures,  by  violent  revolutions,  or  by  any  means  that 
luoiild  enfure  fucccfs  ?  Would  it  not  be  proper,  wilh 
this  view,  to  preach  to  mankind  a  religion  more  per- 
fedt,  and  a  philofophy  more  elevated?  And,  in  ihe 
meantime,  is  it  not  advifable  to  difTeminate  the  truth 
in  fecret  focieties  ? 

Should  the  anfwers  given  to  thefe  queftioirs  accord 
with  the  fentiments  of  the  order,  on  the  day  fixed  for 
the  initiation,  the  candidate  Is  blindfolded,  and,  along 
with  his  introducer,  is  put  into  a  carriage,  the  win- 
dows of  which  are  darkened.  After  many  windings 
and  turnings,  which  it  would  be  impoflible  for  the 
adept  to  trace  back,  he  is  condnfled  to  the  porch  of 
the  temple  of  the  myfleries.  His  guide  (trips  him  of 
the  mal'onic  infignia  which  he  wore  as  a  knight,  re- 
moves the  bandage  from  his  eyes,  and  prefents  him 
with  a  drawn  fword  ;  and  then  having  ftridtly  enjoined 
him  not  to  advance  a  ftep  till  he  is  called,  leaves  him 
to  his  meditations.  At  length  he  hears  a  voice  ex- 
claiming, "  Come,  enter,  unhappy  fugitive  ;  the  fa- 
thers wait  for  you  ;  enter,  and  (hut  the  door  after  you." 
He  advances  into  the  temple,  where  he  fees  a  throne 
with  a  rich  canopy  lifing  above  it,  and  before  it,  lying 
upon  a  table,  a  crown,  a  fceptre,  a  fword,  fome  pieces 
of  gold,  and  precious  jewels,  interlaid  with  chains. 
At  the  foot  of  the  table,  on  a  fcarlet  cufhion,  lie  a 
white  robe,  a  girdle,  and  the  fimple  ornaments  of  the 
facerdotal  order.  The  candidate  is  required  to  make 
his  choice  of  the  attributes  of  royalty,  or  of  the  white 
robe.  If  he  chufe  the  white  robe,  which  he  knows  it 
is  expecfted  he  fhould  do,  the  hierophant,  or  inllruiflor, 
thus  addrefl'es  him  :  "  Health  and  happinefs  to  your 
great  and  nnble  foul.  Such  was  tlie  choice  we  expect- 
ed from  you.  But  (lop  ;  it  is  not  permitted  you  to 
inveft  yourfelf  with  that  robe  until  you  have  heard  to 
what  we  now  deftine  you."  The  candidate  is  then 
ordered  to  fit  down  ;  the  bonk  of  the  myfleries  is  open- 
ed, and  the  whole  brethren  liften  in  filence  to  the  voice 
of  the  hierophant. 

The  evordiimi  is  long  and  pompous ;  much  artifice 
is  concealed  in  it,  and  much  eloquence  difplayed.  It 
expatiates  on  the  fubllme  and  generous  views  of  the  fo- 
ciety  ;  evidently  with  the  defire  of  lulling  afleep  the 
fufpicion  of  the  candidate,  of  exciting  him  to  admira- 
tion, and  of  inlpiring  him  with  enthuliafm.  The  hie- 
rophant then  proceeds  to  unveil  the  myfleries.  He 
launches  out  into  a  fplendid  delcription  of  the  original 
ftate  of  mankind  ;  when  health  was  their  ordinary  ftate, 
when  meat,  and  drink,  and  ftielter,  were  their  only 
wants.  At  that  period  (fays  he)  men  enjoyed  the 
roort  ineftimable  blelhngs,  equality  and  liberty  ;  they  en- 
joyed them  to  their  utmoft  extent  :  but  when  the  wan- 
dering life  ceafed,  and  property  ftarted  into  exiftence ; 
when  arts  and  fciences  began  to  Hourilh  ;  when  a  dif- 
tinflion  of  ranks  and  civil  alfociations  were  eflabliflied, 
"  liberty  was  ruined  in  its  foundation,  and  equality  dif- 
appeared.  The  world  then  ceafed  to  be  a  great  fami- 
ly, to  be  a  fin2,le  empire  ;  the  gre.it  bond  of  nature  was 
rent  afunder."  Wants  now  incrcafed,  rind  the  weak 
imprudently  fubmitted  to  the  wnfe  or  the  llrong,  that 
they  might  be  protefled.  As  tJie  fubmidion  of  one 
perfon  to  another  ariles  from  want;,  it  ceafcs  when  the 
wants  no  longer  cxift.  Thus  the  power  of  a  tathcr  is 
at  an  end  when  the  child  has  acquired  his  (Irength. 

SuppL.  Vol,  II. 


having   attained  to  years  of  difcretion,  Hluminati. 
may  govern  himfelf ;    when  a  whole    n.ntion,    there-  ^•^''^~^^ 
fore,  is  arrived  at  that  period,  there  can  exilt  no  farther 
plea  for  keeping  it  in  wardlbip. 

Such  a  ftate  as  that  of  civil  fociety,  is  then  repre- 
fented  as  incompatible  with  the  pradlice  of  virtue. 
"  Wilh  the  dlvifion  of  the  globe,  and  of  its  ftates, 
benevolence  (fays  the  hierophant)  was  reftrained  with- 
in certain  limits,  beyond  which  it  could  no  longer  be 
extended.  Patriotifm  was  deemed  a  virtue  ;  and  he 
was  ftyled  a  patriot  who,  partial  towards  his  country- 
men, and  unjuft  to  others,  was  blind  to  the  merits  of 
ftrangers,  and  believed  the  very  vices  of  his  own  coun- 
try to  be  perfedlions.  We  really  beheld  (continues 
he)  patriotilVn  generating  localifm,  the  confined  fpirit 
of  families,  and  even  egoifm.  Diminifh,  rejc<fl  tliat 
love  of  country,  and  mankind  will  once  more  le.irn  to 
know  and  love  each  other  as  men.  Partiality  being 
caft  afide,  a  union  of  hearts  will  once  more  appear, 
which  will  expand  itfelf  over  the  globe." 

Thefe  unphilofcphical  dechimations,  enthufiaflicallf 
pronounced,  at  length  make  the  profelyte  exclaim,  in 
unifon  with  his  mafter,  "  Are  fuch  tlien  rhe  coiife- 
quences  of  the  inftitution  of  ftates,  and  of  civil  fociety  ? 
O  foUy  !  Oh  people  I  that  you  did  not  forefee  the  tale 
that  awaited  you  ;  that  you  (hould  yourfelves  have  fe- 
conded  your  defpots  in  degrading  human  nature  to  fer- 
vitude,  and  even  to  the  condition  of  the  brute  !" 

Having  wrought  up  the  profelyte  to  this  pitch  of 
frenzy,  and  enumerated  all  the  evils  which,  according 
to  Weilhaupt,  arife  from  political  alfociation,  the  hie- 
rophant comes  to  reveal  the  means  by  which  the  grie- 
vances of  the  human  race  may  be  rcdrelfed.  "  Piovi- 
dence  (he  fays)  has  tranfmitted  the  means  to  us  rf  fc- 
cretly  meditating,  and  at  length  operating,  the  fulva- 
tion  of  human  kind.  Theie  means  are  the  fecret 
fchools  of  philofophy.  Thefe  fchools  have  been  in  all 
ages  the  archives  of  nature,  and  of  the  rights  nf  man. 
Thefe  fchools  (hall  one  day  retrieve  the  fall  of  human 
nature,  and  princes   and   nations  shall  disappear 

FROM     THE     FACE    OF     THE     F.ARTH  ;    and   that    withoUt 

any  violence.  Human  nature  Ihall  form  one  great  family, 
and  the  earth  fhall  became  the  habitation  of  the  man 
of  reafon.  Reafon  Jhall  be  the  only  book  of  lazi's,  the 
fole  code  of  man.  This  is  one  of  our  grand  myjleries. 
Attend  to  the  demonftration  of  it ;  and  learn  how  it 
has  been  tranfmitted  down  to  us." 

This  pretended  dcmonllralion  makes  part  of  the  fame 
fophiftical  harangue;  and  confifts  in  panegyrics  on  the 
dignity  of  human  nature  ;  in  a  bafchfs  morality  ;  and 
in  a  fcandalous  perverfion  of  the  Chrifti,in  fcriptures, 
with  a  blafphemous  account  of  the  miniftry  of  ilie  Sa- 
viour of  the  world. 

"  What  ftrange  blindnefj  (continues  t!)e  hiero- 
phant) can  have  induced  men  to  imagine,  that  human 
nature  was  always  to  be  governed  as  it  has  hitherto 
been  ?  Where  is  the  being,  who  has  condemned  men, 
the  beft,  the  wifcft,  and  the  moll  enlightened  mer,  to 
perpetual  Havery  ?  Why  Ihould  human  nature  be  be- 
reft of  its  moll  perltifl  attribute,  that  of  gnverning 
iticlf ?  Why  are  thofe  perfons  to  be  always  led  v.'ho 
are  capable  of  conduifling  thcnifelves  ?  Is  it  then  im- 
poftiblc  for  mankind,  or  at  leaft  the  greater  part  of 
them,  to  come  to  majority  ?  Arc  we  then  (alien  fo  low 
as  nut  even  to  feel  our  chains,  as  to  hug  them,  and  not 
1)  d  cheriUi 


I     L     L 


[      2IO      ] 


I     L     L 


nees  ene- 
mies to 
commerce, 


irummsii.  thcrilli  the  flattering  hope  of  being  able  to  break  them, 
'"""^'""^  and  recover  our  liberty  ?  No;  let  us  own  lh.it  it  is  not 
impolllble  to  attain  universal  independence." 
ai?  The  principal  me;ini  which  Weilhaupt  offers  to  his 

Theillurai-  ;,Jepts  fjr  the  conqiiell  of  tliis  land  of  promife,  is  to 
Jiniinilh  the  wanto  if  the  pople  j  and  accordingly  the 
code  dentniiices  eternal  war  with  every  fpccics  ot  com- 
merce.    Hence  the  hierophant  proceeds  to  inlorm  the 
candiJatc,    lh.it   he  who  wilhe.-.  to  fubjefl  nations  to 
his  yoke,  need  bnt  to  create  wants,  which  he  alone  can 
f.itisfy."     "  Confer  (fays  he)  upon  the  m:rcanlile  irile 
fome  rank  or  fome  aiulioiity  in  the  government,  and 
you  will  have  created  perhaps  the  molt  formidable,  the 
moft  defpotic  cf  all  powers.     H.-,  on  the  contrary,  who 
vilhcs  to  render  mankind  free,  teaches  them  how  to 
refrain  from  the  acquintion  of  things  which  they  can- 
not afford  :  he  enlightens  them,  he  infjfes  into  them 
bold  and  inflexible  manners.     If  you  cannot  diffule,  at 
the  fime  inllant,  this  degree  of  light  among  all  men, 
at  leall  begin  by  enlightening  yourl'elf,  and  by  render- 
ing yourfelf  better.     The  mode  of  diffuting   univetfal 
liglu  is,  not  to  proclaim  it  at  once  to  the  whole  woild, 
but  to  begin    with    yourfelf;  then  turn  to  your  next 
neighbour  :  you  two  can  enlighten  a  third  and  a  fourth  : 
let  thefe  in  th.e  fame  manner  extend  and  multiply  the 
number  of  the  cliilJren  of  light,  until  numhsrs  and  force 
Jhiill  throw  fower  into  jour  hands.      You  will  foon  ac- 
quire fuflicient  force  to  bind  the  hands  of  your  opponents, 
to  fubju^ate  them,  and   to  ftifle  wickednefs  in   the  em- 
hryo;"  i.e.  you  will  foon  be  able  to  llifle  every  piin- 
ciple  of  l.iw,  of  government,  of  civil  or  political  lociety, 
whofo  very  inflitution,  in  the  eyes  of  an  illuminee,  is 
the  germ  of  all  the  vices  and  misfortunej  ot  human 
nature. 

The  hierophant,  continuing  to  infill  on  the  neceflity 
of  enlightening  the  people  to  operate  the  grand  revo- 
lution, feems  to  be  apprehenfive  that  the  candidate 
may  not  yet  cleaily  conceive  the  real  plan  of  this  le- 
volution,  which  is  in  future  to  be  the  fole  objefl  ot  all 
his  inftruflions.  Let  your  inflruiElions  and  lights  be 
univerfally  diffufed  ;  fo  Ihall  you  render  mutual  lecurity 
univerfal ;  and  fecurily  and  injlruclion  will  enable  us  to 
Ifue  "wilhout  prince  i,r  government.  The  inllruiflion 
which  ij  to  accomplilh  this  great  end,  is  inllruclion  in 
Kioralily,  and  morality  alone;  for  "true  mcralily  is  no- 
thing elfe  than  the  art  of  teaching  men  \o  fhaht  off  their 
ivarc'jh'ip,  to  attain  the  age  of  manhood  ;  and  thus  to 
need  neither  piinces  nor  governments.  The  mora- 
lity which  is  to  perform  this  miracle,  is  not  a  morality 
of  vain  fubtleties.  It  is  not  that  morality  which,  de- 
grading man,  renders  him  carelefs  of  the  goods  of  this 
world,  forbids  him  the  enjoyment  of  tlie  innocent  plea- 
fures  of  life,  and  infpires  him  with  the  hatred  ot  his 
neighbour.  Above  all,  it  muft  not  be  that  morality 
vhich,  adding  to  the  miferies  of  the  miferable,  throws 
tliem  into  a  Itate  of  pufiUanimity  and  delpair,  by  the 
threats  of  hell  and  the  fear  cf  devils.  It  muft  be  a  di- 
vine doflrine,  fuch  as  Jefus  tauglit  to  his  difciples,  and 
of  which  he  gave  the  real  interpretation  in  his  fecret 
conferences." 
.p  The  impious  hierophant  then  proceeds,  with  match- 

And  blaf-  lefs  blafpfaemy,  to  reprefent  the  Redeemer  of  mankind 
phcniiciof  as  teaching,  like  the  Grecian  fophifts,  an  exoteric  and 
Chriil.        an  efoteric  Uoiftrine.     He  defcribes  him  as  the  grand 


39 

'I  Iitir  mo- 
rality ; 


mafter  of  the  illuminces  ;  and  affirms,  thit  the  objeft  of  lUumiiiaii. 
\{\i  fccrei,   which  ia  loll  to  the  world  in  geneial,  has  "^^'^'"'^^ 
beeu  prcfervcd  in  their  myllcries.     It  was  "  to  rein- 
Ikate  mankind  in  their   ORiGiNaL   EQUAHTy  and   Li- 
BERTV,  and  to  prepare  the  means.     This  explains  in 
what  fenfe  Chrilt  was  the  ^.iviour  and  Redeemer  of  the 
•u-urld.     Tiie   dofliiiie  of  original  tin,    of  the  fall  of 
man,  and  ot  his  regeneration,  can  now  be  underllood. 
The  Hate  of  pure  n.iture,  of  fallen  or  corrupt  nature, 
and  the  Hate  ot  grace,  will  no  lunger  be  a  problem. 
MinkinJ,  in  quitting  their  Hate  of  original  liberty,  fell 
fiom  the  llate  ot  nature,  and  I'fl  their  Jigiiitw     In  their 
civil  lociety,  under  their  governments,  they  no  longer 
live  in  the  Hate  vi  pure  nature,  but  in  that  o(  fallen 
and  corrupt  nature.     It  the  moderating  of  their  paffi- 
ons,  and  the  diminution  of  their  wants,  reinftate  them 
in  their  primitive  dignity,    that  will  really  conftitute 
their  redemption  and  their  _y?<j/i.'  of  grace.     It  is  to  this 
point  that  morality,  and  the  muft  perlect  of  all  mora- 
lity, that  of  Jefus,  leads  mankind.     When  at  length 
this  docliine  ihall  prevail  throughout   the  world,  the 
reign  of  the  good  and  of  the  eleifl  Ihall  be  elUblilhed." 
This  language   (as  M.  Barruel   obferves)   is  furely 
not  enigmatical ;  and  the  profelyte  who  has  heard  it 
without  Ihuddering,    may  flatter  himfclf    with  being 
worthy  of  this  Antichriftian  priefthood.       He  is  led        31 
back  to  the  porch,  where  he  is  inverted  with  a  white  Preparato- 
lunic  and  broad  icailet  belt  of  filk.      The  lleeves  o(  toryriteato 
tlie   tunic,    which   are   wide,    are   tied  in   the  middle 
and  at  the  extremities  with  ribbons  likewifi;  of  fear- 
let;    and   the   candidate   is    recalled   into   the  temple 
of    myllcries.       lie  is   met  by  one  of    the  brethren, 
who    does    not   permit    him   to    advance    till   he   has 
declared  "  whether  he  perfeilly  underftands  the  dif- 
coutl'e  which  has  been  read  to  him  ;  whether  he  has 
any  doubts  concerning  the  doflrines  taught  in  it ;   whe- 
ther his  heart  is  penetrated  with  the  fane^ity  of  the 
principles  of  the  order;  whether  he  is  feullb'.e  of  the 
call,  feels  the  ftrengtli  of  mind,  the  fervent  will,  and  all 
tlie  difintereitednels  requil'ite  to  labour  at  \he  grand  un- 
dertiiiing ;  vihetlier  he  is  ready  to  make  a  facriHce  of 
his  will,  and  to  fuffer  himfelf  to  be  led  by  the  moft  fx- 
cel.'ent  fupcriors  of  the  order." 

The  rites  of  the  preceding  degree  were  in  impious  de-  -j 
rifion  of  thefacrament  of  the  Lord'sfupper;  thofeofthe  Initiation 
prefentarean  atrociousmimicryoffacerdotalordination;  to  the 
at  which,  as  every  one  knows,  the  Lord's  fupper  is  like-  P"eftli<xxl» 
wife  celebrated.  A  curtain  is  drawn,  and  an  altar  ap- 
{lears  with  a  crucifix  upon  it.  On  the  altar  is  a  bible  ; 
and  the  ritual  ot  the  orderlies  on  a  reading  de(k,  with 
a  cenfer  and  a  phial  full  of  oil  befide  it.  The  dean, 
or  prelident,  who  acls  the  part  of  a  bifhop,  bleffes  the 
candidate,  cuts  hair  from  the  crown  of  his  head,  a- 
noints  liim,  clothes  him  in  the  veftments  of  the  prieft- 
hood, and  pronounces  prayers  after  the  falhion  of  the 
order.  He  prefents  him  with  a  cap,  laying,  "  Cover 
thyfislf  with  this  cap  ;  it  is  more  precious  than  the 
royal  diadem."  The  mock  communion  is  then  dillri- 
buted ;  and  it  confifts  of  milk  and  honey,  which  the 
dean  gives  to  the  profelyte,  faying,  "  This  is  that 
which  nature  gives  to  man.  Refleft  how  happy  he 
would  Rill  have  been,  if  the  defire  of  fuperfliiities  had 
not,  by  depriving  him  of  a  tafte  for  fuch  fimple  food, 
multiplied  his  wants,  and  poifoned  the  balm  of  life." 

The 


I     L     L 


C      211      ] 


I    L    L 


33 
Duties  of 

the  prieft 
<.r  cpopt. 


S4 
^ualifica- 
tiims  fuF 
the  degree 
id  regent. 


Illuminati.  The  ceremonies  are  terminated  by  delivering  to  the 
^-'^'•■''~^  epopt  that  part  of  the  code  which  relates  to  his  new 
degree. 

Among  the  inftruftions  which  it  contain?,  the  fol- 
lott'int;  are  more  particularly  worthy  ot  notice.  The 
epopt,  fays  tlic  code,  "  will  take  care  that  the  writ- 
ings of  the  members  of  the  order  ihall  be  ci  ied  up,  and 
that  the  trumpet  of  fame  Ihall  be  founded  in  their  ho- 
nour. He  will  alfo  find  means  of  hindi-ring  the  review- 
ers from  ciijlin^  any  fujpidons  on  the  writers  of  the 
fefl."  He  is  likewife  inftrucfted  to  Ir't'ic  the  common 
people  into  the  interefts  of  the  order,  and  to  corrupt 
their  minds,  by  getting  poiFedlon  of  fchools  and  other 
feminaries  of  learning.  But  "  if  it  be  necelHiry  for 
us  to  be  mailers  of  the  ordinary  fchools  (fays  the  im- 
pious legiilator),  of  how  mucii  more  importance  will 
it  be  to  gain  over  the  Eccleftajlic  Jcm'inar'ies  and  their 
fuperiors !  With  them  we  gain  over  the  chief  part  of 
the  country  ;  we  acquire  the  fupporl  of  the  greatejl  ene- 
mies to  inmvalion  ;  and  the  grand  point  of  all  is,  that 
tlirough  the  clergy  we  become  mafters  of  the  middle  and 
loiver  chijfes  of  the  people." 

From  the  degree  of  epopt  or  prieft  are  chofen  the 
regents  or  prince  illuminees.  On  making  this  choice, 
fays  the  code,  three  things  of  the  utmolt  confequence 
are  to  be  obferved.  "  i/?,  The  greateft  referve  is  ne- 
celTary  with  refpe-fV  to  this  degree  :  idly,  Thofe  who 
are  admitted  into  it,  muft  be  as  much  as  poflible //•« 
men,  zixd  independent  of  princes  :  ^d!y.  They  muft  have 
clearly  manifefted  their  hatred  of  the  general  conjlitution, 
or  the  iicinal  Jlate  of  mankind  ;  and  liave  fhewn  how 
evidently  they  wifh  for  a  change  in  thi  government  of  the 
nuorld."  If  ihcfe  requifites  be  found  m  an  epopt  who 
afpires  to  the  degree  of  regent,  fi.x  preliminary  quef- 
tions  are  put  to  him;  of  vihich  the  obvious  meaning  is 
to  difcover,  whether  he  deems  it  huvful  and  proper  to 
teach  fubjefls  to  throw  off  the  authority  of  their  fove. 
reigns,  or,  in  other  words,  to  deftroy  every  king,  mi- 
nifter,  law,  magiftrate,  and  public  authority  on  earth. 

When  ihcfe  queftions  are  anfwered  to  the  fatisfac- 
tion  of  his  examiner,  he  is  informed,  "  that  as,  in  lu- 
ture,  he  is  to  be  entruftcd  with  papers  belonging  to  the 
order  of  tar  greater  importance  than  any  wliich  he  has 
yet  had  in  his  pndeflGon,  it  is  neceil'iry  that  tjie  ordt-r 
Ihould  have  farther  fecuriiie-.  He  i.-,  tlieiefore,  com- 
manded to  make  his  luill,  and  inf^^rt  a  claufe  with  re- 
fpeft  to  any  private  paj'-ers  wliich  he  may  leave,  in 
cafe  of  fuddcn  death.  He  is  to  get  a  formal  or  juridi- 
cal receipt  for  that  part  ol' his  will  from  his  family,  or 
from  the  public  ni.igiltrate;  and  he  is  to  take  their 
promifes  in  writing,  that  they  are  to  fulfil  his  inten- 
tions." This  precaution  being  taken,  and  the  day  fix- 
ed for  his  inauguration,  he  is  admitted  into  an  ante- 
chamber hung  with  black,  where  he  fees  a  Ikeleton, 


elevated  two  fteps,  with  a  crown  and  fword  lying  at  lilaminati. 
its  leet.     Having  given  up  the  written  difpofitions,  Sec.  ' — '::'^- 
refpecling  his  papers,  his  hands  are  loaded  with  chains  AdmlLi. 
as  it  he  were  a  llavc,  and  he  is  left  to  his  meditations,  to  ihii  de. 
A  dialogue  then  takes   place  between  his  introducer  2"=- 
and  the  provincial,   who  is  feated  on  a  throne  in  a  fa- 
locn  adjoining.     It  is  in  a  voice  loud  enough  to  be 
heard  by  the  candidate,  and  confifts  of  various  quef- 
tions  and  anfwers;  of  which  the  following  may  ferve 
for  a  fpecinien : 

Prov.  Wlio  has  reduced  him  to  this  flate  of  fla- 
very  ? 

ylnf.  by  the  Introd.  Society,  Governments,  the 
Sciences,  and  falfe  Religion. 

Prov.  And  he  wilhes  to  caft  off  this  yoke,  to  be- 
come a  feditious  man  and  a  rebel  ? 

jinf  No;   he  wilhes  to  unite  with  us,  to  join   in 

OUR  FIGHTS  AGAINST  THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  GO- 
VERNMENTS, the  corruption  of  morals,  and  the  profa- 
nation of  rehgion.  He  wilhes,  througli  our  means,  to 
become  powerful,  that  he  may  attain  the  grand  ul- 
timatum. 

Prov.  Is  he  fuperior  to  prejudices?  Does  he  prefer 
the  general  inlereft  of  the  univerfe  to  that  of  more  limit- 
ed afj'o:iations  ? 

Anj.  Such  have  been  his  promifes. 

Prov.  Aik  him,  whether  the  fkeleton  which  is  be- 
fore him  be  that  ot  a  king,  a  nobleman,  or  a  beggar  ? 

Anf.  He  cannot  tell;  all  that  he  fees  is,  that  this 
Ikeleton  was  a  man  like  us ;  and  the  charader  of  man 
is  all  that  he  attends  to. 

After  a  great  deal  of  infidious  mummery  like  this, 
the  cpopt  is  admitted  to  tlie  degree  of  prince  ;  but  be- 
fore his  inveftiture  with  the  inlignia  of  that  order,  he 
is  exhorted  to  be  free,  i.  e.  to  be  a  man,  and  a  man 
who  knows  how  to  govern  himfcif ;  a  man  who  knows 
his  duty,  and  his  imprefcripubte  rights ;  a  man  who 
ferves  the  univerfe  alone  ;  whofe  aiftions  are  folely  direil- 
ed  to  the  general  benfit  of  the  world  and  of  human  na- 
ture. "  Every  thing  elfc  {f<iys  the  provincial)  is  injus- 
tice." A  long  panegyric  is  then  made  on  die  hap- 
pinefs  which  will  be  experienced  by  mankind,  when 
every  father  of  a  family  (hall  he  fovereit,n  in  his  tran- 
quil cot!  when  he  that  wilhes  to  invade  ihel'e  facteJ 
rights  fhall  not  find  an  afylum  on  the  face  of  the  earth  ! 
wlicn  idlenefs  fhall  be  no  longer  fullered  ;  and  when  t/.e 
clod  of  if  clefs  fciences  flail  be  cajl  aftde  (  c  )  !  .c 

The  fgn  of  this  degree  coiififted  in  extending  out  sign  of  the 
the  arms  to  a  brotlier  with  the  hands  open  ;  the  gripe  degree, 
was  to  feize  the  brother  by  the  two  elbows,  as  it  were 
to  prevent  him  from  falling;  and  the  ':ford  was  re- 
demption! The  ejiopt  was  invtlled  wi;h  his  princi- 
pality by  receiving  a  buckler,  boots,  a  cloak,  and  a 
D  d  2  hat  i 


(c)  This  will  naturally  fiirprife  our  readers;  but  it  could  not  fiirprife  him  to  wliom  it  was  addrcffed  ;  for 
when  candidate  for  the  priellhood,  he  had  been  aiked,  "  Do  the  feiences  which  men  cultivate  furnilh  diem 
with  real  lights  ?  Are  they  conducive  to  real  happinefs  ?  Are  they  not,  on  the  contrary,  the  off^pring  of  nim- 
berlefs  wants,  and  of  the  unnatural  llate  in  which  men  live  ?  Arc  they  not  the  crude  inventions  of  crazy  brainf  ?"' 
There  were,  however,  to  be  academies  for  the  cultivation  of  fuch  fcienccs  as  fuitcd  tlic  deligns  of  the  order. 
Each  academy  was  to  conllft  of  nine  epopts,  ci  whom  fcvcn  were  to  prefidc  rcfpciflively  over  fn  many  depart- 
ments of  fcience,  whilft  the  other  two  were  to  officiate  as  fecrelaries.  One  of  the  departments  included  the  oc- 
cult fcienccs,  to  which  belonped  the  art  of  rai/ing  the  feals  of  the  Icters  of  all  who  belonged  not  to  the  Cider, 
and  of  fecuring  their  own  letters  againff  limilar  pradices  I  I 


ILL  [21; 

Hlumlnati.   hit ;  and  on  receiving  the  booti,  he  was  defired  lo  fear 

—"^''■^^  ,.,  ^^,j  which  mi,i!,lit  lead  to  tlie  propajjation  or  dif- 

covery  of  kappincfs.     Thus  decor. ited,  the  prince  illu- 

niinee  received  x\\c  fralcrnal  embrace,  and  heard  the  in- 

llniiftions  for  liis  new  degree. 

One  would  think  th;it  the  adept  had  now  airived  at 
the  very  acme  of  piolanenefs,  and  trcafonable  confpi- 
r.icy.  He  has  been  initiated  in  niylleries  whicli  bur- 
lef(|ue  Chiillianity  and  its  Divine  Author,  and  at  tlic 
lame  time  vow  vengea\ice  againll  all  government,  all 
law,  and  all  fcience  ;  yet  Wtjlhaupt,  in  a  letter  to  Cato 
Zwack,  his  incomparable  man,  fays,  th.it  he  ha;  ccin- 
pofed  four  degrees  above  that  of  regent,  or  prince-il- 
luminee  ;  witli  refpci!^  even  to  tlie /oai^y?  of  wliicli,  his 
degree  of  priert  will  be  fi)unJ  no  more  than  child's 
play.  "  The  ritual  of  thefe  degrees,  (fays  he),  I  ne- 
ver fuffer  to  go  out  of  my  hands.  It  is  of  too  ferious 
an  import;  it  is  the  key  of  the  ancient  and  modern, 
llie  religious  and  political,  hillory  of  the  univerfe." 

This  caution  of  the  chief  confpirator  has  deprived 
us  of  the  power  to  give  fo  particular  an  account  of 
thefe  degrees  as  we  have  done  of  the  preceding  ;  but 
the  Abbe  Barruel  allures  us  that  they  were  reduced  to 
two,  viz.  that  of  2vIaGus,  and  that  of  the  Man-king  ; 
.ind  that  thefe  two  conflituted  the  greater  myste- 
ries. When  the  adept  was  admitted  to  the  degree  of 
7nagiis,  he  was  illuminized  only  in  philofophy  and  reli- 
gion ;  when  to  that  of  man-king,  new  ligiits  were  given 
him  refpeiling  property,  and  every  fpecies  of  political 
alfociation.  The  Abbe  quotes  a  pafiage  from  zhe  Cri- 
tical hijlory  of  all  the  degrees  of  Uluminifm,  written  by  a 
man  of  lionour,  who  had  palfcd  through  them  all, 
which  will  give  the  reader  a  futEcient  idea  of  the  objeft 
of  thel'e  lall  degrees. 
-7  "  With  rcipeA  to  the  two  degrees   of  ma^us  and  of 

Oljedsof  man-king  (fays  this  writer),  there  is  no  reception,  that 
the  degrees  jj  j^  f.iy^  there  are  no  ceremonies  of  initiation.  Even 
of  im^us  jj^^  ^ig^j  jj^j  i^jjj  permitted  to  tranfcribe  thefe  degrees ; 
an    nun-     ^j^^^  ^^j^  j^^^^  ^^^^  ^^.^j^  ^^^  ^^^  j^  ^j^^  reafon  why 


] 


I     L     L 


king. 


I  do  not  publifh  them  with  tliis  work.  Tlie  firft  is 
that  of  Magus,  called  alio  philofopher.  It  contains 
the  fundamental  principles  of  Spinozifm.  Here  every 
tiling  is  Material ;  God  and  the  world  are  but  one  and 
tiie  fame  thing  ;  all  religions  are  inconfiftent,  chimeri- 
cal, and  the  invention  of  ambiiious  men." 

That  this  is  the  do<51rine  of  Spinoza,  and  that  Spi- 
noza was  an  atheill,  is  mod  certain  ;  but  though  nothing 
can  be  effentially  worfe  than  atheifm,  we  are  ftrongly 
inclined  to  fufpedt  that,  at  the  initiation  of  the  Magus, 
expreQlons  mull  have  been  ufed  more  fhocking  at  leajl  to 
the  ear  than  the  philofophic  jargon  of  the  apoftate  Jew. 
It  is  long  fince  the  philofophy  of  Spinoza  was  in  Ger- 
many recommended  from  the  prefs  (fee  Spinoza,  En- 
cycl.)  ;  it  is  but  very  lately  that  a  profeffor  in  the  uni- 
verfity  of  Jena  publilhed  a  book,  in  which  he  teaches 
that  there  is  no  God,  and  that  we  abfurdly  give  that 
title  to  the  relations  of  Nature  (d)  ;  and  fomething  ap- 
proaching fo  near  to  atheifm  had  been  communicated 
to  the  adept  when  he  was  admitted  to  the  priefthood, 
that  we  are  perfuaded  Weilhaupc  muft  have  alluded  to 


language  at  Icaft  different  from  that  in  which  Spinoza  Illuiniiiatu 
taught  his  daik  dodiines,  and  that  language,  accompa-  ^■-'~^'""^-' 
nied  perhaps  with  impious  and  audacious  geftures,  when 
he  faid  tiiat,   compared  witii  his  higher  mylleries,  his 
degree  of  pried  was  but  child's  jilay. 

What  gives  fome  degree  of  probajjility  to  this  conjee-  A(t,^irn, 
ture,  if  it  be  nothing  more,  is  the  lollowing  fact  related  anj 
by  tlie  Abbe  Barrucl.  During  tlie  French  revolution 
(fays  that  able  and  well  inlormed  writer),  a  comedian 
appeared  (e),  dielled  in  the  facerdotal  robes  of  the  illu- 
minees,  and  perfonally  defying  Almighty  God.  "  No  ! 
(faid  the  impious  wretch)  ihoa  doll  ni.t  exilt.  If  thou 
haft  power  over  the  thunderbolts,  grafp  them  ;  aim 
them  at  tlie  man  who  dares  fct  thee  at  defiance  in  the 
face  of  thy  altars.  But  no  !  I  blalphenie  thee,  and  I 
ftill  live.  No  !  thou  doll  not  exill."  It  will  be  feen  by 
and  bye,  that  the  chiefs  of  the  revolution,  and  even 
numbers  of  their  tools,  were  illuminized  ;  and  it  is  im- 
probable that  this  blafphemer,  who  was  arrayed  in  the 
infignia  ot  the  epopts,  made  ufc  of  the  language  and 
geftures  of  the  higher  myderies  ?  Whether  it  be  or  not, 
Si.  Barruel  has  proved,  even  from  the  writings  of  Wei- 
lliaupt  himfelf,  that  the  magi  were  at  lead  atheids  of 
the  fchool  of  Spinoza. 

"  The  fecond  degree  of  the  grand  myfteries,  called 
the  Man-king,  teaches  (according  to  the  author  of  the 
Critical  Hiltory),  that  every  inhabitant  of  the  country 
or  town,  every  lather  of  a  tamily,  is  fovereign,  as  men 
formerly  were  in  the  times  of  the  patriarchial  life,  to 
which  mankind  is  once  more  to  be  carried  back  ;  that 
in  confequence  all  authority  and  all  magidracy  muft 
be  deftroyed." 

This  may  appear  to  be  nothing  more  than  what  the 
adept  has  been  already  taught  in  the  lelTcr  myfteries  ;  Savaeifai. 
and  it  is  in  fad  nothing  more  than  that  to  which  he 
muft  have  feen  thel'e  mylleries  tending  ;  but  the  reader 
underftands  not  the  language  of  the  illuminees,  if  he 
fuppofes  that,  by  the  patriarchal  date,  they  mc.tn  fuch 
a  date  as  that  of  the  patriarchs  of  the  Old  'I'cii.nnent. 
No  !  their  patriarchal  date  is  the  fancied  lavage  date  of 
the  atheidieal  philofophers  of  Greece  and  Rome,  when 
mankind  had  neither  property  nor  fixed  habitation. 
This  is  evident  from  one  of  the  dilcourfes  of  the  hiero- 
phant  ;  in  which  he  tells  the  adept,  that  it  would  have 
been  happy  for  man  "  had  he  known  how  to  preferve 
himfelf  in  the  primitive  date  in  which  Nature  had  pla- 
ced him  !  But  loon  the  unhappy  germ  developed  itfelf 
in  his  heart,  and  reft  and  happinefs  difappeared.  As 
families  mviltiplied,  the  necelFary  means  of  fubfidence 
began  to  fail.  The  Nomatle  or  roaming  life  eeafed ;  pro- 
perty began  ;  men  chofe  fixed  habitations  ;  agriculture 
brought  them  together ;    liberty    was    ruined    in    its 

FOUNDATIONS,    AND   ECiUALITY    DISAPPEARED." 

To  redore  that  libeity  and  equality,  iheiefore,  which 
is  the  ultimate  objeiS  of  the  order,  and  conftitutes  the 
Man-king,  all  property  mud  be  abolilhed,  every  houfe 
burnt,  as  well  the  cottage  of  the  peafant  as  the  palace 
of  the  prince;  and  mankind  muft  once  more  inhabit 
woods  and  caverns  without  clothes  and  without  fire, 
and  fally  out  occafionally  to  encounter  their  fellow- 
brutes. 


I 


(d)  We  learned  this  from  the  letter  already  quoted  in  note  (a.) 

(e)  He  does  not  fay  where  this  appearance  was  made  ;  but  the  circumftances  related  lead  us  to  fuppofe  that 
it  wa«  in  a  church. 


I     L    L 


C    213    ] 


I    L     L 


Savage 
Stale. 


Mluminati.   brutes,  and  to  fearch  for  food  among  the  wild  herbs  of 
*'"'""'^*~'  the  deferc.     According  to  Mochus  the  Phenician,   and 
the  Gretk  philofophers  of  this  hoptlul  fchool,  this  was 
•  See  t^^  original  ftate  of  man*  ;  and  to  thia  (late  it  was  the 

Doig't  Lit-  objeft  of  Wtilliaupt  and  bis  adepts  to  reduce  man  again. 
tir  on  tie  Hencc  vve  liear  them  lavilhing  the  molt  rapturous  enco- 
miums on  the  Goths  and  Vandals  who  over-ran  the 
Roman  empire,  annihilated  the  arts,  put  a  liop  to 
agriculture,  and  burnt  the  towns  and  villages  of  civi- 
lized Europe  !  It  was  thus,  according  to  the  illuminees, 
that  thole  barbarians  regenerated  mar.kind  ;  but  the  re- 
generation was  not  complete  ;  for  the  G.iths  and  Van- 
dals could  not  preferve  themfelves  from  the  contagion 
of  civil  life;  and  their  fall  from  favagifm  to  fcience 
drew  from  Weilhaupt's  hierophanls  the  moll  piteous 
lamentations  ! 

The  lart  fecret  communicated  to  the  moft  favoured 
fjjj  ]3(j  (-£.  adepts  was  the  novelty  of  the  order.  Hiiheno  their 
crct  of  the  zeal  had  been  inflamed,  and  their  refpeifl  demanded  to 
•ider.  an  inftitution  pretended  to  be  of  the  higheft  antiquity. 

The  honour  of  inflituting  the  niylleries  had  been  fuc- 
ceffively  attributed  to  the  children  of  the  Patriarchs,  to 
ancient  philofophers,  even  to  Chrill  himfelf,  and  to  the 
founders  of  the  mafomc  lodges  (fee  Masonry  in  this 
Suppl.)  But  nov/  the  time  is  come  when  the  adept, 
initiated  in  the  higher  myfteries,  is  fuppofed  to  be  fuf- 
ficiently  enthuliaftic  in  his  admiration  of  the  order,  to 
be  entrufted  with  the  hidory  of  its  origin.  Here  then 
they  inform  him,  that  this  fecret  fociety,  which  has  io 
artfully  led  him  from  myllery  to  myftery  ;  which  has 
with  fuch  perfevering  induftry  rooted  from  his  heart 
every  principle  of  religion,  all  love  of  his  country,  and 
affeilion  for  his  family  ;  all  pretenfions  to  property,  to 
the  exclufive  right  to  riches,  or  to  the  fruits  ot  the 
earth  ; — this  fociety,  which  has  taken  fo  much  pains  to 
demonllrale  the  tyranny  and  dcfpotifm  ot  all  laws  hu- 
man  and  divine,  and  of  every  guvernment,  whether  mo- 
narchical, ariftocratical,  or  republican  ;  which  has  de- 
clared him  free,  and  taught  him  that  he  has  no  fove- 
reign  on  earth  or  in  he.;ven  ;  no  rights  to  relpcct  in 
others,  but  thofe  of  perteil  equality,  of  favage  liberty, 
and  of  the  moft  abliilute  independence  ;  that  this  fo- 
ciety is  not  the  offspring  of  an  ignorant  and  fuperfti- 
tious  antiquity,  but  of  modern  philofophy  ;  in  one 
word,  that  the  true  father  of  illun.inifm  is  no  other 
than  Adam  Weilhaupt,  known  in  the  fociety  by  the 
name  of  Sp.\rtacus  !  Thii  important  fecret,  however, 
remained  a  myftery  even  to  the  greater  part  of  the  mngi 
and  the  man-kin^s,  being  revealed  only  to  the  grand 
council  of  areo[>tigUes,  and  to  a  few  other  adepts  of  dif- 
tinguilhed  merit. 

So  zealnufly  was  the  order  bent  upon  propagating 
I'ropofal  '^^  execrable  principles  llirough  the  whole  woild,  that 
for  a  female  fome  of  the  chiefs  had  planned  an  order  of  female  a- 
order,  depts,  in  fubfervienc\  to  the  deligns  of  the  men.     "  It 

will  be  of  great  fervicc,  (fays  6'i(/»-Zwack),  it  will 
procure  us  both  information  and  money,  and  will  fuit 
charmingly  the  tafte  of  fome  of  our  trucft  members, 
who  are  lovers  of  the  fex."  An  affelFur  of  tlie  Impe- 
rial chamber  at  VVefzlar,  of  the  name  of  DlM.furt,  but 
known  among  the  ilhiminees  by  that  of  Alinoj,  ex- 
prelfcd  even  his  delpair  of  ever  bringing  men  to  the 
grand  objcd  of  the  order  without  the  fupport  of  fe- 
male adipts  ;  and  he  makes  an  offer  of  his  own  wife 
and   bij   four   daughters-in-liiw   10  be  fiift  iniliateU. 


This  will  tire  their  roving  fan- 


This  order  was  to  be  fubdlvided  into  two  clafTcs,  each  Illutr.in»ti. 
forming  a  feparate  fociety,  and  having  different  le- 
crcts.  The  lirit  was  to  be  compofed  ot  virtuous  wo- 
men ;  the  fccond  of  the  wild,  the  giddy,  and  the  volup- 
tuous. The  brethren  were  to  conduifl  the  firft,  by 
promoting  the  reading  of  good  books  ;  and  to  train  the 
fecnd  to  the  arts  of  feci  ei/y  gratifying  their  pajfions. 
The  wife  of  an  adept  named  Ptolemy  Magus  was  to 
prefide  over  one  of  the  claffes ;  wliich  (fays  Minos) 
will  become,  under  her  management  and  his,  a  very 
pretty  fociety.  "  You  mull  contrive  pretty  degrees, 
and  dreffes,  and  ornaments,  and  elegant  and  decent  ri- 
tuals. No  man  muft  be  admitted.  This  will  make 
them  more  keen,  and  they  will  go  much  farther  than 
if  we  were  prefent,  or  than  If  they  thought  that  we  knew 
of  their  proceedings.  Leave  them  to  the  fcope  of 
their  own  fancies,  and  ihey  will  foon  invent  myfterics 
which  will  put  us  to  the  blulh,  and  myfleries  which 
we  can  never  equal.  They  will  be  our  great  apolllcs. 
Refledl  on  the  refpeifl,  nay,  the  awe  and  terror,  infpired 
by  the  female  myllics  of  antiquity.  Ptolemy's  wife 
mud  dired  them,  and  fhe  will  be  in(lru<5led  by  Pto- 
lemy; and  my  llep-daughters  will  confult  with  me. 
We  mufl  always  be  at  hand  to  prevent  the  introduction 
of  any  improper  quellion.  We  mull  prepare  themes 
for  their  difcullion  :  thus  we  fhall  confefs  them,  and  in- 
fpire  them  with  our  fentiments.  No  man,  however, 
mull  come  near  them, 
cies,  and  we  may  expeft  rare  myfterics  !" 

But   notwithftanding  all  the  plans  and  zeal  of  this        ^^ 
profligate   wretch  and  others  of  the  fraternity,  it  does  R^jcited 
not  appear  that  the  General   Spailacus  ever  confented    7  ■  P'^^* 
to  the  eftablilliment  of  the  (illeihood.       He   fupplied, 
however,  the  want  of  fuch  an  inftitution,  by  fecret  in- 
llru(5lions  to  the  regents,  on  the  means  of  making  the  in- 
fluence of  women  over  men  fubfervient  to  the  order, 
without  entrnfting  them  with  any  ot  the  fecrets.    "  The 
fair  fex  (fays  he)  having  the  greateftpart  of  the  world 
at  their   difpofal,   no   Itudy  is  more   worthy  the  adept 
than  the  art  of  faitery,  in  order  to  gain  them.      They 
are  all  more  or  lefs  led  by  vanity,  curiofity,  pleafure,  or 
the  love  of  novelty.     It  is  on  that  fide,  thereiore,  they 
are  to  be  attacked,   and  by  that  to  be  rendered  fubfer- 
vient to  the  order."       That  Weiftiaiipt's  figacity  had 
not  on  this  occalion  forfaken  him,  is  very  evident ;  fince 
it  has  been  proved  that  the  Get  man  fair,  who  were  the 
correfpondents  of  the  illuminees,  welcomed  the  French 
invaders  of  their  native  country.*       Nay,  fo  lately  as  •  d,  Robi- 
laft  winter,  our  correlpondcnt  in  Saxony  heard  leveral  fon'i  Prfft 
of   thefe    illuminized    lacies    exprefs  a   wilh  that  the'/-' C»^i- 
French  might  invade  and  conquer  England;  for  then, "^" 
faid  they  tea  and  coffee  would  be  cheaper  ! 

It  is  not  enough  for  the  founder  of  a  fedl  of  confpi- 
rators  to  have  fixed  the  precile  objefl  of  lus  plot'.  His 
acc'  mplices  muft  form  but  one  body,  animated  by  one 
fpirit  ;  its  members  muft  be  moved  by  tiic  fame  laws, 
under  the  inCpedlion  and  government  cf  the  fame  chiefs. 
A  full  account  of  the  government  of  Weilhaupt's  or- 
der will  be  fouivd  in  the  valuable  work  of  Abhc  Uar- 
ruel ;  our  limits  permit  us  to  give  only  fuch  a  general 
view  of  it  as  may  put  cur  readers  on  their  guard  againft 
the  fecret  machinations  of  tlicfe  execrable  villains, 
wliofe  lodges  are  now  recruiting,  under  different  deno- 
minations, in  every  country  in  Europe. 
Wherevcrilluiniiiiinil-as  gained  a  footing,  as  the  mean* 

o2 


I     L     L 


[     214    ] 


I     L     L 


44 

Their 
mode  of 
cotrefpon- 
<lence; 


^nummat;.  of  fubordination,  there  is  a  general  divifion  of  command 
'~^"~,''"~'  as  wcU.isol  loc;ilhy.  The  canMilaUs  a.nd  novicts  are  each 
SuWina-  under  the  direaion  nf  his  own  iulinu;itor,  who  introdu- 
tion  of  the  ces  him  into  the  JlTinen/al loJjes ;  each  Minerval  lodge  h  15 
illuminecs.  a  iupcrior  from  among  the  preparatory  clids,  under  the 
infpeaionof  the  intermediary  chils.  S«maiiy  lodges  con- 
ftitute  a  dirtria,  under  the  diredion  of  a  luperior,  wlium 
the  order  calls  dean.  The  dean  is  fubjeifted  to  the  prcvin- 
cial,v/ha  has  the  infpcaion  and  command  of  all  the  lodg- 
es and  deaneries  of  the  province.  Next  in  order  comes 
the  national fupenor,  who  has  full  power  over  all  within 
his  nation,  provincials,  deans,  lodges,  S:c.  Then  comes 
the  fupreme  council  of  the  order,  or  the  aienpagites, 
over  which  prefidcs  the  general  of  illumiuifm.  'I'hus 
has  the  order  formed  within  itfelf  a  fupreme  tribunal, 
to  whofc  in<niilition  all  nations  are  to  be  fabjcfled. 
The  :ireopa£;ites,  confiding  of  twelve  fathers  of  the  or- 
der, with  th'e  general  at  their  head,  form  the  centre  of 
communication  with  all  the  national  faperiors  on  earth; 
each  national h  the  centre  of  one  particular  nation  ;  the 
provincial,  of  one  province  ;  the  dean,  of  the  lodges 
within  his  deanery  ;  the  niincrval  majhr,  of  his  acade- 
my ;  the  -venerable,  of  his  mafonic  lodge  ;  and  the  inft. 
nuator  or  recrailer,  of  his  novices  and  candidates. 

The  higher  degrees  (fays  ^Veilhaupt  in  one  of  his 
inflruflions  to  the  regents)  mult  always  be  hidden  from 
the  lower.  The  fimple  iUnminee,  therefore,  correfponds 
with  his  immediate  fiiperior,  knowing  perhaps  no  other 
member  of  the  order  ;  the  latter,  with  his  dean  ;  and 
thus  gradually  afcendingto  the  national  fuperiors,  who 
alone  are  acquainted  with  the  refidence  of  tlu  areopa- 
■'ites.as  tliey  again  are  with  the  name  and  refidence  of  the 
general.  Any  member,  however,  of  the  inferior  degrees, 
may  occafionally  corrtfpond  with  his  unknown  fuperi- 
ors, by  addrelling  his  letters  ^u: bus  licet  ;  and  in  thsfe 
letters  he  may  mention  whatever  he  thinks  conducive  to 
the  advancement  of  the  order.  If  he  be  a  novice,  he 
may  in  thefe  letters  inform  his  fuperiors  how  his  in-_ 
ftruclor  behaves  to  him,  or  may  draw  the  charader  of 
any  perfon  whatever.  When  the  letter  of  any  adept 
contains  fecrets,  or  complaints  which  he  chufes  to  con- 
ceal from  his  immedi.ite  fuperior,  he  directs  it  Sol-  or 
Prima  ;  and  then  it  can  be  opened  only  by  the  provin- 
cial, the  national  fuperior,  the  areopag'Ues,  or  the  gtne- 
ra't,  according  to  the  rank  of  the  v.  riter,  which  is  by 
fome  contrivance  unknown  toM.  Barrtiel,  indicated  on 
the  outfide  of  the  letter.  The  provincial  opens  the 
letters  of  the  minor  ^luA.  major  illnniinees  which  are  di- 
refled  Soli ;  the  ^libus  liceis  of  the  epopts  ;  and  the 
Primes  of  the  novices  ;  but  he  cannot  open  either  the 
Primo  of  the  minerval,  the  .W/of  the  Scotch  knight,  or 
the  ^liuus  lied  of  the  regent.  lie  can  only  form  a  con- 
jeaure  as  to  the  perfons  who  open  his  own  letters, 
andthofe  which  lie  is  not  permitted  to  open  himfelf. 
When  it  confidered,  that  by  one  of  Weifnaupt's 
Aiidoi-Jv-  ftatutes,  the  provincial  has  in  each  chapter  or  diltrift 
iug  imjror.  a  confidential  epopt,  who  is  his  fecrel  cenfir  or  fpy  ; 
tance  to  that  thefe  fpics  are  to  infinuate  thernfelves  into  all  coni- 
iheir  order,  ponies,  and  colleft  anecdotes  of  ficret  kijiorj  ;  that  the 
hiftorian  of  the  province  is  to  infcrt  thefe  anecdotes  in- 
to a  journal  kept  for  that  pnrpofe  ;  and  that  the  pro- 
vincials are  obliged  to  forward  the  contents  of  thefe 
journals  to  the  high  fuperiors  of  the  order — fome  notion 


45 


may  be  formed  of  the  influence  of  the  general  and  arc-  !llun»in«tl. 

cpagires  in   every    country  into  which  illuniinifm  has  """'^  """'' 

found  Its  way.     "  Th;  means  of  acquiring  an  afcen- 

d  incy   over  men  (fiys   Wcilhau,"t)    are    incalculable. 

Who  could  enumerate  them  all  \  They  mull:  v.iit-  with 

the  difpolition  of  the  times.     At  one   period,  it  is    a 

talte  for   the  marvellous  that  is  to  be  wrought  upon. 

At  another,   the  lure  of  fecret  focieties  is  to  be  held 

out.      For  this  reafon,  it  is  very  proper  to  make  your 

inferiors  believe,  without  telling  them  the  real  (late  of 

the  cali:,  that  all  other  fecret  focieties,  particularly  that 

of  Freemafonry ,  are  fecrelly  directed  by  us.     Or  elfe,  and 

IT  IS  REALLY  THE  FACT  IN  SOME  STATES,  THAT  PO- 
TENT MONAR.CHS  ARE   GOVERNED   BV   ODR   ORDER. 

When  any  thing  remarkable  or  important  comes  to 
pafs,  hint  that  it  originated  'with  our  order.  Should 
any  perl'on  by  his  merit  acquire  a  great  reputation,  let 
it  be  generally  undcrllood  that  he  is  one  of  us. 

"  If  our  order   cannot  ellablilh  itfelf  in  any  particti-        ^(, 
lar  place,  with  all  the  forms  and  regular  progrefs  of  By  every 
our  degrees,  fome  other  form  mijl  lea/fumed.     Always  ■"<=*"'> 
have  the  objed  in  view;  that  is  the  eifential  point.     No  Pj**  ""^ 
matter   what  the  cloak  be,    provided   you  fucceed  ;  a 
cloak,   however,    is     alivays    necejfary,     for    in   fecrecy 
our  Jlrength  lies.       The    inferior    lodges    of  free- 
masonry   ARE    THE    MOST     CONVENIENT     CLOAKS    foT 

our  GRAND  OBJECT  ;  becaufe  the  world  is  already  fa- 
miliarized with  the  idea,  that  nothing  of  importance  or 

'■j.'orlhy  nf  tkeir  atlenlion  can  fpring  from  jnif/niry."  No 
artifice,  however,  is  to  be  lett  untried.  "  Yon  may 
attend  large  and  commercial  towns  during  the  times  of 
fairs  in  different  charafters  ;  as  a  merchant,  an  officer, 
an  abbe.  Everywhere  you  will  perfonate  an  extraordi- 
nary man,  having  impoitant  bufincfs  on  your  hands; 
but  all  tliis  mufl  te  done  with  a  great  deal  oi  art  and 
caution,  lelt  you  fliould  have  the  appearance  of  an  ad- 
venturer. You  may  write  your  orders  with  a  cLymical 
preparation  of  ink,  which  difappears  after  a  certain  time. 
Never  lole  light  of  the  jnilitary  fhools,  of  the  acade- 
mies, printing  preffls,  libraries,  cathedral  chapters,  or  any 
public  ejlabhjhments  that  can  influence  education  or  go- 
vernment. Let  our  regents  perpetually  attend  to  the 
various  means,  and  form  plans,  for  making  us  mas- 
ters 0/"  a//  thefe  ejlabl'tfhments.  When  an  author  fets 
forth  principles  true  in  themfelves,  but  which  do  n'^t 
as  yet  fuit  our  general  plan  of  education  for  the  luorld, 
or  principles,  the  publication  of  which  is  premature  ; 
every  elFort  mull  be  made  to  gain  ever  the  author  :  but 
Ihould  all  our  attempts  fail,  and  we  Ihould  prove  un- 
able to  entice  him  into  the  order,  let  him  le  difcredited 
by  every  piffible  means." 

Of  their  methods  of  difcrediting  authors,  one  has 
come  to  our  knowledge,  which  mud  be  intereding  to 
fome  of  our  readers.  Dr  Robifon's  work,  entitled 
Proofs  of  a  Confpiracy,  &c.  which  firft  unmaflied  thefe 
hypocrites  in  this  country,  found  its  way  into  Ger- 
many, and  was  tranflated  into  the  German  language, 
and  expofcd  to  fale  at  the  Leipfic  fairs.  The  illumi- 
necs, under  the  difguife  of  merchants  and  abbes,  attend- 
ed, and  bought  up  the  whole  imprefTion,  which  they 
committed  to  the  flames.  A  fecond  edition  v.-as  pub- 
liflied,  and  it  ihared  the  fame  fate(ir).  This  was  a 
more  compendious  way  of  anfwering  the  learned  au- 
thor 


\ 


(f)  This  information  was  communicated  to  us  by  a  geatleman  of  charafter,  who  was  at  Leipfic  when  the 


47 
Illuintnifni 
of  France 


ILL  [2 

lUurainaii.  thor  than  that  which  has  been  adopted  by  the  Jacobin 
^'■*'"'''''"~' jjurnalills  in  London;  but  peihaps  it  may  convince 
the  readers  of  thelc  journals,  ih.it  tiie  Doctor  has  not 
fo  far  miilaken  the  kni'e  of  the  wii.ings  of  I'hih  and 
S/iurt.icus,  Ai  their  iiluiiuniied  nialters  wifh  thv-m  to  be- 
lieve. 

When  thefe  arts  of  diifeminating  the  diforganizing 
and  impious  principl.-s  ot  the  order  are  duly  conlideied, 
and  when  it  i«  remembered  that  its  einiifaries  dare  not 
difobey  a  fingie  injunction  of  the  high  fuperiors,  with- 
out expoling  thenHeives  to  poilbn,  or  to  the  daggers  tf 
a  thoaland  unfeen  alfiffins,  no  man  can  be  furpnfed  to 
learn  that  the  illuniinees  contiibutcd  greatly  to  the 
French  revolution.  The  philufuphers  of  France  had 
indeed  piepared  the  public  mind  lor  embracing  readily 
the  doctrines  of  illurninimi ;  and  fo  early  as  1782,  P/ji/o 
and  Sparlacus  had  formed  the  plan  of  illuminizing  that 
nation;  but  they  were  afraid  of  the  vivacity  and  ca- 
price of  the  pe  iplc,  and  extended  not  their  attempts, 
at  that  time,  beyond  Stralbourg.  Already,  however, 
there  cxilled  forne  adepts  in  the  very  heart  of  the  king- 
dom ;  and  the  Marquis  de  Mirabeau,  when  ambaifador 
at  the  court  ot  Berlin,  was  initiated  at  Brunlwick  by 
a  dilciple  of  Philo  Knigge's.  On  his  return  to  France 
he  began  to  introduce  the  new  myllcries  among  his 
ir.afi>nic  brethren. 

The  Rate  of  free  mafonry  was  at  that  time  peculiarly 
adapted  to  the  views  of  the  confpirators.  The  French 
had  engrafted  on  the  old  and  innocent  Britilh  mafonry 
a  number  cf  degrees  gradually  nfing  above  each  other, 
to  the  very  myiteries  of  illuminifm  itfelf  (See  Mason- 
RT,  in  this  SuppL).  Thcfe  were  called  the  philofophl- 
cal  degrees,  and  comprehended  the  knr^hti  of  the  fun, 
the  higher  Rojicrucians,  and  the  knights  Kadtfh.  At 
the  head  cf  all  thele  iocieties,  whether  ancient  or  mo- 
dern, were  three  lodges  at  P.tris,  remarkable  for  the  au- 
thority which  they  exercifed  over  the  rell  of  the  order, 
and  Philip  of  Orleans  was  the  grand-mailer.  So  early  as 
the  year  1787,  France  contained  282  towns,  in  which 
were  to  be  found  regular  lodges  under  the  diredlion 
of  that  execrable  wretch.  He  increafed  their  num- 
ber, by  introducing  to  the  mafomc  myllcries  the  lowtik 
of  the  rabble,  as  well  as  thole  French  guards  whom 
he  dellined  to  the  fubfequent  attack  ot  the  ballile, 
and  to  the  ftorming  of  the  palace  of  his  near  relation 
and  royal  mafter.  In  every  country  town  and  village 
lodges  were  open  for  alfembhng  the  workmen  and 
peafantry,  in  hopes  of  heating  their  imaginations  with 
the  fophillicaled  ideas  of  equality  and  liberty,  and  the 
rights  of  man  ;  and  it  was  then  that  Miiabeau  invi- 
led  a  deputation  from  the  order  of  Weilliaupt,  which 
very  quickly  difluled  the  light  of  illuniinilm  through 
the  whole  kingdom.  Inllead  of  5/>iir/af«/-Weiltiaupt, 
CiJ/o-Zwack,  and  P^/o-Kniggc,  we  lind  wielding  the 
firebiand'.  of  revolutr)n  in  the  capital  of  France,  Philip 
tf  Orleans,  Mirnbeiiii,  Syeyes,  and  Conjsrcft.  The  day 
of  general  inlurrcdllon  was  fixed  by  ihele  milcreants 
for  the  14th  of  July  1789.  At  the  fame  hour,  and 
in  all  parts  of  France,  the  cries  of  equaiily  and  liberty 
rel'cunded  fi I ini  the  lodges.  The  Javobir.  clu  is  were 
foimed  ;  aiid  hence  iprung  tlie  revolution,  with  ail  its 
horrois  of  aihcifni,  murder  and  maflacre  ! 


5     ] 


I     L    L 


48 

By  means 
of  free  raa- 
£uiiry. 


In  fupport  of  this  account  of  the  illuminecs  we  have  Illiimiiiati. 
not  loaded  our  margin  with  authorities  ;  becaufe  our  ^•^~''~''~^ 
ditail  has  been  taken  wholly  from  the  valuable  woiks 
of  Abbe  Bariuel  and  Dr  Rcbilon,  to  which  we  r:fer 
our  readers  for  much  curious  information  that  our  li- 
mits do  not  permit  us  to  give.  We  cannot,  however, 
conclude  the  article,  without  making  fome  remarks  en 
that  fpecious  principle  by  which  the  confpirators  have 
deluded  numbers,  who  abhor  their  impi.-tics,  and  who 
would  not  go  all  their  length,  even  in  rebellion  ;  we 
mean  the  maxim,  that  "  it  is  our  duty  to  love  all  men 
with  an  equal  degree  ot  affccflion,  and  that  any  partial 
regard  for  our  country,  or  our  children,  is  unjufl." 

That  this  maxim  is  lalfe,  every  Chrijlian  knows,  be-  49 
caufe  he  is  enjoined  to  "  do  goodiiidctd  unto  all  men,  I'f9"'Jncns 
but  morf  cfpecially  to  them  who  are  of  the  houfthold  of!"  ''"^  '^""" 
faith  ;"  bccaule  he  is  told  that  "  it  any  man  provide  not  principli* 
for  his  own,  and  efpecially  for  thole  of  his  own  /y)«/f ,  of  illumi- 
he  haih  denied  the  faith,  and  is  worfe  than  an  inlidel ;"  niCm; 
becaufe  his  divine  mailer,  immediately  after  relbh-ing 
all  duty  into  the  love  of  God  and  man,  delivers  a  pa- 
rable to  fliew,  that  we  neither  can,  iicr  ought  to  love 
all  men  equaUy  ;  and  becaufe  the  fame  Divine  Perfon 
had  one  difcip'.e  whom  he  loved  more  than  the  reft. 
But  we  wilh  thofe  phikfophers,  who  talk  perpetually  of 
thi  michanifm  oi  the  human  mind,  and  at  the  fame  time 
affect  to  have  no/ar/w/fondnefs  lor  any  individual,  but 
to  love  all  with  the  fame  degree  of  ratknal  affeiflion, 
to  conlider  well  whether  fuch  philanthropy  be  confill- 
ent  with  what  they  call  (very  impropcily  indeed)  n.e- 
chanifm.  If  this  mechanifm  be  \ai  one  of  there  fays  it 
is)  notljing  more  than  a/lrallion  and  repulfion,  we  know 
that  it  A///«o/ extend  with  equal  force  over  the  whole 
world  ;  becaufe  the  force  of  attraftion  and  repulfion 
varies  with  the  diftance.  If  by  tins  abfurd  phral'e, 
they  mean  a  fet  of  hiJiinSiv!  propenlities,  or  feelings, 
we  know  that  among  lavages,  who  are  more  governed 
by  inftinft  than  civilized  men,  philanthropy  is  a  feeling 
or  propenlity  of  a  very  limited  range.  If  they  believe 
all  our  palllons  to  originate  in  felt  love,  then  is  it  cer- 
tain that  our  philanthropy  mull  be  progrcQive  ;  em- 
bracing full,  and  with  ftrongefl  ardour,  our  relations, 
our  friends  and  our  neighbours  ;  then  extending  gra- 
dually through  the  fociety  to  which  we  belong  ;  then 
grafplng  our  country,  and  lall  of  all  the  whole  human 
race.  Perhaps  they  may  fay  thit  reafon  teaches  us  to 
love  all  men  equally,  b;caiife  fuch  equal  love  would 
contribute  mo[l_to  the  fum  of  human  happinels.  This 
fome  of  them  indeed  have  aiflually  laid  ;  but  it  is  what 
no  man  of  retleiftion  can  poflibly  believe.  Would  the 
fum  of  human  happinels  be  increafed,  were  a  man  to 
pay  no  greater  attention  to  the  education  of  his  own 
cliildren  than  to  the  education  of  the  children  of  llran- 
gers  ?  were  he  to  do  nothing  more  for  hit  aged  and 
iielplefs  parents  than  for  any  other  old  pcrlbn  what- 
ever ?  or  were  he  to  negleifl  the  poor  in  his  neighbour- 
hood, that  he  might  relieve  thofe  at  the  dlllance  of 
1000  miles  ?  Theli:  quellions  are  too  abfurd  to  merit  » 
ferious  anlwcr. 

When  a  man,  thertfore,  boafts  of  his  univerfal  bene- 
volence, declaring  himlelf  ready,  without  fee  or  re- 
ward, to  facritice  every  thing  dear  to  him  for  the  beue- 

fi: 


twoimpreirions-if  die  book  were  ihus  difpofed  of.     The  Abhd  Darruel's  work  has  uo  doubt  been  anfwered  ia 
tbe  fame  way,  though  we  cauagt  fay  fo  upuu  the  fame  authority. 


I     M     P 


Uuminati, 

II 
Impcrfccl. 


C      2l6      ] 


I     M     P 


5° 
Exemplifi- 
ed in  the 
coiuiudt  of 
the  illunii- 
nces. 


fit  of  flran^ers  whom  he  never  faw;  and  when  he  con- 
demns, in  the  cant  phrafe  ot  fairion,  that  nirrow  po- 
licy which  does  not  confider  the  whole  human  race  as 
one  great  family — we  may  lately  conclude  him  to  be 
either  a  confummate  hypocrite  who  loves  none  but 
iiimfeU,  or  a  philolbphical  fanatic,  who  is  at  once  a 
ftranger  to  his  duty  and  to  the  workings  of  his  own 
heart. 

If  this  conclufion  require  any  farther  proof,  wc  have 
it  in  the  condufl  of  Wudiaupt  and  liis  areopagitcs. 
In  the  hand  writing  of  Caio,  his  incompurable  man,  was 
found  the  de(cripti<in  of  a  ftrong  box,  which,  if  lorced 
open,  would  blow  up  and  deflroy  its  cuntenti  ;  feveral 
receipts  for  procuring  abortion;  a  compofition  which 
I'linJs  or  hills  when  fpurted  in  the  face  ;  tea  for  procu- 
ring abortion  ;  HerhiX  qu£  habent  qualiiatem  dchteream  ; 
a  method  for  tilling  a  bed  chamber  with  peJliL-ntial  tia- 
pours  ;  how  to  take  oft  imprelFions  of  feals,  fo  as  to  ufe 
them  aJ'teriuarJs  as  feals  ;  a  receipt  ad  exeilandum  fura- 
rem  uterinum;  and  a  dilTertalion  on  Juicide.  Would 
genuine  philanthropifts  have  occafion  for  luch  receipts 
as  thefe  ?  No  !  the  order  which  ufed  them  was  founded 
in  the  mod  confummate  villany,  and  by  the  moft  de- 
teftable  hypocrite.  The  inceftuous  Weilhaupt  feduced 
the  widow  of  his  brother,  and  folicited  poifon  aiid  the 
dagger  to  murder  the  woman  whom  he  had  fondly 
prelTed  in  his  arms.  "  Execrable  hypocrite  (fays  M. 
Barruel),  he  implored,  he  conjured  both  art  and  frienJ- 
Ihip,  to  deftroy  the  innocent  viiflim,  the  child,  whofe 
birth  mull  betray  the  morals  of  his  iather.  The  fcan- 
dal  from  which  he  Ihrinks,  is  not  that  of  his  crime  :  it 
is  the  fcandal  which,  publilhing  the  depravity  of  his 
heart,  would  deprive  him  of  that  authority  by  which, 
under  the  cloak  of  virtue,  he  plunged  youth  into  vice 
and  error.  /  am  on  the  eve  (fays  he)  of  lofing  that  re- 
putation which  gave  me  fo  great  authority  over  our  people  : 
My  Jijler-in-latv  is  with  child.  I  ivill  hazard  a  defpe- 
rate  blow,  for  I  neither  can  nor  ivill  lofe  my  honour" 
Such  is  the  benevolence  of  thole  who,  banilhing  from 
their  minds  all  partial  affeftion  for  their  children  and 
their  country,  profefs  themi'elves  to  be  members  of  one 
great  family,  the  family  of  the  world  ! 

IM.A.GINARY  Quantities,  or  Ivipoff.ble  Shtanti- 
iies,  in  algebra,  are  tlie  even  roots  of  negative  quanti- 
ties ;  which  e.\prellions  are  Imaginary,  or  impollible,  or 
oppofed  to  real  quantities;  as  »/ — aa,  or  * »/  —  a*, 
&c.  For  as  every  even  power  of  any  quantity  what- 
ever, whether  politive  or  negative,  is  necelfarily  pcfitive, 
or  having  the  fign  -j-,  becaufe  -}-  by  +,  or  — by — , 
give  equally  -|-  ;  hence  it  follows  that  every  even  power, 
as  the  fquare  for  inftance,  which  is  negative,  or  having 
the  fign  — ,  has  no  poffible  root  ;  and  therefore  the 
even  roots  of  fuch  powers  or  quantities  are  faid  to 
be  impoffible  or  imaginary.  The  mixt  expreffions  ari- 
fmg  from  imaginary  quantities  joined  to  real  ones,  are 
alio  imaginary  ;  as  a  —  y/  —  aa,  or  ^  -|-  ^Z  —  "•'■ 

lMACiA-.iRr  Roots  of  an  equation,  are  thofe  roots  or 
values  of  the  unknown  quantity,  which  contain  fome 
imaginary  quantity.  Thus,  the  roots  of  the  equation 
xx-^■aa=:o,  are  the  two  imaginary  quantities  +\/ — aa 
and  —  ^/ —  aa,  or  -^  a  \/  —  i  and  —  a  -v/ —  i  • 

IMPACT,  the  fimple  or  fingle  aflion  of  one  body 
upon  another  to  put  it  in  motion.  Point  of  impadt  is 
the  place  or  point  where  a  body  afls. 

IMPERFECT    Number,    is    that    whofe    aliquot 


parts,  taken  all  together,  do  not  make  a  fum  that  is  Imper!«le, 
equal  to  the  number  itfelf,  but  either  exceed  it,  or  fall  II 

fhort  of  it ;  being  an  abundant  number  in  the  former  !^^PH'!i?"\ 
cafe,  and  a  defeftive  number  in  the  latter.  Thus,  12  is 
an  abundant  imperfcvt  number,  becaufe  the  fum  of  all 
its  aliquot  parts,  1,  2,  3,  4,  6,  makes  16,  which  exceeds 
the  number  12.  And  10  is  a  defeilive  imperfedlnumber, 
b;caule  its  aliquot  parts,  i,  2,  5,  taken  all  together, 
make  only  8,  which  is  lefs  than  the  number  10  itfelf. 

IMPERIALE,  a  city  of  Chili  in  South-America, 
6  leagues  from  the  South  Sea,  having  the  river  Cauten 
to  the  fouth  .and  another  river  to  the  weft,  both  navi- 
gable. It  is  fituated  on  a  rifing  lleep  neck  of  land, 
hard  to  be  afcended.  In  1600,  it  was  taken  by  the 
Indians,  after  a  year's  fiege  ;  moft  of  the  inhabitants 
having  perilTied  by  famine.  They  burnt  the  town, 
and  then  laid  fiege  to  Soforno.  In  this  war  Valdivia, 
Argol,  Sanda  Cruz,  Chilla,  and  Villa  Rica  were  taken. 
After  which  they  became  fo  confident  of  their  (Irength, 
that  they  fought  the  Spaniards  bravely,  and  in  fome 
meafure  revenged  the  cruelties  they  had  committed 
upon  their  countrymen.  The  Spaniards  afterwards 
built  a  town  here  called  Conception.  S.  lat.  38"  42', 
W.  long.   73°   25'. — Morse. 

IMPOST,  in  architeiflure,  a  capital  or  plinth,  to  a 
pillar,  or  pilafter,  or  pier,  that  fupports  an  arch,  &c. 

IMPULSION,  is  the  term  employed  in  the  ^^^- X)o&rine  ol 
guage  of  mechanical  philofophy,  for  exprefllng  a  fup-  impulfion. 
pofed  peculiar  exertion  of  the  powers  of  body,  by 
which  a  moving  body  changes  the  motion  of  another 
body  by  hitting  or  ftriking  it.  The  plaineft  cafe  of 
this  aftion  is  when  a  body  in  motion  hits  another  body 
at  reft,  and  puts  it  in  motion  by  the  ftroke.  The  body 
thus  put  in  motion  is  faid  to  be  impelled  by  the  o- 
ther  ;  and  this  way  of  producing  motion  is  called  im- 
ruLsiON,  to  diftinguifli  it  from  pression,  thrusting, 
or  PROTRUSION,  by  which  we  pu(h  a  body  from  its 
place  without  Itriking  it.  The  term  has  been  gradually 
extended  to  every  change  of  motion  occafioned  by  the 
collifion  of  bodies. 

When  fpeculative  men  began  to  collect  into  general  ' 
clalTes,  the  obfervations  made  during  the  continual  ex-  .  '  °'y  "' 
ertions  of  our  own  perfonal  powers  on  externsl  bodies, 
in  order  to  gain  the  purpofes  we  had  in  view,  it  could  not 
belong  before  they  remarked,  that  as  we,  by  the  flrength 
of  our  arm, can  move  a  body,  can  ftop  or  any  how  change 
its  motion;  fo  a  body  already  in  motion  produces  effefts 
of  the  fame  kind  in  another  body,  by  hitting  it.  Such 
obfervations  were  almoft  as  early  and  as  interefting  as 
the  other  ;  and  the  attention  was  vsry  forcibly  turned  to 
the  general  fafts  v.-hich  obtained  in  this  way  of  produ- 
cing motion  ;  that  is,  to  the  expifcation  of  the  general 
laws  of  impulfion.  We  do  not  find,  however,  in  what 
remains  of  the  phyfical  fcience  of  the  ancients,  that 
they  had  proceeded  far  in  this  clafllfication.  While 
mechanics,  or  the  fcience  of  machines,  had  acquired 
fome  form,  and  had  been  the  fubjeft  of  fuccefsful  ma- 
thematical difculllon,  we  do  not  find  that  any  thing  fi- 
milar  had  been  done  in  the  fcience  of  impulfe.  Yet  the 
artillery  of  ancient  times  was  very  ingenious  and  p^-.wer- 
ful.  But  although  Vegetius,  and  Ammianus  Marcelli- 
nus,  and  Hero,  defciibe  the  mechanifm  of  thefe  engines 
with  great  care,  and  frequently  with  mathematical  ikill, 
we  fee  no  attempts  to  afcertain  with  preclfinn  the  force 
of  the  mifTile  weapon,  or  to  ftate  the  efficacy  of  the 

battering 


IMP  [2 

Impulfion.  battering  ram,  by  meafures  of  the  momentum,  and  com- 
^■^"^^~"*^  parifon  of  it  with  the  refiftance  oppofed  to  it.     The 
engineers  were  contented  with  very  vague  notions  on 
thefe  pointi. 

Ariftotle,  in  his  2 olh  Mechanical  Queftion,  and  Ga- 
len in  fome  occafional  obfervations,  are  the  only  au- 
thors of  antiquity  whom  we  recollcdl  as  treating  the 
force  of  inipulfe  as  a  quantity  fufceptible  of  meafure. 
Their  obfervations  are  extremely  vague  and  trivial, 
chiefly  direifled,  iiowevcr,  to  the  difcrimination  of  the 
force  of  impulfe  from  that  of  prefllire. 

In  more  modern  times,  great  additions  had  already 
been  made  to  the  affiftance  we  had  derived  from  the 
impulfive  efficacy  of  bodies  in  motion.  Water-mills 
and  wind-mills  had  been  invented,  and  had  been  applied 
to  fuch  a  variety  of  piirpofcs,  that  the  engineers  were 
fall  acquiring  more  diltincl  notions  of  the  lorce  of  im- 
pulfe. Naval  conflruiflion  was  changed  in  fuch  a  man- 
ner, that  there  hardly  remained  any  thing  of  the  ancient 
rigging.  The  oblique  a.5Hon  of  wind  and  water  were 
now  found  even  more  cffeflive  than  the  dire(fl ;  and  fliips 
could  now  fail  with  almoll  any  wind.  All  thefe  things 
fixed  the  attention  of  the  engineers  and  of  the  fpecu- 
latift  on  the  numberlefs  modifications  of  the  force  of 
impulfe. 

But  it  foon  appeared  that  this  was  a  refined  branch 
of  knowledge,  and  required  a  more  profound  ftudy  than 
any  other  department  of  the  fcience  of  motion.  At 
the  fame  time,  it  was  equally  clear,  that  it  was  alfo  of 
fupcrif  r  importance.  Mills  worked  by  cattle,  or  by 
men's  h.;nds,  were  everywhere  giving  place  to  wind  and 
water-mills ;  and  a  Ihip  alone  appeared  to  every  intelli- 
gent mechanician  to  be  the  greateft  effort  of  human  in- 
vention, and  mofl  deferving  his  careful  ftudy.  All 
thefe  improvements  in  the  arts  of  life  derived  their  efH- 
cacy  from  the  impulfe  of  bodies.  The  laws  of  impul- 
fion, therefore,  became  the  ohjeiSs  of  fludy  to  all  who 
pretended  to  phllofophical  fcience.  But  this  is  a  branch 
of  ftudy  wholly  new,  and  derives  little  affiftance  from 
the  mechanical  fcience  already  acquired  ;  for  that  was 
confined  to  the  determination  ot  the  circumftances 
which  regulated  the  equilibrium  offerees,  either  in  their 
combined  aiffion  on  bodies  in  free  fpace,  or  by  the  in- 
tervention of  machines.  But  in  the  produflion  of  mo- 
tion by  impulfe,  the  equilibrium  is  not  fuppofed  to  ob- 
tain ;  and  therefore  its  rules  will  not  fclve  the  moft  im- 
portant queftion,  "  What  will  be  the  precilc  motion  ?" 

Galileo,  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for  the  fiift  dif- 
coveries  in  the  dodliine  of  free  motions,  was  alfo  the 
firft  who  attempted  to  bring  impulfion  within  the  pale 
of  mathematical  difcuflion.  This  he  attempted,  by  en- 
deavouring to  ftate  what  is  the  force  or  energy  of  a 
body  in  notion.  The  very  (;bfcure  rcfledions  of  A- 
liftotle  on  this  fubjeiff  only  ferved  to  make  the  ftudy 
more  intricate  and  abftrufe.  Galileo's  refleiftlons  on  it 
are  void  ot  that  luminous  pcrlpicuity  which  is  feen  in 
all  his  other  writings,  and  do  not  a]ipear  to  lijTe  iatis- 
fied  his  own  mind.  He  has  recourfe  to  an  experiment, 
in  order  to  dlfcover  what  prclfure  was  excited  by  im- 
pulfion. A  weight  was  made  to  fall  on  the  fcale  of  a 
balance,  the  other  arm  of  which  was  loaded  with  a  cnn- 
fider.ible  weight  ;  and  the  force  of  the  blow  was  efti- 
mated  by  the  weight  which  the  blow  could  thus  ftart 
from  the  groimd.  The  rclults  had  a  certain  regularity, 
by  which  fome  analogy  was  obferved  between  the 
Sltpl.  Vol.  II 


17     ]  IMP 

weights  thus  ftartcd  and  the  velocity  of  the  impulfe  ;  Impulfion. 
but  the  anomalies  were  great,  and  tiie  analogy  was  fin-  — ^"^''~"~' 
gular  and  puzzling  ;  it  led  to  many  intricate  dilcuftions, 
and  fcience  advanced  but  flowly. 

At  laft  the  three  eminent  mathematicians,  Dr  Wal-  ,  j,,.*„f 
lis.  Sir  Chrillopher  Wrenn,  and  Huyghen-,  about  the  i„:puifion 
fame  time,  and  unknown  to  each  another,  difcovered  diicovcrcd 
the  fimple  and  beautiful  laws  of  colliUon,  and  commu-  by  Walln, 
nicated  them  to  the  Royal  Society  of  London  in  1O68  ^^■"""•^'■■<* 
(Phil.  Tranf.  n"  43—46)-     Sir   Chriftopher  Wrenn  "">S'''"'- 
alfo  invented  a  beautiful  method  of  demonftrating  the 
doflrine  by  experiment.     The  bodies  which  were  made 
to  ftrike  each  other  were  fufpended  by  threads  of  equal 
length,  fo  as  to  touch  each  otlier  when  at  reft.     When 
removed  from  this  their  vertical  fituatiun,  and  then  let 
go,  they  ftruck  when  arrived  at  the  loweft  points  of 
their  refpeftive  circles,  and  their  velocities  were  propor- 
tional to  the  chords  of  the  arches  through  which  they 
had  defcended.     Their  velocities,  after  the  flroke,  were 
meafured,  in  like  manner,  by  the  chords  of  their  arches 
of  afcent.     The    experim.ents    correfponded    precifcly 
v/ith  the  theoretical  doiffrine. 

In  the  mean  time,  this  fubjcfl  had  keenly  occupied 
the  attention  of  philofophers,  who  found  it  to  be  of  a 
very  abftrufe  nature;  or,  which  is  nearer  the  truth, 
they  indulged  in  great  refinement  in  ptofecuting  the 
ftudy.  The  firft  attempts  to  meafure  the  impulfive 
force  of  bodies,  by  fetting  it  in  oppoiitlon  to  pre(]ure.s 
which  had  long  been  meafured  by  weights,  gave  rife  to 
fume  very  refined  reflcflions  on  the  nature  ot  thefe  two 
kinds  of  forces.  Ariftotle  had  fiid  that  they  were 
things  altogether  difparate.  If  fo,  there  can  be  no  pro- 
portion between  them.  Yet  the  analogy  obferved  in 
the  experiments  above  mentioned  of  Galileo,  Iliewed 
that  impulfe  could  be  gradually  augmented,  till  it  ex- 
ceed any  prelfure.  This  indicates  famenefs  in  kind,  ac- 
cording to  Euclid  himfelf.  A  curious  experiment  of 
Galileo's,  in  which  the  impulfe  of  a  vein  ot' water  vyas 
fet  in  equilibrio  with  a  weight,  feemed  not  only  to  efta- 
blifti  this  identity  beyond  a  doubt,  but  even  to  (hew  the 
origin  of  preflure  itlelt.  The  weight  in  one  fcale  is 
fuftained  as  long  as  the  ftrcam  of  water  continues  to 
ftrike  the  other  fcale.  In  this  experiir.ent,  therefore, 
prelfure  is  equivalent  to  continual  impulfe.  But  conii- 
nual  impulfe  is  not  conceivable  :  we  mulf  confider  the 
impulfe  of  the  ftream  as  \\\^  fuccfjjive  impulfe  of  the  dif- 
ferent particles  of  water,  at  intervals  which  arc  altoge- 
ther indiftinguifliable. 

From  thefe  confiderations  were  deduced  two  very  mo- 
mentous doiflrines:  1.  That  prelfure  is  nothing  but 
repeated  impulfe  ;  2.  That  altliough  preflure  and  im- 
pulfe are  the  fame  in  kind,  they  arc  incomparable  in 
magnitude.  The  impulfe  is  equal  to  tlic  weight  of 
a  column  of  water,  whole  length  is  the  height  recef- 
fary  for  communicating  the  velocity.  Now  this  is  iij- 
ccliant ;  and  the  weight  is  fuftained  during  any  the 
fmallcft  moment  of  time,  by  the  Impulfe,  not  of  the 
whole  column,  but  of  the  infenfible  p  irtinn  of  it  v\hicli 
is  then  making  its  ftroke.  Impulfe,  therefore,  is  infi- 
nitely greater  than  pie'Jure. 

Thclc  abftrufe  fpeculatiims  have  a  cliurm  for  certain  ^ 

ingenious  fpeculativc  minds ;  and  when  indulged,  will  Impulfe 
lead  them  very  far.  Accordingly,  it  was  not  long  before  ''•'i'l '»  be 
fome   of  the  moll   ingenious   philofopliers  of  Europe ''"^  ""^ 
taught  lliat  impulfe  was  the  fjle  origin  of  prellure.  "".-IL 
E  c  There 


I     M     P 


[    218    ] 


I     M     P 


Imru'.fion.  There  is  but  one  moving  power  (faid  they)  in  meclia- 
''^^''^'^  „ical  nature:  This  is  iinpuUe. — Nihil  moveliir  (fays 
Euler)  nijl  a  contipio  et  tnolo.  Moreover,  having  been 
long  and  t.Hmiliirly  converlant  with  tlie  aflions  of  ani- 
mals, and  the  actions  of  moving  bodies,  and  conceiving, 
with  fiiflicient  dilUnanels,  that  impenetrable  bodies 
cannot  move  without  moving  thofe  with  whicli  they  are 
furrounded  and  in  contaa,  they  imagined  that  they 
fully  underftood  h<Av  all  this  difplaccment  of  bodies  is 
carried  on  ;  and  therefore  tliey  maintained,  that  any 
motion  is  fully  explained  when  it  is  lliewn  to  be  a  cafe 
(f  impiilfion.  But  tliey  fav/  many  cafes  of  motion 
\vhere  this  impnUion  could  not  be  exhibited  to  I  he  fenfes. 
Thus,  the  fall  of  lieavy  bodies,  the  mutual  approach 
or  recefb  of  magnetic  and  electric  bodies,  exhibited  no 
fucli  operation.  But  even  here  their  experience  helped 
tliem  to  an  explanati;  n.  Air  is  an  invifible  fubftar.ce, 
and  its  very  exiftence  was  for  a  long  time  known  to  us 
only  by  means  of  its  impulfe.  As  we  R-e  that  prelFures  are 
generated  by  tlie  impulle  of  water  and  of  air,  may  there 
not  be  fluids  llill  more  fubtle  than  air,  by  whofe  invi- 
fible impulfe  bodies  are  made  to  fall,  and  magnets  are 
made  to  approach  or  avoid  each  other  ?  The  impof- 
ilbility  of  this  cannot  be  demonllrated,  and  the  laws  of 
impulfe  had  not  as  yet  been  fo  far  invelligated  as  to 
Ihew  that  they  we;  e  incompatible  with  thofe  produc- 
tions of  motion.  It  was  therefore  an  open  field  tor  dif- 
culTion;  and  the  philofophers,  without  farther  hefiti- 
tion,  adopted,  as  a  firll  truth,  that  all  motion  what- 
ever IS  PRODUCED  BY  IMPULSION.  The  bufiuels  of 
the  philofi.pher,  therefore  ifay  they),  is  to  invelligate 
what  combination  of  invifible  iinpuluons  is  competent 
to  the  prodndion  of  any  obferved  motion  ;  fuch  as  the 
fall  of  a  heavy  body,  the  elliptical  motion  of  a  planet, 
or  the  polarity  of  a  magnetic  needle.  ThecuTious  difpo- 
fition  of  iron-filings  round  a  magnet  encouraged  this 
kind  of  fpeculation  :  It  looks  fo  like  a  llream  of  fluid  ; 
but  it  is  a  number  of  quiefcent  fragments  of  iron.  This^ 
does  not  hinder  us  horn  fuppofin^  fuch  a  dream,  not  of 
iron-filings,  but  of  a  magnetic  fluid,  which  will  arrange 
(fay  the  atomills^  thofe  fragments,  jult  as  we  fee  the 
flotc-giafs  in  a  brook  arranged  by  a  ftream  of  water. 
Fluids,  therefore  moving  in  llreams  vortices,  and  a 
thoufand  different  ways,  have  been  fuppofed,  in  order 
to  explain,  that  is,  to  bring  under  a  general  known 
lav  of  mechanical  Nature,  all  thofe  cafes  of  the  pro- 
duvftion  of  motion  where  impulfion  is  not  obferved  by 
the  fenfes. 

As  we  have  gradually  become  better  acquainted  with 
the  laws  of  the  produftion  of  motion  by  impulfion,  we 
have  been  able  to  explode  many  of  thofe  proffered  ex- 
planations, by  (hewing  that  the  genuine  refults  of  the 
fuppofed  invifible  motions,  that  is.  the  impulfions  which 
they  would  produce,  are  very  unlike  the  motions  which 
we  attempt  to  explain.  It  has  been  (hewn,  that  the  vor- 
tices fuppofed  by  Des  Cartes,  or  by  Leibnitz,  or  by 
Huyghcns,  cannot  exifl;  and  they  have  been  given  up. 
But  it  is  anfwered  to  uU  thofe  demonftralions  of  futili- 
ty, that  Rill  the  axiom  remains.  Motion  is  pioduced 
only  by  impiilfe;  but  we  have  not  yet  difcovered  all 
iheprifibiliiies  ot  impulfion  ;  and  we  muft  not  delpair 
of  difcovering  that  precife  fet  of  invifible  motions,  and 
confequent  impulfions,  of  which  the  phenomenon  before 
us  is  the  neceffiry  refult. 

But  this  is  by  no  means  fuffivient  authority  for  de- 


ferting  the  rule  of  philofophizing,  fo  prudently  and  ju- Impulfion. 
dicioully  recommended  by  Sir  llaac  Newton  ;  namely,  ^-'"^'"'^^ 
not  to  admit  as  the  caufe  of  a  phenomenon  any  thing -j-jie  amili- 
that  is  notyfi;;  to  operate  in  its  produftion.     The  pru   catien  of 
dence  of  this  rellriftion  is  evident ;  and  it  has  alio  been  this  prin- 
fufficiently  Oiewn   (Philosophy,   Emycl.  n°  j^^    &c.),  •^■r''^ '^ ''=>- 
that  true  phihfuphical  explanation, orextcnfion  of  know-  ^"""'"' 
ledge,  is  unattainable,  if  this  rule  be  not  llridlly  adhered 
to.     AV'c  therefore  require  a  cogent  reafon  for  a  prac- 
tice that  opens  the  door  to  every  abfurdity,  and  that 
cannot  give  us  the   knowledge   which   we  aie  in  quell 
of.     What,  then,  is  the  reafon  that  always  induces  phi- 
lof  iphers  to  have  recourfe  to  impulfion  for  the  expla- 
nation of  a  phenomenon,  and  to  reft  fatisficd  in  every 
cafe  where  it  can  be  clearly  proved  that  the  phenome- 
non is  reilly  a  cafe  of  impulfion?  We  fay  that  we  in- 
quire into  the  reafon  why  a  body  falls,  and  that  we  will 
be  fatibfied  il  it  can  be  lliewn  us  that  it  has  received  a 
number  of  impulfions  downward.    Do  we  inquire  why 
a  body  in  motion  puts  another  body  in  motion  by  hit- 
ting it  ?  And  if  we  do,  h  »ve  we  difcovered  the  reafon  ? 
We  believe  that  none  of  the  philofopheis,  who  have  re- 
courfe to  invifible  impelling  Huids,  ever  afk  a  reafon  for 
motion  by  impulfion.     Indeed  they  fiiould  not,  other- 
wife  it  would  ceafe  to  be  a  firft  principle  of  explanation. 
Other  philofophers,  indeed  (namely,  fuch  as  afk  no  rea- 
{•^■n  for  the  weight  of  a  body,  but  the  fi.it  of  the  Al- 
mighty), require   an   explanation  of  motion   by  im- 
pulfe, and  think  that,  in  almoft  every  cafe,  they  have 
found  it  out. 

If  the  philofophers  afk  no  re.^fon  for  this  produiflion 
of  motion,  they  niuft  (that  it  may  feive  as  a  principle 
of  explanation)  fay  ihatimpulfivenefs  is  an  original  pro- 
perty of  matter,  either  contingent  or  eifenti/il.  Accor- 
dingly, we  believe  that  this,  or  fomethinghke  this,  has 
been  aifumed  as  a  principle  by  the  greater  part  of  me- 
chanicians.  It  has  been  affumed,  as  we  have  obferved 
in  the  article  Dynamics,  Suppl.  that  a  7noving  body 
polfeifes  the  power  of  producing  motion  in  another  body 
by  hitting  it;  and  they  call  it  the  impulsive  force 
of  movir.g  bidies — the  force  inherent  in  a  moving 
body.  The  reader  will  have  obferved,  in  our  man- 
ner of  treating  that  article,  and  alfo  in  feveral  paffages 
of  different  articles  of  the  Encyclopedia,  that  we  do 
not  confider  this  affumplion  as  very  clearly  autho- 
rifed  by  obfervation,  or  deducible  by  abftrafl  reafoning, 
from  the  firft  principles  of  philofophy.  There  is  no 
branch  of  natuial  philolbphy  on  wliich  fo  many  ingeni- 
ous diflertations  have  been  written  ;  and  perhaps  there 
is  none  that  has  been  more  fuccef  fully  profecuted  :  Yet 
this  is  the  only  part  of  the  fcience  of  motion  that  has 
given  rife  to  a  feiious  difpute;  a  dilpute  that  has  di- 
vided, and  ftdl  divider,  the  mechanicians  of  Europe. 

Snme  may  think  it  prefumptuous  in  us,  in  a  Work 
of  this  kind,  v.hlch  only  airos  at  coUeifling  and  exhibit- 
ing in  one  view  the  exijiing  Jcience  of  Europe,  to  pre- 
tend to  give  new  dodtrints,  or  to  decide  a  quelUon 
which  has  called  forth  all  the  powers  of  a  Leibnitz,  a 
Bernoulli,  a  Jurin,  a  M'Laurin,  6cc.  But  we  make 
no  fuch  pretenlioni ;  we  only  hope  tliat,  by  feparating 
the  queftion  from  others  with  \\hich  it  h.is.  in  every  in- 
ftauce,  been  complicated,  and  by  confidering  it  apart, 
fuch  notions  may  be  formed,  in  perfeifl  conformity  to 
the  principles  adopted  by  all  parties,  that  the  m'  ftery, 
which  has  gradually  gathered  like  a  cloud,  may  be  dif- 

pelled^ 


I     M     P 


[ 


Impuinon. 


Inquiry  in- 
to its  truth. 


6 

\Vc  learn 
the  exig- 
ence of 
matter 
chiefly  by 
means  of 
touch. 


The  excite- 
ment of 
touch  is  ac- 
companied 

by  tlic  feel- 
ing of  ex- 
erted prcf- 
furc. 


polled,  and  all  caufe  of  difference  taken  away.  We  ap- 
prehend that  this  requires  no  very  extenfive  knowledge, 
but  merely  a  dud  attention  to  the  conceptions  which 
we  form  ot  the  aftions  of  bodies  on  each  other,  and  a 
preciilon  in  the  ufi  of  the  terms  employed  iu  the  dil- 
cuflion. 

We  truft  that  our  philofophical  readers  perceive 
and  approve  of  our  anxiety  to  ellablifli  (in  the  article 
DvNAMics,  Supi>l.)  the  lejJing  principles  of  mechani- 
cal philofophy,  from  which  we  are  to  reaion  in  luture 
on  acknowledged  facts,  or  laws  of  human  thought. 
It  is  not  fo  much  the  queRion,  What  is  the  eflence  of 
material  Nature,  from  which  all  the  appearances  in  the 
univerfe  proceed  ?  as  it  is,  What  do  we  know  ol  it  ?  how 
do  we  come  by  this  knowledge?  and  what  ufe  can  we 
make  of  it  ?  The  ta;nia  knows  nothing  of  the  folar 
fyftem,  and  man  is  ignorant  of  the  caufe  of  iinpulfive- 
nefs.  Other  intelligent  creatures  may  have  fcnfes,  of 
which  this  is  the  proper  objcifl  ;  and  others,  of  a  llill 
more  exalted  rank,  may  perceive  the  operations  of  mind 
as  clearly  as  we  perceive  thofe  ot  matter,  while  they 
are  equally  ignorant  with  ourfelvcs  of  the  caufes  which 
conneft  the  conjoined  events  in  either  ot  thofe  opera- 
tions. But  "  known  unto  God,  and  to  Him  alone, 
are  all  His  works !" 

To  accomplifh  this  purpnfe,  we  direded  the  reader's 
attention  to  what  pali'es  in  his  own  mind  when  he  thinks 
on  the  mechanical  phenomena  of  Nature  ;  on  what  he 
calls  body  ;  on  the  perceptions  which  bring  it  into  his 
view,  and  which  give  him  all  the  notions  that  he  can 
form  of  iis  dillinguilhing,  its  charaifleriftic  properties. 
How  does  he  leain  that  there  is  matter  in  a  particular 
place.'  He  has  more  than  one  mean  of  information ; 
and  each  of  thefe  informs  him  ot  peculiar  qualities  ot 
the  thing  which  he  calls  nialter.  Many  appearances 
fugged  to  his  mind  the  prefence  of  a  body.  Show  a 
monkey  or  a  kitten  (and  even  fometimes  a  human  in- 
fant} a  mirror,  and  it  will  inllanily  grope  round  it  to 
find  a  companion.  Why  does  the  creature  grope  about 
fo  ?  It  is  not  contented  with  the  tirll  inJicJtion  of 
matter,  and  nothing  will  fatisfy  it  but  touching  or 
grafping  what  is  behind  the  mirror.  It  is  by  our  fenfe 
of  touch  alone  lliat  we  get  the  irrelillible  conviiftion 
that  matter  or  body  is  perceived  by  us,  and  it  never 
fails  to  give  us  the  perception  ;  nay,  we  have  the  per- 
ception even  in  fome  cafes  where  the  experienced  phi- 
lolbpher  thinks  hin)f-lf  obliged  lo  doubt  of  its  truth. 
Some  fenfations,  aiiling  Ironi  fpafm,  cannot  be  dillin- 
guilhed  from  the  feelings  of  touch  ;  and  the  patient  in- 
liils  that  fomething  prcffes  on  the  dil'cafcd  part,  while 
llie  phyfician  knows  that  it  is  only  a  nervous  afleiftion. 
Every  perfon  will  think  that  a  cobweb  touches  his 
face  when  an  eleflrilied  body  is  brought  near  it,  and 
will  try  to  wipe  it  off  with  his  hand.  But  the  modern 
philofopher  fees  good  reaf  m  for  aiierting,  that  in  this 
inllance  our  feeling  gives  us  very  inaccurate,  if  not  er- 
roneous, information.  He  (hews,  that  the  faift,  of  which 
our  feeling  truly  informs  us,  is  tlie  bending  ol  the  fmall 
hairs  or  down  which  grow  on  the  face,  and  that  thefe 
only  hare  been  touched  ;  and  tlie  fiilh wcrs  ot  yEpi- 
nus  deny  that  even  tliis  has  been  demonllrated. 

The  philolophcr  adopts  this  mode  of  perception  as 
unqucllionable,  and  allows  that,  and  that  alone,  to  be 
matter,  which  invariably  ptoduccs  this  I'tnfation  by  con- 
ti2uity.     Buteng.iged  in  fpeculatious  which  fix  liis  at- 


219    ]  IMP 

tention  on  the  external  objea,  he  neglefls  and  over-  impuICon. 
looks  the  inflrument  of  ir.foimation,  and  its  manner  of  '-^"■''^'^ 
producing  the  effea,  juft  as  the  aftronomer  overlook i 
the  telcfcope,  and  the  unicn  and  deculfaiion  of  the 
rays  of  light  which  form  the  piifture  by  which  he  per- 
ceives the  fatellite  of  Jupiter  travel  acrofs  his  di(k.  The 
philofopher  finds  it  convenient  to  generalise  the  im- 
menfe  variety  of  touches  which  he  feels  from  ertemal 
bodies,  and  to  confider  them  as  the  operations  of  one 
and  the  fame  difciiminating  quality,  a  propesty  inhe- 
rent in  the  external  fubftance  body  ;  and  he  gives  it  a 
name,  by  which  he  can  excite  the  fame  notion  in  the 
minds  ol  hi»  hearers.  It  is  worth  while  to  attend  to 
what  has  been  done  in  this  matter,  becaufe  it  gives  much 
inlormation  concerning  the  firll  principles  of  media- 
nifm.  An  exquilite  painting  has  fomel:mes  fuch  an  ap. 
pearance  of  prominence,  that  one  is  difpofcd  to  draw 
the  finger  along  it,  and  we  expeA  to  feel  fome  rough- 
nefs,  fome  objlrud'wn,  fomething  that  prevents  the  fin- 
ger from  going  over  the  place.  Pei  haps  we  doubt,  and 
want  to  be  allured.  We  piefs  a  little  dofer  ;  but  feci 
no  obllruflion;  and  we  delill.  The  very  firft  appear- 
ance, therefore,  which  this  indicating  quality,  viewed  as 
the  property  ot  external  matter,  has  in  our  conceptions, 
is  that  of  an  obftruflion,  an  obftadc,  to  the  exertion  of 
one  of  our  natural  powers.  The  power  exerted  on  this 
occafion  is  familiarly  and  dijliniiniely  known  by  the 
name  of  pressure.  This  is  the  name  of  our  own  ex- 
ertion, our  own  aiflion;  and,  in  this  indance,  and  (we 
think)  in  this  alone,  the  word  is  uftd  purely,  primitive- 
ly, and  without  figure.  When  we  fay  that  a  llone 
prelfes  on  the  ground,  we  fpeak  figuratively,  as  truly 
as  when  we  fay  that  the  canJleftick  (lands,  and  the 
fnulFers  lie,  on  the  table.  It  is  a  perfonincation,  autho- 
rifed  by  tlie  fimilarity  of  the  effeds  and  appearances. 
Further,  when  we  fpeak  of  our  ptelfure  on  any  thing, 
with  the  intention  of  being  precife  in  our  communica- 
tion, we  (peak  only  of  what  obt.iins  in  the  touching 
parts  of  the  finger  and  the  thing  prclfed,  paying  no  at- 
tention to  the  long  train  of  intermediate  exertions  of 
the  mind  on  the  nerves,  the  nerves  on  tlie  mufcuiar 
fibre,  the  fibre  on  the  articulated  m.tchine,  and  the  ma- 
chine on  the  touching  part  t,f  the  finger.  And  tlius 
th.e  exertion  of  the  fenticnt  and  adlive  being  is  attribu- 
ted to  the  particles  of  lilclel's  inactive  matter  at  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  finger,  and  thefe  are  laid  to  pref»  imme- 
diately on  the  touching  parts  ot  the  external  body. 
And,  lalUy,  as  this  our  exertion  is  unqucllionably  tlie 
perceived  employment  of  a  faculty  in  us,  wliich  we  call 
force,  power, Jhen^tb,  dillinguilhing  it  from  every  other 
faculty  by  thefe  names ;  we  lay  (but  figuratively),  that 
force  or  power  is  exerted  at  the  lips  of  the  fingers,  and 
we  call  it  the  force  or  pressure. 

By  far  the  greatcll  part  of  our  aiTions  on  estern.il  )| 

bodies   is  with  the  intention  of  pult-ng  them  out  of  And  pref- 
their  prefcnt  fituations ;  and  we  can  l;ardly  feparaie  f"'''-  "  "•"* 

(he  thought  of  enerted   prclftirc  fri  m  the  thoucht  ot  "'       ". 

1         ■  •       '         .,-.1        r  \       •\         •      r  r  liippolcd  m 

motion  produced  by  it.      1  herefore,  amiolt  at  its  hr(i  ji„,\,,i 

appearance  in  the  mind,  prellure  comes  before  us  as  a  every  pro- 

MOvisG  power.     Nay,  wc  apprehend,  that  the  more  duc^i.m  of 

we  Ipcculalc,  and  the  moic  we  aim  at  ptecilion  in  our  meiioii. 

c'-aiceptions,  we  Ihall  be  the  mure  leady  to  gram  that 

we  have  no  clear  concepuon  of  any  other  moving  power. 

No  man  will  contend  that  he  has  any  conception  at  ail 

of  the  power  exerted  bv  the  mind  in  moviog  ^^  bodv. 

'    li  c   2  It 


Inipulfion. 


<) 

f  xamin.i- 
tion  of  the 
iiifliinccj.  of 
this  percep- 
tion. 


lo 
Tliey  are 
•  Ceiierally 
iigiir.itiv«. 


II 

We  ob- 
fcrvt  many 
prelTurcs. 


IMP  [2 

It  is  of  importance  to  refleft  on  the  manner  in  which 
this  notion  is  extended  to  all  other  prodmflions  of  mo- 
tion. We  think  tluit  this  will  Ihew,  that  in  every  cafe 
we  fuppofe  prelhire  to  be  exerted. 

The  philolbpher  proceeds  in  his  fpeculations,  and 
obferves,  that  one  man  can  prefs  on  another,  and  can 
pulh  him  out  cf  his  place,  in  the  fame  way  as  he  re- 
moves any  other  body  ;  and  he  cannot  obferve  any  dif- 
ference  in  his  own  exertions  and  fentacions  in  the  two 
cafes.  But  the  man  who  is  pulhed  has  the  fame  feel- 
ings of  touch  and  pieiFuie.  By  wit'idrawing  irom  the 
preliure,  he  alfo  withdraws  from  tlic  fenfation  ;  by 
withlt.inding  or  relilling  it,  he  feels  the  preliure  nl  the 
other  man  ;  an  J  what  lie  feels  is  the  fame  with  what 
he  i'eeli  when  he  preilbs  on  ths  other  perfon,  or  on 
any  piece  of  matter.  The  fame  lenfations  of  touch  are 
excited.  He  attributes  them  to  the  prelRire  of  the  o- 
ther  perfon.  Therefore  he  attributes  the  fame  fenfa- 
tions  to  the  counter-prefflire  of  any  other  body  that 
excites  them.  Farther,  he  can  refill  to  fuch  a  degree, 
that  he  is  not  pufhed  from  his  place.  In  this  cafe,  the 
s^re.itefl  preliure  is  exerted,  and  is  felt  by  both.  Each 
feels  that  the  more  he  relills,  the  greater  is  the  mutual 
preliure.  And  each  feels  that,  unlefs  he  not  only  do 
not  rejiji,  hut  alfo  •vj'itkdra'w  hhnfelf  iiom  the  prelfure  of 
the  other,  he  will  be  prelicd,  and  the  other  will  feel 
counter-prelTure,  the  fame  in  kind  with  what  is  produ- 
ced by  his  refiftance,  though  lefs  in  degree. 

All  thcfe  thing;  are  dittiniflly  and  invariably  felt  ; 
but  they  require  attention,  in  order  to  be  fubjefts  of 
recolleilion  and  after-confideration.  From  this,  and 
no  other  fource,  are  derived  all  our  notions  of  corpo- 
real preliure,  of  counter  prelfure,  of  aflion,  re-aftion, 
of  refijlunce,  and  of  i/iadivity  or  inertia.  Our  notions 
of  moving  power,  of  the  mobility  of  matter,  and  of  the 
necellity  of  this  power  to  produce  motion  in  matter, 
have  the  fame  origin.  Our  notions  alfo  of  the  refin- 
ance of  inanimate  matter,  indicated  by  the  expendi- 
ture of  aiflual  prefiure,  are  formed  from  the  fame  pre- 
mifes  :  the  counter-prelFure,  or  what  at  leaft  produces 
the  fame  feelings  in  the  perfon  who  is  the  mover,  is 
confidered  as  the  property  of  dead  matter  ;  becaufe  we 
feel,  that  if  ive  do  not  exert  real  force,  we  are  difplac- 
ed  by  the  fame  prelfure  that  would  difplace  a  litelefs 
body  of  the  fame  bulk. 

Thefe  diredf  inferences  are  confirmed  as  we  extend 
our  acquaintance  with  things  around  us.  We  can 
exert  our  force  in  bending  a  fpring,  and  we  feel  its  coun- 
ter-prelFure, preciftly  fimilar  to  that  of  another  man. 
We  feel  that  we  muft  continue  this  prelfure,  in  order 
to  keep  it  bent  ;  and  that  as  we  withdraw  our  prelfure, 
the  fpring  follows  our  hand,  flill  producing  fimilar 
feelings  in  our  organs  of  touch,  and  requiring  fimilar 
exertions  of  our  llrength  to  keep  it  in  any  Hate  of  ten- 
iion.  Thefe  phenomena  are  interpreted  as  indications 
of  prefl'ures  aiffually  exerted  by  the  fpring,  and  quite 
different  from  what  we  Ihould  feel  from  its  mere  re- 
fiftance to  being  moved.  This  a(5fion  refembles  our 
own  exertion  in  every  particular  ;  it  produces  all  the 
efFeds  of  prelFure  ;  it  will  fqueeze  in  the  foft  flexible 
parts  of  our  body  with  which  we  aft  on  it ;  it  will  com- 
prefs  any  fofibody,  jufl  as  we  do  ourfelves  ;  it  will  put 
bodies  in  motion.  Farther,  we  can  fet  the  aftion  of 
one  fpring  in  oppolition  to  that  of  another,  and  obferve 
that  each  is  bent  by  bending  the  other;  and  we  fee 


20      ]  IMP 

that  their  touching  parts  exert  prefTure,  for  they  will  Impulfion. 
comprefs  any  foft  body  placed  between  them.  •«.»-^»--^»^ 

Thus,  then,  in  all  thofe  calcs,  we  have  the  fame  no- 
tion of  the  power  immediately  exerted  between  the 
two  bodies,  animated  or  inanimated.  It  is  always  pref- 
fure.  If  indeed  we  begin  to  fpeculate  about  the  mo.lut 
operandi  in  any  one  of  thefe  inllances,  we  find  that  we 
mull  Hop  Ihuit.  How  our  prelfure  excites  the  feeling 
of  prelFure  in  the  other  perfon,  or  how  it  produces  mo- 
tion, eludes  even  conjectuic — So  it  is — Nay,  how  our 
intention  and  volition  cauf;i  our  limb  to  exert  this  pref- 
fure,  or  how  tlic  Ipringinefs  of  a  fpring  produces  fimi- 
lar effecl^,  remains  equally  hid  from  our  ken.  Un- 
wearied fludy  has  greatly  advanced  our  knowledge  of 
thefe  fubjeds  in  one  refpeft.  It  has  pointed  out  to 
us  a  train  of  operations,  which  go  on  in  our  animal 
frame  before  the  oltenfible  prelFure  is  produced  :  we 
have  difcovered  fomething  of  their  kind,  and  of  the 
order  in  which  they  proceed  ;  we  have  gone  farther, 
and  have  difcovered,  in  fome  of  the  prelfures  exerted 
by  lifelefs  matter,  fimilar  trains  of  inietvening  opera- 
tions. In  the  cafe  of  a  fpiing,  we  liave  difcovered 
that  there  is  a  certain  combination  of  the  properties  of 
all  Its  parts  neceliary  lor  thevifible  exertion.  But  what 
is  the  principle  which  thus  makes  them  co-operate,  we 
cannot  tell,  any  more  than  in  our  own  exertions  of 
prelfure.  Such  being  the  origin  of  our  notions  on 
thefe  fubjedls,  it  is  no  wonder  that  all  our  language  is 
alfo  derived  from  it.  Force,  power,  prelFure,  aftion, 
re-ai5lion,  refinance,  Impullion,  are,  without  any  excep- 
tion, words  immediately  exprellive  of  our  own  exer- 
tions, and  applied  metaphorically  to  the  phenomena  of 
matter  and  motion. 

Laffly,  when  we  fee  a  body  in  motion  difplace 
another  body  by  hitting  it,  and  endeavour  to  form 
a  notion  of  the  way  in  which  this  motion  is  imme- 
diately produced,  fixing  our  attention  on  what  palFes 
in  the  very  inllant  of  the  change,  we  find  ourfelves  flill 
obliged  to  fuppofe  the  thing  we  call  prelfure.  We  can 
have  no  other  conceptirm  of  it  ;  and  there  is  no  violence 
in  this  adl  of  the  imagination.  For  we  know,  that  if  we 
are  jollied  from  our  place,  and  forcibly  driven  againft 
another  perfon,  we  put  that  perfon  in  motion  without 
any  intention  or  aflionof  our  own;  and  we  experience, 
in  doing  this,  that  the  very  fame  feelings  of  touch  and 
prefFure  are  excited  as  in  the  inllances  of  the  fame  mo- 
tions produced  by  exerted  preflion.  We  alfo  fee,  that 
when  a  body  llrikes  another,  and  puts  it  in  motion,  it 
makes  an  impreflion  or  dimple  in  it  if  foft,  or  breaks  ic 
if  brittle  ;  and  in  fhort,  produces  every  effeft  of  pref- 
fure.  A  ball  of  foft  clay  makes  a  dimple  in  the  ball  of 
foft  clay  which  it  difplaces,  and  is  dimpled  by  it. 
Springy  bodies  comprefs  each  other  in  their  collifions, 
and  refile  from  each  other.  In  fhort,  in  every  cafe  of 
this  clafs,  mutual  prelfure,  indicated  by  all  its  ordina- 
ry effeifls,  appears  to  be  the  intermedium  by  which  the 
changes  of  motion  are  immediately  produced  ;  and  the 
previous  motion  of  the  Itriking  body  feems  to  be  only 
the  method  of  producing  this  prelFure. 

From    this  copious    induction    of  particulars,    and         rz 
careful  attention  to  the  circumflarces  of  each,  we  think  PrefTure  is 
it  plain,  that   pielFure   is  the   only  clear  notion   thata  ,.';™y 
mind,  not  familiar  witfi  Icrupulous  difculfion,  forms  of  ^j^j^  ^f  ^^    • 
moving  power  ;  and  therefore  that  it  is  very  lingular  to  moving 
think  of  excluding  it  from  the  lift,  and  faying  that  im-  power. 

pulfioQ 


ItnpulCon. 


I 


13 
Many  pref- 
fures  are 
inexplica- 
ble by  im- 
puirion. 


14 

All  prcf- 
furck  do 
not  I TO- 
diicc  a  fen* 
iililc  mo- 
tion, 


I     M     P  [2: 

pulfion  is  the  only  power  in  nature,  and  the  fource  of 
all  pre  flare. 

It  may  peihaps  be  faid,  thu  the  mutual  immediate 
aflion  to  which  the  vulgar,  and  many  philofophers, 
have  erroneoufly  given  the  metaphorical  name  prclTure 
is,  indeed,  the  real  cauie  of  motion  or  change  of  mo. 
tion  ;  but  flill  it  is  now  properly  called  impullion,  be- 
caufe  it  is  occafioned  only  by  the  previous  motion  of 
the  impelling  body.  We  conceive  clearly,  (they  may 
fay)  how  this  previous  motion  produces  the  impullion. 
Since  matter  is  impenetrable,  we  fee  clearly  that  a  fo- 
lid  body,  or  a  folid  particle,  cannot  proceed  without 
difplacing  tlie  bodies  with  which  it  comes  into  contafl ; 
ve  have  notions  of  this  as  clear  as  thofe  of  geometry  ; 
whereas,  how  preffure  is  produced,  is  inconceivable  by 
us.  If  we  prefs  a  ball  ever  fo  llrongly  againft  another, 
and  remove  the  obllacle  which  prevented  its  motion,  it 
will  not  move  an  inch,  unlefs  we  continue  to  follow  it, 
and  prefs  it  forward ;  but  we  fee  a  moving  body  pro- 
duce comprefllon,  bend  fprings,  make  pits  in  foft  bo- 
dies, and  produce  all  the  eifeds  <if  real  animal  prelliire. 
Impulfe,  therefore,  is  the  true  caufe  of  motion,  and  the 
folicitation  of  gravity  is  nothing  but  the  repeated  im- 
pulfe of  an  invifible  fluid. 

But,  in  the  firll  place,  let  it  be  obferved,  that  both 
parties  profcis  to  cxpUin  the  phenomena  ot  mechanical 
nature,  that  is,  to  make  them  eafier  conceived  by  the 
mind.  Now  it  may  be  granted,  that  could  we  have  any 
previous  conviiflion  of  a  fluid  continually  flowing  toward 
the  centre  of  the  earth,  we  could  have  fome  notion  of 
the  produdion  of  a  downward  motion  of  bodies,  but 
not  more  e.xplanation  than  we  have  without  it,  becaufe 
impullivenefs  is  as  little  underftood  by  us  as  prefl'ure. 

But  there  are  thoufands  of  inftances  of  moving  for- 
ces where  we  cannot  conceive  how  they  can  be  pro- 
duced by  the  impulfe  of  a  body  already  in  motion. 
There  appear  to  be  many  moving  powers  in  nature, 
independent  of,  and  inexplicable  by,  any  previous  mo- 
tion ;  thtfe  may  be  brought  into  aftion,  or  rccafions 
may  be  afforded  for  their  action,  in  a  variety  of  ways. 
The  mere  will  of  an  animal  brings  fome  of  them  into 
adion  in  the  mternal  procedure  of  mufcular  motion  ; 
mere  vicinity  brings  into  aftion  powers  which  are  almoll 
irrefiltible,  and  which  produce  moft  violent  motions. 
Thus  a  little  aquafortis  poured  on  powdered  chalk 
contained  in  a  bomblhell,  will  burif  it,  throwing  the 
fragments  to  a  great  dillance.  A  fpark  of  fire  brings 
them  into  aflion  in  a  mafs  of  gunpowder,  or  other 
combuftiblcs.  And  here  it  defervcs  remark,  that  the 
greater  the  mafs  is  to  which  llie  fpark  is  applied,  the 
more  violent  is  the  motion  produced.  It  would  be  juft 
the  contrary,  if  tlie  motion  were  produced  by  impull'e. 
For  in  all  cafes  of  impullion,  the  velocity  is  inverfely 
proportional  to  the  matter  that  is  moved.  When  a 
ipring  is  bent,  and  the  two  ends  are  kept  together  by  a 
thread,  a  prelFure  is  excited,  which  continues  to  aiff  as 
long  as  the  thread  remains  entire.  What  contriv- 
ance of  impelling  fluid  will  expLiin  thi«,  or  give  us  any 
conception  of  the  total  ceffation  of  this  prelfure,  when 
the  thread  is  broken,  and  the  fpring  regains  its  quicf- 
cent  form  ? 

We  can  explain,  in  a  moft  intelligible  manner,  why 
the  hardeft  prelfure  produces  no  fenlible  motion  in  the 
cafe  referred  to  above.  We  can  conceive,  wiih  fulli- 
cient  dillindncfs,  a  tube  filled  with  Heel  wires,  coiled 


] 


I     M     P 


up  like  cork  fcrew?,  and  comprefled  together  into  Vith  !r:pu!5on. 
of  their  natural  length.  A  tube  of  10  inches  long  will  '-^~^''''^ 
contain  100  of  them.  While  in  this  ftaie,  comprefTed 
by  a  plug,  we  can  fuppofe  each  of  the  fprings  to  be 
tied  with  a  thread.  Suppofe  now  that  the  thread  of 
the  fpring  next  the  pillon  is  burnt  or  cut ;  it  will  prefs 
on  the  pillon,  and  force  it  out,  accelerating  its  motion 
till  it  has  advanced  one  inch  ;  after  this,  the  pilton 
will  proceed  with  a  uniform  motion.  It  is  plain,  that 
the  velocity  will  be  moderate,  perhaps  hardly  fenfible, 
becaufe  the  preffure  acted  on  it  during  a  very  fhort  time. 
But  if  two  fprings  have  been  fet  at  liberty  at  the  fame 
inflant,  the  prelfure  on  the  pillon  will  be  continued 
through  a  fpace  of  two  inches,  and  the  final  velocity 
will  be  greater,  becaufe  the  fame  (not  a  double)  pref- 
ture  will  be  exerted  through  a  double  fpace.  Unbending 
four  fprings  at  once,  will  give  the  piflon  a  double  veloci- 
ty (See  Dynamics,  Suf>pl.  n°  95).  Now  theefTeifl  of  the 
motion  of  the  fecond  fpring  is  to  keep  the  prelfure  of  the 
firfl  in  action  during  a  longer  time,  by  following  it,  and 
keeping  it  in  a  flate  of  comprcirion.  There  is  notliing 
fuppofed  of  this  kind  in  the  cafe  of  flrong  preffure  alluded 
to  ;  and  therefore  no  motion  is  produced  when  the  ob- 
flacle  is  removed,  except  what  the  infenf'ible  compref- 
llon produces  by  accelerating  the  body  along  an  infen- 
fible  i'pace.  If  all  the  100  fprings  are  difengaged  at 
once,  the  piflon  will  be  accelerated  through  100  inches, 
and  will  acquire  ten  times  the  velocity  that  one  fpring 
can  communicate  (A'^.  B.  The  force  expended  in  mo- 
ving the  fprings  themfclves  is  not  confidered  here). 

It  is  in  this  way  only  that  the  previous  motion  of 
the  impelling  body  adls  in  producing  a  confiJerable 
motion.  The  whole  procefs  will  be  minutely  confi- 
dered by  and  bye. 

We  may  now  afk,  how  it  is  fo  clear  a  point,  that  a  '.? 
folid  body  in  motion  mull  difplace  other  bodies  ?  This  Impulfio" 
feems  to  be  the  very  point  in  queftion.  Is  the  affirma-  J-'i^jriy"^"" 
live  deduced  from  our  notion  of  folidity  ?  What  is  our  ccivcdthaa 
notion  of  folidity,  and  whence  is  it  derived  I  We  appre-  preffure. 
liend,  that  even  this  primary  notion  is  derived  from  pref- 
fure. It  is  by  handling  a  thing,  and  finding  that  we 
cannot  put  our  hand  into  the  place  where  it  is  with- 
out difplacing  it,  that  we  know  that  it  is  material.  All 
this  is  indicated  to  us  by  the  feeling  excited  by  our 
prelliire.  We  feel  this  property  always  as  an  obltacle  ; 
and  therefore  fay,  that  by  this  property  it  refills  our 
preffure.  Nay,  there  are  cafes  where  even  the  philo- 
ibpher  prefers  this  quality  to  inipullivends  as  a  tell  of 
matter.  To  convince  another  that  the  jar  out  of  which 
he  has  poured  the  water  that  tilled  it  is  not  empty,  b>it 
full  of  matter,  he  dips  the  mouth  cf  the  jar  into  water, 
and  Ihows,  that  although  he  prefs  it  down  till  the  fur- 
rounding  water  is  above  the  bottom  ol  it,  the  water 
has  hardly  gotten  tialf  an  inch  into  the  j^r  ■,  there  is 
fome'hing  there  which  keeps  it  out  ;  there  is  matter  in 
it.  He  tiien  opens  a  hole  in  the  bottom  cf  the  jar ; 
the  water  immediately  riles  on  the  inlide  rf  the  jar,  and 
fills  it.  He  fays  that  the  prelfure  of  (he  water  has 
driven  the  matter  out  by  the  hole  ;  and  he  coiifirmt  the 
materiality  of  what  is  expelled,  by  holding  a  leather 
above  the  holt  ;  it  is  agitated,  Ihewing  that  the  ex- 
pelled thing  lias  inipullivencfs,  another  property  (he 
lays)  of  matter  ;  what  filled  the  j.ir  was  air,  and  airia 
motion  is  wind.  The  philofopher  can  exhibit  fume 
new  cafes,  where  fomething  like  iaipulflvcnefs  appears. 


I     M     V 


[ 


'Hipuinon. 


i6 
Motion 
docs  not 
impel  by 
transfuiiug 
inherent 
force  or  in- 
herent mo- 
tion. 


17 
This  in- 
volves ab- 
'urjities. 


A  (lender  m^ignct  ni:iy  be  fet  on  one  end,  the  i'ow.h 
pole,  for  inllance,  and  will  llaiui  in  that  Cotceiinij  litua- 
tion.  It"  a  perlon  bring  tlie  north  pole  ot  a  powertul 
magnet  hallily  near  tlie  upper  end,  it  will  b;  dirovvn 
down,  jull  as  it  may  be  blown  down  by  a  puffot  wind; 
therefore  (fays  the  phllofopher)  there  may  be  appear- 
ances of  impullion,  and  I  may  imagine  that  there  is 
impelling  matter  ;  but  nothing  but  matter  excludes 
all  oth:r  matter  from  its  place  :  this  property,  theretorc, 
is  the  lurell  tell  of  its  prel'ence. 

Thus  we  fee,  that  our  notion  of  folidity  or  impene- 
trability  (a  name  dill  indicating  an  obllacle  to  prcf- 
fure),  gives  us  no  clearer  conception  ot  the  produc- 
tions of  motion  by  iniptilfion  than  prellure  does  ;  for 
it  is  the  fame,  or  indicated  by  the  fame  fenlations. 

The  quellion  now  feems  to  be  reduced  to  this — Since 
the  llrongeft  prelFure  of  a  (piiefcent  body  does  not  pro- 
duce mo'tion,  or  excite  that  kind  of  prellure  which  is 
the  immediate  caufe  of  motion,  while  a  body  in  mo- 
tion, exciting  but  a  very  moderate  prelfiire  (as  may  be 
feen  by  the  triflir.g  compnjjion  or  dimpling,^  produces  a 
very  confiderable  motion,  how  is  the  previous  motion 
conducive  to  this  purpofe  ?  The  anfwer  ufually  given  is 
this:  Abody  in  motion  (by  whatever  caule),  peileveres 
in  that  motion  by  the  inherent  force  ;  when  it  ai  lives  at 
another  body,  it  cannot  proceed,  without  dilplacing 
that  body  ;  the  nature  of  the  inherent  force  is  iuch, 
that  none  of  it  is  loft,  and  that  a  portion  ot  it  palies  in- 
to the  other  body,  and  the  two  bodies  inl^antly  pro- 
ceed with  the  fame  quantity  of  motion  that  was  in  the 
impelling  body  alone.  This  is  an  exact  enough  narra- 
tive of  the  general  fad,  but  it  gives  no  great  expla- 
nation of  it.  If  the  impelling  body  perfeveres  in  its 
motion,  by  means  of  its  inherent  force,  that  force  is 
exerted  in  performing  its  ofBce,  and  can  do  no  more. 
The  impelled  body  teems  as  much  to  polfefs  an  inherent 
force  ;  for  the  fame  marks  and  evidences  of  preifure 
on  both  fides  are  obferved  in  the  collifion.  If  both 
bodies  are  foft  or  comprcllible,  both  are  dimpled  or 
comprelfed.  We  are  as  much  entitled,  therefore,  to 
lay,  that  part  of  the  force  by  which  it  perfeveres  at 
reft,  pailes  into  the  other  body.  But  the  relt,  or  quief- 
cence  of  a  body,  is  always  the  fame  ;  yet  what  palies 
into  the  impelling  body  is  d;fterent,  according  to  its 
previous  velocity.  We  can  form  no  conception  how 
the  half  of  the  inherent  force  of  the  impelling  body  is 
expended  by  every  particle,  pailes  through  the  points  of 
contaft,  and  is  diftributed  among  the  particles  of  the 
impel  ed  body  :  nay,  we  cannot  conceive  this  halving, 
or  any  other  partition  of  the  force.  Is  it  a  thing  Jui 
generis,  made  up  of  its  parts,  which  can  be  detached 
from  each  other,  as  the  particles  of  lalt  may  be,  and 
really  are,  when  a  quantity  of  freth  water  is  put  into 
contaft  with  a  quantity  of  brine  \  We  have  no  clear 
conception  of  this  ;  and  therefore  this  is  no  elucidation 
of  the  matter,  although  it  may  be  an  exaft  ftatement 
of  the  vilible  faft. 

Let  us  take  the  fimpleft  poflible  cafe,  and  fuppofe 
only  two  particles  of  matter,  one  of  which  is  at  reft, 
and  the  other  moves  up  to  it  at  the  rate  of  two  feet 
per  fecond.  The  event  is  fuppofed  to  be  as  follows  :  in 
the  inftant  of  contafl,  the  two  particles  proceed  with 
half  of  the  former  velocity.  Now  this  indant  of  time, 
and  this  precile  point  of  Ipace,  in  which  the  contad:  is 
made,  is  not  a  part  cf  either  the  time  or  fpace  bifore 


,2       ]  I      M       P 

collifion,  or  of  ilinfe  after  collifion  ;  it  is  the  boundary  Impulfioii. 
between  both  ;  it  is  the  lad  inllant  of  the  former  time,  ^-''~^^^"*^ 
and  the  liill  inllant  of  the  latter  time  ;  it  belongs  to 
botli,  and  may  be  laid  to  be  in  bath.  What  is  the  ftate 
or  condition  ot  the  impelling  particle  in  this  inllant  I  In 
virtue  of  the  previous  motion,  it  has  the  determination, 
or  the  force,  or  the  power,  to  move  at  the  rate  of  two 
leet  per  fecond  ;  but,  in  virtue  of  the  motion  after  coU 
lilion,  it  has  the  determination  or  power  of  moving  at 
the  rate  of  one  foot  per  fecond.  In  one  and  the  fame 
inllant,  therefore,  it  has  two  determinations,  or  only 
one  of  them,  or  neither  of  them.  And  it  may,  in  like 
manner,  be  laid  of  the  impelled  body,  that  in  that  in- 
llant, it  was  bolli  at  reft,  and  moving  at  the  rate  of 
one  foot  per  fecond.  This  feems  inconceivable  or  ab- 
furd. 

It  is  not  perhaps  very  clear  and  demonftrable,  nor        »" 
is  it  intuitively  certain,  that   the  moving  body  or   par-  'nip>^"'^e- 
ticle  mull  dilplace  the  other  at  all.     All  that  we  know  "„ 'ntujtiye 
is,  that   matter  is   moveable,   and  that  caufes  of  this  property  of 
motion   exifl  in   nature.     When   they  have  produced  matter, 
this  motion,    they  have  performed  their  tafk,  and  the 
motion  is  their  complete  etfeift.     The  particle  continues 
in  this  condition  torever,  unlefs  it  be  changed  by  fome 
caufe  ;  but  we  do  not  fee  any  thing  in  this  condition 
that  enables  us  to  fay  what  caufes  are   competent  to 
this  change  and  what  are  not.     Is    it    either  intuitive 
or  demoiiltrable,  that  the  mere  exiftence  of  another  par- 
ticle is  not  a  luiKcient  or  adequate  caufe  .'  Is  it  certain 
that  the  arrival  at  another  particle  is  an  adequate  caufe  ? 
or  can  we  prove  that  this  will  not  ftop  it  altogether  :  The 
only  conclufion  that  we  can  draw  with  any  confidence 
is,  tiiat  "  two  particles,  or   two  e<iual  bodies,  meeting 
with  e(iual  velocities  in  oppoiite  direifiions,  will  ftop." 
But  our  only  leafon  for  this  conclufion  is,  that  we  can- 
not affign  an  adequate  reafo.i  why  either  fhould  pre- 
vail.  But  this  form  of  argument  never  carries  luminous 
convi(5tion,   nor  does  it  even  give  a  decilion  at  all,  un- 
lefs a  number   of  cafes  can  be  fpecified,  uhich  include 
e-oiry  pojfibh  refult.    This  can  hardly  be  alTirmed  in  the 
ptefent  cafe. 

We  apprehend,  that  the  next  c  ife,  in  point  of  fim-  19 
plicity,  has  ftiU  lei's  intuitive  or  deduclive  evidence  ;  But  an  ob- 
namely,  when  bodies  meet  in  oppofite  dirciflions  with"^'^ 
equal  quantities  of  motion.  It  is  by  no  means  eafy,  if 
it  be  at  all  pollible,  to  fhew  that  they  muft  ftop.  The 
proof  proceeds  on  fome  notion  of  the  manner  in  which 
the  impullion,  exerted  on  one  particle,  or  en  a  few  of 
each  body,  namely,  thofe  which  come  into  contacl,  is 
diftributed  among  all  the  particles.  A  material  atom 
is  moved  only  when  a  moving  force  adls  on  it,  and 
each  atom  gets  amotion  precil'ely  commenfurate  to  the 
force  which  acfluates  it.  Now,  it  is  fo  far  from  being 
clear,  how  a  force  impreffed  on  one  particle  of  a  folid 
body,  occalions  an  equal  portion  of  itfelf  to  pals  into 
every  particle  of  that  body,  and  impel  it  forv/ard  in 
the  fame  direction,  that  the  ver^•  authors  who  alfume 
the  prefent  piopofition  as  an  elementary  truth,  claim 
no  fmall  honour  for  having  determined  with  precilion 
the  moving  forces  that  are  exerted  on  each  particle,  and 
llie  circumllances  that  are  necelTary  for  producing  an 
equal  progrelFive  motion  in  each.  It  was  by  nome.ins 
an  eafy  problem  to  fliew,  that  the  motion  of  the  body 
(eftiraated  by  an  average  taken  of  the  motions  ot  every 
particle)  is    precifely  that  which  is  announced  by  this 

propofition. 


IMP  [2 

Impulfion.  propofition.  We  muft  alfo  confiderhow  this  inveftiga- 
^■^'"'^^**^  tion  is  conduaed.  It  is  by  afTuming,  that  whatever 
force  connecfls  a  particle  a  with  a  panicle  I,  or  what- 
ever force  <i  exerts  on  b,  the  particle  b  exerts  an  equal 
force  on  a  in  the  oppdite  dire<ftion — Surely  no  logi- 
cian will  fay  that  this  is  an  intuitive  truth.  The  contra- 
ry is  moft  diftini5>ly  conceivable.  It  was  a  difcovtry 
of  the  aftronomers,  that  eveiy  defle^^ion  toward  the 
fun  is  accompanied  by  an  equal  defleftion  of  the  fun. 
It  was  a  (lifcovery  that  a  piece  of  iron  attradls  a  load- 
llone;  and  it  was  a  difcoviiy  (and  we  dare  not  yet  af- 
firm it  to  be  without  exception)  that  every  adion  of 
bodies  is  accompanied  by  an  equal  and  contrary  re-ac- 
tion. But  this  is  by  no  means  a  firli  principle.  It  is 
.  the  ex  predion  of  a  mofl  generally  obferved  fafl,  a  fum 
total  of  knowledge.  When  received  on  this  authority, 
it  is  fully  competent  to  folve  every  cafe  of  impulfion,  in- 
dependent of  all  obfcure  and  illogical  dodrines  of  force 
inherent  in  moving  bodies,  cf  force  of  inertia,  of  com- 
munication ot  motion,  &c. 

The  impoffibility  of  conceiving  the  detachment  of 
part  of  the /o/vf  inherent  in  A,  and  transferring  this 
part  into  B,  and  the  fimilar  impoQlbility  of  conceiving 
the  imparting  to  B  fome  of  the  inolion  that  was  in  A, 
fliould  make  us  rejefl  any  propofition  involving  fuch 
conceptions,  and  refufe  its  admiflion  as  an  elementary 
truth.  Much  more  fliould  we  reje(fl  a  propofition  that 
obliges  us  to  fuppofe  that  a  particle  of  matter  has  two 
determinations,  forces,  motions,  or  call  them  by  any  o- 
ther  name,  in  one  and  the  fame  inftant.  One  of  thefe 
necelfarily  excludes  the  other.  Indeed  this  was  fo  evi- 
dent, even  to  the  ir.oft  eminent  partisans  of  the  doc- 
trine of  the  tran-'-fufion  of  inherent  force,  and  others 
confequent  on  it,  tlut  they  found  ihemfclves  obliged  to 
deny  that  there  was  fuch  a  thing  in  the  world  as  a 
perleflly  hard  body,  in  which  the  motion  iruifl  be  in- 
llantaneoKlly  changed  into  another,  differing  from  it  by 
any  fenlible  quantity.  Tlie  cxillence  of  peifeftly 
hard  bodies  is  pofitively  denied  by  tlie  celebrated  nn- 
theniatician  of  Bade,  John  Bernoulli,  in  his  Dilfeita- 
tion  on  the  Communication  of  Motion,  which  contend- 
ed for  the  piize  given  by  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at 
Paris  1710.  His  reafon  for  this  rejedion  is  fingulai-, 
and  fomewhat  amufing.  "  In  the  collifionof  peifedly 
hard  bodies-,  the  coufcr'valio  virium  vlvarum,  demondra- 
ted  by  the  mod  eminent  mathematician  (Mr  Leibnitz), 
to  be  a  law  of  nature,  would  be  broken  without  any 
effedl  being  produced.  He  does  not  obfervc,  that  it 
is  as  completely  broken  by  claftic  bodies  in  the  in- 
ftant of  greateft  compreihon.  A  Ikitilli  philofophcr, 
aullius  aildidus  jurare  in  verba  magiftii,  a(ked.  What 
will  be  the  cafe  of  two  encountering  atoms  of  mat- 
ter ?  Without  calling  them  hard,  we  mull:  conceive 
that  they  acquire  their  changes  of  motion  in  the  in- 
ftant of  mutual  contaft,  and  that  they  acquire  them 
totally,  being  'xtnnti,  indivifible.  Nj  anfwcr  has  been 
given,  or  indeed  cm  be  given,  but  what  implies  the 
fame  difficulty.  From  all  thai  has  been  faid,  we  mult 
conclude,  that  this  branch  of  mechanical  philof  phy 
is  not  put,  by  thole  philof  iplier<;,  into  the  condition  of 
an  cleiTientary  foundation  of  clear  and  demonllrati»'c 
fcience  J  that  il:c  tiansfufion  or  tranMertncc,  cither  of 
force  or  motion,  is  not  a  thing  of  wiilch  we  have  a  dil"- 
tind  concepticn  ;  and  that  it  neceliarily  leads  us  in;o 
very  untenable  djdiiucs.     Far  lefs  does  it  fcem  f.ifc  for 


23       ] 


1     M     P 


us  to  confide  fo  much  in  its  clearnefs  and  certainty,  as  ImrulEon. 
to  affirm,  that  impulfion   is  the  fole  moving  force  in  '-•^'^^'^^^ 
mechanical  nature,  and  the  fource  of  what  we  call  prcf. 
fure. 

All  this  difficulty  and  obfcuriiy  has  arifcn  from  our 
arrogant  notion  that  we  are  competent  judges  of  (iril 
principles ;  whereas  we  muft  acknowledge,  that  we  can 
only  perceive  fuch  as  are  properly  related  or  accommo- 
dated to  our  intelledual  powers  :  thefe  powers,  being 
fpecific  and  peculiar,  cannot  judge  of  principles  of  the 
firft  clafs,  but  of  thofe  only  that  are  futiably  compound- 
ed. We  can  never  know  or  comprehend  any  efftniial 
property  of  matter — we  can  only  know  the  reUtlive 
properties  oifuch  matter  as  <vie  fee. 

Tlierefore  let  us  quit  entirely  the  barren  and  tiacklefs         20 

fields  of  abftradion,  and  reft  fatibfied  with  contemplating  "'"''""•■f'" 

•vikat  the  Author  of  Nature  has  exhil)ited   to  our  view,  'j  '  ,^T"" 
\   c  1      111  I     -  1  •    1  •  <■■"  or^'y  "y 

and  Jucb  as  he  has  been  pleaied  in  his  wildom  to  exiii-  cbfcrving 

bit  it.  We  grant  that  there  arc  no  bodies  open  to  nature 
our  infpeflion  which  are  perfedily  hard,  receiving  finite 
changes  of  motion  in  an  inftant.  It  has  not  pleafed 
God  to  put  any  fuch  within  our  reach.  When  God 
created  matter,  it  was  with  the  purpofe  of  forming  a 
beautiful  univerfe  of  this  matter.  He  therefore  gave 
it  properties  which  fitted  it  tor  this  purpofe.  It  is  this 
matter  only  that  he  has  expoled  to  the  wondering  view 
of  man.  Thanks  to  his  bounty,  he  has  alfo  given  us 
properties  ol  mind,  by  which  this  adaption,  when 
perceived  by  us,  becomes  a  fource  of  dignified  pleafure 
to  the  obferver.  A  Nev>'ton,  to  whom  "  jfovis  omnia 
/>/<7M,"  a  Daniel  Bernoulli,  were  rapt  almolt  into  ecfta- 
cy  by  a  fingle  atom,  when  they  obferved  how  its  pro- 
per ties,  and  only  Inch  properties,  fitted  it  for  making 
part  of  a  world,  which 

Unwearied,  and  from  day  to  day. 
Should  its  Creator's  power  dilplay. 

Let  the  unhappy  La  Place  confider  tliefe  properties, 

which    enfure    the    permanency    of    the   folar   fyftcm 

through  ages  of  ages,  as  proofs  of  fatalifm,  as  qualities 

eifential  to  matter.     But  this  Gallic  torch  effaces  the 

bloom  of  life  from  the  univerfe,  the  cxprelFion  of  the 

Supreme  Mind  which  fliines  from  within  ;  and  it  fpreads 

over  the  countenance  ot  Nature  the  ghaftly  palenefs  of 

univerfal  death.     But  let  us  Britons  rather  follow  the 

example  of  our  illuftrious  countryman,  and  folace  our- 

felvcs  with  every  difcovery  which  tends  to  quicken  our 

perception  of  Nature's  animated  charms.     Let  us  liftcn 

to  the  conjedures  of  him  who  had  already  difcovered 

fo  many,  and  who  endeavoured  to  remove  the  veil  which 

concealed  the  reft. 

Newton,  in  his  maturity  of  judgment,  after  having         >» 

colleifted  much  information  Irora  his  unwearied  cxpe-  ^'ovm,; 

riments  in  ma>;netllrn,  in  chcmlftry,  in  optics,  &c.  faiJ,  I""*""" -T* 

.  iniicrcftt  111 

that  "  he  ftrongly  fuf|)ei.1ed,   that,  in   the   fame  mm-  ,11  ma,tcr. 

ner  as  the  bodies  of  the  folar   fyltem   were  onncifled  Ncwtnn'i 

by    gravitation,  fa  the    particles   of  fu'ilunary    bodies  conjcilure 

were  connefted  together,   and  affscl .d  c.ich  other,  by  '•"r™"'* 

means  of  furccs  which   aifted  at  fmall,  .ind,   in  many  ^f  if"'"' 

cafes,  infenlible  di'lanccs ;  prodjcing  the  phemniena  " 

of  cohefion,  in    all  it.<i  forms    o{  hardrefs,  elafticity, 

duifliliiy,  f  ftnefs,  fluidity,  by   whldi  their  ra;clianicai 

anions  on  each  other  were    modified  and  regulated." 

Father    Bofcovlch,   one  of  the  firft  mnthematicians  of 

Europe,  was  the  Srft  who  gave  this  corjed'jie  of  Ncw- 

toa's 


viih. 


I     M     P 


[     224    ] 


I     M     P 


Impiilfion.   ton's  the  attention  that  it  fo  highly  deferved.     Other 
^-'''^^^^^  writers,  indeed,  fuch  as  KeiU,  Fieind,  Boerha.ivc,  &o. 
took  occaGondl  notice  of  it,  and  even  made  Ibnie  ule  c.t 
it  ii>  their  atlempts   to  expl.iin  Ibme  coniplic.ued  phe- 
nomena of  r.utiiie.     But  they  were  fo  catelei's  in  their 
employment  of   Newton's    conjecture,   fo    completely 
neglcfted   his    cautious  manner  of   proceeding,  indul- 
ged fo  wantonly  in  hypothetical  alfuniptions,  and  rea- 
foned    fo   falfely    from  them,    that   they   brought  his 
conjecture  into  difcrcdit.     Bofcovich,  on  the  contrary, 
copied  Newton  with  care,  and   fccured  his   progrefs  as 
he  advanced,  by  the   aid  of  geometry  j  cllablilhing  a 
fet  of  uncontrovertible  propofitions,  whicli  mud  be  the 
inevitable  rcfults  of  the  premifes  adopted  by  him.     He 
then  proceeded  to  compare  thefe  wiih  the   phenomena 
of  nature  ;  and  he  ftiews  that  the  coincidence  is  us  com- 
plete as  can  be  defued.      All  tliis  is  done  in  liis  Theoria 
Philofopbix  Naturalis,  firft  publilhed  at  Vienna  in  1759. 
^\'e  have  given  a  very  fliort  account  of  it  in  the  article 
BoscoviCH,    Supp\.\    but  it    hardly  goes  beyond   the 
enunciation  of  the  general  principle,  and  the  indication 
of  its  applicability  to  the  purpofe;  intended.     His  ap- 
plication to  the  prodoiftion  of  motion  by  the  collifion 
of  bodies,  is  peculiarly  fatisfaaory.    But  as  the  work  is 
written  chiefly   with  the  view  of  gaining  the  approba- 
tion of  perfons  well  inftrudled  in  natural  philofophy,  it 
can  hardly  be  called  an  elementary  work,  or  be  employ- 
ed for  the  inftruflion  of  perfons  entering  on  the  Rudy. 
We  lliall  attempt  to  explain  this  important  law  of  me- 
chanifm  in  a  way  that  will  give  our  readers  a  diftinft 
r;0tion  (and,  we  apprehend,  a  juft  one)  of  the  proce- 
dure of  Nature  in  all  the  cafes   of  impiilfion   that  lue 
can  ohferi'e.       AVe  hope  to  do  this,  by  confidering  the 
changes  of  motion  produced  by  moving  bodies  in  a 
certain  feries  of  familiar  cafes,  where  the  procedure  of 
nature  may  be  dillindly  obferved,  and  where  it  is  uni- 
formly conceived  by  ev«ry  fpfiftator  ;  and  which  will 
gradually  lead  the  mind  to  thofe  cafes  where  the  pro- 
cedure is  not  obferved  with  dillinflnefs  ;  but  the  fimi- 
larily  to  the  former  cafe  is  concluded  by  fo  fair  ana- 
logy,  that  we  imagine  no   pcifon   will   controvert  it. 
We  Ihall  begin  by  attending  to  the  manner  in  which 
two  magnets  in  motion  afFeifl  each  other's  motions ;  a 
phenomenon  that  is  familiarly  known  in  the   general, 
although,  perhaps,  few  perfons  have  attended  to  it  mi- 
nutely. 
Mate  XXIX.       Let  us,  therefore,  fuppofe  two  magnets,  A  and  B 
ai         (fig.  1.)  equal  in  weiglit  (in  the  firft  hiQance).       Let 
Examina-     them  be  made  to  float  on  water,  by  placing  them  on 
tiouofthe  pieces  of  cork.      Let  them  be  placed  with  their  north 
mutual  ac-  ^^^j^^  touching  each  other.     Let  A  be  held  faft,  and  let 
B  be  at  liberty  to  move.     We  know  that  it  will  gradu- 
ally recede  from  A,  with  a  motion  that  would  continu- 
ally accelerate,  were  it  not  for  therefiQanceof  the  water. 
What  is  the  inference   drawn  from  this  appearance  I 
Surely   this,  that   either  a  moving  power,  inherent  in 
A,  repels  B,  or  that  B  avoids  A,  by  an  evafive  power 
inherent  in  itfelf.      It  is  immaterial  for  our  purpofe 
which  opinion  we  adopt.     Let  us  fay  that  A  repels  B. 
This  admits  more  concife  language  than  the  other.     If 
we  prevent  this  motion  of  B  by  means  of  a  very  flen- 
der  fpring  applied  to  its  remote  end,  we  fhall  obferve 
that  the  Ipring  is  bent  back  a  little,  juft  as  if  we  were 
pudiing  away  tlie  magnet  gently  with  the  finger  ;  and 
we  obferve,  that  the  bending  of  the  fpring  is  fo  much 


lions  of 
magnets. 


the  greater  as  B  is  nearer  to  A.  We  can  judge  of  the  ImpuUion. 
intenlity  of  the  force  by  which  B  is  aifliiated,  by  the  ^^"^^^^ 
bending  of  the  fpring — This  force  is  equal  to  dlM-weight 
of  any  nody  that  will  bend  the  fpring  to  the  fame  de- 
gree. Tills  force  i,  analogous,  therefore,  to  the  weight, 
the  prelFure  of  gravity,  and  we  may  call  it  a  prelfuic, 
and  mealure  it  by  grains  weight.  Every  force  that 
can  bend  a  fpring  will  move  a  body.  This  is  a  well 
known  fa<ff .  Therefore  it  is  next  to  cert.'sin,  that  it  is 
this  force  which  caufes  B  to  recede  from  A  ;  nay,  if 
we  compare  the  motion  of  B  with  whatyJsu/d' refult 
from  the  adlion  of  a  force  having  this  very  intenlity, 
and  varying  in  tlie  fame  manner  by  a  change  of  dif- 
tance  from  A,  taking  in  the  diminution  which  the  re- 
fillance  of  the  water  mull  occafion,  v/e  lliall  find  the 
motions  precifely  the  fame.  All  this  can  be  difcovered 
by  Dynamics,  n"  95,  &:c.  Therefore  we  muft  con- 
clude that  this,  and  no  other,  is  the  caufe  of  the  re- 
ccfs  of  B. 

If,  inllead  of  placing  B  in  contaft  with  A,  we  place 
it  at  a  diftance  from  it,  and  pulli  it  toward  A  with  an 
initial  velocity,  fomewhat  lefs  than  it  would  have  ac- 
quired in  that  place  by  its  reccfs  from  A,  we  fhall 
find  that  it  will  approach  A  with  a  motion  gradually 
retarded,  till  it  Hop  at  a  fmal!  dillance  from  A  ;  and 
will  now  recede  from  it  again  with  an  accelerated  mo- 
tion. In  fliort,  we  fhall  find  that  its  whole  motion  to 
and  from  A  is  precifely  the  fame  with  what  refults  from 
a  fimilar  computation  by  n"  95.  of  Dynamics. 

The  whole  of  this  phenomenon  is  conceived  by  every 
beholder,  who  has  not  imbibed  fome  peculiar  theory  of 
a  llream  of  impelling  fluid,  as  the  indication  and  effeft 
of  a  repulfive  force  exerted  by  A  on  B,  or  of  a  quality 
of  B,  by  which  it  recedes  from  A. 

If  now  B  be  held  faft,  and  A  be  fet  at  liberty,  it  is 
obferved  to  be  repelled  by  B,  or  to  recede  from  B,  in 
the  fame  manner,  and  with  tlie  fame  force. 

Thus,  the  two  magnets  appear  to  affeifl  each  other's 
motions,  and  are  thought,  and  faid,  by  all  to  repel  each 
other.  The  effeLl  appears  curious,  but  excites  no  far- 
ther thought  in  moll  minds:  it  is  only  the  fpeculatift 
that  begins  to  fufpeft  that  he  has  not  conceived  it  pro- 
perly. 

Now,  let  us  fuppofe  that  B  is  afloat  on  the  furface 
of  the  water,  and  at  reft  ;  and  that  A  is  pufhed  to- 
wards it,  by  a  fingle  llroke,  cauling  it  to  move  fo  mo- 
derately that  it  fhall  not  fttike  B,  but  have  its  motion 
deftroyed  by  the  repulfion  before  it  reaches  it ;  and  let 
us  farther  fuppofe,  that  the  initial  velocity  of  A  was 
exaflly  meafured — the  fafl:  will  be  as  follows.  As  foon 
as  A  comes  within  a  certain  dillance  of  B,  its  motion 
begins  to  be  affcflcd  ;  it  gradually  dlminiflies,  and 
at  length  it  ceafes  entirely,  and  A  remains  ever  after 
perfeiftly  ftill.  But  it  is  alio  obferved,  that  in  the  in- 
ftant  that  A  flackens  its  motion,  B  begins  to  move  ; 
that  it  gradually  accelerates  in  its  motion,  and  at  lall 
acquires  the  initial  velocity  of  A,  with  which  it  pro- 
ceeds, till  the  refiftance  of  the  water  brings  it  to  reft, 
perhaps  at  a  confiderable  dlftance  from  A.  This  ex- 
periment is  very  amufing,  and  the  initial  velocity  of  A 
may  be  increafed  in  each  fucceeding  trial,  till  at  laft  it 
ftrikes  B.  Even  then  the  general  appearance  remains 
the  fame:  A  is  brought  to  reft  and  remains  at  reft, 
neither  refiling  nor  advancing  forward  ;  and  B  moves 
off  with  the  initial  velocity  of  A.      What  we  wifti  to 

be 


npulfion. 


2.1 
Firft  cafe. 
A  moving 
toward  B 
at  reft. 


IMP  [2 

be  particularly  noticed  is,  that  as  long  as  the  initial  ve- 
'  locity  of  A  is  lefs  than  a  certain  quantity  (depending 
on  the  iliength  of  the  magnets),  the  motion  is  ccm- 
raunicated  to  B,  or,  to  expref>  it  more  cantioufly,  mo- 
tion is  produced  in  B,  without  any  thing  liappeuing 
that  can  get  the  name  of  impullion  with  propriety. 
In  the  ordinary  conceptions  and  language  of  mankind, 
impulfe  always  fuppofss  aiJ>ual  contaft  ;  and  impuUion 
is  equivalent  to  a  blow  or  a  ftroke.  Both  of  thcfe 
are  indeed  metaphorical  terms,  as  well  as  impulfion. 
Perhaps  the  word  "  to  hit,"  exprelFes  this  particular 
cafe  more  purely,  and  it  is  perhaps  without  any  figure, 
and  is  the  appropriate  word.  We  do  not  fpeak  at 
prefent  of  tlie  conception  and  language  of  philofo- 
phers,  but  of  pcrfons  taking  an  unconcerned  view  of 
things,  without  any  iiuentiou  of  fpeculating  farther  a- 
bout  the  matter. 

Appearances  perfedlly  fimilar  are  obferved  in  elec- 
trified bodies.  If  we  hang  two  equal  bunches  of  very 
light  downy  feathers  by  two  equal  linen  threads,  fo  as 
to  hang  clofe  by  each  other  like  pendulums  without 
touching,  and  if,  after  having  eledtrified  them  fo  that 
they  repel  each  other  to  fome  dillance,  we  draw  one  of 
them,  which  we  fliall  call  A,  conliderably  afide  from 
the  perpendicular,  and  then  let  it  go  to  fwing  like  a 
pendulum  ;  we  lliall  obferve,  that  inftead  of  accelerating 
till  it  reach  the  lowell  point  of  its  vibration,  its  motion 
will  be  retarded  ;  it  will  llop  entirely  when  its  thread  is 
perpendicular,  and  will  remain  at  reft.  In  the  mean 
time,  the  other  bunch  U  will  acquire  motion,  which  will 
gradu.<lly  increafe  till  it  equal  the  motion  of  A  in  its 
maximum  ftate  ;  and  with  this  it  would  proceed  for 
ever,  were  it  not  rifing  like  a  pendulum  in  the  arch  of 
a  circle.  The  general  faifl  is  the  lame  as  in  the  cafe 
of  the  magnets.  The  moving  body  is  brought  to  reft, 
in  which  ftate  it  continues,  and  the  qiiiefcent  body 
moves  off  wiih  an  ultimate  velocity,  equal  to  the  initial 
velocity  of  the  other;  and  all  this  happens  without 
contafl  or  impuKlon,  but  is  produced  by  the  mutual  re- 
pulfion  of  the  eleiiliified  bodies. 

If  this  general  f:iL^  be  compared  with  what  happens 
in  the  coHilion  of  two  billiard  balls,  it  will  be  found 
perfcdly  fimilar  in  every  refpecfl,  but  that  of  the  con- 
ta(ft  and  the  impulfion,  properly  fo  called.  Tlie  im- 
pelling ball  is  brought  to  reft,  and  remains  at  reft  ;  and 
the  impelled  ball  moves  off  with  the  velocity  of  the 
impelling  ball. 

This  being  the  cafe,  it  is  plain  that  we  may  derive 
fome  iniormation  from  the  motion  of  the  magnets,  that 
muft  greatly  aftift  us  in  our  conceptions  of  what  pades 
in  the  rapid,  if  not  inftantaneous,  produiflion  of  motion 
in  a  billiard  ball,  by  liitting  it  with  another.  In  the 
cafe  ot  the  magnets,  we  perceive,  and  can  difcriminate, 
a  progretlive  train  of  changes,  which  terminate  in  a 
final  change,  perfedtly  fimilar  to  the  change  in  the  im- 
pulfion of  the  billiard  ball.  This  will  juftify  a  very 
minute  attention  to,  and  ftatemcnt  of,  all  the  circum- 
llances. 

Let  us  attend  to  the  procefs  of  this  operation,  and 
the  proJuiTtion  of  motion  in  the  magnet  originally  at 
reft,  and  tlie  abolition  of  it  in  tli;  one  originally  in  mo- 
tion ;  and  let  us  refletl  on  what  palfcs  in  our  minds 
when  we  try  to  explain  it  to  ourfclvcs.  The  trials  men- 
tioned at  firft,  when  one  magnet  was  held  faft,  liiew  us 
that  each  magnet  repels  or  avoids  the  other,  and  that 

Ri;ppL.  Vol.  II. 


25     ]  IMP 

this  aftion  Is  found  to  be  equal  on  both  fides,  produ-  Impulfi»ii. 
cing  equal  comprefllon  of  the  fpring  employed  for  sf-  -—"^^^^ 
certaining  the  intenfity  of  this  repulfion  when  the  di- 
ftances  are  the  fame.  This  is  the  fafl.  It  is  no  lefs  a 
faa,  that  equal  moving  forces,  fu.h  as  equal  prelfures 
muft  be  fuppofed  to  be,  produce  equal  changes  of  mo- 
tion in  their  own  direaion.  Therefore,  as  foon  as  A 
comes  to  fuch  a  diftance  from  B  that  the  mutual  afliou 
takes  place,  both  magnets  are  afiefled,  and  equally  af- 
fected ;  that  is,  equal  clianges  of  motion  are  produced 
on  each,  but  in  oppofite  direflions.  The  motion  of 
A  is  diminifhed,  perhaps  r^-^th  part,  in  T^h  of  a  fc- 
cond,  and  (let  it  be  carefully  remembered)  while  A 
palfes  over  a  certain  fpacc,  fuppofe  the  lotii  of  an  inch. 
During  this  fmall  portion  of  time,  B  acquires  as  much 
motion  as  A  lofes.  This  is  not  the  motion  loft  by  A. 
This  is  inconceivable  ;  for  motion  is  not  a  thing,  but 
a  condition.  But  it  is  an  equal  li^^ree  oi'  mi.  lion.  B 
has  palfed  over  a  fmall  fpace  during  this  time,  perhaps 
the  50th  part  of  an  inch,  with  an  almoft  imperceptible 
motion,  that  is  gradually  accelerated  from  nothing. 
Since  A  is  moving  (after  than  B,  it  muft  ftill  gain  upoa 
it ;  and  therefore  the  mutual  repulfion  will  ipcreafe  ; 
and  in  the  next  icth  of  a  fecond  this  force  will  take 
another  and  greater  portion  of  A's  original  velocity 
from  it,  and  will  add  a  greater  velocity  to  that  already 
acquired  by  B.  And  thus,  in  every  fuccecdiiig  minute 
portion  of  time,  the  motion  of  A  will  be  more  and  more 
diminilhed,  and  that  of  B  as  much  increafed,  by  the 
equal,  though  continually  increaling,  fimultaneous  re- 
pulfions  acting  in  oppofite  directions.  It  !•,  evident,  that 
it  is  polfible  th.it  the  velocity  of  A  may  be  ft)  mucli  di- 
minilhed, and  that  of  B  f.>  much  increafed,  that  tiie  re- 
maining velocity  of  A  Ih  ill  be  juft  equi;!  to  the  acqui- 
red velocity  of  B.  Till  this  happens,  the  diftances  of 
the  magnets  have  been  continually  diminilliing ;  for  A 
has  been  moving  fafter  than  B,  and  gaining  on  it.  If 
the  operation  of  t!ie  mutual  repulfions  could  be  ftopped 
at  this  inltant,  both  magnets  would  move  forward  tor 
ever  with  equal  velocities. 

It  is  of  particular  import.snce   to  know  what  this         14 
common  velocity  is.     This  is  determined  by  onr  pievi.  '^<:y  «c- 
ous  knowledge,  that  the  magnets  repel  ot  avoid  each  ''"'"  * 
other  with  equal  forces.     Thefe  forces  may  vary  by  a  vclodtTx- 
vaiiation  of  diftance  ;  but  tlie  f'orce  aifting  on  A  is  al- 
ways equal  and  oppolite  to  the  force  ading  at  the  lame 
time  on  B.       This  is  tlie  uncontroverted  (nit  (the  au- 
thority  for  wliich    fhall  loon   be  confidered).       Thefc 
equal  forces  muft  tlicicfore  produce  equal  and  oppofnc 
changes  of  motion.       The  motion  acquired  by  B  is  e- 
qual  to  that  loll  by  A.      But  the  magnets  being  fuppo- 
fed equal,  and  moving  wiLh  equal  velocities,  they  hare 
c<iual  quantities  of  motion.      Therefore  the  motion  hc- 
quired  by  B,  or  that  loft  by  A,  is  equal  to  wliat  remains 
in  A  ;   that  is,  A  has  loft  half  of  its  motion,  and  there- 
fore half  of  its  velocity  ;  or  the  common  vel  )city  is  half 
ot  the  primitive  velocity  of  A. 

It  was  for  the  fake  ot  a  fomcwhat  eafier  difcuflion  thjt 
we  fuppofed  the  magnets  to  be  of  equal  weights.  But 
it  is  almoft  equally  eafy  to  alcertain  wliat  tliis  common 
veloci'y  will  he  in  any  other  proportion  of  the  quanti- 
ties ot  matter  in  A  and  B.  It  is  a  matter  ot  unexcell- 
ed experience,  that  whatever  be  the  weight  or  ftreng:h 
of  two  magnets,  their  aiftions  on  each  other  arc  always 
equal.  Therefore  Uie  fimultaneous  force  muft  always 
F  f  produce. 


I     M     P 


C    226    ] 


I     M     P 


Inipulfioii.  produce  equnl  changes  of  motion  in  ihc  txro  bodies. 

^■^"'''^^^  Uut  the  change  of  motion  is  exprelfcd  by  the  produdt 
of  the  quantity  ot  matter  and  the  chanj;e  of  velocity. 
Therefore  let  A  and  B  rcprefent  the  quantities  of  mat- 
ter in  the  magnets ;  and  let  a  be  the  primitive  velocity 
of  A,  and  X  thV  velocity  wliicli  obt.iins  when  both  are 
moving  with  one  velocity.  The  vclncity  loll  by  A  is 
a  —  X.       'i'hercfore  we  mud  have  15  .vrr  A  X  «  —  x, 

=  A  a  —  Ax 
A 


25 
Namely. 

Ax 


and  A  rt  =  A  X  +  B  .v,  =  A  +  B  X  •'<■. 
The  common  velocity  is  therefore  oi- 


16 
But  this 
docs  nut 
continue, 
and  the 


and  .V  == 

A  -f  B 

"=7 tairted  by  dividing  the  frlmilive  quantity  of  motion  ly  the 

'  Jum  of  the  quantities  of  matter. 

This  may  be  conceived  more  compendioudy  in  an- 
other way.  Since  B  acquires  as  much  motiim  as  A 
lofes,  the  whole  quantity  of  motion  is  the  fame  as  be- 
fore :  Therefore  tlie  common  velocity  mull  be  had  by 
dividing  this  quantity  of  motion  by  the  whole  quantity 
of  matter.  But  we  wilhed  to  make  the  reader  keep  his 
attention  fixed  on  the  (leps  of  procedure,  and  fee  the 
conneclion  of  each  with  the  caufes. 

We  (hall  find  that  this  period  of  the  whole  procefs, 
namely,  the  moment  when  both  bodies  have  acquired 
a  common  velocity,  and  the  piecife  magnitude  of  this 
velocity,  are  points  of  peculiar  importance  in  the  doc- 
trine of  impullion ;  indc.;d  they  almofl  comprehend 
the  whole  of  it. 

But  this  is  a  (late  that  cannot  continue  for  a  moment 
in  the  example  before  us.  The  repuifive  or  cvafive 
forces  are  lliU  acting  on  both  magneti,  and  Hill  dimi- 
nilh  the  motion  of  A,  and  equally  increafe  the  motion 
magnets fe- of  B.  Therelbre  tlie  velocity  of  A,  in  the  very  next 
paratc.  moment,  mud  be  leis  than  that  of  B  ;  and  B  has,  dur- 
ing this  moment,  gained  on  A,  or  has  removed  farther 
from  it.  This  continues ;  A  is  flill  retarded,  and  Bis  ac- 
celerated; and  therefore  gains  more  and  more  upon  A,  or 
fep  irates  farther  and  fat  ther  from  it.  This  muft  continue 
as  loug  as  the  mutual  repulfions  arc  fuppoied  to  aft.  If 
we  fiippofe  that  the  fiifible  action  of  thef;  forces  is  li- 
mited til  fomc  determinate  dillance,  the  mutual  adion 
will  ceafe  when  B  has  get  to  that  dillance  before  A. 
We  may  call  it  the  inaili'vc  diflance.  Alter  this,  A  and 
B  will  proceed  with  the  velocities  which  they  have  at 
that  inllant.  Let  us  inquire  into  thefe  final  velocities ; 
and  thus  complete  our  acquaintance  with  the  procefs. 

We  fee  (and  it  is  important)  that  the  magnets  are 
in  their  llate  of  greatell  proximity  at  the  inllaiu  of  their 
moving  with  a  common  velocity,  and  that  after  this 
they  gradually  I'eparate,  till  tJiey  are  again  at  their  in- 
the  inftant  ^"^"^^  dillance.  During  this  feparation  they  attain  dif- 
t>f  iicarcft  tances  from  each  other  equal  to  what  they  hid  during 
approach,  the  period  of  their  mutual  approach.  At  thefe  dillan- 
ces  llie  repulfions  are  the  farce  as  before,  and  aft  in  the 
fame  direftion.  Therefore,  in  each  moment  of  fepara- 
tion, and  at  each  dillance,  A  lullains  the  fame  diminu- 
tion, and  B  gets  the  fame  augmentation  of  its  motion, 
as  when  they  were  at  the  lame  dillance  in  the  period 
of  their  mutual  approach.  The  fums  total,  therefore, 
cf  thele  equal  augmentations  and  diminutions  mull  be 
equal  to  the  augmentation  and  diminution  duii.ig  the 
approach.  Therefore  the  whole  diminution  of  A's  mo- 
tion mull  be  double  of  the  diminution  fuftained  during 
the  approach  ;  and  the  whole  augmentation  of  B's  mo- 
tion  mufl,  in  like  manner,  be  double  of  that  acquired 


27 

The  com- 
mon Tclo- 
tity  i'  at- 
tained at 


during  the  approach  of  A.  Hence  we  eafily  fee,  that  ImpulfioB. 
when  the  magnets  are  fuppofed  equal,  A  muft  be  '^^"''''^^ 
brought  to  reft;  for  in  the  period  of  approach  it  had 
loft  half  of  its  velocity.  It  muft  now  have  loft  the 
whole.  For  limilar  reafons  B  mull  finally  acquire  the 
primitive  velocity  of  A  j  for  in  the  inftant  of  greateft 
proximity,  it  had  acquired  th:  half  of  it. 

Thus  we  fee,  that  the  equal  mutual  repulfions  are        jg 
precifely  adequate  to  the  produftion  of  the  changes  of  RcpuICon 
motion  that  are  really  obfervcd  ;  and  muft  therefore  be  "  ^  '^"f^ 
admitted  as  the  immediate  caufes  of  ihel'e  changes.        adequate  to 

It   is   equally  e::fy  to   afcertain   the   final  velocities  ^j,j'^(f'^' 
when  the  magneis  are  vX  uneqiul  fixes ;  for  the  eqiiali-        ^^ 
ty  of  their  mutual  repulficns  is  not  aflFffted  by  any  in-  Effcd 
equality  of  their  niiignit\ides.     Their  leparations,  and  when  the 
the  changes  of  motion  diirinjr  thefe  reparations,  will  be  ""g"<^'» 
ttie  lame  with  ilieir  appiijacli.s  and  the  corrtfpondrng      jj_ 
changes  of  motion  ;  and  the  wlu  le  change  on  each  will 
be  double  of    the  chan^'e   full.iined    at  the  inftant  of 
greateft  proximity  and  comiiifn  velocity.     Hence  we 

learn,  that  the  final  velocity  of  B  is  2  x,  or  -:; — f  ;  and 


the  final  velocity  of  A  is 


A  — B  X 


A-fB' 
For  the  pri- 


A  -f  B 

mitive  velocity  of  A  being  a,  and  the  common  veloci- 
ty, in  the  inftant  of  neareft  approach,  being  ^—  the 


lofs  of  velocity  is  a  — 


Ba 


A  +  B' 


_  Aa  +  Ba  —  A« 


A  +  B 


.  +  B 


Therefore  the  final  lofs  of  velocity  is 


2  Ba 
A-hB' 


and  the   remaining   final  velocity  is  a  — 
Aa  -f-  B.7- 


Ba 


li  X  a 


2B. 
A  +  b' 


A  -f  B  A  +  B 

Let  us,  in  the  next  place,  lee  what  will  be  the  re-        ^o 
fult  when  both  of  the  magnets  are  in  motion  at  the  be-  H.  Cafe, 
ginning  of  their  mutual  aftion.     And,  firll,  let  bcith  Soth  mag- 
move  in  one  direftion.     Let  A,  movintr  with  tlie  ve-  ".'="!"""'" 
1      ■  .in  •        ■       1      .•  J-      n-  ■  1    "on  ni  one 

locity  a,  overtake  i»,  moving  in  the  lame  direftion  with  djrjaion. 

the  velocity  t,  lefs  than  a.  Moreover,  let  the  veloci- 
ties a  and  i  be  fuch,  that  their  difference  a  —  />  is  fome- 
what  lei's  thin  tlie  fum  of  the  velocities  a  and  ,?,  which 
the  mutual  repulfions  of  the  magnets  would  generate  in 
them,  if  the  magnets  were  placed  in  contaft,  and  al- 
lowed to  recede  from  each  other  till  they  get  beyond 
their  acting  dillance. 

Ihefe  things  being  premifed,  let  the  raagnets  be  fet 
in  motion  in  the  fame  direftion  ivi-.li  the  above-men- 
tioned velocities  a  and  i.  Tiie  magnet  A  mull  gaiu 
on  B,  and  at  laft  come  fo  n;ar  it,  that  the  mutual  re- 
pulfions begin  to  aft  on  both.  It  is  plain,  that  the  mo- 
tion of  A  will  be  diminilhed,  and  that  of  B  increafed, 
by  equal  cjuanticies,  during  every  minute  portion  of  the 
time  of  their  mutual  aftion.  It  is  alfo  evident,  that 
the  velocity  of  A  may  be  fo  much  diminifhed,  and  that 
of  B  lb  much  incrcafed,  that  they  Ihall  be  rendered 
equal.  Alfo  this  will  happen  before  the  magneis  touch 
one  another;  becaufe  the  original  drtTerence  of  their 
quantities  of  motion  has  been  fuppofed  lefs  than  the 
motion  which  the  reptilllve  forces  are  able  to  generate 
or  extinguifli,  by  afting  on  them  through  the  whole 


diftance  wliich  gives  occafion  to  their  aftioH. 


Tliere- 
£oic 


I    M     P 


i 


J«npnI(ioa.  fore  ihe  difference  of  the  velocities  is  lefs  than  the  fum 
^^'"^'''"**^  of  the  velocity  «,  which  tlie  mutual  repulfion  can  take 
from  A,  and  the  velocity  S,  which  it  can  give  at  the 
fame  time  to  B.  The  magnets  will  gradually  approach, 
and  the  mutual  repulfions,  and  confequent  diminution 
of  A's,  and  augmentation  of  B's  motion,  will  gradually 
increafe,  till  the  fum  of  «  and  13  is  jufl  equal  to  the  dif- 
ference of  a  and  i;  that  is,  till  the  bodies  are  moving 
with  one  velocity.  If  the  mutual  repulfions  were  anni- 
liilated  at  this  inftant,  the  bodies  would  move  ferward 
with  this  common  velocity.  What  this  is  we  determine 
with  great  facility,  as  we  did  in  the  former  cafe  :  Be- 
caufe  the  repulfions  produce  equal  and  oppofite  chan- 
ges of  motion  in  the  magnets,  as  mucli  is  taken  from 
A  X  a  as  is  added  to  B  X  ^ ;  and  the  fum  of  A  X  n, 
and  Bxi,  is  equal  to  the  fum  of  Ax-v  and  Bx-x,  or 

A+B  X  «  -■  A  X  a  -f  B  X  ^,  and  X  =  "^ ''  +  ^  ^. 

A  -|-  B 
Therefore  l/)e  common  velocity  is  had  hy  di-oiiling  the  fum 
cf  the  primitive  quantities  of  t/ntion  by  the  fum  of  the  quan- 
tities of  matter. 

But  tlie  repulfive  forces  continue  to  afl  as  in  the  for- 
mer cafe.     The  motion  of  A  is  ftiU  more  diminilhed, 
and  that  of  B  augmented  :   Therefore  the  velocity  of  B 
A.a  +  h  b,  niuft  now  exceed  the  velocity  of  A,  and  the  magnets 
■'^  +  B    mufl  feparale.     Reafoning  in  the  fame  way  as  in  the 
but  tlie        former  cafe,  it  is  evident  that  the  mutual  aftion  does 
•pzXxe  and  "°'  ceafe  till  the  magnets  have  feparated  to' their  inac- 
the  change  t''^  diftance  from  each  other,  and  that  the  whole  change 
is  doubled    of  motion  in  each  is  double  of  the  change  that  it  had 
io  each.       fuftaincd   when    they  were   in    their  greateft  proximi- 
ty,   and   moving   with   a   common    velocity.       Thefe 
confidcrations  enable  us  to  alcertain  the  final  flate  of 

A<7  -f  A* 


C     227     ]  I     M     P 

Let  us,  in  the  next  place,  fuppofe  the  magnets  to  impuKlon. 
be  moving  in  oppofite  direiflions  with  the  velocities  a  ^^'"^"^^ 
and  L  ;  and  (in  order  that  the  magnets  may  not  ftrike  mJmi^ 
each  other)  let  the  fum  of  a  and  b  be  lefs  than  the  fum  movW  in 


31 

Common 
relocity 


each.     The  common  velocity  is 


There- 


A  -f  B 

fore  the  change  made  on  the  velocity  of  A,  at  the  in- 

Aa-f  B* 


ftanl  of  greateft  proximity,  is  a 
X~a 


-b 


.  moving  in 

of  a  and  fi,  which  the  repulfions  of  the  magnets  would  orP"'""'-"  <>'- 
produce  by  repelling  them  from  contaft  to  their  inac-  "'-''io"*- 
tive  diftance. 

As  foon  as  the  magnets  arrive  at  their  afting  dif- 
tance, their  mutual  and  equal  repulfions  immediately 
begin  to  diminifh  both  of  their  motions ;  and  in  any  mi- 
nute portion  of  the  period  of  their  approach,  equal 
quantities  of  motion  are  taken  from  each.  It  is  evi. 
dent,  that  if  the  primitive  quantities  of  motion  have  been 
eqiial ;  that  is,  if  A  and  B  have  been  moving  with  ve- 
locities reciprocally  proportional  to  their  quantities  of 
matter,  then,  when  the  motion  of  one  of  them  has  been 
annihilated  by  their  mutual  repulfion,  the  motion  of  the 
other  will  be  deltroyed  at  the  fame  time,  and  both  will 
be  brought  to  reft.  Were  the  repulfions  annihilated  at 
this  inltant,  they  would  remain  at  reft.  But  becaufe 
thofe  forces  continue  their  aftions,  the  magnets  will  fe- 
parate  again,  regaining,  at  every  diftance,  the  velocity 
which  they  had,  when  at  that  diftance,  during  their 
mutual  approach  ;  and  wlien  they  have  reached  their 
inactive  diftance,  they  will  have  regained  each  its  ori- 
ginal momentum  and  velocity,  but  in  the  oppofite  dl- 
redion.  This  needs  no  farther  comment;  but  mull 
be  kept  in  mind,  becaufe  this  cafe  has  a  prccife  coun- 
terpart in  the  collifion  of  folid  bodies,  meeting  each 
other  in  oppofite  directions  with  equal  momenta.  But 
it  the  momentum  of  one  exceed  that  of  the  otiier,  thus, 
if  A  X  a  be  greater  than  B  x  *,  then,  when  the  mag- 
net B  is  brought  to  reft,  A  has  flill  a  momentum  re- 
maining equal  to  A  a  —  B  *.  Having  therefore  a 
certain  relocity,  whde  B  has  none,  it  m'uft  approach 
ftill  nearer  to  B,  and  a  Itill  greater  repulfion  will  be  ex- 
erted on  B  than  if  A  had  alfo  been  brought  to  reft, 
but  ftill  repelling  B.  Since  B  is  now  acquiring  mo- 
tion in  the  direflion  oppofite  to  its  former  motion,  and 


■o  , 

■^  "      "^     and  the  final  velocity  of  A  is  a  —    A  is  ftill  lofing  motion,  a  time  muft  come  when  the 


A-f.  B 
2  B  X  a  — b 

A-f  B 

on  the  velocity  of  B  is  = 

A  X  " — * 


In  like  manner,  the  change  produced 

Aa  -f  Bi        , 

^  —  b,    or  =  ■{■ 

B    is   i   -f 


A  +  B 

and    the   final   velocity   of 


A  -t-  b 

.     We  may  alfo  obtain  the  final  velocity 

A-f  B  '  ' 

of  each,  by  taking  its  initial  velocity  from  twice  the 

common  velocity. 

If,  in  this  example  of  two  magnets  in  motion,  we 

fuppnCc  them  of  equal  weight,  we  fhall  find  that  they 

will  finally  proceed  with  exchanged   velocities.      For 

;,        -n     ■    ■      1  •       ,  2  B  X  a  —  b 

when  A  =  B,  it  is  plain  that  a  — 


n  —  I    y.   a 


A  X  <i— * 


-/.,    =   « 
is  =  i  -f 


A  -f  B 

-\-  I,    =  b :    and 


IX"- 


■  b,  =b  +  a- 


IS  = 

b  + 

b,  r:  a. 


motion  of  A  is  fo  much  diminiflied,  and  that  of  B  i'o 
much  augmented,  that  they  are  moving  with  a  common 
velocity  in  the  direiflion  of  A's  primitive  motion.  The 
reafoning  employed  in  the  foregoing  examples  fiiews  us, 
that,  in  the  prefsnt  cafe  alfo,  this  ftaie  of  common  ve- 
locity is  alfo  the  itate  of  the  greateil  proximity,  and 
that  the  magnets  feparate  again,  till  they  attain  their 
diftance  of  inaflion,  and  that  the  total  chantje  in  each  is 
doubleof  whatit  wasin  their  ftate  of  greateft  proxiniitv. 

To  find  this  common  velocity,  recolkcl,  that  when         ^^ 
the  momentun  of  B  was  extinguilhed,  that  of  A  was  Ca-rirnoii 
ftill  z=  A  fl  —  B  b.     From  what  has  been  already  faid  velocity  «= 
on  the  other  cafes,  we  know  that  when  the  conimori  -^  " —  ^<i 
velocity  obtains,  the  whole  momenta  are  ftill  equal  to  ,  ^^  "*"  ^ 
A  a — lib.     Therefore  the  common  velocity  X  niuft  be   i"       . 

doubled  by 
the  fubfc- 
qucnt  Icpa- 
rjlioa'. 


A  +  B 

This  cafe  is  eafily  fubjcfled  to  experiment,  and  will  be 
found  fully  confirmed,  it  we  take  into  account  the  re- 
tardations occafioned  by  the  reliftance  of  the  water  to 
the  motions. 


-  A  a_-- B  b 

~  A  -r"ii~* 

nie    vel.icitv    Irfl 
Ao— ^Bji    _"b  X 
A  -f  B    "  ~ 
B 


A  .{-  li 


muft    therefore    be  <j  — 
and  ihe  final  velocity  will 


be 


2  B  X  a  +  * 


The  final  motion  of  A  will  be 


A  +  B 

in  the  fanae  dire<flion  as  at  firft",  if  a  be  greater  than 
Ft*  2   li 


I     M     P 


[     228     ] 


I     M     P 


Impull'ion. 


L""^    .  otherwife  it  will  be  in  the  oppofite  direflion. 
A  +  B 
III  like  manner,  the  change  of  velocity  in  B  is  i  + 

.    "  ",  becaufe  the  former  velocity  1/  is  dctlroyed, 

A  +  U 

and  the  new  velocity  is      ^  "7  „     '"  tl>e  oppol'rte  Ji 


re£)ioD.     This  is 


A+_B 
A  X  i  +  i 
A  +  & 


and  the  final  velocity 


of  B  is  =  i  • 


2  A  X  a  +  * 


34 
The  chan 


A  +  13 

Thus  we  have  lliewii,  in  the  cafe  of  magnets  afting 
,...  ......    on  each  other  by  rcpiillive  forces,  or  aiftuaied  by  forces 

gesofmo-  equiv.ilent  to  rcpuUive  forces,    how  changes  of    mo- 
tion in  the  tion  are  produced,  which  have  a  great  refeniblance  to 
magnets      ^1^^,-^  ^.jjich  are  feen  in  the  coUifion  of  folid  bodies. 
The  motions  which  obtain  in  the  inftant  of  greateft 
proximity  are  precifely  fimilar  to  what  are  chfirved  in 
the  coUifion  of  unclallic  bodies.     Tlielr  common  velo- 


arc  fimilar 
to  thofc  in 
the  colli- 
iton  of  bo- 
dies. 


city    after 
Aa  —  Bl> 


coUifion    is 


Aa  +  Bb 
always  =  -  — 


A  +  h 
according  as  the  bodies  were  moving  in 


A-t-B 
the  fame  or  in  oppofite  direftions.     The  hnal  motions 
of  the  magnets  are  alfn  precifely  fimilar  to  what  arc  ab- 
fer-ueJ  in  the  coUifion  of  perfeftly  elallic  bodies.  _  We 

took  the  inllance  of  magnets,  becaufe  the  objeft  is  fa-     r'^  .  . 

miliar;  but  we  can  fuhftitute,  in  iinat;ination,  an  ab-  •'— ;  and  therefore  m  vv  —Ji,  and 
rtraifl  repulfive  force  in  place  of  m.ignetifm,  and  we  can    '" 
t  any  intenfity,  and  any  law  and  limits  of  aiflion 


and  therefore  thc/uw  remains  unchanged.  When  the  inipiJfiou. 
motions  are  in  oppofite  direiJlions,  equal  quantities  are 
taken  fiom  both;  and  therclore  the  t//^f.r«f<f  remains 
unchanged.  Tliis  is  called  the  conservatio  momen- 
TORUMi  and  it  is  uiiially  enunciated  by  faying,  that 
the  quantity  of  motion,  ellimated  in  one  direflion,  is 
not  changed  by  the  equal  and  nppolite  ailions  of  the 
bodies.  This  is  a  particular  cale  of  a  general  law  af- 
firmed by  Des  Cartes,  that  the  qaantity  of  motion  in 
the  univeifc  remains  always  the  fame  when  eftimaled 
in  any  one  direflion. 

4.  When  the  whole  procefs  is  completed,  the  fum        jg 
of  the  produifls  made  by  muhiplying  each  body  by  the  Conser- 
fquarc  of  its  final  velocity,  is  equal  to  the  fum  of  the  pro-  vatio  Vi- 
duds  made  by  muhiplying  each  body  into  the  fquare  "'""  ^''" 
of  its  initial  velocity.     For   when  the  procefs  is  com- 
pleted, the  two  bodies  are   at  the  fame  diftaiice  from 
each  other  as  when  the  mutual  adion  began.     There- 
fore, during  the  procefs,  each  body  has  palfed  over  an 
equal  fpace,  and  in  every  fimilar  point  it  has  been  aifl- 
ed  on  by  an  equal  force  (although  this  force  be  differ- 
ent in  different  points  of  this  fpace).  Therefore,  in  every 
inftant,  the   fimultan^ous  piodui5ls  of  the  quantity  of 
matter  by  the  momentary  variation  of  the  fquare  of  the 
velocity  are  equal  on  both  (ides, ;  and  therefore  the  pro- 
duels  of  the  quantity  of  matter  by  the  whole  change  of 
the  fquare  of  the  velocity  are  alio  equal  on  both  fides. 
See  Dynamics,  Stippl.  n'  95.  and   no.  where  i;»  = 


X  V— v' 


alTign  1 ^  ,  ,  .  -  ,      ,         1 

we  pleafe.  We  can  imagine  it  fo  powerful,  that  al- 
though its  aflion  be  limited  to  a  very  fmall,  and  even 
infenlible  dillance,  it  (hall  always  reduce  the  meeting 
bodies  to  a  common  velocity  before  they  come  into  ac- 
tual contaa  ;  and  therefore  without  any  real  impulfion, 
asimpullion  is  commonly  conceived. 

There  are  fome  farther  general  obfervations  that  may 
be  made  on  thofe  motions  which  are  of  importance. 

1.  We  fee  that  the  changes  of  motion,  and  confe- 
quently  the  anions,  are  dependent  on  the  relative  mo- 

thsngcs  are  dons  only,  whatever  the  abfolute  motions  may  be  :  for 
changes  are  always  as  a — b  when  the  bodies  are  mo- 
ving  in  one  direftion,  and  as  a  -)-  i  when  they  are  mo- 
ving in  oppofite  direftions.  Now  a  =1=  h  is  the  relative 

motion.  ,     ^  ,  ,     ,• 

2.  The  change  of  velocity  in  each  of  the  two  bodies 
is  inverfely  as  its  quantity  of  matter,  or  is  proportional 
to  the  quantity   of  matter  in  the  other  body.     The 

~-  h 


.'5 

Thefe 


proport 
nnal  to  the 
relative 
/notion. 


■.b        J  AXfl- 
and 


36  . 

And  rcct- 
jirocally  as 
the  quanti-  B  X  a 

ties  of  mat-  changes  in  A  and  B  are  ■■  ^ ^  -   ^ 

The  changing  forces  being  equal  on  both  lides,  pro- 
duce equal  changes' in  the  quantities  of  motion  ;  and 
therefore  produce  changes  of  velocity  that  are  inverfely 
as  the  qu.antities  of  matter. 

37  3.  During  the  whole  procefs,  the  fum  of  the  momen- 
CoNSER-  ta,  or  quantities  of  motion,  remains  the  fame,  if  the 
vATioMo-  bodies  are  moving  in  one  direaion  :  if  they  are  moving 

in  oppofite  diredicn.s  it  is  the  difference  of  momenta 
that  remains  the  fame  ;  for  in  every  inftant  of  the  procefs 
equal  changes  of  momentum  are  made  in  oppofite  di- 
reiticns.  When  the  motions  are  in  the  fame  direftion, 
as  much  is  taken  from  the  one  as  is  added  to  the  other  > 


llENTO- 
RUM 


nxv' — V'=///.     Now,  fince  thefe  changes  are  in 

oppofite  dire<5tions,  as  much  is  added  to  one  produdl  as 
is  taken  from  the  other,  and  the  lum  of  the  products 
of  the  quantities  of  matter  by  the  fquares  of  the  final 
velocities,  is  equal  to  the  fum  of  the  projucls  of  the 
fame  quantities  of  matter  by  the  Iquares  of  the  initial 
velocities. 

This  is  a  particular  cafe  of  the  famous  conservatio  Thefe  tw« 
viRiUM  vivARUM,  claimed  as   a  mighty  difcovery  by  tfreoremi 
the  partizans  of  Leibnitz,  and  afcribed  to  him  ;  but  are  not 
he  has  no  claim  whatever  to  the  difcovery.     It  was  P""'^'j'''^ 
communicated  to  tlie  Royal  Society  of  London  in  1668  f"^^*""' 
by  Huyghens,  as  one  of  the  general  laws  of  impulfion, 
obtaining  in  what  he  caUs  hard  bodies.     Several  of  the 
I^eibnitzian  fchool,  indeed,  extended   it  farther   than 
Huyghens  had  done  ;  fome  of  them  indeed  very  lately. 
The  obfervation  of  this  general  law  was  foon  applied  to 
many  excellent  purpoles  in  the  folution  of  very  intricate 
problems ;   becaule  it  often  faved  the  trouble  of  tracing 
the  intermediate   fteps  of  a  complicated  procefs.     Af- 
fured  that  thefe  produiflb  were  invariable,  the  mathema- 
tician found  it  an  eafy  matter  to  ftate  what  conditions 
of  the  queftion  infured  this  equality  of  produfts  ;  and 
thus  the  problem  was  folved.     In  this  manner  Daniel 
Bernoulli  gives  molt  elegant  folution?  of  fome,  other- 
wife  almofl  iniraflable,  problems  in  Hydraulics.     For 
fuch  reafons,  as  a  mighty  aid  in  mechanical  inveftiga- 
tion,  the  difcovery  of  Huyghens  is  extremely  valuable. 
Its  merit  in  this  refped  is  perfciffly  fimilar  ;though  per- 
haps fomewhat-  greater)  to  Dci  Carles's  obfervation  of 
the  confervatio   momentorum.     It  is  alf  1  like  the  obfer- 
vation or  difcovery  of  Maupertuis,  which  he  calls  the 
h-w  d'jmalleji  aa'ton  (indeed  it  is  the  fame  under  a  dif- 
ferent 


I     M     P 


r  229  ] 


I    M     P 


Impnlfio*.   ferent  afpe(5l),  or  La  Grange's  lanu  cf  virtual  ve/ocitUj,         r    In  tfie  mnm^nf  ^f  „,.,►  a     ■  •   -.  j  ,       >,. 

v-**^-^^       ^.  .  s      ''        .  fa  J  "»        5-  /"  me  moment  ot  greateft  vicinity  and  common  Impulfion. 


or  D'Alembert's  liiv  of  equliibrium  of  adion  ; — all  of  velocity 
thefe  are  general  fafls,  laws  by  which  the  changes  ci 
motion  are  olferved  to  proceed.  But  their  authors 
have  vaunted  them  as  principles,  as  caufes,  trom  which 
to  conclude  effetis  ;  whereas  they  are  really  inductions 
from  paiticuhr  inlt.mces.  We  muft  alio  obferve,  that 
this  law  ot  confervatio  •viriiim  vivarum  was  not  deduced 
either  by  Huyghens  or  any  of  the  Leibnitzian  fchool, 
by  reafoning  from  more  general  principles.  It  was  an 
cxpifcation  of  famenefs  in  events,  diverlitied  by  other 
circumflances.  We  do  not  recollei.T:  any  autlior  who 
has  given  what  can  be  called  a  demonllration  of  it,  de- 


there  is  a  certain  determinate  lofs  of  the  vt- 
res  vivj:,  or  produds  of  the  matter  by  the  fquare 
of  the  velocity  ;  and  this  lofs  is  proportional  to  the  1 


.■i9 
/'»  vivm 

J.  r     ,     •       ,  "-    1-  -r— • —    ...>.  loft  ill  the 

iquare  of   the   relative    motion.     The    vires   viva,  at  coUiDon  of 
the  commencement  of  the  mutual  aaion,  are  =  y7a'  umbftic 
+  B//  (I.).     In  the  moment  of  greateft  pro-ximity,  ^"'^"• 
the  quantity  of  matter  A  +  B    is  moving   with  the 

common  velocity  ^+^  ;  therefore  the 


vtret  vivte 


are 


=    A  +  B    X 


Aa  +  B^' 


A  +  B» 
ducing  it  from  principles  or  laws  Hill  more  general.  We    A* «'  -f  B'  i'  +  A  B  X  2  a  iJ 


_    A  a  +  B  A'     _ 
"       A  +  li    '    ~ 


apprehend,  that  the  piefent  cafe  of  its  truth  has  been 
fo  demonftrateJ  by  us.  The  principle  is,  that  "  a  mo- 
Ting  force  is  to  be  meafured  by  the  change  of  motion 
produced  by  it ;"  And  the  law  to  which  this  principle 
is  applied  is,  that  "  the  mutual  repulfions  of  magnets 
are  equal  and  oppofne  ;"  and  the  application  is  made 
by  means  of  the  "  39th  proportion  of  the  firft  book  of 
Newton's  Principia."  Our  principle,  which  is  the  fame 
with  Sir  Ifaac  Newton's  fecond  law  of  motion,  is  really 
an  axiom  of  human  thought.  The  propofition  is  the 
confequence  logically  drawn  from  this  axiom  ;  and  the 
law  of  magnetifm  is  an  obferved  faift.  We  hope  to 
Ihew  by  and  bye,  that  this  propofition,  which  is  our 
n°  95  of  Dynamics,  is  found  to  obtain  in  every  inllance 
that  has  been  or  can  be  given  of  the  confervatio  virium 
vivarurt,  and  tliat  this  confervatio  is  only  another  way 
of  expreffing  the  propofition.  Having  done  this,  we 
fhall  not  think  ourfelves  chargeable  with  vanity  wlien  we 
fay,  that  we  have  given  the  lirll  demonrtration  of  this 
famous  law.    We  cannot  refufe  ourfelves  fome  fatisfac- 


(II.). 


A4-  B 

I.    X  A  +  B  =  A'  a=  +  B'  i'  +  A  B  X  a'  X  ^'. 
II.  X  A  +  B  =  A'a'  +  B'^'  +  AB  X  2  ah. 
Difference 


Lofs  of  vis  viva  =: 


AB 
A  +  B 


AB  xa~b'. 
a — i',    a    quantity 


that  is  proportional  to  a — b'',  the  fquare  of  the  rela- 
tive velocity  a  —  b. 

Had  the  bodies  been  moving  in  oppofite  dirciflions 
then  (II.)  X  A  +  B  would  have  been  A*  a'  -f  B* 
—  A  B  X  2  a  *,  and  the  difference  from  Aa'  -(-  Bi» 
X  A  +  B  would  have  tieen  =  A  B  X  1  +  3',  propor- 
tional to  the  fquare  of  the  relative  velocity  a  •{■  b. 

Such  is  the  fad  ;  and  we  Ihiill  find  it  of  importance  phyfijai 
in  the  great  debate  about  the  force  ol  moving  bodies,  taufe  of 
Let  us  inquire  into  the  phyfical  or  mechanical  caufe  of  it.  this  lofc. 
In  the  moment  ot  common  velocity,  the  bodies  are  nearer 


to  each  other  than  they  are  at  the  beginning  and  at  the 

tion  at  having  done  this ;  becaufe  it  has  been  fo  highly  end  of  their  mutual  aflion.     Therefore  (when  they  are 

efteemed,  chiefly  for  the  fupport  derived  from  it  for  the  moving  in  onedireiftion)  the  body  A,  which  follows,  has 

Leibnitzian  meafurement  of  the  force  of  moving  bodies  been  retarded  through  a  fpace  which  is  greater  than  the 

by  \he  f quart  of  the  velocity  which  it   communicates;  fpace  along  which  the  preceding  body  B  has  been  accelc- 

whereas  it  is  the  logical  confequence  of  the  force  be-  rated.     But,  becaufe  the  fimultaneous  forces  acting  oa 

ing  proportional  to  the  fimpk  velocity.     We  have  only  the  bodies  along  thefe  unequal  fpaces  are  always  equal, 

taken  a  weapon  out  of  the  hands  of  a  plunderer,  and  the  area  which  meafures  the  diminution  of  the  fquare  of 

rcllorcd  it  to  its  lawful  owner.  Sir  Ifaac  Newton.     Nan  A's  velocity  (Dynamics,  n°  95.)  mull  exceed  the  a- 

ita  certiindi  cupidus,  quam  propter  amorem :  For  we  mull  Ted  which  expreffes  the  augmentation  of  the  fquare  of 


fay, 


Tu  pater  et  rerum  inventor,  tu  patria  nobis 
Suppeditas  precepta,  tuifque  ex,  inclute,  chartii 
Floriferis  ut  apes  in  faliibus  omnia  libant. 
Omnia  nos  itidem  depafimur  avrea  diSa 
Aurea,  perpelud  fei/iper  dignijfima  vilj. 

We  truft  that  our  reader  will  not  think  that  this  mi- 


B's  velocity,  and  there  muft  be  a  lofs  of  vires  viva. 
Now,  we  learned  above,  that  the  mutml  a^ion  'i<  the 
fame  when  the  relative  velocity  is  the  fame  ;  and  there- 
lore  the  approximation,  which  is  the  occafion  of  this 
aiflion,  mull  be  the  fame.  And  it  is  demonllrated  in 
Dynamics,  n"  95.  that  the  area,  whofe  ablciffa  is  the 
fpace  defcribed,  and  ordinates  the  forces,  exprelfes  the 
fquare  of  the  generated  or  exiinguKhed  velocity.     This 


nute  difcuffion  of  the  mutual  aftions  of  magnets  or  o-    is  evidently  the  relative  velocity  of  the  bodies,  becaufe 


ther  repelling  bodies,  in  which  we  have  engaged  him, 
has  been  thrown  awav,  fince  it  has  enabled  us  to  appre- 
hend cleaily  a  cafe  of  two  fuch  general  laws  as  the  con- 
trvatio  mor/ientorum,  and  the  conjirvatio  virium  viva- 
rum. 


they  arc  brought  to  a  common  velocity  in  the  infiant 
of  greateft  proximity  ;  that  is,  their  relative  velocity  is 
deltroyed. 

6.  During  the  whole  procefs,  the  common  centre  of        -^ 
pofitiou  or  gravity  (a)  is  moving  uniloiinly  with  the  The  mo- 
velocity  ''o"  of  the 
common 
.  —  '  —     centre  of 

pra\'iijr  it 
(a)  See  the  article  Position  m  lh\s  Supplement  ;  where  it  will  be  demonftrated,  that  tlie  centre  of  gravity  (de- not  ehm- 
lermined  in  the  ufual  manner)  is  the  point  by  whofe  fituition  and  motion  wc  ellimate  with  the  greaiell  propriety  g"'  ^f  'he 
the  fituation  and  motion  of  the  affemblage,  of  which  it  is  the  centre:  it  is  therefore  called  the  centre  of  po-  "'>"u-»l»e- 
siTioN.     The  reader  is  only  defircd  at  prefent  to  recillciff,  that  the  centre  of  gravity,  or  pofition  of  two  bodies, 
is  fituated  in  the  line  joining  their  centres ;  and  that  its  dillance  from  each  is  invcrfdy  as  their  quantities  of  mai- 
ler j  and  tliat  iIk'  dilUncc  and  motion  of  ihe  ccnUc  is  ihe  nitdiura  or  average  of  ail  llie  dilUnces  or  motioas. 


ImpulQon. 


velocity 


Aa: 


I 


MP  C 

For  the  motion  of  the  centre  of 


A  +  B 

pofition  is  the  average  of  the  motinn  of  every  particle 
of  matter  in  botli  bodies.  Aa  is  the  lum  of  the  mo- 
tions of  every  particle  of  matter  in  A,  and  B  i  is  tlie 
fum  of  the  motions  of  every  particle  in  B,  before  tlie 
mutual  a<5tions  began.  Therefore  A^  +  Bi  is  the 
whole  motions  when  the  bodies  are  moving  in  the  lame 
dirciHion  with  their  different  velocities.  The  number 
of  particles  is  A  +  B :  Therefore,  if  the  whole  mo- 
tions be  equally  divided  among  all  the  particles,  the  ve- 
locity of  each  mud  be  '^f +  .\^^.     This  is  the  ave- 

rage  motion,  or  the  motion  of  the  centre  of  pofition, 
deduced  I  rem  the  notion  we  vrilli  to  imprefs  of  the  cha- 
raifler  of  this  centre,  as  the  index  of  the  pofition  and 
motion  of  any  aifemblage  of  matter.  This  velocity 
may  be  deduced  more  eafily  from  its  geometrical  pro- 
perty. It  is  a  point  fo  fituated  between  A  and  B,  that 
its  dillance  frr.m  each  is  reciprocally  proportional  to  the 
quantities  of  matter  in  A  and  B,  as  i«  well  known  of 
the  centre  of  gravity.  It  is  equally  plain,  ihat  when 
the  bodies  arc  moving  in  oppofite  direiftions,  the  ave- 


rage velocity  x  mud  be  = 


Aa—Bi 


Thus 


fee 


A-fB 
that  the  motion  of  the  centre  of  pofition,  before  the 
magnets  have  begun  to  aA  on  each  other,  is  the  fame 
with  its  motion  when  their  mutual  repulfion  is  the 
grcateft;  namely,  at  the  moment  of  their  greatell  vici- 
nity. It  has  continued  the  fame  during  the  whole  pro- 
cefs  :  for  we  have  already  fcen.  that  the  fum  or  differ- 
ence of  the  momenta,  or  Aa^tr-Bl,  remained  always  the 

,    A  a  =i::zb  ,  r 

fame  :    confequently  — ; tt—>  or  x,  the  motion  ot 

^  '      A  -(-  B 

riie  centre,  remains  always  the  fame.      Therefore  the 

propofition  is   denionllratej.      It  is,   indeej,   a  trutli 

much  more  general  than  appears  in  the  prefent  inftance. 

If  any  number   of  lod'us    le  moxing   with  any   ■velocities. 


41 

T]ie  mo- 
tions, iu  re- 
lation to 
the  centre, 
arc-  rccipro 


■iiid  in  any  direaiotis,  the  motion  of  the  centre  of  pojstion 
is  not  affihed  by  their  mutual,  equal,  ami  opprjite,  adions 
on  each  other. 

7.  During  the  whole  motion,  the  motion  of  the  bo- 
dies relative  to  each  other,  is  to  the  motion  of  one  of 
them,  relative  to  the  centre  of  pofition,  as  the  fum  of  the 
bodies  is  to  the  otlier  body  :  For  when  they  were  mo- 
.„  ^'"g  with  a  common  velocity,  this  velocity  was  the 
cally  ai^he  fame  with  that  of  the  centre  ;  and  they  are  then  at  reft, 
iodics.  relative  to  each  other,  and  relative  to  the  centre.  And 
becaufe  their  diftances  from  the  centre  are  inverfely  as 
the  bodies,  their  changes  of  dillance,  that  is,  their  mo- 
tions relative  to  the  centre,  are  in  the  fame  proportion  ; 
and  the  fum  of  their  motions  relative  to  the  centre  is 
the  fame  with  their  motions  relative  to  each  other. 
Therefore  A  -{-  B  :  A=(i  —  b  :  motion  of  B  relative  to 
the  centre.  Indeed  we  faw,  that  in  their  mutual  aftion, 

A 


330     ]  IMP 

lary.     We  may  alfo  fee  that  their  final  velocity  of  mu-  Impulfioa. 
lual  recefs  is  equal  to  that  of  llu-ir  firft  approach,  or,  ^x^"^'"*— ' 
their  relative  motions  are  the  fame  in  quantity  after 
the  aaion  is  over  as  before  it  began,  but  in  oppofite 
diieiftions. 

All  thefe  general  fadls,  which  are  diftin(flly  appre- 
ciable, and  very  perceivable,  in  this  example  of  mag- 
nets, or  ele(flri(ied  bodies,  are  equally  appreciable  in  all 
c.-ifes  of  mutual  rcpulfions,  however  ftrong  thefe  may- 
be ;  and  although  the  fpace  through  which  they  arc  ex- 
erted fhould  be  fo  fmall  as  to  elude  obfervation,  and 
though  the  whole  procefs  fliould  be  completed  in  an  in- 
fenhble  moment  oi  time. 

It  fcarccly  needs  any  comment  to  make  it  clear  that  4J 
the  very  fame  changes  of  motion  mull  take  place,  if  a  '^'l- ,'!'"''' 
folid  body  A  fliould  com«  up  to  another  folid  body  B,  ''"ing  hai 
at  reft,  or  moving  more  flowly  iu  the  fame  dircflion,  jhc  f»me 
or  moving  in  tlie  oppofite  diredlion  ;  provided  that  there  cfTcifl  with 
be  a  fpring  interpoled  between  them,  which  may  hinder  'he  mutual 
A  from  Itriking  B  ;  for,  as  foon  as  A  touches  the  repulfiont. 
fpiiiig,  it  begins  to  prefs  il  agaiiift  B,  and,  therefore, 
to  comprefs  the  fpring.  It  cannot  carry  the  fpring  be- 
fore it,  without  the  fpring's  pulhing  B  before  it.  Pref- 
fure  on  B  is  required  for  this  purpofe.  This  is  fupplied 
by  that  natural  power  which  we  call  elafticity,  which  is 
inherent  in  the  fpring,  whether  it  be  in  motion  or  at  reft. 
It  is  not  in  a{lion,h\\t'\n  capacity, faculty,  capability, pcnuer, 
or  by  whatever  name  we  may  choofe  to  exprefs  the  pof- 
ftffion.  The  occalion  required  for  its  exertion  iscompref- 
lion.  This  is  furnilhed  by  the  motion  of  A  ;  for  A  can- 
not advance  with'ut  comprelfing  it.  This  inherent  force 
of  the  fpring  is  kn'jiun  to  aift  with  perfeiS  equality  at  both 
ends,  in  oppofite  dircflions.  It  exerts  equal  and  oppo- 
fite preffures  on  A  and  on  B  ;  it  diminilhes  the  motion 
of  A,  and  equally  augments  the  motion  of  B  (if  both 
arc  moving  that  way).  A  is  retarded,  and  B  is  acce- 
lerated; A  is  lUll  moving  faller  than  B;  and  therefore 
the  comprcffion  and  the  ccnfrquent  reaiflion  of  the 
fpring  iucreafes,  and  flill  more  retards  A  and  acccle- 
lates  B.  After  fomc  lime,  bctli  bodies,  wiiji  tlie 
fpring  compreffed  between  them,  are  moving  with 
equal  velocities  ;  the  fpring,  however,  is  llrongly  read- 
ing on  both,  and  mud  now  caufe  them  to  feparatc  ;  llill 
retarding  A  and  accelerating  B — They  muft  fcparate 
more  and  more,  till  the  fpring  regain  its  ([uiefcent  form, 
and  its  elaltic  reaflion  ceafs  entirely.  During  its  rellitu- 
tion,  its  prelfures  are  the  fame  as  during  its  compreffion; 
therefore,  the  whole  change  produced  on  each  of  the  bo- 
dies  muft  be  double  of  what  it  was  when  thefpring  wasin 
its  ftate  of  greatell  compreffion,  and  the  bodies  were 
moving  with  a  common  velocity.  In  fliort,  the  whole 
procefs  in  this  example  muft  be  precifely  fimilar  to  that 
of  the  magnets  in  every  citcumftance  relating  to  the 
changes  of  motion  in  A  and  B.  The  common  velo- 
city muft  be  =  — ^— TTJ  •     "^^^    fi"3l  velocity  of   A 


the  change  of  B's  motion  was  — 


At 
The  bodies 
fcp:irate 
with  the 
fame  rela- 
tive veloci- 
ty whidi 
they  ap- 
proached. 


change  of  A's  motion  was  = 


A-hB 
Bxa  —  b 


a  —  b         ,    , 

-,  and  the 


B 


2  B, 


.b 


muft  hs  =  a — — ; — >  anu 

A  +  B 


that  of  B  muft  be  = 


A  -h  B 

Hence  we  learn,  that  while  the  centre  moves  uni- 
formly, the  bodies  approach  it,  and  then  recede  from  it, 
with  velocities  reciprocally  proportional  to  their  quanti- 
ties of  matter.     This  will  be  found  a  very  ufeful  corol- 


i+ 


2  Afl  =* 


The  motion  of  the  common  centre 
A+B 

muft  be  unafftfted  by  the  aftion  of  the  fpring,  and  the 
motion  of  each  body,  relative  to  the  centre,  muft  be 
reciprocally  as  its  quantity  of  matter,  &c.  Sec. 

We 


I     M    P 


C    231    ] 


I     M     P 


Iinpu!iioii< 

44 
The  chan- 
jjcs  of  mo- 
tion are 
produced 
by  the  in- 
herent for- 
ces which 
£onne>.1  the 
particles. 


AS 
Internal 
proccfs  of 
change 
throujrh 
the  fub- 
ftancc  of 
each  body. 


We  apprehend  that  this  procefs  can  fcarcely  be  call- 
ed impulfion  ;  A  has  not  llruck  B.  Tlie  changes  of 
motion  can  fcarcely  be  afcribed  to  forces  inherent  in  A 
or  B,  in  confequence  of  their  being  in  motion.  Any 
perfon,  not  already  warped  by  a  theory,  will  (we 
think)  afcribe  ll.em  to  a  force  inherent  in  the  fpring  ; 
inherent  in  it,  whether  at  reft  or  in  motion,  and  only 
requiring  a  continued  compreftion  as  the  proper  oppor- 
tunity for  its  continued  exertion.  'J'his  fpring  may  be 
fuppifed  to  make  a  part  of  B,  or  of  A,  or  of  both  ; 
and  then  indeed,  the  force  may  be  faid  to  be  inherent 
in  either,  or  in  both.  But  it  is  not  the  peculiar  force 
inherent  in  motion,  or  in  moving  bodies  on/y — it  is  the 
icrcc  oi  elajlicisy,  inlierent  in  part  of  the  body,  but  re- 
quiring a  continued  comprcjjion  for  the  produflion  of  a 
continued  >f/i/r^5n.  The  edeft  of  this  reaction  is  mo- 
dified by  the  very  occafion  <:<{  the  conipreffion.  This 
may  be  the  elafticity  of  another  fpring.  In  this  cafe  it 
will  only  comprefs  that  Ipring — It  may  be  the  advance 
of  a  body  in  motion  ;  the  reaftion  produces  a  retarda- 
tion of  that  motion  ;  it  may  be  the  obftacle  of  a 
<iuiefcent  body — It  will  give  it  motion  ;  or,  it  may  be 
the  obllruolion  by  a  body  moving  more  flowly  away  than 
the  fpring  is  prefFed  forward — it  will  accelerate  that 
motion.  Thu?,  in  all  thefe  cafes,  we  cannot  help  dif- 
tinguilliing  the  immediate  caufe  of  thefe  changes  of 
motion  from  the  fuppofed  force  of  a  moving  body. 
Nay,  the  proccfi  of  motion  is  fmiilar,  even  when  we 
I'uppofe  that  the  fpiing  is  not  a  thing  external  to  the 
body,  although  attached  to  it  ;  but  that  the  whole  bo- 
dy, or  both  bodi'i'i,  are  fpringy,  elaftic,  and  therefore 
conipreirible.  As  fooii  as  the  bodies  come  into  fen- 
fible  contact,  conipreffion  mujl  begin  ;  for  we  may  fup- 
pnfe  the  bodies  to  be  two  balls,  which  will  therefore 
touch  only  in  one  point.  The  mutual  pielfure,  which 
is  necelfary  in  order  to  produce  the  retardation  of  A, 
and  the  acceleration  of  B,  is  exerted  only  on  the  fore- 
moll  particle  ot  A,  and  the  hindnioll  particle  B  ;  but 
no  atom  of  matter  can  be  put  in  motion,  or  have  its 
motion  any  way  changed,  uiilefs  it  be  i.{\z6.  on  by  an 
adequate  force.  The  lorce  urging  any  individual  par- 
ticle, mull  be  precifely  competent  to  the  produdion  of 
the  very  change  ( f  motit  n  which  obtains  in  that  par- 
tick.  Except  ths  two  particles  which  come  into  con- 
tA&  in  the  collifion,  all  the  other  particles  are  iiiime- 
di.itcly  adluated  by  the  forces  which  conneftthem  with 
each  other  ;  and  the  force  ailing  on  any  one  is  general- 
ly conipourdeii  of  many  force>  which  conneft  that  par- 
ticle with  thof^-  ajjoinir.g.  Therefore,  when  A  over- 
takes B,  the  forenioll  panicle  of  A  is  immediately  re- 
tarded— the  particles  behind  it  would  move  forward,  if 
their  mutual  connciftion  were  didolved  in  that  inftant ; 
but,  this  remaining,  they  only  approach  nearer  to  the 
forcmoft  ftriking  particles,  and  thus  make  a  compref. 
iion,  which  gives  occalion  for  the  inlierent  elaflicity  to 
exert  itfeif,  and,  by  its  rea<aion,  retard  the  following 
particles.  Thus  each  (Iratum  (fo  to  conceive  it),  con- 
tinuing in  motion,  makes  a  coinprellion,  which  occn- 
lions  the  clafticity  to  reaO,  and,  by  rending,  to  retartl 
the  llratum  immediately  behind  it.  This  happens  in 
fuccelhon  :  the  comprcffion  and  clallic  reaflion  begin  in 
the  anterior  ftratum,  and  take  place  in  fucceffi  n  back- 
ward, and  the  whole  body  gets  into  a  Hate  of  compref- 
fion.  Things  happen  in  the  fimc  manner  in  B,  but  in 
the  contrary  dircdlion,   the  foremoll  rtrata  being  tlie 


laft  which  are  comprefTcd.  All  this  is  done  in  an  in-  impuiron. 
ftant  ^as  wc  commonly,  but  inaccurately  fpeak),  that  ^■^~'^""*-' 
is,  in  a  very  fmall  and  infenfible  moment  of  time  ;  but 
in  this  moment  there  is  the  fame  gradual  compreflicn, 
increafe  of  mutual  aiflion,  greatcll  compreflicn,  com- 
rnon  velocity,  fubfequent  reftitution,  and  final  fepara- 
tion,  as  in  the  cafe  of  bodies  with  a  flendcr  fpring  in- 
terpofed,  or  even  in  the  cafe  of  the  mutually  repelling 
magnets.  In  all  the  cafes,  the  changes  of  motion  are 
produced  by  the  elafticity  or  the  repullion,  and  not 
by  the  transfufion  of  the  force  of  motion.  The  changing 
force  is  indeed  inherent  in  the  bodies,  but  not  becaufe 
they  are  in  motion  ;  the  ule  of  the  motion  is  to  give 
occafion,  by  continued  comprefTion,  for  the  continued 
operation  of  the  inherent  elallicity.  The  whole  pro- 
cefs  may  be  very  diftincHy  viewed,  by  making  ufe  of 
bodies  of  fmall  firmrelt,  fuch  as  foot-ball>,  or  blown 
bladders.  If  blown  bladders  are  ufed,  each  loaded  with 
fand,  or  fomething  that  will  require  more  force,  and 
confequently  more  compreffion  to  impel  it  forward  ;  we 
ihall  obferve  the  comprell'ion  of  both  to  be  very  confider- 
able,  and  that  a  very  fenfible  time  elapfes  during  the 
procefs  of  collifion.  This  may  even  be  obfervcd  very 
dillinflly  in  a  foot-ball,  which  is  always  feen  to  reft  a 
little  on  the  toe  before  it  fiies  off  by  the  ftroke.  Whea 
one  foot-ball  is  ftrongly  driven  againft  another,  they 
plainly  adhere  together  for  fome  time,  and  then  the 
llricken  ball  fiies  off. 

If  we  return  to  the  example  of  the  two  balls  with 
the  fpring  interpofed,  we  may  make  fume  farther  ufeful 
obfcrvations.  When  the  fpring  is  in  its  ftate  of  greatell 
compreflion,  and  the  balls  are  moving  with  a  common 
velocity,  we  can  fupp^'fj  that  the  fpring  is  arrefted  in 
that  fituation  by  a  catch.  It  is  evident  that  the  two 
bodies   will  now  proceed  in  contaft  with  this  velocity, 

,  •  I.        1,        n.  u         A<i=i:=Bi 

which  we  have  (hewn  to  be  =  — r — ; — ,t-. 

A  -f  B 

Now,  in  the  conftitution  of  fuch  malTes  of  tangible  46 
matter  as  we  have  the  opportunity  of  fubjefling  to  our  Nature  of 
experiments,  we  find  a  ftate  of  aggregation  which  very  |."^":L^ 
much  relembles  this.  Somebodies  are  almoft  perfectly 
elaftic,  that  is,  when  their  fhapc  is  changed  by  external 
prelfure  ;  and  that  preliiire  is  removed,  they  recover 
their  former  lliape  completely,  and  they  recover  it  with 
great  promptitude.  Glafs,  ivory,  hard  fteel,  are  oi  this 
kind.  But  moll  bodies  either  do  not  recover  it  com- 
pletely, or  they  recover  it  very  ll>wly — fonic  hardly 
recover  it  at  all.  A  rod  of  iron  will,  when  confidcrably 
bent,  not  nearly  recover  its  Ihape  ;  a  rod  of  lead  ftill 
lefs;  and  a  rod  of  foft  clay  will  hardly  recover  it  in  ar.y 
degree.  Thefe,  however,  are  but  gradations  of  one  an! 
the  fame  quality  :  if  the  quiefcent  form  cf  a  body  is 
very  little  difturbed,  it  will  recover  it  again.  Thus,  a 
common  foft  iron  wire  of  N"  6.  and  12  inches  long, 
if  twilled  once  round,  will  return  completely  to  its  ori- 
ginal form,  and  will  allow  this  to  be  repeated  for  ever; 
but  il  it  be  twilled  1 1  turns,  it  will  untwift  only  1  :  and 
in  this  new  fcrni  it  will  tvvift  and  untwift  one  turn  as 
often  as  we  ple.ife.  Even  a  rod  of  foft  clay  T'.th  of  an 
inch  in  diameter,  and  7  feet  long,  will  bear  one  twift  as 
often  as  we  pleafe  :  but  if  twifted  4  times,  will  untwift  it- 
feif only  one  turn,  and  will  do  this  as  often  as  we  choofc. 
In  fliort,  it  appears  that  the  particles  of  bodies,  ufual- 
ly  called  unchftic,  will  admit  a  fgiail  change  of  diftance 


or 


IMP  [     232     ]  IMP 

Imiiulfion.    or  fituatJon,  and  will  recover  it  again,  exhibiling  perfeft    other  at  fen  Able   diflirces.       Bodies  which  exhibit  no  Impulfioii. 


47 

Effca  of 

thJK  coUi- 
Hoa. 


The  perfevSly  elaftic  bodies  (hould  fudain 


dafticity,  in   oppofition  to  very"  fmall  forces';  but  if  elalllcity   whatever,    Ihould    continue  in  contafl  after 
they  are  forced  too  far  from  this  fituation,  they  have  coUifion.      The  common  velocity  in  tljcfe  fhould  be 
no  tendency  to  return  to  it  completely,  but  find  inter-  A  a  ^=.  B  ^ 
mediate  Ikuations,  in  which  they  have  the  very  fame         A  +  B 
cdiineclions  with  the  furrounding  particles  ;  and  in  this  changes  of  motion  which  are  precifely   double   of  the 
rcw  fituation  they  can  again  exhibit  tlie  fame  perfeift  changes  furtained  by  unelallic  bodic,  and  (hould  fepa- 
elafticity,  in  oppofition  to  very  fmall  forces.     Mr  Cou-  j-jte  after  collifion  with  a  relative  velocity  of  recefs  or 
lomb  conceives  fuch  bodies  to  confift  of  elaftic  particles:  feparation,  precifely  equal  to  their  relative  velocity  of 
they  manifeft  perfeifl  elafticity,    fo  Ion;;  as  the  forces  mutual  approach.    And  bodies  polfeiring  imperfeft  ela- 
employed  to  change  their  Ihape  do  not  remove   the  fticity,  Ihould  fuftain  changes  of  motion,  which  differ 
particles  from   their  prcfent  contains  ;  but  if  they  are  from  the  clianges  on  unelallic  bodies,  precifely  in  pro- 
removed  from  thefe,  they  Aide  on  to  other  fituations,  portion  to  tlie  degree  of  elafticity  which  they  are /(noiw/i 
\vhcre  tliey  again  exhibit  the   fame  appearances.     To  to  poflefs.    And,  laftly,  if  the  changes  of  motion  which 
underlland  this  fully,  the  reader  may  confult  the  article  obtain  in  the  collifion  of  bodies,    ate  precifely  thofc 
BoscovicH   of  this  Supplemenl — The  faci   is  fufficient  which  would  refult  fiom  the  operation  otthofe  inherent 
for  our  prcfent  purpofe.     Now,   in  this  variable  confti-  forces    of   elafticity  and  cohefion,    no   other   force 
tution,  where  the  particles  may  take  a  thoufand  differ-  whatever  concurs  in  their  production:   For  we 
ent  fitualions,  and  ftill  cohere,  it  is  plain,  that  when  a  know  that  thofe  forces  do  tperaii  in  the  collifion  ;  we  fee 
body  has  been  dimpled  by  compreiHon,  the  particles  the  compreffion  and  reftitution  which  are  their  cffeiflive 
have  nothing  to  bring  them  back  to  their  firft  fituation  caufes,  and  their  immediate  elfe«.'ls.     If  any  other  force 
when  the   compreffing   force  is  removed  :   the  utmoft  were  fuperadded,  we  fliimld  fee  its  effefts  alfo,  and  the 
elafticity  to  be  expeded,  is  that  which  will  not  extend  motions  would  be  different  from  what  they  are. 
to  one  Ihift  of  fituation  ;  therefore,  the  reftitution  is         Now  the  fatl  is,  that  lue  have  never  Jeen  a  body  that 
altogether  infenfible.     This  is  ihe  cafe  with  all  foft  bo-  i;  n'd,  in  fome  degree,  compriftble.       It  has  not  pleafed 
dies,  fuch  as  clay — the  fame  quality  is  maniferted  in  all  the   Almighty   Creator  to  make  any  fuch  here  below, 
due'lile  bodies,  fuch  as  lead,  foft  iron  and  fteel,  foft  Affuredly  He  has  not  found  fuch  to  be  of  ufe  for  the 
copper,  folt  gold.  purpofes  He  had  in  view  in  this  our  fublunary  world. 
Now  let  one  ot  thefe  bodies  ftrike  another.    The  com-  We  know  of  no  body  that  is  pcifeflly  unchangeable  in 
preffion,  or  the  Aiding  of  the  particles  over  each  other,  its  fhape  and  dimenlions.     It  is  therefore  no  lofs  what- 
requires  force,  or  mutual  preffure — This  being  accom-  ever  to  us,  although  we  fhould  not  be  able  to  fay  a  pri- 
panied  by  a  rea(fHon  perfedly  equal,  muft  operate,  du-  ori  what  their  motions  will  be  in  collifion.     We  cannot 
ring  the  compreffion,  precifely  as  the  equal  repulfive  even  fairly  guefs  them,  by  reafoning  from  what  we  ob- 
forces  did.     It  will  take  as  much  momentum  from  A  as  ferve  in  otlier  bodies :   For  it  is  juft  as  likely  that  their 


it  gives  to  B  ;  fo  that  A  a  =±^  B  b  will  remain   invari- 
ably the  fame,  and  a  common  velocity  will  at  laft  ob- 

A  a  =t:  B  /■      ^,  _  , 

tain,  =  — 5 jj —  .    The  comprelLon  can  proceed  no 

farther,  and  the  two  bodies  muft  now  proceed  in  con- 
taft  with  this  velocity. 

And  thus  we  fee,  that  in  the  cnfe  of  compreflTible, 
but  unelaftic  bodies,  the  changes  of  motion  are  pro- 
duced by  the  cohefive  forces  inherent  in  the  bodies  ; 
but  not  inherent  in  them  becaufe  tb.ey  are  in  motion. 
We  fee  clearly  in  this  way,  how  the  pendulum  ufed  by 
Robins  and  his  followers  gave  a  true  meafure  of  the 
velocity  of  the  ball.  All  the  while  that  it  was  pene- 
trating into  the  pendulum,  overcoming  the  cohefion  as 
it  went  in,  this  cohefion  was  afling  equally  in  both  direc- 
tions. While  the  fibre  was  breaking,  it  was  pulling 
both  ways  j  it  was  holding  back  the  ball  which  was 
breaking  it,  and  it  was  pulling  forward  the  parts  to 
which  it  ftill  adhered  ;  and  when  it  broke  at  laft,  it  had 
produced  equal  effeds  on  the  ball  and  on  the  pendu- 
lum in  oppofite  diredions.  By  fuch  a  procefs,  the 
pendulum  was  gradually  accelerated,  and  acquired  its 
Utmoft  velocity  when  the  ball  had  ceafed  to  penetrate  : 

Therefore,  this  velocity  muft  be  =  -^r ;— 

'  A  -f.  pend"'. 

What    fhould    we   now   expeifl    to    happen   in    the 

collifion    of    bodies  ?    Such   bodies  as  exhibit  perfeft 

elafticity,  when   examined    by    bending,    or  other  fit 

trials,  Ihould  have  their  motions  changed  precifely  like 

the    magnets,    or    bodies  which  repel  or  avoid  each 


motions  may  refemble  thofe  of  perfeftly  elaftic  bodies 
as  thofe  of  unelallic  bodies ;  for  we  find  that  bodies  of 
the  moll  extreme  hardnefs  are  generally  highly  elaftic. 
Diamond,  cryllal,  agate,  quartz,  and  fuch  like,  are  the 
moll  elallic  bodies  we  know.  Philofopher;,  however, 
rather  think  that  the  motions  of  perfe(5Hy  hard  bodies 
will  refemble  thofe  of  unelallic  bodies ;  beciule  elaftici- 
ty fuppofes  compreffion.  We  do  not  pretend  to  fay 
with  confidence,  what  would  be  the  motion  of  a  fingle 
atom  of  matter  (which  cannot  admit  oi  comjireirion) 
which  is  hit  by  another  in  motion.  We  fee  all  the  par- 
ticles of  terrcftrial  matter  connefled  with  each  other  by 
certain  modifications  of  the  general  force  of  cohefion, 
fo  as  to  produce  various  forms  of  aggregation  ;  fuch  as 
aerial  fluidity,  liquid  fluidity,  rigidity,  fofinefs,  dudi- 
lity,  firmnefb  or  hardnefs ;  all  of  v.hich  are  combined 
with  more  or  lefs  elafticity.  Thefe  tangible  forms  re- 
fult from  certain  pofitive  properties  of  the  material 
atoms  of  which  the  particles  are  compofed  ;  and,  in  all 
the  cafes  which  come  under  our  obfervations,  thefe  pro- 
perties produce  preffures  of  one  kind  or  another  ;  all  of 
which  are  moving  forces.  They  are  inherent  in  the 
particles  and  atoms :  therefore  when  fuch  atoms  are  in 
motion,  thefe  forces  are  in  a  condition  which  affords 
occafion  for  a  continuation  of  this  preffure  that  is  com- 
petent to  the  produdion  of  motion  in  another  particle. 
But  what  would  be  the  event  of  the  meeting  of  atoms 
divefted  of  fuch  forces,  we  profefs  not  to  know,  or 
even  to  conceive. 

The  faifl  alfo  is,  that  all  the  changes  of  motion,  com« 
monly  called  impulfions,  •which  have  been  obferved,  are 

precifely 


I    M     P 


C     ^33     ] 


I     M     1' 


Inipiilfion. 

The  iibft-r- 
vc-a  cficds 
of  collilion 
arc  pcrfcCrt- 
ly  conform- 
able to  the 
propofi- 
tioiis  now 
eftablillicd. 


49 
Extcniive 
proof  of  tlie 
uuivcrfal- 
ity  of  equal 
a6lion  and 
readiioR. 


precifcly  fuch  as  have  been  defcribeJ.     Unel.itlic  bodies 

.,    ,        ,     .     Afl=i=Bi     „ 
proceed  in  contaft  wiih  the  velocity  —  , —  Per- 

feilly  chdic  bodies  fepar.ite  after  collilion,  and  each 
lulVtins  double  of  the  change  that  is  lultained  by  an  un- 
ci,iHic  body.  Bodies  of  imperfeci  el.ilticiiy  dilF;r  from 
tlic  two  (imple  cafes,  precifely  in  the  proportion  of  the 
elallicity  difcoverable  by  other  trials.  The  mutual  ac- 
tions are  obferved  to  be  in  the  proportion  of  their  rela- 
tive motions,  whatever  the  real  motions  may  be.  For 
not  only  are  the  changes  of  progrcllive  motion  exaftly 
in  this  proportion,  but  the  coraprcffions  and  changes  ot 
figure,  which  we  conlider  as  the  immediate  occafions  of 
thofj  aflions,  are  alio  obferved  to  be  in  the  fame  propor- 
tions, in  a//  ca/fs  thai  'wc  can  obfcrve  and  7:ieajare  •vjilh 
accuracy.  All  thefe  things  can  be  afcertained  with 
5j;reat  precifion  by  means  of  the  collifion  of  pendulous 
bodies  in  the  way  pointed  out  by  Sir  Chrillopher  Wren 
(a  method  attributed  by  the  Fiench  to  their  country- 
man Mariotte,  but  really  invented  by  Wren,  and  exhi- 
bited to  the  Royal  Society  of  London  the  week  after 
he  communicated  his  theory  of  impullion). 

We  mull  alio  infer  from  thefe  fads,  that  the  aftions 
of  bodies  on  each  other  are  mutual,  equal,  and  oppofue. 
This  is  really  an  inference  irom  the  phenomena,  and 
not  an  original  or  tirll  principle  of  realoning.  The 
contrary  is  conceivable,  and  therelore  not  abfurd.  In 
the  fame  way  that  we  can  conceive  a  magnet  repelling 
iron,  without  imagining  that  the  iron  repels  the  magnet, 
we  may  conceive  a  golden  ball  capable  ot  impelling  a 
leaden  ball  before  it,  without  conceiving  that  the  leaJen 
bill  will  impell  the  golden  bill.  We  do  not  find  this 
caly  i:iJocd  ;  becaufe  the  contrary  is  fo  familiar,  that  the 
one  idea  inllantly  brings  the  other  along  with  it.  We 
apprehend  it  to  be  impoflible  to  demonltrate,  that  a 
leaden  ball  will  not  ftop  as  foon  as  it  hits  the  golden 
ball,  or  v':ce  vcrfa.  But  all  our  experience  Ihevvs  u;, 
that  the  prelfures  exerted  in  contad  are  mutual,  equal, 
and  oppofue.  Tlie  fame  thing  is  obferved  in  :he  lorces 
which  conned  the  parts  of  bodies.  A  quantity  ot  fand 
or  water  balanced  in  a  fcaie  will  remain  in  equilibrio  in 
whatever  way  it  is  llirred  about  ;  its  parts  always  exert 
the  fame  prelfure  on  the  fcale :  io  does  a  body  fufpend- 
ed  by  a  llring  or  reftinp;  on  the  fcale,  by  whatever 
points  it  is  fupported.  This  could  not  be  if  the  parti- 
cles did  not  exert  mutual  and  equal  forces ;  nor  could 
the  phenomena  called  impulfions  be  what  they  are,  if  the 
prelfures  occalioned  between  the  particles  by  the  com- 
prellions  and  dilatations  were  not  mutual  and  equal. 
This  law  of  a<5lion  and  readion  mull  be  admitted  as 
nniverfal,  though  contingent,  like  gravity.  Doubtlel's 
it  refults  from  the  properties  whii.h  it  has  pleafed  the 
great  Artift  to  give  to  tlie  m  itter  of  which  He  has 
iormed  this  world.  There  is  one  way  in  which  we  can 
conceive,  mod  diftindly,  how  this  may  be  a  unlverfal 
property  of  matter.  If  we  grant  the  reality  of  atti  ac- 
tions and  repulfions  e  dijianii,  and  fuppofe  that  every 
primary  atom  of  matter  is  precifely  liinilir  to  every 
other  atom  in  all  its  properties,  and  that  this  alfeni- 
blage  of  properties  conllitutes  it  a  material  at  mi ;  it  fol- 
lows, that  every  atom  exerts  the  fime  attractions  and 
repulfions,  or  has  the  fame  uniting  and  cvalive  tenden- 
cies, and  then  the  law  (jf  aftion  and  equal  icadion  fol- 
lows of  courfc.  This  is  fuiely  the  very  notion  that  any 
perfon  is  difpofed  to  enteitaln  oi  the  nut:er.     And  it 

iiuppu.  Vol.   It. 


mechanical  force  and  mobility  are  the  qualities  which  Inpulfion. 
dillinguilh  what  is  material  from  mind  or  other  imrin'e-  ^•'^'^•-^ 
rial  fubftances,   the  law  of  equal  and  contrary  reacts  a 
fecnis  neatly  allied  to  the  clal's  of  tirll  principles. 

Ot  all  the  phtn  nnur.i  that  indicate  this  p.-rtett  cquu- 
lity  of  aaion  and  rcadion,  the  moll  fufccpiible  ot  ac- 
curate examination  is  the  fainenefs  or  equality  of  action 
when  the  relative  m  )tions  are  eqnal.  Now  there  is  no 
phenomenon  more  ceitain  than  this.  In  coiillquence 
of  the  rotation  of  the  earth  round  its  axis,  ai:d  us  revo-- 
lution  round  the  fun,  it  is  plain  that  all  our  experimetus 
and  obfervations  are  on  relative  motions  only.  Now, 
we  not  only  find  that  tha  anions  of  two  bodies  fubjec- 
ted  to  experiment  are  e(iual  when  the  relative  molion^^ 
are  equal,  but  we  find  that  all  our  meafures  of  adion 
on  a  hngle  body  are  proportional  to  the  apparent  mo. 
tions  which  they  produce.  It  requires  precifely  the 
fame  force  to  impel  a  ball  eartward,  wellward,  fouth, 
or  north,  at  12,  or  3,  or  fi,  or  9  o'clock  :  )et  the  reiil 
motions  arc  immenicly  dillerent  in  all  thefe  cafes,  and 
it  is  only  the  relative  motions  that  have  the  proportions 
which  we  obterve.  Another  very  important  point  de- 
ducible  from  our  experiments  is,  that  the  (mtis  prefure 
produces  the  lame  change  of  motion,  whatever  may  be 
the  velocity.  We  know  this  by  obllrving,  that  when 
the  mutual  dimpling  or  compreflion  is  the  fame,  the 
change  ot  motion  is  the  fame,  whatever  be  the  liour  of 
the  day.  This  could  not  be  if  it  required  a  greater 
prelfure  to  change  the  velocity  looooo  into  looooi, 
than  to  change  the  velocity  i  into  the  velocity  2.  Ytt 
this  is  one  of  Leibnitz's  great  meraphylical  arguments 
for  proving  that  the  force  accumulated,  and  now  inhe- 
rent, in  a  moving  body,  is  proportional  to  the  fqnare  of 
its  velocity.  We  beg  that  this  may  be  kept  in  remem- 
brance. 

it  mull  be  granted,  that  what  we  have  already  faid 
on  the  lubjeft  of  impullion  may  be  called  an  explai.j- 
tion ;  for  it  deduces  the  phenomena  Irom  general  and 
uncpaellionable  principles,  and  from  acknowledged  laws 
of  Nature.  Tlie  only  principle  uled  is,  that  a  moving 
torce  is  indicated,  charactenfed,  and  meafnred,  by  the 
motion  which  it  piodnces.  It  is  an  acknowledged  law 
of  Nature,  that  prcffures  are  moving  forces  ;  alio,  that: 
moving  forces  appear  in  cafes  where  we  obferve  neither 
prelfures  nor  impulfions,  and  whitli  we  call  repullions 
or  evahve  tendencies  ;  that  tiief.'  are  mutual  an  J  equal  : 
and  we  have  fhewn,  how  a  ceitain  let  of  changes  of 
motion  refuli  from  them,  and  have  llated  diliimitly  the 
whole  procclV  :  we  Ihewed,  that  thel'e  phenomena  are  li- 
milar  to  thole  of  common  impullion;  and  we  tlien 
iliewed  in  what  manner  the  motion  of  a  body  givii  oc- 
cafion  to  the  exertion  of  various  moving  forces,  called 
dijVicUy,  cok/ion,  &c.  and  that  this  exertion  mull  pro- 
duce motions  limilar  to  thole  produced  by  repullions 
c  dijlanti ;  and,  laltly,  we  inferred,  from  the  pert^tft 
fanienefs  of  ihofe  refults  with  ihe  adual  phenomena  of 
impullion,  that  thole  corpukular  forces  are  the  imme- 
diate and  only  caufes  of  llie  changes  called  inipiillions, 
and  commonly  afciibed  to  a  if^ul'ur  lorcc  inheienl  in  a 
moving  body.  ^^ 

From  a  coUeiffive  view  of  the  whole,  we  think  it  clear,  why  doci 

that  the  opinion  that  impullion  is  the  folc  caufe  of  mo- thcphilolo- 

tion  is  unwarranted.     We   lee  that  the   phenomena  of  r'"^"' •"''"/"' 

impulfion  are  broucht  about  by  tlie  imiuedhtc  operation  '"  "^'' "".'" 
.  "^      ,.  ,      ^ ,.  1       1    •    ■    n  -  r  gravitauon, 

of  piellurc  J  and  we  lee  numberleU  inllanccs  ot  prtllure,  ^^.^  |,j,  ;„,. 
G  g  in  pulCon  i 


familiar. 


IMP  [2 

fmpnlCon.  in  which  we  cannot  find  the  fmalleft  trace  of  impullion. 
^'^'~''^*^  It  is  therefore  n  nioft  violent  and  unwarranted  opinion, 
which  afcribes  to  repeated  unperceivcd  inipulfions  all 
tliofe  I'ohcitations  to  motion  by  which,  or  in  confc- 
tjuence  of  which,  liic  molions  of  bodies  are  alL'ded  by 
diliant  bodies,  or  bear  an  evident  relation  to  ihe  fitua- 
tiin  and  diftance  cf  other  bodies  ;  as  in  the  ex.iinples  of 
planetary  defleiflion,  tcrrcflrial  gravitation,  m.ignetical 
and  elefliical  deflexions,  and  the  like.  There  is  nothing 
in  the  phenomenon  of  the  prellurcof  gravity  that  i'ccms 
tomakeinipulfion  mere  neceliavy  or  more  probable  than 
in  the  preliineol  elafticity,  whether  that  of  a  fpring  or 
of  an  expanlive  flaid.  The  aJmillion  of  an  unperteiv- 
ed  fluid  to  efF;i5l  thofe  inipullions  is  quite  unwarrant- 
ed, and  the  explanation  is  therefore  unpliilofophical, 
even  although  we  Ihould  pciceive  intuitively  that  an 
atom  in  motion  will  ))ut  another  into  motion  by  hitting 
it.  We  apprehend  that  this  cannot  be  aflirmed  with 
any  clear  perception  of  its  truth. 
fj  On  the  whole,  therefore,  we  niuR  afciibe  lh<it  con- 

Impiilfion  tented  acqiiiefcence  in  the  explanations  of  gravitation, 
is  fiipi'ofed  and  Other  attrjflions  and  repuUions,  by  means  ol  ini- 
tobc  better  puijg  ^jj'  the  acquiefcence  be  not  pretended),  to  the  fre- 
undcrltood  q„g(,j.j.  ^^j  familiarity  of  impulfion,  and  perhaps  to 
the  peifonal  fliare  and  interell  we  have  in  this  mode  of 
producing  motion.  Wc  know  that  it  is  always  object- 
ed that  nothing  is  explained,  when  wc  fay  that  A  re- 
ptU  13,  or  tiiat  B  avoids  A  ;  but  we  mull  fay  in  return, 
that  notliing  is  explained,  when  wc  fay  that  A  impels 
L  by  hitting  it,  or  that  1j  flies  away  Irom  the  ftroke. 
Why  fhould  it  not  be  allowed  to  ufe  the  term  repelling 
power,  when  it  is  allowed  to  ufe  the  term  impelling 
power,  the  force  of  impulle,  inertia?  All  thcfe  terms 
only  exprefs  phenomena.  Duca  the  word  body  exprefs 
any  more  ? 

The  nuxim,  that  a  body  cannot  aiff  'wiere  It  is  not, 
any  more  than  zvhcn  it  is  not,  is  a  quaint  and  lively  ex- 
bctter  uii-    preflion,  and  therefore  has  conliderable  effsfl  :  It  may  be 
dcrltood.     granted  ;  for  we  apprehend  that  we  unJerlland  fo  little 
about  •zv/)en  and  "u'/i^re,  that  we  cannot  demonilrate  the 
aflirmative  or  negative  in  either  cal'c,  and  that  they  are 
on  a  p.ir  with  rcfpeil  to  our  knowledge  of  them.     We 
can  have  no  doubt,  however,  ot  the  fai5t,  that  our  mind 
can  bo  afteded  by  an  external  objeft  that  is  merely  re- 
coUcifled.     And  wc  apprehend,  that  we  know  nothing 
of  the  difference  between  body  and  m'n.d  but  whiit  we 
have  learned  by  experience.     Body,  for  any  thing  that 
wc  alUiredly  know  to  the  contrary,  may  alftift,  or  be 
aSFcded  by,  a  diliant  body,  as  well  as  mind  may  be.     It 
is  therefore  worth  while  to  pay  fome  farther  attention 
to  the  phenomena,  in  order  to  fee  whether  this  expe- 
rience is  fo  univerlal  and  unexcepted  as  is  believed.     As 
Mr  Cotes,  and  many  of  Newton's  difciples,  are  accufed 
ot  explaining  many  phenomena  by  attraftion  and  repul- 
fion  v.'hich  tlieir  opponents  allirm  to  be  cafes  of  impul- 
f.on  ;  it  is  not  imjioflible  but  that  ordinary  obfervers, 
who  have  no  preconceived  theories,  may  imagine  impu!- 
fions  to  obtain  in  cafes  where  a  more  accurate  infpec- 
lion  would  convince  them  that  no  impulfion  has  hap- 
pened. 
Inquiry  in-      When  we  kick  away  a  foot-ball,  we  confider  it  as 
tothcfanii-a  fort  of   folid  continuous  body;    yet  we  know  that 
liarity  of     it  mud  be   filled  with   ccimprelfed   air.       It  may  not 
impulfion.    Ug  impoflible  to  have  it  of  its  round  Ihape  without  be- 
i"foot-Ml'.  '"S  '"  ''^'^^  =  b"'  ^^e  f'"ow  tlut,  in  this  condition;  it 


It  is  not 


34     ]  IMP 

would  not  fly  away  from  our  foot  by  tlie  ftrolte ;  we  Impulfion. 
ihould  only  force  in  the  fide  which  we  kick,  and  the  ^-^^^'^^^ 
flaccid  (kin  would  lie  at  our  feet.  But  when  it  is  fil- 
led with  llrongly  ccimprelfed  air,  we  can  form  to  our- 
felves  a  pretty  dirtlnft  notion  how  it  is  made  to  move 
ofl.  Our  foot  prefTes  on  a  pirt  of  the  fkin  :  this  com- 
prelTes  the  air  againit  the  anterior  part  of  the  bag,  and 
iorces  it  away.  If  we  reflect  more  fericufly  on  the 
proccfs,  we  can  ftill  conceive  it  clearly  enough,  by 
thinking  on  a  row  of  aereal  particles,  reaching  fiom  the 
part  (Iruck  by  the  foot  to  the  anterior  part,  each  touch- 
ing the  other,  and  therefore  forcing  the  anterior  part 
forward.  The  air  is  conceived  to  confid  of  a  number 
ot  little  fpherules  in  contacft,  each  of  which  is  com- 
prelhble  ;  and  we  think  the  operation  illuftrated  by 
fuppofing  each  to  be  like  a  little  vefide  or  bladder. 
'I'his  we  believe  to  be  the  ufual  way  of  conceiving  the 
conlUtution  of  expanfive  fluids  :  But  this  will  noL  agree 
at  all  with  the  known  properties  of  air  ;  for  it  can  be 
Uiicflly  demonflrated,  that  if  fuch  a  coUeiflion  of  claflic 
veficles  be  compreded  into  the  halt  of  their  ordinary 
bulk,  every  velicle  will  be  changed  Irom  a  fphere  into 
a  perfecS  cube,  touching  the  adjoining  cubes  in  every 
point  of  its  lix  fides,  and  flrongly  preflisd  againft  them. 
It  can  alfo  be  deroonllratcd,  that  if  a  leaden  cube  of 
one  inch  be  included  in  the  box,  and  placed  with  its 
fides  parallel  to  the  fides  of  the  box,  and  the  compref- 
fion  be  then  made,  all  the  little  cubic  veficles  will  ac- 
quire the  fame  pofition.  If  the  box  be  now  turned  up- 
fide-down,  it  can  be  demonflrated  that  the  weight  of 
this  leaden  cube  will  not  be  fulhcicnt  for  overcoming 
the  rcfiftance  of  the  comprelled  cubes.  This  cnmpref- 
fcd  niafs  will  not  be  fluid,  but  will  require  a  very  con- 
fiderable  force  to  prefs  the  leaden  cube  through  it,  jalt 
as  we  find  fuch  a  force  neceifary  for  moving  a  body 
through  melted  glafs :  the  particles  no  longer  ilide  on 
each  other  like  uncornprefled  fphendes  ;  each  will  re- 
quire about  half  of  tlie  comprefling  force,  in  order  to 
overcome  the  friiflion,  or  obflrucflion  like  friifiion,  pro- 
duced in  Aiding  along  the  furface  of  the  contiguous 
cubes.  But  we  know  that  air  remains  peiieclly  fluid, 
although  vaftly  more  coniprelfcd  than  this.  This,  there- 
fore, cannot  be  like  the  conditution  or  form  of  air. 
Moreover,  it  is  well  known  tliat  air  has  been  made  ten 
times  dcnfer  than  its  ordinary  llale,  and  is  then  pertecft- 
ly  fluid.  It  has  alfo  been  made  a  hundred  times  rarer,  and 
it  Ifdl  remains  perfecflly  fluid.  In  this  ftate  its  particles 
mud  be  ten  times  farther  removed  from  eacli  other  than 
in  the  former  date,  of  a  thouland  times  greater  denfity. 
Yet  we  know  that  this  rare  air  is  compreifed  with  a  force 
eqaal  to  the  weight  of  a  dratuni  of  mercury  -fd  of  an 
inch  in  thicknefs,  and  that  if  -fd  of  this  preifure  be  re- 
moved, it  will  expand  till  it  is  150  times  rarer  than 
common  air  ;  that  is,  there  is  fome  force  which  puflies 
the  particles  dill  farther  from  each  other.  This  force 
evidently  extends  beyond  the  tentli  particle  of  air  that 
is  made  ten  times  denfer  than  common  air.  Therefore 
the  eladicity  of  air  docs  not  aril's  from  the  conta6l  of 
panicles,  which  are  eladic  like  blown  up  bladders,  but 
fiom  fome  force  which  extends  beyond  tlie  adjoining 
particles.  There  is  no  gr<:ater  reafon,  therefore,  for 
fuppofing,  that  the  particles  of  air  touch  each  other, 
than  for  fuppofing  that  the  two  magnets  touch  each 
other  becaufc  they  repel.  A  row  of  magnets  floating 
on  quickfilver,  and  placed  with  their  fimllar  poles  front- 
ing 


I     M     P 


C    235    ] 


I     M     1^ 


Impulfion. 


Is  very 
doubtful. 


54 
Many  cafes 
of  doubtful 
cental. 


S5 
Vcr)'  re- 
markable 
cofc  of  con- 
vex Knfti 
falfdy 
fecniing  to 
touch. 


Ing  each  other,  and  ver)'  near,  will  tend  to  feparate, 
and  tliey  require  to  be  held  in  by  a  {lo\>  put  at  each 
end  of  the  canal ;  and  if  one  ftop  be  gradiiilly  with- 
drawn, the  magnets  will  all  fep  irate,  and  exhibit  the 
j^eneral  mechanical  cftciSs  of  a  row  of  aereal  p.irticles 
feparating  by  the  removal  of  prcflure.  There  fcenis, 
therefore,  to  be  the  fame  neceflity  for  the  operation  of 
an  intervening  impelling  Huid  for  producing  this  fepa- 
ration  or  cLUlicity  of  the  aereal  mafs,  as  for  feparating 
the  magnets. 

The  refult  of  thefe  remarks  feems  to  be,  that  the 
impulfion  of  a  foot-ball  is  not  brought  about  in  the 
way  that  is  commonly  imagined,  by  the  excitement  ot 
corporeal  prefl'ure  at  the  points  of  contact  of  the  two 
foot-ball«.  For  we  fee  it  almolt  demonllrated,  that  the 
progrefTive  motion  of  the  anterior  part  of  one  of  the 
balls  has  been  produced  without  contafl,  or,  at  lead, 
by  the  intervention  of  repulfions  acfling  at  a  diftance. — 
May  not  this  obtain,  even  in  the  points  in  which  we 
fuppofe  the  two  balls  adually  to  touch,  in  the  ad  of 
impulfion  ? 

But  farther — Every  perfon  has  obferved  the  brilliant 
dew  drops  lying  on  the  leaves  of  plants.  Every  perfon 
acquainted  with  Newton's  optical  difcoveries,  miift  be 
convinced  that  the  dew-drop  is  not  in  mathematical 
conta(5l  with  the  leaf;  if  it  were,  it  could  have  no  bril- 
liancy. Moll  perfons  have  oliferved  the  rain  drops  of 
a  fummcr  fiiower  fall  on  the  furface  of  water,  and 
roll  abnit  for  a  few  feconds,  exhibiting  the  greateft 
brilliancy.  They  cannot,  therefore,  be  in  inatliema- 
tical  contaft  with  the  water.  There  muft  be  a  fmall 
dillance  between  them,  and  therefore  fome  force  which 
keeps  them  afunder,  and  carries  the  weight,  that  is, 
coiinieia<fls  the  downward  prclFure  of  the  rain  drop. 
We  know  that  fome  infeifts  with  long  legs  can  run 
about  on  the  furface  of  water ;  and  if  we  lift  them  care- 
fully, and  fet  them  on  glafs,  their  feet  do  not  wet  it. 
Put  a  little  fpirit  of  wine  into  tliis  water,  and  make  it 
lukewarm,  and  the  infect  inltantly  finks  up  to  the 
belly,  and  cannot  move  about  as  before:  Its  feet  will 
now  wet  a  glafi.  A  well-polifhed  Reel  needle,  even  of 
confiderable  lize,  if  perfeflly  clean  and  dry,  will  float 
on  water  without  being  wetted  :  It  is  obferved  to  make 
a  confiderable  deprefllon  on  the  furface  of  the  water, 
juft  as  a  heavy  bar  of  iron  would  make  when  laid  on  a 
feather  bed — the  needle  difplaces  a  quantity  of  water 
equal  to  itfelf  in  weight,  yet  does  not  touch  it,  for  it 
is  not  wetted.  If  it  be  previoully  wetted,  it  will  not 
difplacc  any  water,  and  will  not  Boat.  There  is  fume- 
thing,  therefore,  which  keeps  the  water  at  a  dillance 
from  the  feet  of  the  infeft,  and  from  the  needle,  exert- 
ing a  certain  upward  prefiTure  on  tlieni.  The  prelfiirc 
and  the  reaiflion  are  indeed  very  fmill ;  but  they  would 
produce  a  very  fenfiblc  motion  if  continued  fufliciently 
long  in  proper  circunill.inccs.  Here  would  be  a  pro. 
du^tion  of  motion,  which  mnfl  perfons  would  c  ill  an 
impulfion — yet  there  would  be  no  llroke,  no  contac'l, 
and  therefore  no  true  impulfion. 

We  now  beg  the  reader  to  attend  minutely  to  New- 
ton's famous  experiment  with  the  objcifl  glalles  of  long 
telefcopes,  which  wc  have  mentioned  circumftaniially 
in  the  article  Optics,  Encycl.  n"  63 — 68. 

When  the  upper  glaf  ii  very  thin  and  light,  no  co- 
lour appears  at  the  point  of  conta>i) :  but  by  prelf- 
ing  it  down  with  fuflicient  force,  we  (hall  have  a  black 


or  unrellefling  fpot  in  the  middle,  furrounJcd  hy  a  fil-  Impulfion. 
very  ring,  and  then  by  a  ferics  of  lings  of  various  co-  ^■^'^'*-' 
lours,  according  to  the  dillance  between  the  parts  of 
the  glafles  where  the  colours  appear.  Newton  has 
counted  50  of  thefe  rings.  He  lliews,  by  a  careful 
computation  from  the  known  fij-iire  of  the  glalfes,  that 
the  differences  between  the  tlillances  which  exhibit 
thefe  colours  are  all  precifely  equal,  and  that  each  is 
about  -j-jV^  of  an  inch.  Therefore,  fuppofing  that  ihs 
glades  are  in  mathematical  contaifl  where  the  iinrelleil- 
ing  fpnt  appears,  making  one  continuous  mafs  of  glafs, 
their  diftance  at  the  outermoll  ring  muft  not  be  lefs 
than  -j^l^  of  an  inch,  or  -rj  o  o*  an  i"ch.  Therefore, 
when  one  glafs  carries  the  other,  wllliout  any  appear- 
ance of  colour  at  the  middle,  we  mull  conclude  that 
there  is  a  repullion  exerted  between  the  nearell  parts, 
at  a  diftance  not  lefs  than  i-J-j-  of  an  inch,  fufficient 
for  fupporting  the  upper  glafs.  It  req'iires  an  incicafi; 
of  prelfure  to  produce  the  tirft  appearance  of  colour  ; 
and  when  the  preiFure  is  ftiU  more  increafed,  new  en. 
lours  appear  in  the  middle,  and  the  colour  formerly 
there  is  now  feen  in  a  furrounding  ring;  thefe  multi- 
ply continually,  by  new  ones  fpreading  from  a  central 
fpot.  A  great  prelfure  at  laft  produces  the  unrcflecl- 
ing  fpot  in  the  centre,  which,  unhke  to  all  tlie  colour- 
ed fpo:s  wliich  had  emerged  in  fucccllion,  is  (liirply 
defined,  and  never  rour.d,  but  ragged,  and  it  is  imme- 
diately furrounded  by  a  biigiu  fijvery  reflexion.  The 
fhape  of  this  fpot  depends  on  the  figure  of  the  fur- 
faces ;  for,  on  turning  the  upper  leiu  a  little  round  its 
axis,  the  inequalities  of  the  eJge  of  the  fpot  tuiu,  in 
fome  degree,  with  it.  This  feeniingly  trifling  remark 
will  be  found  important  by  the  meciian  cian  :  A  ftiU 
farther  increafe  of  prelfure  enlarges  the  unreflcifling 
fpot,  and  the  dimenfions  of  all  the  rings — When  the 
prelfure  is  gradually  withdrawn,  the  rings  Ihrink  in  their 
dimenfions,  the  unrefleifling  fpot  difappears  firft,  and 
each  ring  in  fucceflion  conlradls  into  a  fp  it,  and  va- 
nilhcs.  Here  we  have,  by  the  way,  an  explanation  of 
the  brilliancy  of  dew-drops :  they  come  fo  near,  p;r- 
haps,  that  the  neareft  point  rcfleifls  the  filvery  appear- 
ance— but  they  do  not  touch;  the  iiiU;in:  that  they 
touch  a  wetted  part,  making  one  mat's  of  tranlpaienc 
matter,  all  brilliancy  is  gone. 

Here  then  are  incontelkible  proofs  of  a  force,  be  its  ^g 
origin  what  it  may,  which  keeps  the  glaflcs  afunder.  They  repel 
and  even  caufes  them  to  feparate  ;  which  manifefts  it- each  other; 
felf  by  wiihftanding  prelfure  ;  and  therefore  is,  itfelf,  a 
prelfure,  or  equivalent  to  a  prelfure — It  varies  in  its  in- 
tenfity  by  a  change  of  diftance  ;  but  we  have  11  H  been 
able  to  afcertain  by  what  law.  It  muft  nut  be  mea- 
fured  by  the  fiinple  variation  of  the  txteraal  preli'ure  ; 
for  fince  we  fee  that,  even  before  any  colour  appears 
in  the  centre,  the  weight  of  the  upfCr  lens  is  fiipport- 
ed,  we  muft  conclude  that  the  gl.ilfes  are  exerting  at 
leaft  an  equal  force  all  around  the  circunderence  oi  the 
outermoll  ring.  It  is  evident,  that  the  computation  of 
the  whole  force,  exerted  over  all  the  coloured  fur.'ace, 
muft  be  ditlicult,  even  on  the  limplcft  hypithelis  con- 
cerning the  law  of  repullion  :  wc  can  only  fay  that  it 
increales  by  a  diminution  of  dillance.  It  is  vety  i-af/ 
to  conipu;e  the  increafe  of  external  prelfure,  which 
would  liilTice  if  the  repelling  force  were  equal  at  all 
diftanccb ;  or  if  it  varied  according  to  any  fiiigle  power 
of  the  diftances.  We  have  tried  the  inverle  limplc, 
G  g  2  duplicate. 


I   M   r 


C    236   ] 


I     M     P 


S7 
And  niiiy 
im 

out  tuuch 
ill?, 


Iir]>iill'io!i.  diiplica'e,  and  triplicate  ratio;  but  the  fail  deviated 
''-''^'''^■^  widely  f.om  tlicm  all.  The  repullion  does  nnt  change 
neatly  fo  much  as  in  the  liniple  inverfc  ratio  of  the 
diftaiiccs,  it  tlie  glalles  be  fuppoled  to  touch  in  the 
whole  fuiface  ol'  ilie  iinreflecling  fpnt.  But  we  found, 
tliai  if  we  fuppofc  them  feparated,  though  at  a  diftance 
equal  to  forty  times  the  dilFercnce  of  dllhince  at  which 
the  colours  change,  that  is,  si-v  of  an  inch,  the  pref- 
Jures  employed  ni  tlie  experiment  accoid  pretty  well 
with  a  repullion  mveifely  as  the  d;rtance,  but  Hill  with 
a  very  confiderable  deviatiin  iu  tho  (Jieat  prellurcs.  In 
the  courfe  of  a  number  of  cxpejiments  with  a  favour- 
ite pair  of  lenfes,  we  broke  the  iippcrmoll  by  too 
(Ironsj  a  prefFure.  We  then  cut  out  ci  it,  with  a  la- 
pidary's hollow  drill,  a  piece  of  \  of  an  inch  in  diame- 
ter, and  peifeiftly  round,  and  we  fqucezed  it  on  the 
other  by  a  meafured  prelfure,  till  we  produced  a  colour- 
leff  fpot  of  nearly  -Jth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  with  a 
iilvery  margin.  Computnig  from  this,  we  thought 
ouifelvcb  warranted  to  lay,  that  not  lefs  than  800  pounds 
are  necellary  for  producing  a  black  fpot  of  cue  inch 
fquare! 

Now,  what  Is  the  confequence  of  all  this  in  the  doc- 
trine oi'  impullion  ?  Sutely  this: — If  a  lump  cf  this 
pclwitli-  gijjj-j  (\rike  another  lump,  and  put  it  in  motion,  and  if 
'  '"'"  "  the  mutual  prcifuie  iu  the  adt  of  coUifion  do  nc't  ex- 
ceed 700  pounds  on  the  fquare  inch,  the  motion  has 
been  produced  without  matliematical  contaft,  and  the 
produ(ftion  can  no  more  be  called  impulfe  than  the 
motion  of  the  magnet  in  our  tirll  experiment.  The 
chan"e-i  of  motion  have  been  the  operation  ot  moving 
force's,  fimilar  to  the  force  of  magueiifm  ;  and  it  a 
ilream  of  truly  impelling  i3uid  be  necelfary  for  pro- 
ducing the  motion  of  the  magnet,  it  is  equally  necei- 
firy  for  producuig  the  motion  of  the  piece  of  glaf=. 

It  may  be  faii  here,  that  we  cannot  compare  impulfe 
and  preliure.  A  flight  blow  will  fplit  a  diamond  wliich 
could  fupport  a  houle.  A  flight  blow  may  therefore 
be  enouj-Ji  for  exciting  all  the  prcflure  necelfary  for  pro- 
ducing maihematicil  contaft.  We  mull  here  appeal  to 
what  every  man  feels  en  this  occalion.  We  doulit  ex- 
ceedingly whether  any  perfon  will  tliink  th.'.t,  when 
one  piece  of  glifs  gives  another  a  gentle  blow,  and 
puts  it  into  motion,  witli  the  velocity  of  a  few  inches 
per  I'econd,  a  blow  which  he  diftiniflly  hears,  there  has 
been  exerted  a  prelfure  at  all  approaching  to  800 
pounds  per  fquare  inch. — We  have  lulpended  a  pair  of 
Itnfes,  by  an  apparatus  fo  (leady  and  firm,  that  they 
could  touch  only  at  the  centres  of  each  iurtace  ;  and, 
havirg  placed  ourfelves  properly,  we  could  fee,  with 
fullicient  diltiniSnefs,  the  moineniary  appearance  of  the 
coloured  fp'>t  at  the  inllant  of  coUilion.  We  faw  this, 
with  the  lulk-ll  confidence  that  it  was  of  no  confidsr- 
able  breadth  in  a  moderate  llioke,  and  that  it  was  very 
fenlibly  broader  when  the  llroke  was  more  violent.  W^e 
did  not  truft  our  own  eye  alone,  but  (liewed  it  to  per- 
fons  ignorant  of  philofophy,  and  even  to  children,  of^en 
without  telling  them  what  to  look  for,  but  alking  them 
what  they  faw.  From  all  the  information  that  we 
could  gather,  none  of  the  prell'ures  came  near  to  what 
mud  have  been  neceflary  for  producing  the  black  fpot. 
This  could  net  be  millaken  :  for  although  the  outer 
rings  are  but  faint,  there  ate  five  or  fix  near  the  centre 
which  are  abundantly  vivid  for  affeifting  the  eye  by  the 
monientaiy  fl.illi.    Befides,  the  diinenQonsof  the  lenfts, 


and  the  welglit  of  the  metal  cells  in  which  they  were  ImpnlCou. 
fixed,  were  Inch  as  rnult  have  caufed  them  to  fplit  be-  ^'^~^'~'*^ 
iore  the  black  fpot  could  be  produced  in  the  centre. 

Thefe  things  being  maturely  confidered,  we  imagine  AnJ  cer- 
that  few  pcrlons  will  now  doubt  the  jullice  <>{  our  af-  tainly  do 
fertion,  that  in  all  tliefe  examples,  the  motions  have  been  ^°>  <^vcn  ia 
produced  without  mathematicnl  (or  rathergeometrical)  n't"' 
contact. — And  we  inidgine  alio,  that  few  will  reful'c 
granting  th.U  this  is  not  peculiar  to  glafs,  but  obtains 
alio  in  the  coUifion  of  other  bodies.  We  have  not 
thougi)t  ot  any  method  lor  putting  this  bcvond  doubt ; 
but  we  have  better  reafons  than  mere  likelihood  for 
being  of  this  opinion.  Every  one  acquainied  \Mth  the 
Newtonian  dilcoveries  in  optics,  km.'.vs  that  this  cu- 
rious appearance  of  the  coloured  rings  is  the  confe- 
quence of  the  a<flion  of  traufparent  bodies  on  the  rays 
of  light,  by  which  thefe  are  bent  afidi  from  their  rec- 
tilineal courfe,  and  that  this  deflexion  takes  phce  at  a 
dillance  from  the  diaphanous  body  ;  a  diftance  which 
the  fjgacity  of  the  great  philofopher  has  enabled  us 
to  meafure.  Now,  it  is  known  that  metals  and  other 
opake  bodies  produce  the  very  fame  dtfle^ftions  cf  the 
rays,  bending  them  toward  themfelvcs  at  one  diftance, 
and  from  them  at  other  dillances  ;  in  (hort,  attraifliug 
or  repelling  them  as  the  dillance  varies.  Nntliing  liut 
prepnlfcllion  can  liinder  a  perfon  from  afcribing  fimi- 
lar elTtifls  to  fimil.ir  caufes ;  and,  therefore,  thinking  it 
alnioll  certain,  that  this  mutual  repulfion  is  not  pecu- 
liar to  glafs,  but  common  to  allf(ilid  bodies. 

To  all  this  we  may  furely  add  the  celebrated  expe- 
riment of  Mr  Huyghens  ;  in  which  it  is  evident,  that  a 
fmooth  plate  of  metal  attraifls  another,  even  altlmugh 
there  be  a  filk  fibre  interpofed  between  them.  {See 
Phil.  Tranf.  n°  86).  Is  it  not  highly  probable,  that 
at  a  fniuller  dillance  the  bodies  repel  each  other  ?  For 
we  obfcrve,  thjt  metals,  as  well  as  tranl'parent  bodies, 
attraft  the  rays  at  one  dillance  and  repel  them  at 
another. 

Surely  cur  readers  will  now  grant,  that  the  produc-        jg 
tlon  ot  niotiin  by  impulilon,  as  ditlinguilhed  from  the  Impulfion 
production  by  aiflion  e  djlunri,  is  not  to  familiar  a  phe-  isnotfofa- 

nomeuon  as  was  ima-.'ined,  and  that  it  mav  even  be  faid  ,   ,.'^'  "  '* 

.  ^  ,  r        1       ■     1      '  c  ]      believed, 

to  be  raie  in  conipanhni :  tor  the  inilances  ot  mode- 
rate inipulfes  are  riumberlefs.  The  claim  of  this  mode 
of  explaining  difilcult  phenomena  by  impulfion,  has 
therefore  lolt  much  of  its  force  :  and  we  tec  much  lefs 
reafon  for  calling  in  the  aid  of  invifible  fluids,  in  order 
to  explain  theadlion  of  gravity,  magnetifm,  and  eleiffri- 
city. 

But  we  have  flill  more  important  information  from        59 
the  optical  difcovery  ot  Newt^.n.     Let  the  reader  turn  Stillgreater 
again  to  Optics,  Encycl.  n"  65,  and  read  the  account  doubts, 
of  the  phenomena  exhibited  by  the  foap-bubble.      I'j^g  Obfcrvati- 
bubble  is  thinner  and  thinner  as  we  approach  the  very  r      11 
uppermoft  point  of  it.     It  alio  exhibits  luminous  rings,  \,\^_ 
wliich  vary  in  their  colour,  in  the  fame  order  as  in  the 
fpace  between  the  lenfes.     Thefe  rings  come  to  view  in 
the  fame  manner.     Full,  a  coloured  fpot  appears  in 
the  lummit  of  the  bubble;  this  becomes  a  ring,  and  is 
fucceeded  by  another  fpot,  as  the  bubble  grows  thin- 
ner in  that  part,  by  the  gradual  fubliding  of  the  wa- 
tery film.     At  lall  a  bl.ick  fpot  appears  at  top,  well 
defined,  but  of  irregular  tliape,  furrounded  by  a  filvery 
ring.     This  fpot,  when  viewed  very  narrowly,  is  ob- 
ferved  to  rcflift  a  very  mlnuie  portion  of  light,  with 

otil 


IMP  [     237     ]  IMP 

Impulfion.   o\xx  feparaUng  the  differently  colorific  rays  of  which  it  Therefore  we  iliink  ourfclves  well  entitled  to  conclude,  Impulfion. 

coniilts  ;  but  it  contains  them  all,  as  may  be  proved  by  that  tlie  difappearaiice  of  the  black  fpot  was  not  owing  ^•^~"'~^'^ 

viewing  it  through  a  pril'in.     After  fonie  little   time,  to  a  i'eparation  ot  the  glaifes,  which  admits  the  water 

the  bubble  burfls.  into  the  empty  ^ace  ;  and  we  affirm,  that  before  the 

Surely  we  mull  infer  from  this,  thit  there  is  a  certain  entry  of  the  water,  there  was  room  for  it  in  the  place 

thicknefs  of  the  tranlparent  plate  which  renders  it  unfit  which  reflefled  no  hght ;  that  is,  that  although  tiie  glaf. 

for  the  vivid   reflection  of  light.     Does  it  not  le^iti-  fes  were  prefFed  together  vviih  a  very  great  force,  they 

niately  follow  from  this,  that  the  unrefle(fting  fpot  be-  were  not  in  contact. 

tween  the  lenfes   ceafes  to  entitle  us  to  fay,  that  they         It  deferves  remark,  that  in  endeavouring  to  produce  Rcmixk- 

are  in  contact  in  that  place  ?  All  that  we  can  conclude  the  black  fpot,  when  water  is  between  the  glalTes,   we 

from  its  appearance  is,  that  the  dillance  Hill  between  found  great  and  unaccountable  anotrialies.    Sometimes 

the  glalTes  is  too  fmall  to  fit  the  place  for  the  vi»id  re-  a  moderate  increafe  of  preffure  produced  it,  and  fome- 

flexion  ot  light.    This  conclufion  is  indifputable.    Were  times  we  were  not  able  to  produce  it  by  any  preflute. 

it  refu'cd,  we  are  turnidied  with  an  inconttltible  proof  Several  lenfes  were  broken  in  the  trial.     We  arc  led  to 

by  the  fame  bountiful  hand.     Newton  afcribid  the  co-  think  that  the  thicknefs  which  gives  the  filvery  rcflec- 

lours  to  the  refledicn  of  the  plate  of  air  between  the  tion  is  much  greater  than  the  8900th  part  of  an  inch, 

glalFes,  and  expedled  the  cclfation  of  them  when  the  air  and  that  it  is  not  the  fame  in  all  glalFes.     But  we  were 

is  removed.     His  friend  Mr  Boyle  had  lately  invented  interrupted  in  thefe  experiments,  and  indeed  in  all  aiflive 

a  commodious  air  pump.     The  trial  was  made,  and  purfuits,  by  bad  health,  which  has  never  permitted  their 

young  Newton  found  himfelf  millaken  ;  for  the  colours  renewal.    The  fubjecl  is  of  great  importance  to  the  cu- 

llill  appeared,  and  he  even  thought  them  more  biilliant.  lious  mechanicians,  and  we  earnellly  rtconimend  it  to 

He  then  tried  the  effeifl  of  water,  cxpeding  that  this  their  attention.     There  is  fomething  very  remaikable 

would  diminiih  their  luftre.     So  it  did  ;  and  he  found  in  the  abrupt  celfation  of  the  coloured  rcfleflion.     At 

that  the  dimenfions  of  the  rings  were  diminiflied  in  the  a  certain  thicknels  all  cohuirs  are  refiecflcd,  without  fe- 

proportion  of  4  to  3  ;  namely,  the  proportion  of  the  paration,  producing  the  whitenefs  of  filver.  The  fmall- 

refrac^ions  of  glafs  and  water.     By  this  time  Newton  eft  diminution  of  it  hinders  the  i\v\d  refle(5lion  oi  all 

had  difcovered  the  curious  mech.inical  relation  between  colou.'s,  and   then  there  feems  to  fuccecd  a  thicknels 

bodies  and  the  rays  of  light ;  and  his  mind  was  wholly  which  equally  reflects  a  fmall  proporiiv  n  of  all  without 

abforbed  by  the  difcovcty,  and  by  the  revolution  he  feparaiion.     The  fined  polilh  that  can  be  given  to  glafs 

was  about  to  make  in  the   mathematical  doiflrines  of  in  the  tool  of  the  artift,  leaves  irregularities  wliich  oc- 

cptics.     Unfortunately  for  us,  he  did  not,  at  that  lime,  cafion  the  irregular  ragged  figure  of  the  fpot.     It  is 

attend  to  the   mighty  influence   which   the   difcovery  worth  trying,  whether  fmoothing  the  farlaces  (both)  by 

would  have  on  the  whole  of  mechanical  philofophy,  and  a  foftening  heat  will   remove  this  rugijednefs.     If  it 

therefore  occupied  himfelf  only  with  fuch  phenomena  does,  without  deftroying  the  fliarp  termination,  it  will 

as  fuited  his  prefent  purpofe.     A  moft  important  phe-  prove  the  abrupt  pallage  from  ejj<  to  nonejjl:. 
romenon  paifed    unnoticed.      In  repeating  Sir  Ifaac         The  lad  remark  to  be  made  on  this  important  expe- 

Newton'i  experiments,  we  found  that  the  diai^ters  of  riment  in  optics  is,  that  the  dillance  between  the  glalfes 

the  rings  decreafed  in  the  proportion  of  4  to  3  only  in  which  is  unfit  for  vivid  reflcclion,  cannot  be  determined 

certain    circumftances.      When    the    upper   lenfe  was  by  means  of  the  other  meafurable  intervals.    It  may  be 

prelFed  on  the  other  by  a  heavy  metal  ring,  fo  as  to  equal  to  many  of  tliem  taken  together.  The  fame  mud 

produce  three  or  four  coloured  rings,  we  fvund,  that  be  granted   with  refpcdl  to  the  ihicknefa  of  the  black 

v.-htn  water  got  between  them,  fometimes  no  colours  fpot  on  the  top  of  the  foap  bubble.     We  attempted  to 

whatever  appeared  ;  fometimes  there  was  a  ring  or  two,  meafure  tiiis  thicknefs  by  letting  a  drop   (of  a  known 

and  the  diameters  were  diminillied  in  a  much  greater  weight)  of  Ipirit  of  turpeatine  fpread  on  the  furface  of 

proportion  than  Newton  had  affigned.     Well  affared  water.     As  it  llowly  enlarged  in  furface,  it  decreafed 

of  the  extreme  nicety  of  all  his  proceedings,  we  were  in  thicknefs,  and  produced,  in  regular  order,  fcveral  of 

much  puzzled  with   this  dlfcrepancy,  and   mentioned  the  more  compounded  colours  ot  the  Newtonian  ftries. 

it  to  a  mod  rcfpeaable  and  intelligent  friend,  the  late  But  before  it  came  to  the  zoth  ring  from  the  centre,  it 

Dr  Reid  of  the  univerfity  of  Glafgow,  a  mathematician  became  very  irregular  and  tp otty. 
and  naturaliil  of  the  fird  rank.     He  thought  it  not  ini-         The  inference  to  be  drawn  from  this  combination  of 

probable  that  the  glalfes  feparated  from  each  other,  the  two  optical  fads  is  remarkable  and  inrpoiiant.     It 

lifting  up  the  weight,  by  attracting  the  water  into  the  is,  that  we  have  no  authority  fjr  ailirming  that  the 

intcrftice,  in  the  fame  manner  that  we  obferve  wood  to  changes  of  motion  by  the  collifion  of  bodies  is  brought 

fwell  with  moifture.    We  immcdi.itcly  got  an  apparatus  aSout    by  ablblute  contaci  in    any  inftance  whatever, 

which  comprcffcd  the  gl.ilfes  by  means  of  four  fcrews ;  The  glaffes  are  not  in  contad  where  there  is  vivid  re- 

and  now  we  law  Newton's  prt  portion  mod  rtrii^ly  ob-  fleiflion  ;  and  we  have  no  proof  thatthcv  arc  in  contadl 

ferved.     But  in  profecuting  the  expirimenr,  we  found  in  t!ae  black  fpot,  however  great  the  compreflion  may 

that  the  introduflion  of  the   water   alxi-nys   efficed  a  be. 

v;ry  fmall  fpot.     This  happened  after  precautions  had         It  is  harJly  nccelTiry  now  to  fay,  that  all  attempts 

been    taken   to    prevent    all  fcparation  of  the  glatTes.  to  explain  gravitation,  or  magnetilm,  or  elcdricity,  or 

As  the  proportion  of  4  to  3  has  a  relation  to  tefraflive  any  fuch  apparent  aflion  .it  a  dulance  by  tlie  impullions 

power,  although  we  have  not  been  able  to  deduce  it  as  of  an   ui.feen  fluid,  are   lutile  in  the  grcitcll  degree. 

a  necetfary  conlequence,  we  ncverthelefs  confidered  it  Impulfion,  by  abiululc  contJifl,  is  fo  far  fiom  being  a 

as  a  fufncient  proof,  that  the  didar.ce  of  the  glalfcs  hnj  familiar  phenomenon,  that  it  may  juftly  be  queftioned 

not  changed  by  introducing  the  water  bawccn  them,  whether  we  have  ever  obferved  a  tingle  ir.d.ince  of  it. 

Tha 


60 

ContaiS  is 
nut  proved 
in  coUilioa. 


^r 
Therefore 
iinpullion 
cannot  ex- 
plain gravi- 
t.tioD  ; 


Impnldon. 


6a 

But  impul- 
fioii  may  be 
cxphincd 
by  conti- 
iiue<l  prcf- 
furc. 


63 
Phyfical 
tiontat^  ex- 
plained. 


I     M     P 

TliS  fiippofuion  of  an  invifible  impelling  fluid  is  not 
more  gratuitous  than  it  is  ufelefs  ;  bccaul'e  we  have  no 
proof  that  a  partible  of  this  fluid  does  or  can  come  into 
ccnta<5l  with  the  body  which  we  fuppofe  impelled  by 
it,  and  therefore  it  can  give  no  explanation  of  an  ai51ion 
that  is  apparently  e  dijlanti. 

The  general  inference  fr<im  the  whole  feems  to  be, 
that,  inllead  of  explaining  preilurc  by  impulfe,  we  mull 
not  only  derive  all  impulfe  from  preflure,  but  mull  alio 
afcribe  all  prellare  to  aiflion  from  a  dilLince  ;  tliat  is, 
to  properties  of  matter  by  which  its  particles  are  moved 
without  geometrical  contaifl. 

This  coUeflion  of  faftsconfpires,  with  many  appear- 
ances of  fluid  and  folid  bodies,  to  prove  that  even  tlie 
particles  of  folid,  or  fenfibly  continuous  bodies,  are  not 
in  coutaft,  but  are  held  in  their  refpeftive  iituations  by 
the  balance  of  forces  which  we  are  accullonicd  to  call 
attraflions  and  repulfions.  The  fluidity  of  water  under 
very  ftrong  compreffioiis  (which  have  been  known  to 
comprefs  it  ^'^  of  its  bulk),  is  as  inconfillent  with  the 
fuppofition  of  contaifl  as  the  fluidity  of  air  is.  The 
Ihrinking  of  a  body  in  all  its  dimeiifions  by  cold,  nay, 
even  the  bending  of  any  body,  cannot  be  conceived  with- 
out allowing  lUztJome  of  its  ultimate  unalterable  atoms 
cliange  their  diflances  from  each  other.  The  pheno- 
mena of  capillary  atlraiflion  are  alfo  inexplicable,  with- 
out admitting  that  particles  ail  on  others  at  a  dillance 
from  them.  The  tormation  of  water  into  drops,  the 
coalefccnce  of  oil  under  water  into  fpherical  drops,  or 
into  circular  fpots  when  on  the  furface,  llicw  the  fame 
thing,  and  are  inexplicable  by  mere  adhefion.  In  fliort, 
all  the  appearances  and  mutual  adlions  of  tangible  mat- 
ter concur  in  ihewing,  that  the  atoms  of  matter  are  en- 
dowed with  inherent  forces,  which  caufe  them  to  ap- 
proach or  to  avoid  each  otlier.  The  opinion  of  Bof- 
covich  feems  to  be  well  founded  ;  namely,  that  at  all 
fenfible  diflances,  the  atoms  ot  matter  tend  toward  eacli 
otlier  with  forces  inverfely  as  the  fquares  of  the  dillances, 
and  that,  in  the  nearell  approach,  they  avoid  each  other 
with  tnfii^arahle  force  ;  and,  in  the  intermediate  dillan- 
ces, they  approach  or  avoid  each  other  with  forces 
varying  and  alternating  by  every  change  of  dillance. 
See  the  article  Boscovich,  Suppl. 

From  all  that  has  been  faid,  we  learn  that  phyfical 
or  fenlible  contact  differs  from  geometrical  contaO,  in 
the  fame  manner  as  phyfical  folidity  difl'ers  from  that  of 
the  mathematician.  Euclid  fpeaks  of  cones  and  cylin- 
ders flanding  on  the  fame  bale,  and  between  the  fame 
parallels.  Thefe  ate  not  material  folids,  one  of  which 
would  prefs  the  other  out  of  its  place.  Phyfical  con- 
taifl is  indicated,  immediately  and  dirciftly,  by  our  fenfe 
of  touch  ;  that  is,  by  exciting  a  preifure  on  our  organ 
of  touch  when  it  is  brought  fulHciently  near.  It  is  alfo 
indicated  by  impulfion  ;  which  is  the  immediate  effefl  of 
the  preifure  occafioned  by  a  fufficient  approximation  of 
the  body  impelling  to  the  body  impelled.  The  impul- 
fion is  the  completion  of  the  fame  procefs  that  we  de- 
fcribed  in  the  example  of  the  magnet:; ;  but  the  extent 
of  fpace  and  ot  time  in  which  it  is  completed  is  fo  fmall 
that  it  efcapes  our  obfervation,  and  we  imagine  it  to 
be  by  contadl  and  in  an  inftant.  We  now  fee  that  it 
is  finiilar  to  all  other  operations  of  accelerating  or  re- 
tarding forces,  and  that  no  change  of  velocity  is  inftan- 
taneous;  but,  as  a  body,  in  paffing  from  one  point  of 


libfurditio- 


[     238     ]  1     M     P 

fpace  t<i  another,  pafTes  through  the  intermediate  fpace  ;  Impulfion. 
fo,  in  changing  from  one  velocity  to  another,  it  palfes  ^■^^'"^^^ 
through  all  the  intermediate  degrees  without  the  fmall- 
ell /(/////. 

And,  in  this  way,  is  the  whole  doflrine  of  impulfion  Wc  tliu'i 
brought  within  the  pale  of  dynamics,  without  the  ad-  3^o"l"i^»T 
million  of  any  new  principle  of  motion.  It  is  merely 
the  application  of  the  general  dodlrines  of  dynamics  to 
cafes  where  every  accelerating  or  retarding  force  is  op- 
pofed  by  anollier  that  is  equal  .ind  contiary.  We  have 
found,  that  the  opinion,  that  there  is  inherent  in  a  mov- 
ing body  a  peculiar  force,  by  which  it  perfeveres  in 
motion,  and  puts  another  in  motion  by  lliifting  into  it, 
is  as  ufelefs  as  it  is  inconnileni  with  our  notions  of  mo- 
tion and  of  moving  forces.  The  impelled  body  is  mov- 
ed  by  the  infupcrable  repulfion  exerted  by  all  atoms  of 
matter  when  brought  fufficicntly  near.  The  retarda- 
tion of  the  impelling  body  does  not  arife  from  an  inerlla, 
or  refilling  fluggilhnefi  of  the  body  impelled,  but  be- 
caufe  this  body  alfo  repels  any  thing  that  is  brought  fuf- 
ficicntly near  to  it.  Wc  can  have  no  doubt  of  the  ex- 
igence of  fuch  caufes  of  motion.  Springs,  expanfive 
fluids,  cohering  fibres,  exhibit  fuch  adlive  powers,  with- 
out our  being  able  to  give  them  any  other  origin  than 
the  FIAT  ot  the  Almighty,  or  to  comprehend,  in  any 
manner  whatever,  how  they  refide  in  the  material  atom. 
But  if  once  we  admit  their  exillence  and  agency,  every 
thing  elfe  is  deduced  in  the  moll  fimple  manner  ima- 
ginable, without  involving  us  in  any  thing  incompre- 
henlible,  or  having  any  confcquence  that  is  inconfillent 
with  the  appearances.  Whereas  both  of  thefe  obftruc- 
tions  to  knowledge  come  in  our  way,  when  we  fuppofe 
any  tiling  analogous  to  force  inherent  in  a  moving  body 
folely  becanfe  it  is  in  motion.  It  forces  us  to  ufe  the  un- 
meaning language  ot  torce  and  motion  palfing  out  of  one 
body  into  another  ;  and  to  fpeak  of  force  and  velocity 
as  things  capable  of  divifion  and  aftual  feparation  into 
parts.  The  force  of  inertia  is  one  of  the  bitter  fruits 
of  this  mifconception  of  things.  It  is  amufing  to  fee 
how  metaphyliciaiis  of  eminence,  fuch  as  D'Alembert, 
endeavour  to  make  its  operations  tally  with  acknow- 
ledged principles.  In  his  celebrated  work  on  dyna- 
mics, the  moll  elaborate  of  all  his  performances,  he  ex- 
plains how  a  body,  whofe  mafs  is  i,  moving  with  the 
velocity  2,  mud  flop  another  body  whofe  mafs  is  2, 
moving  with  the  velocity  i,  in  the  following  manner: 
He  fuppofes  the  velocity  2  to  confifl  of  two  parts,  and 
that,  in  theinflant  of  coliifion,  one  of  thefe  parts  dellroys 
the  motion  of  one  half  of  the  othe.r  body,  and  then  the 
other  part  dellroys  the  motion  of  the  other  half.  Thefe 
are  words ;  but  in  vain  fliall  we  attempt  to  accompany 
them  by  clear  conceptions.  His  diltincflion  between 
the  force  of  inertia  and  what  he  calls  the  active  forces 
of  bodies,  fuch  as  the  torce  of  bodies  which  flrike 
each  other  in  oppofite  direiflions,  is  equally  unfufcep- 
tible  of  clear  conceptions.  Adive  f  rces  (fays  he) 
abforb  a  part  of  the  motion  ;  but  when  inertia  lakes 
part  of  the  motion  trom  the  flriking  body,  this  motion 
palfes  wholly  into  the  body  that  i«  Uric  ken,  none  of  it 
being  abforbed  or  really  dellroyed.     He  demonflrates 

this  by  the  equation  A  X  a  —  a-  =  B  X  v  —  b,  which 
is  a  mere  narration  of  fads,  but  no  deduiflion  from  the 
nature  of  inertia,  nor  even  any  eftablifliment  of  that 
nature  by  philofophical  argument.  And  in  attempting 
to  give  ftill  clearer  notions  (being  fenfible  that  fome 

great 


Impulfion. 


64 

Strcngcft 
argument 
for  inertia 
is  the  com- 
pofitioii  of 
force  with 
a  previous 
motion. 


IMP  C    339    ]  IMP 

great  obfcurity  ftill  hangs  about  it),  he  fays,  "  Inertia  ledge  that  we  have  of  the  aflual  pre/Tures  and  other  ImpuUion. 
therefore,  and  properly  fpeaking,  is  the  mean  of  com-  moving  forces  that  we  know.  The  fole  reafcn  why  ^■^"'■^''^^ 
inunicating  motion  from  one  body  to  another.  Every  the  previous  motion  is  equivalent  with  a  force  is,  ihat 
body  refills  motion  ;  and  it  is  by  reliftlnjf  that  it  receives  the  only  mark  or  knowledge  that  wc  have  of  a  moving 
it;  and  it  receives  prccifely  as  much  as  it  deftroys  in  force  is  the  motion  which  it  is  conceived  to  produce, 
the  body  which  afts  on  it."  Surely  almoft  every  word  The  force  is  equivalent  with  the  previous  motion,  be- 
ef this  fentencc  is  doing  violence  to  the  common  nfe  of  canfe  we  know  nothing  of  it  but  that  motion  ;  and  the 
language.  What  can  be  more  incompreh^nfible  than  name  that  we  give  it,  only  marks  fome  external  thing  to 
that  a  body  refifts  motion  only  when  it  receives  it!  which  it  has  anobferved  relatim.  We  call  it  m.ignetifm 
Should  a  man  be  thought  to  relirt  being  pulhed  out  of  or  electricity,  becaule  we  obferve  that  a  magnet  or  an 
his  place  when  he  aflually  allows  another  to  dllplace  eleflrified  body  gives  occajion  to  its  appearance.  We 
him,  and  not  to  refill  when  he  firmly  keeps  his  place?  never  obferve  the  refiflance  of  ineriia,  except  in  cafes 
All  thefe  difBculties  and  puzzling  quellions  vanilh  when  where  we  know,  from  other  circumllances,  that  moving 
we  give  over  fpeaking  of  inertia  as  fomething  diflin-  forces  inherent  in  bodies  are  really  brought  into  action, 
guilhable  from  the  active  forces  or  caufcs  of  motion  The  inertia  of  the  ball  which  has  been  moved  by  a 
which  we  find  in  bodies,  and  dillinguilh  by  the  names  ffroke  of  another,  is  inferred  from  the  diminution  of 
of  elafticity,  cohefion,  magnetifm,  eledlricity,  weight,  that  other's  motion.  Eut  this  is  occafioned  precifel/ 
&c.  and  which  philofophers  have  clalfed  under  one  in  the  fame  way  as  the  diminution  of  the  motion  of  the 
name,  accelerating  or  retarding  force,  according  as  its  magnet  A  in  the  firil  example;  an  event  which  every 
diieflion  chances  to  be  the  fame,  ortheoppofite  to  that  unprepoflellcd  perfon  afcrJbes  to  the  repulfion  of  B  in 
of  the  motion  under  confideratioii.  To  fuppofe  it  a  the  oppolite  direction,  and  not  to  its  inertia. 
/ffu/;ar  faculty  by  which  a  body  maintains  its  condition  We  truft  that  our  readers  are  not  difpleafed  with 
of  motion  or  reft,  is  contrary  to  every  conception  that  this  detail  of  the  procedure  of  Nature  in  the  phenome- 
we  can  annex  to  the  words  faculty,  pov.'er,  force.  It  na  of  impulfion.  It  has  been  prcli.\  ;  becaufe  we  ap- 
is frivolous  in  the  extreme  to  fay,  that  fnow  has  the  fa-  prehend,  that  the  too  fynoptical  manner  in  which  the 
culty  of  continuing  while  or  cold  ;  or  that  it  refills  be-  laws  of  coUifion  have  always  been  delivered,  leaves  the 
ing  melted  becaule  it  melts,  or  becaufe  heat  muft  be  mind  in  great  obfcuiity  concerning  the  connexion  of 
employed  to  melt  it.  the  events.  General  fads  have  been  taken  for  philofo- 
The  only  argument  that  we  know  for  giving  the  phical  principles  and  elementary  truths ;  whereas  they 
name  force  to  the  perfeverance  of  matter  in  its  Rate  of  were  dedu(!tionf  from  the  fum  total  of  our  knowledge, 
motion  (or  rather  fur  afciibing  this  perfeverance  to  the  They  were  very  proper  logical  principles  for  a  fvnthe- 
exertion  of  a  peculiar  faculty),  which  appears  to  de-  tical  difcuffion  ;  but  their  previous  eftablifhment  as  ge- 
•  ferve  any  attention,  is  one  that  we  do  not  recollefl  the  neral  fafls  was  neceffary.  We  have  eftabliflied  the  t«o 
exprefs  emplcyment  of  for  this  puipofe,  namely,  the  moft  general  fads  frum  which  the  refult  of  every  colli- 
conipoGtionot  a  previous  m.olion  with  the  motion  which  fion  may  be  deduced  with  the  utmofl.  eaje.  The  tirft 
a  known  force  would  produce  in  the  body  at  reft.     We  is,  that  in  the  inftant  of  greatell  comprellion,  the  com- 


know,  that  if  a  body  be  moving  eaftward  at  the  rate  of   ^^^  velocity  is  = 
four  feet  per  fecond,  and  a  force  aifl  on  it  which  would 


A« 


V>b 


and  we  have  (liewn. 


A-f-  B 

impel  it  from  a  ftate  of  reft  at  the  rate  of  three  feet  per    that  this  is  applicable  to  the  coUifion  cf  unelaftic  bo- 


fecond  to  the  fouth,  the  body  will  move  at  the  rate  of 
five  feet  per  fecond  in  the  direflion  E.  36"  52'  S. 
We  know  alfo,  that  if  a  force  aift  on  this  body  at  reft, 
fo  as  to  give  it  a  motion  e.iftward  at  the  rate  of  four 
feet  per  fecond,  and  if  another  force  adl  on  it  at  the 
fame  inftant,  fo  as  to  give  it  a  motion  to  the  fouth  at 
the  rate  cf  three  feet  per  feccnd,  the  body  will  move  at 
the  rate  of  five  feet  per  fecond  in  the  direftion  E.  36' 
52'  S.  In  this  inftance,  the  body  previoufly  in  motion 
feems  to  polfcfs  fomething  equivalent  to  what  is  allow. 


Aiifwcrcil. 


dies.  The  fecond  is,  that  tl^e  ch.inge  in  perfedly  elaftlc 
bodies  is  double  of  the  change  in  unelaftic  bodies.  The 
confervatio  momctitormn,  and  the  confervjiio  •virium  vi- 
varum,  are  alfo  general  fads  ;  or  rather  they  are  the 
fame  mentioned  with  thofe  above,  confidered  in  another 
afpefV.  They  may  all  be  ufcd  as  the  principles  of  a 
fynihetic  treatife  of  impulfion;  and  they  have  been  d^ 
employed.     Each  has  its  own  advantages. 

Mr  Maupertuis  gives  a  treatife  on  the  Communici-        (,<; 
tion  of  Motion,  that  is,  of  impulfion  or  coUifion,  which  Principle 
ed  to  be  a  moving  force.     Why  tliercfore  refufe  it  the    has  the  appearance  of  being  deduced  frc  m  a  new  prio-  of  fm»lleft 
name?   The  anfv.er  is  eafy.     The  term  foice  has  been    ciple,  which  he  chUs  the  pkinciple  of  smallest  AC- *  '"* 
applied,  by  all  parties,  to  whatever  produces  a  change    tion.     He  fuppofes,  that  perfed  wifdoni  will  accom- 
of  motion,  and  is  meafured  by  the  c/.'ans;e  w  hich  accom-    pli(h  every  thing  by  the  fmalleil  expenditure  of  adlion  ; 
panics  its  exertion.     There  is  fome  difference  between    and  he  chanced  to  obferve,  in  the  equations  employed 
the  parties  about  the  way  of  eftimating  this  meafure  ;    in  the  common  dodilne  cf  impullion,  a  quantity  which 
but  all  agree  in  making,  not  the  mttion,  but  the  cliange    is  always  a  minimum.     He  choofes  to  confider  this  as 
of  motion,    the  bafis  of  the  nieafiirement.     Now  we    the  expreftion  of  the  adion. 

(liewed,  at  great  length,  in  the  article  Dynamics,  that  His  principle  or  axiom,  deduced  from  the  perfcdt 
tlie  change  of  motion,  in  every  cafe,  is  that  motion  wifdom  of  God,  is  thus  cxprclfed:  "  When  any  change 
which,  when  compounded  with  the  former  motion,  happens  in  nature,  the  qu.mlity  of  adion  necelfarjr  for 
conftitutes  the  new  motion.      Did  we  take  the   new    it  is  the  fmallefl  poifible."     And  then  he  adds,  ' 

motion  itielf  as  the  charafteriftic  and  meafure  of  the  "  In  mechanical  changes,  the  quantity  cfaflion  is  the 
clianging  force,  it  would  be  difTcrent  in  every  different  produd  of  the  quantity  ol  matter  in  the  body  by  the 
previous  ftate  of  the  body,  and  would  neither  agree  fpace  paffed  over,  and  by  tlic  velocity  of  the  motion." 
with  cur  general  notion  of  force,  nor  wiili  the  kuow-   This  is  evidently  the  meafure  adopted  lorg  before  by 

Lcibniix 


IMP  C     240    ]  IMP 

ImpMlfion.   Leibni:/.  (fee  Phil.  Tranf.  vol.  xliii.  p.  423,  &c.),  and  diredlion  on  one  point,  it  will  proceed  in  tliat  dite<flion,  frnpulfion 

^'''^^^■^  it  \\  equivalent  to  m  v"  ;  becriufe  the  I'pace  multiplied  by  or  in  what  direction  it  will  proceed.     Experience  Ihewi  ^■^^"''"^ 

the  vel'icity  is  as  the  fquare  of  either.     We  refer  to  us,  tliat  this  depends  on  circuiiillances  not  yet  confidcr- 

Dr  Juiin's  remark*;  on  this  palFige  for  proof  tliat  this  ed.     Tlie  billiard  player  knows,  that  by  a  ftroke  in  one 

is  by  no  means  a  jull  nie.U'ure  ot  action;  and  only  ob-  direflion  he  can  n;ake  his  aiUagonill's  ball  move  in  a 

lerve  here,  that  we  can  t'orni  no  other  notion  of  vcloci-  dircftion  extremely  different. 

ty  than  that  of  a  certain  fpace  d  fcribed  in  a  given  time.  •  Thefc  are  qucllions  of  great  intricacy  and  difficulty. 
The  change  produced  is  not  the  aiflnal  dcfcription  of  and  would  employ  volumes  to  treat  them  proptrly. 
a  line,  but  the  deiermination  to  that  motion.  It  is  in  We  have  already  enlarged  this  article  till  we  fear  that 
this  refpeift  alone  that  the  condition  of  the  body  is  we  have  exhaulled  the  reader's  patience,  and  deviated 
changed  ;  and  therefore  the  prodinft  mv,  and  not  m  j  i;,  from  the  proportion  cf  room  jullly  allc)wable  to  rMPUL- 
is  the  proper  meafure  of  the  ^.flion.  On  the  authority  sion.  We  mull  therefore  limit  our  attention  to  fuch 
of  this  maxim  of  divine  CMiduel,  Maupcrtiiis  invelli-  things  only  as  feeni  elementary,  and  indifpenfably  ne- 
gates the  refulis  whicli  will  make  this  quantity  a  mini-  ccd'.iry  for  a  ufeful  application  of  the  doftrine  of  im- 
mum,  and  allitts  tliat  thefe  mtiji  be  the  laws  of  col-  pul!ir,n. 

lifion.     Luckily  this  invelligation  is  extremely  fimple,         With  refpefl  to  the  d'lrc^l'ion  of  the  motion  produced 

and  very  neat  and  perfpicuous  ;  and  it  gives  very  eafy  by  impulfion,  the  very  enamplc  juft  now  borrowed  from 

folution?.    For  example,  the  unelallic  body  A,  moving  billiard  playing,  (hews  that  it  is  important,  and  by  no 

witli   the  velocity  a,  overtakes   the  unelaUic   body  B,  means  obvious.     We  are  forry  to  fay,  thnt  we  liave  no- 

moving  wish  the  velocity  b.     Both  move  atter  the  col-  thing  to  olLr  in  folution  of  this  quelllon  that  will  be 

lifion  with  the  velocity  .r.     This  velocity  is  required,  received  by  all  as  demonllration.     It  is  comprehended 

To  determine  this,  we  mull  make  A  -^Ca—x-  -f  B  X  '"  ''i«  following  propofition,  which  we  bring  forward 

7,         ••_„„..  a     >       ,  A  „       1    a     I    I    T*    s  merely  as  a  matter  oi  faift. 

.■c — i,"  aminimum  :  or  Afl  — zAo.v  +  Aa-   -f  B.\'        rp,  ^    ■•     „•         f  ,u    n    i  rr  .   il 

'  .   .  •  I  he  direition  ot  the  llroke  or  prellure   exerted  by 

—  2  Bi.v -{-  BZ-'  IS  a  minimum.     Iherelore—  2  A  ««  j„,„  ^^^^^^  ;„  phyfical  contad,  is  always  perpendicular 

+  2  A  x  x  -{-  2  B  .V  .V  —  2  B  /■  .V  =  o,  or  2  A  a  -}-  2  B  i  to  the  toucliing  furfaces.     Of  this  truth  we  have  a  very 

A  fl  -|-  B  /'  ^^  j^^^,^  dilliiifl  and  pretty  example  and  proof  by  the  billiard 


table.  If  two  balls  A  and  B  (fig.  2.)  are  laid  on  th= 
table  in  contaifl,  and  A  is  fmartly  flruck  by  a  third  ball 
C  in  any  diredion  Q,c,  fo  that  the  line  a  A,  which 
joins  the  point  of  conta.fl  a  with  the  centre  A,  may 
make  an  obtufe  angle  with  tlie  line  A  B,  joining  the 
centres  of  the  two  balls,  the  ball  B  will  always  fly  off 


67 
Afllon  of 
bodies  hy 
contscS  is 
perpendi- 
cular to  the 
touching 
furface. 


66 
Enquiry 
into  the  di 
ilribution 
of  inipulfe 
from  the 
point  that 
is  ftruck. 


4fc 


=  2  A  X  +  2  B  .V,  and  .v  _ 

A.  -^  \j 

already  (hewn  it  to  be. 

The  amiable  and  worthy  author  grev/  more  fend  of 
his  theory,  when  he  faw  what  he  imagined  to  be  its  in- 
fluence extended  to  an  immenfe  variety  of  the  opera- 
tions of  nature.  Euler  demonftrated,  that  the  quan- 
tity called  a^ionhy  Manpertuis  was  a  minimum  in  the  in  the  direction  ABF.  The  prelfure  on  B,  which  jiro 
planetary  motions,  and  indeed  in  all  ciirvilineal  mo-  duces  the  impulfion,  is  evidently  exerted  at  the  point  b 
tions  in  free  fpace.  Cut  all  the  while,  this  principle  of  of  contaft,  and  the  direiftion  BF  is  perpendicular  to  the 
lead  aflion  is  a  mere  whim,  and  the  formula  which  plane  Gb  H,  touching  both  balls  in  the  point  1^.  The 
is  fo  gcnerallv  found  a  minimum  has  no  perceptible  primary  ftroke  is  at  a,  and  ails  in  the  direilion  a  A, 
connexion  with  the  quantity  of  adlion.  In  many  although  C  moved  in  the  dire(5lion  Cc.  Had  A  been 
cafes  to  which  Maupertuis  has  applied  it,  the  conclu-  alone,  it  would  have  gone  off  in  the  diredlion  a  A  pro- 
Tions  are  in  direft  oppofition  to  any  notion  that  we  can  duced.  But  the  force  aifting  in  the  direcflion  a  A  is 
form  of  the  economy  of  aftion.  Nay,  it  is  very  difpu-  equivalent  to  the  two  forces  ad  and  d  A,  of  which 
table  whether  it  does  not,  on  the  contrary,  exprefs  the  d  A  prelTes  the  ball  on  B  at  b,  and  produces  the  mo- 
greatell  want  of  economy  ;  namely,  a  minimum  cf  ef-  tion.  In  like  manner,  another  ball  E,  fo  laid  that  i  Bi? 
fedl  from  a  given  expenditure  of  power.  In  the  cafe  is  obtufe,  will  fly  off  in  tlie  direflion  ED,  which  may 
of  impulfion,  this  minimum  is  the  mathematical  refult  even  be  oppofne  to  C  c  Thefe  are  matters  of  fafl  ; 
of  the  equality  and  oppofition  of  aiftion  and  reaiflion.  not  indeed  preclfely  fo,  becaufe  billiard  balls  are  not 
Maupertuis  might  have  pleafed  his  fancy  by  faying,  perfeftly  elaftic,  reftorlng  their  figure  with  a  prompti- 
that  it  became  the  infinite  wifdom  of  God  to  make  tude  equal  to  that  of  their  compreffion  ;  and  alfo  be- 
every  primary  atom  of  matter  alike;  and  this  would  caufe  there  is  a  little  friflion,  by  which  the  point  a  of  the 
have  anfwered  all  his  puipofe.  ball  A  is  dragged  a  little  in  tlie  direction  of  C's  mo- 
There  ftill  remdns  to  be  confidered  a  very  material  tion.  This  may  both  give  a  twirl  to  A,  and  diminilh 
circumftance  in  the  doiflrine  of  impulfion,  which  pro-  its  preffure  on  B.  The  general  refult,  however,  is 
"  duces  certain  modifications  of  the  motions  that  are  of  abundantly  agreeable  to  the  doiflrines  now  delivered, 
mighty  praiftical  importance.  We  have  contented  our-  But  we  wilh  to  ihew  on  what  properties  of  tangible 
felves  with  merely  dating  the  moving  force  that  is  matter  this  depends;  and  although  we  dare  not  hope 
brought  into  aftion  in  the  points  of  phyfical  contad  ;  for  implicit  belief,  we  expect  fome  credit  in  what  we 
but  have  not  explained  how  this  produces  the  progref-  ihall  offer. 

five  motion  of  every  particle  of  the  impelled  body,  and         We  have  evident  proof,  that  at  a  diftance  whicli  is  jj^^„„, 

what  motion  it  really  does  produce  in  the  remote  par-  not  unmeafurable  by  its  minutenefs,  and  certainly  far  ftration. 

tides.     A  body,  betides  the  general  progreCGve  motion  exceeds  the  900th  part  of  an  inch,  bodies   repel  each 

which  it  receives  from  the  blow,  is  commonly  obferved  other  with  very  great  force.     This  diftance  alfo  far  ex- 

to  acquire  alfo  a  motion  of  rotation,  by  which  it  whirls  ceeds  the  diftance  between  the  particles,  it  thefe  are  dif- 

round  an  axis.     It  has  not  been  fnewn,  that  when  a  crete.     Let  w«  (fig.  3.)   be  the  diftance  at  which  a 

bodv  has  received  an  impulfe  by  a  blow  in  a  particular  particle  repels  another,  and  let  P  be  a  particle  fituated 

at 


IMP  [2 

inipulfion.  at  a  lefs  diftance  than  wnfrom  the  furface  A  C  of  ?. 
'^■^^""^^  folid  body.  With  a  radius  PA,  equal  to  vi  n,  defcribe 
a  fegment  of  a  fphere  ABC,  and  draw  PB  perpendi- 
cular to  AC.  It  is  plain,  that  every  p  irticle  of  mat- 
ter in  the  fegment  A13C  repels  the  particle  P,  and  that 
it  is  not  affefled  by  any  more.  Let  D  be  any  fuch 
particle.  It  repels  P  in  the  direcflion  DP.  But  there 
is  another  particle  d  fimilarly  Ctuated  on  the  other  fide 
of  PB.  This  will  repel  P  with  equal  force  in  the  di- 
reflion  dT.  Therefore  the  two  particles  D  and  d  will 
produce  a  joint  repulfion  in  the  diredlion  BP.  The 
like  may  be  faid  ot  every  particle  and  its  correfponding 
one  on  the  other  fide  of  PB.  Therefore  the  joint  re- 
pulfion of  all  the  matter  in  the  fegment  will  have  the 
diredion  BP.  It  is  plain,  that  the  radius  of  curvature 
of  every  lenfible  ligure  may  be  coniidered  as  immenlely 
great  in  comparifon  ot  mn;  and  therefore  the  propofi- 
tion  is  manitelh 

This  is  a  proportion  of  very  great  importance  to  the 
artift  and  the  engineer,  as  well  as  to  the  philofopher. 
In  all  the  connexions  of  engines  and  machines,  the  mu- 
tual adion  is  regulated  by  this  faift.  The  mutual  pref- 
fure  at  the  contains  of  the  teeth  of  wheels  and  pinions 
depend  fo  much  on  it,  tliat  it  is  eafy  to  make  tliem  of 
fuch  a  fliipe  that  they  fli:dl  produce  no  force  whatever 
that  is  of  any  fervice  ;  and  it  requires  a  (killed  attention 
to  their  forms  to  obtain  the  iervice  we  want.  This 
will  be  confidered  with  fomc  care  in  the  article  Ma- 
chine. 

Having  thus  difcovered  the  direBion  of  the  real  Im- 
puK'.nn,  and  that  it  may  be  very  different  from  that  of 
the  force  exerted,  we  proceed  to  confider  what  will  be 
the  direction  and  velocity  of  the  motion,  and  whether  it 
will  be  accompanied  with  any  rotation. 

Our  readers  are  acquainted  with  the  elementary  me- 
chanical property  of  tlie  centre  of  gravity.  If  a  body 
be  fupported  at  this  point  by  a  force  afling  vertically 
upwards,  and  equal  to  tlie  united  weight  of  every  par- 
ticle of  matter  in  it,  it  will  not  only  lemain  at  reft,  but 
will  have  no  tendency  to  incline  to  eitl.cr  fide  ;  that  ii, 
the  upward  force  bal.mces  the  weight  of  tlie  whole 
body,  and  the  mechanical  momenta  of  all  the  heavy 
■  particles  balance  each  o'.her,  like  the  weights  in  the 
fcales  of  a  lleelyard.  That  this  may  be  tlic  cafe,  we 
know  that  if  the  weight  of  every  particle  be  multiplied 
into  the  horizontal  lever  by  which  it  hangs  (which  i-,  a 
line  drawn  from  the  panicle  perpendicular  to  a  vertical 
plane  palling  through  the  centre  of  gravity),  the  fum 
of  all  the  producls  on  one  fide  mud  bt.  equal  to  t!ie  fum 
of  all  tlie  produv.ts  on  the  other  fide.  Therefore,  if 
we  fuppofe  the  particles  all  equal,  and  reprefcnt  each 
by  unity,  the  fums  of  all  the  perpendiculars  tliemfelves 
mull  be  equal.  How  is  this  balancing  ciFcifled  ?  Every 
particle  tends  downwards  with  a  cert.iin  force.  It  mull 
theitforc  be  kept  up  by  a  torce  prccifily  equal  and  op- 
pofite.  This  mull  be  pi'ipagatid  to  the  particle  by 
means  of  the  conncJling  corpufcul.ir  forces.  The  force 
propagated  to  any  particle  is  equal  and  oppofite  to  the 
force  a(fling  on  ihat  particle,  whicli  it  balanced  ;  and  if 
not  balanced,  it  would  produce  a  motion  equal  and  op- 
pofue  to  that  produced  by  the  other  force.  Gravity 
would  caufe  every  particle  to  defcend  equally;  therclore 
the  force  whicli,  by  acling  on  one  point,  excites  lliofe 
balancing  forces  on  eacli  particle,  would  caufc  them  to 
move  equally  upwards.     And  fincc  this  is  iiuc  in  any 

SupPL.  Vol.  II. 


41       ] 


I    M     P 


63 

A  ftroke, 
whole  ac- 
tion pafles 
throujcii 
the  centre 
of  a  pofiti- 
OB  of  felid 
body,  im- 
pels it  with- 
out rota- 
tion. 


attitude  of  the  body,  it  follows,  thit  a  force,  afling  !ii  laipulfion, 
any  direcTion  through  the  centre  of  gravity,  will  caiife  '"-'^^^~' 
all  the  particles  to  move  in  that  diredion  equally  ;  thjt 
is,  without  rotation. 

Hence  we  learn,  that  when  the  diredion  of  the  ftroke 
given  to  any  body  palfes  through  the  centre  of  gravity, 
the  body  will  move  in  that  diredion  without  any  rota- 
tion. If  the  quantity  of  matter,  or  number  of  equal 
particles  in  the  body,  be  ?ii,  the  moving  power  P  will 
impreis  on  each  particle  an  accelerating  force/,  equal 

p 
to  the  rath  part  of  P.     Tiierefore/  =  -— ,  and  P  =  mf. 

7/1 
An  acceleiating  force  is  eftimated  by  the  velocity  v, 
which  it  generates  by  ading  uniformly  during  fime 

time  t,  or  v  =ft,  and/=  —,  and  P  =  m  —,   and 

P  , 

11  =  —  t.     Ihe  fymbol  /  may  be  omitted,  if  we  reck- 
m 

on  every  force  by  the  velocity  which  it  can  produce 
in  a  fecond.  Thus  may  all  forces  be  compared  with 
gravity,  by  taking  32  feet  for  the  meafure  of  gravity. 
Then  m  v  will  exprefs  the  number  of  pounds  which 
cive  a  prelfure  equal  to  the  force  under  confideration. 
Thus  if  the  force  can  generate  the  velocity  4S  feet 
per  fecond  in  ico  pounds  of  matter,  by  ading  on  it 
unilormiy  during  a  fecond,  its  prelfure  is  equal  to  the 
weight  of  I  JO  pounds. 

When  a  body  A,  moving  with  the  velocity  a,  over-  -j-jji^ ;,  /•_ 
takes  or  meets  a  body  B,  moving  with  the  velocity  i,  rrS  l.Mrui.- 
and  the  line  perpendicular  to  their  touching  furfaces  sign. 
pafles  through  the  centres  of  both  in  the  diiedion  of 
their  motion,   all  the  circuniftances  of  the  collifnn  are 
determined  by  the  rules  already  laid  down.     This  is 
called  DIRECT   impulse;  audit  is  this  which   admits 
the  application  of  the  fimple  dndrines  of  impiilfion,  de- 
duced, as  we  have  done  it,  Irom  the  adion  of  accelera- 
ting forces.     All  that  was  laid  of  the  changes  of  mo- 
tion produced  in  the  magnets  obtain  here  without  ai-y 
farther  moditicaiion. 

We  may  jtill  be  allowed  to  take  notice  of  a  curicus 
obfervation  of  Mr  Iluyghens  on  the  collifion  ol  peifed- 
ly  elaftic  bodies.  Inllead  of  impelling  the  elallic  ball  C 
by  the  ilroke  of  the  elallic  ball  A,  we  may  caufc  A  to 
ftrike  an  intermediate  ball  B  (.iifo  perfcetly  elallic), 
which  is  lying  in  contad  with  C.  In  many  c.ifcs,  the 
ball  B  will  not  (lir  fenfibly  from  its  place,  and  C  alone 
will  fly  off.  Nay,  if  a  long  row  of  equal  billiard  balls 
lie  in  contad,  and  one  of  the  extreme  balls  be  hit  by 
another  ball  in  tlie  diredion  of,  the  row,  only  the  re- 
mote ball  of  the  row  will  fly  off.  All  this  is  calily  feen 
and  underllood,  by  confideiing  them  as  bodies  mutually 
repelling,  and  pi. iced  at  tlie  limits  of  their  mutual  ac- 
tion. Or  even  fuppofing  them  elalhc  balls,  at  a  veiy 
fniall  diftanre  from  each  other  :  The  ball  employed  t<» 
(liike  t!ie  firll  comes  to  rcll,  and  the  thicken  b.ill  m  )ves 
off  with  its  velocity  :  It  ftrikes  the  fecond  ball  of  the 
row,  and  is  brought  to  reft:  The  fecond  ftrikes  the 
third,  .ind  is  brouv;ht  to  rell  :  And  this  goes  on  in 
fuccedion  to  the  laft,  which  is  the  only  one  that  can 
lly  off.  The  curious  obfervation  of  Mr  Huyglicns  is, 
that  a  greater  velocity  will  be  communicated  by  a  large 
ball  to  a  fm.iU  one,  if  we  employ  the  intermedium  of 
another  ball  of  a  i\ic  between  the  two  ;  and  that  tlic 
velocity  will  be  the  grcateft  poJible  when  the  interme- 
U  h  diaie 


I     M     P 


[     242     ] 


I     M     P 


69 

6hliijuc  Im 
lULSION. 


Impulfion.  diate  ball  is  a  mean  proportional  (geometrical)  between  and  GI  parallel  to  FP.     Let  C,  in   the  line  PG,  be  •■npulfio"* 
^'^'"''"^"^  the  two.     This  is  alio  eafily  deduced  from  the  fimilar  the  fpontaneous  centre  of  converfion  (Rotation,  En-  ^■^""''^^^ 
attention  to  tlie  aiftion  of  the   accelerating  forces,  or  cycl.  n"  77,  &c.),  correfponding   to  the  point  of   per- 
from  the  fuppofition  of  fiicceiTivc  impulfes.     From  this  culTion  F.     Join  CF.     Let  the  diredioii   cut  the  tan- 
it  alfo  follows,  that  a  greater  velocity  will  be  produced  gent  i)lane  in  H,  and  PF  in  A  ;  and  let  AH  reprefent 
by  the  intervention  of  two,  three,  or  mure,  mean  pro-  the  velocity  V. 

portionals.  The  impulfe  is  made  at  the  point  F,  in  the  direflion 

But  the  direction  of  the  ftroke  may  not  be  the  fame  AF  or  FP,  and  the  centre  of  polition  of  the  body   B 

with  that  of  the  motion.     Tiiis  is  called  oblique  im-  will  advance  in  the  direflion  GI  parallel  to  FP,  the  di- 

ruLSE.     The  cafes  of  oblique  collilions  are  extremely  redlon  of  the  etFeilive  impulfe.     But,  becaufe  thi.i  does 

ditferent,  accoidiiig  tt)  the  directions  of  the  motions;  not  pafs  through  the  centie  G,  the  b(>dy  will  advance, 

and  the  refults  are,  in  many  of  them,  far  from  being  and  will  alio  turn  round  an  aiis   palling  through   G, 

obvious.     But  we  liave  not  room  for  a  particular  treat-  perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  the  lines  GP,  PF,  and 

nient  ol  ihcm.     We  flinll  therttore  av.ul  ourfelvei  of  the  fpont.iiicous  axis  of  converfion  will  pafs  through 

fome  of  the  general  fa^fls  mentioned  above,  by   means  fome  point  C  of  the  line  PG,  and    will  alio  be  perpen- 

of  which  we  niiy  reduce  all  the  varieties  to  fome  eafy  dicular  to  the  fame  plane.    All  this  has  been  demouilra- 

cafes.    The  moll  ferviceablc  general  faifls  are  :    i.That  ted  in  the  article   Rotation,  n'^  94,   &c.       Complete 

the  adions  of  bodies  on  each  other  depend  on  their  re-  tlie    parallel  igram  AFHE.     It  is  philn,  that  the  mo- 

lative  motions ;  and,  2.  Tiiat  the  motion  of  the  com-  tion  AH  is  equivalent  to  AE  and  AF.     By  the  mo- 

mon  centre  is  not  changed  by  the  collifion.     Thefe  en-  tion  AE,  A  only  Aides  along  the  furface  of  B,  without 

able  us  to  reduce  all  to  the  cafe  of  a  body  in  motion  prcffing  it,  or  caufiiig  any  tendency  to  motion  in  that 

llriking  another  at  relJ.     We  have   only  to  determine  direi5lion,  except  perhaps  a  liule  ariling  from   fri<ftion. 

their  relative  motion  by  the  propofition  i:i  Dynamics,  It  is  by  the  motion  AF  alone  that  the  impulfe  is  made. 


n"  67.  and  then  to  Aiperadd  the  common  motion,  which 
changes  the  relative  ir.to  the  true  motions.  Thus,  if 
two  bodies  A  and  B  (tig.  4.)  meet  in  D,  delciibing 
the  lines  AD,  BD,  the  collifion  is  the  fame  as  if  B  had 
remained  at  reft,  and  A  had  come  againft  it  with  the 
motion  AB.    In  the  mean  time,  the  common  centre  of 

pofition  hasdefcribed  CD-      If  the  bodies  are  unelaftic,     ,     .    -,  .  .      -  ^ 

they  remain  united,  and  proceed  in  the  line  CD  produc-  '''*  '"'\^"^  °^  '^"^  greatell  compreffion  and  common  me- 
ed toward  E,  and  their  common  velocity  will  be  rcpre-  ^'^^'^  f  "'^  touching  points  ot  A  and  B,  elt.mr.ed  in 
fented  by  DE  equal  to  CD,  if  AD  and  BD  repre.ent-  ^^^  d"e«'"n  FP.  Phe  effeaive  momentum  loll  by  A 
ed  their  initial  velocities.  If  the  bodies  are  elaltic,  they  mud  therefore  be  AXf  —  x  :  but  the  fame  mud  be 
I'eparate  again,  and.  tliey  fcparate  from  tlie  common  gained  by  B,  and  its  centie  G  mull  move  in  the  dircc- 
ccntie  in  the  oppofue  direftion,  and  with  the  fame  ve-    tion   GI,  parallel   to   FP,  with   this  momentum;  and 


AF 
Therefore  let  f  be  =  V  x  -T~r-, ;  and  then  A  X  «  may  „„  /* 

AH  Efficient 

be  called  the  efficient  impulfe  of  the  body  A  in  the  pre- "'°"'''' 
fent  circumflances,  and  v  the  ffflcient  -velocity.     This  will 
be  diminiflied  by  the  collifion.     Let  x  be  the  unkn^iwn 
velocity  remaining  in  A  after  the  collifion,  or  rather  in 


locities   with   which   they    approached  it.      Theiefore 


Axf — 


B 


That  this 


diav/  a  Eb  parallel  to  ACB,  and  make  E  a,  E  i  equal  therefore     with    the    velocity  — ' 

to  C  A  and  CB,  and  then  D  a  and  D  i  are   tlie   paths  ,  ^      ,  .        r  rr        -.^        n        ,  , 

and  velocities  of  the  bodies.      All   this  is  abundantly  ""^V  ^^  ^^^  "'^'>  '^'«  po'»t  "f  percuffion    F  muft  yield 

plain,   and  is  a  necelfary  deduftion   from  the   general  "''^'^  '^e  velocity  *•,  becaule  the  bodies  are  in  contaft. 

principle,  that  the  motion  of  the  centre  is  not  aflFeifled  ^"^  ^^""'^  ^  is  the  Spontaneous  axis  ot   converfion, 

by  any  equal   and  oppofite  forces  which  conneft   the  every  particle  is  ^,^^i««/«i;  to  deferibe  an  .arch  ot  a  circle 
bodies  of  a  fyftem 


Often  ac- 
companied 
by  rota- 
tion. 


But  this  great  fimplicity  is  not  fufficient  for  afcer- 
taining  the  refults  of  collifion  which  occur  in  many  of 
the  moll  important  cafes.  It  not  only  fuppofes  that 
AD  and  ED  are  exaclly  proportional  to  the  velocities 
of  A  and  B,  but  alfo  that  they  meet,  fi)  that  the  plane 
01  mutual  contaft  is  perpendicular  to  the  line  AB,  and 
that  the  ftroke  on  each  is  dneded  to  its  centie.  Thefe 
ciicumllances  will  not  always  be  combined,  even  in  the 

cafe  of  fpherical  bodies.      The    confequence   will  be,    f„.e  F^  will  exprefs  .v.  Let  P/.be  the  fpace  defcribed  in 

the  fame  time  that  F^  is  del'ciibed.      Drawee,  cutting 


round  this  axis.  Therefore  F  is  beginning  to  move  in 
the  direflion  F^,  perpendicular  to  the  momentary  ra- 
dius veiflor  CF.  Let  F^  be  a  very  minute  arch,  de- 
fcribed  in  a  moment  of  time.  Draw^y  perpendicular 
to  FP.  Then  ¥/  is  the  motion  F  g  1  educed  tn  the  di- 
reflion  FP,  and  wi'.l  expref.  the  yielding  cf  B  in  the 
direiSion  of  the  impulfe,    while   G  defcribes   a    fpace 


equal  to  -^^  '^        ",  and  A  defcribes  a  fpace  .v.  There- 


that  although  the  motion  of  the  centre  remains  the 
fame,  that  of  the  bodies  may  fometimes  be  d'iferent. 
We  muft  therefore  give  a  general  propofition,  which 
will,  with  a  little  trouble,  enable  the  reader  to  deter- 
mine all  the  motions  which  can  take  place,  whether  pro- 
gredive  or  rotative. 


GKin  the  point  I.     GI  ib  the  yielding  of  the  body  B  to 

Axv  —  X. 


the  impulfe,  and  muft  therefore  be  equal  to  - 


B 


71 

General 
liicoicm. 


The  triangles  F  /g  and  CPF  are  fimilar  ;    for   the 

Let  the  body  A  (fig.  5.),  moving  wih  the  velocity  angieCFPi^  the  complement  ify"F_f  to  arigiit  angle: 

V,  ill  thedireiflion  AD,  Itrike  the  body  B  at  reft.     Let  It  is  alfi  the  complement  of  PCF  to   a   ri^ht   .Tngle. 

F  be  the  point  of  mutual  contad,  and  f>  FH  a  pUne  Therefore  F^  :  F/=  FC  :  CP.        But  F^  :  P />  = 

touching  both  bodies  in  F.     Draw   ziFP   perpiudicu-  FC  :  CP  ;    becaofe  the   lifle  arches  F^,  P/>  have  the 

lar  to  this  tangent  plane,  and  through    G,   the  centre  fime  angle  at  C.      Theretore  P p—  F/,  =  *.       It  is 

cf  pofition  of  B,   draw  PGC   perpendicular   to  FP,  plain,  thai  CG  :CP  =  GI  iP/,     Therefore  CG  :  CP 


c,\  ii.i,.')-n\E. 


Pl.ATK      \XI\.: 


Ki2-.l. 


'i'S.2.     ■ 


iMini.SlON. 


liS.2. 


A  B 


Fio.  ,'i. 


I    M 


ImpulSoii.        A  X  t' 


AxCP 


*•,  and  X  = 
AxCP 


A  X 


—   v   X   CP 


13xCG  ' 

—  f  X  ;.  ""    ■- — *  X  :■  "  T  ■  i  wherefore 
BxCG  BxCG 

X    xBxCG+a:xAxCP='i>  X  a  X  Cr,  and 

A  X  CP,  and 


73 
Unchllic 
bodies  may 
fcparate. 


«  X  B  X  CG  +  A 

A  X 

x=:v  X 


X  CP  = 

CP 


V  X 


,  =the  velocity  remain- 


243    J  IMP 

veral  of  the  preparatory  fleps,  it  is  evidsnt  that  the  ta/k  Imputfion 
«    mull  be  almoll  impraaicabh.     But  the  prefiure  and  i:s  ^-'''^'">- 
direflion  are  generally  determined  by  experiment,  with- 
out the  trouble  of  compulation  ;  and  we  are  fcldpm  f;- 
licitous  about  the  fubfequent  motion  of  the   wind   or 
water. 

There  is  another  qucdion  in  impulfion  which  is  of        ?« 
the  firft  praftlcal  importance— njmely,  when  the  im-  '"^P""!"" 
pulfe  is  exerted  on  the  parts  of  a  machine,  where  the  ""  )^'^V 
body  ftnick   is   not  at  liberty   to  yield  freely   to   ihe '""a"^ 
llroke,  but  muft  Hide  along  fome  folid  path,  or  turn  lu  fuh 
round  fnme  axis,  or  take  fomc  other  conllrained  mo- 
tion.    The  operations  of  mod  engines  depend  on  thi'.. 
The  operation  of  wedges,  aie?,  and  many  cutting  ar.d 
piercing  inllrunients,  and  the  penetration  of  piles,  ini- 
pelled   by  a  rammer,  are  all  afcertained  by  the  f.mie 
doiSrines.     But  the  particulir  applications  can  fcarce:y 
be  elucidated  by  any  dafflhcation  that  occurs  to 


B  X  CG  -<-  A  X  CP 

ing  in  A,  elUmated  in  the  direiftion  FP. 

And  u,  the  velocity  with  which  G  will  advance,  is 

CO 
X  ~;    for  CP  :   CG  =  P/  :  GI,  =  .v  :  u.       It  is 

evident  that  A  will  change  its  direflion  by  the  coUifion  : 
For  in  the  intlant  of  greatefl  ccmpreflion  it  was  reap- 
ed on  by  a  force  =  A  x  ■"  —  •■«  in  the  direiSion  FA. 
This  muft  be  compounded  with  A  x  V,  in  the  direflion 

AH,  in  order  to  obtain  the  new  motion  of  A  ;  or  it  ,1,^  _■  ^„_,iu„.'      r'.u        r        i-       r    1  i-,t    ' 

,     r       J  ,  J-  1  •  u  •       ,  -..^A  k,,  '"^  circumltances  of  the  cafe  makin?  fuch  !:reat  dilTcr- 

may  be  lound  by  compounduig  X,  which  IS  retauied  by  „„^„  •    ,,,„  ,^,  1.    u    1    •     i-   j       5  1       ^    "^^  "=■ 

A       •  u  T-Lj       I-  u  u      r  a-      A  1  u.  ►!,.. -w^l  ^""  ■"  "''^  relult,  both  m   kind  and  degree.     For  ei 

A,  with  FH,  which  has  fuftered  no  change  by  the  col- ,„    :_  .u    r       1  a       ,■     1  b      •     •■^' 


thi. 


lifion.  The  bodies  will  therefore  feparate,  although 
they  be  unelaftic  :  If  they  are  elallic,  we  mull  double 
thcfe  changes  on  each.  If  B  was  alfo  in  motion  beiore 
the  coUifion,  the  motion  of  A  mull  be  refolved  into 
two,  one  of  which  is  equal  and  paiallel  to  the  motion 
of  B  :  the  other  mufl  be  employed  as  we  have  employ- 
ed the  motion  AH. 

ExprelHons  Hill  more  general  may  be  obtained  for  x 
and  u  ;  namely,  by  taking  the  formulas  for  the  centres 
of  converfion  and  percudion  (Rotation,  n"  96,  99.) 


CG  = 


Jf 


and  CP  = 


y>r'  +  BxCP' 


ample,  in  the  finiplell  cale  that  occurs,  the  driving  ci 
piles,  the  penetration  of  the  pile  depends,  in  the  rirll 
place,  on  tlie  momentum  of  the  rammer.  If  the  irafj 
of  the  pile  be  iiegkaed,  the  penetration  through  a 
uniformly  refifting  fubftance  will  be  as  the  fquare  of 
the  velocity  of  the  rammer,  (Dynamics,  Su/f/.  n"  95), 
and  its  abfolute  quantity  may  be  determined  from  a 
knowledge  of  the  proportion  of  the  weight  f  f  the  ram- 
mer to  the  refillance  of  the  earth.  But  when  we  con- 
fider  that  we  have  to  put  in  motion  the  whole  matter 
of  the  pile,  we  learn  that  a  great  diminution  of  the  effeifl 
mull  take  place.  \Ve  lli,l  can  crmpute  what  tliis  mull 
be,  becaufe  we  have  the  fame  momentum,  with  a  velo- 
city diminillied  in  a  certain  proportion  of  the  fum  of 
tlie  matter  in  the  rammer  and  pile,  to  that  in  the  ram- 
mer alone. — Another  defalcation  arifes  from  friftlon, 
which  continually  increafes  as  the  pile  goes  deeper; — 
and  a  ftill  greater  defalcation  proceeds  from  the  na- 

^ -T  ^'J pi"  +  A-]i-(jP*  grained  tir,   it  is  very  elallic,  and  acquires  almoll  a 

It  is  plain,  from  this  propofition,  that  the  progrelFive  double  velocity  from  the  llroke  of  a  rammer  of  call 
Chingc  of  motion  of  the  body  depends,  net  only  en  the  inomen-  iron.  If  it  is  moill  and  foft,  efpecially  if  it  is  oak,  or 
pniprclTivc  turn  of  the  impelling  body,  but  alfo  on  the  place  where  other  timber  of  an  undulated  fibre,  it  docs  not  acquire  fa 
motion  the  other  ftroke  is  :  Foreven  although  the  original  mo-  great  velocity, and  the  pcnetrationisvcrymuch  dlminilh- 
grcateft  mentum  of  A  be  the  fame,  and  the  obliquity  of  the 
dircitioirof  ^^'^^^  making  v  the  fame,  and  the  body  (and  confe- 
the  cflcc-  qiiently  //•  r')  alfo  remain  the  fame,  we  fee  that  x  and 
Vive  llroke  -'  r^r.         /-./-i^i^ 

paneithro'  "  depend   on  the  ratio  of  CP  to  CG.     Now  C  and  P 


BxGP  '  °" BxGP 

where  />  ftands  for  a  particle  of  matter,  and  r  for  its 
diftance  from  an  axis  palling  through  G  perpendicular- 
ly to  the  plane  of  the  lines  GP  and  PF.     In  this  way 

A- Ar'  -f  AB-GP' 
we  obtain  .V  =  1)  i:;^  


ed.     It  is  probable  that  a  pile,  headed  with  moill  cork, 
could  not  be  diiven  at  all.     The  writer  of  this  article 
found  a  remarkable  elTcifl  of  the  elafticity  in  the  procefs 
of  boring  limellone.     When  the  boring  bit  was  made 
entirely  of  Heel,  and  tempered  thiough  its  whole  length 
the  centres,  are  always  on  oppolite  fidci  of  G:  Confcquently,  by    to  a  hard  fpring  temper,  tlie  workman  bored  three  inche-, 
removing   the  diiedion  FP  of  the  impulfion    farther    in  the  lame  time  tint  another  bored  two  inches  wiih  a  bit 
from  G,  we  diminilh  CG  and  increale  CP  ;  and  there-    made  of  foft  iron  ;  and  he  would  never  ule  any  but  llsel 

bits,  if  they  could  be  hindered  Ircm  chipping  by  theh.im- 
mer  (which  mull  alio  be  of  tempered  ftcel  throughout). 
This  has  iiitherto  b.ililcd  many  attempts.  A  pretty 
large  round  head,  like  a  m.irlin  Iplk^,  has  fiiccced^d 
bell  :  but  even  this  cracks  alter  fome  days  ull-.  The 
improvement  le  richly  wortli  attention;  for  the  work- 
man is  delighted    by  feeling   the   hammer  rife  in  his 


fore  incrcafe  the  value  of  .\-  =  'j 


A-CP 


B-CG  +  A-CP 


and 


confcquently  diminifh  the  value  of  A  x  v  —  .v,  to  which 
T>X"  is  ecjual.  The  greatell  momcniiim  ot'  b  is  pro- 
duced  when  the  direflion  of  the  impulfe  p.iiles  through 
G,  and  no  rotation  is  produced.  Indeed  we  are  led, 
by  .1  fort  of  common  fonfe,  to  expeft  this. 


75 


This  invcftigation  is  by  no  means  a  piece  of  mere    hand  after  every  llroke,  and  fays  that  the  work  is  not 


Importance  fpeculative  curiolity.  It  is  the  filution  tpf  the  greatell 
of  this  the-  problem  in  practical  mechanics.  It  is  in  this  way  that 
ory  to  fcj-  we  mull  proceed  in  computing  the  anions  of  the  wind 
manlhip,  gnd  water  on  the  fails  and  hull  of  a  Ihip.  Were  it 
not  that  many  circumftanccs  concur  in  deterniiuing  fe- 


fo  hard  by  half.     A'.  B.  The  Hone  cutt:rs  at  Llfbon 
and  Oporto  ufc  iron  mallets. 

The  cafe  of  impuliion  made  on  part  of  a  machine        77 
moveable  round  an  axis  has  be«n  ct^nlidered  in  the  ar-  Irrpulfioa 
tide  Rotation,  Lncycl.  n"  72;  where  .v  is  fliewn  to  "^  "^l" 
H  h  2  -  be  ''"""■ 


Impiilfion. 


be  =  1'  X 


I     M     P 

A.  CP' 


C     244-     ] 


I     M     P 


78 

Great  lofs 
of  power 
by  the 
yicliling 
and  bend- 
ing of  the 
material. 


/' 


But,  in  this  formula,  r  de- 
Ip  ,■•■  +  A.  CP^ 

notes  the'jiftance  of />  from  the  point  C,  and  not  from 

G.     //>  r'-  in  this  formula,  is  B.  CG.  CP  ;  whereas,  in 

the  tormula  for  a  free  body,  where  r  is  the  diftancc  of 

a  particle  from  G,  /)  r'  is  =  B.  CG.  GP. 

In  the  praflical  confideration  of  this  queftion,  the 
reader  will  do  well  to  confider  the  whole  of  that  ar- 
tide  with  attention.  Many  ciicumllances  occur,  wliich 
make  a  proper  choice  of  the  point  of  impiih'e,  and  the 
direftion  rf"  the  tangent  plane,  of  tlie  grcateft  confe- 
quence  to  the  good  peitormance  of  tiie  machine  ;  and 
there  is  nothing  in  which  the  fcientific  knowledge  of 
the  engineer  is  of  more  eliential  Icrvice  to  him.  An 
engineer  of  great  pradfice,  and  a  fagacious  combining 
mind,  collects  his  general  obi'ervations,  and  (lores  them 
lip  as  rules  of  future  practice.  But  it  is  feldnm  that 
he  pod'elfes  them  with  that  dlfliniflnefs  and  confidence 
tliat  can  enable  him  to  communicate  his  knowledge  to 
others,  or  even  fecure  himfelf  againft  all  miftakes ; 
whereas  a  moderate  acquaintance  with  ihefe  e'emenis  of 
real  mechanics,  may  be  applied  with  fafety  on  all  occa- 
fions,  becaufe  arithmetical  computation?,  when  rightly 
maJe,  afford  the  moll  certain  of  all  relults. 

There  is  acircumllance  which  greatly  alfefls  the  per- 
formance of  machines  which  are  ailuated  by  impulfes, 
namely,  the  yielding  and  bending  of  ihe  parts.  When 
tlic  moving  power  aiits  by  repeated  Ihiall  impulfions,  it 
may  fometimes  be  entirely  confumeJ,  without  produ- 
cing any  efFeft  whatever  at  the  remote  woiking  point 
of  the  machine  ;  and  the  engineer,  who  founds  his  con- 
ftruflions  on  the  elementary  theories  to  be  had  in  moll 
treatifes  of  mechanics,  will  often  be  miferably  difjp- 
pointed.  In  the  ufual  theories,  even  as  delivered  by 
writers  of  eminence,  it  is  afferted,  that  the  fmallell  im- 
pulle  will  Hart  the  greatefl  weight.  But  ilnce  impulfe 
is  only  a  continued  |)rel]'ure,  and  requires  time  for  the 
tranfmiffion  of  its  cfl;cl  tiirough  the  parts  of  a  yielding 
Jolid,  it  is  plain  that  the  motion  ot  the  impelling  body 
may  be  e.xtinguifhed  befoie  it  has  produced  compref- 
Jion  enough  tor  exciting  the  torces  which  are  to  raife 
the  remote  parts  of  a  heavy  body  from  the  ground. 
What  blow  with  a  hammer  could  Hart  a  feather  bed  ? 
Much  oftener  may  we  e.\pei51,  that  a  blow,  given  to 
one  arm  of  a  long  lever,  will  be  confumed  in  bending 
the  whole  ot  its  length,  fo  as  to  bring  the  remote  end 
into  a<5tion.  Theretore  great  fliffnefs,  and  periecl  ela- 
flicity,  both  in  the  moving  parts  and  in  the  points  of 
fupport,  are  neceflary  for  tranfmitting  the  full,  or  even 
a  confiderabh  part,  of  the  power  of  the  impelling  body. 
Perhaps  not  the  half  of  the  blow  given  by  the  wipers 
of  a  great  forge  or  tilting  mill  to  the  (hank  of  the  ham- 
mer is  tranl'mitted  in  the  proper  inllant  of  time  to  tiie 
hammer-head.  The  hammer,  while  it  is  tolfed  up  by 
the  blow,  is  quivering  as  it  flies.  Should  it  reach  the 
fpring  above  it  in  the  time  of  its  downward  vibration, 
it  will  not  be  returned  with  fuch  force  as  if  it  had  hit 
the  fpring  a  moment  before  or  after.  A  quarter  of  an 
inch  will  produce  a  great  effefl  in  fuch  cales.  It  is 
found,  that  the  minute  impulfes  given  to  the  pallets  of 
a  clock  or  watch  lofe  much  of  their  force  by  the  im- 
pertefl  elafticity  of  the  pendulum  or  balance.  We 
mull  therefore  make  all  the  parts  which  tranfmit  the 


blow  to  tlie  regulating  mafs  of  matter  as  continuons,  Impulfion. 
hard,  eladic,  and  lliff,  as  polllble.  The  performance  of '*^^''^^*^ 
ruby  pallets  is  very  fenlibly  weakened  by  putting  oil  on 
the  lace  of  them,  efpecially  in  the  detached  fcapements, 
which  'A&.  partly  by  impulfe.  A  wheel  of  hard  tern- 
pered  ftcel,  working  on  a  dry  ruby  pallet,  e.tcels  all 
otliers.  The  intelligent  engineer,  feeing  that,  after  all 
his  care,  much  impulfion  is  unavoidably  loft,  will  avoid 
employing  a  lirft  mover  which  aifls  in  a  fubfultory  man- 
ner, and  will  fubllitute  one  of  continued  preflure  when 
it  is  in  his  power.  This  is  one  chief  caufe  of  the  great 
fuperiority  of  overfliot  water-wheels  above  the  under- 
fliot. 

We  can  now  undcrftand  how  it  liappens  that  Ga- 
lileo, Merlennus,  and  others,  could  compare  the  impulle 
given  by  a  falling  b<idy  w^iih  the  |ireliure  of  a  weight 
in  the  oppolite  fcale  of  a  balance,  and  can  fee  the  rea- 
foti  ol  the  imnienfe  differences,  yet  accompanied  by  a 
fort  of  regularity,  in  the  refults  of  the  experiments.  Ga- 
lileo, Merlennus,  and  Riccioli,  found  them  to  be  proofs 
that  the  lorces  of  moving  bodies  are  as  their  velocities ; 
becaufe  the  heights  from  which  the  body  fell  were  as  the 
fquares  of  the  weights  flarted  from  the  ground.  Grave- 
fande  found  the  fame  thing  as  long  as  he  held  the  fame 
opinion  ;  but  when  he  adopted  the  Lelbnitzian  meafare, 
he  found  many  faults  in  the  apparatus  empli  yed  in  his 
former  illurtrations,  and  altered  it,  till  he  obtained  re- 
fults agreeable  to  his  new  creed.  But  any  one  who  ex- 
amines wltli  attention  all  that  paffes  in  the  bending  of 
the  apparatus,  and  takes  into  account  the  mafs  of  mat- 
ter which  mull  be  dilplaced  belore  the  oppofite  arm 
rlfes  fo  far  as  to  detach  the  Ipring  which  gives  indica- 
tion of  the  magnitude  ot  the  llroke,  mull  lee  that  the 
agreement  is  purely  accidental,  and  may  be  procured 
for  any  theory  we  pleafe  (fee  Gravef<incle's  Nat.  Phil. 
tranflated  by  Defiguiliers,  vol.  i.  p.  241.  &c.).  The 
propofuion,  n"  95,  Dynaiviics,  fufHces  for  explaining 
every  thing  that  can  happen  in  fuch  experiments.  And 
it  will  fhew  us,  that  although  the  motion  of  impulfion 
is  produced  by  prelfure  alone,  yet  impulfe  is  incompa- 
rable with  mere  preffure  :  It  is  not  infinitely  greater, 
but  difparatc.  A  weight  (which  is  a  pielfure)  bends 
a  Ipring  to  a  certain  degree,  and  will  derange  to  a  cer- 
tain degree  the  fibres  ot  a  body  on  which  it  prelTes,  be- 
fore it  be  balanced.  The  fame  weight,  tailing  on  this 
fpring  from  ihcy/Ha/Z^y?  height,  will  bend  it  farther,  and 
may  crulh  or  fiuver  to  pieces  the  body  wliicli  would  have 
carried  it  for  ever.  We  Ihall  make  fome  further  remarks 
on  this  fubjeet,  of  great  praflical  importance,  under  the 
word  Percussion. 

The  method  which  we  have  purfued  in  cnnfidering  79 
the  doftrines  cif  impulfion,  differs  confiderably  from  that  Conclu- 
which  has  generally  been  ff  llowed  ;  but  we  trull  that  '""*■ 
it  will  not  be  found  the  lefs  inftrudlive.  Although 
the  reader  Ihould  not  adopt  our  decided  opinion,  that 
we  have  no  proof  of  pure  impulfion  ever  being  ob- 
ierved,  and  that  all  the  phenomena  which  go  by  that 
name  are  really  the  effefts  of  prelhires,  analogous  to 
gravity,  he  perceives  that  our  ojjinion  does  not  lead 
to  any  general  laws  of  impulfion  that  are  different 
from  thole  which  are  acknowledged  by  all.  We  differ 
only,  by  exhibiting  the  internal  procedure  by  which 
they  are  unquejlionalily  produced  in  a  vail  number  of 
cafes,  and  winch  takes  place  in  all  that  we  have  feen, 
Our  method  has  undoubtedly  this  ad- 
vantage, 


in  fome  degree 


I     N     A 


ImpulCon, 

I 
Inagu.i. 


C    245    ] 


I     N     D 


vantage,  that  it  requires  no  principle  but  one,  namely, 
that  accelerating  forces  are  to  be  eftimated  by  the  ac- 
/  celeration  wliich  they  produce.  Even  this  may  be 
confidered,  not  as  a  principle,  but  merely  as  a  defini- 
tion— We  get  rid  ol  all  the  oblcurity  and  perplexity 
that  relult  from  the  introdiiftion  of  inertia,  conlidered 
as  a  power — a  power  of  doing  nothing — and  we  are 
freed  from  the  unphilolbphical  tiiffion  (adopted  by  all  the 
abettors  ot  that  doflrinc,  and  even  by  many  others)  of 
conceiving  the  fpace,  in  which  motions  are  pertornied," 
and  bodies  acf,  to  be  carried  along  with  the  bodies  in 
it. — This  furnifhes,  indeed,  in  fome  cafes,  a  familiar 
way  of  conceiving  the  thing,  by  fuppoling  the  experi- 
ments to  be  made  in  a  fhip  under  fail,  and  by  appeal- 
ing to  the  fafl,  that  all  our  experiments  are  made  on 
the  furface  of  a  globe  thiit  is  moving  with  a  very  great 
velocity.  But  it  is  an  abfurdity  in  philofophy,  and, 
when  minutely  or  argumentatively  ufe^i,  it  does  not 
free  us  from  one  complication  of  aiftion  ;  for,  before  we 
can  make  ufe  of  this  fubllitution,  we  muft  demonllrate, 
that  tlic  aftlons  depend  on  the  relative  motions  only  : 
And  this,  when  dcmonftrated,  obliget  us  to  meafure 
fbrces  by  the  velocity  which  they  produce. 

As  no  part  of  mechanical  pliilofophy  has  been  fo 
much  debated  about  as  imptilfion,  it  will  furely  be  a- 
greeable  to  our  readers  to  have  a  notice  of  the  different 
treatifcs  which  have  been  publifhed  on  tlie  fubjeift : 

Galilei  Opera,  T.  I.  957.  II.  479,  S:c. 

Jo.  Wallilii  Traiflalus  de  Percuffione.   Oxon.   1669. 

Chr.  Ilugenius  de  Motu  Corporum  ex  Percufllone. 
Op.  li.  73- 

Traite  de  la  PercufTion  des  Corps,  par  Mariottc, 
Op.  I.  I. 

Hypothefis  Phyfica  Nova,  qua  phenomenorum  cau- 
fae  ab  unico  quodam  univerfali  motu  in  noftro  globo 
fuppofito  repetuntur.  Auft.  G.  G.  Leibnitzio.  Mo- 
guntiiE  1671. — Leibn.  Op.  T.  II.  p.  II.  3. 

Ejufdem  Theoria  Motus  Abftracli.   Ibid.  35. 

Hermanni  Phoronomia.  Amft.    1716. 

Difcours  fur  les  Loix  de  la  Communication  deMouve- 
ment,  par  Jean  Bernoulli,  Paris,  1727.  Jo.  Bern. 
Oper.  III. 

Dynaniique  de  D'Alembert. 

Euleri  Tlieoria  Corporum  folidorum  feu  rigidorum, 
1765. 

Borelli  (Alphons)  de  Percuffione. 

Sec  alfo  M'Laurin's  Fluxions,  and  his  Account  of 
Newton's  Philofophy,  for  his  Diliertation  crowned  by 
the  Acad,  des  Sciences  at  Paris. — .Mfo  Dr  Jurin's  ela- 
borate dillertations  in  tlie  Phil.  Tranf  N"  479. — Alfo 
Gravefande's  Nat.  Philofophy,  wlicre  there  is  a  moll 
laborious  collecfiion  of  cxpeiimcnts  and  rcafonings;  all  of 
which  receive  a  complete  cxi^lanation  by  the  39th  Prop. 
Princip.Newtoni  I.  cr  our  n"  95.  Dynamtcs.  There  are 
alfo  many  very  acute  philofophical  obfervations  in  Lam- 
lert's  CiilimkiH  iiier  die  Grundlehnn  des  Gleichgewichls, 
uitd  dtr  Bewegung.  in  the  lecond  part  of  his  Gcbrauch 
dcr  Mathcmatik. — Alfo,  in  the  works  if  Kaeftncr, 
Hamberger,  and  Bufch.  Mufchenbroeck  alfo  treats  the 
lubjccft  at  great  length,  but  not  very  judicioully.  We 
do  not  know  any  work  wliicli  treats  it  with  fuch  per- 
fpicuous  brevity  as  M'Laurin's  Account  of  Newton's 
I'hilofophy. 

INAGUA,  Gr(at  and  Little,  two  fmall  ifluads  in 


the  Windward  Paffage,  N.  W.  of  the  ifland  of  St  Do.  Inattendue, 
inint;o,  and  N.  E.  of  the  ifland  of  Cuba. — Morse.  II      . 

INATTENDUE  IjLnd,  (the  Gower  Ifland  of  Car.  '"'j;'"™"" 
teret)  fo  named  by  .Surville,  lies  on  the  north  fide  of  \,,^-v->^/ 
the  iflands  of  Arlacides,  2"  4'  eail  of  Port  Prallin.— »"i. 

INCAl,  a  fouthern  branch  of  Amazon  river,  in  S. 
America. — ib. 

INCREMENT,  is  the  fmall  increafe  of  a  variable 
quantity.  Newton,  in  his  Treatife  on  Fluxions,  calls 
thefe  by  the  name  Moments ;  and  obferves,  that  they 
are  proportional  to  the  velocity  or  rate  of  increafe 
of  the  flowing  or  variable  quantities  in  an  indefinitely 
fmall  time.  He  denotes  them  by  fubj^ining  a  cypher  o 
to  the  flowing  quantity  whole  moment  or  increment  it 
is;  thus,  .\o  the  moment  cf  .r.  In  the  doftrine  of  In- 
crements, by  Dr  Brooke  Taylor  and  Mr  Emerfon, 
they  are  denoted  by  points  belov.'  the  variable  quanti- 
ties ;  as  X.     Some  have  alfo  denoted  them  by  accents 

underneath  the  letter,  as  x  ;  but  it  is  now  more  ufual 

/  / 

to  exprefs  them  by  accents  over  the  fame  letter  ;  as  .v. 

MtTHOD  OF  INCREMENTS,  a  branch  of  Analy- 
tics, in  which  a  calculus  is  founded  on  the  properties  of 
the  fucceffive  values  of  variable  quantities,  and  their 
differences  or  increments. 

Tlie  inventor  of  the  method  of  increments  was  the 
learned  Dr  Taylor,  who,  in  the  year  1715,  publilhed 
a  treatife  upon  it ;  and  afterwards  gave  ibme  farther 
account  and  explication  of  it  in  tlie  Philof.  Tranf.  as 
applied  to  the  finding  of  the  fums  of  feries.  And  another 
ingenious  and  eaiy  treatife  on  the  ftme,  was  publilhed 
by  Mr  Emerfon,  in  the  year  1763.  Tiie  method  is 
nearly  allied  to  Newton's  Doifliine  of  Fluxions,  and 
ariies  out  ot  it.  Alfo  the  Differential  method  of  Mr 
Stirling,  which  he  applies  to  the  furnmation  and  inter- 
polation of  feries,  is  of  the  fame  nature  as  the  method 
of  increments,  but  not  fo  general  and  extenfive. 

INDEPENDENCE,  MOUNT,  is  fituated  on  the 
flrait  through  which  the  waters  of  Lake  George  and 
Eall  Bay  flow  into  Lake  Champlain,  in  the  N.  W. 
part  of  the  town  of  Orwell  in  Rutland  county,  \\r- 
mont,  and  oppofite  to  Ticonderoga. — Morse, 

INDETERMINATE  Problem.  See  Algibr.v, 
Part  I.  Chap.  VI.  Encycl. 

Diophantus  was  the  firft  writer  on  indeterminate 
problems,  which,  after  the  publicdticn  of  his  work  in 
1 62 1  by  B.ichet,  employed  much  of  the  time  of 
the  moll  celebrated  iiiathema;icians  in  Europe.  At- 
terw.irds  fuch  problems  were  neglccTed  as  ufelefs, 
till  the  public  attention  was  again  drawn  to  them  by 
Euler  and  la  Grange.  The  example  of  fuch  men  was 
followed  by  Mr  John  Lsflie,  a  very  eminent  and  felf- 
taiiglit  mathematician;  wlio,  in  the  fccond  vol.  of  the 
'IVanfaclions  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh,  has 
publilhed  an  ingenious  paper  on  indeterminate  problems, 
rcfolving  them  by  a  new  and  general  principle.  "  The 
doclrine  of  indeterminate  equations  (fays  Mr  Lcflic) 
has  been  feldom  treated  in  a  form  equally  fyftcmatic 
witii  the  other  parts  of  algebra.  The  folutiuns  common- 
ly given  arc  devoid  of  uniformity,  and  often  require  a 
variety  ol  alFumptions.  The  obje«5l  of  this  paper  is  to 
refolve  the  complicated  cxprcffions  which  we  obtain  in 
the  folution  of  indeterminate  problems,  into  fimple 
equations,  and  to  do  fo,  wiihi  ut  framing  a  number  cf 
allumptions,  by  help  of  a  finglc  principle,  which,  though 

extremely 


I    N    D 


[     246     ] 


I    N    D 


Iiid'fcrmi- 
natc, 

II 
Indians. 


cxtremeljT  fimpk,  admits  of  a  very  extenfive  applica- 
ton. 

"  Let  A  X  B  be  any  compound  quantity  equal  to 
another,  C  X  D.  a"d  httn  beany  rational  number  af- 
liimed  at  plcafure  ;  it  is.  manifeft  (hat,  taking  equimul- 
tiples, A  X  w  B  =  C  X  '«  D.  If,  therefore,  we  fup- 
pofe  thit  A  =  r/iD,  it  mull  follow  that  wnB  =  C,  or 

Br:  — .     Thus  two  equations  of  a  lower  dimenfion 

m 
are  obtained.  If  thefe  be  capable  of  farther  decompo- 
fition,  we  may  afiume  the  multiples  «  and  p,  and  form 
four  equatii)ns  flill  mote  fimple.  By  the  repeated  ap- 
plication of  this  principle,  an  higher  equation,  admitting 
of  divifors,  will  be  refolved  into  thole  of  the  tiril  order, 
the  number  of  which  will  be  one  greater  than  that  of 
the  multiples  alTumed." 

For  example,  rcfuming  the  problem  at  firft  given, 
viz.  to  find  two  rational  numbers,  the  diflFerence  ot  the 
fquares  of  which  fliall  be  a  given  number.  Let  the 
given  number  be  the  product  ot"  a  and  l> ;  then  by  hy- 
pothefis,  -v'  —  v"-  =  'il' ;  but  thefe  compound  quiniities 
admit  of  an  eafy  refolution,  for  x  +y  X  x — j  = 
a  X  i-      If>    therefore,    we    fuppofe  k -[- y  =  ma,  ve 

fliall  obtain  .•< — _)■  =  — ;  where  m  is  aibitrary,  and  if 

m 
rational,  x  and  y  muft.  alfo  be  rationil.     Hence  the 
refolution  of  thele  two  equations  gives  the  values  c{  x 
and  J,  the  numbers  fought,  in  terms  of  ?«  ;  viz. 

m'a  +  i  ,  m'-a  —  b 

X  = : — ,  and  y  = . 

2m  2m 

INDIAN  OLD  TOWN,  a  town  in  Lincoln 
eounty,  in  the  Diftrifl  of  Maine,  fituated  on  an  ifland 
in  Penobfcot  river,  jull  above  the  Great  Falls,  and 
about  60  below  the  Forks.  Here  are  about  100  fami- 
lies, who  are  Roman  Catholics,  the  remains  of  the 
Penobfcot  tiibe,  and  the  only  Indians  who  refide  in 
the  Dillriift  of  Maine.  They  live  together  in  a  regular 
fociety,  and  aic  increafing  in  numlicr  ;  the  Sachems 
having  laid  an  injunction  on  the  young  people  to  mar- 
ry eaily.  In  a  former  war,  this  tribe  had  their  lands 
taken  from  them;  but  at  tl:e  commencement  of  the 
American  revolution,  the  Provincial  Congrefs  grant- 
ed them  a  traifl  of  laiw),  12  miles  wide,  interfected  in 
the  middle  by  the  rivtr.  They  have  a  right,  in  pre- 
ference to  any  other  tribe,  to  hunt  and  filh  us  lar  as  the 
mouth  of  the  bay  of  Penobfcot  extends.  In  their 
town  is  a  decent  church  with  a  bell  ;  and  a  priell  lefides 
among  them  to  adminilter  the  ordinances. — Morse. 

Indian  Orchard,  a  tra^t  of  laud  in  Northampton 
county,  Pennfylvania,  on  the  W.  fide  of  Delaware 
river,  on  the  river  Lexawacfein. — ib. 

Indiana,  a  territory  in  Virginia,  lying  between 
Ohio  river  and  the  Laurel  Mountain,  containing  about 
34  millions  of  acres.  It  is  nearly  of  a  triangular  form, 
and  extends  in  length  from  the  Pennfylvania  line  to 
the  waters  of  the  Little  Kanhaway.  It  was  granted  to 
Samuel  Wharton,  William  Tient,  and  George  Morgan, 
efquires,  and  a  few  other  perfons,  in  the  year  176S,  by 
the  Shawanefe,  Delaware  and  Huron  tribes  of  Indians, 
as  a  compenf.ition  for  lolfes  to  the  amount  of  ^85,916  : 
10  :  8  currency,  which  thefe  people  had  fullained  by  the 
depredations  of  the  Indians,  in  tiie  year  1763.  It  is 
a  valuable  trafl;  of  land  ;  but  the  title  of  the  proprie- 
tors,  thouglj  pronounced  good  by  a  Committee  of 


Congrtfs  in   17S2,  is  at  prefent  embarralTed  in  confe.  fndlini. 
quence  of  the  revolution. — tl.  v^-v--<« 

Indian  River,  or  Cyprefs  S'wanip,  lies  partly  in  the 
States  of  Maryland  and  Delaware.  This  morafs  ex- 
tends 6  miles  from  call  to  weft,  and  nearly  12  from 
north  to  fouth,  including  an  area  of  nearly  50,000  acres 
of  land.  The  whole  of  this  fwamp  is  a  high  and  level 
bafon,  very  wet,  though  undoubtedly  the  higheft  land 
on  that  part  of  the  coaft.  Falfe  Cape,  at  the  mouth 
of  Indian  river,  and  the  N.  E.  part  of  Cedar  Neck  is 
in  38''  35'  15"  NTlat  and  ill  miles  fouth  of  the  light- 
houfe  at  Cape  Henlopen.  Cedar  Swamp  contains  a 
great  variety  of  plants,  trees,  wild  bealis,  birds,  and 
reptiles. — ib. 

Indian  River,  on  the  eaft  coaft  of  the  peninfula  of 
E.  Florida,  lifes  a  Ihor:  difl.ince  from  the  fea-coa(l, 
and  runs  irom  north  to  fouth,  forming  a  kind  of  inland 
paifage  for  many  miles  along  the  coall.  It  is  alfo  call- 
ed Rio  Ays,  and  has  on  the  north  fide  of  its  mouth  the 
point  El  Palmar,  on  the  fouth  that  of  the  Leech.  N. 
lat.  27°  30',  W.  long.  80°  40' ib. 

Indians.  The  amount  of  Indian  population,  in 
Americi,  can  only  be  guelfed  at.  The  new  difcover- 
ediflandsin  the  South  Sea,  and  part  of  the  N.  W. 
coaft  are  probably  the  moft  populous.  The  beft  in- 
formed have  conjeflured  the  number  of  aboriginal  in- 
habitants, or  Indians,  in  America,  to  be  under  two 
millions  and  a  half.  The  decreafe  fince  the  difcovery 
of  America,  has  been  am.izing  :  At  that  period,  the 
ifland  of  Hifpaniola  alone  contained  at  kail  a  million 
of  inhabitants;  Bartholomew  de  las  Cafas  eftimated 
the  number  at  three  millions.  Millions  were  buried  in 
the  mines  or  hunted  to  death  by  the  Spaniards,  both 
on  the  iflands  and  continent.  In  the  northern  parts  of 
America,  numbers  were  doubtlefs  deftroyed  in  forming 
the  EngliOi,  Dutch,  and  French  colonies ;  but  not- 
withftanding  the  ruptures  between  the  cohmifts  and  the 
Indians,  very  few  comparatively  perilhed  by  war. 
Famine,  and  its  companion  the  peftilenee,  frequently 
deftroy  whole  tribes.  The  difeafes  alfo  introduced  by 
the  Europeans,  have  made  great  havock  ;  the  fpiritii- 
ous  liquors  in  the  ufe  of  wliich  they  have  been  initialed 
by  the  whites,  prove  perhaps  moft  of  all  repugnant  to 
population.  They  waiie  as  the  Europeans  advance  ; 
tliey  moulder  away,  and  difappear.  The  moft  numer- 
ous tribes  are  at  the  grealeft  diftancc  from  the  fettle- 
ments  of  the  whites,  and  it  is  very  certain  that  in  pro- 
portion to  their  dlftance  they  are  unacquainted  with  the 
ufe  of  fire-arms.  All  the  nations  north  of  lake  Supe- 
rior, and  thofe  beyond  the  Mifilffippi,  ufe  only  bows 
and  arrows,  fo  that  when  their  fcattered  fituation  is 
confidered,  the  various  cuftoms  and  fuperllitions  which 
it  would  be  ncceflary  to  reconcile,  in  order  to  produce 
unity  of  aflion,  and  what  a  fmall  proportion  of  them 
have  the  apparatus,  or  underftand  the  ufe  of  mufque- 
try,  or  polfefs  refources  to  enable  them  to  carry  on 
Lifting  hollilities  again  ft  the  power  of  the  United  States, 
it  muft  be  obvious  that  even  p.irtial  defeats  of  the  fe- 
deral troops  will  haften  their  ruin,  notwlthftanding  the 
wonderful  dexterity  and  intrepidity  which  they  exhi- 
bited in  feveral  adions  with  the  rec:ular  troops  in  the 
late  war.  But  this  neither  is  nor  ought  to  be  the  wilh 
of  the  inhabitants  of  the  United  States  ;  they  ought  to 
teach  them  the  bleflings  of  peace,  and  curb  the  exorbi- 
tant lufl  of  farther  extent  of  territory. 

A 


I     N     D 


C    247    ] 


I     N     D 


lodiani.  A  lift  of  Indian  tribes,  in  Imlay's  Hitlory  of  Ken- 
'^~"'~*'^  tuclcy,  makes  the  aggregate  number  lels  than  60,000 
who  inhabit  the  country  trom  tlie  gulr'  of  Mexico  on 
both  fuies  of  the  Miliillippi,  to  the  gulf  of  8t  Law- 
rence, and  as  far  well  a^  the  country  has  been  gene- 
rally explored,  that  is,  to  the  head  water  of  the  Miffif- 
fippi,  and  from  thence  a  good  way  up  the  Miifouri, 
and  between  that  river  and  Santa  Fe.  To  give  any 
account  of  ihe  nations  farther  fuuth,  far  lefs  in  S. 
America,  would  be  a  tafk  l)eyor;d  all  bounds;  the 
chief  of  ihcfe  are  noticed  under  their  refpeflive  names. 
The  population  of  the  Indian  nations  in  the  foulhern 
parts  of  the  United  States,  fomewliat  different  from 
Imlay,  is,  according  to  Mr  Purcell,  who  refided 
among  them  in  1780,  as  follows  : 


Mui'cogees,  commonly- 

Gun-men. 

Total. 

ly  called  Creeks 

5,860 

17,280 

Chiflaws 

-        4.13' 

'3'423 

Chickafaws 

575 

2,290 

Cherokees 

2,800 

8,550 

Catabaws 

150 

490 

I 


13,516        42.033 

The  above  red  nations  have  increafed  in  a  fmall  degree 
fince  the  general  peace  ellablilhed  among  them  in  1777. 
The  whites  incorporated  among  them  are  few  in  num- 
ber, and  lead  a  vagabond  life,  going  trom  tribe  to 
tribe  as  their  reftlefs  difpofition  leads  them.  The  in- 
creafe  of  population  is  confiderably  checked  by  the 
quantities  of  adulterated  and  poifonous  fpitituous  li- 
quors, and  the  venereal  dillemper  introduced  among 
them  by  the  whites. 

Major  Gen.  ^Vnthony  Wayne  put  an  end  to  the  de- 
ftruftive  war  with  the  Indian^by  a  lieaty  of  peace  and 
friendihip  concluded  at  Greenville  Aug.  3,  1795, 
which  was  ratified  by  the  Prelidcnt  of  the  Uintcd 
Slates,  Dec.  22,  1795.  The  Indian  tribes  iigned  the 
treaty  in  the  following  order  :  IVjanJols,  Dalaivjres, 
Ska-wanoes,  Oltawas,  Chipawas,  Ottatva,  Pala<watames 
of  the  river  cf  St  Ji  feph,  Pataivatamei  of  Huron,  Mi- 
ami t,  Alianiis  und  Ed  River,  Eel  River  \.T  he ,  Miamis, 
Kickapoos  and  Kiijhujkid!,  Dela-ivares  ot  Sandufky,  and 
fome  of  the  Six  Nations  living  at  Sandufky.  Tlicfe  In- 
dians ceded  to  the  United  States  various  \\\\&%  of  land 
from  2  to  12  miles  fqu.ire,  near  the  diflerent  poits  in 
the  N.  W.  Territory.  The  United  States  delivered  to 
the  Indian  tribes  above  named  in  goods  to  the  value 
of  20,000  dollars ;  and  agreed  to  deliver  in  goods  to  the 
value  of  9,500  dollars  annunUy,  forever.  Tlie  port^m 
whicli  e  ich  tribe  is  to  receive  will  be  feen  in  tlie  account 
of  the  particular  nation  or  tribe. 

Little  is  yet  known  of  the  Indians  in  the  ii  tcrior 
parts  of  North-America.  In  1792,  Mr  Stewart,  faid 
10  be  in  the  employ  of  the  Brliilh  court,  returned 
from  four  years  travels  through  the  hiherto  unexplor- 
ed  rcgif'ns  to  the  weftward.  Takiny  liis  c  urie  weft- 
fouthwellerly  from  the  polls  on  the  l.ikcs,  he  penetra- 
ted to  the  I, cad  of  the  Miifouri,  and  Ironi  thence  due  W. 
to  within  5C0  niiles  ot  the  (liores  of  the  Pacific  ocean. 
He  joined  the  interior  Indiana  in  f:vcral  battles  againft 
the  (hore  Indian-;,  all  which  coming  (li  irt  -^f  his  ob- 
ject, the  procuring  a  peace,  fo  ih  it  he  mitrht  explore 
the  continent  from  fea  to  fea  ;  after  fonie  ftay,  he  re- 
turned nearly  by  the  fame  route  lie  had  purfued  in  go- 
ing cut.     Beyond  the  Miliburi,  Mr  Stewart  met  with 


many  powerful  nations,  in  general  hofpitable  and  cour-    Irdiae, 
teous.     The   Indian  nations  he  vifited   weftward,  ap-         B 
peated  to  be  a  polifhed   and   civilized   people,  having  l^^^li^l^ 
towns   regularly   built,  and  being  in  a  ftate  of  fociety 
not  far  rerrjoved  from  that  of  the  European?,  and  only 
wanting  the  ufe  of  iron   and  fteel  to  be  perfeif>ly  to. 
They  are  alway?  clad  in  fkins,  cut  in  an  elegant  man- 
ner, and  in   many  reipccts  preferable  to  the  garments 
in  ufe  among  tlie  whites.     Adjacent  to  thefe  nations  is 
a  vaft  ridge  of  mountains,  which  may  be   called   the 
Alleghany  of  the  weftein  parts  of  America,  and  ferves 
as  a  bariier   againft  the  two  frequent  incurficns  cf  the 
coaft  Indians,  who  entertain  a  mortal  antipathy  to  the 
nations  and  tribes   inhabiting  the  country  eaftward   of 
the  mountains. — ib. 

Indian-Town,  in  Maryland,  a  village  fituated  on 
Indian  Creek,  on  the  S.  E.  bank  of  Choptank  river, 
and  in  Dorchefter  county,  3  miles  S.  W.  of  New- 
Mat  ket. — ib. 

Indian-Town,  a  fmall  poft- town  of  N.  Carolina,  10 
miles  trom  Sawyer's  Ferry,  and  52  from  Edenton. — ib. 

INDUCTION,  in  logic,  is  that  procefs  of  the  un- 
derllaiiding  by  which,  from  .1  number  of^ai/ira/artruths 
perceived  by  limple  apprehenlion,  and  diligently  compa- 
red together,  we  infer  another  truth  which  is  always 
general  A.VL<i  fometimes  univerfal.  It  is  perhaps  needlefs 
to  obferve,  that  in  the  procefs  of  indiidion  the  truths 
to  be  compared  muft  be  of  the  fame  kind,  or  relate  to 
objeiSs  liaving  a  liniilar  nature  ;  for  the  nicreft  tyro  in 
fcience  knnwt,  that  phyfical  truths  cannot  be  con. pared 
with  moral  truths,  nor  the  truths  of  pure  mathematics 
with  either. 

I'hat  llie  method  of  indutlion  is  a  juft  logic,  has 
been  lufficiently  evinced  clfewheie  (fee  Logic,  Part 
III.  chap.  v.  and  Philosophy,  n°  73 — 78.  Er.cycl.)^ 
and  is  now  Indeed  generally  admitted.  It  is  even  ad- 
mitted by  Briillli  plnhf  phers  to  b:  the  only  method 
of  reafoning  by  which  a  ly  progrifs  can  be  made  in  the 
phyllcal  fciences ;  for  the  laws  ot  Nature  can  he  dilcover- 
ed  only  by  accurate  experiments,  and  by  carefully  noting 
the  agreements  and  the  differences,  however  minute, 
which  are  thus  found  among  the  phenomena  apparently 
liniilar.  It  is  not,  however,  commonly  faid  that  induc- 
tion is  the  method  of  re^fonmg  employed  by  the  mathe- 
maticians ;  and  the  writer  of  this  aiticle  long  thought, 
with  others,  that  in  pure  geometry  the  reafoning  is 
ftnctly  fyUogiJlical.  Mature  rcfle>ftion,  however,  has 
led  liim  to  djiibt,  with  Dodor  Reid,*  the  truth  of  the  *Apncni;x 
generally  received  opinion,  to  iloubt  even  whether  by  to  Vdl.  III. 
categorical  fylloglfms  any  thing  whatever  can  be  proved,  "f  Shitht, 

To  the  idolaters  of  Arlllolle  we  arc  perfectly  aware  'f'^'  ^ifi'- 
tliat  this  win  appear  an  extravagint  paradox  ;  but  to  the  '^  '■'      "' 
votaries  ot  truth,   we  do  not  dcfpair  of  making  it  very 
evident,  that  for  fuch  doubts  there  is  I'ome  loundation. 

We  are  led  into  this  difquilition  to  counteraiS,  in  feme 
degree,  what  we  think  the  pernicious  tendency  of  the 
philofophy  ot  Kant,  which  attempts  h.ivc  been  Litcly 
made  to  introduce  into  this  country.  Of  lliis  philofo- 
phy  we  lliall  endeavour  to  give  lomethlng  like  a  diftirft 
view  in  the  proper  place.  It  is  lulHcicnt  to  obferve 
lieic,  that  it  rcfts  up.-n  the  hypothefis,  that  "  we  are  in 
polfefTion  ot  certain  nations  a  priori,  which  are  ahfo- 
lutely  iriilepenilent  of  ail  e%fcrien:e,  alihouch  the  ohjtdt  of 
txperi.nce  correfpond  w-th  ihein  ;  and  wli  ch  arc  diilin- 
guKhed  by  necejfity  and  ilrift  univtrfality ."    Thefc  innate 

aud 


I     N     D 


[    248    3 


I     N     D 


InJiKlion.  and  uuivcif.il  notions,  Kant  confiders  as  a  fet  of  rrt<f- 
^-'"^^^*-' ^or;V/,  from  whitli  is  10  be  deduced  all  fuch  knowledge 
as  deferves  the  name  of  fcience  ;  and  he  talk?,  of  courlc, 
or  at  leall  his  Englilli  tranfl.itors  rcprei'ent  him  talking, 
with  great  contempt,  of  iiiduftive  reafoiiing,  and  fub- 
(liiuting  fyllogillic  demonliraiion  in  its  (lead. 

As  his  catcgoiics  are  not  familiar  to  our  readers,  we 
fliall,  in  this  place,  eicaniine  fyllogifms  connedled  with 
tlie  categories  of  Aritlorlc,  which  are  at  Icaft  more  in- 
telligible than  thofc  of  Kant,  and  which,  being  likewife 
general  notio-ns,  muft,  in  argument,  be  managed  in  the 
lame  way.  Now  the  fundamental  axiom  upon  which 
every  categorical  iVUogiim  rells,  is  the  well  known  pro- 
pofition,  which  affirms,  that  "  whatever  may  be  predi- 
cated of  a  whole ^f;.Hj,  may  be  predicated  of  every  ^f- 
cies  and  of  every  inJividucil  comprehended  under  that 
genus."  This  is  indeed  an  undoubted  truth  ;  but  it 
cannot  conftitutc  a  foundation  for  reafoning  from  the 
genus  to  yheft'iCics  or  the  individual ;  becaufe  we  cannot 
poflibly  know  what  can  be  predicated  of  the  genus  till 
we  know  what  can  be  predicated  of  all  the  individuii/s 
ranged  under  it.  Indeed  it  is  only  by  afcertaining, 
through  the  medium  of  inducflion,  what  can  be  predi- 
cated, and  what  not,  of  a  number  of  individuals,  that 
we  come  to  foim  fuch  notions  as  thofe  of  genera  and 
//>.'cies  ;  and  therefore,  in  a  fyllogifm  Ihidly  categorical, 
"the  propofitions,  which  conftitute  the  premifes,  and  are 
taken  for  granted,  are  thole  alone  which  are  capable  of 
proof ;  whilft  the  conclufion,  which  the  logician  pre- 
tends to  demonllratc,  mull  be  evident  to  intuition  or 
experience,  otherwife  the  premifes  could  not  be  known 
to  be  true.  The  analyfis  of  a  few  fyllogifms  will  make 
this  apparent  to  every  reader. 

Dr  Wallis,  who,  to  an  intimate  acqnaintance  with 
the  Ariftotelian  logic,  added  much  mathematical  and 
phyfical  knowledge,  gives  the  following  fyllogifm  as  a 
perfect  example  of  this  mode  of  reafoning  in  the  firft 
tigare,  to  which  it  is  known  that  all  the  other  figures 
may  be  reduced  : — 

Omne  animal  t^  fcnfu  pradilum. 
Socrates  ell  animal. 
Socrates  t&  fenfu  pmdilus 

Here  the  propofition  to  be  demonRrated  i',  that  So- 
crates  is  endowed  with  fenfe  ;  and  the  propolitions  af- 
fumed  as  fslf-evident  truths,  upon  which  the  demonllra- 
tion  is  to  be  built,  are,  that  "  every  animal  is  endowed 
with  fenfe;"  and  that  "  Socrates  is  an  animal."  But 
how  comes  the  demonftrator  to  know  that  "  every  ani- 
mal is  endowed  with  fenfe  .'"  To  this  queftion  we  are 
not  aware  cf  any  anfwer  which  can  be  given,  except 
this,  that  mankind  have  agreed  to  call  every  being, 
which  they  perceive  to  be  endowed  with  fenfe,  an  ani- 
mal. Let  this,  then,  be  fuppofed  the  true  anfwer:  the 
next  quellion  to  be  put  to  the  demonftrator  is,  How  he 
comes  to  know  that  Socrates  is  an  animal .^  If  we  have 
anfwered  the  former  quellion  properly,  or,  in  other 
words,  if  it  be  elfential  to  this  genus  of  beings  to  be 
endowed  with  fenfe,  it  is  obvious  that  he  can  knov/  that 
Socrates  is  an  aniwal  only  by  perceiving  him  to  be  cn- 
doiued  iL'ilh  fcnfc  ;  and  therefore,  in  this  fyllogifm,  the 
propofition  to  be  proved  Is  the  very  firrt  of  the  three  of 
which  the  truth  is  perceived  ;  and  it  is  jjercelved  intui- 
tively, and  not  inferred  from  others  by  a  procsfs  of  rea- 
Jbning.  * 


Ergo 


Though  there  are  ten  categories  and  five  prcdi-  Inclusion, 
cables,  there  are  but  two  kinds  cf  ca'egorical  propofi-  '^•^''•'^^^^ 
tions,  y'vi.  Thofe  in  which  the  properly  or  accident  is 
predicated  of  the  fubltance  to  which  it  belongs,  and 
thofe  in  which  the  gmui  is  predicated  ot  the  fpccics  or 
individual.  Of  the  firmer  kind  is  the  propofition  pre- 
tended to  be  proved  by  the  fyllogifm  wliich  we  have 
confidered  ;  of  the  latter,  is  that  which  is  proved  by  the 
following  : 

Quicquid  fenfu  praiditum,  eft  animal, 
Socrates  ell  ferfu  prxditus.     Ergo 
Socrates  eft  animal. 

That  this  is  a  categorical  fyllogifm,  legitimate  in 
mode  and  figure,  will  be  denied  by  no  man  who  is  not 
an  abfolute  llranger  to  the  very  firft  principles  of  the 
Ariftotelian  logic  ;  but  it  requires  little  attention  indeed 
to  perceive  that  it  proves  nothing.  The  Impofition  of 
names  is  a  thing  fo  pcrfeftly  aibitrary,  that  the  being, 
or  clafs  of  beings,  which  in  Latin  and  Englilli  is  called 
animal,  is  with  equal  propriety  in  Greek  called  fwty,  and 
in  Hebrew  tt'£ij.  To  a  native  of  Greece,  ihcrelbie,  and 
to  an  ancient  Hebrew,  the  major  propofition  of  this 
fyllogifm  would  have  been  wliolly  unintelligible;  but 
had  either  of  thofe  perfons  been  told  by  a  man  of  known 
veracity,  and  acquainted  with  the  Latin  tongue,  that 
every  thing  endowed  with  fenfe  was,  by  the  Romans, 
called  animal,  he  would  then  have  nnderftood  the  pro. 
pofition,  admitted  its  truth  without  hefitation,  and  have 
henceforth  known  that  Socrates  and  Mofes,  and  every 
thing  elfe  which  he  perceived  to  be  endowed  wit!)  fenfe, 
would  at  Rome  be  called  animal.  This  knowledge, 
however,  would  not  have  relied  upon  demonftrative  rea- 
foning of  any  kind,  but  upon  the  credibility  of  his  in- 
former, and  the  intuitive  evidence  of  his  own  fenfes. 

It  will  perhaps  be  laid,  that  the  two  fyllcigifms  which 
we  have  examined  are  improper  examples,  becaufe  the 
truth  to  be  proved  by  the  former  is  felf-evident,  whilll 
that  which  is  meant  to  be  eftablilhed  by  the  latter  is 
merely  verbal,  and  therefore  arbitrary.  But  the  follow- 
ing  is  liable  to  neither  of  thcfe  objeflions : 

ytll  animals  are  mortal. 

Man  is  an  animal;   therefore 

Man  is  mortal. 

Here  it  would  be  proper  to  afk  the  demonftrator,  up- 
on what  grounds  he  fo  confidently  pronounces  all  ani- 
mals to  be  mortal  ?  The  propofition  is  fo  far  ixom  ex- 
prefflng  a  felf-evident  truth,  that,  previous  to  the  en- 
trance of  fin  and  death  into  the  world,  the  firft  man 
had  furely  no  conception  of  mortnlity.  He  acquired 
the  notion,  however,  by  experience,  when  he  fuw  the 
animals  die  in  fucceffion  around  him  ;  and  when  he  ob- 
ferved  that  no  animal  with  which  he  was  acquainted, 
not  even  his  own  fon,  efcaped  death,  he  would  conclude 
that  all  animals,  without  exception,  are  mortal.  This 
conclufion,  however,  could  not  be  built  upon  fyllogiftic 
reafoning,  nor  yet  upon  intuition,  but  partly  upon  ex- 
perience and  partly  on  analogy.  As  far  as  his  expe- 
rience went,  the  proof,  by  induftion,  of  the  mortality 
of  all  animals  was  complete;  but  there  are  many  ani- 
mals in  the  ocean,  and  perhaps  on  the  earth,  which  he 
never  faw,  and  of  whofe  mortality  therefore  he  could 
aflirm  nothing  but  from  analogy,  ;.  e.  from  concluding, 
as  the  conllituiion  of  the  human  mind  compels  us  to 

conclude, 


1     N     D  [     249     ]  I     N     D 

InduSion.   conclude,  that  Nature  is  uniform  throughout  the  uni-  which  may  be  compared  with  it,  till  through  a  feries  '||^^^.;™' 
^■^~^'"^~'  verfe,  uiid  that  fimilar  caufes,  whether  known  or  un-  of  well  known  intermediate  relation?,  a  comp.irifon  is 
known,  will,  in  finiilar  circumflances,  produce,  at  all  made  between  the  terms  of  the  original  propofition,  ol 
times,  fimilar  efFe(fls.      It  is  tn  he  cbferved  of  this  fyllo-  which  the  triitli  or  falfchood  is  then  perceived, 
gifm,  as  of  the  firll  which  we  have  confidered,  that  the        Thus  in  the  47ih  propofition  of  the  fird  book  of 
jiropofition,  which  it  pretends  to  demonftraie,  is  one  of  Euclid's  Elemcnti,  tlie  author  prnpofes  to  demonllrate 
thofe  tiulhs  known  by  experience,  from  which,  by  the  the  equality  between  the  fquare  of  the  hypotlicni.fe  of 
procefs  of  indudion,  we  infer  the  major  of  the  premifes  a  right  angled  triangle,  and  the  fum  of  the  fquaies  dc- 
to  be  Hue  ;  and  that  therefore  the  reafoning,  if  reafon-  fcribed  en  the  o'.her  two  (ides ;  but  he  does  not  [irocecd 
inR  it  can  be  called,  runs  in  a  circle.  in  the  way  of  categoiical  fyllogifms,  by  raifing  his  dc- 
Yet  by  a  concatenation  of  fyllogifms  liave  logicians  monftration  on  fome  univerfal  truth  relating  to  the  ge- 
pretended  that  a  long  feries  of  important  truths  may  nus  of  fjuaiss.     On  the  contrary,  he  proceeds  to  mea- 
be  difcovered  and  demondrated  ;  and  even  Wallis  him-  f'ire  the  three  fquares  of  which  he  lias  affirmed  a  certain 
felf  feems  to  think,  that  this  is  the  inftrument  by  which  relation  ;  but  as  they  cannot  be  immediaiely  compared 
the  mathematicians  have  deduced,   fiom  a  few  pol\u-  together,  he  dire<5ls  the  l.irgeft  of  them  to  be  divided  in- 
lates,  accurate  definitions,  and  undeniable  axioms,  all  to  two  parallelograms,  accoiding  to  a  rule  which  he  had 
the  truths  of  their  demonllrarive  fcience.     Let  us  try  formerly  afcertained  to  be  juft  ;  and  as  thefe  parallelo- 
the  truth  of  this  opinion  by  analyfing  fome  of  Euclid's  grams  can,  as  little  as  the  fquare  of  which  they  are  the 
demonftrations.  conftituent  parts,  be  compared  with  the  fquares  of  tl.e 
In  the  fliort  article  Principle  (EncycL),  it  has  been  other  two  fides  of  the  triangle,  he  thinks  of  fome  inter- 
fhewn,  that  all  our  Jirji  truths  are  particular,  and  that  it  mediate  figure  which  may  be  applied  as  a  common  mea- 
ls by  applying  to  them  the  rules  of  induiflion  that  we  fure  to  the  fquares  and  the  parallelograms.    According- 
form  general  truths  or  axioms — even  the  axioms  of  pure  ly,  having  before  found  that  a  parallelogram,  or  Iquare, 
geometry.     As  this  fcience  treats  not  of  real  external  is  eiaflly  double  of  a  triangle  ftanding  on  the  fame  bale 
things,  but  merely  of  iUas  or  conceptions,  the  creatures  and  between  the  fame  parallels  with  it,  he  conftrucis 
of  our  minds,  it  is  obvious,  that  its  definitions  may  be  triangles  upon  the  fame  bafe,  and  between  the  fame  pa- 
perfeftly  accurate,  the  induif^ion  by  which  its  axioms  rallels  witli  his  parallelograms,  and  the  fquares  of  the 
are  formed  complete,  and  therefore  the  axioms  them-  fides  containing  the  right  angle  of  the  original  triangle  ; 
felves  aK/irr/i/ propoiitions.     The  ufe  of  thefe  axioms  and  finding,  by  a  procefs  formerly  Ihewn  to  be  juft, 
is  merely  to  Ihorten  the  different  procefTes  of  geometri-  that  the  triangles  on  the  bafes  of  the  parallehogranis  are 
cal  reafor.ing,  and  not,  as  has  fomeiimes  been  abfurdly  precifely  equal  to  the  triangles   on   the  bafes  of    the 
fuppofed,    to  l>e  made  the  parents  or  ciufes  of  parti-  Iquares,  he  perceives  at  once  that  the  two  pa'ailelo- 
cular  truths.     No  truth,  whether  general  or  particular,  grams,  of  which  the  largell  fquare  is  compofcd,  mull 
can,  in  any  fenfe  of  the  word,  be  the  caufe  of  another  be  equal  to  the  fum  of  the  two  IcHer  fquares ;  and  the 
truth.     If  it  were  not  true  that  all  individual  figures,  truth  of  the  propofition  is  demonllrated. 
of  whatever  form,  comprehending  a  portion  of  fpace         In  the  courfe  of  this  demonllration,  there  is  not  (o 
equal  to  a  portion  comprehended  by  any  other  indivi-  much  as  one  truth  inferred  from  another  by  fyllogijm, 
dual  figure,  whether  of  the  fame  form  with  fome  of  but  all  are  perceived  in  fuccelhon  by  a  feries  of  fimple 
them,  or  of  a  form  diffeient  from  them  all,  are  equal  to  apprehenfions.  Euclid,  indeed,  alter  finding  the  triangle 
one  another,  it  would  not  be  true  that  "  things  in  ge-  conllruifted  on  the  bafe  of  one  of  the  parallelograms  to 
iieral,  which  are  equal  to  the  fame  thing,  or  that  mag-  be  equal  to  the  triangle  conliruftcd  on  llie  b.ife  of  one 
iiitudes  which  coincide,  or  exactly  fill  the  fame  fpace,"  of  the  fquares,   introduces  an  axiom,  and  fays,  "  but 
are  refpeiftively  equal  to  one  another  ;  and  theicftre  the  the  doubles  of  equals  are  equal  to  one  another ;  ibcre- 
firft  and  eighth  of  Euclid's  axioms  would  be  fjife.      So  fjre  the   par.illelogram  is  equal  to  the  fquare."      But 
far  are  thefe  axioms,  or  general  truths,  from  being  the  if  tVom  this  mode  of  exprefion  any  man  conceive  the 
parents  of  particular  truths,that,  as  conceived  by  us,  they  axiom  or  univerfal  truth  to  he  the  caiifi  o{  the  truth 
may,  with  greater  propriety,  be  termed  their  cff.'pring.  more  particul.ir,  cr  fuppofe  that  the  latter  could  not 
They  are  indeed  nothing  more  than  general  exprefl^ons,  be  apprehended  without  a  previous  knowledge  of  the 
comprehending  all  particular  trutlis  of  the  fame  kind,  former,  he  is  a  (Iranger  to  the  nature  oi  evidence,  and 
When  a  mathematical  propofition  tlicrcfore  is  enounced,  to  the   procefs  cl  gfm-ra.izaticii,  by  which  axicros  are 
if  the  terms,  of  which  it  is  compofed,  or  the  figures  of  formed. 

which  a  certain  relation  is  predicated,  can  be  brought  to-         If  we  examine  tlie  pioblems  of  this  anci;nt  gcomc- 

gcther  and  immediately  compared,  no  dcinonllratlon  is  trician,  we  fliall  find  that  the  irutli  ot  them  is  proved 

iiecelfary  to  point  out  its  truth  or  falfeliood.    It  is  indeed  by   the  very  fame  means  which  he  makes  ufe  of    10 

intuitively  perceivtd  to  be  ciiher  comprehended  under,  point  out  the  truth  of  his  theorems.     Thus,  the  firll 

or  contr.iry  to  fome  known  axiom  ol  the  fcience  ;  but  it  problem  of  liis  immortal  woik  is,  "  to  delcribe  an  equi- 

has  the  evidence  of  truth  or  falfeliood  in  ilfilf  and  not  lateral  triangle  on  a  given  finite  llraiirlit  line;"  and  net 

in  conferjiie/tce  of  that  axiom.     When  the  figures  or  fym-  only  is  this  to  be  done,  but  the  meihod  by  which  it  is 

bols  cannot  be  immediately  compared  together,   it  is  done  mud  be  fuch  as  can  be  Ihown  lobe  incuntrovcni- 

then,  and  only  then,  that  recourfe  is  had  to  demon-  blyjull.    The  fides  of  a  tri.mgle,  however,  cannot  Ix- aps 

ftration  ;  whicii  proceeds,  not  in  a  feiies  of  fyllogifms  plied  to  each  other  fo  as  to  be  immediately  conipareil  ; 

but  by  a  procefs  of  ideal  menluralion  or  indudlion.     A  for  they  are  conceived  to  be  immoveable  among  thcm- 

figure  or  fymbol  is  conceived,  which  may  be  compared  felves.     A  common  mcalure,  therefore,  or  fomelhing 

with  each  of  tiie  principal  figures  or  f)mbols,   or,  if  equivalent  to  a  common  mcafurc,  mull  be  found,  by 

that  cannot  be,  with  one  of  tlieni,  and  tlien  another,  which  tlic  triangle  may  be  condrufled,  and  tlie  cqna- 
SurPL.   Vol.   II.  I  i  lity 


1     N     D 


Iii(lu(3ion.   lity  of  its  three  fides  afterwards  evinced  (  and  this  equi- 

*"^^'~*~'  viilent  Euclid  finds  in  the  circle. 

By  contemplaling  the  properties  of  the  circle,  it  was 
eafy  to  perceive  that  all  its  radii  miiil  be  equal  to  one 
anotlier.  He  therefore  direiJh  two  circles  to  be  de- 
fcribed  from  the  oppofite  extremities  of  the  given  fi- 


[    250    ]  INF 

dence,  not  inferior  to  that  with  which  he  admits  a  mathe-  tnduflion, 
matic.il  demonflration,  that  any  corporeal  phenomenon,  II 

which  he  has  obferved  in  certain  circumftsnces,  will  be  '"":""'"»- 
always  obferved  in  circumftances  exaflly  fimilar;  but  \,^^^^^-^ 
the  misfortune  is,  that  he  can  very  feldom  be  afcertain- 
ed  of  this  Jimilarity.     He  dees  not  know  any  one  piece 


r.ite  ftr.iight  hne,  fo  as  that  it  may  be  the  radius  of    ot' mMter  us  it  ij  in  it/e/f ;  he  cannot  fepnrate  its  various 


eacli  of  them  ;  and  from  the  point  in  which  the  circles 
interfect  one  another,  lie  orders  lines  to  be  drawn  to 
the  extreme  points  of  the  given  line,  affirming  that 
thefe  three  lines  conflitutc  an  equilateral  triangle.  To 
convince  his  reader  of  the  trutJi  of  this  affirmation,  he 
has  only  to  put  him  in  mind,  that  from  the  properties 
of  the  circle,  (he  lines  which  he  has  drawn  muft  be 
each  equal  to  the  given  line,  and  of  courfe  all  the  three 
ecjual  to  one  another  ;  and  this  mutual  equality  is  per- 
ceived by  fimple  ;ippreljenfion,  and  not  inferred  by  fyl 


properties ;  and  of  courfe  cannot  attribute  to  any  one 
jiroperty  the  effefts  or  apparent  effeiits  which  proceed 
exclullvely  from  it.  Indeed,  the  properties  of  bodies 
are  fo  clofely  interwoven,  ihat  by  human  means  they 
cannot  be  completely  feparatcd  ;  and  hence  the  mofl 
cautious  inveftigator  is  apt  to  attribute  to  fome  one  or 
two  properties,  an  event  which  in  reality  refults  per- 
haps from  many.  (See  Philosophy  and  Physics, 
Eiicycl.).  Tills  the  geometrician  never  does.  He 
knows   perfeftly  that   the  relation    of   equality  which 


logidic  reafoning.     Euclid,  indeed,  by  introducing  in-  fubfilts  between  the  three  angles  of  a  plain  triangle 

to  the  demonftration  his  firll  axiom,   gives  to  it  the  and  two  right  angles,  depends  not  upon  the  fize  of  the 

form  ot  a  lyllogifm  :  but  that  fyllogifm  proves  nothing ;  triangles,  the  matter  of  which  they  arc  conceived  to  be 

for  if  the  equality  of  the  three  fides  of  the  triangle  were  made,  the  particular  place  which  they  occupy  in  die 

not  intuitively  perceived  In  their  pofition  and  the  pro-  univeife,  or  upon  any  one  circumllance  whatever  be- 

perties  of  the  circle,  the  firft  axiom  would  itfelf  be  a  fides  their  triangularity,  and  the  angles  of  their  corro- 

tall'ehood.      So  true  It  is   tiiat   categorical  fyllogifms  lets  being  exactly  right   angles ;    and  it  is   upon  this 

have  no  place  in  geometrical  reafoning  ;  which  is  as  power  of  difcrimlnation  which  wc  have  in  the  concep- 


ftridlly  experimental  and  indiK^ive  as  the  reafoning  em- 
ployed in  the  various  branches  of  pliyfics. 

But  if  this  be  fo,  how  come  the  truths  of  pure  geo- 
metry to  be  necelfary,  fo  that  the  contrary  of  any  one 
of  them  is  clearly  perceived  to  be  ImpoiTible;  whllft 
phyfical  truths  are  all  contingent,  fo  that  there  is  not 
one  of  tliem  of  which  the  dlredt  contrary  may  not 
eafily  be  conceived  I 

That  there  is  not  one  phyfical  truth,  of  which  the 
contrary  may  not  be  conceived,  is  not  perhaps  fo  cer- 
tain as  has  generally  been  imagined  ;  but  admitting  the 
faft  to  be  as  it  has  commonly  been  ftated,  the  appa- 
rent difference  between  this  clafs  of  truths  and  thofe  of 
pure  geometry,  may  be  eafily  accounted  for,  without 
fuppofing  that  the  former  refis  upon  a  kind  of  evi- 
dence totally  different  from  that  which  fupporls  the  fa- 
bric of  the  latter. 

The  objeifVs  of  pure  geometry,  as  we  have  already  ob- 
ferved, are  the  creatures  of  our  own  minds,  which  con- 
tain in  them  nothing  concealed  from  our  view.  As 
the  mathematician  treats  them  merely  as  meafurable 
quantities,  he  knows,  with  the  utmoft  precifion,  upon 
what  particular  properties  the  relation  affirmed  to  fub- 
fill  between  any  two  or  more  of  them  muft  abfolutely 
depend  ;  and  he  cannot  poflibly  entertain  a  doubt  but 
it  will  be  found  to  have  place  among  all  quantities 
h<iving  the  fame  properties,  bccaufe  it  depends  upon 
them,  and  upon  them  alone.  His  proecfs  of  induction, 
iheretore,  by  a  ferles  of  ideal  tneafurements,  is  always 
complete,  and  exhaulls  the  fubjei5t ;  but  in  phyfical  en- 
(juiries  the  cafe  is  widely  different.  The  fubje(5ts  which 
employ  the  phyfical  enquirer  are  not  his  own  ideas,  and 
their  various  relations,  but  the  properties,  powers,  and 
relations  of  the  bodies  which  compofe  the  univerfe  ; 
and  ot  thcfe  bodies  he  knows  neither  the  fublfance,  in- 
ternal ftrufture,  nor  all  the  qualities  :  fo  that  he  can 
very  feldom  dilcover  with  certainty  upon  what  parti- 
cular property  or  properties  the  phenomena  of  the  cor- 
poreal world,  or  the  relations  which  fiibfift  among  dif- 
ferent bodies,  depend.     He  expedts,  indeed,  with  confi- 


tions  ot  pure  geometry,  and  have  not  in  the  objedls  of 
phyfics,  iliat  the  truths  of  the  one  fcience  are  perceiv- 
ed to  be  necelfary,  while  thofe  of  the  other  appear  to  be 
contingent ;  though  the  mode  of  demonftration  is  the 
fame  in  both,  or  at  leaf!  equally  removed  from  cate- 
gorical fyllogifms. 

INERTIA.  See  Dynamics  and  Impulsion  in 
this  Supplement. 

INFLAMiVIATION  has  been  fufficiently  explain- 
ed in  the  Encyclopadia,  and  in  the  article  Chemistry 
in  this  Supplement ;  but  it  cannot  be  improper,  in  this 
place,  to  give  an  account  of  fome  remarkable 

Spontaneous  Inflammations,  which,  as  different  fub- 
ftances  are  liable  to  them,  have  been,  and  may  again 
be,  the  caufe  of  many  and  great  misfortunes. 

The  fpontaneous  Inflammation  of  clfential  oils,  and 
that  of  fome  fat  oils,  when  mixed  with  nitious  acid, 
are  well  known  to  phllofophers  :  fo  alfo  is  that  of  pow- 
dered charcoal  with  the  fame  acid  (lately  difcovered  by 
M.  Proull),  and  thofe  of  phofphorus,  of  pyrophorus, 
and  of  fulminating  gold.  Thele  fubllances  are  general- 
ly to  be  lound  only  in  the  laboratories  of  chemills,  who 
are  perfe<3ly  well  acquainted  with  the  precautions  which 
it  is  necelfary  to  take  to  prevent  the  unhappy  accidents 
which  may  be  occafioned  by  them. 

The  burning  of  a  ftore-houfe  of  falls,  which  happen- 
ed at  Breft  in  the  year  i757>  was  caufed  by  the  fpon- 
taneous inflammation  of  fome  oiled  cloths,  which,  after 
having  been  painted  on  one  fide,  and  dried  in  the  fun, 
were  flowed  away  while  yet  waiTn  ;  as  was  fhewn  by 
fubfequent  experiments.*  •  Sec  Jli>- 

Vegetables   boiled   In  oil  or  f.it,  and   left  to  them- iin/r«  a> 
felves,  after  having  been  preffed,  inflame  in  the  open ''-^'^'"''™'« 
air.     This  inflammation  always  takes  place   when  the  "'' ^'""'■'' 
vegetables  retain  a  certain  degree  of  humidity  ;  if  they    ' 
are  firft  thoroughly  dried,  they  are  reduced  to  afhes, 
without  the  appearance  of  flame.     We  owe  the  obfer- 
vation  of  thefc  fads  to  MM.  Saladin  and  Carette.f  f  joumalde 

The  heaps  of  linen  rags  which  are  thrown  tDgcther  Pbyftjuc, 
in  paper  xnanufaftories,  the  preparation  of  which  is  i?^^- 

haftcned 


I     N     I-  C     251     ]  INF 

hadened  by  means  of  fermentation,  often  take  lire,  if  the  floors  of  ftone,  and  the  rafters  and  corering  cf  iron  ;  Infiair.m*- 

not  carefully  attended  to.  it  Rands  alone  on  an  ifland  in  the  Neva,  on  which,  as      """• 

Tlie  fpoataneous  inflammation  of  hay  has  been  known  well  as  on  board  the  (hips  lying  in  the  Neva,  no  fire  is  ^■''"''"^^ 

for  many  centuries;  by  its  means  houfes,  barns,  &c.  permitted.     In  St  Petciiburgh,  in  the  fame  yeai,  a  fire 

have  been  often  reduced  to  allies.     When  the  hay  is  was  difcovered  in  the  vaulted  (hop  of  a  furiicr.     In 

laid  up  damp,  the  inllammation  often  happens ;  for  the  thefe  fliops,  which  are  all  vaults,  neither  fire  nor  candle 

fermentation  is  then  very  great.     This  accident  very  is  allowed,  and  the  doors  of  them  are  all  of  iron.     Ac 

feldom  occurs  to  the  firll  hay  (according  to  the  obfer-  length  the  probable  caufe  was  found  to  be,  that  the 

vaiion  of  M.  de  Bomare),  but  is  much  more  common  to  furrier,  the  evening  before  the  fire,  had  got  a  roll  of 

ihefecondj  and  If,  through  inattention,  a  piece  of  iron  new  cere-cloth   (much  in  ufe  here  for  covering  tables, 

Ihould  be  left  in  a  flack  ot  hay  in  fermentation,  the  in-  counters,  &c.  being  eafily  wiped  and  kept  clean),  and 


flammationof  that  ftack  is  almoft  a  certain  confeqiience. 
Corn  heaped  up  has  alf)  I'ometimes  produced  inflamma- 
tions of  this  nature.  Vanieri,  in  his  Pradium  Rujiicum, 
feys, 

^t£  vera  fgrami/jaj  nonJtim  fatis  injolata  recondent 
JmpruJcns,  fub'itis  par'iunt  inandia  fiammis . 

Dung  alfo,  under  certain  circumftances,  inflames  fpon- 
taneoufly. 


had  left  it  in  his  vault,  where  it  was  found  almoil  con- 
fumed. 

In  the  night  between  the  20th  and  21ft  of  April 
1 78 1,  a  fire  was  feen  on  bourd  the  frigate  Maria,  wiiich 
lay  at  anchor,  with  feveral  other  lliips,  in  the  road  oflf 
the  ifland  ot  Cronftadt ;  the  fire  was,  however,  foon  ex- 
tinguilhed  ;  and,  by  the  fevereft  examination,  little  or 
nothing  could  be  extorted  concerning  the  manner  in 
which  it  had  arifen.  The  garrifon  was  threatened  with 


I  A  pood 
conrilts  of 
40  puuiuU 
Kuls,  or  36 
£nglifti. 


In  a  paper,  publirtied  in  the  Repertory  of  Arts  and  a  fcrutiny  that  fiiould  coft  tliem  dear  ;  and  while  thef 
Manu/aSurts,  by  the  Rev.  William  Tooke,  F.  R.  S.  were  in  this  cruel  (late  of  fufpcnce,  an  order  came  from 
&c.  we  have  the  following  remarkable  inftances  otfpon-  the  fovereign,  which  quieted  their  minds,  and  gave  rife 
taneous  inflammation.  "  A  petfon  of  the  name  of  to  fome  very  fatistaclory  experiments. 
Riide,  an  apothecary  at  Bautzen,  had  prepared  a  py-  It  having  been  found,  upon  juridical  examination,  as 
rophorus  from  rye-bran  and  alum.  Not  long  after  he  well  as  private  inquiry,  that  in  the  lliip's  cabin,  when 
had  made  the  difcovery,  there  broke  out,  in  the  next  the  fmoke  appeared,  there  lay  a  bundle  of  matting, 
village  of  Nauflitz,  a  great  fire,  which  did  mucli  mif-  containing  Ruflian  lair)p  black  prepared  Ironi  fir-foot, 
chief,  and  was  faid  to  have  been  occ.ifioned  by  the  treat-  moidened  with  hemp-oil  varnilli,  which  was  perceived 
ing  of  a  fick  cow  in  the  cow-houfe.  Mr  Riide  knew,  to  have  fparks  of  fire  in  it  at  the  time  of  the  extinifticn, 
that  the  countrymen  were  ufed  to  lay  an  application  of  the  Ruflian  admiralty  gave  orders  to  make  various  ex- 
paiclied  rye-bran  to  their  cattle  for  curing  the  thick  periments,  in  order  to  fee  whether  a  mixture  of  hemp- 
neck  ;  he  knew  alfo,  that  alum  and  rye-bran,  by  a  pro-  oil  varniih  and  the  forementioned  Ruflian  black,  folded 
per  procefs,  yielded  a  pyrophorus ;  and  now  he  wiflied  up  in  a  mat  and  bound  together,  would  kindle  of 
to  try  whether  parched  rye-bran  alone  would  have  the  itfelh 

fame  eil'efl.    Accordingly,  he  roafted  a  quantity  of  rye-  They  fhook  40  pounds  of  fir-wood  foot  into  a  tub, 

bran  by  the  fire,  till  it  had  acquired  the  colour  of  roafl-  and  poured  about  35  pounds  of  hemp-oil  varniih  upon 

ed  coffee.     This  roafted  bran  he  wrapped  up  In  a  linen  it ;  this  they  let  Itand  for  an  hour,  after  wliich  they 

cloth;  in  the  fpace  ofafew  minutes  therearofe  a  flrong  poured  off  the  oil.     Tiie  remaining  mixture  they  now 

fmoke  through  the  cloth,  accompanied  by  a  fmell  of  wrapped  up  in  a  mat,  and  the  bundle  was  laid  clofe  to 

burning.     Not  long  afterwards  the  rag  grew  as  black  the  cabin,  where  the  midlhipmen  had  their  birth.     To 

as  tinder,  and  the  bran,  now  become  hut,  fell  through  avoid  all  fufpicion  of  treachery,  two  cllkers  leaUd  bjih 

it  nn  the  ground  in  little  balls.     Mr   Riide  repeated  the  mat  and  the  door  with  their  own  feals,  and  ftation- 

the  experiment  at  various  times,  and  always  with  the  ed  a  watch  of  four  fea  olhceis,  to  tjke  notice  of  all 

fame  refult.     Who  now  will  any  longer  doubt,  that  the  that  pafled  the  whole  night  through;  and  as  foon  as 

frequency  of  fires  in  cow-houfes,  which  in  ihofe  parts  any  fmoke  fhould  appear,  immediately  to  give  informa- 

are  moftly  wooden  buildings,  may  not  be  occafioned  by  tion  to  die  commandant  ot  the  port, 

this  common  pra<!llce,  of  binding  roafted  bran  about  The  experiment  was  made  the  26th  of  April,  about 

the   necks   of  the   cattle?    The   fire,  after  confuming  11  o'clocic  A.  M.  in  prcfcnce  of  all  the  othcers  named 

the  cattle  and  the  Ihed,  communicates  itfelf  to  the  ad-  in  the  comniifllon.      E.irly  on  the  following  day,  about 

joining  buildings ;  great  damage  enfucs  ;  and  the  Ig-  fix  o'clock  A.  M.  a  fmoke  appe.ired,  cf  wliich  the  cliief 

norant  look  for  the  cnnfe  in  wilful  and  malicious  firing,  commandmt  was  immediately  informed  by  an  oflicer: 

confcquently  in  a  capital  crime."  became  with  ail  poftible  fpeed,  and  tiirough  a  fmall 

The  fame  author  informs  us,  that  in  the  fpring  of  hole  in  the  door  law  the  mat  fnioking.     Wiihout  open- 

thc  year  i  780,  a  fire  was  difcovered  on  board  a  Ruliian  ing  the  door,  he  difpacched  a  mciren^er  to  the  members 

frigate  lying  in  tlie  road  of  Cionft.idt  ;   which,  if  it  had  ot  the  cnmmlflion ;  but  as  the  (m^ke  became  ftronger, 

not  been  timely  extlnguilhed,  would  have  endangered  and  fire  began  10  appear,  the  chief  commandant  foonJ 

the  wliole  fleet.     After  the  fevereft  fcrutiny,  no  caufe  it  neceli'ary,  without  waiting  for  the  inLrobers  ot   the 

of  the  fire  was  to  be  found  ;  and  the  ni.uter  was  forced  commiflion,  to  break  the  fcals  and  open  the  door.     No 

to  remain  without  explanation,  but  with  flrong  furmlfes  fooncr  was  the  air  thus  admitted,  than  the  mat  bej:uu 

of  if)me  wicked  incendi  iry  being  at  the  bottom  of  it.  to  burn  with  greater  force,  and  prefently  it  burft  into 

In  the  month  of  Auguft,  in  the  fame  year,  a  fire  broke  a  flame. 

out  at  the  hemp-magazine  at  St  Peterlljurgh,  by  which  The  Ruflian  admir.ilty,  being  now  fully  convinced 

feveral  hundred  thoufand  poods  J  of  hemp  and  flax  were  of  the    fclf-enkindling   property    of  this  oompofilion, 

confumed.     The  walls  of  tlie  magazine  arc  of  brick,  tranfmittcd  their  experiment  to  the  Imperial  Ac.idcrof 

I  i   2  of 


I     N     F 


[     25 


Inflamma-  of  Sciences  ;  wlio  appointed  Mr  Georgi,  a  very  learned 
"If":,^  and  ableadjunifl  of  the  academy,  to  make  farther  eiperi- 
ments  on  the  fubjeft.  Previous  to  the  relation  of  thefe 
cxperin)cnts,  it  is  necefTary  to  obferve,  that  the  Ruflian 
Hr.black  is  three  or  four  limes  more  heavy,  thick,  and 
unctuous,  than  that  kind  of  painters  black  which  the 
Germans  call  liin-nihm.  The  furmer  is  gathered  at 
Ochta,  near  St  Peieilbargh,  a:  Mofco,  at  Archangel, 
and  oilier  places,  in  little  wooden  luits,  trom  relliious 
tir-wood,  and  the  un^ftiious  bark  of  birch,  by  means  of 
an  apparatus  unoninionly  I'lmplc,  cdnfilling  of  pots 
without  bonoms  let  one  upon  the  other  ;  and  is  (old 
very  cheap.  Tlie  famous  line  German  Licn-rahm  is  cal- 
led in  Ruilia  HoHdniVs  black.  In  wliat  follows,  wlien 
raw  oil  is  fpoken  of,  it  is  to  be  undcrftood  of  linleed- 
cil  or  hemp-oil  ;  but  moil  commonly  the  latter.  The 
varnilh  is  made  of  five  p^>und■i  of  hemp-oil  boiled  with 
two  ounces  and  a  halt  of  muiium.  For  wrapping  up 
the  compofition,  Mr  Georgi  made  ufe  of  coarfe  hemp- 
linen,  and  always  fingle,  never  double.  The  impregna- 
tions and  commlxtuies  were  made  in  a  large  wooden 
bowl,  in  which  they  Ifood  open  till  they  were  wrapped 
up  in  linen. 

Three  pounds  nf  Ruffian  fir-black  were  flowly  im- 
pregnated with  five  pounds  ot  hempoil  varnilh  ;  and 
when  the  mixture  had  Hood  open  five  hours,  it  was 
bound  up  in  linen.  By  this  piocefs  it  became  clotted  ; 
but  fome  of  the  black  remained  dry.  When  the  bundle 
Ivad  lain  fixteen  hours  in  a  chelf,  it  was  obferved  to 
emit  a  very  naufeous,  and  rather  putrid,  fniell,  not  quite 
unlike  that  of  boiling  cil.  Some  parts  of  it  became 
warm,  and  lleamed  much  ;  this  (learn  was  watery,  and 
Iiy  no  means  inflammable.  Eighteen  hours  after  the 
mixture  was  wrapped  up,  one  place  became  brown,  e- 
niitted  fmokc,  and  diredly  afterwards  glowing  fire  ap- 
peared. The  fame  thing  happened  in  a  fecond  and  a 
third  place,  though  other  places  were  fcarccly  warm. 
The  fire  crept  flowly  around,  and  gave  a  thick,  grey, 
ilinking  fraoke.  Mr  Georgi  took  the  bundle  out  of 
liie  chefl,  and  laid  it  on  a  ftonc  pavement  ;  when,  on 
being  expofed  to  the  tree  air,  there  arofe  a  (low  burn- 
ing riame,  a  fpan  high,  with  a  ftrong  body  of  fmoke. 
Not  long  afterwards  tliere  appeared,  here  and  there, 
Jeveral  chaps  or  clefts,  as  from  a  little  volcano,  the  va- 
pour ilfuing  fiom  which  burlf  into  flame.  On  his  break- 
ing the  lump,  it  burft  into  a  very  violent  flame,  full 
three  feet  high,  which  foon  grew  lefs,  and  then  went 
out.  The  fnicking  and  glowing  fire  lafled  for  the  fpace 
of  fix  hours  ;  and  afterwards  the  remainder  continued 
to  glow  without  fmoke  for  two  hours  longer.  The 
grey  earthy  allies,  when  cold,  weighed  five  ounces  and 
a  half. 

In  another  experiment,  perfedly  fimilar  to  the  fore- 
going, as  far  as  relates  to  the  compofition  and  qu.inti- 
lies,  the  enkindling  did  not  enfue  till  41  hours  alter  the 
i.mpregnation  :  the  heat  kept  increafing  for  three  hours, 
and  then  the  acceniion  followed.  It  is  worthy  of  re- 
mark, that  thefe  c-iperiments  fucceeded  belter  on  bright 
days  than  on  fuch  as  were  rainy  ;  and  the  accenfion  came 
en  more  rapidly. 

In  another  experiment,  three  pounds  of  Ruffian  fir- 
black  were  flowly  impregnated  with  three  pounds  of 
raw  hemp-oil ;  and  the  accenfion  enfued  after  nine  hours. 

Three  quarters  of  a  pound  of  German  rahm  were 
flowly  impregnated  with  a  pound  and  a  half  of  hemp- 


2     ]  INF 

oil  varnifh.     The  mixture  remained  70  hours  before  it  Inflamma- 
became  hot  and  reeking  ;  it  then  gradually  became  hot-       •'""• 
ter,  and  emitted  a  llrong  exhalation  ;  the  effluvia  were 
moill,  and   not  inflammable.     The  reaiftion  lafted  36 
hours,  during  which  the  heat  was  one  while  ftronger, 
and  then  weaker,  and  at  length  quite  ceafed. 

Stove  or  chimney  foot,  mofily  formed  from  birch- 
wood  fmoke,  w.is  mingled  witli  the  above-mentioned 
lubllances  and  tied  up  ;  the  compound  remained  cold 
and  quiet. 

Ruffian  fir-black,  mixed  wiih  equal  parts  of  oil  of  tur- 
pentine, and  bound  up,  exhibited  not  the  leaft  rea(ftion 
or  warmth. 

Birch  oil,  mixed  with  equal  parts  of  RufTian  fir- 
black,  and  bound  up,  began  to  grow  warm  and  to  emit 
a  volatile  fmeil ;  but  the  warmth  foon  went  oflF again. 

From  the  experiments  of  ihe  admiralty  and  of  Mr 
Georgi,  we  learn,  not  only  the  decifive  certainty  of  the 
felf-accenfion  of  foot  and  oil,  when  the  two  fubftances 
are  mixed  under  certain  circumftance.',  but  alfo  the  fol- 
lowing particulars  : 

Ot  the  various  kinds  of  foot,  or  lamp-black,  the  ex- 
periments fucceeded  more  frequently  and  furely  witli 
the  coarier,  more  undtuous  and  heavier,  like  Ruflian 
painters  black,  than  with  fine  light  German  rahm,  or 
with  coarfe  chimney  loot.  In  regard  to  oils,  only  thofe 
experiments  fucceeded  which  were  made  with  drying 
oil?,  either  raw  or  boiled.  The  proportions  of  the  foots 
to  the  oils  were,  in  the  fuccef^ful  experiments,  very  vari- 
ous ;  the  mixture  kindled  with  a  tenth,  a  fifth,  a  third, 
with  an  equal,  and  likewife  with  a  double,  proportion 
of  oil.  In  general,  however,  much  more  depends  on 
the  mode  of  mixture,  and  the  manipulation,  and,  as 
Mr  Georgi  often  obferved,  on  the  weather;  for  in 
moill  v/eather  the  bundles,  after  becoming  warm,  would 
frequently  grow  cold  again. 

The  inllances  of  fpontaneous  inflammation  hitherto 
mentioned  have  been  only  cf  vegetable  fubllances;  but 
we  have  examples  of  the  finie  thing  in  the  animal  king- 
dom. Pieces  of  woollen  clcth,  which  had  not  been 
Icoured,  took  fit e  in  a  warehoufe.  The  fame  thing  hap- 
pened to  fome  heaps  of  woollen  yarn  ;  and  fome  pieces 
of  cloth  took  fire  in  the  road,  as  they  were  going  to  the 
fuller.  Thefe  inflammations  always  take  place  where 
the  matters  heaped  up  prelcrve  a  certain  degree  of  hu- 
midity, which  is  necelfary  to  excite  a  fermentation  ;  the 
heat  refulting  from  which,  by  drying  the  oil,  leads  them 
infenfibly  to  a  (late  of  ignition ;  and  the  quality  of  the 
oil,  being  more  or  lefs  deficcative,  very  much  contri- 
butes thereto. 

The  woollen  ftuflF  prepared  at  Sevennes,  which  bears 
the  name  of  Emperor's  fluff,  has  kindled  of  itfelf,  and 
burnt  to  a  coal.  It  is  not  unulual  for  this  to  happen 
to  woollen  Ifufl's,  when  in  hot  fiimniers  they  are  laid  in 
a  heap  in  a  room  but  little  aired. 

In  June  1781,  the  fame  tiling  happened  at  a  wnol- 
cnniber's  in  a  manufaifluring  town  in  Germany,  where 
a  heap  of  wool-combings,  pfled  up  in  a  clofe  warehoufe 
feldi.m  aired,  tof^k  fire  of  itfelf".  This  wool  had  been 
by  little  and  little  brought  into  the  warehoufe  ;  and, 
for  want  of  room,  piled  np  very  high,  and  trodden 
down,  that  more  might  be  added  to  it.  That  this 
combed  wool,  to  which,  as  is  well  known,  rape  oil 
mixed  with  butter  is  ufed  in  the  combing,  burnt  ot  it- 
felf, was  fwcin  by  feveral  witnetres.     One  of  them  af- 

fiiiried 


I     N     F 


C     2^3     ] 


I     N     K 


Inflamma-  firmed  that,  ten  years  before,  a  fimilar  fire  happened 
tion.  among  the  flocks  of  wool  at  a  clothier's,  who  had  put 
^'^'^"'^''^  them  into  a  cafk,  where  they  were  rammed  hard,  for 
their  e:i(ier  conveyance.  This  wool  burnt  from  within 
outwards,  and  became  quite  a  coal ;  it  was  very  certain 
that  neither  fire  nor  light  had  been  uftd  at  the  packing, 
confequently  the  abovi  fires  arofe  from  limilar  caufes. 
In  like  manner,  very  credible  cloth-workers  have  certi- 
fied, that,  after  they  have  bought  wncl  that  was  be- 
come wet,  and  packed  it  clofe  in  tlieir  warchoufe,  this 
wool  has  burnt  of  itfelf;  and  very  fcrinus  c;  nte(iuences 
might  have  followed,  if  it  had  not  been  difcovered  in 
time. 

Nay,  there  are  Inflances,  though  they  be  but  rare, 
of  human  bodies  beini^  confumed  by  fpontaneous  in- 
flammation. In  the  Philofophical  Tranf.iflioiis,  and  in 
the  Memoirs  of  the  Academies  of  Paris  and  Copenha- 
gen, it  is  related  that  an  Italian  lady  (the  Cuuntefs 
Cornelia  Dandi)  was  entirely  reduced  to  afhes,  except 
her  legs ;  that  an  Englifh  woman,  called  Grace  Pitt, 
was  almofl  entirely  confumed  by  a  fpontaneous  inflam- 
mation of  her  vifcera  ;  and,  lallly,  that  a  pried  of  Ber- 
gamo was  confumed  in  the  fame  manner.  Thefe  fpon- 
taneous inflammations  have  been  attributed  to  the  abufe 
of  fpirituous  liquors  ;  but  though  the  viiftims  ot  intem- 
perance are  indeed  very  numerous,  thtfc  certainly  do 
not  belong  to  that  number. 

The  mineral  kingdom  alfo  often  affords  inftances  of 
fpontaneous  inflammation.  Pyrites  heaped  up,  if  wet- 
ted and  expofed  to  the  air,  take  fire.  Pitcoal  alfo,  laid 
in  heaps,  under  certain  circumftances,  inflames  fponta- 
neoufly.  M.  Duhamel  has  defcribed  two  inflammations 
of  this  nature,  which  happened  in  the  magazines  of 
Brcft,  in  the  years  1741  and  1757.  Cuttings  of  iron, 
which  had  been  left  in  water,  and  were  afterwards 
expofed  to  the  open  air,  gave  fparks,  and  fet  fire  to  the 
neighbouring  bodies.  For  this  obfervation  we  are  ob- 
liged to  M.  de  Charpentier. 

The  caufes  of  thefe  phenomena  the  chemift  will  afCgn ; 
but  they  are  here  recorded  z'^  a  warning  to  tradeimen 
and  others.  It  is  evident,  from  the  faifts  wliicli  have 
been  related,  that  fpontaneous  inflammations  being  very 
frequent,  and  their  caufes  very  various,  too  much  at- 
tention and  vigilance  cannot  be  ufed  to  prevent  their 
dreadful  etfefts.  And  conft-quenily  it  is  impoflible  to 
be  too  careful  in  watching  over  public  magazines  and 
ftorehoufes,  particularly  thofe  belonging  to  the  ord- 
nance, cr  thole  in  which  are  kept  hemp,  cordage,  lamp- 
black, pitch,  tar,  oiled  cloths,  &c.  whicn  fubftances 
ought  never  to  be  left  heapi-'d  up,  particularly  if  they 
have  any  moiflure  in  them.  In  <  rder  to  prevent  any  ac- 
cident from  them,  it  would  be  proper  to  exaniin."  them 
pften,  to  take  notice  if  any  heat  is  to  be  obfcrved  in 
iheni,  and,  in  that  cafe,  to  apply  a  renieJy  immediately. 
Thcie  cxanjnalions  Iboiild  he  made  by  d.iy,  it  not  be- 
ing advilable  to  carry  a  light  into  the  magazines  ;  for 
when  the  tirmer.tatirn  is  fufficienlly  advanced,  the  va- 
pours which  are  difcngaged  by  it  are  in  an  inflamma- 
ble Hate,  and  the  approach  rf  a  light  mii'lit,  by  their 
means,  fct  fiie  to  the  fubflances  whence  tf.ey  proceed. 
Ignorance  of  the  fore-nientioned  clrcuniilai  ce-,  and  a 
culpable  negligence  of  thole  precautions  which  ought 
lo  be  taken,  have  often  caufcd  more  mistoi  tunes  and 
lofs  than  the  moft  contriving  malice:  it  is  tiierefore  of 
great  importance  that  tbele  fatfls  Ihould  be  univcrfally 


known,  that  public  utility  may  reap  from  them  evtry  infoniKd, 
pofllble  advantage.  II 

INFOP.MED  Stars,  or  Informes  Stella,  are  ,^J^!^ 
fuch  ftars  as  have  not  been  reduced  into  any  conltella- 
tion  ;  otherwife  called  Sporadcs. — There  was  a  great 
number  ol  this  kind  lelt  by  the  ancient  aflronomers  ; 
but  Hcvellus,  and  fomc  others  of  the  moderns,  have 
provided  for  the  greater  part  of  them,  by  making  new 
conflellalions. 

INGRAHAM,  Port,  on  the  weftern  fide  of  WaOi- 
ington  Ifland,  on  the  N.  W.  coaft  of  N.  America,  is 
divided  into  two  parts  by  Young  Viederick's  Ifland. 
It  is  a  fine  harbour  for  wintering  in,  being  near  the  fca, 
and  having  deep  water.  N.  lat.  53°  37',  W.  long. 
133''  \ii'.— Morse. 

iNGiiAHAM  ///«,  in  the  South  Pacific  ocean,  lie  N. 
N.  W.  of  the  Marquefas  lOands,  from  35  to  50  leagues 
diltanr,  and  are  7  in  number,  viz.  Oohoona,  or  Warti- 
ington  ;  li^oo/ipoo,  or  Adams  ;  Lincoln  ;  Nooheeva,  or 
Federal ;  Tuioo-e-li(,  or  Franklin  ;  Hancock,  and 
Knox.  'J'I.e  names  in  Italic  are  thofe  by  which  they 
are  known  to  the  natives.  The  others  were  given  ihem 
by  Captain  Jofeph  Ingraham,  of  Boflon  in  MafTachu- 
feltr,  commander  of  the  brigantine  Hope  of  Bollon, 
who  difcovered  them  on  the  19th  of  April,  1791,  a 
day  remarkable  in  the  annals  of  America,  the  revolu- 
tionary war  having  commenced  on  that  day  in  1775, 
and  the  firft  difcoveries  made  under  the  flag  cf  the 
United  States  marked  its  t6th  anniverfary.  Tiiefe 
ifland*,  lying  between  8"  3'  and  9"  24'  S.  lat.  and  be- 
tween 140'^  19'  and  141"  18'  W.  long,  from  Green- 
wich, are  molUy  inliabited,  and  appear  to  be  generally 
variegated  with  hills  and  vallies,  abounding  with  tim- 
ber,  and  very  pleafiiu.  Noohefvu,  or  Federal  ifl.ind, 
is  reprefented  by  the  natives  to  be  the  largefl,  molt 
populous  and  produdive  of  the  whole  ;  which,  they 
fay,  are  10  in  number.  The  people  rtfemble  thofe  of 
the  Marquefas  Iflands  ;  as  do  their  canoes,  which  are 
carved  at  each  end.  Cotton  of  a  fupcrior  quality 
grows  here.  Tlie  natives  were  friendly.  Before  In- 
graham's  difcovcry  was  known,  Captain  Jofiah  Ro- 
berts, of  Bollon,  failed  in  the  ihip  Jellerf  )n  for  the  N. 
W.  Coafl,  and  likewiie  difcovered  thefe  iflands.  As 
thefe  iflands  lie  in  tliat  part  of  the  P.icific  Oce.in, 
ihrouph  which  veffels  from  Europe  or  America,  bound 
to  the  N.  W.  Coall,  mull  pals,  and  are  not  fir  out  cf 
their  ufual  track,  they  may  be  vifited  for  refrelhment 
in  cafe  of  need. — ib. 

INIRCHIA  RIVER,  or  Cnguehi,  the  name  of 
Orinoco  river,  at  its  fource  in  the  mountains,  wed. 
ward,  lietween  New  Granada  and  Peru,  not  far  from 
the  South  Sea. — ib. 

SvMfATHETic  INK  IS  an  rlJ  Invention.  Among 
the  methods  by  which  Oi'id  teaihts  young  women  to 
deceive  their  guardians,  when  they  write  to  llieir  lovers, 
he  mentions  tliat  of  writing  with  new  milk,  and  of 
making  the  writing  legible  by  coal-dull  or  foot. 

Tula  quoqut  ejl,  falitqiu  oculos,  e  la£lt  rcccnti 

l.ittra  :  Ciirbon'u  fukitre  langc,  Itg's- 

It  is  obvious,  that  any  oih;r  colourlefs  and  glutinous 
juice,  which  will  hold  fall  thcblick  powder  llrewcd 
over  it,  will  anfwer  the  purpole  as  well  as  milk;  and 
therefore  Pliny  reccmnicnds  the  milky  juice  of  certain 
plants  to  be  ufed. 

There 


I     N     K 


C     254     ] 


I     N     S 


IiA.  There  arc  fcveral  metallic  Iblulions  perfciflly  colour- 

'"^''^"^  lefi,  or,  at  kaft,  without  any  ftrong  tint,  which  being 
wrote  with,  the  letters  will  not  appear  until  the  paper 
be  w;iflicJ  over  with  another  colnurlcis  folulion,  or  ex- 
pofed  to  the  vapour  of  it ;  but  among  all  thefe  there  is 
none  which  excites  more  ailonillimeiU,  or  from  which 
n.ituralills  can  Jraw  more  conclufions,  than  that  whicli 
confilli  of  a  folution  of  lead  in  vegetable  aciJ,  and  which 
by  the  vapour  of  aifenical  liver  of  fiilphur  becomes 
black,  even  at  a  confiderable  dillance.  This  ink,  which 
may  be  ufed  by  conjurors,  proves  t)ie  fubtlety  of  va- 
pour, and  the  porofity  of  bodies;  as  the  cliange  or  co- 
louring talces  place  even  when  the  writing  is  placed  on 
the  other  fide  of  a  tliin  wall. 

■\Ve  knew  belt  re,  that  a  fulutlon  oi  lead,  treated  in 
this  manner,  would  anfwer  the  pui  pofe  ol  a  fympathetic 
ink  (fee  that  article  E/scycL);  but  we  did  not  know, 
nor  do  we  yet  believe,  that  the  fulphuric  vapours  will 
3ifl  upon  the  writing  through  a  luail.  Such,  however, 
is  the  affirmation  of  ProfeH'or  Deckmanu,  who  gives  an 
account  of  a  ftill  more  wonderful  ink  from  Peter  Borel, 
This  author,  in  a  book  c;illed  Hijionarum  ct  cbferva- 
iionum  medko-phyfic.  ccnturia  quatucr,  printed  at  Paris, 
iirll  in  1653,  and  afterwards  in  1657,  gives  a  receipt 
for  making  this  ink,  wliich  he  calls  magnetic  •waters 
which  aH  at  a  d'tjtance.     The  receipt  is  as  follows : 

"  Let  quick-lime  be  quenched  in  common  water,  and 
■while  quenching,  let  fome  orpiment  be  added  to  it  (this, 
however,  ouglit  to  be  done  by  placing  warm  afhes  un- 
der it  for  a  whole  day),  and  let  the  liquor  be  filtered, 
and  preferved  in  a  glafa  bottle  well  corked.  Then  boil 
litharge  of  gold,  well  pounded,  for  half  an  hour  witli  vi- 
negar, in  a  brafs  velfel,  and  filter  the  whole  through 
paper,  and  preferve  it  alfo  in  a  bottle  clofely  corked.  If 
you  v.-rite  any  tiling  with  this  lad  water,  with  a  clean 
pen,  the  writing  will  be  invifible  when  dry;  but  if  it 
be  wafhed  over  with  the  firll  water  it  will  become  in- 
ilantly  black.  In  this,  however,  there  is  nothing  afto- 
nilhiag  ;  but  this  is  wondertul,  that  though  fheets  of 
paper  without  number,  and  even  a  board,  be  placed  be- 
tween the  invifible  writing  and  the  fecond  liquid,  it  will 
have  the  fame  effeft,  and  turn  the  writing  black,  pene- 
trating the  wood  and  paper  without  leaving  any  traces 
of  its  adtion,  which  is  ceitainly  furprifmg  ;  but  a  tetid 
fmell,  occafioned  by  the  mutual  a<Sion  of  the  liquids, 
deters  many  from  making  the  experiment.  I  am,  how- 
ever of  opinion,  that  I  could  improve  this  fecret  by  a 
more  refined  chemical  preparation,  fo  as  that  it  Ihould 
perform  its  eifedl  through  a  wall.  This  fecret  (fays 
Borel)  I  received,  in  exchange  for  others,  from  J.  Brof- 
fon,  a  learned  and  ingenious  apothecary  of  Montpe- 
lier." 

For  making  a  fympathetic  ink  of  the  fifth  clafs  men- 
tioned in  the  Encyclopedia,  the  following  procefs  by 
M.  Meyer  may  be  worthy  of  the  reader's  notice.  It 
was  entered  upon  in  confequence  of  a  receipt  for  rofe- 
coloured  fympathetic  ink  Ihewn  to  him  by  a  traveller. 
In  that  receipt  cobalt  was  the  principal  ingi^edient,  and 
therefore  the  firfl  obje<5t  was  to  procure  cobalt;  but  M. 
Meyer,  being  unwilling  to  faciifice  pure  pieces  of  cobalt 
cf  any  confiderable  fize,  made  choice  of  one,  which  was 
vifibly  mixed  with  bifmuih,  iron,  and  quartz.  He  endea- 
voured to  feparate  the  bifmuth  as  much  as  pofiTible,  and 
alfo  the  arfenic,  if  it  ihould  contain  any,  by  bringing  it 
ilowly  to  a  red  heat;  aad  he  fucceeded  pretty  well,  as 


tlie  bifmuth  flowed  from  it  in  abundance ;  and  the  ar- 
fenic, tlie  quantity  of  wliich  was  fmall,  was  volatilifed  ; 
many  globules  ol  bifmuth  Hill  adhered  to  it.  By  bring- 
ing it  repeatedly  to  a  red  heat,  and  tlien  quenching  it 
in  water,  it  was  reduced  to  fuch  a  ftate  as  to  be  eafily 
pulverifcd.  Having  poured  nitrous  acid  upon  the  pow- 
der,  he  obtained  by  digelUon  a  beautiful  rofe-red  folu- 
tion ;  tlie  filiceous  earth  was  feparated  in  tlie  form  of  a 
white  llime,  and  by  diluting  it  with  water  there  was 
depofitcd  a  white  powder,  which  was  oxyd  of  bilmuth. 
The  folution  lieing  filtered,  he  added  to  it  a  folution  of 
potalh,  and  obtained  a  precipitate  inclining  more  to  a 
yellow  than  to  a  red  colour.  He  again  poured  over  it 
a  little  of  the  nitrous  acid,  by  whicli  a  pai  t  of  the  oxyd 
was  re-dHlolvcd  of  a  red  colour:  the  remaining  part, 
whicli  had  a  dark  brown  colour,  was  oxyd  of  iron. 
From  tlie  folution,  by  the  addition  of  potalh,  a  preci- 
pitate was  formed,  v^hich  was  now  rcddilh.  Having 
by  this  procefs  obtained  it  pure,  that  he  might  now 
prepare  from  it  the  wilhed  for  red  ink,  he  dillolved  tlie 
walhen  pure  oxyd  of  cobalt  in  different  acids.  That 
dilTolved  in  the  nitrous  acid  with  a  mixture  of  nitre, 
gave  a  green  ink  like  the  common :  that  diilblved  in  the 
fulphurous  acid,  without  the  addition  of  falts,  gave  a 
reddifti  ink,  which  remained  after  it  was  expofed  to 
heat,  and  would  not  again  difappear,  even  when  a  folu- 
tion of  nitre  was  applied  ;  and  that  ditfolved  in  the  mu- 
riatic acid,  gave  a  green  ink,  darker  and  more  beautiful 
than  the  common.  By  dilTolving  it,  however,  in  the 
acetous  acid,  and  adding  a  little  nitre,  he  obtained  what 
he  had  in  view  ;  for  it  gave,  on  the  application  of  heat, 
an  ink  of  a  red  colour,  like  that  of  the  rofa  ctnlife/ia, 
which  again  dilappeared  when  the  paper  became  cold. 

INNA-QUITO,  one  of  the  fpacious  plains  upon  the 
N.  fide  of  C^ito,  in  Peru. — Morse. 

INORDINATE  Proportion,  is  where  the  order 
of  the  terms  compared  is  difturbed  or  irregular.  As, 
for  example,  in  two  ranks  of  numbers,  three  in  each 
rank,  viz.  in  one  rank,        -         -  -  2,     3,     9, 

and  in  the  other  rank,  -         -         -         8,  24,  36, 

which  are  proportional,  the  former  to  the  latter,  but  in 
a  different  order,  viz.  •  -    2  :   3   :  :   24  :   36, 

and         -         -3:9::     8  :  24. 
then,  calling  out  the  mean  terms  in  each  rank,  it  is  con- 
cluded that        -  -         -         -    2   :  9  :  :     8   :   36, 
that  is,  the  firll  is  to  the  3d  in  the  firll  rank, 
as  the  firll  is  to  the  3d  in  the  2d  rank. 

INSCUA  RIVER,  is  laid  down  in  fome  maps  as 
the  north-wedern  and  main  branch  of  St  Croix  river, 
an  eaftern  water  of  the  MiffilTippi,  rifing  in  the  48th 
degree  of  north  latitude. — Morse. 

INSECTS  (See  Encycl.).  A  number  of  non-de- 
fcript  little  animals  was  difcovered  by  La  Martinierc 
the  naturaliil  when  accompanying  Peroufe  on  his  cele- 
brated voyage  of  difcovery.  Thefe  animals  he  called 
infeds,  and  to  many  of  them  he  gave  particular  names. 
Of  thefe  we  fliall  give  his  defcription  in  this  place,  leav- 
ing our  readers,  as  he  has  left  his,  to  arrange  them 
properly  according  to  tiie  Linnxan  clafTification. 

"  The  infeft,  which  is  figured  N"  i.  inhabits  a  fmall 
prifmatic  triangular  cell,  pointed  at  the  two  extremities, 
of  the  confillence  and  colour  of  clear  brittle  ice;  the 
body  of  the  inleifl  is  of  a  green  colour,  fpotted  with 
fmall  bluilh  points,  among  which  are  fome  of  a  golden 
tinge ;  it  is  fiied  by  a  ligament  to  the  lower  part  of  its 

fmall 


INS 


c 


TnftiSs,  fmall  habitation:  its  neck  is  terminated  by  a  fmall 
""'"■"^'^  blackilh  head  compofed  of  three  converging  fcales,  in 
the  form  of  a  hat,  and  enclofed  between  three  fins,  two 
of  them  large  and  channelled  in  the  upper  part  (A) 
and  one  fmall,  femicircular  (B).  When  it  is  difturbed, 
it  immediately  withdraws  its  fins  and  its  head  into  its 
cell,  and  gradually  finks  into  the  water  by  its  own  fpe- 
cific  gravity.  Fig.  2.  reprefents  the  under  fide  of  the 
priim,  Ihewing  in  what  manner  it  is  channelled,  in  order 
to  allow  free  paff<)ge  to  the  animal  when  it  wifhes  to 
fliut  itfelf  up  in  it.  Fig.  3.  reprefents  the  profile  of  the 
fame.  The  movement  carried  on  by  the  two  larger 
fins,  which  are  of  a  foftifh  cartilaginous  fubftance,  may 
be  compared  to  that  which  would  be  produced  by  the 
two  handi  joined  together  in  the  rtate  of  pronation,  and 
forming,  alternately,  two  inclined  planes  and  one  hori- 
zontal plane :  it  is  by  means  of  this  motion  that  it 
fupports  itfelf  on  the  top  of  the  water,  where  it  proba- 
bly feeds  on  fat  and  oily  fubftances  on  the  furface  of 
the  fea."  Our  author  found  it  near  Nuotka,  on  the 
north-weft  coall  of  America,  during  a  calm. 

Fig.  4.  reprefents  a  colleflion  of  infefts,  as  our  au- 
thor calls  them,  confiding  only  of  oval  bodies,  fimilar  to 
a  foap  bubble,  arranged  in  parties  of  three,  five,  fix,  and 
nine:  among  them  are  alio  fome  folitary  ones.  Thele 
colleiMons  of  globules,  being  put  into  a  glafs  filled  with 
fea-water,  defcribed  a  rapid  circle  round  the  glafs  by  a 
common  movement,  to  which  each  individual  contribu- 
ted by  fimple  comprelllon  of  the  fides  of  its  body,  pro- 
bably the  efFeft  of  the  re-aSion  of  the  air  with  which 
they  were  filled.  It  is  not,  however,  eafy  to  conceive 
how  thefe  diftinifl  animals  (for  they  may  be  readily  fe- 
paratcd  without  deranging  their  economy)  are  capable 
of  concurring  in  a  common  motion.  "  Thefe  confidera- 
tions  (fays  our  author),  togather  with  the  form  of  the 
animal,  recalled  to  my  mind,  with  much  fatisfaflion, 
the  ingenious  fyflcm  of  M.  de  BufFon  ;  and  I  endea- 
voured to  perfuade  myfelf,  that  I  was  about  to  be  wit- 
nefs  to  one  of  the  molt  wonderful  phenomena  of  Na- 
ture, fuppofing  that  thefe  molecules,  vrhich  were  now 
employed  in  increafing  or  diminilhing  their  number,  or 
performing  their  revoliuicns  in  the  glafs,  would  foon 
affume  the  form  cit  a  new  animal  of  which  they  weie 
the  living  materials.  My  impatience  led  me  to  detach 
two  from  the  mod  numerous  group,  imagining  that  this 
number  might  perhaps  be  more  favorable  to  the  ex- 
pededmetamorphofis.  I  was,  however,  miftaken.  Thefe 
I  examined  with  more  atceniiun  than  the  red  ;  and  the 
following  account  is  of  their  proceedings  alone.  Like 
two  drong  and  adive  wrelllers,  they  immediately  rulhed 
together,  and  attacked  each  other  on  every  fide  :  fome- 
times  one  would  dive,  Ic.iving  it^  adverfiry  at  the  fur- 
face  of  the  water;  one  would  liefcribc  a  circular  move- 
ment, while  the  other  remained  at  relt  in  the  centre  ; 
their  motion?  at  length  became  fo  rapid  as  no  longer  to 
allow  me  to  didiuguifh  one  from  the  other.  Having 
quitted  them  for  a  Ihort  time,  on  my  return  I  found 
them  reunited  as  before,  and  amicably  moving  rotind 
the  edge  of  the  glafs  by  their  common  exertions." 

Fig.  5.  reprefents  a  fingular  animal,  which  has  a  con- 
fidcrable  rcfcmbl.ince  to  a  little  lizard  ;  its  body  is  of  a 
firm,  gelatinous  confidence  ;  its  head  is  iurriilhcd  on 
each  (idc  with  two  fmall  gelatinous  horns,  of  which  the 
two  hinJeimod  are  fituate  the  furthcd  inward  :  its  body 
is  provided  with  four  open  fan-like  paws,  and  fome  ap- 


55     :\  INS 

pendages  near  the  infertion  of  the  tail,  and  terminates  tnfi;tut«. 
like  that  of  a  lizard  :  the  ridge  of  the  back  is  divided  — '">^"— 
the  whole  way  down  by  a  band  of  a  deep  blue ;  the  reft 
of  the  body,  as  well  as  the  infide  of  its  paws,  is  of  a 
bright  filvery  white.  It  appears  to  be  very  fluggifh  in 
its  motions ;  and  when  difturbed  by  the  finger,  merely 
turned  itfelf  belly  upwards,  foon  afterwards  refuming 
its  former  pofition.  Fig.  6.  reprefents  it  reverfed.  Mar- 
tiniere  caught  it  during  a  calm  at  the  landing  place  on 
the  Bafhee-Iflands. 

INSTITUTE  is  a  name  which  has  lately  been  fub- 
dituted  ioT  fckoot  or  academy.  Formerly  injlitulion,  in 
the  propriety  of  the  Eng'ilh  langu.nge,  was  fometimes 
ufed  as  a  word  of  the  fame  import  with  wjlruaion  ;  and 
now  injlitute  is  employed,  efpecially  by  the  admirers  cf 
French  innovations,  to  denote  what  had  hitherto  been 
called  an  academy.  When  royalty  was  abolidied  in 
France,  it  would  have  been  abfurd  to  continue  the  titles 
Royal  Academy  of  Sciences,  Royal  Academy  of  In- 
fcriptions,  &c. ;  but  indead  of  merely  abolilhing  the 
word  nyal,  and  fubftituting  national  in  its  (lead,  it  oc- 
curred to  the  fertile  brain  of  Condorcct,  to  abolidi  the 
feven  academies  themfclves,  or  rather  to  melt  them  all 
down  into  one  great  academy  ;  to  which  was  given  the 
appellation  of  the 

National  jnstui-th,  or  A'lW  Academy  of  Arts  and 
Sciences.  This  academy,  founded  on  a  decree  of  the 
new  conftitution,  was  opened  on  the  yth  of  December 
1795,  when  Benezech,  the  then  miniller  for  the  home 
de[)artment,  attended,  and  die  decree  of  foundation  was 
read  ;  which  was  to  the  following  purport : 

*'  The  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  belongs  to  the 
whole  republic,  and  Paris  is  its  place  of  rcfidence.  Its 
employment  is  to  aim  at  biinging  all  arts  and  fciences 
to  the  utmod  perfedion  of  which  they  are  capable.  It 
is  to  notice  every  new  attempt,  and  all  new  difcoveiies, 
and  to  keep  up  a  correfpondence  with  all  foreign  li- 
terary focieties.  And  by  the  particular  orders  of  the 
Executive  Direcftory,  its  fird  dudies  are  to  be  dire£led 
to  thefe  fubjecfts  which  more  immediately  tend  to  the 
reputation  and  advantage  of  the  French  republic." 

The  academy  is  to  confift  of  288  members,  half  of 
whom  are  to  refide  in  Paris,  the  other  half  in  the  de- 
partments ;  and  to  them  is  to  be  added  a  certain  num- 
ber of  foreigners,  as  honorary  members,  confined  at  pre- 
fcnt  to  twenty-four. 

Tlic  academy  is  divided  into  three  clafTos,  each  dafs 
into  fcfllons,  each  fc(flion  to  contain  twelve  members. 

\J  clafs.  Mithematics  and  natural  philofophy.  Thij 
cl.ifs  is  divided  into  ten  feSions.  i.  Matliematics. 
2.  Mechinical  aits.  3.  Adronomy.  4.  Experimental 
philofophy.  5.  Chemidry.  (1.  Natural  hidcry.  7.  Bo- 
tany.  8.  Anatomy  and  animal  hifloiy.  9.  Medicine 
and  furgery.  10.  Animal  cccononiy,  and  the  veterinary 
fcience. 

2d  chifs.  Morality  and  politics.  This  clafs  confids 
of  fix  feflion^  1.  Analyfis  of  fenfations  and  ideas.  2. 
Morals.  3.  Ecglfl.iture.  4.  Political  economy.  5.  Hi- 
dory.     6.  Geography. 

3.7  clafi.  Literature  and  the  fine  arts.  This  clafs 
conlids  of  eight  fe^ions.  i.  Univerf.il  grammar.  2. 
Ancient  languages.  3.  Poeiiy.  4.  Antiiiuitics.  5. 
Painting.  6.  Sculpture.  7.  ArchitciHure.  8.  Mufic. 
For  each  clafs  a  particular  room  in  the  Louvre  is  ap- 
propriated.    No  one  can  be  a  member  cf  two  dades  at 

the 


I     N     S 


C     256     ] 


I     N     S 


Inftltute.    the  fame  lime,  but  a  meinhcr  of  one  cliifs  may  be  pre- 
'— '"^'"■"^  Cent  at  the  meetings  of  any  other.     Each  cl.ifs  h  to 
print,  yearly,  an  account  of  its  tranfaflions. 

Four  times  a-ycar  there  are  to  be  pubhc  meetings. 
On  thcfe  occafions,  the  three  clalfes  meet  together.  At 
the  end  of  e.ich  ycjr,  they  are  to  give  a  circumftantial 
account  to  the  kgiflative  body  of  the  progrcfs  made  in 
th:it  year  in  the  arts  and  fciences.  The  piizes  given 
yearly  by  each  clafs  are  to  be  publicly  notified  at  certain 
times.  The  fums  requil'ite  for  the  fupport  of  the  infti- 
lution  are  to  be  decreed  yearly  by  the  legiflalive  body, 
upon  a  requifitiou  made  by  the  li.xecutive  Diredory. 

Tlie  firll  forty-eight  members  were  chofen  by  the 
Executive  Diteflory,  to  whom  the  choice  of  the  remain- 
ing members  was  confided.  To  the  members,  refiden- 
tiary  in  Paris,  is  relerved  the  choice  both  of  the  depart- 
ment  and  the  foreign  members.  On  a  vacancy  in  any 
clafs,  tliree  candidates  are  named  by  the  clafs  for  the 
choice  of  tlie  body  at  large. 

Each  clafs  is  to  h.ave,  at  its  place  of  meeting,  a  col- 
lecftion  of  the  produfls,  both  of  nature  and  art,  and  a 
library,  according  to  its  particular  wants. 

The  regulations  of  the  inftitution,  with  refped  to  the 
times  of  meeting,  and  its  employments,  are  to  be  drawn 
up  by  the  body  at  large,  and  laid  before  the  legiflative 
alfembly. 

The  hall  in  which  the  body  at  large  holds  its  meet- 
ings, forms  pirt  of  th;  welf  wing  of  the  Old  Louvre, 
at  prefent  called  the  Mufcum.  It  formerly  went  by  the 
appellation  of  the  Hall  of  Antiques  (Salle  Jet  Antiques); 
and  as  long  as  the  kings  inhabited  this  part  of  the  pa- 
lace, was  occupied  by  their  guards,  from  which  circum- 
flance  it  obtained  the  name  of  the  Hall  dcs  Cent  SuiJJh. 
It  was  likewife  appropriated  to  banquets  and  entenain- 
inents,  given  by  the  court  on  gala  days ;  and  it  was  to 
this  place  that  Henry  IV.  was  conveyed,  on  his  alfalli- 
nation  by  Ravaillac,  in  the  Rue  Je  la  Ftrroimerie. 

It  was  built  at  the  fame  time  with  the  reft  of  this 
part  of  the  Louvre,  about  the  year  1528,  after  the  de- 
figns  of  Pierre  Lcfcot,  abbot  of  Clagny.  It  i>  144 
feet  in  length,  and  40  in  breadth,  and  holds  frum  1000 
to  1200  perfons.  In  order  to  adapt  it  to  its  new 
deflination,  the  Hoor  has  been  funk,  which  gives  a 
greater  air  of  lightncfs  to  the  roof  In  the  centre  ftands 
a  double  tal)le,  in  the  form  of  a  horfe-tlioe,  iupported 
by  fphinses,  at  which  the  members  of  the  inftitutc  take 
their  feats.  This  table  is  furrounded  by  two  tiers  of 
benches,  which  are  lalfed  for  the  accommodation  ot 
fpeflators,  who  have  likewife  feats  provided  for  them  in 
the  vaft  embrafures  of  the  windows,  and  at  each  extre- 
mity of  the  hall. 

Whether  fcience  will  be  advanced  by  the  feven  royal 
academies  having  been  melted  into  one,  time  mull  de- 
termine ;  but  candour  compels  us  to  acknowledge,  that 
the  proceedings  of  the  national  inllitute  have  hitherto 
bsen  abundantly  interefting.  Intimately  conneifted  with 
the  national  inllitute  is  the  French  fyftem  of 

National  Instruction,  which  is  likewife  novel,  and 
therefore    fufficiently    curious    to   deferve  notice  in  a 


Work  of  this  kind.  When  the  Chriftian  religlcn  was  liiftittitt. 
abolilhed  in  Fiance,  it  was  impollible  to  continue  the  '^'^  "~' 
univeri'ities  and  other  fiminaries  which  were  lounded  by 
Chrillians,  and  obliged  by  their  conllitution  to  teach, 
whciher  pure  or  not,  the  dodrines  of  Chrillianity. 
They  were  accordingly  all  fwept  away,  and  a  new  fyl- 
tem  of  education  planned,  which  was  to  be  carried  on  iu 
what  they  call 

The  Primary  Schools. 

The  Centra!  Schools. 

The  School  of  Health. 

The  School  of  Oriental  Languages. 

The  Polytechnic  School. 

The  National  inllitute. 

The  Jury  of  Public  InftruiStion. 

The  Commillion  of  Public  Inllrudion. 

The  Legillative  Committee  of  Inftruflion.  Andva- 
rlous  other  national  eftablifliments  for  the  improvement 
of  particular  fciences. 

The  tirft  degree  of  public  inftruiHion  is  to  be  met 
with  in  the  Ecoles  Primaries,  eltablilhed  by  a  decree  of 
the  convention  of  the  fecond  Plnv'wfe,  in  the  fccond 
year  of  the  republic  (a).  Every  dillridl  is  furniftied 
with  one  of  thefe  fchools ;  the  profeifors  or  mailers  in 
wiiich  are  paid  from  the  national  treafury  ;  and  to 
which  every  head  of  a  family,  without  exception,  is 
compelled  by  law  to  fend  its  children  for  inllrudlion. 
The  fubjeils  taught  in  thefe  primary  or  elementary 
fchools  are  divided  into  nine  clalfes : 

\Ji,  Inllrudions  conneiled  with  the  phyfical  and  mo- 
ral luuation  of  children,  prior  to  their  entering  into 
thefe  fchools.  zd,  Similar  inflruiflions  as  a  guide  to 
teachers  in  the  national  fchools.  jJ,  The  arts  of  read- 
ing and  writing.  Aih,  The  elements  of  French  gram- 
mar. 5//.',  Elements  of  arithmetic  and  geometry,  with 
the  theory  of  the  new  menfuration.  dih.  The  elements 
of  geography,  ^th.  Explanations  of  the  principal  phe- 
nomena and  produi5lions  of  nature,  iih.  Elements  of 
agricultuie.     9//),  Elements  of  republican  morals. 

Next  to  the  primary  fchools  in  rank  and  conlequence 
are  the  Ecoles  Centrales,  which  were  ellablifhed  by  a 
decree  of  the  Convention  of  the  fevenlh  Venicfe  in  the 
third  year.  They  are  fituated  in  the  capital  of  every 
department,  bearing  the  proportion  of  one  central 
fchool  to  300,000  inhabitants.  In  thefe  fchools  the 
republican  youths  are  taught  the  fciences,  and  their  ap- 
plication in  real  life.  In  each  of  them  are  profeifors  for 
the  following  branches : 

I.  For  mathematics.  2.  Experimental  philofophy 
and  chemiftry.  3.  Natural  hil^ory.  4.  Agriculture  and 
commerce.  5.  Logic  and  metaphyfics.  6.  Political 
economy  and  legillation.  7.  The  philofopliical  hillory 
of  nations.  8.  The  art  of  healing.  9.  Arts  and  ma- 
nufaiflures.  10.  Univerfal  grammar.  1 1 .  The  belles 
lettres.  12.  The  ancient  languages.  13.  The  modern 
languages.      14.  The  fine  arts. 

Each  central  fchool  is  furnifhed  with  an  extenfive 
public  library — a  botanic  garden — 1  cabinet  of  natural 

hiftory an  apparatus  for  experimental  philofophy — 

and 


(a)  We  would  tranflate  this  chronological  jargon  into  the  language  of  Chnftian  Europe,  were  we  not  per- 
fuaded  that  the  French  calendar,  the  French  conaitution,  and  the  French  inlliiutes,  will  have  the  fame  duration  : 
we  truft  in  God  not  a  long  duration.  For  Pluvhfe,  and  the  other  iantaftical  names  of  months  mtroduce-d  mlo 
this  article,  fee  Revolution,  Encycl.  n?  184. 


I     N     S 


fnflitute.  and  a  colieflion  of  m.ic'ainesand  models  connc<Sed  with 
*""^~''"''~'  ihi;  art!  and  nianufadtures. 

The  profefTors  of  ejch  fchool  hold,  every  ir.onth,  a 
piiUllc  r.itlni',  in  uliich  conferences  arc  held  relative  to 
fubjeds  coniicifted  with  the  improvciiu-nt  of  ktters,  the 
faiences,  and  the  arts,  v.'hich  are  the  moll  beneficial  to 
focicty. 

The  objefl  in  the  eflablifhment  of  the  primary  and 
central  fchools  was,  the  general  inRruifion  of  all  clallcs 
of  the  citizens ;  and  it  being  incompatible  with  the  per- 
fefl  completion  of  that  important  purpofe,  to  cxpe(ft 
from  them  the  propagation  of  particular  branches  of 
fcience,  it  became  neccirary  to  ellablilh  oth^r  literary 
and  Icientific  academies. 

Accordingly,  the  French  government  have  founded, 
I/?,  Schools  of  health  (Us  ecoles  dejantc),  in  Paiis,  Str.if- 
buri  h,  and  Moiitpelier,  where  medicine  and  fiirgery  are 
fludied  ;  whicli  fchools  are  affirmed,  liy  ihofc  who  find 
nothing  wrong  in  France,  to  be  the  moll  perfect  of  their 
kind,  as.  well  as  new  and  unparalleled  models  for  fucii 
inllitutions. 

2.7,  Two  fchools  for  Oriental  languages,  in  the  na- 
tional library,  and  in  the  college  of  France. 

3i/,  'J'he  Polytechnic  Ichool  in  Paris,  i  r  central  fchool 
for  tiie  diieilion  of  public  works.  This  cftabliihmcnt 
is  very  generally  admiied  and  conlidcred  ab  a  model  for 
imitation.  It  contains  more  than  4C0  young  perfbns, 
previouOy  educated  in  the  mathematics,  and  the  majo- 
rity of  them  intended  foi  engineers  in  various  lines  ;  and 
they  labour  under  the  immediate  direflion  of  theii  tutors 
ripe  hours  every  day.  It  occupies  the  principal  pait 
of  the  Palais  de  Bourbon  in  Paris,  and  is  turnilhed  with 
a  large  colleiftion  (if  inllrument-.  and  models.  The  jour- 
nal of  the  Polytechnic  fchool,  which  is  pubhlhcd  by  the 
bookfi.llers  Regent  and  Bertrand  at  Pa:  is,  is  a  perfccTly 
origiiKtl  work,  and  admirably  calculated  to  convey  ufe- 
ful  mformation. 

Of  the  national  inftitiite  a  fufiicient  account  has  be5n 
given  in  the  preceding  aiticle.  We  proceed  therefore 
to  the  jury  of  public  inftru<flion  (Le  "Jury  Central  d' In- 
Jlrndion),  of  which  the  principal  l)u(inefs  is  to  iiiperin- 
tend  the  primary  and  central  fchools.  It  appoints  the 
proieilois  in  thete  fchools,  and  examines  into  tlicir  con- 
duct. I>ike  the  legiflative  body  it  is  renewed  by  a  third 
every  half  year.  When  they  have  chofen  a  profelFor 
for  a  central  fchool,  they  fubmit  their  choice  to  the  de- 
j)artnient;  and,  in  cale  of  difapprobation,  they  make 
another  appointment.  To  this  jury  of  publ-c  inllrnc- 
tion  the  prnfell'ors  in  the  central  fi:hools  are  amenable 
for  all  mifconducl  conneftod  with  their  oflices ;  it  may 
expel  them,  but  all  its  decilions  mull  be  fhbmitted  for 
confirmation  to  t!ie  tribunal  <  f  the  department. 

There  is  alfo  eft  iblilhed  at  Paris  a  fnpreme  council, 
called  The  ccmmillion  ol  Public  Inllruition,  to  which 
is  entrufted  the  whole  cxecu'iive  department.  The  pre- 
fervationof  the  national  moi-uments,  ol  public  libraries, 
muleums,  cabinets,  and  valuable  ci'llcTlions ;  the  fupcr- 
intendance  of  all  the  fchools  and  the  modes  of  inflruc- 
tion  ;  all  new  inventions  and  Icientific  difcoverie^ ;  the 
regulat'on  of  weights  and  mcalures  ;  national  llatiflics 
and  political  economy,  are  all  placed  under  the  autho- 
rity of  t!  i-.  fupieme  commiQion.  For  the  commodious 
and  regular  execution  of  to  many  complicated  hr.inchcs 
of  bufincf^',  there  is  a  large  rfEce,  called  Le  Sccretarhl, 
which  i    divided  into  three  departments. 

^ui-pi..  Vol.  II. 


C    257    J 


1    N     S 


I.  For  il.e  regulation  of  the  different  kinds  of  inflruc-  Inf^itutc 
tion  ;  cf  the  modes  of  education  in  the  fchools ;  and  for  ^-'^•■^»-^ 
the  choice  of  elementary  books.  2.  For  weights  and 
meafures  ;  inventions  and  dilcovcrics ;  libraiies  and  bib- 
liography ;  mufeums,  woric>  of  art,  and  literary  rewards 
and  encouragements.  3.  For  tlieatres,  national  feaPis, 
republican  inlHtuiions  and  the  erciflinn  of  monuments. 

As  all  public  cftabliniments  require  the  fuperintend- 
ance  and  occafional  correftion  of  the  Icgiflaiure,  in  ad- 
dition to  that  of  their  own  immediate  executive  autho- 
rity, it  has  been  deemed  neceliary  to  appoint  a  perma- 
nent committee  of  intlruiTtion  in  the  legillative  b  >dv,  to 
provide  fuch  fums  as  may  be  neceffuy  for  the  prefcrva- 
tion  and  improvement  of  this  fyftem  of  intlruflion. 
This  legiflative  committee  are  invelled  with  due  autho- 
rity for  thefe  purpofes.  Their  obje(fls  are  precifely  the 
fame  as  thofe  of  the  commiillon  of  public  inflructioii 
above  defcribed,  only  wiih  this  diiFerence,  that  the  lat- 
ter fupcrintends  the  execution  of  exilling  lawj,  whiHl 
the  former  receives  and  improves  them,  or  ptopotes  new- 
ones.  Tills  committee  is  divided  into  three  depart- 
ments, as  is  the  commilTion,  with  exatftly  the  fame  ar- 
rangement of  their  refpeflive  labours.  The  committee 
being  charged  with  the  cnjiHion  of  all  new  laws,  its  mem- 
bers, with  a  view  to  obt.iin  accurately  all  the  req'iillte 
information  relative  to  the  numerous  branches  of  the 
arts,  have  procured  from  the  legiflative  body  the  ap- 
l)ointment  of  a  comm'ijf\on  letnporairt  dts  arts  to  be  an- 
nexed to  them,  and  to  meet  in  tjie  lame  houfe  with 
them  ;  which  teinpnrary  commifhoii  is  divided  into  fix- 
teen  clalfes :  viz.  i.  For  Zoology  ;  2.  Botany;  3.  Mi- 
neralogy; 4.  Phyfics;  j.Chemillry;  6.  Anatomy  ;  7. 
Machinery;  8.  Geography  ;  o.  Aitdlery  and  Fortifica- 
tion ;  10.  Medals  and  Antiqu. tics  ;  1 1 .  Bibhography  ; 
12.  Painting;  1  3.  Architedluie  ;  14.  Sculpture  ;  15. 
Bridges  and  Caufeways ;  and,  16.  Mudcal  Inllrumenis. 

The  improvements  of  the  national  1  terary  and  fcien- 
tific  cftablifhnients  are  nnmeious  and  imprrtant. 

\Jl,  By  a  decree  of  the  convention  of  the  nth  Prai- 
rial,  in  the  fecond  year,  it  was  enaclcd,  that  means 
fliould  be  adopted  by  which  every  pollible  advantage 
might  be  derived  frcm  the  botanic  gardens  of  the  re- 
public, in  Turkey  and  other  foreign  countries.  Tliis 
politic  ilecree  clearly  tended  to  lender  France,  in  the 
language  of  the  reporter,  L'abrcgi  de  tous  Its  c/imatt, 
ft  I't-nlrepot  de  V Europe.  "  The  epitome  of  every  cli- 
mate, and  the  magazine  of  F-Uiope."  Thofe  plants 
which  thrive  between  the  tropics  may  be  cultivated  in 
the  Ibnth  <if  France;  and  th'fe  which  are  the  produce 
of  nnrlhcrn  climates,  may  be  cullivated  in  the  northern 
departments;  by  which  me.ms,  France  v»ill  be  in  pof- 
feQljn  of  all  foreign  plants  and  drugs,  without  the  ei- 
ptritation  of  fpecie. 

2d,  The  National  Bibliography  was  decreed  in  the 
fitting  of  22d  Gerrniniil,  in  the  fcciul  ye.ir.  It  confilts 
of  a  complete  catalogue  of  bo.iks  of  all  delcriptions,  the 
property  of  the  nation;  it  was  then  afccrtained,  that 
the  republic  prirclled  more  than  ten  mdlions  of  boi  ks. 
The  titles  (if  them  were  to  be  ai'julled  by  aftual  coni- 
parlfons  ;  the  m;<nufcrip:s  to  be  rcgillcred  leparately  ; 
anonymous  pri>du^i.'ns  were  to  be  arranged  according 
to  their  f'ubjofls  ;  and  thofe  i^f  kn^wn  authors  in  the  »1- 
phabrtical  order  of  the  name>.  The  feveial  editions  to 
be  clilfed  according  to  tlieir  d.U:s :  and  what  miy  be 
deemed  tnorc  inn^ortim:,  ^hls  French  National  Bibli.i- 
K   It  graplif 


I     N     S 


C    ^-58    ] 


I     N     S 


lurtiiHte.  qraphy  will  contain  a  didionarjr  of  anonymons^books, 
'"'"^^^^^  as  well  as  thofe  publillieJ  under  fiaitious  lumes,  a  deJ'i- 
dcratum  in  the  republic  of  Iclters. 

31/,  Ths  annihilation  of  all  patois,  or  dialefls,  de- 
creed in  the  fitting  of  ilie  i6th  Prairia!,  in  the  iocond 
;ear.  Notwith(lanJin;j;  the  iiniveif.ility  of  the  French 
language,  and  that  it  was  exclufively  fpoken  in  the  ma- 
jority of  the  inland  departments,  yet  there  exilkd  thirty 
various  dialeds  in  France.  It  is  more  allonilhing  that 
Rozier  had  remaikeJ,  that  between  one  neighbouring 
village  and  another,  there  was  fo  ci>nfideraW*-ii  differ- 
ence in  the  dialed,  that  the  inhabitants  could  not  un- 
derfland  each  oilier;  and  tlic  viiiellocl;  had  thirty  dif- 
ferent names.  The  naturalift,  V'ilhrs,  has  ftatcd,  that 
in  the  nomenclature  of  vegetables,  in  the  departments, 
he  had  only  met  with  an  hundred  which  had  a  common 
appellation. 

/^h,  The  eftablilhmcnt  cf  the  Confervatoire  des  Arts 
ct  MciUrs,  was  dccr.-ed  in  the  fitting  cf  the  8th  of 
VauL'mialre,  in  the  third  year.  This  confifts  of  a  fpa- 
tious  hall,  in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre,  and  contains 
llie  iiidruinents  and  the  models  of  machinery  connected 
with  the  prts,  and  a  defcription  of  their  ufes,  with  every 
book  relating  to  them.  Annexed  to  this  ellablilhment 
are  three  expolitors  and  a  draughifman,  who  exphin  to 
the  lludents  the  ufe  of  each  inllrument,  and  who  re- 
giller  every  new  difcoveiy,  wliich  is  prcfented  to  the 
Bureau  dc  Ccnfuluiiion,  to  the  lyceum  of  arts,  the  ci- 
divan!  academy  of  fciences,  or  to  the  board  of  com- 
ir«;rce. 

^th.  The  eRablidiment  of  the  board  of  longitude  was 
decreed  in  the  fitting  of  the  7th  of  JlTcJ/idor,  third  year. 
It  was  certainly  a  dilgrace  under  the  nionarcliy,  that  an 
allronomical  and  nautical  eRablifliment,  which  had  al- 
leady  proved  fo  beneficial  to  Gieat  Britain,  fhould  not 
have  been  adopted  in  France.  In  confequence  of  this 
ilecrce,  the  French  board  is  now  as  complete  as  the 
lilnglilh.  It  confiils  often  members,  and  has  under  its 
jiirildidion  the  national  obfervatory  at  Paris,  and  all 
the  allronomical  inftrunients  belonging  to  the  republic. 
i:  correfponds  with  foreign  aftronomers;  delivers  public 
lecture;  on  allronomy  and  navigation  ;  and  its  proceed- 
iiigs  are  annually  recited  in  a  public  fitting. 

6i/'j,  The  general  fchool  cl  the  Oriental  languages 
was  ellabliflied  by  a  decree  of  the  loth  of  Girmi/iul,  in 
the  fourth  year.  This  fchcol  adjoins  to  the  national 
library,  and  all  the  books  and  mannfcripts  relative  to 
O.iental  literature  are  depofitcd  in  it. 

7//',  The  national  muleum  of  antiquities  was  decreed 
in  the  fitting  of  20l!i  of  Prairial,  fourth  year.  A 
fchool  of  this  defcription  was  iuccefsfully  eftablilhed  at 
Vienna,  by  Eckel ;  at  Gottingen,  by  Heyne  ;  at  Leip- 
WcV,  by  Erneft  ;  and  even  at  Straiburgb,  by  the  cele- 
brated Obeilin  :  Palis  was,  however,  without  one.  This 
national  archeology,  or  fcience  of  antiquity,  is  divided 
into  nine  different  clafi'es :  infcriptions,  characters,  lla- 
lues,  bas  reliefs,  fculptures,  paintings,  roofaicj,  medals, 
civil,  leligious,  and  military  inftrunients.  This  exten- 
five  eftablifhment  is  under  the  direflion  of  two  princi- 
pal profefibrb  ;  le  Conjirvatcur  Prof,Jfeur,  et  Is  Confer- 
•uiit'.ur  BiWwlhecatie.  The  province  of  the  former  is  to 
deliver  public  kdtnres  on  the  feveral  branches  of  anti- 
quitie^■,  to  teach  the  theory  of  medals  and  engravings, 
ihehiftory  cf  the  arts  among  the  ancients,  fee.  The  du- 
ties of  the  latter  arc  merely  of  a  bibliographical  nature. 


%th.  The  new  modelling  of  the  Grand  National  Lib-  inftitute. 
rary,  was  decreed  in  the  fitting  of  25th  Vcndnma'ire,  in  ^•^"^"^^^ 
the  fourth  year.  By  virtue  of  this  decree,  the  place  of 
librarian  in  chief  was  fupprelTed,  and  the  whole  ella- 
biifhmcnt  placed  under  a  confirvatoire  of  eight  mem- 
bers ;  of  wimm  two  were  appointed  for  the  f'uperin- 
tendancc  of  printed  books  ;  two  for  mannfcripts  ;  two 
for  antiquities ;  and  two  tor  engravings.  From  thefe  a 
temporary  direiflor  is  annually  chofen,  who  fupeiin- 
lends  the  whole,  aifts  occafionally  as  prefident  of  this  af- 
fembly,  and  maintains  a  regular  correfpondence  with 
tlie  conltituted  authorities  relative  to  the  concerns  of 
tlie  library. 

f)ih.  The  augmentation  of  the  Mufeum  of  Natural 
Hillory,  formerly  called  Lc  Jard'm  Royal  d:s  PLnles. 
This  tllablilliment  was  decreed  the  15th  Brumr.ire, 
tlilrd  year,  upon  a  report  of  Thibadeau,  in  the  name 
of  the  committee  of  Public  InilrucTion.  Bclides  the 
addition  of  large  rooms,  and  vaiious  other  buildings, 
there  are  new  colleflions  of  natural  curiofities  and  pro- 
dudtions;  and  the  library  is  much  increafed.  It  is  open 
to  the  public  three  times  a  week.  At  ftated  periods 
all  the  natiiralills  in  Paiis  deliver  courfes  of  Iciflures  in 
the  various  branches  of  natural  hillory.  The  mufeum 
is  faid  to  have  received  greater  improvements  from  this 
augmentation  than  from  all  tlie  labours  of  BufTon,  or 
fiom  its  foundation,  fince  the  time  of  Tournefort. 

xcth.  The  Ecole  dcs  Mines  was  eftabllfhed  in  the 
Iictd  dcs  J\Ia/,naies,  and  has  (or  its  dircflion  the  nalu- 
ralill  I^e  Sage.  This  inftitution  is  unrivalled  in  Europe; 
and  the  collecflion  of  mineralogical  curiofities  furpalFes 
whatever  cm  be  conceived. 

11//),  The  fociety  of  natural  hillory  in  Paris,  defer- 
vcdly  clalfes  among  thofe  which  have  rendered  the 
greatcft  fervices  to  the  caufe  of  fcience  fince  the  revolu- 
tion. A  lefture  of  public  inflruclion  is  held  every  ten 
days,  which  is  generally  given  by  one  of  the  members, 
and  which  is  open  to  all  the  lovers  of  natural  hiftory. 
Premiums  are  propofed  for  dilfeitatioiis  ;.one  of  which, 
by  the  late  C.  Herman,  jun.  (whofe  early  deceafe  was 
a  great  lofs  to  the  repuiilic  of  letters)  on  the  apterous 
clafs  of  infecfls,  may  be  laid  to  coniiitute  an  epocha  in 
the  annals  ci  natur.il  hiftory.  The  fociety  has  publifh- 
cd  a  volume  of  memoirs,  in  folio,  entitled,  "  Trai^fic- 
tions  cf  the  Society  of  Natural  Hifiory."  It  has  likewife 
erected  a  ftatue  to  the  great  IJni  sens,  in  the  national 
garden  of  plants ;  and,  at  the  peiicd  when  every  public 
inllruiflion  was  fuipenJed,  gave  Icflurcs  on  the  ditferent 
branches  of  fcience  belonging  to  its  department.  Se- 
veral intelligent  and  fiiilful  navigatois,  among  others 
thofe  fent  in  learch  of  the  unfortunate  La  Pcronfe,  as 
well  as  thofe  which  accompanied  Buonaparte  on  his  ro- 
mantic expedition  to  Egypt,  were  membeis  of  this  fo- 
ciety. 

This  ftatement  of  fafls  relative  to  the  prefent  flaie  of 
public  inftrufflon,  the  fciences,  the  arts,  and  the  pro- 
grefo  of  national  literature  in  France,  has  been  taken 
from  a  mifcellany,  of  which  the  principal  writers  are 
well  acquainted  with  wliat  is  doing  in  that  diftrafted 
country.  They  call  it  a  fullime  fyftem  ;  and  feem  to 
confider  the  incieafe  of  the  national  library,  the  im- 
provement of  the  botanic  gardens,  and  the  difcoveries 
that  have  been  made  by  the  dilTerent  fchools  or  inlli- 
tutes,  as  furnifhing  a  demonllration  that  the  republican 
government  is  more  favourable  to  the  advancement  of 

fcienca 


I     N     S 


[     259     ] 


I     N     S 


Iiillitutc.   fcicnce,  than  the  monarchical,  whether  abfi>lute  or  li- 

II         mitcd.     But  it  (hould  not  be  forcrotten,  that  tliis  fyRem 
Inlurancc.     -  .       .        .    ^  i      1         •  r         ■ 

^^_^,_,,^^  IS   yet  in   its   iniancy  ;    anJ  tlut  in    prolecuting    new 

fchemes,  p.ll  men,  aiiJ  more  efpecially  I'Venchmen,  are 

a>flu«tei.l  by  an  cntliuliarm  wliich  grwdiKilly  cools  as  their 

puriuits  become  familiar.     We  ihall  therefore  venture 

to  predift,  that   the  different  fchools   will  not  dil'play 

fuch  ardour  twenty  years  hence  as  they  do  at  prufent ; 

and  that  if  the  republican  government  continue  thirty 

years  in  France,  the  progrefs  of  fcicnce  in  that  country 

will  not  be  more  rapid  than  it  was  under  the  monarchy. 

We  rrmft  remember,  too,  that  the  French  libraries,  mu- 

feums,  and  picture  pjalleries,  have  been  improved  by 

means  which  the  morals  of  other  governments  do  not 

employ — by  rapine  and  robbery. 

That  fomething  may  be  learned  from  this  fyftem  to 
improve  the  modes  of  education  in  other  countries,  we 
admit ;  and  it  is  lor  that  reafon  that  we  have  uiferted 
an  account  of  it.  But  if  it  contains  fomethinj;  worthy 
of  imitation,  it  contains  likewife  much  to  be  (liunned. 
We  do  not  think  it  confiflcnt  with  the  ry/;.'/  of  wan  to 
compA  parents  to  fend  their  chddren  to  be  educated  in 
piiriUulur  fchools  ;  efpecially  in  fchools  where  not  only 
religious  inflruiTioB  is  omitted,  but  where,  there  is  rea- 
fon to  believe,  that  the  profellbrs  are  at  pains  to  ra/.e 
all  religious  imprelUons  from  the  youthful  mind.  In  a 
ration  denying  the  truth  of  Chriilianiiy,  it  is  net  to  be 
fuppofeJ  that  the  Chnllian  religion  will  be  publicly 
taught ;  but  in  a  nation  of  philolophers,  as  the  French 
call  themfelve?,  it  niig-ht  have  been  expefted  that  the 
l.iws  ot  religious  toleration  would  have  been  ib  far  re- 
garded, that  Chriftian  parents  would  not  have  been  com- 
pelled to  fend  their  children  to  antkhrijiuin  fchools  ! 
But  it  is  not  Chrillianity  alone  that  is  nej;lE(5ted  in  this 
fub',i.:,e  fyftem  ot  education.  Though  the  legiilative 
body  has  fume  time  ago  decreed  that  there  is  a  God, 
there  is  not  in  any  one  of  thofe  fchools  the  fmallefl  care 
taken  to  iuftitiifl  the  republican  youth  in  the  piinciples 
even  of  natural  religion  !  We  might  indeed  have  look- 
ed for  it  under  the  title  Mttaphyftcs,  had  not  the  conlti- 
tution  of  the  National  Inllitute  taught  us,  that  French 
metaphyfics  attend  to  nothing  but  the  analylis  of  fenfa- 
tions  and  ideas.  Yet  the  legillators  might  have  lillen- 
ed  on  this  fubjeift  to  a  republican  as  found  as  them- 
fclves,  and  who  was  likewife  no  friend  to  fuperftiiion. 
"  Nam  et  Majorum  inl\itnt^,tueri  facris,  ceremoniifcjue 
retinendis  fapientis  ell.  Non  folum  ad  religionem  per- 
tine:,  fed  etiam  ad  civllalis  (latum,  ut  Cine  iis,  qui  facris 
publice  pra;funt,  religioni  privatx  fatisfacere  non  pof- 
iint."      Cici-ro  de  Nat.  Dorum. 

INSURANCE,  in  law  and  commerce,  tliough  an 
excellent  inllitution,  is  not  of  high  antiquity.  The 
oldeft  laws  and  regulations  concerning  infurance,  with 
which  the  indefatigable  Beckmann  is  acquainted,  are 
the  following : 

On  the  28'h  of  January  1523,  five  perfons  appoint- 
ed for  that  purpofc  drew  up  at  Florence  fome  article's 
which  are  IliU  employed  on  the  exchange  at  Leghorn. 
Thefe  important  regulations,  together  with  the  pre- 
fcribed  form  ol  policies,  which  may  be  coiifidcred  as 
the  olded,  have  been  inferted,  in  Italian  and  German, 
by  Magens,  in  liis  Treatife  on  Infurance,  average,  and 
bottomry,  publilhed  at  Hamburgh  in  1753. 

There  is  ftill  prtfcrved  a  Ihort  regulation  of  the  25th 
Mny  1537,    by   tlie    Emperor  CharUs  V.   rcfpeifling 


bills  of  exchange  and  infurance,  in  which  the  lliiair  lnfurnr--r. 
fulfilling  only  oi  an  agreement  of  infurance  is  com'-  '-^'''^-' 
manded. 

In  the  year  1556,  Philip  H.  king  of  Spain,  gave  to 
the  Spanilh  merchants  certain  regulations  rcfpeaing  in- 
furance, wliich  are  inferted  by  Magcn;,  with  a  German 
tranfl.uion,  in  his  work  before-mentioned.  'Ihey  con- 
tain (ome  forms  of  policies  on  (hips  goinp  to  the  Indies. 

In  the  year  1598,  the  Kamer  mn  .tjhramii,  cham- 
ber of  infurance,  was  cRablilhcd  at  Amftcrdam.  An 
account  of  the  firll  regulations  of  this  infurance  office 
may  be  fcen  in  Pontanus's  Hiftcry  of  the  city  of  Arn- 
fterdam,  and  in  otlicr  work?. 

In  the  year  1600,  regulations  refpefling  infurance 
were  formed  by  the  city  of  Middelburg  in  Zealand. 

It  appears  that  the  fird  regulations  refpcclliig  iiifur- 
ances  in  England,  which  may  be  feen  in  ytndeifcn't 
H'lflory  of  Comrncrcc,  were  made  in  the  year  l6ci.  W<: 
find  by  them,  tliat  inlurers  hid  before  that  period  con- 
duifted  ihemfelves  in  fuch  a  manner,  that  the  utniolt 
confidence  was  repofed  in  their  honefty,  and  that  on 
this  account  few  or  no  difputcs  had  aritcn. 

Of  the  various  policies  for  infurance  in  England,  a 
pretty  accurate  account  will  be  found  in  the  Encyclope- 
dia ;  but  there  is  one  of  them,  of  which  our  account 
miUt  be  acknowledged  to  be  now  de-'"e>ftive.     This  is, 

Insurance  en  lives;  which  is  a  policy  that  has 
greatly  increafed,  in  confequence  ot  its  iitlli'y  being 
more  generally  underflood.  Of  the  tsvo  offices  tor  life- 
affurances,  noticed  in  that  article,  the  former,  entitkd 
the  Amicable  Society,  has  extended  the  number  of  its 
fhares  to  4000  ;  but,  as  we  have  already  oblerved,  the 
nature  of  the  inllitution  is  too  limited  to  become  of  ge- 
neral importance.  The  latter,  entitled,  the  Society  for 
Equitable  AJfiiranees  on  Eivrs  and  Survi-oorfljip,  is  un- 
doubtedly one  of  the  moll  impnrt.int  iiuiitutinns  of 
the  kind,  as  will  appear  by  tiie  folLiwing  account,  with 
which  we  have  been  favoured  by  an  obliging  correfpon- 
dent,  and  upon  the  accurasy  ot  which  our  readers  may 
depend : 

The  members  of  the  equitable  fociety,  finding,  in 
June  1777,  that  their  alTairs  were  in  a  flouiilhing  fitu- 
ation,  refolved  to  reduce  their  annual  premiums  one 
tenth;  and  in  I7'S2,  adopted  new  tables  agreeable  to 
the  probabilities  of  life  at  Northampton,  in  lieu  of  thole 
they  had  hitherto  ufed,  formed  from  the  London  bills 
of  mortality.  But  though  it  v/as  evident,  that  the  new 
tables  were  much  better  ad.ipted  for  afiuring  promil- 
cuoufly  perfons  retiding  in  the  country,  or  in  large 
towns,  it  was  thought  proper,  for  greater  fecurity,  10 
make  an  addition  of  ij  per  cent,  to  the  real  value  of 
the  afTurances,  as  computed  from  the  table  of  mortality 
at  Northampton  ;  and  v  ilh  the  view  of  making  an  ade- 
quate compenfation  to  the  alfurcd  for  tluir  former 
payments,  which  had  been  f  >  much  higher  than  would 
be  required  by  the  new  rates,  an  addition  was  made  to 
their  claims  of  L.i  :  los.  per  cent,  for  eveiy  pre- 
mium they  had  pa'd.  The  confequence  of  thefe  mea- 
fures  proved  highly  favourable  to  the  fociety  ;  for  it* 
bufinel's  increaled  lb  fall,  that  in  1785  it  was  nearly 
doubled  ;  the  I'ums  allured  amounting  to  upwards  of 
L..7 20,000.  At  this  period,  the  favourdble  rcfult  of 
a  minute  and  very  laborious  inveflig.ition  of  the  llate 
of  the  fociety,  induced  them  to  take  oil'  the  15  per 
cent,  charged  uf  on  the  premiums  in  i78i,  :ind  make.a 
K   k   2  furtlicr 


i     N 


[     260     ] 


I     N     T 


li.furancc.  further  addition  to  tlie  claims  of  L.i  per  cent,  for  every 
^•^"^'^^^'^  payment  made  i)rior  to  the  ill  January  1786.  A  IHII 
greater  increafi;  of  ficcefiful  Lulinefs  deterinnicd  them, 
in  1791.  to  ma!-ce  anoihcr  addition  of  L.i  per  cent,  to 
tlie  claims;  and  in  tlie  following  year,  a  further  addition 
of  L.2  per  cent.  ;  by  which  tiie  claims  upon  alfurances 
of  the  year  1770  were  more  than  doubled;  and  thofe 
of  an  earlier  d.ite  increafed  in  a  llill  higher  proportion. 
By  thcfe  ad'/autages  to  its  members,  and  the  lionour- 
•able  and  truly  e<iuitable  manner  in  which  the  cnncerns 
ot  the  fociety  arc  iranfaolcd,  the  augmenration  cf  their 
bufuiefs  has  been  fo  great,  that  on  the  3  ill  December 
1792,  the  fuins  aifured  (without  including  the  addi- 
tions made  to  them)  amounted  to  upwards  ot 
L.3,ooo,cco;  and  on  the  3  tit  December  1795,  to 
about  L. 4, 000,000. 

The  rates  of  allurance,  as  reduced  to  their  real  values 
in  17556,  and  according  to  which  the  fociety  now  tran- 
i'.\&.  bufmcfs,  arc  as  follows: 


Sum  y-lfurej  ;^.I00. 

Arf'                 One  Tear,                 Seven  Tejrj.  J^^Lole  Life. 

15     £-°  '7  II      C-^    2  »'  £-^  '8    7 

20            17.?             '95  237 

25             1107             1121  281 

30            1    13     3            I    14  •'  2   '3     4 

5;             1164            11810  21 9   10 

241  3     7   »i 
3    '7   I' 


40 

2     0 

8 

45 

2     6 

8 

50 

2    .5 

I 

55 

3     5 

0 

60 

3    •« 

I 

6t 

4   15 

2 

2  10   10 

3  o     8  4   10  10 

3  12     o  564 

4  7'  674 

5  10  JO  7   16     9 

The  other  offices  in  London  for  the  aflurance  of 
lives  are,  the  Royal  Exchange  /IJfurance,  the  Wejlminjler, 
Society,  and  the  Pelican  Life  Ojfic:. 

The  corporation  of  the  Royal  Exchange  yljfurance 
was  empoweied  to  alTure  lives  by  its  fecond  cliarter, 
dated  29th  April  1721  ;  but  the  original  objeO  of  tlie 
company  being  fea  alfurances,  and  the  true  principles 
of  alluring  on  lives  being  at  that  lime  little  underftood, 
this  branch  of  their  bulinefs  was  at  firft  comparatively 
fmall :  they  generally  required  a  premium  of  live  or  (ix 
guineas  per  cent,  without  any  regard  to  the  age  ;  and 
tne  allurance,  which  was  ufually  for  a  fmall  fum,  was 
feldom  for  a  greater  term  than  one  year.  In  this  man- 
ner they  continued  to  allure  upon  lives  till  the  end  of 
the  year  17S3,  when  the  increafing  importance  of  this 
part  of  their  bufinefs,  which  they  had  fome  years  felt, 
induced  them  to  adopt  a  regular  table  of  rates  of  alTur- 
ance,  according  to  the  Northampton  regifters  of  mor- 
tality, but  with  a  greater  addition  to  the  real  values 
than  had  been  made  by  the  "  Society  for  Equitable  At 
furances  on  Lives  and  Survivorlhip."  This  was  thought 
proper,  from  the  conlidcration  that  the  alfurers  with 
the  Royal  Exchange  company  are  not  in  any  cafe 
liable  to  a  call  upon  them  beyond  the  premium  they 
engage  to  pay,  and  have  llie  fecurity  cf  the  capital  and 
funds  of  the  company  arifing  trom  the  other  branches 
of  their  bufinefs  ;  however,  the  company,  finding  them- 
ftlves  fucceftful  in  their  life  allurances,  determined,  in 
1790,  to  reduce  their  premiums;  and  in  1797  made  a 
ftill  greater  reduiftion,  by  which  they  are  brought  very 
aear  to  thofs  above  Hated.    This  company  have  agents 


in  all  the  principal  towns  of  Great  Britain,  and  are 
impovvered  to  allure  lives  in  all  parts  of  the  world. 

The  W,jlm\nj]!r  Society  was  eltablilhed  in  1792,  for 
alTuring  lives,  and  granting  annuities.  Their  terms  are 
nearly  the  fame  as  thofe  of  the  Royal  Exchangft  Af- 
furaiice  ;  but  not  being  a  corporate  body,  every  perfon 
alluring  ligns  a  declaration,  that  lie  accepts  the  joint 
ftock  of  the  fociety  as  his  Iccurity. 

The  Pelican  Life  Office  was  inllilnted  in  1797,  by 
fome  of  the  piincipal  proprietors  of  the  Phoenix  Fire 
Office,  'i'iic  rates  which  they  have  publithed  vary  con- 
liderably  from  thofe  of  the  other  offices  ;  but  whether 
they  arc  founded  on  more  julf  principles,  time  and  ex- 
pericncs  muft  determine.  This  fociety  alio  makes  a 
new  fpecies  of  allurance,  by  way  of  endowment  for 
daughters,  or  for  children  generally,  when  they  fhall 
attain  the  age  of  twenty-one  years. 

INTEGRAL  Calculus,  in  the  newanalyfis,  isihe 
reverie  ol  the  dilFerential  calculus,  and  is  the  finding  cf 
the  integral  from  a  given  difierential ;  being  fimilar  to 
the  inverfe  method  of  fluxions,  or  the  finding  the  fluent 
to  a  given  fluxion.     See  Fluxions,  Encycl. 

INTERES  r,  is  the  allowance  given  for  the  ufe  of 
money  by  the  borrower  to  the  lender,  and  is  either 
Jimph  or  compound.  The  method  of  computing  both 
interefts  is  explained  in  the  article  Algebra,  {E/irycl.) 
page  427,  &c.;  and  the  fubjefl  of  limple  intereft  is 
again  refumed  in  Arithmetic,  [Encvcl.)  n°  30.  The 
application  ot  the  canons  for  the  computation  of  com- 
pound inierell,  to  the  value  of  annuities,  the  only  cafe 
in  which  that  intereft  is  allowed  by  the  laws  of  this 
country,  may  be  feen  in  the  articles  Anmuity  and 
Survivorship,  {Encycl.)  ;  where  various  tables  are 
given  to  facilitate  the  different  computations.  Some 
of  our  readers,  however,  have  exprelfed  a  willi  to  have 
the  rule  for  computing  compound  intered  fo  Hated,  as 
to  be  underftood  by  thofe  who  are  unacqu.;'nt -d  with 
algebraic  fymbols.  Their  wilh  may  be  ealily  giati- 
fied. 

The  general  formula  &=:p)\*  anfwers  for  the  a- 
mount  of  any  fum,  whether  the  intereft  be  payable 
yearly,  half-yearly,  quarterly,  or  daily.  Let  R  de- 
note the  amount  of  one  pound  for  the  firft  payment, 
and  /  the  number  of  payments,  the  unit  being  from  tlie 
commencement  till  the  firft  payment  is  due  ;  alfo,  let  / 
denote  the  logarithm  of  any  quantity  before  which  it  is 
wrote;  then,  from  the  known  property  of  logarithms,  the 
theorem  may  be  exprelfed  thus,  /.  S  =  /./>  -}-  A  R  X  t. 

Required  the  amount  of  L.250  at  5  per  cent,  com- 
pound intereft,  fiT  12  years,  reckoning  the  intereft  pay- 
able yearly,  half-yearly,  quarterly,  and  daily  ? 

Yearly . p  ■=.  2^0,   R=  foj,  /=  12. 
0'02ii893  =  /.  R 


•2542716  =  /.  R  X  '. 
2-3979400  =  /./. 


/.  S=  2-6^22116 — L.448  :  ig  :  3J  =  Amount. 

250 


I  c)8  :  19  :  3^  —  Comp.  intereft. 
Half 


I     N     T 

Intereft,  Half  yearly ,  p  =.  250,   R=  I  025,  /  =  24. 

ylliitcrpola-  0-0107239  =  /.  R. 

tioii.  24 


[    261    3 


I     N     V 


428956 
214478 


2-3979400  =  /./. 


/.S  =  3-6553 136- 


■L.452  ; 
250 


3  :  75:=  Amount. 


202  :  3  :  7^3  Intereft. 


^lartcrly.  p  — 2^0,    R  111-0125,   /  =  48. 

0-0053950  =  /.  R. 
48 


4316C0 
2158CO 


•2589600  =  /.  R  X  '. 
2-3979400  =  /./.. 


/.  S  =  2-6569000 — L.453  :  i6  :  8^  =  Amount. 
250 


203  :  16  :  8}  =  Intereft. 

7?«i/y,  /=  250,  R  =  1  +  JEl^  l^°i-,   /  =  365 
X   12. 

2-5623524 
2-5622929 


•0000595  =^-  R- 
4380 


47600 
1785 
23«o 


•2606100  =  /.  R  X  '. 
2-3979400  =  /./. 


/.  S  =  2-6585500- 


-L.455 
250 


II  :  3  i  =  Amount. 


205  :  II  :  3i  =  Intereft. 


INTERPOLATION,  in  the  modern  algebra,  is 
ufed  tor  landing  an  intermediate  term  of  a  fcries,  its 
place  in  the  i'tna  being  given.  ij;e  Alckbra  and 
StRiKs,  En:yd. 

The  method  of  interpolation  was  firft  invented  by- 
Mr  Briggs,  and  applied  by  him  to  the  calculation  of 
log.iriihms,  &c.  in  his  Aiithmetica  Logarithmica,  and 
his  Trigonomttria  Britannica  ;  where  he  explains,  and 
fully  jpplics,  tlie  metlind  of  interpolation  by  diflerences. 
His  piaiciples  were  followed  by  Reginal  and  Moiiton 
in  France,  and  by  Cotes  and  olliers  in  I'Ingland.  Wal- 
lis  made  ufe  of  ihs  method  of  interpolation  in  various 


parts  of  his  works ;  r.s  his  arithmetic  of  infinite?,  and  Imerfcerd. 
his  algebra,  for  quadratures,  &c.     The  fame  was  aUb       ""> 
happily  applied  by  Newton   in  various  ways  :  by  it  he         ," 
inveftigated  his  binomial  theorem,  and  quadratures  of  y^^-^-l^ 
tha  circle,  ellipfc,  and  hyperbola.  See  Wallis's  Algebra, 
chap.  85.  &c.     Newton  alio,  in  lemma  5.  lib.  3.  Prin- 
cip.  gave  a  moll  elegant  folution  of  the   problem  for 
drawing  a  curve  lin.-  through  the  extremities  of  any 
number  of  given  ordinates  ;  and  in  the  fubl'equent  pro- 
pofition,  applied  the  folution  of  this  problem  to  that  of 
finding,  from  certain  obferved  places  of  a  comet,  its 
place  at  any  given  intermediate  time,     ."^nd  Dr  Wa- 
ring, who  adds,  that  a  folution  ftill  more  elegant,  on 
fome    accounts,    has    been    (ince    difcovered  by  Mell'. 
Nichol  and  Stirling,  has  alfo  refolved  the  fame  pro- 
blem, and  rendered  it  more  general,  without  having  re- 
courfe    to    finding    the   fucceffive  differences.      Phihf 
Tranf.  vol.  69.  p^rt  I.  art.  7. 

INTERSCENDENT,  in  algebra,  is  applied  to 
quantities,  when  the  exponents  of  their  powers  are  ra- 
dical quantities.  Thus  .v'*'^^,  x^",  &c.  are  intcrlcen- 
dent  quantiiics. 

INTERSTELLAR,  a  word  ufed  by  fome  authors 
to  exprefs  thole  parts  of  the  univerfe  ih.it  are  without 
and  beyond  the  limits  of  our  folar  fyftem. 

JNTRAUOS,  the  interior  and  lower  fide,  or  curve, 
of  the  arch  of  a  bridge,  5cc.  In  contradillinftion  from 
the  extrados,  or  exterior  curve,  or  line  on  the  upper 
fide  of  the  arch.     See  Arch  in  tliis  Suppl. 

INVERNESS,  NEW,  a  town  on  the  river  Al.m, 
malui,  in  Georgia,  built  by  a  company  of  emigrants 
from  the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  130  of  whom  were 
brought  over  by  Gen.  Oglethotpe  in  1734.  It  is  about 
20  miles  from  Erederica.  Thefe  fettlers  prefented  a 
moft  pathetic  and  prophetic  remonftrance  to  Gen. 
Oglethorpe  in  January,  173S,  agalnft  the  inlrodudion 
of  flaves  into  the  colony. — Morse. 

INVOLUTION  and  Evolution,  are  terms  intro- 
duced into  geometry  by  tlie  celebrated  Mr  Huyghens, 
to  exprefs  a  particular  manner  of  defcribing  curvilineal 
fpaces  which  occurred  to  him  when  occupied  in  the  im- 
provement of  his  noble  invention  of  pendulum  clocks. 
Although  he  was  even  allonilhed  at  the  accuracy  of 
their  motion,  and  they  foon  fuperfeded  all  balance 
clocks,  he  knew  that  the  wide  vibrations  wtrc  fome- 
what  flower  than  the  narrow  ones,  and  that  a  circle  was 
not  fufficiently  incurvated  at  the  fides  to  render  all  the 
vibrations  ifochronous.  The  proper  curve  for  this  pur- 
pofe  became  an  interefting  object.  By  a  moft  accurate 
inveftigation  of  the  motions  of  heavy  bodies  in  curved 
paths,  he  difcovered  that  the  cycloid  was  the  line  re- 
quired. Lord  Brounckcr  had  difcovered  the  fame  thing, 
as  alfo  Dr  Wallis.  But  we  do  not  imagine  that  Huy- 
ghens  knew  of  this ;  at  any  rate,  he  has  the  full  claim 
to  the  dilcovery  of  the  way  of  making  a  pendulum  of- 
cillate  in  a  cycloidal  arcli.  It  eallly  occurred  to  him, 
that  if  the  thread  by  which  the  pendulum  hangs  be  fuf- 
pcndcd  between  t»o  curved  checks,  it  would  alternate- 
ly lap  on  each  ot  them  in  its  vibrations,  and  would 
thus  be  raifed  out  of  the  circle  «hich  it  dcfctibes  when 
fufpended  from  a  point.  But  the  difficulty  was  to  find 
the  proper  f.)rm  of  thole  checks.  Mr  Huyghens  was 
a  moll  cicellcnt  geometer,  and  was  pjlTclfed  of  methods 
uakaown  to  others,  by  which  he  got  over  almoft  every 

difficulty. 


I     N     V 


[     262     ] 


I     N     V 


Involution.  d^jTuiiIty.  In  tlie  prefent  cafo  tlicre  was  fortunately  no 
"""^~*'  ~  dllVi;uhy,  the  means  of  folution  oflering  themfelvcs  al- 
moll  without  t4:ought.  He  almoft  immedintely  d:fi.o- 
vered  iluit  ths  tunc  in  <lucliion  was  ll.e  fame  cycloid. 
'J'hat  i?,  he  found,  that  wliilc  a  thread  unwinds  from  an 
arch  of  A  cycloid,  beginning  at  the  vertex,  its  extremity 
defcribes  the  complementary  arch  of  an  equal  cycloid. 

Thus  he  added  to  this  curve,  already  fo  renurkalj'.e 
for  its  get  metrical  properties,  another  no  Icfs  curious, 
and  infinitely  exceeding  all  the  others  in  importance. 

The  Heps  by  which  this  property  was  difcovired  are 
fuch  dircc'l  emanations  from  general  principles,  that 
they  immediately  excited  the  mind  of  Mr  HuygheuG, 
which  delighted  in  geometry,  to  profecute  this  method 
<  f  defcribing  or  transfoiming  cuive  lines  by  evolution. 
It  is  furprifing  that  it  had  not  ere  this  time  occurred  to 
the  ancient  geometers  of  the  laft  century,  and  particular- 
ly to  Dr  Barrow,  who  fecins  to  have  racked  his  fancy  for 
almoll  evei  y  kind  of  motion  by  which  curve  lines  can 
be  generated.  Evolution  of  a  thread  from  a  curve  is  a 
mucli  more  obvious  and  conceivable  gencfis  than  that  of 
the  c>clrid  invented  by  Merfennus,  or  that  of  the 
conchoid  by  Nicomedes,  or  thofe  of  the  conic  iic- 
tions  by  Vieta.  But  except  fome  vague  exprclhons 
by  Ptolemy  and  Gaffendus,  about  defcribing  (pirah 
by  a  thiead  unlapped  from  a  cylinder,  we  do  not  re- 
colled  any  thing  of  the  kind  among  the  writings  of 
the  mathematicians;  and  it  isto  Huyghens  alone  tliat 
we  are  indebted  for  this  very  beautiful  and  important 
branch  of  geometry.  It  well  deferves  both  of  thefe  epi- 
thets. The  theorems  which  conftitute  the  doftrines  of 
evolution  are  remaikable  for  their  perfpicuity  and  neat- 
nefs.  Nothing  has  fo  much  contributed  to  give  us  clear 
notions  of  a  very  delicate  fubjecl  of  mathematical  dif- 
cuffion,  namely  curvature,  and  the  meafure  and  varia- 
tions of  curvature.  It  had  become  the  fubjeft  of  very 
keen  debate  ;  and  the  notions  entertained  of  it  were  by 
no  means  diftind.  But  nothing  can  give  fuch  a  pre- 
cife  conception  of  the  difference  of  curvature,  in  the 
difierent  parts  of  a  cycloid  or  other  curve,  as  the  behold- 
ing its  defcription  by  a  radius  continually  varying  in 
length.  This  doiflrine  is  peculiarly  valuable  to  the  fpe- 
culator  in  the  higher  mechanics.  The  intenfity  of  a  de- 
fleffing  force  is  eftimated  by  the  curvature  which  it  in- 
duces on  any  reffilineal  motion  ;  and  the  variations  of 
tiiis  intenfity,  which  is  the  charaderillic  of  the  force, 
or  what  we  call  its  nature,  is  inferred  from  the  varia- 
tions of  this  curvature.  The  evolution  and  involution 
of  curve  lines  have  therefore  great  claim  to  our  atten- 
tion. But  a  Work  like  ours  can  only  propofe  to  exhi- 
bit an  outline  of  the  fubjcft  ;  and  we  mull  refer  our  rea- 
ders to  thofe  eminent  authors  who  have  treated  it  in 
detail.  Varignon,  in  the  Memoirs  of  the  French  Aca- 
demy for  1706,  has  been  atimmenfe  pains  to  prefent  it 
in  every  form  ;  James  Bernoulli  has  alfo  treated  the 
fubjeifl  in  a  very  general  and  fylfematic  manner.  Some 
account  is  given  of  it  in  every  treatife  of  fluxions.  We 
recommend  the  original  work  of  Mr  Huyghens  in  par. 
ticular  ;  and  do  not  hefitate  to  fay,  that  it  is  the  fiueft 
fpecimen  (of  its  extent)  of  phyfico-mathematical  dif- 
cufTion  that  ever  has  appeared.  Huyghens  was  the  moft 
elegant  of  all  modern  geometers  ;  and  both  in  the  geo- 
metrical and  phyfical  part  of  this  work,  De  Hore/ogio  Of- 
nllatono,  he  has  prefcrvf  J  the  utmofl  rigour  of  demon- 


flration,  wi'.liout  taking  one  flep  in  which  Euclid  or  Involutlort. 
Apnllonius  would  not  have  followed  him.  >— -v—"^ 


-  juvat  ii::e^ros  acccJcrc  f.n'.it 


yitque  kaitrire. 

Such  authors  form  the  tafte  of  the  young  roathemi- 
tician,  and  help  to  preferve  him  from  the  almolf  mecha- 
nical procedure  of  the  expert  I'ymbolical  anal)  If,  who 
arrives  at  his  conclufion  »vithoiit  knowing  how  he  gets 
tliiihcr,  or  having  any  notions  at  all  d  the  magnitudes 
of  which  he  is  treating. 

'I'hcre  are  two  principal  problems  in  this  dcflrine. 

I.  To  afcei  tain  the  n.tture  of  the  figure  generated  by 
the  evolution  of  a  given  curve. 

II.  To  determine  the  nature  of  the  curve  by  whofe 
evolution  a  given  curve  may  be  generated. — We  fliall 
confider  each  of  thcfe  in  order,  and  then  take  the  op- 
portonity  which  this  fubjedt  gives  of  explaining  a  little 
the  abllrufe  nature  of  cuivature,  and  its  meafures  and 
variations,  and  take  notice  of  the  opinions  of  mathema- 
ticians about  the  precife  nature  of  the  angle  of  contait. 

The  curve  line  ABCDEF  (fig.  i  )  may  be  confider-  i>iatc  xni-. 
ed  as  the  edge  of  a  crooked  ruler  or  mould  ;  a  tliread 
may  be  fuppofed  attached  to  it  at  F,  and  then  lapped 
along  it  from  F  to  A.  If  the  thread  be  now  led  away 
from.  A,  keeping  it  always  tight,  it  is  plain  that  the  ex- 
tremity A  mufl  defcribe  a  curve  line  Abcdef,  and 
that  the  iletached  parts  ol  the  thread  will  always  be 
tangents  to  the  curve  ABCDEF.  In  like  manner  will 
the  curve  line  F  d'  c  b'  A'  be  defcribed  by  keeping  the 
thread  I'afl  at  A,  and  unlapping  it  from  the  other  end 
of  the  mould. 

This  procefs  was  called  by  Mr  Huyghens  the  Evo- 
lution of  the  cuite  ADF.  ADF  is  called  the  Evo- 
LUTi£.  A  dfvr^i  named  by  him  the  Curve  by  Evo- 
lution. It  has  been  fince  more  briefly  termed  the 
EvoLUTRii,  or  unlapper.  It  has  alio  been  called  the 
Involute  ;  becaufe,  by  performing  the  procefs  in  the 
oppofite  direiTtion /"(/ A,  the  thread  is  lapped  up  on 
the  mould,  and  the  whole  ipace  ADF/ (/A  is  folded 
up  like  a  tan.  The  detached  parts  C  4 ,  D  </,  or  C  c', 
T)d',  Sec.  of  the  thread,  are  called  Radii  of  the  Evo- 
LUTE  ;  perhaps  with  fome  impropriety,  becaufe  they  ra- 
ther rcfemble  the  momentary  radii  of  the  evolutrix.  We 
may  name  them  the  evolved  radii.  The  beginning 
A  of  evolution  may  be  confidered  as  the  vertex  of  the 
curves,  and  the  ends  F  and/may  be  called  the  terms. 

There  is  another  way  in  which  this  defcription  of 
curve  lines  may  be  conceived.  Inllead  of  a  thread  ¥/ 
gradually  lapped  up  on  the  mould,  we  may  conceive 
Fy  to  be  a  llraight  edged  ruler  applied  to  the  mould, 
and  gradually  rolled  along  it  without  Aiding,  fo  as  to 
touch  it  in  fucceffion  in  all  its  points.  It  is  evident, 
that  by  this  procefs  the  pointy" will  defcribe  the  curve 
fd.\,  while  the  point  F defcribes  the  other  curve  Y d'  a'. 
This  way  of  conceiving  it  gives  a  great  extenfion  to  the 
doiflrine,  and  homologates  it  with  that  genefis  of  curve 
lines  by  which  cycloids  of  all  kinds  are  defcribed,  and 
which  we  may  diftinguifh  by  the  name  of  Provolu- 
TiON.  For  it  is  plain,  that  the  relative  motions  of  the 
points  A  and  h  are  the  fame,  wh«lher  the  ruler  bh  b'  roll 
on  the  mould  ABF,  or  the  mould  roll  on  the  ruler: 
but  there  will  be  a  great  difference  in  the  ferm  of  the 
line  traced  by  the  defcribing  point,  if  we  fuppofe  the 

plane 


I     N     V 


[     ^63     ] 


I     N     V 


Involution,  plane  en  wliich  it  is  traced  to  be  attached  to  the  rol- 
^''^''"^^  ling  figure.  Thus,  when  a  circle  rolls  on  a  ftraight 
line,  a  point  in  its  circumference  traces  a  cycloid  on  the 
plane  attached  to  the  llraight  line,  while  the  point  of 
the  Uraight  line  which  quitted  the  circle  defcribes  on 
the  plane  attached  to  the  circle  another  line;  namelv, 
the  involute  ot  the  circle.  This  mode  of  defcription  al- 
lows us  to  employ  a  curved  ruler  in  place  o-f  the  llraight 
one  mil';  and  thus  gives  a  vaft  extenfion  to  the  the- 
ory. But  at  prefent  we  (hall  confine  ourfelves  to  the 
employment  of  the  rtraight  line  i  B  i',  only  keeping  in 
mind,  that  there  is  an  intimate  connedion  between  the 
lines  of  evolution  and  of  provolution. 

liy  the  defcription  now  given  of  this  prccefs  cf  evo- 
lution and  involution,  it  is  plain, 

1.  That  the  evolution  is  always  made  from  the  con- 
vex fide  of  the  evolute. 

2.  Tliat  the  evolved  radii  R  b,  C  c,  D  1/,  Sec.  are  re- 
fpeflively  equal  to  the  arches  BA,  CA,  DA,  &c.  of  the 
evolute  which  they  h.ive  quitted  ;  and  that  bBl/',  cC  c', 
(I'D  (/,  iic.  are  always  equal  to  the  whole  arch  AUF. 

3.  That  any  point  li  of  the  lapped  up  thread  de- 
fcribes during  its  evolution  a  curve  line  B  >  (ft  <j  pa- 
rallel to  be dcf ;  becaufe  thefe  curves  are  always  equi- 
dillant  from  e.icli  other. 

4.  That  if  the  threid  extend  beyond  the  mould  as  a 
tangent  to  it,  the  extremity  a  will  defcribe  a  parallel  or 
equidillant  curve  u  ^  y  S  i  ^p,  lying  without  A  b  c  J  cf. 
From  this  it  appears  that  B  >  <f  s  <)>  is  the  complete  cvo- 
lutrix  of  I'EDCB,  while  bdccfi%  the  ev'  lutrix  of  that 
arch,  and  the  added  tangent  Lb.  In  like  manner,  the 
lappsd  up  thread  ADF,  with  the  added  part  F  9',  de- 
fcribes the  evclutriA  9'  t'  i'  y  i'  A'. 

5.  If  from  any  point  C  of  the  evolute  there  be  drawn 
lines  C /',  C  f ,  C  (/,  C  c ,  &c.  to  the  evolutrix,  thofe 
which  are  more  remote  from  tlie  vertex  are  greater  than 
thofe  which  are  nearer.  Draw  B  ^,  f  C,  ilY),  eE, 
touching  the  evolute.  C  i  is  !efs  than  GB  -f  B  i ; 
that  is  (2),  tiian  C  c .  Again,  DC  -j-  C  c  is  equal  to 
D  J,  which  is  lefs  than  DC  -f-  C  </.  Therefore  C  <:  is 
lefs  than  C  J.  Now  let  Ce  cut  D «/  in  r.  Then  e  r 
+  r  DE  is  greater  th;in  «•  E.  But  f  E  is  equal  to  J  r 
-\-rT>E.  Therefore  fr  is  greater  than  (//■;  and^^r-l- 
r  C  is  greater  than  tJ  r  -{-  r  C^  which  is  greater  than 
c  C.     'I  herefore  c  C  is  greater  than  c  C. 

6.  Hence  it  follows,  that  a  circle  defcribed  round 
any  point  oi  the  evolute,  with  a  radius  reaching  to  any 
point  of  the  evolutrix,  will  cut  the  evolutrix  in  thit 
point,  and  be  wholly  within  it  on  the  lide  remote  from 
the  vertex,  and  without  it  on  the  fide  next  the  vertex. 

7.  The  evolved  radius  cuts  every  arch  cf  the  evolu- 
trix perpendiculaily,  or  a  right  line  drawn  througli  the 
inteifeiftion  at  right  angles  touclics  the  evolutrix  in 
that  point.  Through  any  point  J  draw  the  line  m  tl  t 
at  right  angles  to  /i  D.  The  part  of  it  m  il  next  to  the 
vertex  is  wholly  without  the  cuive,  becaufe  it  is  with- 
out the  circle  defcribed  round  tlie  centre  D  ;  and  this 
circle  is  without  the  evolutrix  on  that  fide  ot  d  which  is 
next  the  vertex  (C).  Any  point  /  on  the  other  lide  of 
{J  is  alfo  without  the  curve.  For  let  /  <f  E  be  another 
evolved  radius,  cutting  D  Jin  11:  then  «i  is  l;f;  than 
fit,  becaufe  ndl  is  a  right  angle  by  conflrudlon  ;  and 
therefore  n  t  d  is  acute.  Bui  becaufe  E  n  -f  ;;  D  are 
greater  than  ED,  Rii  +  nd  are  greater  than  ED  -f- 
y^d,  that  is,  than  Er,  and  nJis  greu'.cr  than  nc.    Tlurc- 


fore,  fince  it  is  lefs  than  nl,  it  follows  that  ne  is  much  Involuti. 
lefs  than  n  1,  and  t  lies  without  the  curve.  Therefore  ^^^'~^ 
tile  whole  line  mdt  is  without  the  curve,  except  in  the 
point  d.  It  therefore  touches  the  curve  in  d,  and  the 
radius  D  J  cuts  it  at  right  angles  in  that  point.  By  the 
fame  reafoning,  it  is  demonltrated,  that  all  the  curves 
Abdf,  "^if^,  A'b'd'f,  t'^'J'<f',  are  cut  perpendicu- 
larly by  the  tangents  to  the  evolute.  Alfo  all  thefe  curves 
interfeel  the  evolute  «t  right  angles  in  their  vertexes. 

It  follows  from  this  propofition,  that  from  every 
point,  fuch  as  /,  or  /',  or  0,  &:c.  in  the  fpace  AOF  com- 
prehended by  the  evolute  and  its  extreme  tangents  AO, 
FO,  two  perpendiculars  may  be  drawn  to  the  evolu- 
trix A  df;  and  that  from  any  point  in  the  fpace  with- 
in  the  angle  A  ofcnly  one  perpendicular  can  be  drawn; 
and  that  no  perpendicular  can  be  drawn  from  any  point 
on  the  other  fide  of  ADF.  Apollonius  had  obfervcd 
thefe  circumdances  in  the  conic  fcflion';,  but  had  not 
thought  of  marking  the  boundary  formed  by  the  evo- 
lute ADE.  Had  he  noticed  this,  he  would  certainly 
have  difcovered  the  whole  theory  of  evolution,  and  its 
impcitance  in  ipeculative  geometry. 

It  alii)  fellows  from  this  propofition,  that  if  a  curve 
Abcdef  is  cut  by  the  tangents  of  ABCDEF  at 
right  angles  in  every  point,  it  will  be  defcribed  by  the 
evolution  of  that  curve:  For  if  the  evolutrix,  whofe 
vertex  is  A,  be  really  defcribed,  it  will  coincide  with 
Abed  in  A,  and  have  the  fame  tangent;  it  therefore 
does  not  deviate  from  it,  otherwifi  their  tangents  would 
feparate,  and  would  not  both  be  at  right  angles  with 
the  lines  touching  the  evolute.  They  mull  therefore 
coincide  throughout. 

8.  The  arclies  bed  and  ^  y  f,  intercepted  by  the 
fame  radii  B  b  and  D  d,  may  be  called  concentrk ; 
and  the  angles  contained  between  the  tangents  drawn 
through  their  extremities  are  equal.  Thus  the  angle 
A  TT  0  is  equal  to  //  0  :  but  although  equiditUnt,  paral- 
lel, and  containing  the  fame  angle  between  their  tan- 
gents and  between  their  radii,  they  are  not  fimiiar. 
Thus,  the  arch  a  j8  has  a  curvature  at  «  that  is  the 
fime  with  that  of  any  circle  whofe  radius  is  equal  to 
A  a;  but  the  curvature  at  A  is  incomparable  with  it, 
and  unmcafurable.  The  ixcne.  may  be  faid  of  the  cur- 
vature cf  at  p  and  at  B. 

9.  If  a  circle  u  </«  be  defcribed  round  the  centre  D 
wiih  the  radius  D  d,  it  both  touches  and  cuts  the  evo- 
lutrix in  the  point  d,  and  no  circle  can  be  defcribed 
touching  the  curve  in  that  point,  and  palung  between 
it  and  tue  circle  i/./i ;  For  fince  it  touches  the  curve 
ia  d,  its  centre  mull  be  fomewhere  in  the  line  iD  per- 
pendicular to  mil.  It  c.innot  be  in  any  point  n  more 
remote  from  d  than  D  is ;  for  it  would  pafs  without  the 
arch  du,  and  be  more  remote  than  du  from  the  arch  dc 
of  the  evolutrix.  On  the  other  fide,  it  would  indeed 
pafs  without  the  arch  d^,  which  lies  within  the  arch 
de  of  the  evolutrix:  but  it  would  alfo  pafs  without 
ih^  curve.  For  it  has  been  already  dcmonftraied  (7) 
that  nd  is  greater  than  r.e;  and  the  curve  would  lie 
between  it  and  the  circle  iz. 

Tiius  it  appears,  that  a  circle  defcribed  with  the  e- 
volved  radius  approaches  nearer  to  tlie  curve,  or  touchci 
it  more  dofely,  than  any  ether  circle  ;  all  other  circle* 
either  intcrfefl  it  in  meafurable  angles,  or  ate  witliia 
or  without  the  curve  on  botii  fides  of  the  point  of  con- 
taO.     This  circle  udz,  has  therefore  llic  laiiie  curva- 


I     N     V 


[     264     ] 


1     N     V 


Involution,  ture  witli  ihe  cui  ve  in  the  point  of  contaft  :ind  coslef- 
'''■'~"''~^*^  cence.  It  is  the  EiiyicuRVE  circle,  the  circle  of  equal 
curvature,  ilie  osculating  circlk  (;i  m me  given  it 
by  Leibnif/.).  Tlie  evolved  railuis  of  the  evolu:e  is  the 
RADIUS  OF  CURVATURE  of  the  evolutiij:,  ami  the  point 
of  the  cvolute  is  tiie  ckntre  of  curvature  at  the 
point  of  contaft  with  the  evolutrix.  The  evolute  is 
the  geonietricul  locus  of  all  the  centres  of  curvature  of 
the  evolutrix. 

This  is  the  inoft  important  circumdance  of  the  whole 
iloftrine  of  the  involution  and  evolution  of  curve  lines. 
It  is  allumcd  as  a  fcU-eviJeiit  tru:h  by  the  precipitant 
writers  of  elenienti.  It  is  indeed  very  like  truth  :  For 
the  extremity  of  the  thread  is  a  monjentary  radius  during 
theprocelsof  evcUition;  and  any  minute  arch  ol  tlie  evo- 
lute nearer  the  vertex  mull  be  conceived  as  more  incui  va- 
ted  than  the  arch  at  the  point  of  contai5t,  becaule  defcri- 
bed  with  Ihortcr  radii :  tor  the  fame  leafon,  all  beyond 
the  contaft  mud  be  lofs  inciuvated,  by  reafon  cf  the 
greater  radii.  The  curvature  at  the  contaift  mull  be 
neither  greater  nor  lefs  than  that  of  the  circle.  But 
v.-e  thought  it  better  to  follow  the  example  of  Huy- 
ghens,  and  to  eftablifli  this  leading  propnfition  on  the 
Ihifteft  geometrical  reafoning,  acknowledging  the  fin- 
gular  obligation  which  machemaiicians  are  under  to  him 
tor  giving  them  i'o  palpable  a  metliod  of  fixing  their  no- 
tions on  this  fubjet't.  When  the  evolute  of  a  curve  is 
given,  we  have  not  only  a  clear  view  of  the  gtnefis  of 
the  curve,  with  a  neat  and  accurate  mecjianical  metliod 
of  defcribing  it,  but  alfo  a  dillinfl  comprehendon  of  the 
whole  cuivalure,  and  a  connefled  view  of  its  gradual 
variati.ms. 

We  fpeak  of  curvature  that  is  greater  and  leifer  ;  and 
every  peifon  has  a  general  knowledge  or  conception  of 
the  difference,  and  will  fay,  that  an  ellipfis  is  moie 
curve  at  the  extremities  cf  the  tranfverfe  axis  than  any 
where  elfe.  13ut  before  we  can  inllitute  a  comparifon 
between  them  «ith  a  precifion  that  leads  to  any  thing, 
we  niuft  agree  about  a  meafure  ot  curvature,  and  lay 
what  it  is  we  mean  by  a  double  or  a  triple  curvature. 
Now  there  are  two  vvayj  in  which  we  may  confider 
curvature,  or  a  want  of  recflitude,.:  We  may  call  that 
a  double  curvature  which,  in  a  given  fpace,  carries  us 
twice  as  far  from  the  llraight  line  ;  or  we  may  call  that 
a  double  curvature  by  which  we  deviate  twice  as  much 
from  the  fame  d'rciftion.  Both  of  thefe  mealures  have 
been  adopted  ;  and  if  we  would  rigidly  adhere  to  them, 
there  would  be  no  room  for  complaint :  but  mathemati- 
cians have  not  been  fteady  in  this  refpe(51:,  and  by  mixing 
and  confounding  tfefe  mealures,  have  freqnentlv  puzzled 
their  readers.  All  agree,  hmvever,  in  their  fir  11  and 
llmple  mealures  of  curvature,  and  fay,  that  the  curva- 
ture of  an  arch  of  a  circle  is  as  the  arch  direft'y,  and 
as  the  radius  inverfely.  This  is  plainly  meafuring  cur- 
vature by  the  deflexion  from  tlie  firll  direiSion.  In  an 
arch  of  an  inch  long,  there  is  twice  as  much  defieiflii)n 
from  the  firft  direilion  when  the  radius  of  the  circle  is 
of  half  the  length.  If  the  radius  is  about  575th  inches, 
an  arch  of  one  inch  in  length  produces  a  firuil  direftiou 
one  degree  different  from  the  firll.  Il  the  radius  is  1 14-^ 
inches,  the  deviation  is  but  half  cf  a  degree.  The  linear 
defieflion  from  the  ll;r;iight  path  is  alio  one-half.  In 
the  cafe  of  circles,  therefore,  both  meafures  a^ree  :  but 
in  by  iar  the  greatell  number  of  cafes  they  may  differ 
exceedingly,  and  the  change  of  direiftion  may  be  g'^^'it- 


eft  when  the  linear  deviation  is  lead.  Flexure,  or  Involution, 
change  of  direiflion,  i.«,  in  peiieral,  the  mod  i'enlibk"  and  ^-^^^'^•»-' 
the  mod  important  character  of  cuivature,  and  is  un- 
derllood  to  be  its  criterion  in  all  cafes.  But  our  pro- 
celTes  for  difcoveriug  its  qu«)Uity  are  generally  by  firll 
difcovering  the  linear  deviation  ;  and,  in  many  cafes, 
particulaily  in  our  f>hil<ifophic:al  inquiries,  this  linear 
deviation  is  our  principal  objedl.  Hence  it  has  hap- 
pened, that  the  mathematician  has  frequently  llnpped 
fhort  at  this  refult,  and  has  adapted  his  theorems  chief- 
ly to  this  determination.  Thefe  differences  of  objeft 
h.ive  caufed  great  confufion  in  tlis  nie'.h<.ds  of  confiJer- 
ing  curvature,  and  led  to  many  difputes  about  its  na- 
ture, and  about  the  an^le  of  contail  •,  to  which  dif- 
putes there  v/ill  be  no  end,  till  mathematicians  have 
agreed  in  their  manner  of  expreffing  the  meafures  of 
curvature.  At  prefent  we  abide  by  the  meafure  al- 
ready given,  and  we  mean  to  exprefs  by  curvature  or 
flexure  the  change  of  direction. 

This  being  premifed,  we  obferve,  that  the  curvature 
of  all  thefe  curves  of  evolution  where  they  fei)arate 
from  their  evolutes,  is  incomparable  with  the  curvature 
in  any  other  place.  In  this  point  the  radius  has  no 
magnitude;  and  therefore  the  curvature  is  faid  to  be 
infinitely  great.  On  the  otlier  hand,  if  the  evolved 
curve  has  an  alfymptote,  the  curvature  of  the  evolutrix 
of  the  adjacent  branch  is  faid  to  be  infinitely  fmall. 
Tliefe  exprcflions  becoming  familiar,  have  occafioned 
fome  very  intricate  quellicns  aid  erroneous  notions. 
There  can  be  little  duubt  of  their  iir.propriety  :  For 
when  we  fay,  that  the  curvatuie  at  A  is  infinitely  great- 
er than  at  a,  we  do  not  recolleifl  that  the  flexure  of  the 
whok  arch  AZ  is  equal  to  that  of  the  whole  aich  «  B, 
and  the  flexure  at  A  mull  either  make  a  part  cf  the 
whole  flexure,  or  it  mult  be  fomething  difparate. 

The  evolutrix  Kh c df  (fig.  2. J  of  the  common  equi- 
lateral hyperbol.i  exhibits  every  poffible  magnitude  of 
curvature  in  a  very  fmall  fpace.  At  the  vertex  A  of  the 
hyperbola  it  is  perpendicular  to  the  curve  ;  and  there- 
fore has  the  tranfverfe  axis  A  <?  A"  for  its  langent.  The 
curvature  of  the  evolutrix  at  A  is  called  infinitely  great. 
As  the  thread  unlaps  from  the  branch  ABC,  its  extre- 
mity defcribes  Abe.  It  is  plain,  that  the  evolutrijc 
mull  cut  the  alfymptote  <|>  H  at  right  angles  in  fome 
point  G,  where  the  curvature  will  be  what  is  called  in- 
finitely fmall  ;  bccaiife  the  centie  of  curvature  has  re- 
moved to  an  infinite  diftance  along  the  branch  AF  of 
the  hypeibola.  This  evolutrix  may  be  continueil  to 
the  vertex  of  the  hyperbola  on  the  other  fide  of  the  af- 
fymptote,  by  caufing  the  thread  to  lap  upon  it,  in  the 
fame  way  that  Mr  Huyghcns  completed  his  cycloida! 
ofcillation.  Or  we  may  form  another  evolutrix  a  ^  >  <^<? 
v'  i'  jB'  A",  by  lengthening  the  thread  from  G  to  <?,  the 
centre  of  the  hyperbola,  and  fuppoling  that,  as  foon  as 
the  curve  A.  ^  i^  is  completed,  by  unlapping  the  thread 
from  the  branch  ABC,  another  thread  laps  upon  the 
hyperbola  A"  F".  Thi:  lad  is  confidered  as  a  more  ge- 
ometrical evolution  than  the  other  :  For  the  mathema- 
ticians, extending  the  doi5lrine  cf  evolution  beyond  Mr 
Huyghens's  redriflion  to  curves  which  had  their  con- 
vexity turned  one  v.'ay,  have  agreed  to  confider  as  one 
continued  evolution  whatever  will  complete  the  curve 
expreffed  by  one  equation.  Now  the  fame  equation 
expreifes  both  the  curves  AF  and  A'F'',  which  oc- 
cupy the  fame  axis  AA".     The  cycloid  employed  by 

Hoyghens 


I     N     V 


C     ^(^5     ] 


1     N     V 


Involution.  Hayghens  is,  in  like  manner,  but  one  continuous  curve, 
^•^"'^^'^  defcribed  by  the  continued  provnlution  ot  the  circli; 
along  the  (Iruight  line,  although  it  appears  as  two 
brandies  of  a  rrfieali-ti  curve.  We  lli.iU  meet  with  many 
indances  of  tljis  I'eemingly  compounded  evolution  wlien 
treating  of  the  fecond  quellion. 

Since  the  arch  AiilG  contains  every  magnitude  of 
cuivature,  it  appears  that  every  kind  of  curvature  may 
be  produced  by  evolution.  We  can  have  no  conception 
of  a  flexure  that  is  gre.iter  than  what  we  fee  at  A,  or 
lefs  than  what  we  fee  at  G  ;  yet  there  are  cafes  which 
fecm  to  fhew  the  contrary,  and  are  familiarly  faid,  by 
the  greatcft  mathematicians,  to  exhibit  curvatures  Inti- 
nitely  fmaller  Hill,  'i'hus,  let  ABC  (tig.  3.)  be  a  co- 
nical parabola,  wliofe  parameter  is  AF.  l^et  AEF  be 
a  cubical  parabola,  whufe  parameter  is  AQ.  If  we 
make  AQ^to  AD  as  the  cube  of  AP  to  tiie  cube  of 
AC^  the  two  parabolas  will  interf;;it  each  other  in  the 
ordinate  DB.  For,  making  AJ?  =z />,  and  AQ  =  y, 
and  calling  the  ordinate  of  the  conic  parabola  ^y,  tiiat 
of  the  cubic  parabola  z,  and  the  indeterminate  abfcilik 
AD  X,  we  have 

p^  :  q^  =  q  :  x,  =  y'  :  2',  and  p  :  ij  =  g  :  z; 
but  q    ;  p  =  q  :  p  ;  therefore,  by  compofition, 

p'  :  q'=:q'  :px  =  q^  :y',  znd  p  :  q  =  q  :  y; 
therefore  z=zy,  and  the  parabolas  inicrfeift  in  B. 

Now,  becaufe  in  all  parabolas  the  ordinates  drawn  at 
the  extremity  of  the  parameters  are  equal  to  the  para- 
meters, tlie  intcrfeilions  y  and/)  will  be  in  a  line  A  qp, 
which  makes  half  a  right  angle  with  the  axis  AP. 
Therefore,  when  AQJs  greater  than  AP,  the  point  q 
is  without  the  conical  parabola,  and  the  whole  arch  of 
t!^c  cubical  parabola  cut  olf  by  the  ordinate  DB  is  alfo 
williout  it:  but  when  AQ_is  lefs  than  AP,  q  is  within 
the  conical  par.ibola,  as  is  alfo  the  arch  q  B.  There- 
fore the  remaining  arch  BEA  is  without  it,  and  is 
therefore  lefs  incurvated  at  A.  An  endlefs  number  of 
conical  parabolas  of  fmaller  curvature  may  be  drawn  by 
enlarging  AP  ;  yet  there  will  ftill  be  an  arch  iVEB  of 
the  cubical  parabol.i  which  is  without  it,  and  therefore 
lefs  incurvated.  Therefore  tb.e  curvature  of  a  cubical 
parabola  is  lefs  than  that  of  any  conical  parabola  :  It 
is  faid  to  be  infinitely  lefs,  becaufe  an  infinity  of  cubical 
parabolas  oi fmaller  curvature  than  AEB  may  be  drawn 
by  enlarging  AQ_^ 

lo  may  be  dcmonftrated  in  the  fiime  manner,  that  a 
paraboloid,  whofe  ordinates  are  in  the  fubbiquadratc  ra- 
tio of  the  ablcilfie,  has  an  infinitely  fmaller  curvature  at 
the  vertex  than  the  cubical  parabola.  And  the  curva- 
ture of  the  paraboloid  of  the  next  degree  is  infinitely 
lefs  than  this :  and  fo  on  continually.  Nay,  Sir  Ifaac 
Newton,  who  firft  took  notice  of  this  remarkable  cir- 
cumftance,  demonllrates  the  fame  tiling  of  an  endlefs 
fuccedion  of  paraboloids  intcrpofcd  between  any  two  de- 
grees of  this  feries.  Neque  noiit  (fays  he)  luUiiru  limi- 
tem. 

If  this  be  the  cafe,  all  curves  cannot  be  defcribed  by 
evolution  ;  lor  we  have  no  conception  of  a  radius  of 
curvature  that  is  gre.iter  than  a  line  « ithout  limit.  The 
theory  of  curvilineal  motions  delivered  in  the  article 
Dynamics  mull  be  imperleifl,  or  there  mull  be  curve 
lines  which  bodies  cannot  defcribe  by  any  powers  of 
nature.  The  theory  there  dtlivcrtd  prcfell'es  to  leach 
how  a  body  can  be  made  to  defcribe  the  cubical  para- 
bola, and  many  other  curves  which  h.ive  thelc  infinitc- 

St;rPL.  Vol.   II. 


fimal  curvatures ;  and  yet  its  demonilrations  employ  Inrolution. 
the  radius  of  curvatuie,  and  cannot  proceed  without  it.  '-^"^"^'^ 
We   profefs    ourfelvcs  obliged  to  an  attentive  re.ider 
(who  has  not  favoured  us  with  his  name)  for  making 
this  obfervation.      It  merits  attention. 

There  mult  be  fonie  paralo^fm  or  mifconception  in 
all  tliis  language  of  the  mathematicians.  It  does  not 
neceffarily  follow  from  the  arch  AEB  lying  without 
the  arch  AIB,  that  it  is  lefs  incurvated  at  A  ;  it  may 
be  more  incurvated  between  A  and  B.  Accordingly 
we  Tee,  that  the  tangent  BT  of  the  conical  parabola  is 
lels  inclined  to  the  common  tangent  AV  than  the  tan- 
gent B  /  of  the  cubiol  para!>ola  is;  and  therefore  the 
flexure  of  the  whole  arch  AEB  is  greater  than  that  of 
the  whole  arch  AIB  ;  and  we  (liall  fee  afterwards,  that 
there  is  a  part  of  ^VEB  that  is  nioie  incurvated  thaii 
any  part  ol  AIB.  There  is  nothing  correlpnnding  to 
this  unmeaning  and  inconceivable  fucceffion  of  feriefes  of 
magnitudes  of  one  kind,  each  of  which  contains  an  end- 
lefs variety  of  individuals,  and  the  greatell  of  one  feries 
infinitely  lefo  than  t!ie  I'mallcft  of  the  next,  &c. ;  there  i  j 
nothing  like  this  demonilrated  by  all  our  arguments. 
In  none  of  thefe  do  we  ever  treat  of  the  curvature  ac 
A,  But  of  a  curvature  which  is  not  at  A.  At  A  we 
have  none  of  the  lines  which  are  indifpcnfably  necelfary 
for  the  demonftraticn.  Befides,  in  the  very  fame  man- 
ner that  wc  can  defcribe  a  cubical  paiabola,  and  prove 
that  it  has  an  arch  lying  without  the  conical  parabola, 
we  can  defcribe  a  circle,  and  demonllrate  that  it  has  al- 
fo an  arch  lying  without  the  parabola.  Thefe  infinite- 
limal  curvatures,  therefore,  are  not  warranted  by  our 
arguments,  nor  does  it  yet  appear  that  there  are  curves 
which  cannot  be  defcribed  by  evolution.  We  are  al- 
ways puzzled  when  we  fpeak  cf  infinites  and  infinitefi- 
mals  as  of  fomething  precife  and  determinate  ;  whereas 
the  very  denomination  precludes  all  determination.  We 
take  the  diftinguiihing  circumftance  of  thofe  different 
orders  for  a  thing  clearly  underllood  ;  for  we  build 
much  on  the  diftinflion.  We  conceive  the  curvature 
of  the  cubical  parabola  as  verging  on  that  of  the  com- 
mon parabola,  and  the  one  feries  of  curvatures  as  be- 
ginning where  the  other  end?.  But  Nswton  has  f]i;wn, 
that  between  thefe  two  feriefes  an  endlefs  number  of  \\- 
milar  feriefes  may  be  interpofcd.  The  very  names  gi- 
ven  to  the  curvature  at  the  extremities  of  the  hyperbo- 
lic evdlutrix  have  no  conceptions  annexed  to  them.  At 
the  vertex  of  the  hyperbola  there  is  no  line,  and  at  tlio 
interfccTion  with  the  alfymptote  there  is  no  curvature. 
Thefe  unguarded  exprefllons,  therefore,  (liould  not 
make  us  douljt  whether  all  curves  may  be  defcribed  by 
evolution.  If  a  line  be  incurvated,  it  is  not  llraight. 
If  fo,  two  perpendiculars  to  it  mull  diverge  on  one  iide, 
and  mull  converge  and  meet  on  the  other  In  fome  p^'int. 
This  point  will  lie  between  two  other  points,  in  which 
the  two  perpendiculars  toucli  th  it  curve  bv  the  evolu- 
tion, ol  v'hich  the  given  arch  of  the  curve  may  be  de- 
fcribed. Einally  (which  Ihnuld  decide  the  queilion), 
we  Ihall  fee  by  and  bye,  that  the  cubic,  and  all  hif;hcr 
orders  of  paraboloids,  may  be  lb  defcribed  by  evolution 
from  curves  having  aliymptofc  branches  of  detei mi. 
nalile  forms. 

Such  are  the  general  alTofllons  of  lines  generated  by 
evolution.  They  are  not,  properly  fpe.iking,  peculiar 
properties  ;  for  the  cvolutiixes  may  be  any  curve  lines 
whatever.  They  only  ferve  to  matk  the  mutual  iclati.ms 

L  1  of 


I     N     V  [     266     ] 

involution,  ci'ib:  cvolutcs  with  their  evolutrixci,  and  ennble  us  to 

■-'*'^^''^'^  coniivuS.   the   one,  and  to  difcover   its   properties  by 

means  of  our  knowledge  of  the  other.     We  proceed  to 

ihew  how  the  properties  of  the  evolutrix  may  be  deter- 

TiiineJ  by  our  knowledge  of  the  evolute. 

This  problem  will  not  long  occupy  intention,  being 
jiiuch  limited  by  the  conditions.  One  of  the  firfl  is, 
that  the  length  of  the  thread  evtlved  mult  be  known  in 
every  pofition  :  Therefore  the  length  of  the  evolved 
arch  muft,  in  like  manner,  be  known  ;  and  this,  not 
only  in  lota,  but  every  portion  of  it.  Now  thii  is  not 
univerf,illy,  or  even  generally  the  cafe.  The  length  of 
a  circular,  parabolic,  hyperbolic,  arcli  Ins  not  yet  been 
determined  by  any  tinile  equation,  or  geometrical  con- 
ftruc"li3n.  Tlierefore  their  evolutrixes  cannot  bj  deter- 
mined oiherwifc  than  by  approximation,  or  by  com]n- 
jifon  with  other  magnitude^  ojually  iinJeterrained.  Yet 
it  fometimcs  happens,  that  a  curve  is  difcovered  to  e- 
volve  into  another  of  known  properties,  although  we 
have  not  previoufiy  difcovered  the  length  of  the  evolved 
arch.  Such  a  difcovery  evidently  brings  along  with  it 
the  reftitication  f  f  the  evolute.  Of  this  we  have  an  in- 
ilance  in  the  very  evolution  which  gave  occafion  to  the 
whole  of  this  doclrine;  namely,  that  of  the  cycloid; 
which  we  Ihall  therelcre  take  as  our  firft  example. 

Let  ABC  (Fig.  5.)  be  a  cycloid,  of  which  AD  is 
the  axio,  and  AHL)  the  generating  circle,  and  AG  a 
tangent  n  the  cycloid  at  A,  and  equal  to  DC.  Let 
BKE  touch  the  cycloid  in  B,  and  cut  AG  in  K.  It 
is  re(|uiied  to  find  the  fituation  of  that  point  of  the  line 
BE  which  had  untolded  from  A  ? 

Draw  BH  parallel  to  the  bafe  DC  of  the  cycloid, 
cutting  the  generating  circle  in  H,  and  join  HA.  De- 
Tcribe  a  circle  KEM  equal  to  the  generating  circle 
AHD,  touching  AG  in  K,  and  cutting  BK  in  fome 
point  E.  It  is  known,  by  the  properties  of  the  cycloid, 
that  BK  is  equal  and  parallel  to  HA,  and  that  BH  is 
equal  to  the  arch  A  /;  H.  Becaufe  the  circles  AHD 
and  REM  are  equal,  and  the  angles  HAK  and  iiKE 
are  equal,  the  chords  AH  and  KE  cut  off  equil  arches, 
and  are  tliemfelves  equal.  Becaufe  BHAK  is  a  paral- 
lelogram, AK  is  equal  to  HB  ;  that  is,  to  the  arch 
A  h  H,  that  ii,  to  the  arch  K  m  E.  But  if  the  circle 
KEM  had  been  placed  on  A,  and  h-id  rolled  from  A 
to  K,  the  arch  difengaged  would  have  been  equal  to 
AK,  and  the  point  which  was  in  contaifl  with  A  would 
now  be  in  E,  in  the  circuml'erence  of  a  cycloid  AEF, 
equal  to  CB  A,  having  the  line  AG,  equal  and  parallel 
to  DC,  for  its  bafe,  and  GF,  equal  and  parallel  to  DA, 
for  its  axi?.  And  if  the  diameter  KM  be  drawn,  and 
EM  be  joined,  EM  touclies  the  cycloid  AEF. 

dr.  The  arch  BA  of  tlie  cycloid  is  equal  to  twice 
the  parallel  chord  HA  of  the  generating  circle  :  For 
this  arch  is  equal  to  the  evolved  line  BKE  ;  and  it  has 
been  Ihewn,  that  EK  is  equal  to  KB,  and  BE  is  there- 
fore equal  to  twice  BK,  or  to  twice  HA.  This  pro- 
perty had  indeed  been  dcmonftrated  before  by  Sir  Chri- 
Uopher  Wren,  quite  independent  of  the  doiflrine  of  evo- 
lution ;  but  it  is  given  here  as  a  legitimate  refult  of 
this  do(51rine,  and  an  example  of  the  ufe  which  may  be 
made  of  it.  Whenever  a  curve  can  be  evolved  in- 
to another  which  is  fufceptible  of  accurate  determina- 
tion, the  arch  of  the  evolved  curve  is  determined  in 
length  ;  f^r  it  always  makes  a  part  of  the  thread  whofe 
extremity    dsfcribes    llie   evolutrix,    and  its  length  is 


I     N     V 


found,  by  taking  from  the  whole  length  of  the  thread  Involution 
that  part  which  only  touches  the  curve  at  its  vertex.       s-^'^''^-' 

Tiiis  genefis  of  the  cycloid  AEF,  by  evolution  of 
the  cycloid  ABC,  aifo  gives  the  mofl  palpable  and  fa- 
tibfaiflory  determination  of  the  area  ot  the  cychid.  For 
fnice  BE  is  always  parallel  to  AH,  AH  will  fweep 
over  the  wliole  furface  of  the'femiritde  AHD,  while 
BE  fweeps  over  the  whole  fpace  CBAEF;  and  lince 
BE  is  always  double  of  the  (imultaneous  AH,  the 
fpace  CBAEF  is  quadruple  of  the  femicircle  AHD. 
But  the  fpace  dcfcribed  in  any  moment  by  Blv  is  alfo 
one  fourth  paitofthat  defcribed  by  BE.  'I'herefore 
the  area  GAEF  is  three  times  tiie  femicircle  AHD  ; 
iuid  the  (pace  DHABC  is  double  of  it;  and  the  fpace 
CiiAG  is  equal  to  it. 

Kir  Ifaac  Newton  has  extended  this  remarkable  pro- 
perty  of  evolving  into  another  curve  of  the  fame  kind 
to  the  whole  clafs  of  epicycloids,  that  is,  cycloids  form- 
ed by  a  point  in  the  circumference  of  a  circle,  while 
the  circle  rolls  on  the  circumtcrence  of  another  circle, 
either  on  the  convex  or  concave  fide  ;  and  he  has  de- 
monllrated,  that  they  alfo  may  all  be  reiftified,  and  a 
fpace  alhgned  v.-hich  is  equal  to  their  area  {See  Princi- 
pia,  B.  I.  prop.  48.  &c.).  He  demonftrates,  that  the 
whole  arch  is  to  four  times  the  diameter  of  the  gene- 
rating circle  as  the  radius  of  the  bafe  is  to  the  funi  or 
difltrcnce  of  thofe  of  the  bafe  and  the  generating  circle. 
We  recommend  thcfe  propofitions  to  the  attention  of 
the  young  leader  who  vvilhes  to  form  a  good  tafte  in 
mathematical  refearches ;  he  will  there  fee  the  geome- 
trical principles  of  evolution  elegantly  exemplified. 

We  may  jud  obfcrve,  before  quitting  this  clafs  of 
curves,  that  many  writers,  even  of  fome  eminence,  in 
their  compilations  ot  elements,  give  a  very  faulty  proof 
of  the  pofition  of  the  tangent  of  a  curve  defer  ibed  by 
rolling.  They  fay,  for  example,  that  the  tangent  of 
the  cycloid  at  E  is  perpendicular  to  KE ;  becai:fe  the 
line  KE  h,  at  the  moment  of  dcfcription,  turnir.g 
round  K  as  a  momentary  centre.  This,  to  be  Aire, 
greatly  fhortens  inveftigation  ;  and  the  inference  is  a 
truth,  not  only  when  the  rolling  Hgurc  is  a  circle  roll- 
ing on  a  flraight  line,  but  even  wlien  any  one  figure 
rolls  on  another.  Every  point  of  the  rolling  figure 
really  begins  to  move  perpendiculaily  to  the  line  joining 
it  with  the  point  of  contac't.  But  this  gentfis  of  the 
arch  E  e,  by  the  evolution  of  the  arch  B  b,  ihews  th.it 
K  is  by  no  means  the  centre  of  motion,  nor  HK  the 
radius  of  curvature.  Nor  is  it,  in  the  cafe  of  epicy- 
cloids, trochoids,  and  many  curves  of  this  kind,  a  very 
eafy  matter  to  find  the  momentary  centre.  The  circle 
KEM  is  both  advancing  and  turning  round  its  centre  ; 
and  thefe  two  motions  are  equal,  becaufe  the  circle  does 
not  Hide  but  roll,  the  detached  arch  being  always  equal 
to  the  portion  of  the  bafe  which  it  quits.  Tlierefore, 
drawing  the  tangents  'Eg,  M^,  and  completing  the  pa- 
rallelogram E7"  M^,  E/  will  reprefent  the  progref- 
five  motion  of  the  centre,  and  E^  the  motion  of  rota- 
tion. EM,  the  motion  compounded  of  thefe,  muft  be 
perpendicular  to  the  chord  EK. 

The  inveftigation  that  we  have  given  of  the  evolutrix 
of  the  cycloid  has  been  fomewhat  peculiar,  being  that 
which  offered  itfelf  to  Mr  Huyghens  at  the  time  when 
he  and  many  other  eminent  mathematicians  were  much 
occupied  with  thefingular  properties  of  this  curve.  It 
does  not  ferve,  however,  fo  well  for  exemplifying  the 

general 


I     N     V 


C    267    ] 


I     N     V 


Involution,  general  procefs.  For  this  purpofe,  it  is  proper  to  avail 
^^'~'^'^~'  ourfelves  of  all  that  we  know  of  the  cycloid,  and  parti, 
cularly  the  equality  of  its  arch  BA  to  tlie  double  of  the 
parallel  chord  HA.  This  being  known,  nothing  can 
be  mure  fimple  than  the  determination  of  the  evolutrix, 
either  by  availing  ourfelves  of  every  property  of  the  cy- 
cloid, or  by  adhering  to  the  general  procefs  of  referring 
every  point  to  an  abibifia  by  means  of  perpendicular  or- 
dinates.  In  the  firft  method,  knowing  that  BE  is 
double  of  BK,  and  therefore  KE  etjual  to  HA,  and 
KA  =  BH,  =  H  -6  A,  =  K  w  E,  we  find  E  to  be  the 
defcribing  point  of  the  circle,  which  has  rolled  from  A 
to  K.  In  the  other  method,  we  mud  draw  EN  per- 
pendicular to  AG;  then,  becaufe  the  point  E  moves, 
during  evolution,  at  right  angles  to  BE,  EK  is  the 
normal  to  the  curve  defcribed,  andNK  the  fubnormal, 
and  is  equal  to  the  correfponding  ordinate  H'  1'  of  the 
generating  circle  of  the  cycloid  ABC.  This  being  a 
chara(fteriftic  property  of  a  cycloid,  E  is  a  point  in  the 
circumference  of  a  cycloid  equal  to  the  cycloid  ABC. 

Or,  lalUy,  in  accommodation  to  cales  where  we  are 
fuppofed  to  know  tew  of  the  properties  of  the  evolute, 
or,  at  lead,  not  to  attend  to  them,  we  may  make  ufe  of 
the  lluxionary  equation  of  the  evolute  to  obtain  the 
fluxionary  equation  of  the  evolutrix.  For  this  purpofe, 
take  a  point  c  very  near  to  E,  and  draw  tlie  evolving 
radius  be,  cutting  E/"(drawn  parallel  to  the  bafe  DC) 
in  0 ;  draw  en  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  evolute,  cut- 
ting E  9  in  V  ;  alfo  draw  b  h  i  paialkl  to  the  bafe,  and 
B  J  perpendicular  to  it.  If  both  curves  be  now  refer- 
red to  llie  fame  a.\is  CGF,  it  is  plain  that  Bi,  B  d', 
and  d b  arc  ultimately  as  the  fluxions  of  the  arch,  ab- 
fclfs,  and  ordinate  of  the  evolute,  and  that  E  f,  cf,  and 
V  E,  are  ultimately  as  tlie  fluxions  of  the  arcli,  abfcilfa, 
and  ordinate  of  the  evolutrix.  Alfo  die  two  fluxionary 
triangles  are  fimilar,  llie  fides  of  the  one  being  perpen- 
d'cular,  refpciflively,  to  thofe  of  the  other.  It  both  are 
relcrred  to  one  axis,  or  to  parallel  axes,  the  fluxion  of 
the  abfcifla  of  the  evolute  is  to  that  of  its  ordinate,  as 
the  fluxion  of  the  ordinate  of  the  evolutiix  is  to  that  of 
its  abfcifla.  Thus,  from  the  fluxionary  equation  rf  the 
one,  that  of  the  other  may  be  obtained.  In  the  prefent 
cafe,  they  may  be  referred  to  AD  and  FG,  making 
CG  equal  to  the  cycloidal  arch  CBA.  Call  this^; 
AI,  .\- ;  IB,^;  and  AB,  or  EB,  z.  In  like  manner,  let 
F  /  be  ^  a,  /  E  =  V,  and  FE  :zi  -w ;  then,  becaul'e 
DH'  =  DA=  —  AHS    and    DA    and   AH  are  the 

halves  of  CF  and  BE,  we  hare  DH'  =  ^——.    Al- 


fo DI  = 


DH' 


F/. 


DA  4  X   ■  a 

Therefore  F  /,  or  a,  = 


-— .      BliC    DI   =: 


Alfo 


w  ^ 


-,  by  what  was  faid  above,  that  is,  'm  — 


v: 


a  u 


Therefore  we  have  •u' :  u  (=  <»  :  v'  -  "^  ") 


=  Vxd  :  t/  n  =:  v'GF  :  '/F  f,  which  is  the  analogy 
competent  to  a  cycloid  wliofe  axis  is  GF  =  DA, 

It  is  not  neceflaty  to  infill  longer  on  this  in  this  place  ; 
becaufe  all  tbcl'e  things  will  come  more  naturally  bclore 
us  when  wc  aic  employed  in  deducing  the  evolute  from 
its  evolut:i.\. 


When  the  orJinates  of  a  curve  converge  to  a  centre,  inTolutton- 
in  which  cafe  it  is  called  a  radiated  curve,  it  is  moft  con-  ^■^^'^•^ 
venlent  to  confider  its  evolutrix  in  the  fame  wav,  ton- 
ceiving  the  ordinates  of  both  as  infilling  on  the  ci.'cuni- 
ference  of  a  circle  defcribed  round  the  fame  centre. 
Spirals  evolve  into  other  fplral?,  and  exhibit  feveral  pro- 
perties which  afford  agreeable  occupation  to  the  curious 
geometer.  The  equiangular,  logarithmic,  or  loxodro- 
niic  fpiral,  is  a  very  remarkable  examj'h.  Like  the  cy- 
cloid, it  evolves  into  another  equal  and  fimilar  equian- 
gular fpiral,  and  is  itfelf  the  evolutrix  of  a  third.  This 
is  evident  on  the  flightefl  iufpcflion.  Let  Crqp  (fig, 
6.)  be  an  equiangular  fpiral,  of  which  S  is  the  centre  ; 
it  a  radius  SC  be  drawn  to  any  point  C,  and  another 
radius  SP  be  drawn  at  riglit  angles  to  it,  the  intercept- 
ed tangent  CP  is  known  to  be  equal  to  tlie  whole 
length  of  the  interior  revolutions  of  the  fpiral,  though 
infinite  in  number.  If  the  thread  CP  be  now  uniapped 
from  the  arch  Cry,  it  is  p'.ain  that  the  firll  mo- 
tion of  tlie  point  P  is  in  n  diredlion  PT,  which  is 
perpendicular  to  PC,  and  therefore  cuts  the  radius 
PS  in  an  angle  SP  !',  equal  to  the  angle  SCP ;  and, 
fiiice  this  is  the  cafe  in  every  polition  of  the  point, 
it  is  maniteft  that  it,  path  mull  be  a  fpiral  PQR,  cut- 
ting  the  radii  in  the  fame  angle  as  the  fpiral  Crqp. 
James  Bernoulli  firll  dilcovered  this  remarkable  proper- 
ty. He  alfo  remarked,  that  if  a  line  PH  be  drawn 
from  every  point  of  the  fpiral,  miking  an  angle  with 
the  tangent  equal  to  that  made  by  the  radius  (like  an 
angle  ot  reflexion  correfponding  with  the  incident  ray 
SP  j,  thofe  refle<5led  rays  would  all  be  tangents  to  another 
limilar  and  equal  fpiral  I  vll:  fo  that  PH  =  PS.  S 
and  H  are  conjugate  foci  of  an  infinitely  ll;nder  pencil  ; 
and  therefore  the  fpiral  1  11  H  is  the  caullic  by  r£li;fc- 
tlon  of  RQ^  for  rays  flowing  from  S.  If  another  equal 
and  fimilar  f['iral  .%■  v y  roll  on  I  v  H,  its  centre  a  will 
defcribe  the  fame  fpiral  in  another  puiitlon  lu  u  s.  All 
thefe  things  flow  from  the  principles  of  evriluiioii  alom- : 
and  Mr  Bernoulli  traces,  with  great  ingenuity,  the  cn- 
iiection  and  dependence  of  cauiUcs,  botli  by  reflection 
and  retraiHon,  of  cycloidal,  and  all  curves  of  provolu- 
tion,  and  their  origin  in  evolution  or  involution.  A 
variety  of  uich  repetitions  of  this  curve  (and  many  other 
fingiilar  properties),  made  him  call  it  the  spir.\  mir.\- 
niLis.  He  dellred  that  it  lliould  be  engraved  on  his  tomb- 
llone,  with  the  infcription  eadem  mut.\t.v  resvrco,  as 
exprelllveot  the  refurreflionol  the  dead.  See  his  two  ex- 
cellent diflcrtations  in  ..AV.  Erudit.  1692,  March  and 
May. 

Another  remarkable  property  of  this  fpiral  is,  tiiat 
if,  inllead  of  the  thread  evolving  from  the  fpiral,  tlie 
fpiral  evolve  from  the  flraighi  line  PC,  the  centre  S 
will  defcribe  the  llraiglit  line  PS.  Of  this  we  have  a;i 
example  in  the  apparatus  exhibited  in  courfes  of  expe- 
rimental philofi^phy,  in  which  a  double  cone  defcend', 
by  rolling  along  two  rulers  inclined  in  an  angle  to  each 
other  (Ac  GraveprJc's  Nat.  Phil.  I.  §  Jioj.  It  i^ 
pretty  remarkable,  ih.it  a  roUii^g  n,oii -n,  fccmingly 
rour.d  C,  as  a  momentary  centre,  Ihould  produce  a  nin. 
lien  in  the  ftra:ght  line  SP;  and  it  Ihcws  ihi  ii  c.'ndu- 
fivenefs  of  the  reafciiMig,  by  wlncii  many  conipilcts  ri 
elements  of  geometry  profcis  to  demonllrate,  t!iat  tie 
motion  of  the  defcribing  point  S  is  perpendicular  to  ih; 
momentary  radium.  For  licrc,  although  tills  llemirii; 
momcutary  radiui  may  be  flinitcr  than  any  line  that  can 
1.  1  2  '  be 


I     N     V  [     268     ]  I     N     V 

Involution,  be  namcJ,  the  real  radius  of  curvature  is  longer  than  F,  E,  &c.  and  feparatc  from  it  a  little  internally.     By  Involution. 

^•^"""^^•^  any  line  that  can  be  named.  diminilhing  the  portions  of  the  b.ife,  and  increafing  the 

But  it  is  not  niertly  an  obj.-ft  of  fpeculative  geonne-  number  of  the  triangular  ehmtnts  of  the  r(  Umg  figure 

trie  ciiriofity  to  mark  the  intimate  relation  between  the  without  end,  it  is  evident  that  the  fi_L;ure  becomes  ulli- 

cenclis  of  curves  by  evolution  and  provolution  ;  it  may  mately  curvilineal  inllead  of  polygonal,  and  the  point 

be  applied  to  important  purpofes  both  in  Icience  and  in  E  continues  in  the  parabola,  and  accurately  defcribcs 

art.     Mr  M'L'.mrin  has  given  a  very  inviting  example  it.   It  is  now  a  curvilineal  figure,  having  its  elementary 

of  this  in  his  account  ot  the  Newtonian  philofophy  ;  arches  equal  to  the  portions  of  the  bafe  to  which  they 

where  he  exhibits  tlie  moon's  path  in  abfolute  fpace,  apply  in  fucccffion,  and  tlie  radii  converging  to  E  equal 

and    from  this  propofes  to    invelligate  the  defiefting  to    the  perpendiculars  intercepted  between  the  curve 

forces,  and  vice  vcij'a.     We  have  examples  of  it  in  the  ABCD  and  the  bafe.     It  may  therefore  be  accurately 

arts,  in  the  formation  of  the  pallets  of  pendulums,  the  conftiucled. 

teeth  of  wheels,  and  a  remarkable  one  in  Melfrs  Watt  It  is  clear,  that  prafllcal  mechanics  may  derive  great 
and  Boiilton's  ingenious  contrivance  for  producing  the  advantage  from  a  careful  lludy  of  this  fubjc^^.  We  now 
rciftilineal  motion  of  a  pillon  rod  by  tlie  combination  of  fee  motions  executed  by  nuicl.incry  which  imitate  almoll 
circular  motions.  M.  de  la  Hire,  of  the  Academy  of  every  animal  motion.  But  thefe  have  been  the  refult 
Sciences  at  Paris,  his  been  at  great  pains  to  (hew  how  of  many  random  trials  oi  zinpiii,  fnail-fiiecci,  &c.  ofva- 
all  motions  of  evolution  may  be  converted  into  motions  rious  kinds,  repeatedly  corrccled,  till  the  defired  motion 
V  of  provoUitiun,  in  amemoir  in  1706.  But  he  would  have  is  at  laft  accomplilhed.  But  it  is,  as  we  fee,  a  fcienti- 
'  doiiea  real  fervice,  ii',  inllead  of  this  ingenious  whim,  he  fie  problem,  to  conftruifl  a  figure  v.'hich  (hall  certainly 
Lad  fliewn  how  all  motions  of  provolution  may  be  tra-  produce  the  propofed  motion  ;  nor  is  the  procefs  by 
ced  up  to  the  evolution  which  is  equivalent  to  ihcm.  For  any  means  difficult.  But  how  fimple,  in  comparifon, 
there  is  no  organic  genefis  of  a  cuivilincal  motion  fo  fim-  is  the  produiflion  of  this  motion  by  evolution.  We 
pie  as  the  evolution  of  a  thread  irom  a  curve.  It  is  the  have  only  to  find  the  curve  line  which  is  touched  by 
j)rimitive  genefis  of  a  circle  ;  and  it  is  in  evolution  alone  all  the  perpendiculars  B  i,  C  c,  D //,  &c.  This  natu- 
that  any  curvilineal  motion  is  comparable  with  circu-  rally  leads  us  to  the  fecond  problem  in  this  dodrine, 
lar  motion.  A  given  curve  line  is  an  individual,  and  namely,  to  determine  the  evolute  by  our  knowledge  of 
therefore  its  primitive  organical  genefis  mult  alio  be  in-  the  involute:  a  problem  of  greater  difficulty  and  of 
dividual.  Tliis  is  rtri>5lly  true  ot  evolution.  A  para-  greater  importance,  as  it  implies,  and  indeed  teaches, 
bola  has  but  one  evolute.  But  there  are  infinite  mo-  the  curvature  of  lines,  its  meafure,  and  the  law  of  its 
tions  of  provolution  wliich  will  defcribe  a  parabola,  or  variation  in  all  pai  ticular  cafes.  The  evolute  of  a  curve 
any  curve  line  whatever ;  therefore  thefe  are  not  primi-  is  the  geometrical  expreffion,  and  exhibition  to  the  eye, 
live  organical  modes  of  defcription.  That  this,  how-  of  both  thefe  affeiflions  of  curve  lines. 
ever,  is  the  cafe,  may  be  very  eafily  fhewn.  Thus  let  Since  the  evolved  thread  is  always  at  right  angles  to 
ABCD  (fig.  7.)  be  a  parabola,  or  any  curve  ;  and  let  the  evolutrix  and  iis  tangent,  and  is  itfelf  always  a  tan- 
a  i  c  (/  be  any  other  curve  whatever.  A  figure  ILmlkli  i  gent  of  the  evolute,  it  follows,  that  all  lines  drawn  per- 
may  be  found  fuch,  that  while  it  rolls  along  the  curve  pendicular  to  the  arch  of  any  curve,  touch  the  curve 
abed,  a  point  in  it  fhall  defcribe  the  parabola.  The  line  which  will  generate  the  given  curve  by  evolution, 
procefs  is  as  follows  :  Let  B  i,  C  c,  D  d.  Sec.  be  a  Were  this  evolved  curve  previoufly  known  to  us,  we 
number  of  perpendiculars  to  the  parabola,  cutting  the  could  tell  the  precife  point  where  every  perpendicular 
curve  (lie  <•/ in  I'o  many  points.  Tlie  perpendiculars  may  would  touch  it;  but  this  being  unknown,  we  muft  de- 
be  lb  difpofed  that  the  points  a,  h,  c,  &c.  (hall  be  eqiii-  teniiine  the  points  of  centad  by  fome  other  method, 
dillant.  Now  we  can  coullruifl  a  triangle  }L  c  /.<  fo,  that  and  by  this  determination  we  alcertain  fo  many  points 
the  three  fides  E  e,  ch,  and  /■  E,  fhall  be  relpeflively  equal  of  the  evolute.  The  method  purtued  is  this  :  When 
to  the  three  lines  Ef,  ej\  Ff.  In  like  manner  may  the  two  perpendiculars  to  the  propofed  curve  are  not  pa- 
whole  figure  be  conlfrufled,  having  the  little  bales  of  rallel  (which  we  know  from  the  known  pofition  of  the 
the  triangles  refpeflively  equal  to  the  fucceffive  portions  tangents  of  our  curve),  they  muft  interfcct  each  other 
of  the  bafe  Abed,  and  the  radii  equal  to  the  perpen-  f'omewhere  on  that  fide  of  the  tangents  where  they  con- 
diculars  B  b,  C  c,  D  d,  &e.  Let  this  figure  roll  on  this  tain  an  angle  lefs  tlian  1 80°.  But  when  they  thus  in- 
bafe  c.  While  the  little  iide  ei  moves  from  its  prefent  terfefl,  one  of  them  has  already  touched  the  evolute^ 
pofition,  and  applies  itfelf  to  ef,  the  point  E  defcribes  and  the  other  has  not  yet  reached  it.  Thus  let  b  s,  e  s 
an  arch  E  s  of  a  circle'round  the  centre  c,  and,  falling  (fig.  i.)  be  the  tvpo  perpendiculars  :  being  tangents  to 
within  the  parabola,  is  fomcwhere  between  E  and  F.  the  evolute,  the  point/  of  their  interfeilion  muft  be  on 
Then  continuing  the  provolution,  while  the  next  fide  its  convex  fide,  and  the  unknown  points  of  contafl  B 
Ii  i  turns  round  /  till  i  applies  to  g,  the  paint  E  de-  and  E  muft  be  on  different  fides  of  s.  Thefe  are  cle- 
fcribes  anotlier  arch  t  F  0  round /,  hrft  riling  up  and  mentary  truths. 

reaching  the  parabola  in  F,  when  the  line  b  E  coincides  Let  e  E  approach  toward  b  B,  and  now  cut  it  in  x. 
with/F,  and  then  falling  within  the  parabola  till  the  The  contacl  has  Ihif'ted  from  E  to  D,  and  x  is  ftill  be- 
point  b  begin  to  rife  again  fromyby  the  turning  of  the  tween  the  contains.  When  the  fliifting  perpendicular 
rolling  figure  round  the  point  ^^  Reverfing  the  motion,  comes  to  the  pofition  r  C,  the  interfedion  is  at /',  be- 
the  fides  //;,  be,  e i;  &c.  apply  ihenifelves  in  fuccefllon  tween  the  contacts  B  and  C.  And  thus  we  fee,  that 
to  the  portions  ^/, /f,  e  d,  Sec.  of  the  bafe,  and  the  asthe  perpendiculars  to  the  involute  gradually  approach, 
point  E  defcribes  an  undulating  line,  confifting  of  arches  their  contacts  with  the  evolute  alfo  approach,  and  their 
of  circles  round  the  fucceffive  centres  ^,y;  f,  &c.  Thefe  interfeftion  is  always  between  them.  Hence  it  legiti- 
circular  arches  all  touch  the  parabola  in  the  points  G,  mately  follows,  that  the  ultimate  pofition  of  the  inter- 

fedlion 


I    N     V  C     269     ]  I     N     V 

Involution.  fcLlion  (which  alone  is  fufceptible  of  determination  by    =  VG',  we  have  8VP  X  VK'  =  27VK  X  VK',  and  ' 
^-^'~'''''*-'  tlie  properties  of  the  invohite)  is  the  pofition  of  the    8  VP  =  27VK  ;  or  VK  :  VP  ;    that  is,  AV  :  VP  n  ' 


uvolation. 


8  :  27  ;  or  VP  =  y  AV,  or  ]}  of  the  parameter  of 
the  parabola  ABC.  Tlie  evolute  of  the  conical  para- 
bola is  the  curve  called  the  femicubical  parabola,  and 
its  par^imeter  is  ]}  of  the  conical  parabola. 

This  inveiligation  ii>  nearly  the  fame  with  thit  given 


point  of  contact,  and  therefore  determines  a  point  of 
the  evolute.  The  problem  is  therefore  reduced  to  the 
inveftigation  of  this  ultimate  interfedtio  5  of  two  perpen- 
diculars to  the  propofed  curve,  when  they  coalefce  after 
gradually  approaching.    This  will  be  bell  illuftrated  by 

an  example  :  Therefore  let  ABC  (fig.  8.)  be  a  parabila,  by  Huy^hens,  which  we  prefer  at  prefent  to  thif  me. 

of  which  A  is  the  vertex,  AH  t!ie  axis,  and  AV  one-  thod  generally  employed,  becaufe  it  keeps  the  principle 

half  of  the  parameter  ;  let  BE  and  CK  iie  two  perpen-  of  inference  mere  clcfely  in  view. 

diculars  to  the  curve,  cutting  the  axis  in  E  and  K,  and  Mr  Huyghenshas  deduced  a  beautiful  corollary  from 
interi'eifting  each  other  in  r;  draw  the  orJinates  BD,  it.  Since  the  parabola  ABC  is  dcfcribed  by  the  evo- 
CV,  and  the  tangent  BT,  and  draw  BFpaiallcl  to  the  lution  of  the  paraboloid  VNR,  the  line  RC  is  equal  to 
axis,  cutting  CK  in  F,  and  CN  in  O.  the  whole  evolved  arch  RNV,  together  with  the  redan- 
Becaufe  the  perpendiculars  mterfec'l  in  r,  we  have  dant  tangent  line  A  V.  If  therefore  we  take  from  CR. 
r  E  :  EB  =  EK  :  13F.  If  therefore  we  can  difcover  a  part  C  x  equal  to  the  redundant  AV,  the  remainder 
the  ratio  of  EK  to  BF,  we  determine  the  interleftion  *  R  is  equal  to  the  ardi  RNV  of  the  paraboloid.  We 
r.  But  the  ratio  of  EK  to  BF  is  compounded  of  the  may  do  this  for  every  pofition  of  the  evolved  radius,  and 
ratio  of  EK  to  BO,  and  the  ratio  of  BO  to  BF.  The  thus  obtain  a  feries  of  points  V,  ;3,  x,  /,  (,  of  the  evo- 
tirft  of  thel'c  is  the  ratio  of  equality  ;  for  DE  and  VK  lutrix  of  the  paraboloid.  We  have  even  an  eafier  me- 
are,  each  of  them,  equal  to  A\^  or  half  the  parameter,  thod  for  obtai«ing  the  length  of  any  part  cf  the  arch 
Take  away  the  common  part  VE,  and  the  remainders  o^  tlie  paraboloid,  without  the  previous  defcription  of 
EK  and  DV  are  equ.il,  and  DV  is  equal  to  BO  ;  there-  the  parabola  ABC.  Suppofe  P  y  the  arch  of  the  para- 
fore  EK  :  BF  =  BO  :  BF;  therefore  rE:r  B=  boloid,  and  j  z  the  tangent ;  m/ke  Pz  =  A  of  the  pa- 
BO  :  BF,  and  (by  divifion)  BE  :  E  r  =  FO  :  OB.  rameter,  and  dcfcribe  the  arch  Puu  of  a  circle;  then 
Now  let  the  point  C  contiaually  .approach  to  B,  and  at  draw  from  every  tangent  j's  a  p.irallel  line  xv,  cutting 
laft  unite  with  it.  The  interfecliun  r  will  unite  with  a  the  circle  in  u.  The  length  of  the  arch_y  P  is  equal  to 
point  of  c  mtaft  N  on  the  evolute.  The  ultimate  ra'io  .v  »  -f  «  -v.  The  celebrated  aulhnr  congratulates  him- 
of  FO  to  OB,  or  of /o  :  0  B,  is  evidently  that  of  ED  fell,  with  great  jullice,  on  this  neat  exh.iijition  of  a  ri'.;ht 
to  DT,  or  ED  to  2DA  :  therefore  BE  :  EN  =  ED  l''">e  equal  to  the  arch  of  a  curve,  without  the  empby- 
:  2D  A,  or  as  h.ilf  the  parameter  to  twice  the  abicilia.  ment  of  any  line  higher  than  the  circle.  It  is  the  fe- 
Thus  have  we  determined  a  point  of  the  evolute  ;  and  corid  curve  that  has  been  fo  reditied,  the  cycloid  alone 
we  niay,  in  like  manner,  determine  as  many  as  we  havmg  been  reditied  by  phin  geometry  a  very  few 
pleafe.  years  before  by  Sir  Chriilopher  Wren.  It  is  very  true. 
But  we  wiQi  to  give  a  general  charader  of  this  evo-  and  he  candidly  admits  it,  that  this  very  curve  had  been 
lute,  by  referring  it  to  an  axis  by  perpendicular  crdi-  rectified  before  by  Mr  William  Neill,  a  your.g  gentle- 
nates.  It  is  plain  that  V  is  one  point  of  it,  becaufe  "'an  cf  Oxford,  and  favourite  pupil  of  Dr  Wallis ;  as 
the  point  E  is  always  diftant  from  its  ordinate  DB  by  a'fo  by  Mr  Van  Heuraet,  a  Dutch  gentleman  of  rank, 
a  line  equal  to  AV ;  and  therefore,  when  B  is  in  A,  E  and  an  eminent  mathematician.  But  both  of  thefe  gen- 
will  be  in  V,  and  r  will  coincide  with  it.  Now  draw  tlenien  had  done  it  by  means  of  the  quadrature  of  a 
VP  and  NQ__perpendicular  to  AH,  and  NM  perpcndi-  curve,  conltruifled  from  the  paraboloid  after  the  manner 
'^'^          ""  ■            '                    -     - --  of  Dr  Barrov.',  Led.  Gfom.  X\.     Nor  was  this  a  foli- 

tary  dilcovery  in  the  hands  of  Mr  Huyghens,  as  the  rec- 
tification (if  the  cycl(>id  had  been  in  thofe  of  Sir  Chri- 
flopher  Wren  ;  for  the  method  of  inveiligation  furnifh- 
ed  Mr  Huyghens  with  a  general  rule,  by  which  he 
could  evolve  every  fpecies  of  paraboloid  and  hyperbo- 
loid,  two  clalFes  of  curves  which  come  in  the  wav  in  al- 


cular  to  VP  ;  kt  EB  cut  PV  in  /  :  then,  becaufe  AV 
and  DE  are  equal,  AD  is  equal  to  VE,  and  VE  is 
equal  to  one  iialf  of  DT.  Moreover,  becaufe  BD  and 
NQ^are  parallel,  DE  :  EQj=  BE  :  EN  =  DE  :  DT ; 
therefore  DT  =  EQ^  and  VE  ■=■  {EQ,  and  therefore 
=  jVQj  therefore  V  /  is  |  of  M  t,  and  iMV.  This 
is  a  charafterillic  property  of  tlie  evolute.     The  fub- 

tangent  is  \  of  the  abfciU'a  ;  in  like  manner,  as  in  the  molt  every  dilcuffion  in  the  higher  geometry.     He  ob- 

common  parabola,  it   is   double  of  the  abfcilla.     W'c  ferves,  that  the  ratio  of  B/to  Y.:,  being  always  crvm- 

know  therefore  that  the  evolulc  is  a  paraboloid,  whofe  pounded  of  tlie  ratios  of  By"to  B  0,  and  of  B  0,  or  D</, 

equation  is  ax' =_y' ;  that  i^',  the  cube  of  any  ordinate  toEf;  and  the  ultimate  ratio  of  B/to  B  9  being  tliaC 

MN  is  equal  to   the  parailclopiped   whole  bale  i:,  the  of  TE  to  TD,  which  is  given  by  the  nature  of  the  pa- 

fquare  of  the  abfcilla  VM,  and  altitude  a  certain  line  raboluid,  we  cin  always  find  the  ratio  of  BE  to  DN,  if 

VP,  called  the  parameter.     To  find  VP,  let  CR  be  the  we  know  that  f'i  D  J  lo  Er.     In  all  curves,  the  ratio 

perpendicular  to  the  parabola  in  the  point  where  it  is  of  D</to  E  <•  (taken  indefinitely  near),  is  that  of  the 

cut  by  the  ordin.ite  at  V  ;  draw  the  ordinate  RS  of  the  fubtangent  to  the  lum  of  the  fubtangent  and  ordinate 

paraboloid,  and  RG  pcrpendicul.ir  to  AH.     'I'hen  it  is  of  a  curve  conilruifled  on  the  famj  abfciifa,  having  its 

evident,  from  what  has  been  already  dcmonllrated,  that  ordinates  equal  to  the  fubn  rmals  DE,  d e,  VK,  &c. 


VK  is  4  of  KG,  and  |  of  VG ;  therefore  KG' = 
4VK',  and  (in  the  parnbolal  VC  =  2  VK'.  Alfo. 
becaufe  KV  :  VC  =  KG  :  GR,  we  have  GR'  =  2 KG' 
=  8VK' ;  therefore  VP  x  RG'  =  8VP  X  VK'.  But 
VG3  =  27VK^  =  27VK  X  VK' :  theiefore.  becaufe 
in  the  paraboloid  VP  x  VS',  =  SR^  or  V?  x  KG' 


In  the  conic  (cdions  the  ratio  is  conftant,  becaufe  the 
line  fo  conltniifted  is  a  Ur.iight  line  ;  and,  in  the  para- 
bola, it  is  parallel  to  the  axis.  See  farther  properties^ 
of  it  in  Barrow's  L(8.  Geom.  XI. 

From  this  inveiligation,  Mr  Huyghens  has  deduced 
the  following  beautiful  theorem  i 

Let 


I     N     V 


[     270     ] 


1     N     V 


fnvfilution.       Let  a  be  the  parameter  of  the  paraboloiJ,  .v  its  ab- 

*-'"^^^*~'  fcilla,  and  y   its   ordinate ;    and   let   the    equ.'.tion    hi 

d'"  x"  =:y'"  *' "  ;  let  the   radius  of  the  evclute   meet 

the  tangent  through  the  vertex  A  in  Z.     We  Ihall  al- 

"  BE  +'1±-BZ. 


correc 


fily  Rated  =  l±iL,  inllead  of  1  + '^^\ 
?.  V  a  2    '/a 


Involution. 


The 


ways  have  BN  =  — 

'  m 

a'x  =/| 
a  x^  =  y^  '( 
a  .v'  =  y*  I 
a^  X   z=  y*  ) 

&.C. 


then  BN  = 


Thus, 

m 

f  BE  +  2  BZ 
U-  BE  +  i  BZ 
J  2  BE  +  3  BZ 
I  3  BE  +  4BZ 
LIBE  +  jBZ. 
&c. 


theorem  alfo  from  which  it  is  deduced 


(■■=^) 


This  is  an  extremely  fimple  and  perfpicuous  method 
of  determining  the  radius  of  the  evolutc,  or  radius  of 
curvature  j  and  it,  at  the  fame  time,  gives  us  the  reftifi- 
cation  of  many  curves.  It  is  plain  that  every  geometrical 
curve  may  be  thus  examined,  becauie  the  fubnormals 
DE,  VK  are  determined  ;  and  therefore  their  differences 
are  determined.  Thefe  differences  are  the  fame  with  the 
differences  of  D  </ and  E^;  and  therefore  the  ratio  ot 
D  (/  to  E  c  is  determined  ;  that  is,  the  fubfidiary  curve 
now  mentioned  can  always  be  coiillrufled. 

There  is  a  Angular  refult  from  this  rule,  which  would 
hardly  have  been  noticed,  if  the  common  method  for  de- 
termining BN  had  alone  been  employed.  The  equation 
of  the  paraboloid  is  fo  fimple,  that  the  increafe  of  the 
ordinates  and  diminution  of  curvature  i'ecm  to  keep 
pace  together  ;  yet  we  have  feen  that,  in  the  vertex  of 
the  cubical  parabola,  the  curvature  is  lefs  than  any  cir- 
cular curvature  that  can  be  named.  In  the  legs,  the 
curvature  certainly  diminirties  as  they  extend  farther; 
there  n)u(l  theiefcie  be  fome  intermediate  point  vihere 
the  curvature  is  tlic  greateft  poffible.  This  is  diftinflly 
pointed  out  by  Mr  Huyghens's  theorem.  The  evolute 
of  this  paraboloid  (having  <j'.\-=:_y' )  is  a  curve  ONRNQ__ 
(fig.  9.)  confiding  of  two  branches  RO,  and  RQ_,  which 
have  a  common  tangent  in  R  ;  the  branch  RQJi  is  the 
axis  AE  for  its  aflymptote.  The  thread  unfolding 
from  OR,  its  extremity,  defcribcs  the  arch  BC,  and 
then,  unfolding  from  RQ^  it  defcnbes  tlie  fmall  arch 
CB'A.  When  B'  is  extremely  near  A,  the  thread  has 
a  pofuion  B'N'E,  in  whicn  B'N  is  very  nearly  -IBE. 
At  C,  if  CE  be  bifeifled  in  G,  GR  is  |  of  CZ.  Here 
CR  the  radius  of  curvature  is  the  Ihortelt  poflible.  The 
evolu'es  of  all  paraboloids  confiU  of  two  fuch  branches, 
if  m  -J-  ?;  exceeds  2. 

Such  is  the  theory  of  evolution  and  involution  as  de- 
livered by  Mr  Huyghens  about  the  year  1672.  It 
was  cultivated  by  the  geometers  with  fuccefs.  Newton 
prized  it  highly,  and  gave  a  beautiful  I'pecimen  of  its 
application  to  the  defcription,  re£titication,  and  quadra- 
ture of  epicycloids,  trochoids,  and  epicycles  of  all  kinds. 
But  it  was  eclipfed  by  the  fluxionary  geometry  of  New- 
ton, which  included  this  whole  theory  in  one  propofi- 
tion,  virtually  the  fame  with  Mr  Huyghens's,  but  more 
comprehenfive  in  its  expreffion,  and  much  more  fimple 
in  its  application.  Adopting  the  unquettionable  prin- 
ciple ot  Mr  Huyghens,  that  the  evolved  thread  is  the 
radius  of  a  circle  which  has  the  fame  llexures  with 
the  curve,  the  point  of  the  evolutc  will  be  obtained 
by  finding  the  length  of  the  radius  of  the  equicurve 
circle.  The  formula  for  tliis  purpofe  is  given  in  the 
article    FLUXIONS    c.f  the    Encyclofadia ;    but    is    in- 


is  incoreiHly  printed,  and  is  given  without  any  demon- 
llration,  thereby  becoming  ci  very  little  fervice  to  the 
reader.  For  which  reafon,  it  is  neceifary  to  fupply  the 
defefl  in  tliis  place. 

Therefore  let  A.bcd'E.f  (fig.  10.)  be  a  circle,  of 
which  C  is  the  centre,  and  ACE  a  diameter;  let  the 
points  b,  c,  d,  of  the  circumference  be  referred  to  this 
diameter  by  the  cquidillant  perpendicular  ordinates  hi, 
eg-,  d  l ;  draw  the  chords  be,  c  d,  producing  dc  till  it 
meet  the  ordinate  ^;  in  a,  produce  eg  to  the  circle  in/, 
and  join  bf,  df;  draw  b  h,  c  m,  perpendicular  to  the  or- 
dinates ;  then  bh,  cm,  h  c,  md,b  c,  c  d,  are  ultimately 
proportional  to  the  firft  fluxions  of  the  abfcilfa  AE, 
the  ordinate  c ^,  and  the  arch  A  c  ;  alfo  a  b,  the  differ- 
ence between  dm  and  c h  \i  ultimately  as  the  fecond 
fluxion  of  the  ordinate.  The  triangle  a  b  c  \^  fimilar  to 
b  df ;  tor  the  angle  a  b  c  \i  equal  to  the  alternate  angle 
bcf,  which  is  equal  to  bdf,  (landing  on  the  fame  feg- 
nient.  The  angle  a  c  b  \i  equal  to  bfd,  (landing  on  the 
iegmtrxl  b  c  d ;  therefore  the  remaining  angles  i!' ^r  t  and 
d  bfate  equal  ;  therefore  a  b  :  b  c  —  b  d :  df  =  '  (J  1/ :  i 
df  Now  let  the  ordinates  bi  and  dk  connnually  ap- 
proach the  ordinate  eg,  and  at  Inft  unite  with  itj  we 
111  ill  then  have  be  ultimately  equil  to  \  b  d,  and  eg  ul- 
timately equal  to  -r  df.  Therefore,  ultimately,  ab-.bc 
br 


z=bc: 


eg,  zn^egzz  ~^. 


Let  ti,  V,  iu,  reprefent  the  variable  abfciifa,  ordinate, 
and  arch.     Wc  have,  for  the  fluicionary  expreffion  of 

the  ordinate  of  the  equicurve  circle,  v  =  r:  (iimuft. 

have  the  negative  fign,  becaufe,  as  the  arcli  increafes, 
V  diminiflies).     Tn  the  next  place,  it  is  evident  that,   ul- 

g  X  b 


timately,  b  h  :  b  c  ■=.  c g  :  c  C,  and  c  C  ; 


bh 


If 


r  be  the  radius  of  the  equicurve  circle,  we  have  u  :  tu 

zzv:r,  and  r  :=  — -. — .    But  we  had  s  — ~.     oub- 

flituce   this  in   the   prefent  equation,  and  we  obtain  r 

=  —r—.     Lallly,  obferve  that  w'  =u'  -f  -uS  and 
—  u  V 

w  =  ^ii'-+-v-  =  a'-j-->||.  Therefore  w'  =  a' -f-i' I i 

and  we  have  r  =  — -^.-r,  as  the  mod  general  flux- 
—  u  V 

ionary  expreffion  of  the  radius  of  a  circle,  in  terms  of 
the  fine,  cofine,  and  arch. 

When  a  curve  and  a  circle  have  the  fame  curvature, 
it  is  not  enough  that  the  firft  fluxions  of  their  abfcifls, 
ordinates,  and  arches,  are  the  fame.  This  would  only 
indicate  the  pclition  of  their  common  tangent.  They 
mud  have  the  fame  defleiflion  from  that  tangent.  This 
is  always  equal  to  half  of  the  fecond  fluxion  of  the  or- 
dinate.    Therefore  the  circle  and  curve  mud  have  the 

fame 


I     N     V  E     s; 

Iiivolutioa.  fame  fccond  fluxion  of  their  ordioatcs,  Tlierefore  let 
^'^~^''^^^  D  i  ciJT  hi  any  curve  coinciding  with,  or  ofcul.ited  by, 
llie  circle  A  ^  i:  i/.  Let  its  axis  be  DG,  parallel  to  the 
diameter  AE;  and  ktc  n  be  its  ordinate.  Let  D  n  be 
~x,  c  n  —  y,  and  ii-rizc.  We  have  x,  y,  z,  re/pec- 
tively  equal  to  u,  v,  iv.    Therefore  the  radius  of  the  of- 

culaling  circle  is  r  = ^^  or  r  = ...    ,    for   all 

—  K  y  —  X  y 

curves  whatever.  (We  recommend  the  careful  perufal 
of  the  celebrated  2d  corollary  of  the  icth  propofition 
of  the  2d  book  of  Newton's  Principia,  where  the  tirft 
principles  cf  this  dodlrine  are  laid  down  with  great 
acuteiiefs.) 

Indcad  of  fuppofing  the  ordinates  equldiftant,  and 
confequently  .v  invariable,  we  might  have  fuppofed  the 
ordinates  to  increafe  by  equal  Iteps.  In  this  cafe  y 
would  have  had  no  fecond  flu.\ion.     The  radius  would 


] 


I     N     V 


Let  us  take  the  example  of  the  common  parabola,  Involution. 
that  we  may  compare  the  two  methods.     The  cqua-  ^-^"'■'^^^ 

I     I 
tion  of  this  is  a  jc  =^',  or  a^  .v^  =:  v. 


This 


gives  J 


=  i  "'  •>■■■«'  — >    =  — %■,    and  (making  .t  conftant) 


y  =  —  1  X 


^^r^le^efo^e 


(=^/x'+y 


curvature        =: 


-')  =  ^y±,-. 


+" 


■,  and  the  radiasof 


At    the 


then  be  = 


y  s 


Or,  laftly,  we  might  fuppofe   (and 


this  is  very  ufual)  the  arcii  z  to  increafe  uniformly.  In 
this  cafe  r  =  — ~  :    For  becaufe  .%•'  +>'  =  s',  by 

.V 

taking  the  fluxion  of  it,   2  .-c  .v  ^  2  j'  _>'  ;=  0,  and  y  := 

x' X  3'  z' 

— ~  ;  and  therefore  r  =  — .'.. ^-r;-,  =  .-^; : — — 

y  yx  —  xy  y  x  +  .-^ '-  .v. 


vertex,    where  .%■  =  o,    the  formula  becomes  =  4  a. 

Again,  D  /  (  =  .V  -j -'' .''..    )  becomes  {:  a  +  3  x ; 

V  — *J/ 

and  therefore  V j)  =  3  x,   =  the  abfcifTa  of  our  evo- 

lute.       Likewife  c />,     its  ordinate,     [  =r y 


4  .v'  1  n  ^-        if)  x' 

=  - — ;  and  C  p-  = 


(=:T-) 


and  Cj>'    X  a  =  16  J.'. 


y  s 


y'^x^Xx  " 

Having  tiius  obtained  the  radius  of  curvature,  and 
confequently  a  point  of  the  evclute,  we  determine  its 
form  by  reference  to  an  ablcifs,  withoiu  much  faitl.er 
trouble:  It  only  requires  the  drawing  C/r  perpendicu- 
lar to  the  axis  of  the  propofed  curve,  and  giving  the  va- 
lues of  C/>  and  D/>.     If  we  fuppofe  *•  conftant,  then, 

c  C  being  =  — ~;  ..,  we  have  D/>  {=  D  n  -{-  g  c,  = 
—  xy 


But  V^^  =  3  X,  and  V/.3  —  z-j  x^.  Therefore  C/.'  x 
Vyth  «  =  x\  =  ^Vth  V/3,  and  45th5  a  x  C/.'  =  V pK 
Therefore  the  evolute  VC  is  a  feniicubical  parabola, 
whofe  parameter  is  \^  a,   as  was  ihewn  by  Mr  Huy. 

! 

ghens.     The  arch  VC  is  =  "  +  ^"^^  —  -\-  a. 

2  n/  a 
We  fhall  give  one  other  example,    which  compre- 
hends the  whole  clafs  of  paraboloids.     Their  general 
This  gives  us  ^  =  n  a  .X  "  -  '  x, 
x'  ;    therefore  z   (  = 


equation  is  _y  =  a  .v" 

and  J  =  7;  X  n  —  I    X   a  .\- 


I  -f  «'  a'  .\"- 


D  «  -f  4-  X  ^  C)   =  *  +  — ^- 


"...  ;    and  /.  C   (=  eg 

'y 


■  n  X  1  —  1   X  a  .V 

.V  -f  n'  ,1'  x'  ' 


■en,  =  -■-   X  cC  —  c  11)  =  — ^, y.      But  if  we 

z  —y 


fuppofe  y  conftant ;  then,  c  C  being  =     .".. ,  we  have 

y  X 


T   4.  2  >;  —  I    X  ""'  .v'  ""' 
—  n  —  I   X  ^a  .\ "-' 


;  andDV=- 


D  />  =  X  4-  -  r,  and  />  C  = 


V 


conftant,  then,  c  C  being  :=  ■'  ..""■,  wc  fhall  have  D/> 


■■<  + 


nd  /  C  =  -^  —y. 


Thcfe  f  irmula:  are  fo  many  general  expreftions  for 
determining  botli  the  curvature  of  the  propnfed  curve 
and  the  form  of  its  evolute.  They  alfo  give  us  the 
reflificalion  of  the  evolute  ;  becaufe  c  C  is  equal  to  the 
evolved  aich,  or  to  that  arch,  together  with  a  conftant 
part,  which  was  a  tangent  to  the  evolute  at  its  vertex, 
in  thofe  cafes  where  the  involute  has  a  finite  curvature 
at  its  vertex;  as  in  the  common  parabola. 


Tliis  laft  formula  exprelfes  the  radius  of  curvature  at 
the  vertex  D,  or  the  redundant  part  of  the  thread,  by 
y.     And  if  2  be    which  it  exceeds  the  arch  VC  of  the  evolute.     If/;r:4» 

the  lormula  becomes  —  ;  but  if  n  be  greater  than  this, 

VC  will  be  =  0  ;  and  if  it  be  lefs,  VC  will  be  infinite. 
Hence  it  appears,  that  the  radius  of  curvature  at  the 
vertex  of  a  curve  is  a  finite  quantity  only  in  the  cafes 
where  the  firft  or  n.ifcent  ordinates  are  in  the  fubdupli- 
caie  ratio  of  thtir  abfcilfr.      In  all  otlier  cafes,  the  cur- 


vature is  incomparable  with  lliat  of  any  circle,  being 
citlier  wh.it  is  called  infinite  (wheo  <i  is  greater  than  4) 
or  nothing  (when  It  Is  Icfs). 

We  fcruple  not  to  fay,  that  the  method  of  Mr  Huy- 
ghens  is  more  luminrus,  more  plcafing  to  the  Imagina- 
tion of  a  geometer,  than  this;  and  in  all  the  cafet 
which  occurred  to  us  in  our  employment  of  it,  it  fug- 

gtftei 


I     N    V 


[     27 


Tuvolution.  geftcJ  more  ready  con.lrudions,  with  the  addition^il 
'~'~'''*'  iatisf.nflion  of  exhibiting,  in  a  continuous  Iniin,  what  the 
fymbolical  method,  proceeding  by  the  (luxioiuiry  calcu- 
his,  onlv  indicates  by  points.  We  mull  alio  obferve,  that 
the  fubVidiary  curve  employed  by  Huygbens,  having 
its  ordinates  equal  to  the  iiilinormals  of  the  involute 
under  examination,  is  the  geometrical  exprclllon  of  that; 
funaion  of  the  involute  which  gives  the  feccnd  fluxions 
y  and  x  of  the  ordinate  and  abfcilTa.  The  young  ma- 
thematician will  find  no  difficulty  in  conlhuaing  this 
curve  in  every  cofe  ;  whereas  we  imagine  that  he  will 
not  find  it  a  light  matter  to  conftrudl  the  final  equa- 
tions of  the  fymbolic  method  almoj}  in  any  cafe.  Ax.  the 
fame  time,  the  all  comprehending  extent  of  the  latter  me- 
thod, and  the  numberlefs  general  theorems  which  it  fug- 
gcfts  to  the  expert  analyll,  give  it  a  moft  defervcd  pre- 
ference, and  make  it  almoft  an  indilpenfable  inllrument 
for  all  who  would  extend  our  phylico-mathematical 
fciences. 

In  the  employment  of  the  geometry  of  curve  lines, 
efpecially  in  the  doflrine  of  centripetal  forces,  it  is  ufual 
to  confider  the  ordinates,  not  as  infilling  on  a  reaili- 
neal  abfciffa,  but  as  diverging  from  a  centre.  This  is 
alfo  the  ufual  way  of  conceiving  all  fpirals  and  evolu- 
trixes  of  curves  which  include  fpace  :  in  Ihort,  all  ra- 
dial curves.  The  procefs  for  finding  their  evolute, 
or  their  radius  of  curvature,  is  fomewhat  different  from 
that  hitherto  exhibited;  but  it  is  more  fimple.  Thus, 
let  GPM  (fig.  10.)  be  the  elliptical  path  of  a  planet, 
of  which  S  is  the  focus.  We  require  PC,  the  radius 
of  curvature  in  the  point  P.  Let  P/>  be  a  very  fmall 
arch.  Draw  the  radii  SP,  S/>,  the  tangents  P  P,  p  t ; 
and  draw  ST  perpendicular  to  PP,  cutting  p  t  \n  t  ; 
and  Po  perpendicular  to  S/>.  Let  the  arch  GP  be 
=  s,  the  radius  SP=_)',  and  the  perpendicular  ST 
=  />.  Then,  it  is  plain,  that  P/i,  op,  T  t,  are  ultimate- 
ly proportional  to  a,  y,  p.  The  triangles  PC/,  and 
T//  or  TP/  are  alfo  ultimately  fimilar  ;  as  alfo  the 
triangles  PST  and  />  0  P.     Therefore,  ultimately, 

T;  :  P/.=  PT  :  PC 
alfo  P/.:/.»=PS:PT  .     . 

therefore  T  <  :  /  0  =  PS  :  PC,   or,  p  :  y  =  y  :  r,   and 

r  —  =^-4-;  an  expreffion  of  the  radius  of  curvature,  ex- 

/  .      . 

tremely  fimple,  and  of  eafy  application. 

The  logarithmic  or  equi.ingular  fpiral  PQR  (fig.  6.) 
affords  an  eafy  example  of  the  ufe  of  this  fornjul.i.  The 
angle  SPT,  which  the  ordinate  makes  with  tiie  curve, 
is  everywhere  the  fame.  Therefore  let  a  be  our  tabu- 
lar radius,  and  b  the  fine  of  the  angle  SPT.     We  have 

ST  =  '-^  ,  and  therefore  PC  (=  ^)  =  ^  =  "-f . 

a  '  \        p  )  by  '' 

This  is  to  SP  or  y  in  the  conftant  ratio  of  a  to  b,  or 
of  SP  to  ST  :  that  is,  ST  :  8P  =  SP  :  PC,  the  tri- 
angles SPT  and  PCS  are  fimilar,  the  angles  at  P  and 
C  equal,  and  C  is  a  point  of  an  equiangular  fpiral /j  r 
round  the  centre  S. 

It  is  not  meant  that  the  conftruflion  pointed  out  by 
this  theory  of  involution,  expreffed  in  its  moft  general 
and  fimple  form,  is  always  the  bell  for  finding  the 
centre  of  the  equicurve  circle.  Our  knowledge  of,  or 
attention  to,  many  other  properties  of  the  curve  under 
confideration,  befides  thofe  which  fimply  mark  its  re- 


2     ]  I     N     V 

l.ition  to  an  ahfcifs  and  ordinate,  muft  frequently  give  Involution. 
us  better  conftruflions.  But  evolution  is  the  natural  '-""^''"^^ 
genefisof  a  lincof  varying  curvature.  Moreover,  in  the 
moll  importantcmploymentof  mathematical  knowledge, 
namely,  mechanical  philofop hy,  it  is  well  known,  that 
the  moll  certain  and  comprelienfive  method  of  folving 
all  intricate  problems  is  by  reference  of  all  forces  and 
motions  to  three  co-ordinates  perpendicular  to  each 
other.  Thus,  without  any  intentional  fearch,  we  have 
already  in  our  iiands  the  very  fiuxionary  quantities  em- 
ployed in  this  doiflrine  ;  and  the  expreffion  which  it 
gives  of  the  radius  of  curvature  requires  only  a  change 
of  terms  to  make  it  a  mechanical  theorem. 

Thus  have  \vc  c^nfiJered  the  two  chief  queftions 
of  evolution  and  involution.  We  have  done  it  with  as 
clofe  attention  to  geometry  as  poffible,  that  the  reader's 
mind  may  become  familiar  with  the  ipfa  corpora  while 
acquiring  the  elementary  knowledge,  which  is  to  be 
employed  more  expeditioufly  afterwards  by  the  help  of 
the  fymbolical  analyfis.  Without  fuch  ideas  in  the 
mind,  the  occupation  is  oftentimes  as  much  divefted  of 
thought  as  that  of  an  expert  accountant  engaged  in 
complex  calculations ;  the  attention  is  wholly  turned 
to  the  rules  ot  his  ait. 

It  novi-  remains  to  confider  a  little  the  nature  of  this 
curvature  ot  which  fo  much  has  been  faid,  and  about 
which  fo  many  obfcure  opinions  have  been  entertained. 
We  mentioned,  in  an  early  part  of  this  article,  the  un- 
warranted ufe  of  the  terms  of  infinite  and  infinitefimal 
magnitude  as  applicable  to  curvature,  and  fhewed  its  im- 
propriety by  the  inconfillences  into  which  it  leads  ma- 
thematicians. Nothing  threw  fo  much  light  on  this 
fubjeifl  as  Mr  Huyghens's  Geometry  of  Evolution  ;  and 
we  (hould  have  expected  that  all  difputes  would  have 
been  ended  by  it.  But  this  has  not  b;en  the  cafe  ;  and 
even  the  molt  eminent  geometers  and  metaphyficians, 
fuch  as  the  Bernoullis  and  Leibnitz,  have  given  expla- 
nations of  orders  of  curvature  that  can  liave  no  exift- 
ence,  and  explanations  of  that  coalefcence  which  ob- 
tains between  a  curve  line  and  its  equicurve  circle, 
which  are  not  warranted  by  jufl  principles. 

Thefe  errors  (for  fuch  we  prefume  to  think  them) 
arofe  from  the  method  employed  by  the  geometers  of 
lafl  century  for  obtaining  a  knowledge  of  the  magni- 
tude and  variation  of  curvature.  The  fcrupulous  geo- 
meters of  antiquity  defpaired  of  ever  being  able  to  com- 
pare a  curve  wuh  a  right  line.  The  modernt,  although 
taught  by  Des  Cartes  to  define  the  nature  of  a  curve 
by  its  equation,  allowed  that  this  only  enabled  them  to 
exhibit  a  feries  of  points  through  which  it  palled,  and 
to  draw  the  polygon  which  connects  thefe  points,  but 
gave  no  information  concerning  the  continuous  incurva- 
ted  arches,  of  which  the  fides  of  the  polygon  are  the 
chords.  They  could  not  generally  draw  a  tangent  to 
any  point,  or  from  any  point  ;  but  they  could  draw  a 
chord  thiougli  any  two  points.  Des  Cartes  was  the 
firft  who  could  draw  a  tangent.  He  contrived  it  fo, 
that  the  equation  which  exprelTes  the  interfedions  of 
the  curve  with  a  circle  defcribed  round  a  given  centre 
fliould  have  two  equal  roots.  This  indicates  the  coa- 
lefcence of  two  interfeiflions  of  the  common  chord  of 
the  circle  and  the  curve.  Therefore  a  perpendicu- 
lar to  the  radius  fo  determined  muft  touch  the  curve  in 
the  point  of  their  union.      This  was  undoubtedly  a 

great 


I     N     V 


[     273     ] 


I     K     V 


JnToiutlon.  great  difcovery,  and  worthy  of  his  genius.  It  naturally 
^■^'^^^^  led  the  way  to  a  much  greater  dil'covery.  A  circle 
may  cut  a  curve  in  more  points  than  two;  It  may  cut 
a  conic  fciftion  in  four  points ;  all  expreffed  by  one 
equation,  having  four  roots  or  folutions.  What  ii  three 
of  thefe  roots  Ihould  be  equal  ?  This  not  only  indicates 
a  clofer  union  than  a  mere  contafl,  but  alfo  gives  indi- 
cation of  the  flexure  of  the  intervening  arch.  For,  be- 
fore the  union,  the  interfcdicns  were  in  the  arch  both 
of  the  curve  and  of  the  circle;  and  therefore  the  dif- 
tindion  between  the  union  of  two  and  of  three  inter- 
fcdions  muft  be  of  the  fiine  iiind  with  that  between  a 
ilraight  line  and  an  arch  of  this  circle.  The  flexure  of 
a  circle  being  the  fame  in  every  pai  t,  it  becomes  a  pro- 
per index  ;  and  therefore  the  circle,  which  is  determin- 
ed by  the  coalefcence  ot  three  interfeaions,  was  taken 
as  the  meafure  of  the  curvature  in  that  point  of  the 
curve,  and  was  called  the  circle  of  curvature,  the 
EQUicuRVE  CIRCLE.  There  IS  u  Certain  progrefs  to  this 
coalefcence  which  muft  be  noticed.  Let  ABD  (fig. 
4.)  be  a  common  parabola,  liBF  a  line  touching  it  in 
13,  and  BO  a  line  perpendicular  to  EBF.  Taking 
fome  point  O  in  the  other  fide  ot  the  axis  for  a  centre, 
a  circle  may  be  defcribed  which  cuts  the  curve  in  four 
points  a,  b,  c,  and  d.  By  enlarging  the  radius,  it  is 
plain  that  tlie  points  a  and  b  muft  feparate,  as  alfo  the 
pcHHts  c  and  d.  Thus,  tiie  points  b  and  c  approach 
each  oihcr,  and  at  laft  coalefce  in  a  point  of  contacft  B, 
with  the  parabola,  and  with  its  tangent.  In  the  mean 
time,  a  and  d  have  retired  to  A  and  D.  If  we  now 
bring  the  centre  O  nearer  to  B,  the  new  circle  will  fall 
wholly  within  the  laft  circle  ABD  ;  and  therefore  both 
A  and  D  will  again  approach  to  each  other,  and  to  B, 
which  ftill  continues  a  point  of  contad.  It  is  plain  that 
A  will  approach  fafter  to  B  than  D  will  do.  At  length, 
the  centre  being  in  0,  the  point  A  coalefces  with  B, 
and  we  obtaui  a  circle  i  B  /,  touching  the  curve  in  B, 
and  cutting  it  in  J:  Confequently  the  arch  B  t /'  is 
wholly  within,  and  B  <f  </  is  wholly  without  the  parabo- 
la;  and  the  circle  both  touches  and  cuts  the  parabola 
in  B.  Here  is  certainly  a  clofer  union,  at  leaft  on  the 
lide  of  «.  But  perhaps  a  farther  diminution  of  the 
circle  may  bring  it  clofer  on  the  fide  of  D.  Join  B  S: 
Let  a  fmaller  circle  be  defcribed,  touching  the  parabola 
in  B,  and  cutting  it  in  <f.  Draw  if  c  parallel  to  i  B.  It 
may  be  demonftrated  that  the  new  circle  cuts  the  para- 
bola in  c.  Now  the  arch  between  c  and  9  being  willi- 
ouc  the  parabola,  the  arch  B  C  muft  be  within  it ;  and 
therefore  this  circle  is  within  the  parabola  on  both  fides 
of  B,  and  is  more  incurvated  than  the  parabola.  We 
fiave  feen,  that  a  circle  greater  than  1  IW  is  without 
the  parabola  on  both  fides  of  B  ;  and  therefore  is  Icfs 
incurvated  than  the  parabola.  Therefore  the  individual 
circle  1  B  <f'  is  neither  more  nor  lefs  curve  than  the  para- 
bola in  the  point  B.  Therefore  the  circle  indicated  by 
the  coalefcence  of  three  interfeflions  is  properly  named 
tlie  equiturve  ciiclc  ;  and,  fince  we  meafure  all  curva- 
luies  by  that  of  a  circle,  it  is  properly  the  circle  of  cur- 
vature, and  its  radius  is  the  radius  of  curvature. 

Had  B  been  the  vertex  of  the  axis,  every  interfec- 
tion  en  one  fide  of  B  would  have  been  liniilar  to  an  in- 
terfciflion  on  the  other,  and  there  would  alw.iyb  have 
been  two  pairs  of  roots  tl)at  are  equal  j  and  thcreffjrc 
when  three  interfcdicns  coalefce,  a  fourth  alfo  coalefces, 
and  the  contad  is  faid  to  be  ftill  clofer. 
SuppL,  Vol.   II. 


What  has  now  been  (hewn  with  refpecl  to  a  conic  Involuti.i.n. 
feiftixn  is  true  of  every  curve.  When  two  interfeifrions 
coalefce,  there  is  a  common  tangent ;  when  three  co- 
alefce, there  is  an  equ.il  curv.iture,  and  no  other  circle 
can  p.ifs  between  this  circle  and  the  curve.  There  c.i;;- 
not  be  a  eoakfcencc  of  four  intcrfedirns,  except  when 
the  diameter  is  perpendicular  to  the  ordinatcs,  and 
thofe  are  bileded  by  the  diameter. 

Mr  Leibnitz,  who  valued  himf.lf  for  metaphyfical 
refinement,  and  never  fails  to  claim  fuperiority  in  ihii 
particular,  notices  the  important  diftihdion  between  a 
fimple  contad  and  this  clofer  union  in  a  very  well  writ- 
ten dilFertation,  publilhed  in  ihe  AHa  Erulitorum,  July 
1686.  He  calls  the  conlad  of  equal  curvatures  an  os- 
culation, and  the  circle  of  equal  curvature  the  oscu- 
lating CIRCLE,  and  delivers  leveral  very  judicious  re- 
marks with  the  tone  of  a  matter  and  inftrudnr.  He 
alfo  fpeaks  of  diilerent  degiees  or  orders  of  ofculation, 
each  of  which  is  infinitely  clofer  than  the  other,  as  a 
thing  not  remarked  by  geometers.  But  Sir  Ifaac  New- 
ton had  done  all  this  befoie.  The  fiift  twelve  pr.'po- 
fitions  of  the  Piinapia  had  been  read  to  the  Ro)al  So- 
ciety feveral  years  before,  and  were  in  the  Regifters. 
The  Principia  had  received  the  imprimatur  of  the  So- 
ciety in  July  16S6  ;  but  was  almoft  printed  before  that 
lime.  In  tiie  Scholium  to  the  nth  Lemma,  is  con- 
tained the  whole  di.drine  of  contad  and  ofculation  ; 
and  in  the  lem.Tia  and  its  corollailes,  is  crowded  a  body 
of  dodrine,  which  has  afforded  themes  for  volume;. 
The  author  glances  with  an  cagleN  eye  ovcr.ihe  whole 
profped,  and  points  cut  the  prominent  parts  with  the 
moft  compreffed  brevity  ;  but  witli  fufiicient  precllion 
for  marking  out  the  more  important  olvjcds,  and  par- 
ticularly the  ditlcrcnt  orders  of  curvature.  This  kmma 
and  its  corollaries  are  continually  employed  in  the 
twelve  propofitions  already  mentioned.  In  1671  he 
had  written  the  firft  draught  of  his  method  of  fluxions, 
where  this  dodrine  is  f)  fiematically  treated;  and  Mr 
Collins  had  a  copy  of  it  ever  fince  1676.  It  is  well 
known  that  Leibnitz,  when  in  London,  had  the  free 
perufal  of  the  Society's  records,  and  information  at  all 
limes  by  his  correfpcndence  with  the  fccretary  Olden- 
burgh  and  Mr  Collins.  His  condud  rcfpcdlng  ilie 
theorems  concerning  the  elliptical  motion  of  tlie  planets, 
and  the  rciiftaiice  of  fluids,  leave  little  room  to  doubt 
of  his  having  availed  himlclf  in  like  manner  of  his  op- 
portunity of  information  on  ihis  fubjed.  He  gives  .1 
much  better  account  of  the  Newtonian  doi3rine  on  this 
fubjed  than  in  thofe  other  inftances,  it  being  more  fuit- 
ed  to  his  refining  and  paradoxical  dil'pofiiion. 

In  this  and  anotherdilfeilation,  heconfiders  more  par- 
ticularly the  nature  of  evolution,  and  of  that  ofculation 
which  obtains  between  the  evolutrix  and  the  circle  de- 
fcribed by  the  evolved  radius.  He  fays,  that  it  is  equi- 
valent to  two  fimple  contads,  each  of  which  is  equiva- 
lent to  two  interfedions.  An  ofculation  produced  in 
the  evolution  ot  a  curve  is  therefore  equivalent  to  lour 
in:erl"edions.  And  he  advilcs,  with  an  air  oi  authori- 
ty, the  mathcmaiicians  to  attend  to  ihcle  remarks,  as 
leading  them  into  the  rccclFes  of  fcience.  He  is  mil", 
taken,  however  ;  and  the  liftening  to  him  would  pre- 
vent us  from  forming  a  juft  notion  of  ollulalion,  and 
from  conceiving  with  diflindnets  the  lingular  fad  of  a 
circle  both  toui-hing  and  cutting  a  curve  in  the  lame 
point.  James  Bernoulli  loft  his  friendlhip,  bccaule  he 
M  ra  picfamcd 


I     N     V 


C    274    ] 


I     N     V 


Involution,  prefumed  to  f.iy  that  the  prefence  of  four  interreftions 
^-^~''^^^^  in  an  ofculaiion  is  not  warranted  by  the  equation  ex- 
preiriii_;;  thofe  interfedions. 

Mr  Leibnitz  was  milled  by  the  way  in  which  he  had 
conddercd  the  ol'cu'.ation  in  the  evolution  of  curves.  It 
merits  attention.  From  any  point  wiililn  the  fpace 
ADFO.V  (fig.  1.),  two  perpendiculars  may  be  drawn 
to  the  evolutrix  A  b  df;  and  therefore  two  circles  may 
be  defcribed  round  that  point,  each  touching  the  curve. 
Each  contaA  is  the  union  of  two  interfei-lion?.  There- 
fore, as  the  centre  approaches  the  evolute,  the  contafts 
approach  each  other,  and  they  unite  when  the  centre 
reaches  the  evolute.  Therefore  the  ofculaiion  of  evo- 
lution is  equivalent  to  four  interfcClions. 

But  when  two  fuch  circles  are  defcribed  round  a 
point  1,  fo  as  that  both  may  touch  the  evolutrix  A  af, 
the  point  s  is  in  the  intcrfcdion  of  one  evolved  radius 
with  the  prolongation  of  another.  The  contaift  at  the 
extremity  b  cf  the  prolonged  radius  i  B  is  an  exterior 
conrafl,  and  the  arch  of  the  circle  crolfes  the  evolutrix, 
from  without  inwards,  in  fome  point  more  remote  from 
A.  The  contacT;  at  the  extremity.?  of  the  radius  e  E 
is  an  interior  contadl  ;  and  if  ^y  be  greater  than  the 
llraight  line  EA,  the  arch  of  this  circle  crolfes  the 
curve,  from  within  outwards,  in  fome  point  nearer  to 
A.  Thus  each  contact  is  accompanied  by  an  inierfec- 
tion  on  the  f.de  next  the  other  contafl,  fometimes  be- 
yond it,  and  fometimes  between  the  contafls.  As  the 
contaas  approach,  the  interftifHons  alfo  approach,  ftill 
retaining  their  characters  as  interfeclions,  as  the  contacts 
flill  continue  contacts.  Alfo  the  circle  next  to  A  crolfes 
from  without  inwards,  and  that  next  to 7"  crolfes  from 
within  outwards.  They  retain  this  charaifler  to  the  laft  ; 
and  when  the  contaits  coalefce,  the  two  circles  coalefce 
over  their  whole  circumference.  Hill,  however,  croffing 
the  curve  in  the  fame  diredlion  as  before  ;  that  is,  with- 
out the  curve  on  the  fide  of  A,  and  within  it  on  the 
fide  of/".  The  contads  unite  as  contads,  and  the  in- 
terfedions  as  inteifeftions.  Thus  it  is  that  the  ofcu- 
lating  circle  both  touches  and  interfeifts  the  curve  in 
the  fame  point. 

At /the  ofculation  is  indeed  clofer  than  anywhere 
clfe.  The  variation  of  curvature  is  lefs  there  than  any- 
where elfe,  becaufe  ike  radius  changes  more  (lowly.  It 
is  this  circumilance  that  dcteiniines  the  clofenefs  of 
contaft.  If  a  circle  ofculates  a  curve,  it  has  the  fame 
curvature.  If  this  curvature  does  not  change  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  contafl,  the  curve  and  circle  mufl  coin- 
cide; and  the  deviation  of  the  circle  (the  curv.ature  of 
which  is  everywhere  the  fame)  from  the  cuive  mull 
proceed  entirely  from  the  variation  of  its  curvattue. 
This,  therefore,  is  the  important  circuniftancc,  and  is 
indeed  the  charaaerillic  of  the  figure  as  u  curve  line  ; 
and  its  other  properties,  by  which  the  pofition  of  its 
different  parts  are  determined,  may  be  afcertained  by 
means  of  the  variation  of  its  curvature,  as  well  as  by  its 
relation  to  co-ordinates.  Of  this  we  have  a  remark.ible 
inflance  at  this  very  time.  The  orbit  of  the  newly 
difcovered  planet  has  been  afcertained  with  tolerable 
precifion  by  means  uf  obfervaiions  made  on  its  motions 
for  three  years.  In  this  time  it  had  not  defcribed  the 
20th  part  of  its  orbit ;  yet  the  figure  of  this  orbit,  the 
pofition  of  its  tranfverl'e  axis,  the  place  and  time  of  its 
perihelion,  were  all  determined  within  icodth  part  of 
the  truth  by  the  ohfirvcd  I'arijti'.n  of  its  curvature.     It 


therefore  merits  our  attention  in  the  clofe  of  this  ar-  Involution, 
tick.  We  know  of  no  author  who  has  treated  the  ^■^""''"^^ 
fubjccl  in  fo  inftrudive  a  manner  as  Mr  M'Laurin  has 
done,  by  exhibiting  the  theorem  whi;h  conflitutes  New- 
ton's 1  ith  lemma  in  a  form  which  points  this  out  even 
to  the  c)e  (fee  M'Laurin's  Fluxicns,  Chap.  xi.  §  363, 
&c.).  We  earneftly  recommend  this  work  to  the  young 
geometer,  as  containing  a  fund  of  inlliuiftion  and  agree- 
able exercile  to  the  mathematical  eenius,  and  as  greatly 
fuperior  in  perfpicuity  and  in  ideas  which  can  be 
treafured  up  and  recolleifled,  when  required,  to  the 
greatell  part  of  the  elaborate  performances  of  the  emi- 
nent analyfts  of  later  times.  By  exprefling  every  thing 
geometrically,  the  author  furnilhes  lis  with  a  fort  of 
pidlure,  which  the  imagination  readily  reviews,  and 
which  exhibits  in  a  train  what  mere  fymbols  only  give 
us  a  momentary  glimpfe  of. 

"  As,  of  all  right  lines  which  can  be  drawn  through 
a  given  point  in  the  arch  of  a  curve,  that  alone  is  the  tan- 
gent which  touches  the  arch  fo  clofcly  that  no  right  line 
can  pais  between  them  ;  fo,  of  all  circles  which  touch  a 
curve  in  a  given  point,  that  circle  alone  has  the  fame 
curvature  which  touches  it  fo  clcfely  that  no  circle  can 
pafs  between  them.  It  cannot  coincide  with  the  arch 
of  the  curve ;  and  therefore  the  above  condition  ii  fuf- 
ficient  for  making  it  equicurve.  As  the  curve  fepa- 
rates  from  the  tangent  by  its  flexure  or  curvature,  it 
feparates  from  the  equicurve  circle  by  hs  change  of  cur- 
vature ;  and  as  its  curvature  is  greater  or  lefs  according 
as  it  feparates  more  or  lefs  from  its  tangent,  fo  the  va- 
riation of  its  curvature  is  greater  or  lefs  according  as  it 
feparates  more  or  lefs  from  its  equicurve  circle.  There 
can  be  but  cue  equicurve  circle  at  one  point  of  a  cuive, 
otherwile  any  other  circle  defcribed  between  them 
through  that  point  will  pals  between  the  curve  and  the 
equicurve  circle. 

"  When  two  curves  touch  each  other  in  fuch  a  man- 
ner  that  no  circle  can  pals  between  them,  they  mufl 
have  the  fjme  curvature  ;  becaufe  the  arch  which  touches 
one  of  them  fo  clofely  that  no  circle  can  pals  between 
them,  mufl  touch  the  other  in  like  manner.  But  circles 
may  touch  the  curve  in  this  manner,  and  yet  there  may 
be  indefinite  degrees  of  more  or  lefs  intimate  contad  be- 
tween the  curve  and  its  equicurve  circle."  This  is  lliewn 
by  the  ingenious  author  in  a  feries  of  propofitions,  of 
which  a  very  Ihort  abridgment  mull  fuffice  in  this  place. 

Let  any  curve  EMH  (fig.  ii.j,  and  a  circle  ERB, 
touch  a  ridht  line  ET  on  the  fame  fide  at  E.  Let  an/ 
right  line  TK,  parallel  to  the  ciiord  EB  of  tlie  circle, 
meet  the  tangent  in  T,  the  curve  in  M,  and  a  curve 
BKF  (which  palfes  through  B)  in  K.  Then,  if  M'l* 
xTK  be  everywhere  equal  to  TE',  the  curvature  of 
EMH  in  the  point  E  is  the  lame  as  that  of  the  circle 
ERB  ;  and  the  contafl  of  EM  and  ER  is  fo  much  the 
clofer  the  fmaller  the  angle  is  which  is  contained  at  B 
between  the  curve  BKF  and  the  equicurve  circle 
BQE. 

Let  TK  meet  the  circle  in  R  and  Q^  Tlien,  be- 
caufe RT  X  TO  =  TES  it  mud  be  RT  x  TQ_= 
Ml'  X  TK;  and  RT  :  MT  =  TK  :  TQ^  The  hue 
BKF  may  have  any  furm.  It  may  crols  the  circle 
BQR  in  B,  as  in  the  figure.  It  may  touch  it,  or  touch 
EB,  &c.  Let  us  firfl  confider  what  lituations  of  the 
Doint  M  correfpond  with  the  pofition  of  K,  in  that  part 
of  the  curve  BKF  which  lies  without  lh«  circle  BRE. 

Let 


I     N     V 


Involution.  Let  TK  move  toward  EB,  always  keeping  parallel  to 
ir,  till  it  coincIJe  wilh  it,  or  even  pais  it.     Then,  wlnle 
the  point  K  defcribes  KB,  it  is  evident  that  liiice  TK 
is  grciter  than  TQ^  TM  mull  be  Icfs  than  TR,  and 
the  point  M  muft  always  be  found  between  T  and  R. 
The  arch  ME  of  tlie  curve  muft   bo  nearer  to  the  tan- 
gent than  the  arch  RE  of  the  circle.     If  any  circle  be 
now  dercril)ed  touching  TE  in  E,  and  cutting  oflFfrom 
EB  a  fmaller  chord  than  EB,  it  is  clear  that  the  whole 
of  this   fegment   muft  be  within  the  fegment  BRE  ; 
therefore  this  fmaller  circle  does  not  pafs  between  ERB 
and  the  curve  EMH.     But  fnice  we  fee  that  the  curve 
lies  without  the  circle,  in  the  vicinity  of  E,  perhaps  a 
greater  circle  than  ERB  may  pafs  between  it  and  the 
curve.     A  greater  circle,  touching  at  E,  mull  cut  off 
a  chord  greater  th.in  EB.     Let  E  r  i  be  fuch  a  circle, 
cutting   EB   \n  I),  and  TQ^in  q.     T  g   is  necclfarily 
greater  tlun  TQ^     For  (incc   i  is  beyond  B,  and  the 
arch  BKF  lies  in  the  angle  QB  t,  the  circle  E  r  q  mull 
crofs  the  curve  FKB  in  fome  point ;  fuppofe  F.     Then 
W'hile  K  is  found  in  the  arch  FB,  the  point  y  muft  be 
beyond   K,  or  'I'  q  muft   be  greater  than  TK.     Now 
T  r  X  T  7  =  TE  S  =  TM  X  TQ_^  Tlierefore  TM  :  T  r 
=  T  y  :  T(^    Therefcre  T  q  being  greater  than  TQ, 
Tr  muft  be   lefj  than  TM,  and   (he  point  r  muft  lie 
without  the  curve,  and  the  arch  E  r  does  not  pals  be- 
tween EMH   and   the   circle   ERB.     In  like  manner, 
on  tlie  other  llde  of  EB,  it  will  appear,  that  when  the 
curve  BK'F  falls  wuhin  the  circle  which  touches  EMH 
in  E,  and  cuts  off  the  chord  EB,  the  arch  of  the  curve 
correfponding  to  the  arch  BK'F',  lying  within  the  cir- 
cle, alfo  lies   within  the   ciicle.     For  T'K'  being  lefs 
thin  TQ^  TM'  is  greater  than  TR',  and  the  curve  is 
within  the  circle.     And,  by  fimilar  reafoning,  it  is  evi- 
dent that  a  circle  cutting  off  a  greater  chord  falls  with- 
out both  the  circle   ER'B  and  the  curve,  and  that  a 
circle  lefs  than  ER'B  muft  neceffarily  leave  fome  part  of 
the  curve  BK'F'  without  it;  and  therefore  TK'  will  be 
greater  than  T  r/,  and  the  correfponding  point  r'  muft 
be  without  the  curve.     All  circles  therefore  touchin_ 
TE  in  E  fall   without  both   ER   and  EM,  or  within 
them  both,  according  a^  they  cut  oil"  from  EB  a  chord 
greater  or  lefs  than  EB,  and  no  circle  can  pafs  between 
them  when  the  reiftangle  MT  X  TK  is  always  equal  to 
ET',  and  the  focus  ot  the  point  K  pafi'es  through  B; 
that  is,  ERB  is  the  equicurve  circle  at  E. 

This  corroborates  the  feveral  remarks  that  we  have 
made  on  the  circumftance  of  a  circle  touching  and  cut- 
ting a  curve  in  the  f  ime  point.  No  other  circle  cm  be 
made  to  pafa  between  it  and  the  curve,  and  it  tlierefore 
lias  the  fame  curvature.  This  may  therefore  be  taken 
as  a  fufficient  indication  of  the  equicurve  circle  ;  the 
cliaraiSer  peculiarly  alFured  to  it  by  the  nature  of  evo- 
lution. It  muft  be  noted,  however,  that  the  curve  is 
fuppoftd  to  have  its  concavity  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
contail  turi:ed  all  the  fanie  way.  For  if  the  contaiS  be 
in  a  point  ol  contrary  fluxure,  even  a  ftraight  line  will 
both  t'lucli  and  cut  it  in  tlut  point. 

The  r«ader  cannot  but  remark,  that  MK  is  always 
the  chord  of  a  circle  touching  TE  in  E,  and  palling 
through  M. 

Let  Em  be  another  curve,  touching  TE  in  E,  fuch, 
that  the  conjugate  curve  /  B,  which  always  gives  'I'm 
X  T  i  —  TE',  alio  paffcs  ihiough  B.  Then,  by  what 
has  now  been  dcmonftvated,  tlic  two  curves  EM  and 


[     V5     1 


I    N     V 


Em  liavc  the  fame  equicurve  circle  ERB,  and  confe-  Inrolu;.'., 
quently  the  fame  curvature  in  E.  Then,  becaufe  the  — ^^''^ 
rcdangles  R  T  x  TQ^  MT  x  TK.and  mT  X  Ti,  arc 
equal,  we  have  T  m  :  TM  =  TK  :  T  y(.  Therefore  if 
the  arch  B  i  pafs  betvvcen  BK  and  BQ_.  the  curve  E  m 
muft  pafx  between  the  curve  EM  and  the  circle  ER. 
Em  muft  therefore  have  a  clofer  contaft  with  ER  than 
EM  has  with  it;  and  the  fmaller  th:  an;^le  QBK  is 
w^hich  is  contained  between  the  curve  and  its  equicurve 
circle,  the  clofer  is  the  contact  of  the  curve  EM  and 
its  equicurve  circle  ER.  Thus  tlie  length  of  the  chord 
EB  determines  the  via^^nituJi  or  degree  cf  curvature  at 
E,  when  compared  wilh  another;  and  tlie  angle  con- 
tained between  the  equicurve  circle  and  the  conjugate 
curve  BKF  determines  the  cloftnefs  of  the  crntaft  of 
the  curve  with  its  equicurve  circle  (the  angle  TEB  be- 
ing fuppofed  the  fame  in  both). 

It  appears,  from  ihe  procefs  of  demonftration,  th.it 
the  curve  EMH  falls  without  or  within  the  equicurve 
circle  according  as  its  conjugate  curve  BKF  does.  Alfo, 
when  BKF  cuts  BQR,  HME  alfo  cuts  it.  But  if 
FQB  is  on  the  fame  iide  ci  QB  on  both  fides  of  the 
interfe<5iion  B,  the  curve  HME  is  alio  on  the  fame  fide 
of  it  on  both  lidcs  of  the  contact  E.  It  is  alfo  very- 
clear,  that  the  contaft  or  approach  to  coalefcence  be- 
tween  the  curve  and  its  circle  of  curvature,  is  (o  much 
the  clofer  as  tlie  conjugate  curve  BKF  comes  nearer 
to  the  adjoining  urcli  of  this  circle.  It  muft  be  the 
clofeft  of  all  when  KB  touches  QB,  .-ind  it  muft  be  the 
leaft  fo  when  KB  touches  EB,  or  has  EB  tor  an  aiTymp- 
tote.  The  fpace  QBK  is  a  fort  of  magnili;d  pieluie 
of  the  fpace  MER  ;  and  we  have  a  fenfible  proportion 
of  TQjo  TK  as  the  reprefentation  of  the  proportion 
of  TM  to  TR,  quan-.ities  which  are  frequently  eva- 
nefcent  and  infenlible.  When  QBK  is  a  rinite  angle, 
that  is,  when  the  tangents  of  BQjjnd  BK  do  not  coin- 
cide, the  angle  QBK  can  be  meafured.  But  no  refli- 
lineal  angle  can  be  contained  as  an  unit  in  the  curvili- 
neal  angle  MER.  They  are  incommenfurable,  or  in- 
g    comparable.     Let  the  curve  KB  touch  the  circle  ()B 


without  cutting  i 


This  an_.;le  is  equally  incomparable 
with   the  former  QBK;  yet  it   has  a  counterpart  in 
MER.     This  muft  be  incomparable  with  the  former  in 
tlie  fame  manner  ;  for  there  is  th.e  fame  proportion  be- 
tween the  individuals  of  both  pairs.     Thus  it  appears 
plainly,  that  there  are  curviiineal  angles  incomparable 
with  each   other.     Yet   arc  they   magnitudes   of  one 
kind  ;  becaufe  the  fmalleft  rectilineal  angle  muft  certain- 
ly contain  them  both  ;  and  one  cf  ihem  contains  the 
other.     But,  further,  there  may  be  indclinite  degrees 
of  this  coalefcence  or  clofenefs   of  conla.51  between  :t 
curve  and  a  circle.     The  tirll  degree  is  when  the  lame 
right  line  touches  both.     This  is  -Afimple  con'jd,  and 
may  obtain  between  any  curve  and  any  circle.     The 
neit  is  when  F^MH  and  ERB  have  the  fame  curvature, 
and  when  the  conjugate  curve  FKB  interftifts  the  circle 
QB  in  any  aingnable  angle.    This  is  an  ofcii'.tnin.  Tl:e 
llurd   degree  I'f  contaifl,  and  leconj  of  ofciilation,  is 
wlicn  the  curve  KB  touches  ilic  circle  QB,  biitn<tfoa> 
to  ofoulatc.    The  I'outth  degree  of  contiv'l,  and  third  of 
ol'culaiion,  is  when  K  D  and  (^i  hive  thefame  curvature 
or  ofculate  in  the  Krft  degree  oi  ol'cula'ior*.  This  grad.i- 
tion  of  more  and  more  intimate  conla<fl,  or  (more  pro- 
perly fpeaking)  of  appro.\imation  to  coalefcence,  may- 
be continued  witliout  end,  "  sequt  novit  natura  hmilei'i," 
M  m  2  the 


1     N     V 


[    276    ] 


I     N     V 


r.volution.  the  coiitaft  of  EM  and  ER  being  always  two  degrees 
■''~'^""^~'  clofer  than  that  of  BK  and  BQ_^  Moreover,  in  each 
of  thofe  clalfts  of  contaifl  ihete  may  be  indefinite  de- 
grees. Thus,  when  EM  and  ER  have  the  fame  cur- 
vature, the  angle  Q_bK  admits  of  indefinite  varieties, 
each  of  which  afcei  tains  a  diiforent  clofenefs  ot  contaift 
at  E.  Alfo,  though  the  angle  QBK  fliould  be  the  fame, 
the  ccntaift  at  E  will  be  fo  much  the  clolcr  the  greater 
the  chord  EB  is. 

For  TR:TM  =  TK:TQ_ 
Therefore  RM  :  TR  =  KQj  K  i" 

Or  RM  :  KQj=  TR  :  TK  ;  =  TR  x  TQ^:  TK 
X  TQ^=  TE'  :  'IK  X  TQ^ 

Theietoie,  when  TE  is  given,  RM  (which  is  then 
the  meafure  of  the  angle  of  contafl )  is  proportional  to 
KQjliredlly,  and  to  the  reJlangle  TK  x  TQjnverfely  ; 
and  when  KQjs  given,  RM  is  lefs  in  proportion  as 
KT  X  TQjb  greater.  In  the  very  neighbourhood  of 
E  and  B,  it  is  plain  that  KT  x  TQ_is  very  nearly 
equal  to  EB',  and  therefore  ultimately  RM  :  KQ_  = 
ET'  :  EB'. 

It  will  greatly  afllll.  our  conception  of  this  delicate 
fubjei.f,  if  we  view  the  origin  of  thefe  degrees  of  con- 
tact as  they  are  generated  by  the  evolution  ot  lines. 
A  thread  evolving  from  a  polygon  EDCBA  (fig.  13.) 
defcribes  with  its  extremity  a  a  line  edbca,  confiding 
<  f  luccellive  arches  of  circles  united  in  fimple  contads. 
If  it  evolve  from  any  continuous  curve  CBA,  after  ha- 
ving evolved  from  the  lines  ED,  BC,  the  arch  ch  will 
be  united  with  the  circular  arch  d c  by  ofculation  of  the 
lirll  degree.  If  any  other  curve  EC  touch  this  evolute 
in  a  fimple  cont3(51,  and  if  ihe  two  curves  FCBA  and 
DCBA  are  both  evolved,  they  will  touch  each  other  in 
a  fimple  ol'culalion  in  that  point  where  they  have  the 
fame  radius.  If  IC  touches  DC  in  a  fimple  ofcula- 
tion, the  evolved  curves  will  touch  in  an  ofculation  of 
the  fecond  degree;  and,  in  general,  the  ol'culation  of 
the  two  generated  curves  is  a  degree  clofer  than  that  of 
their  evoluics ;  and  in  each  ftate  of  one  cf  the  ofculi- 
tions,  theie  is  an  indefinite  vaiiety  of  the  other,  accord- 
ing to  the  length  of  its  radius  oi  curvature.  All  this 
is  very  clear;  and  Ihcws,  that  thefe  degrees  of  contaift 
do  not  indicate  degrees  of  curvature,  one  of  which  in- 
finitely exceeds  another  ;  for  they  are  all  finite. 

The  reader  will  do  well  to  remark',  that  the  magni- 
tude,  which  is  the  fubjefl  of  the  above  proportions, 
wliich  is  ieally  of  the  fame  kind  in  them  all,  and  confi- 
dered  as  fufceptible  of  various  degrees  and  orders  of  in- 
finitefimals,  is  not  curvature,  but  lineal  extenfion.  It 
is  RM,  the  fubtenfe  of  the  angle  of  contaift  MER.  It 
is  the  linear  feparation  from  the  tangent,  or  from  the 
equicurve  circle.  It  is,  however,  ufually  confidered  as 
the  meafure  of  curvature,  or  the  proportions  of  this  line 
are  given  as  the  proportions  of  the  curvature.  This  is 
inaccurate  ;  for  curvature  is  unqueftionably  a  change  of 
dire<^ion  only.  As  this  line  has  generally  been  the  in- 
terefting  object  in  the  refined  Iludy  of  curve  lines,  efpe- 
cially  in  the  employment  of  it  in  tiie  difcuffions  of  me- 
chanical philofophy,  it  has  attraifled  the  whole  atten- 
tion, and  the  language  is  now  appropriated  to  this  con- 
fideration.  What  is  called,  by  the  moft  eminent  ma- 
thematicians, variation  of  curvature,  is,  in  faifl,  variation 
of  the  fubtenfe  of  the  angle  of  contail.  But  it  is  ne- 
celfary  always  to  diftinguilh  them  carefully. 


Variation  of  curvature  is  the  remaining  objefl  of  our  Involution, 
attention.  v^-v-^i^ 

Curvature  is  uniform  in  the  circle  alone.  When  the 
curvjture  of  the  arch  EMH  (fig.  11)  decreafes  as  we 
recede  from  E,  the  arch,  being  lefs  deflcfted  from  its 
primitive  diredion  ET  tlian  the  arch  ER,  mull  fepa- 
rate  lefs  fiom  the  line  ET,  or  mud  fall  without  the 
arch  ER.  The  more  rapidly  its  curvature  decreafes,  the 
deicribing  point  muff  be  leit  more  witliuul  the  circle. 
It  mud  be  the  contrary,  if  its  curvature  had  increafed 
from  E  toward  M.  It  may  change  its  cuive  equably 
or  uneqiiably.  If  equably,  there  mud  be  a  ceitam  uni- 
form rate,  which  would  have  produced  the  fame  final 
change  of  direiftion  in  a  line  of  the  fame  length,  bend- 
ing it  into  the  uniformly  incurvated  arch  cii  a  circle. 
It  is  not  fo  obvious  how  to  eilimate  a  rate  of  variation 
ot  curvature  ;  and  authors  of  eminence  have  dilTered  in 
this  edimaiion.  Sir  Ifaac  Newton,  who  was  much  in- 
terefted  in  this  difculHon,  in  his  fiudies  on  univerfal 
gravitation,  feems  to  liave  adopted  a  meafui  e  which  bed 
luited  his  own  views  ;  and  has  been  followed  by  the 
greater  number.  He  gives  a  very  clear  conception  of 
what  he  means,  by  Itating  what  he  thinks  a  cafe  of  an 
invariable  late  of  variation.  This  is  the  equiangular 
fpiral,  all  the  arches  of  which,  comprehended  in  equal 
angles  from  the  centre,  are  perfeflly  firailar,  although 
continually  varying  in  curvature.  He  calls  this  a  curve 
EQUABLY  VARIABLE,  and  makes  its  rate  of  variation 
(ellimated  in  that  fenfe  in  which  it  is  uniform)  the 
meafuie  of  the  rate  of  variation  in  all  other  curves.  Let 
us  fee  in  what  refpefl  its  variation  of  curvature  is  cnn- 
ftant.  It  may  be  defcribed  by  the  evolution  of  the 
fame  fpiral  in  another  pofition  (fee  fig.  6.),  and  the  ra- 
tio between  the  radius  of  the  evolute  and  that  of  the 
evolutrix  is  always  the  fame;  or  (which  amounts  to  the 
fame  thing)  the  arch  of  the  evolutrix  bears  to  the  evol- 
ved arch  ot  the  evolute  a  condant  ratio.  The  curva- 
ture of  the  Ipiral  changes  more  rapidly  in  the  fame  pro- 
portion as  the  ratio  of  the  evolved  arch  to  tlie  arch  of 
the  evolutrix  generated  by  it  is  greater,  or  as  it  cuts  the 
radii  in  a  more  acute  angle.    Thefe  arches  may  be  infi- 

fluxion  of  evolute 
nitehmal;  theretore  the  traction  -     .        -  -,-  — .-ex- 

fluxion  ot  evolutrix 

prelTes  the  rate  of  the  variation  of  curvature  in  this  fpiral. 
Now  \el  a  bed  (fig.  13.)  be  any  other  curve,  and  ABCD 
its  evolute  ;  let^  be  the  centre  of  curvature  at  the  point 
B  of  the  evolute,  and  B  0  the  evolved  arch  ;  draw  the  ra- 
dii pB,  po,  Bm,  on ;  join  / 7«,  and  draw  B  q  perpendi- 
cular to  p  m.  It  is  evident  that  m  n  and  B  0  have  the 
fame  ratio  with  B  m  and  B/> ;  and  that  thefe  two  fmall 
arches  may  be  conceived  as  being  portions  of  the  fame 
equiangular  Ipiral  (perhaps  in  another  pofition),  of 
which  q  is  the  centre;  and  that/"  is  in  the  curve  of  another 
of  the  fame.  For  q  p-.  q'B  ■=  qV,  :  qM,  zz  pB -.B  m  ; 
therefore  the  ratio  of  thefe  infinitefimal  arches  m  n  and 
B  0  will  exprefs  the  rate  of  variation  in  any  curve.  This 
is  evidently  equivalent  to  faying,  that  the  variation  of 
curvature  is  proportional  to  the  fluxion  of  the  radius  of 
curvature  direftly,  and  the  fluxion  of  the  curve  inverfe- 
ly.     For  CT«  and  B  0  are  ultimately  as  thofe  fluxions, 

-,  where  %  is  the  arch  of  the 


and  —  IS  equivalent  to 
mil 


fpiral,  and  r  the  evolved  radius  of  the  other.  Accord- 
ingly* 


I     N    V 


C    277    ] 


I     N     V 


Involution,  ingly,  this  is  the  enunciation  of  the   index  of  varia-  lines  of  unequably  varying  curvature,  and  becomes  a  Iiivi.Itiiicii 

^"^'''~**^  TiON  given  by  Newton  (See  Newton's  Fluxions,  Prob.  very  good  llandard  of  comparifon.     In  the  paialiola  ^-'^"''"^^ 

VI.  §  3.).     Therefore,  what  Newton  calls  a  uniform  ABC  (fig.  8.)  let  the  parameter  be  2  a.     The  equation 

variation  of  curvature,  is  not  an  increafe  or  diminution    ;,  .hpn  7  /,  v ..» •   Ti^  _  „.   *    „,  nr /~ — ; — r 

by  equal  arithmetical  differences,  but  by  equal  propor-  DQ  =  <»  +  2  .x  (by  what  was  formerly  demonftra^d  ). 

tions  of  the  curvature  m  every  point.  The  variation  of  . 


Thefe 


and 


ry  po 
curvature  in  (imilar  points  of  fimilar  arches  is  fuppofed 
to  be  the  fame. 

It  is  evident  that  this  ratio  is  the  fame  with  that  of 
radius  to  the  tangent  of  the  angle  p  m  B,  or  of  i  to  its 
tabular  tangent.  The  tangent  therefore  of  this  angle 
correfpnnding  to  any  point  of  a  curve  is  the  me.afure 
of  the  variation  of  curvature  in  that  point.  Now  it 
may  be  (hewn  (and  it  will  appear  by  and  bye),  that  the 
fluxion  of  TK  in  fig.  1 1.  or  the  ultimate  value  of  KQ,  a  j  '_ 
is  always  -yds  of  the  fluxion  of  the  radius  of  curvature,      p  ' 


Moreover,  DB:  BE=  DQ.:  BN;  and  BN  =z  ^l±ii^ 


ap  ■\-  2  xp  +  2  px 


equations  give   z  a  x  z=  2  y  y,  z=  2  fp  ; 


=  r.    Now  making  x  = 


and 


reducing  the  equations,  we  obtain  y  =  • 


ap+  2  xp  +  2/>. 


P  =  yi^  = 


With  thefe  values  of  y,p,  r,  we  obtain  a  ntimeric 


Therefore  the  tangent  of  the  angle  QBK  is  always  yds 
of  that  of  p  m  B  ;  and  therefore  the  angle  QBK,  which 

we  have  feen  to  be  an  index  of  the  clofeiici;  of  contact,  value  of  ^^  moft  readily.     Thus,  in  order  to  obtain 
is   alfo  the  index  of  the  variation    of  curvature   (See  / 

M'Liiurhi,  §  386.).  '''*  index  of  variation  of  curvature  in  the  point  where 

Sir  Ifaac  Newton  has  given  fpecimens  of  the  ufe  of  'he  ordinate  at  the  focus  cuts  the  parabola,  make  a  =  i . 

thismeal'ureina  variety  of  geometrical  curves,  by  means  'fhen  2  .v  =  v' •  *■  =  '    v  (■=  a/  2  x)—  1  ■ 


of  a  general  expreffion  of 
(fig.  8.),  let  AB  be  =  ; 


Thus,  in  the  curve  ABC 


AD  = 

Nn 


=:  »•,  and  BE  =  p ;  we  have = 

BE  =  >  :  />,  =  B  J  :  B  I,  =z  x  :  'z. 


,   DB  =  y,  BN 
r.       Now    DB: 

Therefore  ~  =: 


and    r  (  = 


__  (=7) 

p  (  =  V^'  +  y)  =  ^^  i ;  P  (=  -"j^  V  I. 
(=tt±l^l±±P'^  =  ^2x3.     There- 


^,  and  -r  =  — .     Now,  in  every  curve  which  we  can 

exprefs  by  an  equation,  we  can  obtain  all  thefe  quanti- 
ties/!, _y,  r,  and  2,  and  can  therefore  obtain  the  meafure 
of  the  variation  of  curvature.  It  alfo  deferves  particu- 
lar notice,  that  this  inveftigation  of  -7-  is  equivalent 

■with  finding  the  centre  and  radius  of  curvature  of  the 
evolute,  by  which  the  curve  under  confideration  is  ge- 
nerated ;  or  with  finding  the  centre  q  (fig.  13.)  of  an 
equiangular  fpiral,  which  will  touch  our  curve  in  t»,  its 
evolute  in  B,  and  the  evolute  of  the  evolute  \n  p,  if  put 
into  different  pofitions  when  neceffary.  This  leads  to 
very  curious  fpeculalions,  for  which,  however,  we  have 
no  room.  It  lias  been  faid,  for  indance,  that  tlie  cur- 
vature at  the  intcrfec5lion  of  a  cycloid  with  its  bafe  is 
infinitely  greater  than  that  of  any  circle.  If  the  evolu- 
tion of  the  cycloid  begin  from  tiiis  point,  the  curvature 


fore  -—  =  3,  =  the  index  of  variation  in  the  point  B 

P 
when  D  is  the  focus  of  the  parabola ;  that  is  to  fay, 
the  fluxion  of  the  radius  of  curvatuie  is  three  times  the 
fluxion  of  the  curve. 

The  index  of  variation,  where  the  ordinate  is  equal 
to  the  parameter,  is  had  by  making  k  =  2 .  This  gives 
y  =  2;  y={;    p=  a/  ;;  p  =  y'f,   and    r  =  3    v^  5. 

Wherefore  — —  =  6,  which  is  the  index  of  variation. 

f 
M  reover,  fince  p  and  r  are  in  a  conflant  ratio,  it  ap- 
pears that  the  index  of  variation  of  curvature  in  the  p.i- 
rabola  is  proportional  to  the  ordinateji.     It  is  always 

,    ordinate  ,    .  .  .  ...  ,  , 

=  6 ■;  and  thus,  with  very  little  trouble,  we 

parameter 

can  defcribe  the  evolute  of  its  evolute,  *.  e.  cf  the  femi. 

cubical  parabola. 

In  like  manner,  it  may  be  fbewa,  that  in  all  the  conic 

fedlions  -r  is  always  proportional  to  the  reftangle  of 


of  its  evolutrix  will  be  infinitely  greater  ftiU  upon  the  the  ordinate  DB  and  the  fubnotmal  DE,  orioDB  x 

fame  principles ;  and  we  Ihall  have  rne  infinitely  greater  £)£.     In  the  parabola,  whofe  equation  is  2  a  .v  =_/*» 
th  in  this  by  evolving  it.     Yet  all  thefe  infinities,  multi-  •  , 

plied  to  infinity,  are  contained  in  the  central  point  of  we  have^-=:  — =-.     In  an  ellipfe,  whofe  equation   is 
every  equiangular  fpiral !      In  like  manner,  there  are 


evolutrixes  which  coincide  with  a  llraight  line,  and 
others  of  infinitely  greater  rcifluude,  and  (\ill  they  arc 
curves.  Can  ihis  have  any  meaning  J  And  can  it  be 
reconciled  wiih  the  legitimate  reafoning  fri>m  the  f.imc 
principles,  that  all  thefe  curvatures  and  angles  of  contaift 
are  producible  by  evolution  ;  and  that  they  may  l>c,  and 
certainly  are  every  day  dcfcribed,  by  bodits  moving  in 
free  fpace,  and  a(fled  ou  by  accelerating  forces  direifled 
to  different  bodies  ? 


r        3  —  3* 

2  ax  —  ^  .v'  =  v',  we  have  — :  = 

»  a 


X  DB   X 


DE,  and  in  the  hyperbola,  whofe  equation  is  2  j  x  ■{. 


t  +  if' 


X  DB  X   DE.     This  ratio,  in 


all  the  three  feflions,  is  always  as  the  tangent  of  the 
angle  contained  between   the  diameter  and  the  nor- 
mal at  the  point  of  contact.     By  this  we  may  compare 
The  parabola  (conicalj  is  the  moft  (Iiiiple  of  all  the    them  with  a  parabola.     In  the  cycloid  at  tlie  point  E 


Involution, 

II 
Joan. 


J     O     A 

(fig.  5.)  -r  is  =  tan.  -i^  EKM,  &c.  See. 


[       278 


•  VUlarit 

Hi/Inn  de 

France^ 

torn.  XV. 
p.  7i- 


\  Tafquier 
Uijloire 
d!' Orleans  J 
liv.  vi. 


All  thefe  things  may  be  traceJ  in  the  obfervations 
made  on  lig.  11.  and  12.  When  the  ai.gle  BET  is  a 
right  angle,  the  angle   KBQ_indicates  it  dircdlly,  its 

tangent  being  always  =  — :-•     It  is  eafy  alfo  to  fee, 

3  = 
that  when  the  curve  EMH  is  a  parabola,  the  line  BKFis 
a  llraight  line  parallel  to  El'.  It  is  alio  pliin,  lliat  by 
the  f.ims  Heps  that  we  proved  that  no  circle  can  pafs 
betwe.'n  this  parabola  ar.d  its  equicurve  circle  ERB,  lb 
no  other  parabola  can  pal's  between  them.  Indeed  the 
fame  realoning  will  j)rove  that  no  cuivc  ol'  the  fame 
kind  can  pafs  between  any  curve  and  its  ofciilating 
circle.  In  many  cafes,  it  is  more  cafy  to  reafon  from 
the  curvature  of  a  curve,  by  comparing  it  with  un  equi- 
curve parabola  than  with  an  equicurve  circle  ;  prirticu- 
larly  inticating  of  the  curvi'.ineal  motions  ot  bodies  in 
free  i'pace,  aifluated  by  dcfleifling  forces. 

If  EMH  be  an  ellipfe  or  hyperbcila,  BKF  is  another 
ellipfe  or  Hyperbola  fj'>/'Z.<7Br/V;,  j  373  J 

We  have  thus  endeavoured  to  introduce  cur  readers 
into  this  curious  branch  of  fpeculative  geometry.  An 
introdu<5lion  is  all  that  can  be  e.\pei5ted  Irom  a  worlc  of 
this  kind.  We  have  enlarged  on  particular  points,  in 
proportion  as  we  thought  that  the  notions  entertained 
on  the  fubjcfl  were  inadequate,  or  even  vague  and  in- 
dillii.cl  ;  and  we  hope  that  Ibme  may  be  incited  to  ac- 
quire ck-arer  conceptions  by  going  to  the  fountain  head. 
We  conclude,  by  recommending  to  the  young  geome- 
ter the  perufal  of  the  Fluxions  of  Sir  Ilaac  Newton, 
after  he  has  read  M'Laurin's  Chapter  with  care.  He 
will  probably  be  furprifed  and  delighted  with  feeing 
llie  whole  compreiied  by  a  mailer's  hand  into  fuch  nar- 
row compafs  with  fuch  beautiful  peifpicuity. 

JOAN  d'  Arc,  the  maid  of  Orleans,  has  been  va- 
rioully  charafterifed  ;  but  all  now  agree,  that  (he  was 
worthy  of  a  better  fate  than  the  horrid  death  fhe  was 
doomed  to  die.  (&ee]o.\H  d'ylrc,  Emycl.).  Butdidllie 
ailually  die  that  death  ?  An  ingenious  writer  in  the 
Monthly  Mjgazinehis  proved,  we  think,  that  (he  did  not. 

The  bilhop  of  Beauvais  (fays  he)  is  accufed  by  all 
parties  of  treachery  and  trick  in  the  condud  of  the 
trial  :  it  was  his  known  propeii/ity  to  gain  his  ends  by 
ftratagem,  craft,  manoeuvre,  fraud,  dexterity.  Hefeeks 
out,  and  brings  forward,  fuch  teftimony  only  as  relates 
to  ecclefiaftical  offences,  and  then  hands  over  the  deci- 
fion  to  the  fecular  judges,  v/hofe  clemency  he  invokes. 
Joan  fays  to  him  publicly,  "  You  *  promifcd  to  reftore 
me  to  the  church,  and  you  deliver  me  to  my  enemies." 
The  intention  ol  thebilhop,  then,  mull  have  been,  that 
the  fecular  judges,  for  want  of  evidence,  lliould  fee  no  of- 
fence againll  the  flate  ;  as  the  clerical  judges,  notwith- 
ftanding  the  evidence,  had  declined  to  fee  any  againll 
the  church.  A  fatal  fentence  was,  however,  pro- 
nounced ;  and  the  fulfilment  of  it  entrufted  to  the  ec- 
clefiaftical authorities.  Immediately  after  the  auto  da 
fc,  one  ot  the  executioners  ran  to  two  friars,  and  faid, 
"  that  he  had  never  been  fo  fhocked  at  any  execution, 
and  that  the  Engllfh  had  built  up  f  a  fcaJfblding  of 
plaller  (un  echafaud  de  plalre)  fo  lofty,  that  he  could 
not  approach  the  culprit,  which  muft  have  caufed  her 


]  J     O     H 

fufferlngs  to  be  long  and  horrid."     She  was,  therefore, 

by  fome  H/;(//ia/ contrivance,  kept  out  of  the  reach  and 

obfervatinn  even  ot  the  executioners. 

Some  time  after,  when   public  conimifcration   had 

fucceeded  to  a  vindiiftlvc  bigotry,  a   woman  appeared 

at  MetzJ:,  who  declared  hetlllf  to   he  Joan  of  Arc. 

She  was   everywhere   welcomed   with   zeal.     At   Or- j  ^,'j7„,v,  y^ 

leans,  efpecially,  where  Joan  was  well  known,  (he  was  h  Fuedle 

received  with  the  honours  due  to  the  liberatrefs  of  the/'jr  /'  AbbS 

town.     She  was   acknowledged  by  both  her  brothers,  Lingkt.  Sec 

Jean  and  Pierre  d'Arc.     On  their  tellimony  (he  was  j"°  ^'' 

married   by  a  gentltman  of  the  houfe  of  Amboife,  in  Ikt" Mon. 

1436.     At  their  Iblicitation  her  fentence  v.'as  annulled /?r,?to;  and 

in  1456.     The  Paril'ians,  indeed,  long  remained  incrc-thc  manu- 

duiou> :  they  nuill  die  have  punlrtied  thofeecdefiallics,  fcript  au- 

whole   humanity,  perhaps,  confijired  with  the  bilhoij '*''"'""^*/'- 

r    -r,  ■       .  ■  u  I  1  r  1  .       ted  by  the 

ol    beauvais    to   withdraw    licr   liom     real   execution  ^ontinu^.o- 

down  a  central  chimney  of  brick  and  mortar;  or,  as  ^f  y(,iiy_ 
the  executioner  called  it,  a  fcaffcldlng  of  plafter.  Tlie 
king,  for  the  woman  feems  to  have  Iliunned  no  confron- 
tation, is  dated  to  have  received  her  with  thcfe  words  : 
"  Pucelle,  m'ami^,  Joycz  In  ties  bien  revenue,  an  nom  di 
Dieu."  She  is  then  faid  to  have  communicated  to  hitn, 
kneeling,  the  artifice  pra(5lifo<l.  Can  this  woman  be  an 
impollor  ?  Our  author  thinks  not,  and  appeals  to 
A'oltaiie,  who,  in  his  profe  works,  fcems  willing  to  al- 
low that  (he  was  not,  as  i»  too  commonly  imagined, 
one  of  th"fe  half-infane  enthufialls,  employed  as  tools  to 
work  upon  the  vulgar ;  whom  the  one  party  endeavour- 
ed to  cry  up  as  a  prophetefs,  and  the  other  to  cry 
down  as  a  witch  ;  but  that  (he  was  a  real  heroine,  fu- 
perior  to  vulgar  prejudice,  and  no  lefs  remarkable  by 
force  of  mind  than  h.  r  a  courage  and  ftrength  unufual  in 
her  fex.  This  opinion  is  certainly  countenanced  by  her 
behaviour  in  adverfity,  and  during  her  trial,  which  was 
firm  without  infolence,  and  exalted  without  aifoiflation. 

JOHN,  BAYOUK  OF  St,  a  little  creek  which 
furnillies  a  very  eafy  communication  from  New-  Oi  leans 
to  Weft-Florida.  It  is  navigable  for  vcflels  drawing 
about  4  feet  water  6  miles  up  from  the  lake  Ponchar- 
train,  where  there  is  a  landing  place,  at  which  velfels 
load  and  unload  :  this  is  about  2  miles  from  the  town. 
The  entrance  of  the  Bayouk  of  St  John  is  detended  by 
:i  battery  of  5  or  6  cannon.  There  are  lomc  plantati- 
ons on  the  Bayouk,  and  on  the  road  from  thence  to 
New- Orleans. — Alone. 

John  de  Frontiera,  St,  is  the  chief  town  of  the 
province  of  Cuyo  in  Peru. — ii. 

John's  College,  St,  in  Maryland,  is  fituated  in 
the  city  of  Annapolis,  was  inftituted  in  1784,  to  have 
24  truftees,  with  power  to  keep  up  the  fuccelTion  by 
fupplying  vacancies,  and  to  receive  an  aniiu.il  income 
ol  ^9,000.  It  has  a  permanent  fund  of  _(^"i,750  a  year, 
out  of  the  monies  an  ling  from  marriage  licenfes,  fines 
and  forfeitures  on  the  Weftern  Shore.  This  college, 
with  Walhington  college  at  Cheftertown,  conftitute 
one  univerfity,  named  "  The  Univerfity  of  Mary- 
land." The  convocation  of  the  Univerfity  of  Mary- 
land, who  are  to  frame  the  laws,  preferve  uniformity 
of  manners  and  literature  in  the  colleges,  confer  the 
higher  degrees,  determine  appeals,  &c. — ib. 

John's    Island,  in    South-Carolina,  lies  S.  W.  of         ^ 
Charlcllon  harbour,  divided  from  James's   Ifland   by 
Stono  river,  which  forms  a  convenient  and  fafe  harbour. 
—ib. 

John's 


I'l.Al  I.    \\\ 


I'i'l -^-s  =' ■ 


.loXKSIA 


/•'■'/; 


o 


^  . 


^ 


XLVI.K  Laiiuizabai-a 


,1    4  4  *  ♦  ^ 


i/.,i 


'•••■"•  /■ 


IWOI.I    IION 


J'l}/^). 

' 

/ 

is 

% 

A 
1) 

■/ 

X 

0 

I'l    \IK  .VWII  . 


/■/</  // 


J    O     H  C    379     ] 

J6hay  John's,  St,  one  of  the  chief  towns  of  Newfoundland 
ifland,  fituated  on  the  eall  coaft,  6  miles  north-weft  of 
Cape  Spear,  and  18  fouth-eaft  ot  Cape  St  Francis.  N. 
lat.  47°  32',  W.  lonp.  52"  21'.  It  lies  on  the  bay  of 
the  fame  name.  Its  harbour  is  one  of  the  bell  in  the 
ifland,  and  has  from  10  to  17  fathoms  water  up  to 
King's  wharf,  which  is  a  little  to  the  north-weft  of  the 
Old  Fort,  at  the  bottoin  of  the  town,  and  is  a  mile 
from  the  mouth  of  the  harbour.  A  mile  further  is  the 
mouth  of  Caftor  river,  in  which  dillance  there  is  from 
14  to  4  fathoms  of  water.  On  the  fouth  fide  of  this 
river  is  King's  whart,  an  hofpital,  and  a  watering  place. 
Near  thefe  are  the  hills  called  the  High  Lands  of  St 
John's.     N.  lat.  47"  32',  W.  long.  52"  29'.— i/^. 

John's,  St,  a  bay  and  ifland  on  the  weft  coaft  of 
Newfoundland  ifland,  in  the  gulf  of  St  Lawrence,  at 
the  foulh-well  end  of  the  ftraits  of  Bellifle. — il), 

John's  River,  St,  in  Eaft-Florida  riles  in  or  near 
a  large  fwamp  in  the  heart  of  Eaft-Florida,  and  pur- 
fues  a  northern  courfe,  in  a  broad  navigable  ftream, 
which  in  feveral  places  fpreads  into  broad  bays  or  lakes  ; 
of  which  I^ake  George  is  the  chief.  Vellcls  that  draw 
9  or  10  feet  water,  may  navigate  fately  through  the 
weft  channel  into  St  Jolin's  1  iver  as  far  as  Lake  George. 
The  bar  at  the  mouth  is  liable  to  fliift.  It  is  io\ 
leagues  north  of  St  Auguftine. — ib. 

John's  River,  Liit/e  Si,  in  Weft  Florida,  falls  into 
Apalache  Bay,  about  10  miles  eaftwarJ  of  Apalache  ri- 
ver. It  isfaid  to  be  the  cleareft  and  pureft  of  any  in  Ame- 
rica, is  about  200  yards  broad,  and  about  15  or  20  feet 
deep  at  the  town  of  Talahafochete.  The  fwamp  called 
Ouaquaphenogaw  is  faid  to  be  itsfource,  which  is  ico 
miles  by  land  from  Talahafochete,  and,  following  its 
windings,  from  the  fea  zoo  miles.  The  Indians  and 
traders  fay  it  has  no  branches,  or  tributaries,  which 
fall  into  It ;  but  that  it  ib  ted  by  great  fprings  which 
break  out  through  the  banks. — ii. 

John's,  St,  is  the  largelt  river  in  (he  Britifli  province 
of  New.  Brum  wick.  From  its  mouth  on  the  north  fide 
of  the  bay  of  Fundy,  to  its  main  fource  is  computed 
to  be  350  miles.  The  tide  flows  80  or  90  miles  up 
this  river.  It  is  navigable  for  floops  of  50  tons  60 
miles,  and  for  boats  200.  Its  general  courfe  from  its 
Iburce  is  E.  S.  E.  It  furnilhes  the  grcaleft  plenty  tif 
falmon,  bafs,  and  fturgeon  ;  and  is  the  common  route 
to  Q^icbec.  About  a  mile  above  the  city  of  St  John's 
is  the  only  entrance  into  this  river.  It  is  about  80  or 
100  yards  wide,  and  about  4C0  yards  in  length  ;  call- 
ed the  falls  ol  the  river.  It  being  narrow,  and  a  ridge 
of  rocks  running  acrofs  the  bottom  ot  the  channel,  on 
which  are  not  above  17  feet  of  water,  it  is  not  fuffici- 
cnlly  fpacious  to  difcharge  the  frclh  waters  of  the  river 
above.  The  common  tides  flowing  here  about  20  feet, 
the  waters  of  the  river,  at  low  water,  are  about  1 2 
feet  higher  than  the  waters  of  the  fea  ;  at  high  water, 
the  waters  of  tlie  fea  are  about  five  feet  higher  than 
thofe  of  the  river  ;  fo  that  in  every  tide  there  are  two 
falls,  one  outwards  and  one  inwaids.  Tlic  only  time 
of  pafllng  with  faicty  is  at  the  time  when  the  waters 
of  tlie  liver  arc  level  with  the  waters  ot  the  lea,  which 
is  twice  in  a  tide,  and  continues  not  more  tiian  20  mi- 
nutes each  time.  At  other  times  it  is  cither  impaffa- 
ble  or  extremely  dangerous  ;  reri.-mliling  the  paflagc 
of  Hell  Gate  near  New- York.  The  banks  of  this  ri- 
ver, enriched  by  the  annual  frcQiets,  aic  excellent  land. 


J     O     H 


About  30  miles  from  its  mouth  commences  a  fine  le- 
vel country  of  rich  intervale  and  meadow  land?,  v.-ell 
cloathed  wit!i  timber  and  v/ood,  fuch  as  pine,  beech, 
elm,  m.)ple,  and  walnut.  It  has  many  tributary 
ftreims,  which  fall  into  it  on  e.ich  fide,  among  which 
are  the  Oromofto  river,  by  which  the  Indians"  have  a 
communication  with  Pallamaquoddy  ,  the  Nafliwach 
and  Madamkifwick,  on  which  are  rich  intervales  that 
produce  all  kinds  of  grain  in  the  higheft  perfeftion. 
This  noble  river,  in  its  numerous  and  extenfive  branch- 
es, waters  and  enriches  a  large  trad  of  excellent  coun- 
try, a  great  part  of  which  is  fettled  and  under  im- 
provement. The  uplands,  in  general,  are  covered 
with  a  fine  growth  of  timber,  fuch  as  pine  and  fprure, 
hemlock  and  hardwood,  principally  beech,  birch, 
maple,  and  fome  alh.  The  pines  on  this  river  are  the 
largefl  to  be  met  with  in  Britilh  America,  and  aflFord 
a  confiderable  fupply  of  marts,  fome  from  20  to  30 
inches  in  diameter,  for  the  Britilh  navy. — ih. 

John's,  St,  one  of  the  Virgin  Iflands,  about  12 
le.igues  eaft  of  Porto  Rico.  It  is  about  5  miles  long 
and  I  broad  ;  and  2  leagues  fouth  of  St  Thamas.  It 
is  the  beft  watered  of  all  the  Virgin  Ifles  ;  and  itsli.ir- 
bcur,  called  Crawl  Bay,  is  reckoned  better  than  that 
of  St  Thomas,  and  palfes  for  the  beft  to  the  leeward  of 
Antigua.  There  is,  however,  little  good  land  in  the 
ifland  and  its  exportations  are  trifling. — ii 

John's,  St,  an  ifland  in  the  gulf  of  St  Lawrence, 
near  the  northern  coaft  of  Nova- Scotia,  to  which  go- 
vernment it  is  annexed.  It  is  117  miles  in  length  from 
N.  E.  to  S.  W.  The  medium  bieadth  is  20  miles; 
but  between  Richmond  Bay  on  the  north,  and  Halif.ix 
Bay  on  the  fouth,  it  is  not  above  3  miles  broad-  The 
otlier  bays  on  the  north  fide  are  Londnn  Haibout, 
Grand  Raflied,  and  St  Peters  j  tl.o.'is  on  thcfor.h  fide, 
Eemont,  Halifax,  and  HiUtborough.  On  the  eaft 
fide,  Tliree  River  Harbour,  and  Murry  Haibour.  It 
has  feveral  fine  rivers,  a  rich  foil,  and  is  plea  antlv 
fituated.  Its  capital  is  Charlitte-Town,  the  icfidence 
of  the  lieutenant-governor,  who  is  the  chief  oflicer  on 
the  ifland.  The  nimiber  of  inhabitants  are  eftiniated 
at  about  5,000.  Upon  the  redu<ftion  of  Cipc  Brtir.n 
in  1745,  ''^"^  inhabitants  quietly  fubmitted  to  th;  Biitilh 
arms.  While  the  French  poflVired  this  ifland,  they  im- 
proved it  to  fo  much  advantigc,  as  that  it  was  called 
the  granary  of  Canada,  which  it  furniflitd  with  great 
plenty  of  corn,  as  well  as  beel  and  pork.  Wh:n  taken 
it  had  10,000  head  of  black  cattle  upon  it,  and  fevera 
ot  tile  farmers  railed  12,000  bufbels  of  corn  arnually. 
Its  rivers  abound  with  falmon,  trout,  and  eels,  and 
the  furrounding  fea  aH'ords  plenty  nf  (turgeon,  pliice, 
and  nioft  kinds  of  Ihelltilh.  Tlic  ifland  is  divided  into 
3  counties,  viz.  King's,  Queen's,  and  Prince's  coun- 
ties;  which  are  fubdivided  into  14  pariflies,  corfillinj^ 
of  27  towiilhips,  which  in  all  make  1,363,400  acres, 
the  contents  of  the  ifland.  The  chief  town«,  befidcs 
the  capital,  are  Georgetown,  Prince's- Town  j  befides 
which  are  Hillfborough-Town,  Pownal-Town,  M.iry- 
borough-Town,  &c.  It  lies  between  45"  46',  and  47*  10 
N.  lat-  and  between  44"*  22',  and  46"  32'  W.  long. — it. 

John's,  St,  the  nrrlh-wellcrnmoft  town  in  Sulfcx 
county,  Delaware,  is  filuatcd  at  the  head  of  the  mid- 
dle branch  of  Nanticoke  river,  about  27  miles  N.  E.  rf 
Vienna  in  Maiyland,  and  22  S.  by  W.  of  Dover. — il'. 

John's,  St,  a  town  and  fort  in  Lower  Canada,  fitu- 

alcd 


John'j. 


J     O     H  [     2S0     ] 

atcd  on  the  weft  bank  of  Sorel  river,  at  the  north  end 
of  like  Champlain,  a  few  miles  fouihward  of  Ch:ini- 
blee,  2S  miles  I'outhward  of  Montreal.  It  has  been 
ed.iblilhed  as  the  fole  port  of  entry  and  clearance  i"ur 
all  goods  imported  from  the  interior  of  the  United 
St  itei  into  Canada,  by  an  ordinance  publilhed  by  the 
executive  council  of  Lower  Canada,  the  yih  of  July, 
1796.  It  is  II)  miles  noithwavd  of  TiconJeroga, 
and  was  taken  by  General  Montgomery  in  Nov.  1775. 
N.  lat.  45"  9',  W.  long.  72°  18'. — ;■*. 

John,  St,  a  lake  in  Lower-Canada,  which  receives 
rivers  from  every  direftion,  and  fends  its  waters  through 
Saguenai  river  into  the  St  Lawrence,  atTadoufac.  It 
is  about  25  miles  each  way. —  ':b. 

John's  Berkley,  St,  a  parifti  of  S.  Carolina,  in 
Charlefton  dillriifl,  containing  5,922  inhabitants;  ot 
whom  692  are  whites,  and  5,170  are  flaves. — ib. 

Joiin'o,  St,  a  I'mall  illand  in  the  Wett-Indics  belong. 
inj;  to  Denmark,  north  of  St  Croix,  and  fouth  of  Tor- 
tola,  to  wliich  hft  it  is  very  near.  It  is  noted  only 
for  its  fine  harbour,  which  is  faid  to  be  fufficient  to 
contain  in  fafety  the  whole  Britilh  navy.  It  has  a  num- 
ber of  fait  ponds,  which,  however,  arc  no  evidence  of 
its  fertility. — ib. 

John's  Colleton,  St,  a  parilli  of  S.  Carolina,  in 
Charlelfon  dillrid,  containing  5,312  inhabitants;  of 
■whom  58.5  are  whites,  and  4,705  llaves. — ib. 

John's,  St,  the  capital  of  the  iiland  of  Antigua  in 
the  Weft-Indies.  It  is  a  legularly  built  town,  with  a 
harbour  of  the  fame  name,  fituated  on  the  weft  ihore, 
and  on  the  north-eaft  fide  of  LobloUo  Bay.  The  en- 
trance of  the  harbour  is  defended  by  Fort  James, 
this  town  is  the  refidence  of  the  governor  general  of 
the  leeward  Charaibe  Illands,  and  where  the  aliembly 
is  held,  and  the  port  where  the  greateft  trade  is  carried 
on.  It  was  fo  fiouriftiing  as  to  receive  a  lofs  by  a 
florm,  to  the  value  of;^400,ooo  fterling.  N.  lat.  17" 
4',  W.  long.  62"  4'. — ib. 

John,  St,  or  Juan  dc  Porto  Rico,  the  capital  of  the 
jfland  of  Porto  Rico,  in  the  Welt-Indies. — ib. 

JOHNSBURY,  Sr,  a  townlhip  in  Caledonia  county, 
in  Vermont,  bounded  S.  W.  by  Danville,  and  has  143 
inhabitants. — ib. 

JOHNSON  FORT,  in  S.  Carolina,  lies  on  the  N. 
E.  fide  of  James's  Illand,  and  fouth  of  the  city  of 
Charlefton.  It  ftands  at  the  entrance  of  the  harbour, 
and  by  which  no  vefFel  can  pafs  unlefs  the  mafter  or 
mate  make  oath  that  no  malignant  diltemper  is  on 
board.     It  is  guarded  by  10  men. — ib. 

JOHNSTON  FORT,  or  John/on  Fort,  in  N.  Ca- 
rolina, ftands  on  the  weltern  bank  of  Cape  Fe.tr  river, 
oppofite  to  the  ifland  on  the  fea-coaft  whofe  fouthern 
point  is  Cape  Fear. — ib. 

JOHNSONSBOROUGH,  a  poil-town  of  New- 
Jerfey,   10  miles  from  Sullex  court-houfe. — ib. 

Johnson's  Landing-Place,  is  on  O-yongwongyeh 
Creek,  about  4  miles  eaftward  of  Fort  Niagara. — ib. 

Johnson,  a  county  of  N.  Carolina,  in  Newbern 
diftrlift,  bounded  S.  E.  by  Glafgow,  N.  by  Franklin 
and  Wayne  counties,  and  S.  by  Sampfon.  It  contains 
5634  inliabitants,  of  whom  1329  are  flaves. — ib. 

JOHNSTOWN,  a  poft-town  and  the  capital  of 
Montgomery  county.  New- York,  fituated  on  the  N. 
bank  ot  Mohawk  river,  24  miles  W.  of  Scheneflady. 
The  compuift  part  of  the  town  is  a  little  back  from  the 


J     O     K 


river,  and  contains  about  70  houfes,  a  Prelbyterian 
and  an  Epifcopal  church,  a  court-houfe  and  gaol.  In 
tiie  townlhip  593  of  the  inhabitants  are  elcftors.  , 
Caghnawaga  is  a  parifli  or  diftrift  of  Johnftown  26 
miles  above  Scheneflady  on  the  river.  Settlements 
have  been  made  here  tor  about  So  years.  Here  ftand 
the  dwelling  lioiile,  barn,  and  ou'.-houfcs  (allofftone) 
formerly  occupied  by  Sir  William  Johnfon.  This 
fettlement  was  moftly  deftroyed  by  the  Britifh  in  the 
year  1780,  who  were  joined  by  a  party  of  Indians  and 
iithers,  under  the  command  of  Sir  William  Johnfon. 
In  this  aifiion  it  is  alferted,  that  Sir  William  evinced 
a  want  of  feeling  which  would  have  difgraced  a  favagc. 
The  people  deftroyed  in  this  expedition  were  his  old 
neighbours,  svith  whom  he  had  formerly  lived  in  the 
habits  of  friendlhip.  His  eftate  was  among  them  ; 
and  the  inhabitants  had  always  confidered  him  as  their 
iriend.  Thefe  unfortunate  people,  after  feeing  their 
houfes  and  property  confumed,  were  hurried,  f'uch  as 
could  walk,  into  cruel  captivity  ;  ihofe  who  could  not, 
fell  viiitims  to  the  tomahawk  and  fcalping  knife. — ib. 

JOHNSTON,  a  townftiip  in  Pruvidence  county, 
Rhode-Ifland,  wefterly  of  the  town  of  Providence, 
having  1320  inhabitants. — :b. 

Johnston,  a  townlhip  in  Franklin  county,  in  Ver- 
mont ;  it  contains  93  inhabitants. — :b. 

jONAS's  SOUND,  the  moft  northern  inlet  on  the 
weflern  coaft  cf  Sir  Thomas  Smith's  Bay,  lying  near 
the  ariftic  circle,  in  latitude  76°. — ib. 

JONES  (Sir  William),  who  was  ftyled  by  Johnfon 
the  moft  enlightened  of  men,  was  the  fon  of  William 
Jones,  Efq  ;  one  ot  the  laft  of  thole  genuine  mathema- 
ticians, admirers,  and  contemporaries  of  Newton,  who 
cultivated  and  improved  the  fciences  in  the  lafl  cen- 
tury. Our  author  was  born  on  the  28th  of  September 
1746,  and  received  his  education  at  Harrow  fchool, 
under  the  care  of  Dr  Robert  Sumner,  whom  he 
has  celebrated  in  an  eulogium  which  will  outlaft 
brafs  or  marble.  We  are  told  that  he  was  a  clafs  fel- 
low with  Dr  Parr,  and  at  a  very  early  age  dil'played 
talents  which  gave  his  tutor  the  moft  promifing  expec- 
tatiop.s,  and  which  have  fince  been  amply  juftitied. 
From  Harrow  he  was  fent  to  Univerfity  college,  Ox- 
ford, where  the  rapidity  and  elegance  of  liis  literary  ac- 
quifitions  excited  general  admiration  ;  while  a  temper, 
ardently  generous,  and  morals  perfectly  irreproachable, 
procured  him  teftimonies  of  the  molt  valuable  efteem. 
The  grateful  afTedlion  which  he  always  cheriltied  for 
that  venerable  leat  of  learning,  did  as  much  honour  to 
his  fenfibility,  as  Oxford  herfelf  has  received  by  enroll- 
ing him  among  the  number  of  lier  fons. 

In  the  twenty-third  year  of  his  age  he  travelled 
through  France,  and  refided  feme  time  at  Nice,  where 
he  employed  himfelf  very  differently  from  mofl  othei 
young  men  who  make  what  is  called  the  tour  of  Ea  , 
rope.  Man,  and  the  influence  of  various  forms  of  go- 
virnmcnt,  were  the  principal  objects  of  his  inveftigation  ; 
and  in  applying  the  refult  of  his  inquiries  to  the  ftate 
of  his  own  country,  he  m>ngled  the  folicitudes  of  the 
Patriot  with  the  honeft  partialities  of  an  Engliftiman. 

Mr  Jones's  firft  literary  work  was  a  tranllation  in- 
to French  of  a  Perfian  manufcript,  entitled  "  Hijloire 
de  Nadir  Sl>ah,  conmi  Jous  Ic  nom  de  Thahmas  Kuli 
Khan,  Empereur  de  Perfi,"  in  two  vols.  4to  ;  the  hifto- 
ry   of  which  performance    we  ihall  give  in  his  own 

words  i 


J     O     N 


[     281     ] 


J     O     N 


Jontf.  words  :  "  A  great  northern  monarcli,  who  vifited 
^"""^^  this  country  a  few  years  ago,  under  tiie  name  ot  the 
Prince  of  Travendal,  hrought  with  hini  an  ealtern  ma- 
nufcript,  containing  tlie  hfe  of  N'ldir  Shah,  the  late  fo- 
vereign  of  Perfia,  wliich  he  was  delirous  of  having 
tranflated  in  England.  The  fecretary  of  (late,  with 
whom  the  Danilh  minider  had  converfed  upon  the  fiib- 
jed,  font  the  volume  tome,  rcquefting  me  to  give  a  li- 
teral tranflation  of  it  in  the  French  language  ;  but  I 
wholly  declined  the  tailc,  alledging  for  my  excufe  tiie 
length  of  the  book,  the  drynefs  of  the  fubjeifV,  the  dif- 
ficulty of  the  ftyle,  and  chiefly  my  want  both  of  Ici- 
fure  and  ability  to  enter  upon  an  undertaking  fo  fruit- 
lels  and  fo  1  d)orious.  I  mentioned,  however,  a  gentle- 
man, with  whom  I  had  not  then  the  pleafuie  ot  being 
acquainted,  but  who  had  diltinguiihed  himfelf  by  a 
tratillation  of  a  Pcrfiati  hiftory,  and  was  far  abler  than 
myfeU  to  fatisfy  the  king  of  Denmark's  expeflations. 
The  learned  writer,  who  had  other  works  upon  his 
hands,  excufed  himfelf  on  tlie  account  of  his  many 
engagements  ;  and  the  application  to  nie  was  renewed. 
It  was  hinted,  that  my  compliance  would  be  of  no  fmall 
advantage  to  me  at  my  entrance  into  life  ;  that  it  would 
procure  me  fome  mark  of  dillindion  which  might  be 
pleating  to  me  ;  and,  above  all,  that  it  would  be  a  reflec- 
tion upon  this  country,  if  the  king  Ihonld  be  obliged  to 
carry  the  manulcript  into  France.  Incited  by  thefe 
motives,  and  principally  by  the  lafl  of  them,  unwilling 
to  be  thought  churlilh  or  morofe,  and  eager  for  the 
bubble  reputation,  I  undertook  the  work,  and  fent  a 
fpecimen  of  it  to  his  Danilh  Majefty  ;  who  returned  his 
approbation  of  the  tlyle  and  method,  but  defued  that 
the  whole  tranflation  might  be  pcrfeflly  literal,  and  the 
oriental  images  accurately  preferved.  The  talk  would 
have  been  tar  eal'ier  to  me,  had  I  been  direifled  to  finifli 
it  in  Latin  ;  for  the  acqtiifition  of  a  French  llyle  was 
infinitely  more  tedious ;  and  it  was  neceffary  to  have 
every  chapter  corrcded  by  a  native  of  France,  before 
it  could  be  offered  to  the  difcerning  eye  of  the  public, 
fince  in  every  Unguagc  there  are  certain  peculiarities  ot 
idiom,  and  nice  tirades  of  meaning,  which  a  foreigner 
can  never  learn  to  perfedion.  But  the  work,  how  ar- 
duous and  unpleafing  foever,  was  completed  in  a  year, 
not  without  repeated  hints  from  the  fecretary's  otHce 
SuppL.  Vol.  II. 


that  it  was  eipedcd  v/ith  great  impatience  by  the  Jinsi- 
Coiirt  of  Denmark."  The  tranflation  oftheHiilory  '-'"^'"'^- 
ol  Nadir  Shah  was  publiflied  in  the  fummer  of  the  ytar 
1770,  at  the  expence  of  the  trantlator ;  and  forty  co- 
pies upon  large  paper  were  fent  to  Copenha;^cn  ; 
me  of  them  bound  with  uncommon  elegance  ft  r  the 
king  himfelf,  and  the  others  as  prefents  to  his  eour- 
tieri.*  .  r.    , 

What  marks  ot  dillinilion  our  author  received,  or  //.,  u,jl.„j 
what  fruits  he  reaped  for  his  Libour,  he  has  not  thought  "f  N^dir 
proper   to   difclufe ;  but    if   any    dependence   it  to' be  *''^*' '"3- 
placed  on  common  fame,  the   reward  bellowed  upon 
him  for  this  l.iborious  taflc  confilted  only  in  tlie  thanks 
of  his  Danilh  Majefty,  and  the  liotiour  of  being  enroll- 
ed in  the   Royal  Society  of  Copenhagen.     That  dif- 
tiniflion  was  indeed  accompanied  with  a  letter,  recom- 
mending the  learned  tranflator  to  the  patronage  of  his 
own  fovereign  ;  but,  in  the   interim,  his  friend  Lord 
Dartmouth,  who  was  to  have  delivered  it,  had  refign- 
ed  his  office  of  fecretary  of  ftale,  and   the  letter,  we 
are  told,  was  never  prcfented. 

There  is  reafon  to  think,  that  this  early  and  fevere 
dilappointment  made  a  deep  imprefTion  on  his  mind, 
and  induced  liini  to  renounce  the  mufes  for  a  lime,  ai\d 
to  apply  himfelf  with  afilduity  to  the  fltidy  of  juril- 
prudence.  This  we  think  apparent,  from  the  Hyle  in 
which  he  writes  of  his  return  Irom  the  continent,  and 
of  the  death  of  his  beloved  preceptor  Dr  Sumner. 

"  When  I  left  Nice,  (fays  he)  where  I  had  rel'ideil 
near  feven  months,  and  after  traverfmg  alniolt  all 
France,  returned  to  England,  I  moll  ardently  defired  to 
pafs  feveral  years  more  in  the  lludy  of  polite  literature  ; 
as  then,  I  thought,  I  might  enter  into  public  life,  to 
which  my  ambition  had  aKvays  prompted  me,  more 
mature  and  prepared  :  but  with  this  fruit  of  myleilure, 
either  fortune,  or  rather  Providence,  the  difpofer  of  all 
human  events,  would  not  indulge  my  floth  ;  for  on  a 
fudden,  I  was  obliged  to  quit  that  very  literature  to 
which,  from  my  childhood,  I  had  applied  myfelt';  and 
he  who  had  been  the  encouragcr  and  airili.int  of  my 
ftudies,  who  had  inftruifled,  taught,  forrrcd  me  fuclr  as 
I  was-,  or  if  I  am  any  thing  at  all,  Roiifxr  SuM.stR, 
within  a  year  after  my  return,  was  fuatchcd  away  by 
an  untimely  death  (a)." 

N  n  In 


(a)  As  a  fpecimen  of  our  author's  latinity,  we  fubjoin  the  epitaph  on  Dr  Sumner,  which  is  alTricd  to  the 
wail  of  the  fouth  tranfcpt  of  Harrow  church. 

T_r  c  p 

R  O  B  E  R  T  U  S     SUMNER,     S.     T.     P. 

CoUcgii  Regalis  apud  Cantab,  olim  Socius, 

Scholsc  Harrovienfis  haud  ita  pridem  Archididatcalus. 

Fuit  hoc  pro-'i^antiirimo  Viro 

Ingcnium  natur.i  peracre,  optimarum  difciplinls  artium  fedulo 

Excultum,  ufu  diuturno  confirmatum,  &  quodammodo  lubaiflum. 

Nemo  cnim  atit  in  reconditis  fipientix  tludiis  illo  lubtilior  extiiit, 

Aut  humanioribus  literis  limaiior:  nemiisi  fere  vel  felii-ius 

Contigit  judicii  acumen,  vel  uberior  eruditiouis  copia. 

Egregiis  hilce  cum  dotibus  naturx,  turn  dudrii-.a-  ftiblidiis, 

Infuper  acccdebat  in  fcriptis  mira  ac  propc  perfcda  eloquentia. 

Infermone  facctiarum  lepor  plane  Atticus,  &  gravitate  iu.iviter 

Afpera  urbanitas ;  in  moribus  lingularis  (juscJam  integritas  &  fides ; 

Vitsc  deniquc  ratio  conllan    fibi,  &  ad  virtutis  normanr  diligenter  feverc<iuf, 

Exculta.     Omnibus  qui  vel  amico  cfTent  eo,  vel  niagillro  ufi,  dodrina-, 

Ingenii,  virtutis  trillc  rcliquit  dcfiderium,  fubita,  elicu  I   atque  immaiuri 

Morte  coneptus  prid.  Id.  Sept.  A.  D. 

t77i,  ^t.  41. 


J     O     N 


[     282     ] 


JON 


JoiiM.  la    1771    Mr    Jones    publiflied    Dijcrtalion  fur    la 

^"^^"^^  J.luraiure  Orienta/e,  Svo,  and  ihis  was  followed  by 
Lel/>e  i  Monfcur  yl**  Du  P***,  dans  hqu.lle  ejl 
compr'is  r  Exomeii  di  fa  TradjUion  des  Livres  atlribuis 
a  Zorcajlic,  8vo.  'Ihe  difTertation  offered  a  favour- 
able Ipecimen  of  the  authoi's  abilities  as  a  lingnill  and 
as  a  critic;  and  the  letter  contained  a  fpiiited  vindi- 
caiion  of  the  univeriuy  of  Oxford,  from  the  very 
fiunilous  reproaches,  in  which  its  incompetency  in 
Oiienlal  literaliire  was  afTirted  by  the  illiberal  tranf- 
llator  of  the  fuppofed  woiks  of  the  Perfian  philofo- 
pher. 

In  the  fame  year  ke  gave  to  the  public,  "  A  Gram- 
mar of  the  Perfian  language,"  4to,  and  at  the  fame 
time  propofed  to  rcpublilh  Meniniki's  Didlionaiy,  with 
improvements  from  De  Lahrojfce's  Cazofkylacium  Ltn- 
^U't  Pcrfiuiim,  and  to  add  in  their  proper  place  an  Ap- 
pendix fuljoined  to  Gehanaguire's  I'erfic  Dictionary. 
The  Grammar  lias  heeu  found  extremely  ufeful,  and 
has  been  reprinted  feveral  times  ;  but  the  defign  of  the 
Diclionary,  though  an  objeil  of  even  national  impor- 
tance, ior  want  of  due  encouragement  was  obliged  to 
be  laid  al'idc. 

In  1772  he  publifted  "Poems;  confiRing  chiefly 
of  Tranflauons  from  the  Afutic  Languages.  To  which 
are  added  two  Eifays  ;  l.  On  the  Poetry  of  the  Eaflern 
Nations.  2.  On  the  Arts  commonly  called  Imita- 
tive," Svo,  which  in  1777  he  republilhcd  with  the  ad- 
dition of  tome  Latin  Poems,  every  way  worthy  of  their 
author.  On  the  iBtii  June  1773,  he  took  the  degree 
of  Mafter  of  Aits,  and  the  fame  year  publilhed  "  The 
HiUory  of  the  Lite  of  Nadir  Shah,  King  of  Perfia. 
Extracted  from  an  Eaderu  Manulcript,  which  was 
tranilatcd  ii.to  French  by  order  of  his  Mwjelly  the  King 
cifDeimiark.  With  an  Introduction,  containing,  i./l 
Defciipiion  of  Alia  according  to  the  Oriental  Geogra- 
phers. 2.  A  (liort  Hiflory  cf  Perfia  frwm  the  earliell 
Times  to  the  prefent  Century  :  And  an  Appendix, 
confiding  of  an  Eifay  on  Afiatic  Poetry,  and  the  Elif- 
tory  of  the  Perfian  Language.  To  which  are  added 
Pieces  rel.nive  to  ilie  French  Tranfiation,"  Svo.  Our 
author  having  at  this  period  detei  mined  to  ftudy  the 
law  as  a  pnifeflion,  and  to  relinquilli  every  other 
purfuir,  our  readers  will  net  be  difpleafed  with  the 
loUowing  extraft,  relating  to  this  refolution,  which 
coccludas  the  preface  to  the  hiflory  now  under  con- 
fideraiion  : 

«'  To  conclude  ;  if  any  efTeniial  miftakes  be  detedl- 
ed  in  this  whole  performance,  the  read:r  will  excufi 
ll.em,  when  he  refleifs  upon  the  great  variety  of  dark 
and  intricate  points  which  are  difculFed  in  it ;  and  it  the 
obfcurity  of  the  fiibjecf  be  not  a  fuffkient  plea  for  the 
errots  which  may  be  difcovered  in  the  work,  let  it  be 
confidered,  to  ufe  the  words  of  Pope  in  the  preface  to 
his  juvenile  poems,  that  there  are  very  few  things  in 
this  colle<ffion  which  were  not  written  under  the  age  of 
ttve-and-twenty  :  mofl  of  them  indeed  were  compufed 
in  the  intervals  of  my  kifuie  in  the  South  of  France, 
before  I  had  applied  myfelf  to  a  Rudy  of  a  very  differ- 
ent nature,  which  it  is  now  my  refolution  i.t  make  the 
fole  ()bj;i5t  of  my  life.  Whatever  then  be  the  fate  of 
this  produiStion,  I  fhall  never  be  tempted  to  vindicate 
any  paitofit  which  may  be  thought  exceptionable; 
but  fhall  gladly  refign  my  own  opinions,  for  the  fake 
of  embracing  others,  which  may  feem  mure  probable  ; 


being  perfuaded,  that  nothing  is  more  laudable  than 
the  love  of  truth,  nothing  more  odious  than  the  oblli-  *" 
nacy  of  perfilling  in  error.  Nor  fliall  I  eallly  be  in- 
duced, when  I  have  difburdencd  myfelt  of  two  other 
pieces  which  aie  now  in  the  pret's,  to  begin  any  other 
work  of  the  literary  kind  ;  but  fhall  confine  myfelf 
wholly  to  that  branch  of  knowledge  in  wliich  it  is  my 
chief  ambition  to  excel.  It  is  a  painful  conliJeration, 
that  the  profeflion  of  literature,  by  far  tlie  moff  labo- 
rious of  any,  leads  to  no  real  benefit  or  true  glory 
whatfoever.  Poetry,  fcience,  letters,  when  tiiey  are 
not  made  the  fole  bufinets  of  life,  may  become  its  or- 
naments in  profperity,  and  its  moll  pleafing  confolation 
in  a  change  of  fortune  ;  but  if  a  man  addiifls  himl'elf 
entirely  to  learning,  and  hopes  by  that,  either  to  raife 
a  family,  or  to  acquire,  what  fo  many  wifli  for,  and  fo 
few  ever  attain,  an  honourable  retirement  in  his  decli- 
ning age,  ho  will  find,  when  it  is  too  late,  that  he  lias 
miflaken  his  path  ;  that  other  labours,  other  fludies,  are 
neceliary  ;  and  that  unlefs  he  can  allert  his  own  inde- 
pendence in  aflive  life,  it  will  avail  him  little  to  be  fa- 
voured by  the  learned,  efteemed  liy  the  eminent,  or  re- 
commended even  by  kings.  It  is  tiue,  on  the  other 
h and,  that  no  external  advantages  can  make  amends  for 
the  lufs  of  virtue  and  integrity,  which  alone  give  a 
perfedl  comfort  to  him  wlio  poffell'es  them.  Let  a 
man,  therefore,  who  wiflies  to  enjoy,  what  no  fortune 
or  honour  can  beflow,  the  bleffing  of  felf-approbation, 
aipire  to  the  glory  given  to  Pericles  by  a  celebrated 
hiflorian,  of  being  acquainted  with  all  ufeful  know- 
ledge, of  expreiring  what  he  knows  with  copioufnefs 
and  freedom,  of  loving  his  friends  and  country,  and  of 
dildaining  the  mean  purfuits  of  lucre  and  intereil  :  this 
is  the  only  career  on  whicli  an  iionel^  man  ought  to 
enter,  or  from  which  he  can  hope  to  gain  any  fuiid 
happinefs." 

The  next  year  he  piiblifhed  Pocfeos  yifiat'tct  Com- 
ment'iriorum  Litri  Sey,  cum  Apfendice  :  fubjieiiur  Limon, 
fii  Mifcellaiicontm  Liter,  Svo  ;  and  purfuing  his  pur- 
pofe  of  applying  to  the  fludy  of  the  law,  we  hear 
no  more  of  him  from  the  prefs  (except  the  new  editi- 
on of  his  Poems),  until  the  year  1779.  In  this  in- 
terval he  was  called  to  the  bar,  and  attended  Well- 
minfter  hall  and  the  Oxford  circuit,  where  be  ob- 
tained but  little  bufinel's.  He  was  however  appoint- 
ed a  commifTioner  of  bankrupts  by  Lord  Bathurfl, 
who  is  fuppofed  to  have  intended  to  exert  his  in- 
teiefl;  to  procure  his  nomination  to  the  bench  in 
the   Eafl  Indie?. 

He  pubiifhed  in  this  year,  "  The  fpeeches  of  Ifeus, 
in  caufes  concerning  the  law  of  fucceffion  to  properly 
at  Athens  ;  with  a  preparatory  difcourfe,  notes  critical 
and  hiflorical,  and  a  Commentary,  410."  In  this  valu- 
able work,  the  talents  cf  the  fcholar,  the  critic,  and  the 
lawyer,  combine  to  elucidate  a  very  important  part  of 
jurifprudence  ;  for,  "though  deep  refearches  into  the 
legal  antiquities  of  Greece  and  Rome  (as  he  obferves  in 
his  Commentary)  are  of  greater  ufe  to  fcholars  and 
contemplative  perfons,  than  to  lawyers  and  men  of 
bullnefs ;  though  Braflon  and  Lyttleton,  Coke  and 
RoUe,  are  the  proper  objeifls  of  our  ftudy  ;  yet  the 
ablell  advocates,  and  wifefl  judges,  have  frequent- 
ly embelliflied  their  arguments  with  learned  allu- 
fions  to  ancient  cafes ;  and  fuel)  allufions,  it  mufl 
be  allowed>   are    often   ufeful,    always   ornamental ; 

and} 


Jones. 


JON  [2 

Jon?».      and,    when  they    are    introduced    without    pedantry, 
••'"''~**^  never  fail  to  pleai'e."      The  work  was  dedicated   in 
u   ft)Ie   of   reipedtful   gratitude  to  his   patron  I^ord 
Dathuill. 

In  the  year  1780,  we  find  our  anthor  a  candidate 
to  rcprefent  in  parliament  the  univerfity  of  Oxford.  He 
had  tor  fome  time  refiJed  but  little  in  the  univerfity, 
and  therefore  lalxiursd  under  fome  dii'advantages  ;  but 
he  did  not  meanly  court  the  fupport  of  any  man.  In 
a  paper,  which  was  circulated  on  that  occafion,  his 
friends,  who  were  numerous,  declare,  that  they  have 
"  neither  openly  folicited,  nor  inten-d  openly  to  folicit, 
votes  for  Mr  Jones  within  the  Univerfity  itfelf,  becaule 
he  will  never  beCDnie  the  inftrument  of  dillurbinj;  the 
calm  feat  of  the  Mufes,  by  confenting  to  any  fucli  fo- 
licitalion  for  hinifelf  or  for  any  man  whatever.  His 
own  applications  have  been,  are,  and  will  be,  confined 
to  thofe  only  who  have  profelfed  a  regard  for  him,  arJ 
ivho  have  no  votes  themjehts :  the  Mallets  of  Arts  in  a 
great  univerlity,  whofe  prerogative  is  cool  reafon 
and  impartial  judgment,  mull  never  be  placed  on 
a  level  with  the  voters  or'  a  borough,  or  the  free- 
holders of  a  county.  Even  in  proceeding  thus  far, 
he  does  not  fet  the  example,  but  follows  it;  and 
his  friends  would  never  have  piinted  any  paper,  if 
they  had  not  thought  themfelves  juftitied  by  the 
conduit  of  (>thers. 

«'  For  the  firft  and  the  lull  time,  they  beg  leave  to 
fuggell,  that  no  exertions  muli  be  ("pared  by  thcfe  who, 
either  pcrfonally  or  by  reputation,  approve  thecharader 
of  Mr  Jones  ;  into  which,  both  literary  and  political,  as 
Well  as  moral,  his  fiicnds  delire  and  demand  the  llriiftell 
fciuliny.  For  his  univerfity  he  began  early  to  pro- 
voke, and  poffibly  to  incur,  the  difpleafure  of  great  and 
poucifnl  men:  For  his  univerfity  he  entered  the  lilh 
with  a  foul-mouthed  and  arrogant  Frenchman,  who  had 
attacked  Oxford  in  three  large  volumes  if  mifreprefcn- 
tation  and  fcurrility  :  For  his  univeifity  he  refigncd, 
for  a  whole  year,  his  favourite  ftudies  and  purfuits,  to 
fave  Oxford  the  difcrcdit  of  not  having  one  of  her  fons 
ready  to  tranflate  a  tedious  Perfian  nianufcript.  To 
Oxiord,  in  ihort,  he  is  known  to  be  attached  by  the 
ftrongell  polhble  ties  ;  and  only  regrets  the  necelllty  of 
abfenting  himfelf  from  the  place  in  whicli  of  all  others 
he  mofl  delights,  until  the  event  of  the  prefent  compe- 
tition fliall  either  convince  him  that  he  has  toiled  in  vain 
as  a  man  of  letters,  or  (hall  confer  on  him  the  great- 
ell  reward  to  which  lie  can  afpire.  The  unavoid- 
able difadvantage  of  being  fo  late  propofed,  and  the 
refperiable  fupport  with  which  he  is  now  hon</Urcd, 
will  ftcure  him  in  all  events  from  the  leall  difgrace." 
The  application  was  unfuccefsful,  chiefly  becaufe  his 
own  college  had  fixed  upon  another  candidate,  liom  a 
perfuafion  that  the  immediate  appointment  of  Mr  Jones 
to  a  feat,  then  vacant  on  the  bench  of  judges  in  India, 
was  morally  certain. 

The  riots  of  that  year  gave  occafion  to  another 
publication  of  our  author,  entitled,  "  An  Inquiry  in- 
to the  legal  Mode  of  fuppreQing  Kiots  ;  with  a  conlli- 
tulion.al  Plan  of  future  Defence,"  8vo  ;  and  in  1781  he 
publilhed  "  An  Elfjy  on  the  Law  of  Bailments,"  Uvo, 
a  very  maftcrly  treatife,  which  did  great  honour  to  his 
legal  abilities.  In  this  lall  work  he  inculcates  the  ne- 
ccUity  of  deeply  exploring  the  grounds  of  the  common 
law  ;  and  fpcaking  of  Blackftonc,  (he  Hiys)  "  his  com- 


'^3     ]  JON 

iiientaries  are  the  moll  correal  and  beautiful  outline     Jon«. 
that  ever   wa?  exhibited  of  any   human  fcience  ;  but  ^-''^'^ 
they    alone   will    no    more    form    a   lawyer,    than    a 
general  map   of  the  world,  how  accurately  and   ele- 
gantly idcver  it  may  be  delmeated,  \\\\\  make  a  geo- 
grapher." 

In  this  year  he  likewife  recalled  his  mufe  in  an  Ode  ^n 
tlie  nuptials  of  Lord  Vifcount  Althorpe,  who  had  been 
his  pupil,  to  Mifs  Lavinia  liingham.  This  beiutifol 
little  poem  is  preferved  in  the  European  MiL'az  ne  for 
January  17B5,  and  we  think  in  other  periodical  publi- 
cations. 

From  many  circumflances  which  might  be  c-UefleJ 
together,  it  would  appear  that  our  author  at  l!.i,  junc- 
ture did  not  coincide  in  opinion  with  thofc  who  hid  \\\'t 
direction  of  government,  nor  did  he  approve  the  mei. 
fures  at  that  period  adopted. — "With  thcfe  fentinients 
he  feems  to  have  been  lelet'ied  as  a  proper  p.-rfon  to  be 
introduced  as  a  member  of  the  Conftiiutlonal  S-ci:ty. 
Could  he  have  (orcfecn  the  dege.-.cracy  of  fuch  afiocia- 
tions,  there  is  reafon  to  believe  that  he  would  have  de- 
clined what  he  condefcended  to  accept  as  an  honour ; 
for  though  aa  ardent  fiiend  to  liberty,  he  wa>  an  ene- 
my  to  theoretical  innovation,  and  declares,  in  a  letter 
to  the  fecretary,  that  by  the  tcim  ccuftitution,  he  un- 
derltands  "  the  great  fyilem  of  public,  in  contradic- 
tion to  private  and  criminal  law,  which  comprifes  all 
thofe  articles  which  Blackftone  arranges,  in  hi,  firft 
volume,  under  the  rights  of  perfon^,  and  of  which  he 
gives  a  perfpicuous  analyfis.  Wlia:ever  then  rel  itei  to 
tlie  rights  of  perfVms,  either  a'.lolute  tights,  as  the  en- 
joyment of  liberty,  fccurity,  and  property,  or  relative, 
that  is,  in  the  public  relations  of  magiiirates  ar.J  people, 
makes  a  part  of  that  majellic  whole,  wliieh  we  proper- 
ly  call  the  cnnftitution.  This  conflitution.il  cr  public 
law  is  partly  unwritt.'n,  and  grounded  upon  in;';:?nio. 
rial  ufage,  and  parily  written  or  enae^cd  by  the  ieijif- 
lative  power  ;  but  tlie  unwritten,  or  cimimon  1  iw,  con- 
tains the  true  fpirit  rf  our  coiirtiiulion  :  the  written 
has  often  moll  unjuftifiably  altered  the  form  of  it  ;  the 
common  law  is  the  colleAed  wifJom  of  many  centuries, 
having  been  ufed  and  approved  by  fucctllive  genera- 
tions ;  but  the  Ilaiutes  fieqnently  contain  the  whims  cf 
a  few  leading  men,  and  iometimes  of  the  mere  Indivi- 
duals employed  to  draw  them." 

In  1782  he  publilhed  "The  Mahomedan  Law  cf 
Succellion  to  the  Property  of  liuellates,  in  Aiabic, 
with  a  verbal  Tranflaiioji  and  explanatory  Notes." 
4to. 

At  length  the  poll  of  one  of  the  judges  in  the  Eaft 
Indies,  which  had  been  kept  vacant  five  years,  was  de- 
termined upon  being  filled  up  ;  and  our  author,  on  the 
4th  March  178;,  was  appointed  to  that  llation,  and 
on  the  20th  received  the  honour  of  knighthoi'd.  On 
the  Slh  (>f  April  he  married  Mif»  Shipley,  eldeft  daugh- 
ter iif  the  Bilhnp  ol  St  Af.iph,  and  alinolt  immediately 
embarked  for  the  Indies.  He  had  prcvi'-ully  pubhlh- 
cd  "  The  Moallakat  ;  cr,  Seven  Arabian  I'oem^,  which 
were  fiifpended  on  the  Temple  at  Mecca,  with  a  Tranf- 
lation  and  Arguments."  410.  To  this  it  wis  intend- 
ed to  add  a  preliminary  dil'couife  and  notes. — The  for- 
mer to  coniprilc  oblcrvatirns  on  the  anitqii  ty  cf  the 
Arabian  language  and  letters ;  on  the  diaUfts  and  cha- 
racters of  Himyar  and  Korailh,  with  accounts  of  fome 
Ilimyarick  poets;  on  the  manners  of  the  Aiabs  in  the 
N  n  z  age 


Jouc* 


JON  C 

age  immediately  preceding  that  of  Mahomed  ;  en  the 
temple  at  Mecca,  and  the  MoalUkat,  or  pieces  of  poe- 
try fufpendcd  on  its  walls  or  gate;  hftly,  on  the  lives 
of  the  Seven  Poets,  with  a  critical  hiltory  of  their 
works,  and  the  various  copies  or  editions  of  them  pre- 
ferved  in  Europe,  Afia,  and  Africa.  The  latter  to 
contain  authorities  and  reafons  for  the  tranflaiion  of 
controverted  palFages ;  to  elucidate  all  the  obfcurc 
Couphts,  and  exhibit  or  propofe  amendments  of  the 
text ;  to  dirca  the  reader's  attention  to  particular 
lieauties,  or  point  out  remaikable  deftifls ;  and  to  tlir-w 
light  on  the  images,  fijjures,  and  alUifions  of  the  Aia- 
bian  poets,  by  citations  either  from  writers  of  their 
own  country,  or  from  fuch  of  our  European  travellers 
as  bell  illulUatc  the  ideas  and  cuftoms  of  Eatlern  na- 
tions. Thi.  .ilfcourfo  and  the  notes  have  not  yet  ap- 
peared. At  his  departure  for  the  eallern  world,  he 
left,  in  roanul'cript,  witli  hi^  brotherin-law  the  Dean  of 
St  Af.iph,  a  litile  traa,  entitled  "  The  Principle;  of 
Government,  in  a  Dialogue  between  a  Scholar  and  a 
Peafant."  This  celebrated  dialogue  being  alterwards 
publirtied  by  the  Dean,  and  widely  circulated  by  the 
fociety    for  conlliiutional  information,  the  Dean  was 


•  Lutv  rf 
Bailiftentt. 


284    ]  JON 

the  Spanifh,  and  Italian,  he  fpoke  and  wrote  with 
the  greatell  fluency  and  precifion  ;  and  the  Germau 
and  Purtuguefe  were  familiar  to  him.  At  an  early 
period  of  lite  his  application  to  Oriental  literature  com- 
menced ;  he  ftudied  the  Hebrew  with  eafe  and  I'uccefi  ; 
and  many  of  the  molt  learned  Afiatics  have  the  can- 
dour to  avow,  that  his  knowledge  of  Arabic  and  Per- 
fian  was  as  accurate  and  extcnlive  as  their  own  ;  he  was 
alio  convcrfant  in  tlie  Tuikilh  idiom,  and  the  Chinefe 
had  even  attrailed  his  notice  io  far  as  to  induce  him  to 
learn  the  radical  charaders  of  that  language,  with  a 
view  perhaps  to  farther  improvements.  It  was  to  be 
exp(.(ffed,  after  his  arrival  in  India,  that  he  W(juld  eager- 
ly embrace  the  opportunity  of  making  hiinlclf  matter 
of  the  S  iiilcrit  ;  and  the  mod  enlightened  profelFors  of 
the  doftrincs  of  Brahma  confefs  witli  piide,  delight, 
and  lurprife,  that  his  knowledge  of  their  facred  dialcdl 
was  m  ll  critically  correal  and  profound.  The  Pan- 
dits, who  were  in  the  habit  of  attending  him,  could 
not,  after  his  death,  fupprefs  their  tears  for  his  lofs,  nor 
find  terms  to  exprefs  their  admiration  at  the  wonderful 
progrefs  he  had  made  in  their  fcienccs. 

Before  the  expiration  of  his  twenty-fecond  year. 


Jonei. 


nrofecuted  f i  r  publifliine  a  libel,  and,  if  our  memory    he  had  completed  his  Commentaries  on  the  Poetry  of 
deceives  us  not,  was  found  guilty. 

Sir  William  Junes  now  dropt  for  ever  all  concern  in 
party  politics,  and  applied  himfelf  to  purfuits  more 
worthy  of  his  talents.  During  his  voyage  to  India,  he 
conceived  the  idea  of  the  Af.atic  Society,  of  which  an  ac- 
count has  been  givenunder  the  title  Societies  (iJnrj'f/.), 
and  of  whofe  refearches  five  volumes,  replete  with  much 
curious  information,  are  now  before  the  public.  But  ar- 
dently as  his  mind  was  attached  to  general  literature  and 
fcience,  he  was  by  nomean,  inattentive  to  the  profeQional 
duties  of  his  high  llation.  He  had  indeed,  to  ufe  his  own 
expreffion,  an  "  undilfenibled  fondnefs  for  the  lludy  of 
jurifprudence  *  ;"  and  in  the  charader  of  a  judge,  dif- 
played  the  profound  knowledge  and  irreproachable  inte- 
grity, which,  before  his  promotion,  pervaded  his  re.afon- 
ings  as  a  lawyer,  and  governed  his  conduit  as  a  man. 
Ur.foriunuely  the  intenle  ardour  of  application,  which 
pioduced  hi^  frequent  conti  iliutions  to  the  flock  of  hu- 
man knowledge,  added  to  the  unfavourable  influence  of 
th:  climate,  greatly  impaired  his  health.  On  this  ac- 
count, after  a  relidence  of  about  fifteen  years  in  India, 
he  made  preparations  for  returning  to  England  ;  but 
death  interpoffd ;  and  this  illullrious  ornament  of  fcience 
and  virtue  was  taken  from  the  world  on  the  27th  of 
April  1794,  in  the  48th  year  of  his  age.  "  It  is  to 
tlie  (hanie  of  fcepticifm  (as  one  of  his  biographers  well 
obferves),  to  the  encouragement  of  hope,  and  to  the 
honour  of  genius,  that  this  great  man  was  a  fincere  be- 
liever in  the  doflrines  of  Chrillianity,  and  that  he  was 
found  in  his  clofct  in  the  attitude  of  addrelTing  his 
prayer  to  God."  We  fliall  give  his  character  as  it 
was  drawn  by  Sir  John  Shore,  Baronet,  (now  Lord 
Teignmouth)  in  a  difcourfe  delivered  at  a  meeting 
of  The   Afiatic    Society,    held    on   the    22d   of   May 

1794. 

"  His  capacity  for  the  acqviifition  of  languages  has 
never  been  excelled.  In  Greek  and  Roman  literature, 
his  early  proficiency  was  the  fubjeft  of  admiration  and 
a 


the  Afiatics,  although  a  confiderable  time  afterwards 
elapfed  before  their  publication;  and  this  work,  if  no 
other  monument  of  his  labours  exifted,  would  at  once 
furnifii  proofs  of  his  confummate  fkill  in  the  Oriental 
dialefts,  of  his  proficiency  in  thofe  of  Rome  and  Greece, 
of  tatle  and  erudition  far  beyond  his  years,  and  of  ta- 
lents and  application  without  example. 

"  But  the  judgment  of  Sir  William  Jones  was  too  diC- 
cetning  to  confider  language  in  any  other  light  than  as 
the  key  of  fcience,  and  he  would  have  defpifed  the  re- 
putation of  a  mere  linguifl.  Knowledge  and  truth 
were  the  objeifls  of  all  his  ftudies,  and  his  ambition 
was  to  be  ufeful  to  mankind  ;  ,with  thefe  views  he  ex- 
tended his  refearches  to  all  languages,  nations,  and 
times. 

"  Such  were  the  motives  that  induced  him  to  propofe 
to  the  government  of  India,  what  he  juflly  denomina- 
ted a  work  of  national  utility  and  importance,  the  com- 
pilation of  a  copious  Digetl  of  Hindu  and  Mahomedan 
Law,  from  Sanfcrit  and  Arabic  originals,  with  an  of- 
fer of  his  fervices  to  fiiperintend  the  compilation,  and 
with  a  promife  to  tranflate  it-  He  had  forefeen,  pre- 
vious to  his  departure  from  Europe,  that  without  the 
aid  of  fuch  a  work,  the  wife  and  benevolent  intentions 
of  the  legiflature  of  Great  Britain,  in  leaving  to  a  cer- 
tain extent  the  natives  of  thefe  provinces  in  poffeffion 
of  their  own  laws,  could  not  be  completely  fulfilled  ; 
and  his  experience,  after  a  fhort  refidence  in  India,  con- 
firmed what  his  fagacity  had  anticipated,  that  without 
principles  to  refer  to,  in  a  language  familiar  to  the 
judges  of  the  courts,  adjudications  amongll  the  natives 
mull  too  often  be  fubjeff  to  an  uncertain  and  errone- 
ous expofition,  or  wilful  mifinterpretation  of  their  laws. 

"  To  the  fuperintendancc  of  this  work,  which  was  im- 
mediately undertaken  at  his  fuggeflion,  he  affiduoufly 
devoted  thofe  hours  which  he  could  fpare  from  his  pro- 
fefllonal  duties.  After  tracing  the  plan  of  the  Digeft, 
he  prefcribed  its  arrangement  and  mode  of  execution, 


_pplaufe  ;  and  knowledge  of  whatever  nature,  once  ob-  and  feleifled  from  the  mod  learned  Hindus  and  Maho- 
lained  by  him,  was  ever  afterwards  progrelTive.  The  medans  fit  perfons  for  the  tafk.  of  compiling  it :  flatter- 
more  elegant  dialefls  of  modern  Europe,  tlie  French,    ed  by  his  attention,  and  encouraged  by  his  applaufe,, 

the. 


J     O     N 


[     285     ] 


JON 


JouM.  ihe  Pandits  profccuted  their  labours  with  cheerful  zeal 
*""'"""'  to  a  fatist'aiSory  conclufion.  The  Molivees  have  alio 
Dearly  fini(hed  their  portion  of  the  work  ;  but  we  muft 
ever  regret,  that  the  promifed  tranilation,  as  well  as  the 
meditated  preliminary  dilFcrtation,  have  been  fruftrated 
by  that  decree,  which  fo  often  intercepts  the  perform- 
ance ot  human  purpofes. 

"  During  the  courfe  of  this  compilation,  and  as  auxi- 
liary to  it,  he  was  led  to  ftudy  tlie  works  of  Menu,  re- 
puted by  the  Hindus  to  be  the  oldell  and  hnlieft  of  le- 
giflators  ;  and  finding  them  to  comprife  a  fyftem  of  re- 
ligious and  civil  duties,  and  of  law  in  all  its  branches, 
fo  comprehenfive  and  minutely  exiit,  that  it  might  be 
confidered  as  the  inllitutes  of  Hindu  Law,  he  prefent- 
ed  a  tranflation  of  them  to  the  government  of  Bengal. 
During  the  fame  period,  deeming  no  l.ibour  exceffive 
or  fupcrfluous  that  tended  in  any  refpe<5l  to  promote 
the  welfare  or  happinefs  of  mankind,  he  gave  the  pub- 
lic an  Englifli  verlicn  of  tlie  Arabic  Text  of  tlie  Si- 
rajiyah  or  Mahomedan  Law  of  Inheritance,  with  a 
Commentary.  He  haii  already  (as  has  been  obfcrved) 
publilhed  in  England  a  tranllaticnof  a  trad  on  the  fame 
fubjeifl  by  another  Mahomedan  lav/yer,  containing,  as 
his  own  words  exprefs,  '  a  lively  and  elegant  Epitome  of 
the  Law  of  Inheiitance  of  Zaid.' 

"  To  thefe  learned  and  impc  rtant  works,  fo  far  out  of 
the  road  of  amulement,  nothing  could  have  engaged 
his  application  but  tliat  defire  which  he  ever  proieiled, 
of  rendering  his  knowledge  ufeful  to  his  nation,  and  be- 
neficial to  thi  inhabitants  ot  thele  provinces. 

"  I  (hould  fcarcely  (continues  Lord  Teignmouth) 
think  it  of  importance  to  mention,  that  he  did  not  dif- 
dain  the  office  of  editor  of  a  Sanfcritand  Perfian  work, 
if  it  did  not  afford  me  an  opportunity  of  adding,  that 
the  latter  was  publiflied  at  his  own  ex  pence,  and  was 
fold  for  the  benefit  of  infolvent  debtors.  A  limilar  ap- 
plication was  made  of  the  prodtlce  of  Sirajiyah." 

But  nothing  exhibits  the  large  grafp  of  Sir  William 
Jones's  mind  in  fo  ftriking  a  point  of  view  as  a  paper 
in  his  own  liand  writing,  which  came  into  Lord  Teign- 
mouih's  poflenion  after  fiis  death.  It  was  intitled  De- 
siderata, and  propofed  lor  inveftigation  the  follow- 
ing fubjeifts  relating  to  the  eafletn  world. 

InJia. — I.  The  ancient  gei  graphy  of  India,  Sec. 
from  the  I'uranas.  2.  A  botanical  defcription  of  Indian 
plants,  from  the  Colhas  Sec.  3.  A  grammar  of  the 
Sanfcrit  language,  from  Panini,  &c.  4.  A  diflionary 
of  the  Sanfciit  language,  Irom  tho  32  original  vocabu- 
laries and  Niruifli.  5.  On  the  ancient  mufic  of  tlie  In- 
dians, 6.  On  the  medical  fubdances  of  India,  and  the 
Indian  art  of  medicine.  7.  On  the  philof 'phy  ot  the 
ancient  Indians.  8.  A  tranflation  of  the  Veda.  9.  On 
ancient  Indian  geomct'v,  allronomy,  and  algebra.  10. 
A  tranfl.ition  of  the  Piiranas.  11.  A  tranflation  of 
the  Mahabbara  and  Ramayan.  12.  On  the  Indian 
theatre,  &c.  See.  13.  On  the  Indian  cor.llcUations, 
with  their  mythology,  from  tlie  Piiranas.  14.  The 
hiflory  ot  India  befoie  the  Mahomedan  conqucll,  from 
the  Sinfcrit  Calhmir  Hiftories. 

jlrabia. — 15.  The  hiflory  of  Aralva  before  Maho- 
med. 16.  A  tianflatiim  of  the  Hamafa.  17.  Atianf- 
lation  of  Hariri.  18.  A  tranflation  of  the  Facahatul 
Kliulifa.     OftheCaQah. 

Pcrjia — 19.  The  hiflory  of  Perfia,  from  authorities 
in  Sanfcrit,  Arabic,  Greek,  Turkilh,  Perfian  ancient 


and  modern,  Firdaufi's  Khrofrau  nama.     20.  The  five      Jouei. 
poems  of  Nizami,  tranflated  in  profe.     21.  A  di6ion-  '^^~'^~^^ 
ary  of  pure  Perlian  Jechangire. 

China. —  22.  A  tranflition  of  Shi-cing.  23.  The 
text  of  Canfii-tfu,  verbally  tranflated. 

Tcrtary. — 24.  A  liillorv  of  the  Tartar  nations, 
chiefly  of  the  Moguls  and  Othmans,  from  the  Turkilh 
and  Perfian. 

"  We  are  not  authorifed  (fays  his  Lordfhip)  to  con- 
clude, that  he  had  himfell  formed  a  determination  to 
complete  the  works  which  his  genius  and  knowledge  had 
thus  fketched  ;  the  tallc  Items  to  require  a  peiiod  be- 
yond the  probable  duration  of  any  human  life  ;  but  we, 
who  had  the  happinefs  to  know  Sir  William  Jcnes  ; 
who  were  witncfles  of  his  indefatigable  perfeveranc;  in 
the  puriuit  of  knowledge,  and  of  his  ardour  to  acconi- 
plilh  whatever  he  deemed  important ;  who  faw  the  ex- 
tent of  hi*  intelleftual  powers,  his  wonderful  attain- 
ments in  literature  and  fcience,  and  the  facility  with 
which  all  his  compolitions  were  made — cannot  doubt, 
if  It  had  plcafed  Providence  to  protraift  the  date  of  his 
cxillence,  that  he  would  have  ably  executed  much  of 
what  he  hud  fo  extenfively  planned." 

We  have  already  enumerated  attainments  and  works 
which,  from  their  direrfity  and  extent,  feem  far  beyond 
the  capacity  of  the  moft  enlarged  minds;  but  the  ca- 
talogue may  yet  be  augmented.  To  a  proficiency  in 
the  languages  of  Greece,  Rome,  and  Afia,  he  added 
the  knowledge  of  the  philofophy  of  thofe  countries, 
and  of  every  thing  curious  and  valuable  that  had  been 
taught  in  them.  The  doiflrines  of  the  Academy,  the 
Lyceum,  or  the  Portico,  were  not  more  familiar  to 
him  than  the  tenets  of  the  VeJas,  the  myfticifm  of  the 
Sufis,  or  the  religion  of  the  ancient  Perfians ;  and  whilft^ 
with  a  kindred  genius,  he  perufed  with  raptuie  tl.e  he- 
roic, lyric,  or  moral  compoliticns  of  the  moft  renowned 
poets  of  Greece,  Rome,  and  Afia,  he  could  turn  with 
equal  delight  and  knowledge  to  the  fublime  fpecula- 
tions  or  mathematical  calculation?  of  Barrow  and  New- 
ton. With  them  alfo  he  prot'efled  his  conviction  of  the 
truth  of  the  Chriftian  religion  ;  and  he  juftly  deemed 
it  no  inconfiderable  advantage,  that  his  rcfearches  had 
corroborated  the  multiplied  evidence  of  Revelation,  by 
confirming  the  Mofaic  account  of  the  primitive  world. 

In  his  eighth  anniverfary  difcourfe  to  the  Afiatic  So- 
ciety, he  thus  expreifes  himfelf :  "  Theological  inquiries 
are  no  part  of  my  prcfent  fiibjeel ;  but  I  cannot  refrain 
from  adding,  that  the  coUeflion  of  trads  which  we  call, 
from  their  excellence,  the  Scriptures,  contain,  indepen- 
dently of  a  divine  origin,  more  true  fublimity,  more  ex- 
qnilite  beauty,  purer  mor.ility,  more  important  hiftory, 
and  finer  flr^ins  both  of  poetry  and  eloquence,  than 
could  be  co!le<51ed  within  the  fame  compafs  from  all 
other  books  that  were  ever  compofcd  in  any  age,  or 
any  idiom.  The  two  parts,  of  which  the  Scripturei 
confift,  are  conne<5teJ  by  a  chain  of  compofitions,  which 
bear  no  rclcmblance  in  form  or  flylc  to  any  that  can  be 
produced  from  the  '.lores  of  Grecian,  Indian,  Perfian, 
or  even  Arabian  learning  ;  the  antiquity  of  thefe  com- 
pofitions no  man  doubts,  jnd  the  unflrained  applica- 
tion of  them  to  events  1  ng  fubfequent  to  their  pub- 
lication, is  a  folld  ground  ot  belief  that  ihcy  were  ge- 
nuine predie'tions;  and  conlcqucntly  infpiicj." 

There  were,  in  truth,  lew  fcienccs  In  which  he  had 
net   acqtaired  confiderablc  proficiency  ;    in  moft,    his. 

knowltdje 


J     O    N 


C       2«6      ] 


JON 


Jrnci.  knowledj^e  was  profound.  The  theory  of  mulic  w.is 
"'"'''"'*'  f.iniiliar  to  him  ;  nor  hail  he  nej-kaed  to  make  himfch" 
acquainted  with  ihc  interefling  dilcoveries  lately  made 
inchemiHry  ;  "and  I  have  heard  him  (l-iysLoidTcign- 
mouth)  ailert,  that  his  admiration  ot'  ijic  (liiiiflurc  tS 
the  human  frame  had  induced  him  to  attend  lor  a  fca- 
fon  to  a  courfe  of  anatomical  Icflures,  delivered  by  his 
friend  the  celebrated  Hunter." 

His  lall  and  favouiite  puifuit  was  the  ftudy  of  bo- 
tany, which  he  originally  began  under  the  conlinsmeiit 
of  a  fevere  and  lingeiing  diforder,  which  with  mull 
minds  would  have  proved  a  dil'qiialification  from  any 
application.  It  conllituted  the  principal  amulemtnt  of 
his  hifure  hours.  In  the  arrangements  of  Linnaus,  he 
difcovered  fyflsm,  truth,  and  fcience,  which  never  tail- 
ed to  captivate  and  engage  his  attention  ;  and  tivm  the 
proofs  which  he  ha?  exhibited  of  his  progrel's  in  botany, 
we  may  conclude  that  he  would  have  eitended  the  dif- 
coveries  in  that  fcience. 

It  cannot  be  deemed  ufelefs  or  fupcrlluous  to  inquire 
by  what  arts  or  method  he  was  enabled  to  attain  to  a 
degree  of  knowledge  alniuft  univerfal,  and  apparently 
be)  •  nd  the  powers  of  man,  during  a  life  little  exceed- 
ing 47  years. 

The  faculties  of  his  mind,  by  nature  vigorous,  were 
improved  by  conltant  e.Ncrcife  ;  and  his  memory,  by 
habitual  pradice,  had  acquired  a  capacity  of  retaining 
whatevei  had  once  been  imprelfed  upon  it.  To  an  un- 
extincuilhed  ardour  for  univeifal  knowledge,  he  jtined 
a  pevfeverance  in  the  purfiiit  ot  it  which  fubdued  all  ob- 
ftacles ;  his  Iludies  began  « iih  the  dawn,  and,  during 
the  intermitHons  of  profeffional  duties,  were  continued 
throughout  the  day  ;  rellection  and  meditation  Itrcngth- 
ened  and  conlirmed  what  induflry  and  inveftigation  had 
accumulated.  It  was  a  fixed  principle  with  him,  from 
which  he  never  voluntarily  deviated,  not  to  be  deterred 
by  any  difficulties  that  weie  furmountable  from  profe- 
cuting  to  a  luccefsful  termination  what  he  had  once  de- 
liberately undertaken. 

But  what  appeared  more  paiticulaily  to  h.;ve  ena- 
bled him  to  employ  his  talents  fo  much  to  his  own  and 
the  public  advantage,  was  the  regular  allotment  of  his 
time,  and  a  fcrupulous  adherence  to  the  diltribution 
which  he  had  tixed  ;  hence  all  his  ftudies  were  purlued 
without  interruption  or  confulion.  He  coUedled  infor- 
mation, too,  from  every  (juarter;  juftly  concluding,  that 
fomething  might  be  learned  from  the  illiterate,  to  whom 
he  liftened  with  the  utmoll  candour  and  complacency. 

Lord  Teignmouth,  addrefllng  himl'elf  to  the  Afiatic 
Society,  fays,  "  Of  the  private  and  focial  virtues  of 
our  lamented  Prtlident,  our  hearts  are  the  bell  records. 
To  you  who  knew  him,  it  cannot  be  necelfary  for  me 
to  expatiate  on  the  independence  ot  his  integrity,  his 
humanity,  probity,  or  benevolence,  which  every  living 
creature  participated;  on  the  affability  of  his  conver- 
fation  and  manners,  or  his  modell,  unaffiiming  deport- 
ment :  nor  need  I  remark,  that  he  was  totally  free 
from  pedantry,  as  well  ai  from  arrogance  and  felf-fuffi- 
ciency,  which  fometimes  accompany  and  difgrace  the 
greatefl  .ibilities.  His  prefence  was  the  delight  of  every 
ibciety,  which  his  converfation  exhilarated  and  impro- 
ved ;  and  the  public  have  not  only  to  lament  the  lofs 
of  his  talents  and  abilities,  but  that  of  his  example. 

"  To  him,  as  the  founder  of  our  inllitution,  and 
whilll  he  lived  its  firmed  fupport,  our  reverence  is  more 


particularly  due.  Intttufled,  animated,  and  encoura- 
ged by  biin,  genius  was  called  forth  into  exertion,  and 
modill  merit  was  excited  to  diHinguilh  itlclf.  Anvious 
for  the  reputation  of  the  Society,  lie  was  indefatigable 
in  his  own  endeavours  to  promote  if,  whilft  he  clieer» 
lully  allilled  tliofc  of  others.  In  lofing  him,  we  havi 
not  only  been  deprived  of  our  brightest  ornament,  but 
of  the  guide  and  patron,  en  whole  inrtmctions,  juc";:- 
ment,  and  candour,  we  could  implicitly  rely.''  Thcugh 
thel'e  aic  the  fcntiments,  not  only  of  Lord  Teign- 
mouth,  but,  we  believe,  of  every  man  of  letters,  w« 
mill  there  is  flill  left  in  Bengal  a  fiifhciont  love  of 
letters  and  of  fcienre  to  carry  on  the  plan  which  was 
formed  by  the  genius  of  Sir  William  Jones. 

JONES,  a  county  of  N.  Carolina,  in  Newbern  dif- 
tii.;t,  bounded  N.  b)-  Craven.  It  cont.iins  3  141  free 
inhabitants,  and  16S1  tlavts.  It  is  well  watered  by 
Trent  river,  and  its  tributary  llreams.  Chief  town 
Trenton. — Mora. 

JONESDOROUGH,  a  poatown,  and  chief  town 
of  Walhington  dillrift  in  Tennelfce,  is  the  feat  of  the 
diftriiil  and  county  courts.  It  has  but  few  houfes, 
having  been  but  lately  elfablifhed.  It  is  26  miles  from 
Greenville,  loi  from  Knoxville,  40  from  Abingdon 
in  Virginia,  and  627  fiom  Philadelphii. — ib. 

JoNESBOROUGH,  the  chief  town  of  Camden  county 
in  Edenton  dillriifl,  N.  Carolina.  It  contains  a  court- 
houfe  and  a  tew  dwell ini^-houl'es. — ib. 

JONES'S  PLANFATION,  in  Lincoln  county, 
Maine,  was  incorporated  by  the  name  of  Harlem,  in 
Eebiuary,  1796.  It  is  19  miles  N.  E.  of  Hallowell, 
47  iVoni  Pownalborough,  and  213  N.  E.  by  N.  of 
Bofton.     It  contains  262  inhabitants. — ib. 

Jones's  Fokd,  on  Brandywine  creek,  is  5  or  6  miles 
above  Chad's  Ford,  in  Pennfylvania. — ib. 

JONESIA,  IS  a  very  handfonie  middling-fized  ra- 
mous  tree,  found  in  gardens  about  Calcutta.  In  the  San- 
fcrit  it  is  called  Aj'  oca,  and  in  the  Bengalefe  Rnjpick  ; 
but  the  name  Jonefia  was  given  to  it  by  the  Aliatic  So- 
ciety, who  confecrated  it  to  the  memory  of  their  firfl 
prelident  Sir  William  Jones.  It  is  thus  defcrifed  by 
Dr  Roxburgh,  a  member  of  that  fociety  : 

"  Calyx,  two  leaved,  corol,  one  petaled,  piftil  bearing; 
bale  of  the  tube  impervious ;  ftamens  long,  afcending, 
inferted  into  the  margin  of  a  glandulous  neiffaiial  ring, 
which  crowns  the  mouth  of  the  tube,  the  uppermoR 
two  of  which  more  dift.tnt ;  flyle  declining.  Legume 
turgid.  Trunk  erc<3,  though  not  very  flraight.  Bark 
dark  brown,  pretty  fmooth.  Branches  numerous, 
fpreading  in  every  direftion,  fo  as  to  form  a  moft  ele- 
gant fhady  head.  Leaves  alternate,  abruptly  feathered, 
felTile,  generally  more  than  a  foot  long ;  when  young 
pendulous  and  colour^.  Leaflets  oppofite,  from  four  to 
fix  pair,  the  lowermoll  broad  lanced,  the  upper  lanced  ; 
fmooth,  fhining,  firm,  a  little  waved,  from  four  to  eight 
inches  long.  Petiole  common,  round,  and  fmooth.  Sti- 
pule axillary,  folitary  ;  in  faft  a  procefs  from  the  bafe 
of  the  common  petiole,  as  in  many  of  the  grafies  and 
monandrills,  &c.  Uvilcis  terminal  and  axillary  ;  be- 
tween the  ftipule  and  branchlet,  globular,  crowded,  fub- 
feflile,  ereifl.  BraHs,  a  fmall  hearted  one  under  each 
divilion  of  the  umbel.  Peduncle  and  pedicels  fmooth, 
coloured.  Flo-wen  very  numerous,  pretty  large  ;  wheo 
they  firft  expand  they  are  of  a  beautiful  orange  colour, 
gradually  changing  to  red,  forming  a  variety  of  lovely 

fljadss ; 


J     O     P  I     1 

{hades  ;  fragrant  during  the  night.  Calyx  perianth, 
below  twolcaved,  leaflets  fmall,  nearly  oppoCite,  co- 
loured, hearted,  brade-like,  marking  the  termination  of 
the  pedicel,  or  beginning  of  the  tube  of  the  corol.  C/j- 
ro/ one-petalled,  tunnel  form  ;  tube  flightly  incurved, 
firm,  and  Helhy,  tapering  towards  the  bafe  (club  funnel- 
fhapcd)  and  there  impervious ;  border  four-parted  ;  di- 
rifion  fpreailing,  fuborbicular  ;  margins  moll  flightly 
woolly  :  one-third  the  length  of  the  tube.  Ne{}ary,  a 
(tameniferous  and  pillilitecoiis  ring  crowns  the  mouth  of 
the  tube.  Sianu-ns,  filaments  generally  fevcn ;  and  fe- 
vcn  nitill,  I  think,  be  the  natural  number  ;  viz.  three 
on  c.ich  fide,  and  one  below,  above  a  vacancy,  as  it  the 
place  of  an  eightli  filament,  and  is  occupied  on  its  infide 
by  the  pillil ;  they  are  equal,  diftinfl,  afcending,  from 
three  to  four  times  longer  than  the  border  of  the  corol. 
u-Jni/.erj  uniform,  fmall,  incumbent.  Pi/lH,  germ  ob- 
long, pediccled  ;  pedicel  inferted  into  the  infide  of  the 
netJfary,  immediately  below  the  vacant  fpace  already 
mentioned  ;  ftylo  nearly  as  long  as  the  ftamens,  declin- 
ing ;  Ifigm.i  limple.  Pericarp,  let;ume  tcimeter-foimed, 
turgid,  outfiJe  reticulated,  otlicrwife  pretty  fmonth  ; 
from  I'll  to  ten  inches  long,  and abnit  t\\o  broad.  SieJs 
generally  from  four  to  eight,  fmooth  ;  grey,  lize  of  a 
large  chefnut." 

The  Joneli.i  flowers  at  the  beginning  of  the  hot  fea- 
fon,  and  its  feeds  ripen  during  the  rains.  The  plants 
and  feeds  were  originally  brought  to  Calcutta  from 
tile  interior  p.irts  of  the  country,  where  it  is  indige- 
nous. A^.  B.  Many  of  the  flowers  have  only  the  ru- 
diment of  a  pillil.  In  Plate  XXX.  A  is  a  branchlet 
of  the  natural  fize.  B,  A  fingle  flower  a  little  magni- 
fied ;  a  a  the  calyx.  C,  A  ftifiion  of  tlie  fame,  exhibit- 
ing four  of  the  ftamcns,  i  i  i  i  the  pillil  2,  and  how 
far  the  tube  is  perforated.  D,  A  fimilar  feftion  of  one 
cf  the  abortive  flowers  ;  ^  is  the  abortive  pillil.  E,  The 
ripe  legume  opening  r.eur  the  bafe,  natural  llze.  Note, 
The  fp.ice  between  the  1/  and  c  marks  the  original  tube 
cf  the  corol.  F,  One  of  the  feeds,  natural  I'ue.  G, 
The  bafe  of  tiie  commrni  petiole,  with  its  flipule  ;  a  a, 
the  petioles  of  the  lower  p^'ir  of  leaflets. 

JOOTSl-SiMA,  a  fmall  fiat  illand,  which  is  fepara- 
ted  from  Cape  Nota  in  Japan  by  a  channel  about  five 
leagues  wide.  Its  circumference  does  not  exceed  two 
leagues  ;  it  is  well  wooded,  of  an  agieeal>le  alpecl,  and 
well  inhabited.  Pcroiife,  who  failed  round  it,  remark- 
ed from  the  quarter  deck  cjf  his  fhip  fome  confiderable 
edifices  between  the  houfes  of  the  inh.ibitants  ;  and 
hard  by  ;i  fort  of  caftle,  at  the  foutli-well  point  of  the 
tfland,  he  diflinguiflitd  fome  gibbets.  He  does  not, 
however,  affirm  that  thofe  gibbers  were  for  the  execu- 
tion ol  criniinaU  ;  i'or,  as  he  obferves,  i;  would  be  lin- 
pulir  enough  if  the  J^panefe,  whole  cuftoms  are  fo  dit'- 
ferent  from  curs,  were  in  this  point  10  rcfenible  us  fo 
nearly.  He  reprefents  the  ifland  as  furrounded  with 
dreadful  breakers ;  at  the  dillance  of  a  league  and  a 
half  from  which,  he  had  conft.inily  f'O  fathoms,  with 
rocky  bottom.  He  places  the  ifland  (differently,  ac- 
cording to  the  editor  of  his  voyage,  from  all  other 
geographers)  in  latitude  37"  51'  north,  and  in  Long. 
135"  2o'eafl  from  P.iris. 

JOl'PA,  a  fmall  town  in  Harford  county,  Miryland, 
20  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Baltimore,  and  82  S.  W.  of  Phi- 
ladclpliia. — Morse. 


87       ] 


J   o   u 


JORD.'\N's  Rivtr  paffes  through  Trenton,  in  the 
Dillridl  of  Maine,  8  miles  from  Union  river. — il. 

JORE,  a  village  and  mountain  in  the  Cherokee 
country.  The  muuntain  is  faid  to  be  the  highefl  in 
the  Cherokee  country,  and  through  which  the  Ten- 
nelTee  river  forces  its  waters.  The  Indian  v  llagc, 
called  Jore,  is  fituatcd  in  a  beautiful  lawn,  many  thou- 
fand  feet  higher  tlian  the  adjacent  country.  Here  is 
a  little  grove  of  the  Caflne  Yapon,  called  by  the  In- 
dians the  beloved  tree.  They  are  very  careful  to  keep 
this  tree  pruned  and  cultivated,  and  drink  very  ftrong 
inluflon  of  the  leaves,  buds  and  tender  branches  of 
this  plant.  It  is  venerated  by  the  Creek?,  and  all  the 
fouthern  maritime  nations  of  Indians. :b. 

JOSEPH,  LAKE  St,  in  N.  America,  lies  E.  of 
Lake  S  il,  and  fends  its  waters  by  Cat  Lake  river  into 
Cat  Lake,  and  afterwards  forms  the  S.  E.  branch  of 
Severn  river.  The  like  is  3 j  miles  long  and  15  broad. 
Ofnaburg  Houfc  is  on  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  lake. — il. 

Joseph,  I  let  a  Pi-rrc,  a  village  on  the  v.eilernmolt 
coall  of 'he  ifland  ofSt  Domingo;  about  3  leagues  N. 
W.  ol  the  village  of  Tiburon. — ib. 

Josfph's,  St,  in  the  province  of  California,  in  Mexi- 
co, N.  .America.  N.  lat.  23"  3'. — ib. 

Joseph's  Bay,  St,  on  the  coaft  of  AVcfl-F!orida,  is 
of  the  figure  of  a  horfc-flioe,  being  about  12  miles 
in  length,  and  7  acrofs  where  brodell.  The  bar  is 
narrow,  and  immediately  within  it  there  is  from  4  to 
(il  fathoms  foft  ground.  The  hell  place  to  anchor,  is 
jull  within  the  peninfula,  oppolite  to  fome  ruins  that 
Hill  remain  of  the  village  of  St  Jofeph.  The  peninfula 
between  St  Jofeph's  and  Cape  Blaze  is  a  narrow  flip  of 
land,  in  fome  places  not  above  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
broad.  A  very  good  ellablifhment  might  be  made 
here  for  a  fifhcry,  as  the  fettlers  might  make  fait  on 
the  fpot  to  cure  the  bafs,  rock,  cod,  grouper,  red  mul- 
let, &c.  which  arc  here  in  abundance ib. 

Joseph,  St,  a  w.uer  which  runs  N.  W.  into  the  S. 
E.  part  of  Lake  Michigan.  It  fpring?  from  a  num- 
ber of  fmall  lakes,  a  little  to  the  N.  W.  of  the  Mi- 
ami village.  The  Pawtewatainie  Indians  rtfid.-  en 
this  river,  oppofite  Pert  St  Jofepli.  They  ran  raife 
:oo  vvarrivirf.  At  or  near  the  confluence  of  the  rivers 
Sc  Miry's  and  St  Jofeph's  where  Fort  Wayne  now 
Hands,  the  Indians  have  ceded  to  the  United  States  a 
tra<Jf  of  6  miles  fiquare. — ib. 

Joseph,  Fori  St,  is  fitnated  on  the  eaftern  fide  of  the 
above  river  in  N.  lat.  42''  14',  W.  long.  86"  lo'.  It 
is  about  1  75  miles  S.  W.  by  W.  of  Detroit,  to  which 
place  there  is  a  flraight  road. — ih. 

JosFPH,  St,  a  port  on  the  W.  fide  of  the  ifland  of 
Trinidad,  near  the  coafl  of  Terra  Firm.i. — ib. 

JOURNALS,  the  title  of  perii'dical  publications. 
See  Encyclo[<.t,ii.i.  The  principal  Britifli  Journals  are  : 
The  Hijiory  of  the  IVorLs  of  the  Learned,  begun  at  Lon- 
drn  in  1699.  C.enfura  Tempcrum,  in  1-08.  About 
the  fame  time  there  appeared  two  new  ones;  the  one 
under  the  title  of  Memoirs  cf  Literature,  containing 
little  more  than  an  Englifh  tranflaiion  of  Ibme  article;! 
in  t!ie  foreign  Journal*,  by  M.  dc  la  Roche  ;  the  other, 
a  colleflion  of  looft  traifls,  intitled,  Liibtiotheca  Curio/a^ 
or  a  Mifccllany.  Tlicfe,  liowever,  with  fome  others, 
arc  now  no  more,  but  »re  fucceeded  by  the  ^Innii.il  R^- 
S'JIer,  which  began  in   1758;  the  New  Annual  Regi- 


I    P    s 


C     --SB     J 


I     R     O 


Journals,^/-,  begun  in  i7?o;  llie  Alonth'y  Review,  vvliich  be- 
'I.  gan  in  the  year  1749,  and  gives  h  charailer  of  all  Eng- 
Jpfwich^  lilh  literary  publicalions,  with  the  mod  coiifiderable  of 
tlie  foreign  ones  :  the  Critical  Reru-jj,  which  began  in 
I  756,  and  is  nearly  on  the  lame  plan  :  as  alio  the  Lon- 
Jjn  Rci'lc-.u,  l)y  Dr  KenricL,  from  1775  to  1780; 
Jl/afy's  Rti'itiv,  from  Feb.  1782  to  Aug.  1786;  the 
J'n^lijh  Revie-'i;  begun  in  Jjn.  1783  ;  and  the  Analy- 
tical Reviciu,  begun  in  May  178S,  dropt  in  179S,  and 
revived  in  17991  under  the  title  of  the  'Neiu  Ana'ytical 
Rfviezv  ;  but  again  dropt  after  two  or  three  months 
trial:  the  Briii/Ij  Critic,  begun  in  1792,  and  Hill  car- 
ried on  with  much  fpirit  and  ability  :  the  Anli-Ja- 
cabin  Revitiu  and  Magazine,  commenced  in  1798,  lor 
the  meritorious  purpofe  of  counteraiting  the  pernici- 
ous tendency  of  French  Principles  in  politics  and  rtli- 
ginn :  the  Avw  London  Revievj,  January  1799:  A 
journal  of  Natural  Philnfofhy,  Chcmijliy,  and  the  Arts, 
wliich  was  begun  in  1797  by  Mr  Nichollbn,  and  has 
been  conduced  in  fuch  a  manner,  that  it  is  one  of  the 
moft  valuable  works  of  the  kind  to  be  found  in  any 
language:  the  Philofophical  Magazine,  begun  in  1798  by 
Ml-  Tilloch,  and  carried  on  upon  mucli  the  fame  plan, 
:ind  wiih  much  the  fame  fpirit,  as  Nichohbn's  Journal. 

Betides  thefe,  we  have  feveral  monthly  pamphlets, 
called  Magazines,  which,  together  with  a  chronologi- 
cal  feries  ot  occurrences,  contain  letters  Irom  correfpon- 
dcnts,  communicating  extraordinary  difcoveries  in  na- 
ture and  art,  with  controverfial  pieces  on  all  lubje(5ls. 
Of  thefe,  the  principal  are  thofe  called  the  Gentleman's 
Magazine,  which  began  with  the  year  1731  ;  the  Lon- 
don Magazine,  which  began  a  few  months  after,  and 
has  lately  been  difcontinued  ;  the  Univerfal  Magaicine, 
which  is  nearly  of  as  old  a  date  ;  the  Scotch  Magazine, 
vhich  began  in  1739,  and  is  IliU  continued;  the  £u- 
ropean  Magazine;  and  the  Monthly  Magazine,  a  mif- 
cellany  of  much  inlbrmation,  which  began  in  Janua- 
ry 1796. 

IOWA,  a  river  of  Louifianna,  which  runs  fouth- 
eadward  into  the  Miffiffippi,  in  N.  lat.  41"  5',  61  miles 
above  the  loiua  Rapids,  where  on  the  E.  fide  of  the 
river  is  the  Lois-'er  Jo-wa  Toivri,  which  20  years  ago 
could  farnilh  300  warriors.  The  Upper  loiva  Town  is 
about  15  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  river,  alio  on 
the  E.  fide  of  the  MinilTippi,  and  could  formerly  fur- 
nilh  400  warriors. — Morse. 

JOYiiT  or  Jeyst,  the  fecond  month  of  the  Bengal 
year. 

IPSWICH,  the  Aga-wam  of  the  Indians,  is  a  poft- 
town  and  port  of  entry  on  both  fides  of  Ipfwich  river, 
in  Effex  county,  Malfachufetts,  1 2  miles  fouth  of  New- 
bury port,  10  north-eafi;  of  Beverly,  32  N.  E.  by  N.  of 
Bofton,  and  about  a  mile  from  the  fea.  The  town- 
Ihip  of  Ipfwich  is  divided  into  5  pariftes,  and  contains 
601  houfes,  and  4502  inhabitants.  There  is  an  ex- 
cellent ftonc  bridge  acrofs  Ipfwich  river,  compofed  of 
two  arches,  with  one  folid  pier  in  the  bed  of  the  river, 
which  conneds  the  two  parts  of  the  town,  executed 
under  the  direftion  of  the  late  Hon.  Judge  Choate.  This 
was  heretofore  a  place  of  much  more  confideration  than 
at  prefent.  Its  decline  is  attributed  to  a  barred  har- 
bour and  flioals  in  the  river.  Its  natural  fituation  is 
pleafant,  and  on  all  accounts  excellently  well  calculat- 
ed to  be  a  large  manufafluring  town.  The  fupreme  ju- 
dicial court,  the  courts  of  common  pleas  and  feffions 


Iron. 


are  held  here  once  a  year,  on  the  ifk  TuefJay  ofAprilj  Ipfwich, 
and  from  its  central  (ituation,  it  appears  to  be  the  moll 
convenient  place  for  all  the  courts  and  public  ofHccs  of  , 
the  county.  The  inhabitants  are  chieHy  farmers,  ex- 
cept thofe  in  the  coinpaiS  part  of  the  townfliip.  A  few 
veliels  arc  employed  in  the  hihery  and  a  few  trade  to 
the  Weil  Indies.  Silk  and  thread  lace,  of  an  elegant 
texture,  are  manutaclured  here  by  women  and  chil- 
dren, in  large  quantities,  and  fold  for  ufe  and  expor- 
tation in  Bolton,  and  other  mercantile  towns.  In  1 790, 
no  le(s  than  41,979  yards  were  made  here,  and  the 
manufadure  is  rather  increafing.  Ipfwich  townfliip 
was  incorporated  in  1634,  and  is  378  miles  N.  E.  of 
Philadelphia.  N.  lat.  42"  43',  W.  long.  70°  50'. — 
Morse. 

Ipswich,  Nkw,  a  townfhip  in  Hillfijorough  coun- 
ty, New-Hamplhire,  containing  1241  inhabitants,  fitu- 
atcd  on  the  v/ell  fide  of  Souheagan  river,  and  feparafed 
from  Whatohook  Mountain  by  the  north  line  of  Maf- 
fachufetts  ;  56  miles  N.  W.  of  Bofton,  and  about  77 
weft  of  Portfmouth.  It  was  incorporated  in  1762,  and 
has  in  it  a  tlounfliing  academy. — ib. 

IRASBURG,  a  towndiip  in  Orleans  county,  in 
Vermont,  fituated  on  Black  river,  1 7  miles  N.  of 
Hazen  Block-houfe,  and  12  S.  of  the  Canada  line. 
—ib. 

IREDELL  COUNTY,  in  Salisbury  diftria,  N. 
Carolina,  is  furrounded  by  Surry,  Rowan,  and  Burke. 
The  climate  is  agreeable  and  healthy  ;  the  lands  beau- 
tifuUy  variegated  with  hilh,  and  the  foil  is  rich.  It 
contains  5435  inhabitants  of  whom  858  are  ilaves. 
At  Iredell  court-houfe  is  a  poft-ofEce.  It  is  25  miles 
from  Salifbury,  and  25  from  Charlotte  courthoufe. 
—ib. 

IRELAND,  NEW,  a  long  narrow  ifland  in  the 
Pacific  ocean,  N.  of  New  Britain,  extending  fiom  tlie 
N.  W.  to  the  S.  E.  about  270  miles,  and  in  general 
very  narrow  ;  between  3"  and  5°  S.  lat.  and  146"  30', 
and  151°  E.  long,  from  Paris.  The  inhabitants  are 
negroes.  The  illand  is  covered  with  wood,  and 
abounds  with  pigeons,  parrots,  and  other  birds.  Weft 
and  N.  W.  of  New  Ireland,  lie  Sandwich,  Portland, 
New  Hanover,  and  Admiralty  Iflands,  difcovered  and 
named  by  Captain  Carteret,  in  1767.  The  tracks 
of  Le  Maire  and  Schouten  in  1616,  of  Roggewin  in 
1722,  and  of  Bouganville  in  1768,  pals  thefe  iflands. 
—ib. 

IROIS,  POINTE  DE,  or  Iri/h  Point,  a  village  on 
the  W.  end  of  the  ifland  of  St  Domingo. — ib. 

IRON,  is  by  much  the  moftufeful  of  all  the  metals, 
as  has  been  fufficiently  proved  under  tlie  article  Iron, 
Encycl.  and  under  Chemistry  in  this  Supplem'nt.  The 
word  is  again  introduced  here,  becaufe  it  affords  us  an 
opportunity  of  laying  before  our  readers  fome  valuable 
obfervations  by  Chaptal  on  the  ufe  of  the  oxyds  of  iron 
in  dyeing  cotton. 

"  The  oxyd  of  iron  has  fuch  an  affinity  for  cotton 
thread,  that  if  the  latter  be  plunged  in  a  falurated  foln- 
tion  of  iron  in  any  acid  whatever,  it  immediately  alTumes 
a  chamoy  yellow  colour,  more  or  lei's  dark,  according 
to  the  ftrength  of  the  liquors.  It  is  both  a  curious 
and  eafy  experiment,  that  when  cotton  is  made  to  pafs 
through  a  folution  of  the  fulphat  of  iron,  rendered  tur- 
bid by  the  oxyd  which  remains  fufpended  in  the  liquor, 
it  will  be  fufficient  to  dip  the  cotton  in  the  bath  to 

catch 


I    R    O 


C    289    ] 


I     R     O 


Iton.  catch  the  lad  particle  of  the  oxyd,  and  to  »etlore  to  the 
''"^^"^^  liquor  the  tranfjiarency  it  has  loft.  Thefolution,  then, 
which  before  had  a  ycllowifli  appearance,  becomes  more 
or  lefb  green,  according  as  it  is  more  or  lefs  charged. 

"  The  colour  given  to  cotton  by  the  oxyd  of  iron  be- 
comes darker,  merely  by  expofure  to  the  air  ;  and  this 
colour,  loft  and  agreeable  when  taken  irom  the  bath, 
becomes  harfli  and  ochry  by  the  progreffive  oxydation 
of  the  metal.  The  colour  of  the  oxyd  r  f  iron  is  very 
faft :  it  refills  not  only  the  air  and  w.iter,  but  alfo  al- 
kaline leys,  and  foap  gives  it  fplendour  without  fenfibly 
diminilhing  its  intenlity.  It  is  on  account  of  thefe 
properties  th^it  the  oxyd  of  iron  has  been  introduced  into 
the  art  of  dyeing,  and  been  made  a  colouring  principle 
of  the  utmoll  value. 

"  In  order  that  the  oxyd  of  iron  may  be  conveniently 
applied  to  the  cotton  tl;iead,  it  is  necelfary  to  begin  by 
effefling  its  fi.lution;  and,  in  this  cale,  acids  are  em- 
ployed as  the  moll  ufeful  folvents.  Dyers  almoft  every- 
where make  a  myftery  of  the  acid  which  they  employ  ; 
but  it  is  always  the  acetous,  the  fulphuric,  the  nitric, 
or  the  muriatic.  Some  t'f  them  afcribe  great  differences 
to  the  folution  of  iron  by  the  one  or  the  other  acid  ; 
but,  in  general,  they  give  the  preference  to  the  ace- 
tous. This  prediledion  appears  to  be  founded  much 
lefs  on  the  diiFerence  of  the  colours  that  may  be  com- 
municated by  the  one  or  the  other  fait,  than  on  the 
different  degrees  of  corrofive  power  which  each  exercifes 
on  the  ftufl".  That  of  the  fulphat  and  muriat  is  fo  great, 
that  if  the  (luff  be  not  wilhed  when  it  comei  from  the 
bath,  it  will  certainly  be  burnt ;  whereas  folutions  by 
the  acetous,  or  any  other  vegetable  acid,  are  not  at- 
tend J  with  the  like  inconvenience. 

"  Iron  appears  to  be  at  the  fame  degree  of  oxyda- 
tion in  the  different  acids,  fince  it  produces  the  fame 
fliade  of  colour  when  precipitated  ;  and  any  acid  folvent 
may  be  employed  indifcriminately,  provided  the  nature 
of  the  fait,  and  the  degree  of  the  faturation  of  the  acid, 
be  fufficiently  known ;  for  the  fubfequent  operations 
may  be  then  dire(5led  according  to  this  knuv/ledge,  and 
the  inconveniences  which  attend  the  ufe  of  fome  of 
thefe  falls  may  be  prevented.  This^  without  doubt,  is 
a  gre.it  advantage  which  the  man  of  fcience  enjoys  over 
the  mere  workman,  who  is  incapable  of  varying  his 
procefs  according  to  the  nature  and  Hate  of  the  falts 
which  he  employs. 

"  r.  If  the  fulphat  of  iron,  or  any  other  martial  fill, 
be  dilfolved  in  water,  and  cotton  be  dipped  in  the  li- 
quid, the  cotton  will  affume  a  chamoy  colour,  more  or 
lefs  dark  according  as  the  folution  is  more  or  lefs  char- 
ged. The  affinity  of  the  cotton  to  the  iron  is  fo  great, 
that  it  attraifls  the  metal,  and  takes  it  in  a  great  niea- 
fure  from  the  acid  by  which  it  was  diffolved. 

"  2.  If  the  iron  of  a  pretty  llrong  folution  be  preci- 
pitated by  an  alkaline  liquor  that  Ihews  five  or  fix  de- 
grees (by  the  areometer  of  Baumc),  the  refult  will  be 
a  greenilh  blue  magma.  The  cotton  macerated  in  this 
precipitate  alluiiics  at  fird  an  unequal  tint  of  dirty 
green  ;  but  mere  expofure  to  the  air  makes  it  in  a  little 
time  turn  yellow,  and  the  Ihade  is  very  dark. 

"  It  is  by  fuch,  or  almoll  fimilar  prDceffcs,  that  dyers 
communicate  wiiat  is  called  among  workmen  an  oJirc 
or  rujl  colour.  But  thefe  colours  arc  attended  with  fe- 
veral  inconveniences  to  the  artift :  i.  Strong  lliades 
burn  or  injure  the  cloth  :  2.  This  colour  is  harlh,  dil- 

SuppL.  Vol.  II. 


agreeable  to  the  eye,  and  cannot  be  eafily  united  with       Ir«n. 
the  mild  colours  turniflied  by  vegetables."  \^~^r^ 

To  avoid  thefe  inconveniences,  our  author  made  fe- 
veral  attempts,  which  led  him  to  the  following  practice  : 
He  treads  the  cotton  cold  in  a  folution  of  the  fulphat  of 
iron,  marking  three  degrees :  he  wrings  it  carefully,  and 
immediately  plunges  it  in  a  ley  of  potalh  at  two  de- 
grees, upon  which  he  has  previcudy  poured  to  fatu- 
ration a  folution  of  the  fulphat  of  alumine  :  the  colour 
is  then  brightened,  and  becomes  infinitely  more  deli- 
cate, foft,  and  agreeable.  The  fulphat  no  lunger  at- 
tacks the  tillue  of  the  Huff;  and  alter  the  cotton  has 
been  left  in  the  bath  fur  four  or  five  hours,  it  is  taken 
out  to  be  wrung,  wafiien,  and  dried.  In  this  manner 
we  may  obtain  every  Ihade  that  can  be  wifhed,  by  gra- 
duating the  ftrength  of  the  folutions.  Tliis  liniple  pro- 
cefs, the  theory  of  which  prefcnis  itfelf  to  tlie  mind  of 
every  chemill,  has  the  advantage  if  furnifhing  a  colour 
very  agreeable,  exceedingly  fixed,  and,  above  all,  ex- 
tremely economical.  He  emjiloys  it  with  great  advan- 
tage in  dyeing  nankeens,  as  it  has  the  property  of  refift- 
ing  leys.  It  becomes  brown,  however,  by  the  aclioa 
of  allringents. 

M.  Chaptal  made  feveral  attempts  to  combine  this 
yellow  with  the  blue  of  indigo,  in  order  to  obtain  a  du- 
rable green  ;  but  as  they  were  all  unfuccefslul,  he  infers 
that  there  is  not  a  fuflicient  afliiiity  between  tlie  blue  of 
indigo  and  the  oxyds  of  iron.  He  found  that  thefe 
oxyds,  on  the  other  hand,  combine  very  eafily  with  the 
red  of  madder,  and  produce  a  briglit  violet  or  plum  co- 
lour,  the  ufe  of  which  is  as  extcnfivc  as  beneficial  in 
the  cotton  manufaftory.  Cut  if  we  (li  -uld  confine  our- 
felves  to  apply  thefe  two  colours  to  cotton,  without 
having  employed  a  mordant  cap.it)le  of  fixin;;  the  latter, 
t!ie  colour  would  not  only  remain  dull  .nd  dif.igreeable 
by  the  impoffibility  of  brighter.ing  it,  but  it  would  lliil 
be  attended  with  the  great  inconvenience  of  not  refill- 
ing leys.  We  muft  begin,  then,  by  preparing  the  cot- 
ton as  if  to  difpofe  it  for  receiving  tlie  Adrianople  red  ; 
and  when  it  has  been  brought  to  tlie  operation  of  gal- 
ling, it  is  to  be  palFed  through  a  folution  of  iron,  more 
or  lefs  charged,  according  to  the  nature  of  the  violet 
required  :  it  is  then  to  be  carefully  wallied,  twice  mad- 
deied,  and  brightened  in  a  baiii  of  foap. 

When  a  real  velvety  rich  violet  is  required,  it  is  not 
to  be  palled  through  tlie  folution  of  iron  till  it  h.is  been 
previoufly  galled  ;  the  iron  is  then  precipi'ated  in  a 
bluilh  oxyd,  whicli,  combined  with  the  red  of  m.idder, 
gives  a  moll  brilliant  purple,  mere  or  lefs  dark  accord- 
ing to  the  llrength  of  the  galling  and  of  the  ferrugi- 
nous folution.  It  is  very  dilficult  to  obtain  an  eq'ial 
colour  by  this  procefs  ;  and  in  manufaifloric;,  an  equal 
viulet  is  conlidered  as  a  maflerpiece  of  art.  It  is  ge- 
nerally believed,  that  it  is  only  by  wcUdrev^ed  ma- 
nipulations that  it  i  ■  polhbl?  to  ref.lve  this  problem,  of 
fi)  much  importance  m  dyeinjf.  But  I  am  convinced 
(fays  our  author),  thattliegie.it  cauf-  of  ihc  inequali- 
ty in  this  dye  is,  that  the  iiun  depifred  on  the  cotton 
receives  an  oxyditinn  ni  rely  by  expofuie  to  the  air, 
which  v.iries  in  different  p  irts  •■fit.  Tlie  threads  which 
are  on  the  oulfidc  of  the  hank  are  ftmn  ly  ■)x\d.i!ed, 
while  thofc  in  the  in'idr,  removed  from  tlie  adion  of 
the  ;'.ir,  experience  no  change.  It  thence  foUow';,  that 
the  inlidc  of  the  h  ink  prclcnts  a  weak  Itiadc,  while  the 
exterior  part  exhibits  a  violet  aimed  black.  The  means 
0  o  to 


I     R     O 


C    290    ] 


I     S     A 


to  r;meJy  this  inconvenience  is,  to  wafh  the  cotton 
vhcn  it  is  taken  from  the  folution  of  iron,  anj  to  ex- 
pofs  it  t )  the  maJJer  moift.  The  colour  will  become 
more  equ.1l  and  velvety.  The  Iblvents  ot  iron  are  al- 
moft  (he  farae  lor  this  colour  as  for  the  yellow  colour 
already  mentioned. 

The  following  obf:rvaiicn  may  ferve  to  guide  the  ar- 
tifl  in  biighteni:ig  the  violet  on  his  cotton.  The  red 
ot"  madder  and  the  oxyd  ot'  iron  d.:pcifi;ed  on  the  IhifF 
determine  the  violet  colour.  This  colour  becomes  red 
or  blui',  according  as  either  ot  ihe  principles  piedomi- 
n:ites.  The  dyer  knows  by  expeiience  how  difficult  it 
is  to  obt.iin  .<  combination  wliich  produces  the  tcne  ot 
C'llour  dcliied,  el'peciaily  when  it  is  required  to  be  very 
full,  lively,  and  durable.  This  objeift,  however,  may 
be  obtained,  not  only  i)y  varying  the  propoi  tions  of  the 
two  colouring  principles,  but  alio  by  varying  the  pio- 
cefs  of  brightenii'g.  Th^-  only  point  is  to  be  acquaint- 
ed with  the  two  foUowii.g  faifts;  that  the  foda  djftroys 
the  iron,  while  the  fojp,  by  llrong  ebullition,  ieizes  in 
preference  'he  red  ol  the  m.idder.  Hence  it  is,  that  tiie 
colour  may  be  inclined  to  red  or  blue,  according  as  you 
brighten  wiih  one  or  the  other  (.f  thcfe  mordants. 
Thus,  c  Jtton  taken  from  tlie  madder  dye,  when  wafhed 
and  boiled  in  the  brightening  liquor  with  yV's  of 
foap,  will  give  a  fupeib  violet ;  whereas  you  will  obtain 
only  a  pluai  colour  in  treating  it  with  f 'da. 

The  oxyd  of  iron  precipitated  on  any  (luiF  unites 
alfo  very  adv^ntageoully  with  tlie  fawn  colour  furnifhcd 
by  aftnngenti ;  and  by  varying  the  Ureiigth  of  mor- 
dants, an  iafin:ty  of  (hades  may  be  produced.  In  this 
cafe,  It  is  lefs  a  combination  or  folution  of  principles 
ih.in  the  furple  mixture  or  juxtapofition  of  tlie  colour, 
ing  b  'diis  on  the  llutF.  By  means  of  a  boiling  heat, 
we  may  combine,  in  ;i  more  intimate  manner,  the  oxyd 
of  iron  with  the  aflringent  principle  :  and  then  it  is 
brought  to  the  Itaie  of  black  o.'cyd,  as  has  been  obferved 
by  Bcrthollet.  It  is  potTible  alio  to  embrown  thefe  co- 
lours, and  to  give  tliem  a  variety  of  tints,  from  the 
bright  grey  to  the  deep  black,  by  merely  palling  the 
cottons  impregnated  with  the  alhingent  principle  thro' 
a  folution  of  iron.  The  oiyd  is  tl.cn  precipitated  itfelf 
by  the  principle  which  is  fi.xed  on  the  Huff. 

An  obfervrttion,  which  may  become  of  the  utmnft 
value  for  the  art  of  dveing,  is,  that  the  moll  nfual 
atfringent  vegetables  allfuinilha  yellow  colour,  \\h;ch 
has  not  much  brilliancy,  but  which  has  fufficient  fixity 
to  be  einplnyed  witli  advantage.  This  yellow  colour 
is  brightened  in  the  fe:i;s  of  vegetables,  in  proportion 
as  the  .ilUingent  principle  is  diminilhed,  and  the  vivaci- 
ty of  the  colour  is  augmented  in  the  fame  proportion. 
It  is  difficult,  then,  to  obtain  yellow  colours  which  are 
at  the  fame  time  durable  and  brilliant.  Thefe  two  va- 
luable qualities  are  to  each  other  in  an  inverfe  ratio; 
but  it  is  pjliible  to  unite  the  colouring  principles  in 
fuc'i  a  manner  as  to  combine  iplendour  with  fixity. 
Green  oak  bark  unites  perfei511y  with  yellow  weed,  and 
tumach  with  green  citron.  It  is  by  this  mixture  that 
we  may  be  able  to  combine  with  the  oxyd  of  iron  ve- 
get.ible  colours,  the  fplendour  of  which  is  equal  to  their 
durabiiity. 

Our  author  concludes  his  obfervations  with  caution- 
ing the  dyer  agiinft  fubftitiiting  fumach  and  the  bark 
ot  the  alder  tree  or  oak  for  gall  when  dyeing  cotton 
red.     "  I  can  fafely  aifert  (fays  be},  that  it  is  impoffi- 


Ifahcl. 


ble  to  employ  thefe  as  fubtlitutes,  in  whatever  dofes  Iron  banks, 
they  may  be  ufed.  The  colour  is  always  much  paler, 
poorer,  and  lefs  fixed.  I  know  that  the  cafe  is  not  the 
fame  in  regard  to  dyeing  wool  and  filk,  in  which  it 
may  be  employed  with  fuccefs ;  and  in  giving  an  ac- 
count of  this  dilTerence,  I  think  the  caule  of  it  may  be 
found  in  the  nature  of  the  g.ill-nut>.  1 .  The  acid  which 
they  cxclulivcly  contain,  as  Berthollet  has  proved,  faci- 
litates the  decompolition  of  the  ibap  with  which  the 
cottons  have  been  impregnated,  and  the  oil  then  re- 
mains fixed  in  their  till'ue,  and  in  a  greater  quantity,  as 
well  as  in  a  more  intimate  combination.  2.  The  gall- 
nuts,  which  owe  their  development  to  animal  bodies, 
retain  a  chirafler  ot  animalifation,  which  they  tranfmit 
to  the  vegetable  (luff,  and  by  thefe  meani  auginent  its 
affinities  with  the  colouring  j  rinciple  of  the  madder  ; 
for  it  is  well  known  of  what  utility  animal  fubrtances 
are  to  fin  ilitate  this  combination.  This  animalifation 
becomes  ufelefs  in  operating  upon  woollen  or  filk." 

IRON  BANKS,  a  traft  of  land  on  the  E.  fide  of 
th*  Midiffippi,  below  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio. — Mone. 

Iro.n-Castle,  one  of  the  forts  of  Porto  Bcllo, 
in  S.  America,  which  admiral  Vernon  took  and  de- 
(Iroyed  in  1739.  The  Spaniards  call  it  St  Philip  de 
todo  Fieira. — //;. 

I  RONDEqUAT,  called  in  fome  maps  Ge  Rundtgut, 
a  gulf  or  bay  on  the  S.  fide  of  the  Lake  Ontario,  4 
miles  E.  of  Walker's  at  the  mouth  of  Geneifee  liver. 
—ib. 

IRON  MOUNTAINS,  Great,  in  the  State  of 
Tenneffee,  extend  from  the  river  Tenneffee  to  that  of 
French  Broiid  (rom  S.  \V.  to  N.  E.  fartl.er  to  the  N. 
E.  the  range  has  the  name  of  Bald  Mountain,  and  be- 
yond the  Nolachucky,  that  of  Iron  Mountains.  The 
Iron  Mountains,  feems  to  be  the  name  generally  ap- 
plied  to  the  whole  range.  It  conftitutes  the  boundary 
between  the  State  of  Tcnneflce,  and  that  of  North- 
Carolina,  and  extends  from  near  the  lead  mines,  on 
the  Kanhav.ay,  through  the  Cherokee  country,  to  the 
fouth  of  Chota,  and  terminates  ncir  the  fources  of  the 
Mobile.  The  caverns  and  cafcades  in  thefe  mountains 
are  innumerable. — ib. 

IRRATIONAL  Numbers  or  ^laniities,  are  the 
fame  as/unh,  tor  which  fee  Algebra,  Emjcl. 

IRREDUCIBLE  Case,  hi  algebra,  is  ufed  for 
that  cafe  of  cubic  equations  where  the  rror,  according 
to  Cardan's  rule,  appears  under  an  impoffible  or  ima- 
ginary form,  and  yet  is  real. 

It  is  remarkable  that  this  cafe  always  happens,  viz.. 
one  root,  by  Cardan's  rule,  in  an  impodible  form, 
whenever  the  equation  has  three  real  roots,  and  no  im- 
poffible  ones,  but  at  no  time  elfe. 

If  we  were  polTcffed  of  a  general  rule  for  accurately 
extrafling  the  cube  root  of  a  binomial  radical  quanti- 
ty, it  is  evident  we  might  relolve  the  irreducible  cale 
generally,  which  coniids  of  two  of  fiich  cubic  bino- 
mial roots.  But  the  labours  of  tlte  algebralfls,  from 
Cardan  down  to  the  prefent  time,  have  not  been  able 
to  remove  this  difficulty.  Dr  Wallis  thought  that  he 
had  d:fcovered  fuch  a  rule  ;  but,  like  mod  others,  it  is 
merely  tentative,  and  can  only  lucceed  in  certain  parti- 
cular circumftances. 

IRVTN  River  is  a  weftern  head  water  of  the  Neus, 
in  N.  Carolina. — Morse. 

ISABEL,  St,  one  of  the  iflands  of  Solomon,  200 

miles 


I     S    L 


[     sgr     ] 


J     U     A 


incf. 


ifabeUs,  miles  in  circumference  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  7°  30'  S. 
lat.  about  160  leagues  W.  of  Lima,  dilcoveied  by 
,  Mendana,  1567,  whofe  inhabitants  are  cannibals,  and 
worfhip  ferpents,  toads,  and  other  animah.  Their 
complexion  is  bronze,  their  hair  woolly,  and  they  wear 
no  covering  but  round  the  waift.  The  people  are  di- 
vided into  tribes,  and  are  conftantly  at  war  with  each 
other.  Bats  were  feen  here,  which  from  one  extremi- 
ty of  their  wings  to  the  other,  meafured  5  feet.  Dam- 
pier,  who  has  the  reputation  of  exadlnefs,  fays  that  he 
faw,  in  the  fmall  iflind  of  Sabuda,  on  the  W.  coafl  of 
Papua,  bats  as  large  as  young  rabbits,  having  wings 
4  feet  in  extent  from  one  tip  to  the  otlier. — ib. 

ISABELLA  Point,  lies  on  the  N.  fide  of  the  ifland 
of  St  Domingo,  and  forms  the  N.  E.  fide  of  the  bay 
of  its  name.  N.  lat.  kj"  59'  10".  This  is  the  port 
where  Colu.Tibua  formed  th:  firll  Spanilh  fettlement  on 
the  ifland,  and  named  both  it  and  the  point  alter  his 
patronels  Queen  Ifabella.  He  entered  it  in  the  night, 
driven  by  a  temped.  It  is  over-looked  by  a  very  high 
mountain  flat  at  the  top,  and  furrounded  with  rocks, 
but  is  a  little  expofed  to  the  N.  \V.  wind.  The  river 
Ifabella  which  falls  into  it,  is  conflderable.  There  are 
14  fathoms  of  water  to  anchor  in.  The  fettlement  was 
begun  in  1493.  was  given  up  in  1496,  when  its  inha- 
bitants v/ere  carried  to  the  city  of  St  Domingo,  which 
originally  was  called  New  Ifabella.  Tlie  bay  is  faid 
to  have  good  anchorage  lor  (hips  of  war.  It  is  about 
29  leagues  eaft  by  north  of  Cape  Francois,  meafuring 
in  a  ftralght  line. — ib. 

ISCA,  or  rather  fca,  with  Pifco  and  Nafca,  three 
towns  from  which  a  jurifdiiflion  of  Lima  in  Peru,  S. 
America,  has  its  name.  Great  quantities  of  wine 
arc  m:ide  here  and  exported  to  Calaj.  It  alfo  produces 
excellent  olives,  either  for  eating  or  for  oil.  The  fields 
which  are  watered  by  trenches,  yield  an  uncommon 
plenty  of  wheat,  maize,  and  fruits.  This  jurifdidlion 
is  remarkable  for  fpacious  woods  of  carob  trees,  with 
the  fruit  of  which  the  inhabitants  feed  numbers  of  affes, 
for  the  ufes  of  agriculture,  to  this  and  the  neighbour- 
ing jurifdii.'^ions.  The  Indians  who  live  near  the 
fea  apply  themfelves  to  filhing,  and  after  faking  the 
filh  carry  them  to  a  good  market  in  the  towns  among 
the  mountains. — ib. 

ISLE  OF  WIGHT,  a  county  of  Virginia,  on  the 
fouth  fide  of  James's  river,  weft  of  Norfolk  county, 
being  about  40  miles  long  and  15  broad,  and  contains 
9,028  inhabitants,  including  3,867  flaves.  A  mineral 
fpring  has  been  difcovered  near  the  head  of  the  weft 
branch  of  Nanfemond  river,  about  10  miles  from 
Smithfield,  and  12  from  Suff)lk.  It  is  much  refortcd 
to,  and  famed  for  its  medicinal  qualities ii. 

ISLE  ROYAL,  on  the  north-weft  fide  of  Lake 
Superior,  lies  within  the  territory  of  the  United  States 
north-weft  of  the  Ohio,  is  about  100  miles  long,  and 
in  many  places  about  40  broad.  The  natives  fuppofe 
that  this  and  the  other  iflanJs  in  the  lake  are  the  reli- 
dence  of  the  Grent  Spirit. — ib. 

ISLESBOROUGH,  a  townflilp  in  Hancock  coun- 
ty, Maine,  formed  by  Long-Ifland,  in  the  centre  of 
Penobfcot  Bay,  15  miles  in  length,  and  from  2  to  3  in 
breadth.  It  was  incorporated  in  1789,  contains  382 
inhabitants,  and  is  260  miles  N.  £.  by  N.  of  Bofton. 
— ;•*. 

ISLES  DE  MADAME  lie  at  the  fouth  end  of 


Sydney,  or  Cape  Breton  Ifland,  on  which  they  af; 
dependant.     The  largeft  of  thefe,  with  Cape  Canfj,  ^ 
the  caft  point  of  Nova-ScotIa,  foim  the  entrance  ot  the 
Gut  of  Canfo  from  the  Atlantic  ocean. — ib. 

ISLIP,  a  towr.ftiip  of  New- York,  fituated  in  Suffolk 
county,  Long-Ifland,  eaft  of  Huntington,  and  con- 
talni  6j9  inhabitants;  of  thefe  93  are  eUcljrs,  and  35 
flaves. — a. 

JUAN  DE  Fuc.4,  a  celebrated  ftrait  on  the  north- 
weft  coaft  of  America,  was  furveycd  by  Captain  Van- 
couver in  the  Dlfcovery  floop  of  war,  with  a  view  to 
afcertaln  whether  it  leads  to  any  cr  mmunication  be- 
tween the  North  Pacitic  and  the  North  Atlantic  O- 
ceans.  As  they  advanced  within  the  opening  of  the 
ftrair,  their  progrefs  was  greatly  retarded  by  the 
number  of  inlets  into  which  the  entrance  branched  in 
every  direftion  ;  and  inoft  of  ihcfe  were  examined  by  ih.e 
boats,  which  were  frequently  abfent  from  the  Ihlps  on 
this  fervice  for  feveral  days  together.  In  the  midft  of 
their  labours,  they  were  furprifed  by  the  figl.t  of  two 
Spanilh  velfels  of  war,  employed,  like  themfelves,  in 
furveying  this  inlet,  the  examination  of  which  had  been 
begun  by  them  in  the  preceding  year.  Meafures  of 
mutual  afliilance  were  concerted  b.twecn  the  captains  of 
the  two  nations  for  the  prcfecution  of  the  furvey,  in 
which  each  agreed  to  communicate  to  the  other  their 
difcoveries.  Not  one  rf  the  many  arms  of  the  inlet, 
nor  of  the  channels  v/hich  they  explored  in  this  broken 
part  of  tlie  coaft,  was  found  to  extend  more  than  100 
miles  to  the  eaftward  of  the  entrance  into  the  ftrnit. 
After  having  furveyed  the  fouthern  coaft,  on  which  fide 
a  termination  was  difcovered  to  every  opening,  by  fol- 
lowing the  continued  line  of  the  fhore,  they  were  led  to 
the  northward,  and  afterward  towards  tlic  noith-weft, 
till  they  came  into  the  open  fea  through  a  diflerent  chan- 
nel from  the  ftrait  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  by  which  they  had 
commenced  this  inland  navigation. 

Thus  it  appeared,  that  the  land  forming  the  north 
fide  of  that  ftrait  is  part  of  an  ifland,  or  of  an  archi- 
pelago, extending  nearly  i(io  leagues  in  length  from  S, 
E.  to  N.  W. ;  and  on  the  fide  of  this  land  nioft  diftant 
from  the  continent  is  fituated  Nootka  Sound.  The 
nioft  peculiar  circumftance  of  this  navigation  is  the  ex- 
treme depth  of  water,  whencontiafted  with  the  narrow, 
nefs  of  the  channels.  The  veifels  were  fometimes  drift- 
ed about  by  the  currents  during  the  whole  of  a  night, 
clofe  to  the  rocks,  without  knowing  how  to  help  them- 
felves, on  account  of  the  darknefs,  and  the  depth  being 
much  too  great  to  afford  them  anchorage. 

In  the  courfe  of  this  furvey,  the  voyagers  had  fre- 
quent communications  with  the  natives,  whom  they  met 
fometimes  in  canoes  and  fometimes  at  their  villages.  In 
their  tranfaflions  with  Europeans,  they  are  del'cribed 
as  "  well  verfed  in  the  principles  of  trade,  which  they 
carried  on  in  a  very  fair  and  honourable  manner."  In 
other  refpcls  ihcy  were  lefs  honeft.  At  one  village 
200  fea  otter  fkins  were  purchaled  of  them  by  the  crews 
of  the  veffels  in  the  com  fe  of  a  day;  and  they  had 
many  more  to  fell  in  the  fame  place,  as  alfo  fkins  of 
bears,  deer,  and  other  animals.  One  party  of  Indians 
whom  they  met  had  the  fkin  of  a  vfimg  lionefs ;  and 
thefe  fpoke  a  language  ditferent  from  that  uf;d  in 
Nootka  Sound.  Venifon  was  fometimes  brought  for 
fale ;  and  a  piece  of  copper,  not  more  than  a  foot  l<iuare, 
purchafed  one  w  hole  deer  and  part  of  another.  Among 
O  0   2  other 


JaaiT. 


JUA                     [292]  JUG 

]iu«.      other  articles  of  tr;iiric,  two  children,  fix  or  feven  years  hood,  were  appropriated  to  ufeful   purpofes  ;  fuch  as      Jua"i 

■''^  "~  of  age,  were  offered  for  fale.     The  commodities  mod  pointing  tlieir  arrows,  fpears  or  other  weapons."                   II 

prized  by  the  natives  were  fire-arms,  copper,  and  great  However  honourably  thefe  people  have  been  repre-  J)J!i$i^ 

coats.     Beads  and  trinkets  they  would  only  receive  as  fsnted  in  their  condiift  as  traders,  it  appeared  on  feve- 

prefents,  and   not  as  articles  of  exchange.     Many  of  ral  occafions  that  it  was  unfafe  to  depend  on  their  good- 

them  were  poflelTed  of  tire-arms.     In  one  part  it  is  re-  will  alone  :   and  fome  inllances  occurred,  of  their  mak. 

l.itcd,  that  after  a  chief  had  received  fome  prefents,  "  he,  ing  every  preparation  for  an  attack,   from  which  they 

with   moft  of  his  companions,  returned  to  the  Ihorc;  defilted  only  on   being  doubtful  01  the  event  ;  yet  im- 

and,  on  landing,  fired  fcveral  mulkets,  to  fliew,  in  all  mediately  on  relinquilhing   their   purpofe,  they  would 

probability,  with  what  dexterity  they   could   ufe  thefe  cnme  with  the  greatell  confidence  to  trade,  appearing 

weaponi,  to  which  they  feemed  as  familiarized  as  if  they  perfeflly  regardlcfs  ot  what  had  before  been  in  agita- 

had  been  accuftoroed  to  fiie-arms  from  tlieir  earlieft  in-  tion.     The  boats,  as  already  noticed,  were  frequently 

fancy."  at  a  great  diftance  from  the  Ihips ;  and   on  fuch  occa- 

The  dreflTes  of  thefe  people,  befides  (kins,  are  a  kind  fion'-,  when  large  parties  of  Indians  hare  firft  fcen  them, 

of  woollen  gaiments ;  the  materials  compofing  which  they  generally  held  long  conferences  among  ihemfelves 

are  expl  lined  in  the  following  extra<fl :  before  they  approjciied    the  boats;  probably   for  the 

"  The  dogs  belonging  to  this  tribe  of  Indians  wers  purpnfe  of  deternjinlng  the  mode  of  conduit  which 
numerous,  and  much  r::fembled  thofe  of  Pomerania,  they  jujg»d  it  moft  pruJent  to  obferve.  Captain  Van- 
though,  in  general,  fi>mewhat  larger.  They  were  all  couver  places  the  entrance  of  the  flrait  of  Juan  de  Fu- 
fhorn  as  clofe  to  the  fkin  js  Iheep  are  in  England  ;  and  ca  in  48°  20'  N.  Lat.  and  124°  W.  Long, 
fo  compaifl  were  their  Heeces,  that  l^rge  portions  could  JUAN.  St,  tl.e  capital  of  California  in  N.  America, 
he  lifted  up  bv  a  corner  without  caufing  any  fep^ration.  N.  lat  26°  25',  W.  hmg.  1 14^  9'. — Morse. 
They  weie  compofed  of  a  mixture  of  a  coaife  kind  of  Juam,  Fort  St,  ftands  in  the  province  of  New  Leon, 
wool,  with  very  fine  long  hair,  capable  of  being  fpun  into  in  N.  America,  on  the  S.  W.  fide  of  the  Rio  Bravo, 
yarn.  Th's  gave  C.iptain  Vancouver  reafon  to  believe,  in  the  29th  degree  of  N.  latitude  and  loifl  of  W.  long- 
that  their  wuollen  cloathint;  mig'.it  in  part  be  compofed  itude. — ib. 

of  this  niateri.il  mixed  with  a  finer  kind  of  wool  from  JUDITH,  POINT,  the  fouth-eafternmoft  point  of 

fome  o:her  anim  il,  as  their  garments  were  all  too  fine  Rhode-Ifland  State,  fituated  on  the  fea-coaft  of  Wafh- 

to  be  manufaiflured  from  the  coarfe  coating  of  the  dog  ingt^n  county,  in  South- Kingfton  lownfliip. — ib. 

alone."  JUDOSA  BAY,  in  Louifianna,  lies  in  the  N.  W. 

Of  other  animals  alive,  deer  only  were  feen  in  any  corner  of  the  gulf  of  Mexico.     A  chain  of  idands  form 

abundance  by  our  people.  a  communication  between  it  f  uth  wellward  to  St  Ber- 

The   number  of  inliabitants  computed  to  be  in  the  nard's  Bay. — ib. 

largell  o{  the  villages  or  towns  that  were  difcovered,  JUGGLERS  are  a  kind  of  people  whofe  profcllion 

did  not  exceed  600.     Captain  Vancouver  conje^ured  has  not  been  often  deemed  either  refpeflable  or  ufeful. 

the  Im ^11  pox  to  be  a   dileafe   common  and  very  fatal  Profeffor  Beckmann,  however,  has  undertaken  their  de- 

among   thcrn.     Many  were  much   marked  ;  and  mod  fence  ;  and  in  a  long  and  learned  chapter  in   the  third 

ot  thefe  had  loll  their  right  eye.     Their  method  of  dif-  volume  of  his   HiJIory  of  Invcniiom,  pleads  the  cau!e  of 

podr.g  ot  their  dead  is  very  fiiigular.  the   praflifers  of  legerdemain  ;  rope-dancers  ;  perfons 

"  Bifkets  were  found  fulpended  on  high  tree?,  each  who  place  their  boilies  in  prfitions  apparently  danger- 
containing  the  (keteton  of  a  young  child  ;  in  fome  of  ous  ;  and  of  thofe  who  exhibit  feats  of  uncommon 
which  were  alfo  fmall  I'qtiare  boxes  tilled  with  a  kind  of  ftrengtli.  All  thcle  men  he  clalTes  under  the  general 
white  parte,  refembling  (lays  onr  author)  fuch  as  1  had  denomination  of  y«^^/iTJ  ;  and  taking  it  for  granted 
leen  the  natives  ear,  fuppofed  to  be  made  of  thefaranne  (lurely  upon  no  good  grounds)  that  every  ufeful  em- 
root  ;  tome  of  thel'e  boxes  were  quite  full,  others  were  ployment  is  full,  he  contends,  that  there  would  not  be 
ii«n'ly  empty,  eaten  probably  by  the  mice,  fouirrels,  room  on  the  earth  for  all  its  prefent  inhabitants  did  not 
or  birds.  On  the  next  low  point  fouth  of  our  encamp-  fome  of  them  pradlife  the  arts  of  yuggling. 
mcnt,  where  the  gunners  were  airing  the  powder,  they  "  Thefe  arts  (fays  he)  are  indeed  not  unprofitable, 
met  with  I'evcr.d  holes  in  which  human  bodies  were  in-  for  they  atTord  a  comfortable  fubfil-lence  to  thofe  who 
ten  ed,  nit;htly  covered  over,  and  in  different  dates  of  praiSife  them  ;  but  their  gain  is  acquired  by  too  little 
decay,  forae  appealing  to  have  been  very  recently  de-  labour  to  be  hoarded  up  ;  and  in  general,  thefe  roving 
pofited.  About  halt  a  mile  to  the  northward  of  our  people  Ipend  on  the  fpot  the  fruits  of  their  ingenuity  ; 
tents,  where  the  land  is  nearly  level  with  high  water  which  is  an  additional  reafcn  why  their  day  in  a  place 
mark,  a  few  paces  within  the  ikirliug  of  the  wood,  a  fhould  be  encouraged.  But  farther,  it  often  happens, 
canoe  was  found  fulpended  between  two  trees,  in  which  that  what  ignorant  perfons  firl^  employ,  merely  as  a 
■were  three  human  (keletons.  fhow,  for  amufement  or  deception,  is  afterwards  en- 

"  On  each  point  of  the  harbour,  which,  in  honour  nobled  by  being  applied  to  a  more  important  purpofe.. 

of  a  particular  friend,  I  called /"fn/;'/ Csvir,  was  a  defert-  The  machine  with  which  a  Savoyard,  by  means   of 

ed  village  ;  in  one  of  which  were  found  feveral  fepul-  fhadows,  amufed  children  and  the  populace,  was  by 

chres,  formed  exadly  like  a  centry  box.    Some  of  them  Libetkvihn  converted  into  a  folar  microfcope  ;  and,  to 

vere  open,  and  contained  the  fkeletons  of  many  young  give  one  example  more,  the  art  of  making  ice  in  fum- 

childien  tied  up  in  balkets :   the  fmaller  bones  of  adults  mer,  or  in  a  heated   oven,    enables  guelis,  much  to 

•were  likcwil'e   noticed,  but  not  one  of  the  limb  bones  the  credit  of  their  hodefs,  to  cool  the  molt   expenfive 

could   here  be  found  ;  which  gave  rife   to  an   opinion,  dithes.     The  Indian  difcovers  precious  dones,  and  the 

that  thefe,  by  the  living  inhabitants  of  the  neighbour-  European,  by  polifhinij,  gives  them  a  luftre. 

"  But, 


JUG  [     293     ]  JUG 

Jugglers.       "But,  if  the  arts  of  juggling  ferved  no  other  end    ter.     The  juggler  rolls  together  fome  flax  or  hemp,  fo    Juggle's- 
^^"^^"^  than  to  amufe  the  moft  ignorant  of  our   citizens,  it  is    as  to  form  a  ball  about  the  fize  of  a  walnut ;  fets  it  on  ^•''~'''^*~' 

proper  that  they  fhouid  be  encouraged  for  the  fake  of    fire  ;  and  fufFcrs  it  to  burn  till  it  is  nearly  confumed  ; 

thofe  who  cannot  enjoy  the  more  expenfive  deceptions    he  then  rolls  round  it,  while  burning,  fome  more  flax  ; 

of  an  opera.     They   anfwer  ocher  purpofes,  however,    and  by  ihefe  means  the  fire  may  be  retained  in  it  for  a 

ion-' 


than  that  of  merely  amufing  :  they  convey  inilruclion 
in  the  moft  acceptable  manner,  and  ferve  as  an  agreea- 
ble antidote  to  fuperfkition,  and  to  that  popular  belief 
in  miracles,  exorcifm,  conjuration,  forcery,  and  witch- 
craft, from  which  our  anceftors  i'uffered  fo  feverely." 

Surely  this  reafining,  as  well  as  the  caufe  in  which 
it  is  brought  forward,  is  unworthy  of  the  learning  of 
Beckmann.  It  is  indeed  true,  thatjug,;lers  fpend  their 
money  freely,  and  that  their  arts  .ifiord  them  the  means 
of  fubfiftence  ;  but  it  is  very  feldum,  as  our  aulhnr  niufl 
know,  that  they  fubliil  either  comfortably  or  innocently. 
Is  it  innocent  to  entice  the  ignorant  and  labouring  poor, 
by  ufelefs  deceptions,  to  part  with  their  hard  earned 
pittance  to  idle  vagabonds  ?  or  is  the  life  of  thole  vaga- 
bonds comfortable,  when  it  is  paffed  amid  fcenesof  the 
moll  grovelling  diflipation?  Jtigglers  fpend  indeed  their 
money,  for  tlie  moft  part,  on  the  fpot  where  it  is  gain- 
ed ;  but  iliey  fpend  it  in  drunkennefs,  and  other  feducing 
vices,  which  corrupt  their  own  morals  and  the  morals  of 
all  wi.h  whom  they  alficiate;  and  therefore  their  ftay 
in  a  place  lliould  certainly  not  be  encouraged.  Could 
it  be  proved  that  the  folar  microfcope  would  never  have 
been  invented,  liad  not  a  Savoyard  juggler  contrived  a 
fimilar  machine  to  amufe  children  and  the  rabble,  fome 
ftrefs  might  be  laid  on  the  fervice  which  fuch  wretches 
have  rendered  to  fcience  :  but  where  is  the  man  that 
will  fupj)ofe  the  philofophy  of  Bacon  and  Newton  to 
reft  upon  the  arts  of  juggling  ?  or  who  confiders  the  re- 
finements of  fcience  as  ot  equal  value  with  the  morals 
of  the  people  ?  There  is,  at  the  moment  in  which  this 
article  is  drawing  up,  a  fellow  exhibiting,  before  the 
windows  of  the  writer's  chamber,  the  moft  indecent 
fcenes  by  means  of  puppets,  and  keeping  the  mob  in  a 
conftant  roar.  Is  he  mnocently  employed  ?  or  will  any 
good  man  fiy  that  tliere  is  not  room  for  him  in  the  ar- 
mies which  on  the  Continent  are  fighting  in  the  caufe 
of  God  and  humanity  ? 

Our  author  endeavours  to  ftrengthen  his  reafoning 
by  proving,  which  he  does  very  completely,  the  anti- 
quity of  juggling.  "  The  deception  (fays  he)  of 
breathing  out  tlames,  which  at  prelent  excites,  in  a  par- 
ticular manner,  theaftoniihment  oi  the  ignorant,  is  very 
ancient.  When  the  (laves  in  Sicily,  aljout  a  century 
and  a  half  betore  our  acra,  made  a  formidable  infurrec- 
tion,  and  avenged  themfelves  in  a  cruel  manner  for  the 
f<;verities  which  they  Iiad  fuffered,  there  was  arnongft 
tliem  a  Syrian  named  Eunus,  a  man  oi  great  cruft  and 
courage,  who,  having  palfed  through  many  fcenes  of 
life,  had  become  acquainted  with  a  variety  ot  arts.  He 
pretended  to  have  immediate  communication  with  tlie 
gods;  was  the  oracle  and  leader  ol  his  fellow  flaves ; 
and,  as  is  ufual  on  luch  occafinns,  cnnfirmed  his  divine 
miflion  by  miracles.  When,  heated  by  cnthufiafm,  he 
was  defirous  ol  infpiring  his  followers  with  courage,  he 
breathed  flames  or  fparks  among  them  fr.  m  his  mouth 
while  he  was  addrelling  'hem.  We  arc  told  by  hifto- 
rians,  that  for  this  purpufe  he  pierced  a  nut-fliell  at  both 
ends,  and  having  filled  it  with  I'ome  burning  fubftancc, 
put  it  into  his  mouth  and  breathe'  through  it. 

••  This  deception,  at  prcfent,  is  performed  much  bet- 


time.  When  he  wifhes  to  exhibit,  he  flips  the 
ball  unperceived  into  his  mouth  and  breathes  through 
it;  which  again  revives  the  fire,  fo  that  a  number  of 
weak  fparks  proceed  from  it ;  and  the  performer  fuftains 
no  hurt,  provided  he  infpire  the  air  not  through  the 
mouth  but  the  noftrils. 

"  For  deceptions  with  fire  the  ancients  employed  alfo 
naphtha,  a  liquid  mineral  oil,  which  kindles  when  it 
only  approaches  a  flame.  (See  Naphtha,  Encycl.) 
Galen  informs  us  that  a  perf  m  excited  great  aftoniflt- 
ment  by  extinguilhing  a  candle  and  again  lighting  it, 
without  any  other  procefs  than  holding  it  immediately 
againft  a  wall  or  a  ftone.  The  whole  fccret  of  this  ccn- 
fifted  in  having  previoufly  rubbed  over  the  wall  or  ftone 
with  fulj^hur.  But  as  the  author,  a  few  lines  before, 
(peaks  ot  a  mixture  of  fulphur  and  naphtha,  we  have 
reafon  to  think  that  he  alludes  to  the  fame  here.  Plu- 
tarch relates  how  Ahxar.dcr  the  Great  was  aftonifhed 
and  delighted  with  the  fecret  elFefts  of  nap.'nba,  which 
were  exhibited  to  him  at  Ecbatana.  The  fame  author, 
as  well  as  Pliny,  Galen,  and  others,  has  already  remark- 
ed that  the  fubftance  with  which  Medea  deftioyed 
Creufi,  the  daughter  of  Creon,  was  nothing  elfe  than 
this  fine  oil.  She  fent  to  the  unfortunate  princef?  a 
drefs  bcfmeared  with  it,  which  burft  into  flames  as  foon 
as  (he  approached  the  fire  of  the  altar.  The  blcod  of 
Nelfus,  in  which  the  drcfs  of  Hercules,  which  took  fire 
likewife,  had  been  dipped,  was  undoubtedly  naphtha 
alfo  ;  and  this  oil  muft  have  been  always  employed 
when  offerings  caught  fire  in  an  imperceptible  manner. 

"In  modern  times,  perfons  who  could  walk  over 
burning  coals  or  red-hot  iron,  or  who  could  hold  red- 
hot  iron  in  their  hands,  have  often  e.\cited  wonder. 
But  laying  afide  the  deception  fometimes  pra(5iifed  oil 
the  fpeflatois,  the  whole  ot  this  fecret  connfts  in  ren- 
dering the  fkin  ot  the  foles  oi  the  feet  and  hands  io 
callous  and  infenfible,  that  the  nerves  under  them  are 
fecured  from  .ill  hurt,  in  the  iame  manner  as  by  liioes 
and  gloves.  Such  ca'.h'lity  will  be  produced  if  the  (kin 
is  continually  comprelfed,  tinged,  pricked,  or  injured  in 
any  other  manner.  Thus  do  the  fingers  of  the  induf- 
trious  fcmpftrefs  become  horny  by  being  frequently 
pricked  ;  and  the  ca(e  is  the  fame  witli  the  hands  of 
fire  workers,  and  the  feet  of  thofe  who  walk  bare  footed 
over  fcorching  land. 

"  In  the  monih  of  September  1765,  when  I  vifited 
(fays  our  author)  the  copper- works  at  Aweftad,  one  of 
the  workmen,  for  a  little  diink  m^ney,  took  fome  of 
the  melted  copper  in  his  hand,  and  alter  (licwii'.g  it  to 
us,  threw  it  againft  a  wall.  He  then  fqueezed  the  fin- 
gers of  his  horny  hand  clofe  to  each  other  ;  put  it  a  few 
minutes  under  his  arm-pit,  to  make  it  fweat,  as  he  faid  ; 
and,  taking  it  again  out,  drew  it  over  a  ladle  filled  with 
melted  copper,  fome  of  which  be  (kimmcd  otf,  and  mov- 
ed his  liand  backwards  and  forwards,  very  quickly,  by 
way  of  oltentaiion.  While  I  was  viewing  this  perfor- 
mance, I  rem  irked  a  'rnell  like  that  of  lirgcJ  horn  or 
leather,  though  his  har.d  was  not  burnt.  It  is  highly  pro- 
bable, that  people  who  hold  in  their  hands  red  hot  iron, 
or  who  walk  upon  it,  as  I  faw  done  at  Ainfterdam,  but 


K     A     A 


C    294    ] 


K     A     A 


Ji/emf/ita 


Jd^gl-r^.  at  a  diftancf ,  make  tlicir  fkin  callous  before,  in  the  like 
'*'''~''''^^^  manner.  This  may  be  accomiilinied  by  frequently  nioi- 
lleninf!  it  with  fpirit  of  vitriol  ;  acccuding  to  fome  the 
juice  of  certain  plants  will  produce  the  fame  effcifl  ;  and 
ve  are  allured  by  others,  that  the  (kin  mull  be  very  fic- 
quently  rubbed,  for  a  long  lime,  with  oil,  by  which 
means,  indeed,  leather  alfo  will  become  horny*." 

Our  author  then  proves,  in  a  very  learned  manner, 
that  all  thcfe  tricks  were  of  high  antiquity  ;  that  the 
Hirpi,  who  lived  near  Rome,  jumped  through  burning 
coals ;  that  women  were  accullonied  to  walk  over 
burning  coals  at  Caftabala  inCappadocia,  near  the  tem- 
ple dedicated  to  Diana  ;  that  the  eihibition  of  balls  and 
cups  (fee  Lecerdlmain,  Encycl.)  is  often  mentioned  in 
the  works  of  the  ancients  ;  that  in  the  third  century,  one 
Firmus  or  Firmius,  who  endeavoured  to  make  himfelf 
emperor  in  Egypt,  futTered  a  fniith  to  forge  iron  on  an 
anvil  placed  on  his  breall ;  that  rope-dancers  with  ba- 
lancing poles  are  mentioned  by  Petronius  and  others; 
and  that  the  various  feats  of  horfemanlliip  exhibited  in 
our  circufes  palled,  in  the  thirteenth  century,  from  Egypt 
to  the  Byzantine  court,  and  thence  over  all  Europe. 


JULIAN,  St,  ahaibour  on  the  coad  of  Patagonia, 
in  South  America,  where  (hips  bound  to  the  Pacific 
ocean  ufually  touch  for  refrelhment.  S.  lat.  48°  51', 
W.  long.  65"  lo' Monc.  ^ 

JUl.IE'l',  Mount,  iu  North-America,  lies  on  the 
north  fide  of  Illinois  river,  oppofite  the  place  where 
that  river  is  formed  by  the  jur.iflion  of  Theakiki  and 
Plein  rivers.  'I'he  middle  oi  Mount  Juliet  is  in  N.  lat. 
42°  5',  W.  long,  m^"  44'.—;*. 

JUNGLE,  in  Bengal,  waftc  land,  or  land  covered 
witli  wood  and  brambles. 

JUNIUS,  a  military  townfliip  in  New-York  State, 
bounded  north  by  Galen,  and  fouth  by  Romulus. — 
Morse. 

Junius  Creek,  a  northern  branch  of  the  Little 
Kanhaway,  which  interlocks  with  the  weftern  waters 
of  Monongahela  river  ;  and  which  may  one  day  admit 
a  (liorter  palTage  from  the  latter  into  the  Ohio. — \h. 

IWANEE,  a  little  town  near  St  Jago  de  Cuba, 
where  a  fmall  remnant  ot  the  ancient  Indians  live, 
who  have  adopted  the  manners  and  language  of  the 
Spaniards. — ib. 


Julian, 

II 
IwiHee. 


K. 


Kaarta.  T7' AARTA,  a  kingdom  in  Africa,  through  which 
j\.  Mr  Park  palTed  in  his  route  from  the  Gambia  to 
the  Niger.  He  defcribes  the  country  as  conlilling  either 
of  fandy  plains  or  rocky  hills  ;  but,  from  his  account, 
the  level  part  feems  to  be  the  moll  extenfive.  The  na- 
tives are  negroes,  of  whom  many,  though  converted 
to  the  Mahomedan  faith,  or  rather  to  the  ceremonial 
part  of  the  Mahomedan  religion,  retain  all  their  ancient 
iuperllitions,  and  even  drink  llrong  liquors.  They  are 
called  Johers  or  Jowers,  and  in  Kaarta  form  a  very 
numerous  and  powerful  tribe.  One  of  thefe  men  un- 
dertook to  conduift  our  author  to  Kemmoo,  the  capital 
of  the  kingdom,  and  alarmed  him  not  a  little  by  his 
fuperllitious  ceremonies. 

We  had  no  fooner  (fays  Mr  Park)  got  into  a   dark 
and  lonely  part  of  the  firll  wood,  than  he  made  a  fign 
tor  us  to  ftop,  and  taking  hold  of  a  hollow   piece  of 
bamboo,  tliat  hung  as  an  amulet  round  his  neck,  whift- 
led  very  loud,  three  times.     I  confefs  I  was  fomewhat 
flartleJ,  thinking  it  was  a  fignal  for  fome  of  his  compa- 
nions to  come  and  attack  us  ;  but  he  alTured  me  that  it 
was  done  merely  with  a  view  to  afcertain  what  fuccefs 
we  were  likely    to  meet  with  on  our  prefent  journey. 
He  thendifmounted,  laid  his  fpearacrofs  the  road,  and 
having  faid  a  number  of  (hort  prayers,  concluded  with 
three  loud  whiftles  ;  after  which  he  liftened  for  fome 
time,  as  if  in  expeftation  of  an  anfvver,  and  receiving 
none,  told  us  we  might  proceed  without  fear,  for  there 
was  no  danger." 

White  men  were  (Irangersin  the  kingdom  of  Kaarta  ; 
and  the  appearance  of  our  author  had  on  fome  of  the 
natives  the  efl'eft  which  ignorant  people,  in  this  coun- 
try, attribute  to  ghofts.  "  I  had  wandered  (fays  he) 
a  little  from  my  people,  and  being  uncertain  whether 


Kaatt. 


they  were  before  or  behind  me,  I  haftened  to  a  rifing  Kaarta, 
ground  to  look  about  me.  As  I  was  proceeding  to- 
wards this  eminence,  two  negro  horfemen,  armed  with 
mulkets,  came  galloping  from  among  the  bulhes :  on  "" 
feeing  them  I  made  a  full  (lop  ;  the  horfemen  did  the 
fame,  and  all  three  of  us  feemed  equally  furprifed  and 
confounded  at  this  interview.  As  I  approached  them 
their  fears  increafed,  and  one  of  them,  after  carting  up- 
on me  a  look  of  horror,  rode  off  at  full  fpeed  ;  the 
other,  in  a  panic  of  fear,  put  his  hand  over  his  eyes, 
and  continued  muttering  prayers  until  his  horfe,  feem- 
ingly  without  the  rider's  knowledge,  conveyed  him 
flowly  after  his  companion.  About  a  mile  to  the  weft- 
ward,  they  fell  in  with  my  attendants,  to  whom  they 
related  a  frightful  (lory  :  it  feems  their  fears  had  drclTed 
me  in  the  flowing  robes  of  a  tremendous  fpirit  ;  and  one 
of  them  affirmed,  that  when  I  made  my  appearance,  a 
cold  blaft  of  wind  came  pouring  down  upon  him  from 
the  (ky  like  fo  much  cold  water." 

At  Kemmoo  our  traveller  was  gracioufly  received  by 
the  king ;  who  honeftly  told  him,  however,  that  he  could 
not  protedl  him,  being  then  engaged  in  war  with  the 
king  of  Bambarra  (See  Sego  in  this  Supplement ) ;  but 
he  gave  him  a  guard  to  Jarra,  the  frontier  town  of 
the  neighbouring  kingdom  of  Ludamar.  The  origin 
and  iifue  of  this  war  between  Kaarta  and  Bambarra,  of 
which  Mr  Park  gives  a  full  account,  (hews  the  folly  of 
attempting  to  liberate  the  negroes  from  flavery  till  civil- 
ization and  Chriftianity  be  introduced  into  Africa. 
Major  Rennel  places  Kemmoo,  the  capital  of  Kaarta, 
in  14°  15'  N.  Lat.  and  7°  20'  W.  Lon. 

KAATS'  BAAN,  in  New-York  State,  lies  on  the 
weft  bank  of  Hudfon's  river,  7  miles  foutherly  from 
Kaats'  Kill,  and  1 1  N.  £.  by  N.  from  Efopus. — Morse. 

Kaats' 


K     A     B 


C    295    ] 


K     A     B 


KAbobi- 
quas, 

II 
Kaits. 


Kaats'  Kill,  or  Cat/kill,  a  fmall  village  of  30  or 
40  houfes  and  (lores,  in  the  State  of  New- York,  fitua- 
ted  on  the  well  lide  of  Hudfi.n's  river,  about  100  rods 
,  from  its  b  ink  ;  5  miles  ibuih  of  Hudfon  city,  and  125 
north  of  New  York.  It  has  the  appearance  (jf  a  thriv- 
ing  place,  and  it  is  in  contemplation  to  erefl  buildings 
c;n  a  marlhy  point,  on  the  margin  of  the  river,  for  the 
advantage  of  deeper  water.  'Ihe  creek  on  which  the 
(lores  now  lland  being  too  lliallow.  The  townlhip  of 
this  name  contains  1,980  inhabitants,  of  whom  343 
are  e!ei51ors,  and  305  {laves. — ib. 

Ka  .ts'  Kill  Muuntains,  in  the  vicinity  (>f  the  above 
town  on  the  weft  bank  ot  Hiidfon'b  river,  which  make 
a  majeltic  appearance.  Thefe  are  the  firft  part  of  the 
chain  of  mountains  called  the  Allegany,  or  Appala- 
chian mnun'airs. — ib. 

K--\BOBIQUAS,  a  nation  in  foiith  Africa,  who 
had  never  fecn  a  white  man  till  1785,  that  they  were 
vifited  by  M.  Vaillant.  Intimation  had  been  given  of 
hh  approach  by  fome  ot  the  tiibes  through  whofe 
country  he  had  previouily  palTed  ;  and  everything  that 
had  been  laid  ot  his  colour,  his  tufees,  and  his  equipage, 
bore  the  chaiacler  ot  tlie  moll  enthui'iailic  exaggeration. 
The  curiofity  uf  the  people  was  wnund  up  to  the  high- 
eft  pitch  ;  .md  as  foon  aa  they  faw  his  company  at  a  dif- 
tance,  the  whule  horde  quitted  the  kraal,  and  ran  with 
eagernefs  to  meet  him.  Not  being  able  to  believe  their 
eyes  in  regrttd  to  wh.it  they  faw,  they  endeavoured  to 
obtain  more  fatisfaftion  by  touching  him.  They  felt 
his  hair,  h.mds,  and  almoft  every  pan  of  his  body.  His 
beard,  above  all,  aftoi  ilhed  ihem  to  an  inconceivable 
degree.  More  than  thirty  pcrfons  came  in  fuccellion, 
and  half  unbuttoned  his  clothes.  They  all  imagined 
him  to  be  a  hairy  animal ;  and  fuppofed,  without  doubt, 
that  his  body  was  covered  with  hair  as  long  as  that  on  his 
chin  ;  but  finding  tliis  not  to  be  ilie  cafe,  tliey  were  afto- 
niihed,  and  cnnfelfed,  with  the  opennels  of  favages,  that 
they  had  never  feen  the  like  in  any  man  of  their  coun- 
try. The  little  children,  teriified  at  his  appearance, 
hid  thcmfclves  behind  tlicir  mothers.  Wiien  he  at- 
tempted to  lay  hold  of  any  of  them,  in  order  to  carefs 
them,  they  fcnt  forth  loud  cries,  as  a  child  would  do  in 
Europe  who  Ihould  fee  a  negio  for  the  rirlt  time. 

Tile  grown  up  people,  however,  were  foon  reconciled 
to  his  appearance,  and  even  the  children  were  bribed  by 
fmall  bits  of  fugar  candy.  Thechief  of  tlie  horde  Ihowed 
him  every  mark  of  attachment.  He  was  a  man  advanced 
in  life,  and  oi  a  majeftic  figure.  He  wore  a  long  mantle, 
which  hung  from  his  ftioulders  to  the  ground,  and 
which,  formed  of  four  jackal  fkins  juined  together,  was 
bordered  at  the  fides  with  that  of  a  liyxna.  His  left 
hand  wanted  two  joints  of  the  little  finger,  which  he 
faid,  were  amputated  in  his  infancy  to  cure  him  of  a 
fcvcrc  ilhiefs. 

This  ciillom  rf  fivages,  who,  to  relieve  a  man  from 
pain,  add  new  fufferliiji,s  to  his  evils,  affords  a  vaft  field 
for  refleiflion.  Mr  Paierfon,  another  Atiican  traveller, 
tells  ns,  that  he  obfcrved  inftances  of  the  fame  pii'.iSice 
among  a  horde  at  the  mouth  of  Orange-river ;  which 
is  nri  improbable.  However  abfurd  a  cuftom  may 
be,  l^ivngc  tribes  when  they  are  neighbours,  ni.iy  bor- 
row it  from  each  other  ;  but  that  it  Ihould  be  d  mmon 
among  llie  ill  ini'trs  of  the  Sou.h  Sea,  wl;o,  fiiicc  their 
country  w.^s  firfl  inhab  tei^,  had  never  feen  fti  angers  be- 
fore Cook  and  Bougainville,  is  truly  altonilhing.     Our 


author  was  very  defirous  of  interrogating  minutely  tlie  Kibobi- 
pcople  of  the  horde  on  this  fub^tcl.  He  wilhed  alfo  to  1"^'- 
prop(.fe  fome  quellions  to  them  refpefting  otlicr  culloms 
whicli  appeared  fingular  ;  but  difficulties  increafed  the 
more  he  advanced  into  the  country.  The  Kabobiijuas 
fpoke  a  particular  language  ;  and  this  di.ilea,  though 
accom,<anled  with  the  clapping  noife  of  the  Hottentots, 
was  underitood  only  by  the  Koraquas,  who,  on  account 
of  their  vicinity,  kept  up  fome  intcrcouife  with  them. 
The  cafe  was  ih;  fame  with  th;  langu.ige  cf  the  Kora- 
qu  IF,  in  regard  to  their  neighbours  the  Nimiquas ;  and 
nothing  reached  our  author's  ear  till  it  had  pjflcd 
through  four  dilFerent  mouths.  The  confequcnce  was» 
that  when  he  afked  any  thing,  the  anfwer  had  frcqr.ent- 
ly  no  relation  to  the  queftion  ;  and  for  this  inconve- 
niency  no  remedy  could  be  found. 

The  fame  defire  for  trinkets  to  crnamcnt  their  drefs 
prevailed  among  the  Kabobiquas  as  am<ing  the  otlier 
hordes  which  Vaillant  had  vifited  ;  and  in  one  day  he 
puichafed  twenty  oxen  for  things  ot  that  kind  oi  no 
vdiue.  The  chief,  however,  Ii^d  fet  Ills  affeftlons  rn  :i 
razor  ;  and  juft  when  our  author  and  he  were  treating 
about  it,  a  lliot  was  fired  near  tl-.em,  which  was  in^lantly 
followed  by  the  moft  lilglitful  crie-s.  "  Rulhing  in- 
ftantly  from  my  tent  (f.iys  M.  Vaillant)  to  encjuire 
what  was  the  caufe  of  this  noife,  I  faw  a  Kaboblqua 
flying  as  fall  as  he  C'itild  from  one  of  my  hunters,  while, 
at  the  dlftance  of  a  hundred  paces  farther,  three  men 
were  making  the  moft  lamentable  cLmour,  and  near 
them  was  a  young  girl  Inng  on  the  ground.  I  made 
a  fignal  to  my  liuntcr  to  approach  me;  but  the  icport 
ol  the  Ihot,  and  the  howling  of  the  three  men,  had  al- 
ready fpread  alaim  throughout  the  hoide.  Some  cried 
out  treachery  ;  others  ran  to  their  arms ;  :>.nd  I  now 
imagined  that  I  was  about  to  be  malfa-./ed,  with  my 
whole  company,  and  that  I  fhould  be  obliged  to  arm 
them  in  my  defence.  My  fituation  was  tlie  more  cri- 
tical, as  neither  I,  nor  any  perfon  in  the  kraal,  knew 
what  was  the  caufe  of  this  confufion  ;  and  if  I  had 
known,  how  could  I  I;ave  explained  it  ? 

"  Under  this  embatralfment,  I  took  tho  chief  by  tlie 
hand,  and  advanced  with  him  towards  the  horde.  Fear 
was  painted  in  his  countenance;  tear.^  began  to  drop 
from  his  eyes  ;  and  he  fprke  to  me  » iih  great  viv.iclty. 
He  imagined,  no  doubt,  that  he  was  betrayed.  He 
compl.iined  to  me.  and  accufed  my  people  cf  ptifidy  ; 
yet  he  readily  followed  me. 

"  As  I  was  withcut  arms,  and  prefcnted  myfelf  with 
the  chief,  I  was  received  with  confidence,  ard  my  ap- 
pearance feemed,  in  fome  meafure,  to  calm  their  pertur- 
bati.n.  My  people,  wh'^  had  feen  me  direft  my  courfo 
towards  the  kraal,  hallci'.ed  thither  after  me,  to  protee't 
me  ;  ar.d  th:ir  number  overawed  tlie  multitude.  ,At 
lengtii  the  whole  myllery  was  cleared  up,  and  we  learn- 
ed what  had  occafinned  the  tumult. 

"  A  Kabobicpia  having  met  one  of  my  hunters,  who 
was  returning  with  his  fufce,  wilhed  10  examine  it,  and 
beggea  him  to  ilicw  it  to  h;m.  In  handling  it,  how. 
ever,  he  accidentally  touched  the  trigger;  it  inftantly 
went  off;  an  J  thcfavagc,  frightened  by  the  unexpected 
explofion,  threw  down  the  fufce,  and  ran  aw.jy  as  faft 
as  he  cnuld. 

"  At  that  time,  three  men  of  the  horde  and  a  yoiing 
girl  h.ippened  unluckily  t^  be  llanding,  at  the  diliance 
uf  i  hundred  paces,  in  the  ditcdion  rf  tlie  piece.    The 

Utter 


K     A     B 


[     296     ] 


K     A     B 


latter  received  a  Tingle  grain  of  (hot  in  the  cheek  ;  and 
the  ol)iers  a  tew  grains  in  the  legs  and  thighs.  The 
author  of  the  mist'oitunc  confirmed  (his  explanation; 
tranquillity  was  foon  rellored  ;  the  favages  dcpofited 
their  arms;  and  I  was  furrounded  only  by  friends  as 
before. 

"  Notliing  remained  but  to  enquire  into  the  (late  of 
the  wounded,  and  to  give  them  every  alTiflance  in  my 
power.  Without  lofs  of  time,  therefore,  I  repaired, 
ftill  accompanied  by  the  chief,  to  the  place  where  they 
were.  By  the  way  we  met  the  young  girl,  who  was 
returning  from  the  kraal,  bathed  in  tears.  Tlie  caufe 
of  her  uneafinefi  was  a  grain  of  lead,  which  had,  how- 
ever, penetrated  fo  little,  that  1  forced  it  out  by  only 
pretling  the  part  with  my  fingers.  With  regard  to  the 
three  men,  they  lay  rolling  on  the  ground,  howling  in 
a  moll  frightful  manner,  and  exhibiting  every  fymptom 
of  defpair. 

"  1  was  aftoninied  at  their  conlternation,  and  could 
not  conceive  how  men  inured  to  fufFerings  Ihould  be  fo 
much  affeaed  by  a  few  fmall  punaures,  the  pain  of 
whicli  could  have  fcarcely  drawn  tears  from  an  infant. 
They  at  length  told  me  the  caufe  of  their  vvailings. 
Thefe  fava.?es,  accuftumed  to  poifon  their  arrows,  ima- 
gined that  I  had  in  like  manner  poifoned  the  lead  with 
which  they  were  wounded.  They  had,  therefore,  given 
themfelves  up  as  loll,  and  expeaed  in  a  few  moments  to 
expire." 

It  was  with  great  difficulty  that  our  author  could 
convince  them  that  (hey  had  nothing  to  fear.  He  fliew- 
ed  them  in  the  flelh  of  his  own  leg  a  dozen  of  Ihots  of 
lead  ;  but  they  were  not  fatisfied  till  one  of  the  moll  in- 
telligent  of  his  Hottentots,  taking  from  his  (hot  bag  a 
few  grains  of  lead,  and  (hewing  them  to  the  three  men, 
immediately  fwallowcd  them.  This  conclnfive  argument 
produced  the  delired  eSs&.  The  cries  of  the  wounded 
men  inftanily  ce.ifed  ;  ferenity  again  appeared  in  their 
faces ;  and  their  wounds  were  no  more  mentioned. 

The  Kabobiquas  have  neither  the  flat  nofe  nor  plump 
checks  of  the  Hottentots.  Their  (kin  alfo  has  not  that 
baftard  colour,  which,  being  neither  black  nor  white, 
renders  them  odious  to  both  1  aces  ;  nor  do  they  befmear 
their  bodies  with  thofe  difgufting  fat  fubftances,  on  ac- 
count of  which  one  cannot  approach  them  without  be- 
ing bedaubed  with  their  filth,  or  acquiring  an  o(Fenfive 
fmell.  In  ftature  they  are  as  tall  as  the  Caffres,  and 
their  colour  is  equally  black.  Their  hair,  which  is  ex- 
ceedingly Ihort,  and  much  curled,  is  ornamented  with 
fmall  copper  buttons,  arranged  with  great  art  and  fym- 
metry.  Inllead  of  that  apron  made  of  a  jackal's  (kin, 
employed  by  the  Hottentot  to  cover  what  modefty  bids 
him  conceal,  the  Kabobiquas  ufe  a  round  piece  of 
leather,  the  edge  of  which  is  ornamented  with  a  fmall  in- 
dented circle  oV  copper,  and  which  is  divided  into  di(Fer- 
ent  compartments  by  rows  of  glafs  beads  of  various  co- 
lours, all  proceeding  from  the  centre,  and  diverging  to- 
wards the  circumference,  like  the  rays  in  our  images  of 
the  fun. 

This  kind  of  veil  is  made  fad  to  the  groin  by  means 
of  a  girdle  ;  but  as  it  is  only  four  inches  in  diameter,  as 
it  is  deranged  by  the  fmalleft  movement,  and  as  they 
give  themlelves  little  uneafinefs  refpeaing  fuch  acci- 
dents, it  is  very  ill  fuited  to  the  purpofe  for  which  it  is 
applied.  During  the  great  heats,  this  fmall  and  alnioft 
ufelefs  apron  is  the  only  covering  on  their  bodies.     Its 


being  fo  readily  difplaced,  enabled  our  author  to  afcer-    Kabobi- 
tain  that  they  do  not  praaife  circumcifion  ;   but  it  feem-       I""' 
cd  to  (liow  aifo,  that,  in  regard  to  modelly,  their  ideas 
are  very  dilVcrent  from  ours. 

Though  tliey  go  liius  almo(l  entirely  naked,  their 
manners,  iurtead  of  being  licentious,  are  remarkably 
challe.  No  females  can  be  more  prudent  or  more  re- 
ferved  than  their  women  ;  and  whether  from  refinement 
of  coquetry,  or  the  elTccI  of  prudence,  they  do  not  tat- 
too their  faces  like  their  hulhands  and  fathers.  They 
do  not  even  (oUow  their  example  In  ornamenting  their 
hair  with  copper  buttons ;  and  they  always  go  bare- 
legged, though  moll  of  them  wear  fandals. 

Their  drefa  confifts  of  an  apron  that  reaches  only 
half  down  the  thigh  ;  a  krofs  which,  palling  under  the 
arm-pits,  is  tied  on  the  breafl ;  and  a  long  mantle  like 
that  ol  the  men.  The  mantle  is  made  of  Ikins  not  de- 
prived ot  the  hair  ;  and  the  krofs  of  tanned  leather,  pre- 
pared like  that  uled  for  gloves  in  Europe. 

With  regard  to  glafs  beads  they  wear  them  as  brace- 
lets. They  form  them  aUb  into  necklaces,  which  de- 
fcend  in  different  rows  to  the  pit  of  the  ftomach  ;  and 
they  fufpend  from  their  girdles  feveral  ftrings  of  them, 
which  fall  down  their  thighs  below  the  apron. 

Thefe  ornaments  being  very  durable,  the  habit  of 
feeing  them  renders  the  women  almoll  indifferent  to  the 
pleaiure  of  polfelling  them.  Thofe  they  procured  from 
our  author  afforded  at  firft  great  fatii(aaion,  on  account 
of  their  novelty.  But  when  he  (liewed  them  fcilfars 
and  needles,  they  gave  the  preference  to  thefe  articles ; 
and  tliis  choice  does  honour  to  the  good  fenfe  of  the 
Kabobiqua  ladies.  Like  their  chief,  they  fet  a  higher 
value  on  utility  than  ornament. 

Before  our  author's  arrival  among  them,  the  Kabo- 
biquas were  acquainted  with  the  ufe  of  tobacco  through 
the  means  of  fume  of  the  tribes  more  contiguous  to  the 
Cape.  It  was,  however,  a  luxury  which  they  could 
feldom  enjoy  ;  and  fo  indifferent  were  they  about  it,  that 
if  it  were  iiot  brought  to  them,  they  would  not  go  a  itep 
to  procure  it.  This  indifference,  about  an  article  which 
is  eagerly  fought  ior  by  all  tlie  tribes  of  Hottentots, 
fcemcd  to  (hew  that  there  are  traits  in  the  charaaer  of 
the  Kabobiquas  which  dillinguilh  them  from  their 
fouthern  neighbours.  The  cafe  was  the  fame  as  to 
llrong  liquors,  on  which  they  fet  no  great  value  ;  and 
though  there  were  among  them  fome  tew  individuals 
dilpoled  to  relilh  them,  the  greater  number  abfolutely 
relufed  them. 

"  If  the  contents  of  my  flafks  (fays  Vaillant)  gave 
them  little  latlbfaaion,  ihey  were,  however,  much  cap- 
tivated with  the  flatks  themfelves.  Thefe  tranfparent 
bottles  excited  therr  admiration  in  the  highell  degree. 
They  called  them yff/;V/  nvater  ;  for,  notwithftanding  the 
heat  of  the  climate,  thefe  favages  had  feen  ice  on  the 
fummits  ot  the  mountairvs  by  which  they  are  furround- 
ed ;  and  they  entertained  no  doubt  that  the  glafs  of  my 
flalks  was  water,  which  I  had  rendered  folid  by  magic, 
and  which  I  prevented  their  fires  from  melting.  As  it 
was  impollible  for  me  to  explain  this  matter,  I  did  not 
attempt  to  undeceive  them  :  and  befides,  with  what  ad- 
vantage would  it  have  been  attended  ?  I  fuffered  them, 
therefore,  tu  continue  In  their  error,  and  contented  my- 
felf  with  conferring  on  them  an  obligation,  by  giving 
tliem  all  the  empty  bottles  for  which  I  had  no  ule. 
"  On  their  part,  they  vied  with  each  other  in  fljew- 

,'  ing 


K     A     B 


C     297     ] 


K     A    J 


Kabobi-  ing  tlieir  gencrofity  towards  me ;  and  I  tnuft  indeed 
Jj!^^^!!.  allow,  that  I  never  fitw  a  nation  fo  difinterefted.  Every 
niglit  they  brought  to  my  camp  a  confiderable  quantity 
ol  milk  ;  and  they  never  came  to  fpend  the  evening 
with  my  people,  without  bringing;  feme  flieep  to  regale 
them.  1  have  feen  many  of  them  give  away  gratui- 
loully,  and  without  receiving  any  thing  in  return,  part 
of  their  herds  and  their  flncks  ;  and,  when  I  departed, 
there  were  many  perfons  in  my  caravan  wlio  poireiled 
both  (heep  and  oxen,  which  they  had  received  as  a  pure 

With  this  benevolent  difpofition,  the  Kabobiquas 
have  alfo  a  martial  charai51cn  Their  weapons  are  poi- 
foned  arrows,  and  a  lance  with  a  long  iron  point,  but 
different  from  the  alTagay  of  the  Hottentots.  In  battle, 
their  defenfive  armour  confills  oi  two  bucklers  ;  the  one 
of  a  fize  fufficient  to  cover  the  whole  body  of  the  com- 
batant ;  the  other  much  fmaller.  They  are  both  made 
of  (kins  exceedingly  thick,  and  proof  againlt  arrows. 

The  courage  which  the  Kabobiquas  difplay  in 
combat  is  particularly  exercifed  in  their  hunting  excur- 
fions,  and,  above  all,  againll  carnivorous  animals.  In- 
trepid, however,  as  it  may  be  to  aitick  the  elephant 
and  the  rhinoceros,  thefe  fpecies  of  animal<  are  not  ob- 
je<as  of  their  vengeance  ;  becaufe,  living  upon  grafs  and 
herbs,  they  liave  nothing  to  apprehend  from  them, 
either  for  themfelves  or  their  cattle.  But  the  tiger, 
lion,  hyaena,  andpmthcr,  being  enemies  of  a  dill'ticnt 
kind,  they  declare  aganll  them  implacable  war,  and 
purfue  them  witliout  rcmiffioii. 

Of  the  fpoih  of  thefe  deftruftive  anim.als  they  form 
their  bucklers,  girdles,  fandals,  krofies,  mantles,  &c. 
They  confider  it  as  a  mark  of  honour  to  wear  them  ; 
and  they  fet  a  much  higher  value  upon  them  than  upon 
the  fkin  of  the  rhinoceros  or  of  the  elephant.  If  they 
fometimes  hunt  the  latter,  it  is  only  as  objeds  of  food  ; 
and  they  employ  to  catch  them  thofe  concealed  pits, 
which  are  the  ufual  fnares  of  the  Hottentots :  but  this 
method,  which  requires  both  patience  and  labour,  is 
very  little  fuited  to  a  people  fo  brave  and  enterpriling 
as  the  Kabobiquas. 

As  they  p'.ffefs  fo  bold  and  refolute  a  charafter, 
one  might  be  induced  to  believe  that  they  are  fero- 
cious and  intractable,  .'^mong  all  the  African  nations, 
liowever,  which  our  anthor  vifited,  he  never  knew 
one  that  fo  much  prailifed  obedience  and  fubordina- 
tion. 

The  chief  here  is  not,  as  in  other  tribes,  a  principal 
among  his  equals ;  he  is  a  fovereign  in  tlie  mijll  ci'  his 
fubjeias,  a  mailer  furrounded  by  his  llaves.  A  word, 
a  gcllure,  or  a  look,  is  fufficient  to  procure  him  obe- 
dience. Whatever  be  his  orders,  they  are  never  con- 
tradicted ;  and  the  cafe  is  the  lame  in  every  particular 
family.  What  the  chief  is  to  the  horde,  the  father  is 
to  his  children.  His  comni  tnds  Urc  abfolutc  ;  and  lie 
txercifes  regal  power  at  liomc,  while  he  obeys  elfe- 
where. 

Though  the  tribe  was  very  niimercns,  the  wifdom 
with  which  it  was  ruled,  and  the  good  ordtr  that  pre- 
vailed, announced,  in  the  man  by  whom  it  was  govern- 
ed, an  intelligence  fuperior  to  that  of  all  the  favagcs  our 
author  had  before  feen  ;  for  he  had  not  if.cn  vilitcJ  the 
lloiizouaiias.  The  habitation  of  this  chief  was  fuited  to 
his  fupreme  di.,'nity.  It  was,  indeed,  a  hut  only,  like 
thofe  ^of  his  fiibjefls,  and,  like  them  covered  with  the 

Sup'PL.  Vol.  II. 


{kins  of  animah  ;  but  it  was  much  larger,  as  well  as 
more  elevated  ;  and  around  it  were  fix  others,  occupied 
by  his  family,  and  deftined  for  them  alone. 

The  natural  drynefs  of  the  country  inhabited  by  the 
Kabobiquas  obliges  them  to  dig  wclh,  for  their  own 
ufe  as  well  as  for  their  cattle;  but  as  the  fame  caufc 
often  dries  up  thefe  wells,  they  are  then  forced  to  re- 
move, and  to  feek  elfewhere  a  foil  more  abundant  in 
fprings  ;  for  Tifli-River,  though  confidciable  in  the 
rainy  feafon,  is  often,  during  the  great  heats,  entirely 
dcftitute  of  water. 

The  long  journeys  which  thefe  too  frequent  emigra- 
tions compel  them  to  undertake,  and  the  intercourfe 
which  they  thence  have  with  other  nations,  mull  nccef- 
farily  infpire  them  with  ideas  unknown  to  the  fettled 
tribes ;  and  it  would  not  be  unnatural  to  fiippofc,  th^t 
to  this  extenfion  of  ideas  are  they  indebted  for  that  fu- 
periority  of  intelligence  which  elevates  them  above  their 
neighbours. 

Of  the  religion  of  the  Kabobiquas,  our  nuthor  talks 
very  ineonliftently,  and  like  a  true  philofophcr  of  the 
French  fchocl.  "  Of  all  the  African  nations  (fays  he), 
they  are  the  only  people  among  whom  1  found  any  idej,. 
however  confufed  a  one,  of  the  exillence  of  a  Djity.  I 
do  not  know  whether  it  be  from  their  own  refleiftion,  or 
the  communications  of  other  tribes,  that  they  have  ac- 
quired this  fublime  knowledge,  which  would  alone  bring 
them  near  to  a  level  with  pollfhed  nations  ;  but  they 
believe,  as  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  learn  from  my 
people,  that  beyond  the  ftars  there  exifts  a  Supreme 
Being,  who  made  and  who  governs  all  tliirps.  I  mud 
however  obferve,  that  on  this  fiibjeft  their  ideas  are 
vague,  barren,  and  unproduflive.  They  have  no  con- 
ception of  the  future  exiftence  of  the  foul,  or  of  rewards 
and  punilliments  in  another  life  ;  in  fliort,  they  have 
neither  worfhip,  f.icrlfices,  ceremonies,  nor  prielts,  and 
are  total  ftrangers  to  what  we  call  religion." 

This  is  impolTible.  A  people  believing  in  a  Supreme 
Being,  who  made  and  who  governs  all  things,  may  in- 
deed be  whhoM  fjcrijire/,  aremomcs,  and  prrjls ;  but 
fuch  a  people  cannot  avoid  ij'iPStr.g,  that  the  Being  who 
governs  all  things  may  protcd  them.  Such  a  willi  is  a 
prayer;  and  furely  he-wlio  prays  is  no  ftranger  to  reli- 
gion. M.  Vaillant  places  the  country  of  the  Kabobi- 
quas between  23°  and  25°  S.  Lat.  and  16"  25'  and 
19"  25'  Long,  eaft  from  Paris. 

KAHNONWOLOHALE,  the  principal  village  of 
the  Oneida  Indians,  in  which  is  Oneida  CalUe,  abouc 
20  miles  fouth  of  weft  Irom  Whiteitown,  and  12  weft 
of  Paris.  There  is  but  one  framed  lioule  in  thi>  vil- 
lage. Their  habititions  arc  but  a  fmall  improvement 
upon  the  ancient  iviguiams  ;  and  are  fc.ittered  fparfely 
throughout  an  enclofure  of  IVveral  miles  in  circum- 
ference, within  which  they  k<.cp  their  cattle,  lu'ife-, 
and  fwine,  and  *  itiiout,  plant  their  corn  and  low  their 
grain. —  Morse. 

KAJ.-AAGA,  an  African  kingdom,  ciUcd  by  the 
FrcuLh  Gulhm,  is  bounded  on  the  louih-eall  and  I'ou'.h 
by  B  imbouk ;  on  the  wrft,  by  Bondi^u  and  Foota  Tor- 
ra  ;  and  on  the  north,  by  the  river  Senegal.  The  air 
and  climate  (fays  Mr  Park)  are  more  pure  and  falubri- 
ous  than  at  any  of  the  fcttlements  towards  (he  coaft  ; 
the  face  of  the  country  i»  cveiy  wliere  inierfpctTcd  with 
a  pleafing  variety  ol  hills  and  valleys;  and  the  wirdings 
of  the  Stnegal  livcr,  which  dcfcends  from  the  rocky 
r  p  liUli 


K     A     I  [     298 

hills  of  the  interior,  make  the  fcenery  on  its  banks  very 
piinurefque  and  beautiful. 

The  inhabitants  are  called  SerawooUies,  or  (as  tlie 
French  write  it)  Seraco'.ets.  Their  complexion  is  a  jet 
black  :  they  are  not  to  be  diRinguilhed  in  this  rcfjieift 
from  the  Jalcff',. 

The  gcivernment  is  monarchical ;  and  the  regal  au- 
thority, from  what  I  experienced  of  it,  feems  to  be  fuf- 
ficiently  formidable.  The  people  themftU'cs,  however, 
complain  of  no  opprelEon  ;  and  feemed  all  very  anxious 
to  fupport  the  king  in  a  ci:ntell  he  was  going  to  enter 
into  with  the  foveieign  ot  K.ifl'on.  Tlie  SerawooUies  are 
liabitually  a  trading  people  ;  they  foimerly  carried  on  a 
jrreat  commerce  with  the  French  in  gtild  and  ilaves,  and 
llill  maintain  fome  traffic  in  Caves  with  the  Briti(h  fac- 
tories on  the  Gambia.  I'iiey  are  reckoned  toleraLly 
fair  and  jull  in  their  dealings,  but  are  indefatigable  in 
llieir  exertions  to  acquire  wealth,  and  they  derive  con- 
fiderable  profits  by  the  fale  of  fait  and  cotton  cloth  in 
diilant  countries.  When  a  SerawooUi  merchant  returns 
home  from  a  trading  expedition,  the  neighbours  inmie- 
diately  allemble  to  congratulate  him  upon  his  arrival. 
On  thefe  occafions  the  traveller  dlfplays  his  wealth  and 
liberality,  by  making  a  lew  prefents  tu  his  friends;  but 
if  he  has  been  unfuccefsful,  his  levee  is  foon  over  ;  and 
every  one  looks  upon  him  as  a  man  ot  no  underftanding, 
who  could  perform  a  long  journey,  and  (as  they  exprels 
it)  l/rln^  back  notlAng  bul  the  hair  upon  his  head. 

Their  language  abounds  much  in  gutturals,  and  is 
rot  fo  harmonious  as  that  fpoken  by  the  Foulahs  :  it  is, 
however,  well  worth  acquiring  by  thofe  who  travel 
through  this  part  of  the  African  continent;  it  being 
very  generally  uaderftood  in  the  kingdoms  of  KallVin, 
Kaarta,  Ludamar,  and  the  niithem  parts  of  Bambara. 
In  all  thefe  countries  the  SerawooUies  are  the  chief 
traders, 

Joag,  the  frontier  town  of  this  kingdom  as  you  enter 
it  Irom  Pifania,  may  be  fuppofed,  on  a  grois  computa- 
tion, to  contain  two  thoufand  inhabitants.  It  is  fur- 
rounded  by  a  high  wall,  in  which  are  a  number  uf  port 
holet,  for  mulquetry  to  fire  through  in  cafe  of  an  at- 
tack. Every  man's  polfcllion  is  likewife  furrounded 
by  a  wall  ;  the  whole  ibrrning  fo  many  dillind  citadels  ; 
aad  amongll  a  people  unacipaainted  with  the  ul'c  ot  ar- 
tillery, thefe  walls  anfwer  all  the  purpofes  of  ftronger 
fortifications.  To  the  weftward  of  the  town  is  a  fmall 
river,  on  the  banks  of  which  the  natives  raife  gre<t 
plenty  of  tobacco  and  onions.  Mr  Park  was  in  this 
town  plundered  of  hall  his  effeds  by  order  of  the  king, 
becaufe  forfooth  he  had  negltfled  to  pay  the  accuftoni- 
ed  duties  before  he  entered  the  kingdom  ;  and  it  re- 
([uired  a  good  deal  of  addrel's  to  prevent  hinifclf  and 
his  attendants  tVom  being  made  Haves ;  a  ilate  to  which 
the  la  w,  it  was  faid,  condemned  them  for  the  commiffion 
t.f  this  unintended  crime.  He  was  at  laft  retcued  from 
Joag  by  a  nephew  of  tire  king  of  KafFon.  Joag  is  placed 
by  Mrfjt.r  Rennel  in  14°  25'  N.  Lat.  and  9°  46'  W. 
Long. 

KAINSI  is  the  name  given  by  the  Hottentots  to  a 
particular  fpecies  of  antelope,  of  which,  according  to 
Vailiant,  no  author  has  yet  given  a  perfect  delcription. 
It  is  called  by  the  Dutch  klipf^rlnger,  on  account  of  the 


] 


K     A     M 


eafe  with  which  it  leaps  from  rock  to  rock  ;  and  indeed 
of  all  the  antelopes  there  is  no  one  equal  to  it  in  agility. 
It  is  about  the  iize  of  a  kid  oi  a  year  old,  and  of  a  yel- 
lowifh  grey  colour  ;  but  its  hair  has  this  peculiarity, 
that,  intlead  of  being  round,  pliable,  and  firm,  like  that 
of  mod  other  tjuadrupeds,  it  is  fiat,  harfh,  and  fo  little 
adherent  to  the  fkin,  that  the  (lighted  friiflion  makes  it 
fall  olF.  Nothing  is  moreeafy,  therefore,  than  to  de- 
prive this  animal  of  its  hair:  dead  or  alive  it  is  the  fame; 
to  rub,  or  even  to  touch  the  animal,  is  fufEcient.  Ano- 
ther peculiarity  of  this  lingular  hair  is  its  being  extreme- 
ly fragile  ;  fo  that  if  you  take  a  tutt  of  it  between  your 
fingers,  and  twift  it  with  the  other  hand,  it  will  break 
like  the  barbs  of  a  feather.  This  property,  however, 
belongs  not  exclitfively  to  th,-  hair  of  the  kainii  ;  for 
our  author  fays  he  has  obferved  it  in  the  hair  of  other 
quadrupeds,  which  in  the  fame  manner  live  among  the 
rocks. 

This  antelope  differs  from  the  other  fpecies  alfo  in 
the  fiiape  of  the  foot,  which,  inllead  of  being  pointed 
like  theirs,  is  rounded  at  the  end  ;  and  as  it  is  always 
accuftomed,  both  in  leaping  and  walking,  t  ^  tread  with 
the  pi)int  of  the  hoof,  without  refting  at  all  on  the  heel, 
it  leaves  a  print  dlllinpuilliable  from  that  of  any  other 
antelope  in  Africa.  Its  fleth  is  exquilltely  flavoured, 
and  much  fought  at'ter,  particularly  by  the  hunters. 

The  chace  of  the  kamfi  is  very  amufing.  It  is  true, 
it  is  fcarcely  poffible  to  hunt  it  down  with  dogs,  as  it 
iosn  et'capes  them  by  means  of  its  inconceivable  agility, 
and  gets  out  of  their  reach  on  the  point  of  fome  de- 
tached rock,  where  it  will  remain  whole  hours  fafe  trom 
all  purluir,  and  fufpjnded,  as  it  were,  above  the  abyfs. 
But  in  this  Irtuation  it  is  excellently  placed  for  the  ar- 
row or  the  ball  of  tlie  huntfman  ;  who  is  commonly  cer- 
tain of  fhooting  it  at  plealbre,  though  he  is  not  always 
able  to  come  at  it  when  killed.  We  fhall  give  our  au- 
thor's account  of  a  chace  of  the  kainii  in  liis  own  words. 

"  I  was  hunting  (fiiys  he)  one  of  thefe  animals, 
when,  from  the  nature  of  tlie  pLice,  it  found  itl'ell  fo 
preiTed  by  my  dogs,  as  to  be  on  the  point  of  being  run 
down  and  taken.  Tticre  were  apparently  no  means  of 
efcape  ;  ftnce  before  it  was  a  vail  perpendicular  rock, 
by  which  its  courle  was  necelfarily  Hopped.  In  this 
wall,  however,  which  appeared  to  me  perteftly  fmooth, 
was  a  little  ridge,  projecTing  at  mofl  not  above  tivo 
Inches,  which  the  kalnfi  quicklj-  perceived,  and,  leaping 
upon  it,  to  my  great  aftonilltnient  kept  \lie.\{  Jinn  (a). 
I  imagined,  that  at  any  rate  it  inuft  foon  titmble  down  ; 
and  my  dogs,  too,  lb  fully  expefled  it,  that  they  ran  to 
tlie  bottom  of  the  rock,  to  be  ready  to  catch  it  when  it 
fell.  To  hallen  iis  fall,  I  endeavoured  to  harals  it,  and 
make  it  lofe  its  equilibrium  ;  and  for  this  purpofe  I 
p.'lted  it  with  ftones.  All  at  once,  as  if  guelDng  my 
delign,  it  colleifled  its  whole  ftrength,  bounded  over  my 
head,  and,  falling  a  few  paces  from  me,  darted  away 
with  the  utmoft  fpeed.  Notwithtlanding  the  rapidity  of 
its  flight,  it  would  Jiave  lieen  eafy  for  me  to  have  (hot  it ; 
but  its  leap  had  fo  furprifed  and  amufed  me,  that  I  gave 
it  its  life."     This  was  generous,  if  the  (lory  be  true. 

KAMTSCHATKA  is  inhabited  by  a  people,  who 
are  reprefented  in  the  Encyclopadii  as  pnlfeffiiig  almoft 
every  quality  that  can  difgrace  human  nature.     We 

think 


K:inD, 


(a)  This  we  think  incredible. 


K     A     M 


C     ^99    3 


K     A     M 


Kamt- 
fchatka> 


think  it  incumbent  upon  us  to  acknowledge,  in  tliis 
place,  that  a  much  more  favourable  picture  ol"  them  is 
'  drawn  by  La  Peroufe  who  vilited  Kamtfchatka  in  Sep- 
tember 17S7.  The  Rudlan  governor  made  the  com- 
modore and  his  officers  remark  the  promifing  appear- 
ance of  feveral  fmall  fields  of  potatoes,  of  which  the 
feed  had  been  brought  from  Irkoutrt:  a  few  years  be- 
fore ;  and  purpofod  to  adopt  mild,  though  infallible 
means,  of  making  farmers  of  the  Ruffians,  Colfacks,  and 
Kamtfchadales.  I'he  fmall-pox  in  1769  fwept  away 
three-fouiths  of  the  individuals  of  the  latter  nation, 
which  is  now  reduced  to  lefs  than  four  thoufand  per- 
fi>n',  fcattered  over  the  whole  of  the  peninfula  ;  and 
which  wi'l  fpeedily  difippear  altogeihor,  by  means  of 
tlie  continual  mixture  of  the  Ruffians  and  Kamtfcha- 
dales, who  frequently  intermarry.  A  mongrel  race, 
mere  laboritus  tiian  the  RulHans,  who  are  only  fit  for 
foldicrs,  and  much  ftronger,  and  of  a  form  lels  difgrace- 
ful  to  the  hand  of  nature,  than  the  Kamifth adales,  will 
fpring  from  thefe  marriages,  and  fucceed  the  ancient  in- 
habitants. The  natives  have  already  abandoned  the 
yourts,  in  which  they  ufed  to  burrow  like  badgers  dur- 
ing the  whole  of  the  winter,  and  where  they  breathed 
an  air  fo  foul  as  to  occafion  a  number  of  diforders.  The 
mort  opulent  among  thcni  now  build  ijbas,  or  wooden 
houfe«,  in  the  manner  of  tlie  Ruffians.  They  are  precifeJy 
of  the  fame  form  as  the  cottages  of  our  peafants  ;  are  di- 
vided into  three  little  rooms  ;  and  are  warmed  by  a  brick 
flove,  that  keeps  u|i  a  degree  of  heat  (a)  iiifiipportable 
to  perfons  unaccull<,rned  to  it.  'I'he  rell  paf^  the  win- 
ter, as  well  as  the  fununer,  in  balagans,  which  are  a 
kind  of  wooden  pige:>n-houfes,  covered  with  thatch, 
and  pi  iced  upon  the  top  of  polls  twelve  or  thiiteen  (eet 
Jiigh,  to  which  the  women  as  well  as  the  men  climb  by 
means  of  ladders  that  afford  a  footing  very  infecure. 
But  thefe  latter  buildings  will  foon  difappear  ;  tor  the 
Kamtfchadales  are  of  an  imitative  genius,  and  adopt  al- 
moft  all  the  cuftcms  ol  their  conquerors.  Already  the 
women  wear  their  hair,  and  are  almoft  entirely  drclfed, 
in  the  manner  of  the  Ruflians,  whole  language  prevails 
in  all  the  ojirogs  ;  a  fortunate  circumliance,  lince  each 
Kamtfchadalian  village  fpoke  a  different  jargon,  the  in- 
habitants of  one  hamlet  not  nnderllanding  that  of  the 
next.  It  may  be  faid  in  praife  of  the  Rullian-s  that 
though  they  have  eftablillied  a  defpotic  government  in 
thi;  rude  climate,  it  is  tempered  by  a  mildnefs  and 
equity  that  render  its  inconveniences  unfclt.  They 
have  no  reproaches  of  atrocity  to  make  themfelves,  like 
the  Spaniards  in  Mexico  and  Peru.  The  taxes  they 
levy  on  the  Kamtfchadales  are  fo  light,  tiiat  they  can 
only  be  confidered  .is  a  mark  of  gratitude  towards  tlie 
fovereign,  the  produce  of  half  a  day's  hunting  acquit- 
ting the  impofts  of  a  year.  It  is  fuiprifing  to  fee  in 
cottages,  to  all  appearance  more  niifcral)le  than  thole  of 
the  moll  wretched  hamlets  in  our  mountainous  pro- 
vinces, a  quantity  of  fpecie  in  circulation,  which  ap- 
pears the  more  confiderablc,  hecaufe  it  exills  among  fo 
fmall  a  number  of  inhabitants.  They  confume  fo  tew 
commodities  of  Rullia  and  China,  that  the  balance  of 
trade  is  entirely  in  their  favour,  and  ihat  it  is  abl'oUucIy 
necelfary  to  pay  them  the  difference  in  rubles.  Furs  at 
Kamtfchatka  are  at  a  much  higher  price  than  at  Can- 


ton ;  which  proves,  that  aj  yet  the  market  of  Ki.ttcha  Kamt- 
has  not  felt  the  advantageous  effeifl  of  the  new  channel  '■^^^tl'i- 
opened  in  China. 

Our  author  compares  Kamtfchatka,  with  rcfccft  to 
climate  and  foil,  to  the  coall  c)f  Labrador  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  Strails  of  Belle-Ifle  ;  but  the  men,  like  the  ani- 
mals,  are  there  very  dilfertnt.  The  Kamtfchadales  ap- 
peared to  him  the  fame  people  as  thofe  of  the  bay  of 
Cartries,  upon  the  coall  of  Tartary.  Tlieir  mildnefs 
and  their  probity  are  the  fame,  and  their  perfons  are 
very  little  diffirent.  They  ouglit  then  no  more  to  be 
compared  to  the  Efquimaui  Indians,  than  llie  fables  of 
Kamtfchatka  to  the  martins  of  Canada. 

The  Greek  religion  has  been  ellablillied  amrng  the 
Kamttchadales  without  perfecution  or  violence,  and  with 
extraordinary  facility.  The  vicar  of  Paratounka  is  the 
fon  of  a  Kamtfchadale  and  of  a  Ruffian  woman.  He 
delivers  his  prayers  and  catechifm  with  a  tone  of  feeling 
very  much  to  the  taftc  of  th»  aborigines,  who  reward, 
his  cares  witli  offerings  and  alms,  but  pay  no  tylhes. 
The  canons  of  the  Greek  church  permitting  priells  to 
marry,  we  may  conclude  that  the  morals  of  the  country 
clergymen  are  fo  much  the  better.  "  I  believe  them, 
however  (lays  Peroufe),  to  be  very  ignorant;  and  <i-t 
not  fuppofe,  that  for  a  long  time  to  c.ime  they  will 
ftand  in  need  of  greater  knowle.'ge.  The  daughter, 
the  wife,  and  the  filler  of  the  vicar,  were  the  beil  dan- 
cers of  all  the  \vf>men,  and  appeared  to  enjny  the  bell 
Riiie  of  health.  The  worthy  ])riell  knew  that  we  were 
good  Catholics,  v.Miich  procured  us  an  ample  afpernou 
of  lioly  water  ;  and  he  alfo  made  us  kifs  the  crofs  thac 
was  carried  by  his  clerk  ;  th.-fe  ceremonies  were  per- 
formed  in  the  midft  of  the  vill.'.ge.  His  parfonage-houfe 
was  a  tent,  and  his  altar  in  the  open  air;  but  his  ufiial 
abode  is  Paratounka,  and  Le  only  came  to  St  Peter  anJ 
St  Paul's  to  pay  us  a  vifit." 

The  people  of  Kamtfchatka  have  inured  themfelves 
to  the  extremes  of  heat  and  cold.  It  is  well  known, 
that  tlieir  cuilom  in  Europe,  as  well  as  in  Alia,  is  to 
go  into  vapour  baths,  come  out  covered  with  petfpira- 
tion,  and  immediately  roll  themfelves  in  the  fiic.w.  Tho 
oflroj^  of  Sc  Peter  had  two  i)f  thefe  pulilic  bath<,  into 
which  our  author  went  before  tlie  fires  were  lighted. 
They  conliil  of  a  very  low  room,  in  the  middle  of 
which  is  anovcnconllruifled  ol  ftones,  without  cement, 
and  heated  like  thofe  intendt;d  to  bake  bread.  Its 
arched  roof  is  furrounded  by  feats  one  above  another, 
like  an  amphitheatre,  lor  thofe  who  wilh  to  bathe,  f> 
that  the  heat  is  greater  or  lefs  according  as  the  perfon 
is  placed  upon  a  higher  or  lower  bench.  Water  throwa 
upon  the  top  of  the  roo(,  when  heated  red  hot  by  the 
fire  underneath,  is  converted  intlantly  into  vapour,  and 
excites  the  moll  profufe  peiipiration.  The  Kamtfcha- 
dales have  borrowed  tf.is  cuilom,  as  well  as  miny 
others,  from  their  conquerors  ;  and  ere  hmg  the  primi- 
tive charaifltr  tiiat  dilfingnilhed  them  fo  llrongly  from 
the  Ruffians  will  be  eniiiely  effaced. 

Our  author  dclcril)es  the  b.«y  of  Avatlcha  as  the 
finefl,  the  moll  convenient,  and  the  fafell,  that  is  to  be 
met  with  in  any  pan  i.f  the  world.  The  entrance  is 
narrow,  and  Ihips  would  be  forced  to  pals  under  the 
guns  of  the  forts  that  might  be  eafily  creeled.  Tiie 
P  p  2  bottom 


(a)  Not  lefs  than  thirty  degrees  of  Reaumur's  thermometer. 


KAN 


[     300     ] 


KAN 


Kancm. 


Kaiiawa,  bottom  is  mud,  and  excellert  lidding  ground.  Two 
vaft  h-.irbcurr,  one  on  tlie  eaftern  fide,  the  other  on  the 
weltcrn,  are  capable  of  containing  all  the  (hips  of  the 
French  and  Englidj  navy.  Tlie  rivers  of  Avalfcha  and 
Parat'  unka  fall  into  thi:,  bay,  but  they  are  cho.iked  up 
\vi;h  ftnd-banks,  and  can  only  be  entered  at  the  time 
of  high  water.  The  village  ci  St  Peter  and  St  Paul  is 
fituated  upon  a  tongue  cf  land,  which,  like  a  jetty  made 
by  human  art,  forms  behind  the  village  a  little  port, 
iluit  in  like  an  amphitheatre,  in  which  three  or  four 
velfels  might  lie  up  for  the  winter.  The  entrance  of 
this  fi  rt  of  bafon  is  more  than  twenty-five  toifes  wide; 
and  nature  can  afford  nothing  more  fafe  or  commodi- 
ous. On  its  Ihore  tlie  governor  propoftd  to  lay  down 
the  plan  of  a  city,  which  fome  time  or  other  will  be  the 
capital  of  Kamtfchatka,  and  perhaps  the  centre  of  an 
extenfive  trade  with  China,  Japan,  the  Pliilllppincs,  and 
America.  A  vaft  pond  of  irefh  water  is  fituated  north- 
ward of  the  fite  of  this  prcjefled  city  ;  and  at  only 
three  hundred  toifes  dlftince  run  a  number  of  dream- 
lets,  the  eafy  union  of  which  would  give  the  ground  all 
the  advantages  necelfary  to  a  great  ellablifhment.  Of 
thefe  advantages  Mr  Kafloff  underftood  the  value ; 
"  but  fiilt  (faid  he  a  thouland  times  over)  we  mud  have 
bread  and  hands,  and  our  flock  of  both  of  them  is  very 
fmal!."  He  had,  however,  given  orders,  which  announ- 
ced a  fpeedy  union  of  the  other  oflrugs  to  that  of  St 
Peter  and  St  Paul,  where  it  was  his  intention  immc- 
diate'y  to  l>uild  a  church.  By  obfervati^n,  St  Peter 
and  St  Paul  was  found  to  be  in  53°  i'  N.  Lat.  and 
13-6°  30'  E.  Long,  from  P.iris. 

KANAWA,  or  Kanhifwj,  a  large  mountainous 
county  on  the  wellern  line  of  ^'irginia,  having  the  Ohio 
rivtr  on  the  nortli-welt,  and  Kentucky  weft.  The 
population  of  this  county  is  included  in  Green  Briar, 
being  6,015  inhabitants,  including  3  19  flaves.  About 
7  miles  from  the  mcuth  of  Elk  river  in  this  county, 
is  a  burning  fpring,  capacious  enough  to  hold  40  gal- 
lon'-. A  bituminous  vapour  condantly  ilfues  from  it, 
which  agitating  the  fand  around  it,  gives  it  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  boiling  fpring.  On  prelenting  a  torch 
within  ifi  or  20  inches  of  the  mouth,  it  il'.mes  up  in  a 
column,  4  or  5  feet  in  height,  and  about  18  inches  di- 
ameter, and  wJMch  fometimes  burns  20  minutes,  and 
at  ether  times  has  continued  3  days.  General  Clarke 
kindled  the  vapour,  ftaid  about  an  hour,  and  left  it 
burning. — Morsa. 

KANAWAGERES,  an  Indian  village  on  the  weft 
fide  of  Gen^fFee  river,  4  miles  well -fouth- well  of  Hart- 
ford in  the  GeneiTee  country  in  New- York. — lb. 

KANEM,  is  the  name  given  by  Edrifi  to  the  king- 
dom of  Bornou  in  Africa,  of  which  the  reader  will  find 
fome  account  in  iJie  EncychpaJia.  In  fome  particulars, 
however,  that  account  is  incorreft.  The  kingdom  of 
Bornou  or  Kanem  mud  extend  iarther  eaft  and  farther 
north  than  it  is  there  faid  to  do  ;  for  according  to  the 
lated  and  bed  accounts,  its  capital  dands  in  Lat.  24' 
32'  Long.  22°  57'.  The  empire  is  faid  to  be  very  ex- 
tenfive; and  if  it  be  true,  as  we  learn  from  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  African  AfTociation,  that  its  fovereign 
is  more  powerful  than  the  Emperor  of  Morocco,  the 
people  cannot  be  fuch  abfolute  brutes,  as  we  have  re- 
prefented  them  in  the  article  referred  to  ;  for  the  fove- 
leign  of  brutes  would  have  no  power.    The  truth,  how- 


ever is,  that  very  little  is  yet  known  in  Europe  of  Bor- Kanhaway, 
nou  or  its  inhabitants.  N 

KANHAWAV,  GREAT,  a  river  of  Virginia  of  ,Ji^!l^ 
confideiable  note  for  the  fertility  of  its  lands,  and  dill 
more  as  leading  towards  the  head  waters  of  James's 
river.  But  it  is  doubtful  whether  its  great  and  nume- 
rous rapids  V  ill  admit  a  navigation,  but  at  an  expenfe 
to  which  it  will  require  ages  to  render  its  inhabitants 
equal.  The  great  obdacles  begin  at  what  are  called 
the  Great  Falls,  t^o  miles  above  the  mou'h,  below 
which  are  only  5  or  6  rapids,  and  thefe  palTable  with 
fome  dilTiculty  even  at  low  water.  From  the  falls  to 
the  mouth  of  Green  Briar  is  100  miles.  It  is  280 
yards  wide  at  its  mouth.  The  head  waters  of  this 
river  are  in  the  weftern  part  of  North  Carolina,  in  the 
mod  eaderly  ridge  of  the  Alleghany  or  Appalachian 
mountains,  and  (buth  of  the  36th  degree  of  latitude.  Its 
head  branches  encircle  thofc  of  the  Hcldon,  from  which 
they  are  feparated  by  the  Iron  Mountain,  through  which 
it  paifis  10  miles  above  th.e  lead  mines.  About  60  miles 
from  Little  river  it  receives  Green  Briar  river  from  the 
ead,  which  is  the  only  confiderable  tril^utary  dream  in 
all  that  didance.  About  40  miles  below  the  «iouth  of 
Green  Briar  river,  in  Virginia,  in  the  Kanhaway,  is  a  re- 
markable  catarafl:.  A  large  rock,  a  little  elevated  in  the 
middle,  croffes  the  bed  of  the  river,  over  which  the  water 
(hoots,  and  falls  about  50  feet  perpendicularly,  except  at 
one  lide  where  the  defcent  is  more  gradual.  The  great 
Kanhaway  is  njf)  miles  below  Pittfburg,  and  is  navi- 
gable mod  of  the  year  ;  and  a  waggon  road  may  be 
made  through  the  mountain,  which  occafions  the  falls, 
and  by  a  portage  of  a  few  miles  only,  a  communica- 
tion may  be  had  between  the  waters  of  Great  Kanha- 
way and  Ohio,  and  thofe  of  James's  river  in  Virginia. 
Down  this  river  great  quantities  of  goods  are  convey. 
eJ  up  the  Kentucky  river,  others  on  horfeback  or  in 
waggons  to  the  fettled  part,  and  fold  on  an  average, 
at  100  per  cent,  advance Morse. 

Kanhaway,  Little,  a  fmall  navigable  river  of 
Virginia,  which  is  150  yards  wide  at  its  mouth,  and 
is  navigable  10  miles  only.  Perhaps  its  northerly 
branch,  called  Junius  Creek,  which  interlocks  with  the 
wtllern  waters  of  Monongahela,  may  one  day  admit  a 
fhorter  palfage  from  the  latter  into  the  Ohio. — ib. 

KANT  (Immanuel),  Royal  Profelfor  ot  Morals  and 
Metaphyficb  in  the  Univerfity  of  Konigfberg,  is  confi- 
dered  by  his  adniirers  as  the  greated  philofopher  that 
Germany  ever  produced.  Were  we  to  (cirm  an  edi- 
mate  of  his  merits  from  the  different  views  that  have 
been  given  in  Englilh  of  his  celebrated  fyllem,  we  cer- 
tainly fhould  not  confider  him  as  entitled  to  that  cha- 
ra(fter;  for  thofe  views  are  obfcured  by  new  and  un- 
couth terms,  and  are  altogether  wrapt  up  in  a  dyle 
which  approaches  nearer  to  jargor  th;'n  to  the  luminous 
compofition  of  a  man  who  thinks  with  clearnefs  and 
precifion.  We  readily  admit,  that  it  is  very  difficult  to 
tranflate  a  novel  fydem  of  mttaphyfics  from  one  lan- 
guage into  another  ;  for  the  tranllator,  to  perform  his 
talk  properly,  mud  be  not  only  a  complete  mailer  of 
both  languages,  but  alfo  a  prot^ui:d  metaphyfician ;  and 
not  one  of  the  tranflators  or  abridgers  of  the  works  of 
Kant  into  our  language  appears  to  us  poffelled  of  both 
thefe  qualities.  Dcfpairing,  from  our  fcanty  knowledge 
of  the  German  language,  of  performing  ouri'elves  what 


KAN 


C    301    ] 


K    A    S 


Kantuffa.  fo  many  others  have  failed  to  perform,  wc  have  applied 
''"'"'*"**'  for  affiftance  to  an  illullrious  rrenchman,  who  h.is  re- 
fided  many  years  in  Germany,  who  is  m.ifter  of  both 
langu.iges,  who  is  a  profound  metaphyfician,  and  whofe 
name,  were  we  at  liberty  to  pubhlli  it,  would  reflect 
lullre  upon  our  Work.  From  him  we  have  reafon  to 
expeft  a  clear  and  comprehenlive  view  of  the  Critical 
PmioioPHT,  as  Kant  terms  his  fyftem  ;  but  fliould  we 
be  difappuinted  of  our  expeftation,  we  fhall,  under  that 
tide,  lay  before  cur  readers  a  fpec'imen  of  the  fyftem 
from  the  different  views  of  it  which  have  been  publilh- 
ed  in  our  own  tongue. 

KANTUFFA,  a  fpecies  of  thorn  peculiar  to  Ahyf- 
finia,  is  thus  defcribed  by  Mr  Bruce  :  The  brandies 
ftand  two  and  two  upon  the  flalk  ;  the  leaves  are  difpo- 
fed  two  and  tv/o  likewife,  without  any  fingle  one  at  the 
point,  whereas  the  branches  bearing  the  leaves  pai  t  from 
the  ftalk  :  at  the  immediate  joinins;  of  them  are  two 
thick  thorns  placed  perpendicular  and  parallel  alternate- 
ly ;  but  there  are  alio  fingle  ones  diftributed  in  all  the 
interftices  throughout  the  branch. 

The  male  plant  has  a  one-leaved  perianthium,  divided 
into  five  fegments,  and  tiiis  falls  off  with  the  flower. 
The  flower  is  conipofed  of  tive  petals,  in  the  middle  of 
■which  rife  ten  ilamina  or  filaments,  the  outer  row  (liorter 
than  thofe  of  the  middle,  with  long  ftigmata,  having 
yellow  farina  upon  them.  The  flowers  grow  in  a  branch, 
generally  between  three  and  four  inches  long,  in  a  co- 
nical dilpofition,  that  is,  broader  at  the  bafe  than  the 
point.  The  infiJe  of  ihe  leaves  are  a  vivid  green,  in 
the  outfide  much  lighter.  It  grows  in  form  of  a  bufli, 
with  a  multitude  of  fmall  branches  rifing  immediately 
from  the  ground,  and  is  generally  Icveu  or  eight  feet 
high,  Ojr  author  faw  it  when  in  flower  only,  never 
when  bearing  fruit.  It  \\.\-  a  very  ftrorg  fmell,  refem- 
bling  that  of  the  fmall  fcenied  flower  called  miguionet, 
fown  in  vafes  and  bo.\es  in  windows,  or  rooms,  where 
flowers  are  kept. 

Our  author  repreferts  tlie  kantuffa  as  fo  very  trouble- 
fome,  that  it  renders  travelling  through  fomc  places  of 
Abyllinia  almoft  impoQlble.  The  foldier  fcreenj,  him- 
felf  fiom  it  by  a  goat's,  a  leopard's,  or  a  lion's  llcin 
thrown  over  his  lliuulder,  of  which  it  has  no  hold.  As 
his  head  is  bare,  he  always  cuts  his  hair  Ihort  before  he 
goes  to  battle,  left  his  enemy  fliould  take  advantage  of 
it  i  but  tlie  women,  wearing  their  hair  long,  and  tlie 
great  men,  whether  in  the  aimy  or  travelling  in  peace, 
being  always  clothed,  it  never  fails  to  incommode  them, 
whatever  fpecies  of  raiment  they  wear.  If  their  cloak 
is  fine  muliin,  the  Icaft  motion  againlt  it  puts  it  all  in 
rags ;  but  if  it  is  a  thick,  foft  ch'th,  as  thofe  are  with 
which  men  of  rank  generally  travel,  it  buri^;*  its  thorns, 
great  and  fmall,  ib  deep  in  it,  that  the  wearer  mull 
either  difmount  and  appear  naked,  which  to  principal 
people  is  a  great  difgrace,  or  clfe  much  time  will  be 
fpent  beloic  he  can  dillneage  himfelf  from  its  thorns. 
In  the  time  when  one  is  tlius  employed,  it  rarely  fails 
to  lay  hold  of  you  by  tie  hair,  and  that  again  brings 
on  another  operaticr,  full  as  laborious,  but  much  mo:e 
painful,  than  the  otiier.  A  proclam.iiion  is  therelore 
iiFueJ,  every  year  immediaiely  before  the  king  com- 
meiicci  a.iy  march,  in  t.'iefe  woids;  "  Cut  down  the 
kantuffa  in  the  four  quaiteis  of  the  world  ;  for  I  do 
not  know  where  I  nm  going."  The  wild  animals,  both 
bitds  and  bcalts,  e/pecially  the  Guinea  fowl,  know  hov/ 


well  it  is  qualified  to  protefl  them.  In  tliis  flicker,  the 
hunter  in  vain  could  endeavour  to  moleft  them,  were  it 
not  for  a  hard-haired  dog,  or  terrier  of  the  fmallefl  fize, 
who  being  defended  from  tlie  thorns  by  the  roughntfs 
of  his  coat,  goes  into  the  cover,  and  brings  tlicm  and 
the  partridges  alive  one  by  one  to  his  mafler. 

KAPPAS,  a  tribe  of  Illinois  Indians,  in  Louillana: 
they  lie  a  little  above  the  Sothouis.  Tiiis  nation  was 
formerly  very  numerous  bei'ore  the  difcovcry  of  the 
Mifljlllppi.  The  country  they  inhabit  has  good  paftu- 
rape. — Morse. 

Kappas  Old  Fori,  in  Louifiana,  (lands  on  the  Mif- 
fiflippi,  at  the  momh  of  the  river  St  Francis.  It  was 
built  by  the  French  principally  ior  a  magazine  of  (lores 
and  provilions,  during  the  wars  with  the  Chicafaws  ; 
by  whom  their  Illinois  convoys  were  conllantly  attack- 
ed and  frequently  dellroytd. — ib. 

KARATUNK,  or  CiirjUmi,  a  plantation  in  IJn- 
coln  county,  Diflriifl  of  Maine,  confilling  of  about  20 
families  or  103  inhabitants.  It  is  the  uppermoft  on 
Kennebeck  river,   14  miles  north  of  Brookfi:;ld. — ii. 

KASK-^SKIAS  Fil/a^e  lies  on  the  S.  W.  bank  of 
the  river  of  the  fame  name,  a  water  of  the  Mlflillippi, 
in  the  N.  W.  Territory,  cppofite  Old  Fi  rt,  and  12 
miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  river,  but  not  half  th  it 
dillance  from  the  MiffilTippi.  It  contains  So  hcui'es, 
many  of  them  well  built ;  feveral  of  Hone,  with  gar- 
dens, and  large  lots  adjoining.  About  20  years  ago 
it  contained  about  500  whites,  and  between  4  and  500 
negroes.  The  former  have  large  (locks  of  black  caitle, 
fwine,  &c. — il/. 

Kaskaskias,  an  Indian  nation  near  the  river  of  their 
name  in  the  N.  W.  Tenitory.  They  can  furnifli  250 
warriors.  Three  miles  northerly  of  Kafkalkias  is  a  vil- 
lage of  Illinois  Indians,  of  the  Kalkaikias  tribe,  con- 
taining about  210  perlbns,  and  60  warriors.  They 
were  formerly  brave  and  warlike,  but  are  now  dege- 
nerated and  debauched.  At  the  late  peace,  the  Unit- 
ed States  granted  them  a  fum  of  money  in  hand,  and 
became  bound  to  pay  them  500  dollars  a  year  forerer. 
—i/>. 

KvsKASKiAS,  a  liver  of  the  N.  \V.  Territiry  which 
is  navigable  for  boats  130  miles.  Its  courfe  is  S.  S. 
W.  and  near  its  mouth  it  turns  to  the  S.  S.  E.  and 
flows  into  the  Miflillippi  river  84  miles  from  the  Illinois. 
It  runs  through  a  rich  country,  abounding  in  extenlive 
natural  miadows,  and  numberlcls  lierds  of  buffaloe, 
deer,  Sec.  High  grounds  lie  ah)ng  the  eall  fide  of  the 
river,  the  baIlk^  b<.ii.g  compoled  <>(  lime-llone  and  free- 
(li^ne,  and  are  from  ico  to  130  Icet  high,  divided  in 
many  places  by  deep  cavities,  through  which  many 
fmall  rivulets  pals  before  they  fall  into  the  Millidlppi. 
Tlic  fides  of  thife  hills,  fronting  the  river,  are  in  many 
places  perpendicular,  and  appear  like  foiid  pieces  of 
mafonry,  of  various  colours,  figures,  and  fi^e^. — ii. 

KASK.ASKUNK,  a  town  of  the  Dclawaie>,  be- 
tween Great  Beaver  creek  and  Alleghany  river,  in 
Pennfylvania.  Here  the  Moravian  mitllonarics  had  a 
fettlemcnt.     It  is  40  miles  north  of  PittTourg. — ii. 

KASK(NOMPx-\,  a  ("mall  river  which  runs  wefl, 
into  the  Miliiilippi  t'rom  the  State  of  TennelFee,  in  N. 
Ut.  36"  2S'.  Ontho  north  fide  of  its  mouth  is  an  iroa 
mine. — ,i. 

KA.SSON,  a  populous  kingdom  in  North  Al'rica, 
of  which  the  capital  KacniaLiry  is  placed  by  Majir 

Fv^nnd 


f/- 


K     A     S 


K.\(run.     Rennel  in  t+°  33'  N.  L-.U.  and  S'^  43'  W.  L'-ng.     The  llake ;  and  a  long  black  roj  being  brought  forth,  the    KalTon. 

'^'''"'^^"^  king   who  rcigi.cJ  when  Mr  P.irk  was  in  the  cmintiy  executioner,  after  flourlfhing  it  round  his  htad  for  feme  ^"^'^'^^ 

wai  extremely   kird  to  our  traveller,  though  hii  fon  time,  applied  it  with  fuch  force  and  dexterity  10  the 

plundered  him  unmercifully,  lite  other  rapacious  chiefs  Biilhreen's  back,  as  to  make  him  roar  until  the  woods 

of  that  r.svaje  country.     Frcm  the  top  (;f  a  high  hill,  refoundcd  with  his  fcieams.     The  iarrounding  multi- 

at  lome  diftance  from  the  capital,  "  I  had  (fiys  Mr  tude,  by  their  hooting  and  laughing,  manifelled  liow 

Park)  a  mnll  enchinting  profpeft  of  the  country.     The  much  they  enjoyed  the  punifhment  of  this  old  gallant ; 

number  of  towns  and  villages,  and  the  cxicnfive  cultiva-  and  it  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  the  number  ol  (bipej 

tion  around  them,  furpalled  every  thing  I  had  yet  feen  was  precifely  the  fame  as  are  enjoined  by  the  Mofaic 

in  Africa.     A  grofs  calculation  may  be  formed  of  the  law,  forty,  favt  om.'' 

number  of  inhabitants  in  this  delightful  plain,  by  confi-         The  method  of  converting  the  negro  nations  to  the 

dering,  that  the  king  of  KaiFon  can  raile  four  thoufand  religion  of  the  Arabian  Impollor  is  a  very  fingiilar  one  ; 

fighting  nien  by  the  found  of  h'S  war  drum."  and  Mr  Park  faw  the  whole  people  of  Tcefee  converted 

At  Teefce,  a  large  unwalleJ  town,  where  our  author  in  an  inftint.  During  his  refidence  in  that  town  an 
refided  for  feme  days,  he  had  an  opportunity  of  obferv-  embaffy  of  ten  people  belonging  to  Almarai  Abdulka- 
ing  the  culloms  of  the  inhabitant?,  who  confilfed  partly  der,  king  of  Foota  Torra,  a  country  to  the  weft  of 
cf  Pagans  and  partly  of  Buflireens,  /'.  e.  of  negroes  con-  Bondou,  arrived  at  Teefee  ;  and  defiling  Tiggity  Scgo 
verted  to  Mahomedanifm.  Though  thefe  people  poil'cfs  the  governor  to  call  an  aHembly  cf  the  inhabitants,  an- 
both  cattle  and  corn  in  abundance,  rats,  moles,  fquirrels,  nounced  publicly  their  king's  determination,  to  this  ef- 
fnake?,  loculls,  &c.  are  eaten  without  fcruple  by  the  feft  :  "  That  unlefs  all  the  people  of  KalFon  would  em- 
highell  and  lowelK  Another  cuilom,  ftdl  more  extra-  brace  the  Mahomedan  religion,  and  evince  their  con- 
ordinary,  is,  that  no  woman  is  allowed  to  eat  an  rgg.  verfion  by  faying  eleven  public  prayers,  he  i  the  king  of 
This  prohibition,  whetlier  arifing  from  ancient  fuperlti-  Foota  Torra)  could  not  polllbly  Hand  neuter  in  the  pre- 
tion,  or  from  the  craftinefi,  of  feme  old  Bulhreen  who  fent  conteft,  but  would  certainly  join  his  arms  to  tiiofe 
loved  eggs  hiniftlf,  is  rigidly  adhered  to  ;  and  nothing  oi  Kajaaga."  A  melfa^e  of  this  nature,  from  fo  pow- 
will  more  affroi.t  a  womin  of  Teefee  th;;n  to  offer  her  eifiil  a  prince,  could  not  fail  to  create  great  alarm  ;  and 
an  egg.  The  cuilom  is  the  more  fingular,  as  the  men  the  inhabitants  of  Teefee,  alter  a  long  confukation, 
cat  eggs  without  fcruple  in  the  ptefence  of  their  wives,  agreed  to  coniorm  to  his  good  pleafure,  humiliating  as 
and  Mr  Park  never  obfcrved  the  fame  prohibition  in  any  it  was  to  them.  Accordingly,  one  and  all  publicly  of- 
otlier  of  the  Mandlngo  countries.  fered  up  eleven  prayers,  which  weix  confidered  a  fuf- 

Our  author  was  prefent  at  a  pilavcr  held  by  the  go-  ficient  tellimony  ol  their  having  renounced  Paganifm, 
vernor  of  Teefce  on  a  very  extraordinary  occafion  ;  of  and  embraced  the  doftrines  of  the  prophet, 
which  we  (liall  give  his  account  at  lull  length,  becaufe  Our  author  relates  a  ftory,  which  we  cannot  refufe 
it  (hows  how  free  men  are  reduced  to  flavery  in  North  onrfelves  the  pleafure  of  inferting,  becaufe  it  exhibits  a 
Africa.  "  The  cafe  Was  this.  A  young  man,  a  Kafir,  very  pleafing  picture  of  the  .ifFeflion  and  gra'itude  of 
of  confiderahle  aflluence,  who  had  recently  married  a  the  Pagan  negroes.  In  his  train  was  a  blackfmith,  who 
young  and  handfome  wife,  applied  to  a  very  devout  had  lived  fome  years  on  the  Gambia,  and  who  now  re- 
Bu(hreen,  or  Mnlfulman  prieft,  of  his  acquaintance,  to  turned  to  his  own  country  Kaffon.  "  Soon  after  we 
procure  him  faphies  for  his  proteiftlon  during  the  ap-  came  in  fight  of  Jumbo,  his  native  town  (fays  Mr  Park), 
proaching  war.  The  Bufhrcen  complied  with  the  re-  his  brother,  who  had  by  f>me  mean-,  been  aj-jiifed  of 
<iucll;  and  in  order,  as  he  pretended,  to  render  the  faphies  his  coming,  came  out  to  meet  him,  accompanied  by  .a 
more  efficacious,  enjoined  the  young  man  to  av.  id  any  finging  man:  he  brought  a  hoile  for  the  blackfmith, 
nuptial  intercourfe  with  his  bride  for  the  fpace  of  lix  that  he  might  enter  his  native  town  in  a  dignitied  man- 
weeks.  Severe  as  the  injunftion  was,  the  Kafir  ftviiflly  ner  ;  and  he  defired  each  of  us  to  put  a  good  charge  of 
obeyed  j  and  without  telling  his  wife  the  real  caufe,  ab-  powder  into  our  guns.  The  finging  man  now  led  the 
fented  himfelf  from  her  company.  In  the  mean  time  it  way,  followed  by  the  two  brothers ;  and  we  were  pre- 
began  to  be  whifpered  at  Teefee,  that  the  Bufhreen,  fer.tly  joined  by  a  number  of  people  from  the  town,  all 
who  always  performed  his  evening  devotions  at  the  door  of  whom  demonftrated  great  joy  at  feeing  their  old  ac- 
of  the  Kafir's  hut,  was  more  intimate  with  the  young  quaintance  the  blackfmith,  by  the  molt  extravagant 
wife  than  he  ought  to  be.  At  firft,  the  good  hulband  jumping  and  finging.  On  entering  the  town,  the  fing- 
was  unwilling  to  fufpeifl  the  honour  of  his  fanflified  ing  man  began  an  extempore  fong  in  praife  of  the  black- 
friend,  and  one  whole  month  elapfed  before  any  jealoufy  fmith,  extoUing  his  courage  in  having  overcome  fo  many 
rofe  in  his  mind  ;  but  hearing  the  charge  repeated,  he  difficulties  ;  and  concluding  with  a  (lrl(fl  injumSion  to 
at  lad  interrogated  his  wife  on  the  fubject,  who  frankly  his  friends  to  drefs  him  plenty  of  vii5tH..ls. 
contelfed  that  the  Buflireen  had  feduced  her.  Here-  "  When  we  arrived  at  the  blackfmith's  place  of  refr- 
upon  the  Kafir  put  her  into  confinement,  and  called  a  dence,  wedifmounted  and  fired  ourmufI;ets.  The  meet- 
palaver  upon  the  Bulhreen's  condiid.  The  fatft  was  ing  between  him  and  his  relations  was  very  tender  ;  for 
clearly  proved  againft  him  ;  and  he  was  fentenced  to  be  thefe  rude  children  of  nature,  free  from  reftraint,  dif- 
fold  into  flavery,  or  to  find  two  flaves  for  his  redemp-  play  their  emotions  in  the  ftrongeft  and  moll;  exprefTive 
tion,  according  to  the  pleafure  of  the  complainant.  The  manner.  Amidft  thefe  tranfports,  the  blackfmith's  aged 
injured  hufband,  however,  was  unwilling  to  proceed  mother  was  led  forth,  leaning  upon  a  llafF.  Every  one 
againft  his  friend  to  fuch  extremity,  and  defired  rather  made  way  for  her;  and  Ihe  ftretched  out  her  hand  to 
to  have  him  publicly  flogged  before  the  governor's  gate,  bid  her  fon  welcome.  Being  totally  blind,  (he  ftroked 
This  was  agreed  to,  and  the  fentence  was  immediately  his  hands,  arms,  and  face,  wiih  great  care,  and  feemeu 
executed.    The  culprit  was  tied  by  the  hands  to  a  ftrong  highly  delighted  that  lier  latter  days  were  bleffed  by  his 

return, 


KAY 


C     3 


fora. 


Kaffon,      return,  and  that  her  ears  once  more  heard  the  mulic  of 
I  his  voice.     Frdiri  this  inteiview  I  was  fully  convinced, 

Kayadurof-  ^^^^  wh  never  difference  there  is  between  the  Negio 
and  European  in  the  conformation  of  the  nofe  and  the 
colour  of  the  (kin,  there  is  none  in  the  genuine  fympa- 
thics  and  charafterillic  feelings  of  our  common  nature. 

"  Durij  g  the  tumult  of  thefe  congratulations,  I  had 
feated  niyfelf  apart,  by  the  fide  of  one  of  tl:e  huts,  be- 
ing unwilling  to  interrupt  the  flow  of  tilial  and  parental 
tendernefs ;  and  the  attention  of  the  company  was  (o 
entirely  taken  up  with  the  blackfmith,  that  I  believe 
none  of  his  friends  had  ubferved  me.  Whan  all  the  peo- 
ple prelent  had  feated  themfelves,  the  blackfmith  was 
defircd  by  his  father  to  give  them  fonie  account  of  his 
adventures;  and  filence  being  commanded,  he  began  ; 
and  after  repeatedly  thanking  God  for  the  fuccefs  that 
had  attended  him,  related  every  material  occurrence  that 
had  happened  to  him  from  his  leaving  Kalfon  to  his  ar- 
rival at  the  Gambia  j  his  employment  and  fuccefs  in 
thofe  parts  ;  and  the  dangers  he  had  efcaped  in  return- 
ing to  his  native  country.  In  the  latter  part  of  his  nar- 
raticjn,  he  had  fiequeutly  occalion  ti)  mention  me  ;  and 
after  many  ftrong  expreflloiiS  concerning  my  kindnefs 
to  him,  he  pointed  to  the  place  where  I  fat,  and  ex- 
claimed, q^ille  ibij.r'wg,  "  fee  him  fitting  there."  In  a 
moment  all  eyes  were  turned  upon  me  ;  I  appeared  like 
a  being  dropped  from  the  clouds  ;  every  one  was  fur- 
prifed  that  ihey  had  not  ol)ferved  me  before  ;  and  a  few 
women  and  children  expreifed  great  uneafinefs  at  being 
fo  near  a  man  nl  furh  an  uncommon  appearance.  By 
degrees,  however,  their  apprehenlions  lubfided  ;  and 
when  the  blacklmith  alFurtd  them  that  I  was  perteftly 
inoffenlive,  and  would  hurt  nobody,  Ibnie  of  them  ven- 
tured fo  far  as  to  examine  the  texuire  of  my  clothes ; 
but  many  of  them  were  ftill  very  fufpicious ;  and  when 
by  accident  I  happened  to  move  myfclf,  or  look  at  the 
young  children,  their  mothers  would  fcampcr  off  with 
ihem  with  the  greateft  precipitation.  In  a  few  hours, 
liowcvcr,  they  all  became  reconciled  to  me."  With 
thefe  worthy  people  our  author  fpent  the  greater  part 
of  two  days  in  fjafting  and  merriment ;  the  blackfmith 
accompanied  him  to  the  capital ;  and  declared,  that  he 
would  not  leave  him  while  he  refided  there. 

KATERS  KILL,  a  weltern  branch  of  Kaats'  Kill, 
in  New-Y(  rk  State. — Morse. 

KATHTllTACAMUNCK,  an  Indian  village 
fituated  on  the  north  fide  of  Wabalh  river,  at  the  mouth 
of  Rippacanc  c  creek,  and  about  20  miles  above  the 
Lower  Weau  towns.  In  1791,  before  its  drftruflion 
by  Generals  Scott  and  Wilkmfon,  it  contained  120 
lioufes,  80  of  which  were  Ihingle  roofed.  Tlie  bed 
houfes  belonged  to  the  French  traders.  The  gardens 
and  improvements  around  were  delightful.  There  was 
a  tavern  with  cellars,  bar,  public  and  private  rooms ; 
and  the  whole  marked  no  fmall  degree  cf  order  and 
civilizaiit-ii. — ib. 

KAWAKUSICA,  or  Kowfaki,  a-UVt  in  the  Dittria 
cf  M  '.in-.-,  laid  down  in  late  m^ps  as  the  head  of  PafFa- 
ma<[uoddy  river.     N.  lat.  46"  3'. — ib. 

KyWADAROSSORA  CRELK,  in  Ncw-York 
State,  about  12  miles  well  of  the  confluence  of  Eifh- 
creck  and  Hudfcn's  river.  The  celebrated  fpnngs  of 
Saratoga,  8  or  9  in  number,  are  fituated  on  the  mar- 
gin of  a  marfli  formed  by  a  brauch  ot  Uii:.  creek.    Alio 


03     ]  K     E     A 

the  name  of  a  trafl  of  land  in  Saratoga  county.  New. 
York,  bounded  by  the  town  ot  Scheiieffady. — ib. 

KAY's  ISLAND,  on  the  N.  V/.  coaft  of  America, 
lies  in  north  l.u.  59"  49',  call  long.  2iC>^  58'.  In  the 
neighbourho'  d  of  this  idand,  Captain  Cook  difcov^red 
fcveral  other  'flands. — ih. 

KEATE  (George,  Efq  ;  F.  R.  S.),  defcended  of  an 
ancient  and  honourable  family,  was  born  about  the 
year  1729  or  1730,  and  received  his  education  at  King- 
lion  fchool,  under  the  Rev.  Mr  Woodefon.  Fiom 
thence  he  went  to  Geneva,  where  he  relided  feme  years ; 
and  during  liis  ftay  there,  became  acquainted  with  Vol- 
taire, with  whom  he  continued  to  conefpond  many 
years  after  he  returned  to  England.  After  finishing 
the  tour  of  Europe,  he  fettled  as  a  ftudent  in  the  In- 
ner Temple,  was  called  to  the  bar,  and  fometimes  at- 
tended Weflminiter  Hall ;  though  he  did  not  n-.cec 
with  eiicourayement  enough  to  induce  his  perfcvcrance 
in  his  profeflion,  nor  indeed  does  it  fecm  probable  that 
he  had  fufficient  application  for  it.  His  Hrd  literary  per- 
formance was  "  Ancient  and  Modern  Rome,"  a  poem, 
written  at  Rf^me  in  the  year  1755,  printed  in  the  year 
1760,  and  received  with  confiderable  applaufe.  The 
next  year  he  publilhed  "  A  Short  account  of  the  An- 
cient Hiltory,  Prefent  Government,  and  Laws,  of  the 
Republic  of  Geneva,  8vo."  This  work  was  compiled 
during  the  author's  refidence  at  Geneva  ;  is  a  very  ule- 
f  ul  one  ;  and  is  dedicated  to  Monlieur  de  Voltaire  ;  to 
whom  he  fays,  "  When  I  refleift,  that  it  was  in  this 
Republic,  whofe  government  I  have  attempted  to  de- 
fcribe,  that  I  was  iirft  introduced  to  your  acquaintance  ; 
when  memory  renews  the  hours  of  foclal  mirth  and  re- 
fined entertainment  which  your  hofpitality  imd  convcrfa- 
tion  afforded  me — I  cannot  but  rejoice  in  tliis  occaficn  of 
expreffing  my  gratitude  ;  proud  that,  as  yourfriendlhip 
dillinguilhed  the  author  of  thefe  pages  in  a  f., reign 
country,  your  name  may  at  home  adoin  his  labour," 
It  was  at  one  time  the  intention  of  Volt  lire  to  tranflite 
this  account  into  French,  though  hs  afterwards  relin- 
quilhed  the  defign. 

The  next  year,  i  762,  he  produced  an  "  Epiflle  from 
Lady  Jane  Gray  to  Lord  Guildford  Dudley  :"  and  in 
1 763,  «'  The  Alps,"  a  poem ;  tl:e  fiibjefl  of  which 
cojiiprchciids  all  that  chain  of  mountains  known  under 
t!ie  general  name  of  the  Alps,  extending  from  Italy  to 
Germany,  and  from  France  to  'I'yrol,  by  whatever  de- 
nomination they  are  particularly  dillinguilhed.  Of  all 
the  poetical  works  of  Mr  Keate,  this  is  entitled  to  the 
highell  praife  for  truth  of  defcription,  elegance  of  ver- 
fitication,  and  vigour  of  fancy. 

Continuing  to  employ  the  prefs,  in  1764116  publifh- 
ed  "  Netley  Abbey,"  which  he  afterwards,  in  1769, 
enlarged  and  reprinted:  and,  in  1765,  produced  "  Tlie 
Temple  Student,  an  Epiftle  to  a  Friend  ;''  humour- 
oully  rallying  his  own  want  of  application  to  the  (ludy 
of  tile  law,  his  preference  of  the  belles  lettrcs,  and  his 
confequent  want  of  fuccefs  in  his  prolelllon.  The 
de.iih  (if  Mrs  Cibber  in  1766,  cf  whofe  merits  as  an  ac- 
trefs  he  entertained  the  highcll  opinion,  gave  occafion 
for  a  poem  to  her  memory,  wiiich  celebrates  her  excel- 
lent performances  on  the  llagc,  and  laments  the  lofs  the 
theatre  would  fullain  by  her  death. 

In  February  1769,  he  married  Mifs  Hudfon  ;  and 
about  the  fame  time  pubhibed  "  Ferney  ;  an  EpilUe  to 


Kay's, 

II 
Keate. 


K     E     A 


[     304    ] 


K    E     A 


Kcate.     M.  de  Vol.airc."     In  tins  poem,  after  praifing  with 

'^""*"^^'  energy  the  various  beauties  of  his  friend's  p-)et:cal  works, 

he  introduces  the  following  panegyric  on  Siiakefpeare : 

Yes  !  jealous  wits  may  ftiU  for  empire  drive, 
iSiill  keep  the  fiames  of  critic  rage  alive  : 
Our  Sliakci'peare  yet  fiiall  all  his  rights  maintain, 
And  crown  the  triumphs  cf  Eliza's  reign. 
Above  controul,  above  each  clalFic  rule. 
His  tut'iefi  Nature,  and  the  world  hi »  fchool, 
On  foaring  pinions  borne,  to  him  was  given 
11;'  a;iial  range  of  Fancy's  brightcll  heav'n  ; 
To  bid  wrapt  thought  o'er  nobleft  heights  afpire, 
And  wake  each  paflion  with  a  mufe  of  fiie. 
Kevcie  his  genius.     To  the  dead  be  jiilt. 
And  fpare  the  laurels  that  o'crlhade  the  duft. 
Low  flceps  the  bard,  in  oh! obJlruS'ion  laid. 
Nor  all-.s  the  chaplet  from  a  rival's  head. 
O'er  tlic  drear  vault.  Ambition's  utmotl  bound, 
Unheard  Ihall  F.ime  her  airy  trumpet  found  ! 
Unheard  alike  ;  nor  grief  n  ir  tranfport  raife 
The  blaft  of  cenfurc,  or  the  note  ofpraife; 
As  Raphael's  own  creation  grac'd  his  hearfe, 
And  lliam'd  the  pomp  of  oftentatious  verfe. 
Shall  Shakefpearc's  honour^  by  liimfelf  be  paid, 
And  Nature  perilfi  ere  his  pictures  fade. 

This  eulogium  on  Shakefpearc,  in  an  epiftle  to  Vol- 
taire, who  had  laboured  fo  lung  and  fo  llrtuuouny  to 
detrafl  fiom  the  merit  of  our  immortal  bard,  ihcws  that 
Mr  Keate  had  not  given  up  his  judgment  to  the  fage 
of  Ferney,  How  the  old  and  envious  fophilier  would 
relifh  his  friend's  c(>nduia,  may  be  eafily  conceived. 
His  feelings  were  certainly  very  different  from  thofe  cf 
the  mayor  and  burgelTes  of  Siratiord,  when,  in  cunfe- 
quence  of  tliis  panegyric  on  their  townfman,  they  com- 
plimented Mr  Keate  with  a  fiandilh,  mounted  with  fil- 
ver,  made  out  of  the  famous  Mulberry  tree  planted  by 
Shakefpearc. 

In  1773,  he  publifhcd  "  The  Monument  in  Arca- 
dia," a  dramatic  poem,  built  on  the  piiflure  of  Pouffin, 
mentioned  by  Abbe  du  Ijos  in  his  "  Critical  Reflefticns 
on  Poetry  and  Painting." 

In  1799,  Mr  Keate  produced  one  of  his  moft  fuc- 
cefbful  works,  inli'led  "  Sketches  from  Nature  ;  taken 
and  coloured  in  a  Journey  to  Margate,"  2  vol?.  i2mo. 
This  pel formance,  allowing  it  to  be,  as  it  really  is,  an 
imitation  of  Sterne's  "  Sentimental  Journey  ;"  yet  con- 
tains fo  many  pleafing  delineations  cf  lite,  fo  many 
ftrokes  of  humour,  and  fo  much  elegance  of  compofi- 
tion,  tl.at  few  will  hefitate  to  give  it  the  preference  to 
any  other  ot  Sterne's  imitators. 

In  17S1,  he  collefled  his  poetical  works  in  two  vols. 
I2mo,  and  added  feveral  new  pieces  not  before  printed. 
The  principal  of  thcfe  was  "  The  Helvetiad,"  a  frag- 
ment, written  at  Geneva  in  the  year  1756.  In  the 
prelace  to  this  performance  he  gives  the  lollowing  ac- 
count of  it :  "  During  a  long  (lay  I  many  years  Unce 
made  at  Geneva,  I  vilited  mod  of  the  principal  places 
in  Switzerland.  Tiie  many  fublime  fcenes  with  which 
nature  had  enriched  this  romantic  country  ;  the  tran- 
quillity and  content  with  wliich  every  individual  enjoys 
his  property;  and,  above  all,  that  independence  of  mind 
which  is  ever  the  refult  of  liberty — animated  me  with 
fuch  veneration  for  the  firft  authors  of  that  freedom, 
whofe  figures  are  recorded  to  pofteriiy  either  by  fculp- 


ture  or  painting  in  the  public  parts  of  the  towns  thro'  Keatf. 
thcfe  little  Hates,  that  my  enthnfiafm  betrayed  me  in-  ^■^~^'^*' 
to  a  defign  of  writing  a  jioem  on  this  fingular  revolu- 
tion ;  the  argument  of  which  I  had  divid-:d  into  ten 
cantos,  beginning  the  work  with  the  opprcflions  of  the 
Houfe  of  Aullria,  and  clofmg  it  with  the  battle  of 
Mongarten  ;  by  which  thofe  injured  people  finally  re- 
nunccd  its  ufurpation,  and  formed  among  themfelves 
thofe  various  contedcracies  that  en. led  in  the  great  union 
and  alliance  of  ihe  prefent  ihirtttn  i:anlont.  When  I  had 
fettled  the  whole  plan  of  this  work,  I  occafionally,  as  I 
found  a  difpofition  in  myfelf,  took  up  any  part  of  the 
poem  wliich  at  the  moment  moll  invited  my  thoughts  ; 
and  enjoying  at  th.is  time  fuch  an  intcrcourfe  with  M. 
de  Voltaire  as  affirded  me  a  coullant  accefs  to  him,  1 
acquainted  him  with  my  intention,  Ihewing  him  the  ar- 
gument I  had  dr.iwn  out  for  the  con.1n>S  of  the  whole 
defign.  He  kept  it  a  few  days;  and,  in  returning  it, 
told  me,  that  he  thought  the  great  object  of  the  piece, 
the  epilodes  conneiled  with  the  hiftory,  together  with 
the  fcenery  of  the  country,  prefented  fubjefl  matter 
whereon  to  form  a  fine  poem  ;  "  but  the  time  (added  lie) 
which  fuch  an  undertaking  will  require,  I  would  rather 
counfel  you  to  employ  on  fubjedls  that  might  more  en- 
gage the  public  attention  ;  for  fliould  )'ou  devote  your- 
felf  to  the  completion  of  your  prefent  defign,  the  Swifs 
would  be  much  obliged  to  you,  without  being  able  to 
read  you,  and  the  rell  of  the  world  care  little  about  the 
matter."  Feeling  the  force  and  jullnefs  of  the  remark, 
Mr  Keate  laid  alide  his  plan,  and  probably  never  re- 
fumcd  it.  In  the  fame  year,  i  7S1,  he  publifhed  "  An 
Epidle  to  Angelica  Kauffman." 

A  few  years  after,  he  became  engaged  in  a  long  and 
vexatious  law-fuir,  in  confequence  of  the  negleft  (to  fay 
the  lead  of  it)  of  an  archittd  who  profeffed  himfclf  to 
be  his  friend  ;  the  particulars  of  which  it  is  of  no  impor- 
tance to  detail.  At  the  conclufion  of  the  bufinefs,  he 
ifiewed  that  his  good  humour  had  not  forfjken  him  : 
And  in  1787  he  gave  to  the  public  the  principal  cir- 
curnflances  of  his  cafe  in  a  performance,  intitled,  "  The 
Dil^refTed  Poet,  a  ferio-comic  Poem,  in  three  Cantos," 
4to,  with  fome  pleafantry,  and  without  any  acrimony. 

His  laft  wfrk  did  infinite  honour  to  his  head  and  his 
heart,  as  well  as  to  the  liberality  of  the  book.f<:ller  for 
whom  on  the  tille-page  it  was  faid  to  be  publifhed.  In 
the  year  1782,  the  Antelope  packet  vas  Ihipwrecked 
on  the  Pelew  illands,  where  the  commander.  Captain 
Wilfbn,  and  his  crew  lived  fome  time  before  they  could 
get  off.  On  his  return  to  England,  the  Captain  was, 
for  foine  reafon  or  other,  relufed  the  command  i  f  ano- 
ther Ihip  ;  and,  as  we  have  been  informed,  he  was  re- 
duced to  a  date  much  the  reverie  of  aldueiice.  Thefe 
circumdances  being  communicated  to  M;  Keate,  who 
was  druck  with  admiration  of  the  manners  ci{  the  in- 
habitants of  the  Pelew  iflands  (See  Pllew  Islands, 
En-ycL),  he  offered  to  draw  up,  kr  the  benefit  cf  Cap- 
tain Wilfon,  a  narrative  of  the  occurrences  which  00k 
place  during  that  officer's  refidence  among  fo  fingjlar 
a  people.  Tliis  he  executed  in  "  An  Account  of  the 
Pelew  Idands,  fituatcd  in  the  Weftern  Part  of  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean  :  compofed  from  the  Journals  and  Com- 
munications of  Captain  Henry  Wilfon  and  fome  of 
his  Officers,  who  in  Augult  1783  were  there  (hip- 
wrecked,  in  the  Antelope,  a  Packet  belonging  to 
the  Honourable  the  E?.ft  India  Company,"    410  ;    a 

work 


K     E     N 


[     3' 


Keate, 

i 
Kcnne- 

bcck. 


work  wiiLtsn  with  great  elegance,  compiled  with  much 
care,  and  wliich,  il  embcllilned  (as  it  has  been  infinuat- 
ed)  with  fads  better  calculated  to  have  found  a  place 
I  in  a  novel  than  a  genuine  narrative,  mull  be  alcribed  to 
the  mifinfiirniatiiin  of  thofe  wlio  were  a<2ors  in  the 
fccne,  and  mull  fn  ft  have  deceived  before  they  obtained 
credit.  We  mention  this  report  as  it  has  come  to  us, 
■without  any  attempt  either  to  eftablifli  or  refute  it.  We 
fhall  only  add,  tiiat  if  the  charge  is  well  founded,  Mr 
Keate  (who  undertook  the  tafk  on  the  moft  difinterell- 
ed  principle,  and  derived  no  advantage  whatever  from 
the  work)  was  loo  llurdy  a  moralill  to  have  had  any 
hand  in  the  impofition. — The  m;fnufcript  was  offered 
to  Mr  Dodlley  for  300  guineas ;  but  he  hefitatcd  to 
qive  for  it  fo  large  a  price,  when  another  boi>kfel!er  un- 
dertook to  pui)lilh  the  woik  for  the  benefit  of  Mr  Wil- 
fon  ;  and,  we  have  reafon  to  believe,  paid  to  that  gen- 
tleman, within  the  compafs  of  a  year,  triple  the  fum 
for  wliich  tlie  manufcript  had  been  ofFored  to  Dodfley. 
Sucli  condui5l  reflets  honour  on  the  London  trade. 

Belides  the  pieces  already  mentioned,  Mr  Keate  was 
the  author  cf  many  Prologues  and  Epilogues,  fpoken 
at  Mr  Newcomb's  fchool  at  Hackney.  He  adapted 
his  friend  Voltaire's  "  Semiramis"  to  the  ftage ;  but 
this  was  fuperfeded  in  1777  at  Drury  Lane,  by  a 
worthlefs  tranllation  of  as  worthlcfs  an  author,  one 
Captain  Ayfcough  ;  but  neither  this  nor  the  author 
are  deferving  of  any  further  notice. 

We  fliall  conclude  by  obferving,  that  Mr  Keate's 
life  pafled  without  any  vicilFitudes.  of  fortune  ;  he  in- 
herited an  ample  edate,  which  he  did  not  attempt  to 
increafe  otherwife  than  by  thofe  attentions  which  pru- 
dence didated  in  the  management  ot  it.  He  was  ho- 
fpit.iL.1.:  and  beneficent,  and  poffeired  the  good-will  of 
mankind  in  a  very  eminent  degree.  For  tlie  laft  year 
or  two,  his  health  villbly  declined  ;  but  on  the  day  he 
diid,  it  appeared  to  be  fomewhat  mended.  His  death 
was  fudden,  on  the  aytli  of  June  1797.  He  left  one 
daughter,  married  in  j  796  to  John  Henderfon,  Efq  ; 
of  the  Adelphi.  At  the  time  of  his  death,  Mr  Keate 
was  a  Bencher  of  the  Temple,  and  a  very  old  member 
of  the  Royal  and  Antiquary  Societies,  of  both  of  which 
he  had  been  frequently  eleifled  one  of  the  council. 

KEENE,  a  poft-town  of  New-Hampfhire,  and  one  of 
the  moft  flourilhing  in  Chelhirc  county.  It  was  incor- 
porated in  1753,  ""'^  contained  in  1775,  756  and  in 
•  790>  1,314  inhabitants.  It  is  14  miles  from  Walpole, 
96  weft  of  I'ortfmouth,  and  86  N.  W.  from  Bofton.  N. 
lat.  42°  53'. — Morj,-. 

KELLYSBURGH,  atownfhipln  Chittenden  comi- 
ty, Vermont,  ai  the  head  cf  the  north  branch  of  La 
Moille  river. — ili. 

KENAPACOMAQUA,  an  Indian  village  on  the 
north  bank  of  Eel  river,  a  branch  of  the  Wabafh. — il>. 

KENDRICK's  JJJarul  forms  the  weft  fide  of  Nootka 
Sound,  into  which  you  may  enter  from  the  weft  by 
Mallachufctts  Sound,  along  the  northern  fide  of  the 
inand.— (7-. 

KENNEBECK,  next  to  Penobfcot  is  the  fineft  ri- 
ver in  the  Diftri(5l  of  Maine.  Three  miles  from  the 
Ciiops,  Swan  Ifland,  7  miles  long,  divides  the  waters 
of  the  liver.  The  waters  on  both  fides  of  it  are  navi- 
gable ;  but  the  channel  on  the  eall  fide  of  it  is  mcftly 
ufcd.  Thirty-eight  miles  from  the  fea  is  the  ilLind 
Nahunkeag,  which  fignifics  the  land  where  eels  arc  t.i- 

SuppL.  Vol,  II. 


Dj     ]  K     E     N 

ken.  V/itliin  3  miles  of  this  ifland,  a  fir.kU  river  com- 
ing weft  from  ponds  which  are  in  the  town  of  Winlhrop, 
runs  into  the  Kennebeck,  and  is  ku.nvn  by  the  name 
of  Cobbefsconte,  called  by  the  Indians  CobbifFccontcag, 
which  in  their  language  lignifies  the  place  where  ftur-  ' 
geon  are  taken.  Six  miles  further  up  the  river  we  find 
the  head  of  the  navigable  waters.  This  is  a  bafon  46 
miles  from  the  fea,  and  very  commodious  for  the  an- 
choring of  velfels.  0:i  ih;  eaft  bank  of  the  fmall  fall 
which  terminates  the  navigation  of  the  Kennebeck,  is 
Fort  Wertern,  which  was  erecled  in  tlie  year  1752. 
From  that  fort  to  Taconnet  Fall  is  1 1  miles.  This  is 
a  great  fall  of  water,  and  on  the  bank  of  it,  en  the 
eallern  fide  of  the  river,  is  Fort  Halifti,  ettcljd  in 
1754,  and  fituated  on  the  point  of  land  formed  by  the 
confluence  of  the  Sebaftacook  with  the  Kennebeck,  by 
vhich  the  latter  is  increafed  nnj-thivd  in  iizt:.  Tlie 
Sebaftacook  comes  from  lakes  neaily  nrrth  Ircm  its 
mouth  ;  and  in  its  windings  receives  brooks  and  fmall 
rivers,  for  the  fpace  of  150  miles.  Thirty  milts  ibove 
Fort  Halifax,  as  the  river  runs,  the  ftrcani  called  San- 
dy river  flows  into  the  Kennebeck,  at  the  point  where 
the  ancier.t  town  of  Norridgewock  flood  ;  40  miles  or 
more  furtlier  up,  the  Kennebeck  takes  a  fouth-weftward 
courfe.  The  Kennebeck  turning  again  weftwar.i,  re- 
ceives the  eaftern  branch  50  miles  iioui  Norridgewock. 
The  main  branch  of  the  Kennebeck,  winding  into  the 
wilJeineff,  forms  ftveral  carrying-places,  one  of  which, 
called  the  Great  car'j  ing-place,  is  5  miles  acrofs,  and 
the  river's  courfe  gives  a  dillance  of  ^^  miles,  for  that 
which  is  gained  by  5  on  the  dry  land.  At  about 
too  miles  diftance  from  the  mouth  of  the  eaftern 
branch,  the  fource  of  the  main  or  weftern  branch  ot  tlie 
Kennebeck  is  found  extended  a  great  diftance  along  the 
fide  of  the  Chaudiere,  which  carries  the  waters  from 
the  high  lands  into  the  St  Lawrence.  There  are  no 
lakes,  but  a  few  fmall  ponds  and  niorafles  at  th.e  ff-urcc 
of  this  branch.  The  carrying-place  from  boatable  v.'a- 
ters  in  it,  to  boatable  waters  in  ilie  river  Chaudiere,  is 
only  5  miles  over.  The  eaftern  bianch  of  tlie  Kenne- 
beck, which  unites  with  the  other  above  Norridgewock, 
ilfues  from  a  body  of  waters  which  lie  N.  about  20 
miles  from  the  ciinfiuence  of  tlie  two  brandies.  Thefe 
waters  are  called  Moofe  Pond  or  Mocfe  Lake.  The 
fides  of  the  lake  are  fo  crooked,  that  the  body  of  wa- 
ters has  an  irregular  figure  ;  but  the  lake  contains  three 
times  as  much  water  as  is  found  in  Lake  George. 
There  arc  very  liigh  mountains  to  the  north  and  weft 
of  the  lake,  and  from  thefe  the  waters  run  by  many 
channels  to  the  St  Lawrence.  The  Kennebeck  affords 
great  quantities  of  lumber,  and  is  inhabited  at  differ, 
ent  fcafons  by  feveral  fpecies  of  valuable  filh.  Salmon 
and  fturgeon  are  taken  here  in  great  abundance,  »nd 
fhad  and  alewives  relieve  the  wants  of  the  neceffitous 
part  of  the  inhabitants.  This  livcr  forms  the  nc.ireft 
fea-port  for  the  people  on  the  upptr  part  1  f  the  river 
Connefticnt.  From  ih.e  LT|p;r  Colios,  or  Coos,  on  the 
latter  river  to  the  tide-water  in  Kennebeck  is  90  mea- 
fured  miles. — ili. 

KENNEBUNK,  llie  Indian  name  of  the  place  fince 
called  WJh,  Diftrifl  of  Maine,  about  33  miles  below 
Portfnv  uth,   Ncw-Hampfhirc. — ,/. 

KF.NNET,  a  townlhip  in  Cliefter  county,  Pennfyl- 
vania. — ih. 

KENNICOTT  (Dr  Benjamin)  was  a  man  of  fuch 
Q_q  eminence 


KtBLC- 

bcck. 

II 

Kdiiii- 
cott. 


KEN 


[     306     ] 


K     E     R 


Keniiicoi:.  eminence  in  the  learned  world,  that  every  thing  relat- 
''•^'^'"^^^  ing  to  liirn  mull  be  generally  intereftinj^.  In  the  bio- 
graph:c;il  fketcli  of  him  publilhcd  in  the  Eitcyclof'xtl'ut, 
we  have  acknowledged  ourl'elves  unncquaintcd  with  the 
rank  and  characler  of  bis  parents  ;  but  th'S  inf  irmaticn 
has  been  Imce  fupplied  by  a  very  candid  anil  wtllin- 
foimed  writer  in  the  Monthly  Magazine;  and  as  it  is 
accompanied  witli  ciicumdiinces  peculiarly  hnnouiable 
to  the  D-ifhor,  and  oi'.giit  therefore  to  be  prcferved,  we 
Ihall  infert  it  in  this  phice. 

"  Tl'.e  parents  of  Dr  Kcnnicott  (fays  this  writer) 
weie  honell  charaLtcrs :  His  father  was  the  parilh 
clerk  of  Totncfs,  and  once  mafter  of  a  charity  fthool 
in  that  town.  At  an  eaily  age  young  Kennicott  fi:c- 
cceded  to  the  fame  employ  in  the  fchool,  being  recom- 
mended to  it  by  lis  itmaikable  fc>briety  and  prema- 
ture knowledge.  It  was  in  th  it  fituation  he  wrote  the 
vcrfes  to  the  Imnourable  Mrs  Courtney,  which  recom- 
mended Iiim  to  her  notice,  and  that  of  many  neighliour- 
ing  gentlemen.  They,  with  a  lau  lable  generolity, 
opened  a  fubfcriptlcn  to  fend  him  to  Oxford. 

"Hefoon  tlierediilingu  flied  himfclf,  as  is  well  known. 
As  a  tellimcny  of  the  truth  of  the  above  ftatemcnt,  the 
following  is  a  copy  of  an  infcription  written  by  Dr 
Kennicott,  and  engraved  on  the  tcmb  of  his  father  and 
mother.  The  writer  of  this  article  has  tranfcribed  it 
from  the  original  in  the  church  yard  of  Totnefs.  The 
tomb  is  more  elegant  than  perfons  in  their  fituation  are 
accuftonied  to  have  creJled,  and  was  thought,  perhaps, 
by  the  envious  to  be  fomewhat  oflentatious.  A  per- 
fonal  knowledge  of  the  Doiftor  induces  the  writer  of 
this  article  to  think,  th;it  it  was  rather  the  tr  bute  of 
a  good  and  grateful  mind,  Eiid  of  tlie  pious  reverence 
and  love  whith  he  entertained  for  the  authors  of  his 
being. 

As  Virtue  fhould  be  of  good  report, 

ficred 

be  this  humble  Monument 

to  the  Memory  of 

Benjamin  KEXNicoTr,  Parilh  Clerk  of  Totnefs, 

and  Elizabeth  his  Wile  ; 

The  latter 

an  Example  of  every  Chriftian  Duty  ; 

The  former, 

animated  with  the  waimeft  Zeal, 

regulated  by  tl-.e  bcrt  good  fenfe, 

and  buth  conQar.tly  exerted 

for  the  Salvation  of  himfelf  and  others. 

Reader  ! 

Soon  flialt  thou  die  alfo; 

and  as  a  Candidate  lor  Immortality 

fliike  thy  breafc  and  fay. 

Let  me  live  the  lile  of  the  Righteous, 

that  my  lart  end  may  be  like  his. 

Trifling  are  tiie  dates  of  Time 

where  the  fu^jedl  is  Eternity. 

Ere>51ed 

by  their  Son,   B.  Kennicott,  D.  D. 

Canon  of  Chrill-Chorch,  0.xford. 

"  It  is  faid,  lh.it  when  Dr  Kennicott  had  taken  or- 
ders, he  came  to  oiticiate  in  his  clerical  capacity  in  his 
Balive  town.  When  his  father  as  cleik  proceeded  to 
place  the  furplice  on  his  Ihoulders,  a  ftruggle  enfued  be- 
tween the  modefly  of  the  fon  and  the  hcneft  pride  of 


the  parent,  who  infitled  on  paying  that  refpe^  to  his 
fon  which  he  had  been  accuftonied  to  (hew  to  other  cler- 
gymen :  to  this  filial  obedience  was  obliged  to  fubmit. 
A  circumflance  is  added,  that  his  mother  h.td  often  de- 
clared (he  fliould  never  be  able  to  fupport  the  joy  of 
hearing  her  fon  preach  ;  and  that  on  her  attendance 
at  the  church  for  the  firft  time,  (he  was  lb  overcome 
as  to  be  taken  out  in  a  (lit;  of  temporary  infenfi- 
bilitv." 

KENNOMICK,  GREAT,  a  navigable  river  cf 
the  N.  ^V.  Teriitory,  emptying  into  the  fouth  end  of 
Lake  Michigan,  -about  N.  lat.  42^  1 1'.  The  waters  of 
this  river  communicate,  by  a  poitage  of  30  yards, 
with  Little  Kennomick,  a  fhort  river  which  runs  noith- 
eallerly  into  the  lake. — Morse. 

KENSINGTON,  a  townlh'p  in  Rockingham  coun- 
ty,  New-Hampfhire,  about  6  miles  foutherly  of  Exeter, 
and  S  northerly  of  Newbury-Port.  It  was  incorporat- 
ed in  1737.  In  1775,  it  contained  797,  and  in  1790, 
800  inhabitants. — ib. 

KENT,  a  county  of  Maryland  on  the  eaflcrn  fliore 
of  Ciief.ipeak  Bay,  bounded  E.  by  New-Ca(lle,  and 
part  of  Kent  county,  Delaware,  and  W.  by  Chefapeak 
Bay.  It  is  about  32  miles  long  and  13  broad  and  con- 
tains 12,836  inhabitants,  including 5,433  flaves.  Chief 
town,  Chefter. — ib. 

Kent,  a  county  of  Rhode-Iflind,  lying  S.  of  Pro- 
vidence county,  on  the  W.  fide  of  Narraganfet  Bay. 
It  is  20  miles  in  length,  and  10  in  breadth,  and  is  di- 
vided into  four  townlhips.  It  contains  8,785  inhabit- 
ants, including  63  flaves — ib. 

Kent,  the  middle  of  the  three  counties  of  Delaware. 
It  is  40  miles  from  north  to  fouth,  and  26  from  eaft 
to  well,  and  contains  18,920  inhabitants,  iiicitiuing 
2,',oo  (laves.  The  lands  in  Kent  county  are  edeernej 
the  rivheft  in  the  State.  It  is  well  watered  by  fevcral 
fmall  ftreams  that  empty  into  the  Delaware.  Chief 
town,   Dover. — ib. 

Kent,  an  iOand  in  Queen  Ann's  county,  Maryland, 
and  the  largeft  in  Chefapeak  Bay.  I:  is  12  miles  from 
north  to  fouth,  and  6  in  breadth. — ib. 

Kent,  a  tott-idhip  in  Litchfield  county,  Conneiflicuf, 
bordering  en  the  State  of  New- York,  and  8  or  10  miles 
weft;  of  Litchfield. — ib. 

KEOWE,  anciently  a  populous  town  and  territory 
cf  tlie  Cherokee  Indians,  on  the  river  of  that  name, 
the  north  eaftcrnmcR  branch  of  Savannah  river.  Tlie 
fjil  is  very  fertile,  and  the  ndj  icent  heights  might, 
with  little  expenfe,  be  rendered  almoft  impregnable. 
The  fruitful  vale  of  Keowe  is  7  or  8  miles  in  extent, 
when  a  high  ridge  of  hills  terminates  the  vale,  but 
opens  again  below  the  ridge,  and  continues  10  or  12 
miles  down  to  Sinica,  and  in  width  i  or  2  miles.  This 
was  formerly  one  continued  and  thickly  inhabited  fet- 
tlement,  v.-ell  cultivated  and  plmted.  It  now  ex- 
hibits a  very  different  fpcflacle  to  the  feeble  remains 
of  the  once  potent  Cherokees.  Fort  George  former- 
ly flood  near  the  old  fcite  of  Keowe ib. 

KEPLERS,  a  village  in  Berks  county,  Pennfylva- 
nia,  on  Little  Schuylkill  river,  the  N.  branch  of  Schuyl- 
kill river  ;  21  miles  N.  N.  W.  of  Reading,  and  32  W. 
cf  BethUhem. — ib. 

KERMES  (fee  Coccus  Ilicis,  Encycl.)  has  been 
proved  by  Profeffor  Beckmann  to  havebeen  uied  as  a  dye 
from  very  remote  antiquity.     "  All  the  ancient  Greek 

and 


Keniio- 

mick, 

II 
Kcrmcs. 


K     E     R 


]     307    ] 


K     I     N 


Kentie»,  and  Lniin  wilters,  he  fays,  agree,  that  kermes,  called 
'■^'^''^^  by  the  latter  coccttm,  peiljaps  alfo  corcus,  and  oftsn_fr«- 
tium,  were  f -und  upon  a  low  fliru'jby  tree,  with  |)rick- 
ly  leaves,  which  jiroduccd  acorns,  and  belonged  to  the 
genus  of  the  oak  j  and  th^re  is  no  reafon  to  doubt  that 
they  mean  coccum  ilhis,  and  that  low  ever  green  oak, 
with  the  prickly  leaves  of  the  holly  {aqiiifolium),  which 
is  called  at  prefent  in  botany  quercus  ilex.  This  affer- 
tion  appears  more  inticled  to  credit,  as  the  ancients  al- 
fign  for  t!ie  native  country  of  this  tree  places  where  it 
it  is  ftill  indigenous,  and  produces  kermes. 

"  I  am  inclined  (continues  our  author)  to  believe, 
that  tlie  art  of  employing  kermes  to  dye  a  beautiful  red 
colour  was  difcoverid  in  tlie  Eaft  at  a  very  early   pe- 
riod;   that  it  was  foon  fo  much  improved  as  to  excel 
even  the  Tyiian   purple;    and  tint  it  contributed  to 
caufd  tlie   proper  j)uiple  to  be  at  lengtli  abandoned. 
From  the  coftly  led  dyes  extolled  fo  much  by  the  He- 
brew writers,  and  wliich,  according  to  the  opinion  of 
learned  commentators,  were  made  from  kermes,  I  ihall 
not  venture  to  adduce  any  i)roofs,  as  I  am  not  acquaint- 
ed with  the  Oriental  languages  to  examine  their  ac- 
counts with  accuracy;  but  I  have  found  a  pallage  in 
Vopifcus,  which  feems  to  render  my  conjefture  very 
probable.     That  author  informs  uo,  that  the  king  of 
Perfia  fent  to  the  Emperor  Aurelian,  befides  other  ar- 
ticles ol  great  value,  ibme  woollen  cloth,  which  was  of 
a  much  coftlier  and  brighter  puiple  colour  than  any 
that  liad  been  ever  feen  in  the  Roman  empire,  and,  in 
comparifon  of  which,  all  the  other  put  pie  cloth  worn 
by  tlie  Emperor  and  the  ladies  of  the  court  appeared 
dull  and  faded.     In  my  opinion,  this  cloth,  which  was 
ot  a  bc'utiful  purple  led  colour,  was  not  dyed  with  the 
liquor  of  the  murex,  but  with  kermes.     This  idea  was 
indeed  not  likely  to  occur  to  the  Romans,  who  were 
acquainted  only  with  the  purple  of  the  murex,  and  who 
bad  lefi  experience  in  the  arts  in  general  than  in  that 
of  robbing  and  plundering,  or  who,  at  any  rate,  in  that 
refpeft  were  inferior  to  tlie  X)rientals.     The   Roman 
emperors  caufed  this  fuppofed  purple  to  be  fought  for 
in  India  by  the  nioft  experienced  dyers ;  who,  not  be- 
ing able  to  find  it,  returned  with  a  vague  report  that 
the  admired  Perfian  purple  was  produced  by  the  plant 
fandi.^k.       I  am  well  aware,  that  fome  commentators 
have  fuppofed  that  the  fandix  was  our  madder.     He- 
fychius,  however,  fay?,  very  confidently,  that  lheyj/«. 
dix  is  not  a  plant,  but  a  kind  ol  fhrubby  tree,  which 
yields  a  dye  like  the  ioccus.     The  Roman  dyers,  per- 
haps prejudiced  in  favour  of  the  murex,  made  tliat  only 
the  objeift  of  their  fearch  ;    and  their  labour  proving 
fruitlefs,    they   might  have   heard   fomething  of  ker- 
jnes,  or  the  kermes-oak,  which   ihey  did  not  i'ully  un- 
derftand.     Our  dyers,  even  at  prefent,   believe  many 
falfe  accounts  refpefling  the  dye-lluffi  which  they  ufe 
daily." 

The  ufe  of  kermes  in  dyeing  feems  to  liave  been  con- 
tinued through  every  century.  In  the  middle  ages,  as 
they,  are  called,  we  meet  with  kermes  under  the  name 
ot  vfrmkii/us  or  verir.'iculum  ;  and  on  that  account  cloth 
ciycd  with  them  was  called  iKr>/:icuLta.  Hence  the 
French  word  vermeil,  and  its  derivative  virm'iiioti,  as  is 
well  known,  had  their  c.xtraaion  ;  the  latter  of  which 
originally  fignified  the  red  dye  of  kermes,  but  it  is  now 
ufed  for  any  red  paint,  and  alfo  lor  fine  pounded  cin- 
nabar. 


Is.ERSH.'WV,  a  county  of  Camdin  difi:  la,  S.  Caro- 
lina, on  Wateres  livcr,  which  feparates  it  from  Richland 
county.  It  is  35  miles  in  length  and  30  in  breadth. 
—Morse.  V 

KH/\S,  in  Bengal,  land;  taken  into  the  hands  of 
government,  oppofed  to  the  management  of  Zemindars 
or  farmers.     See  Zenindar  in  this  Supplement. 

KHALSA,  in  Ben;.;al,  fometimes  with  the  addition 
of  Shereefah,  the  department  of  land  and  revenues ;  the 
exchequer. 

KHERAJE,  in  Bengal,  fignifies  (Iriifl^y  the  tribute 
paid  by  a  conquered  country  :  it  is  alfo  ufed  for  reve- 
nue in  general. 

KHIDMUT,  oflice,  attendance,  employment,  fer- 
vlcc. 

KHIDMUTGAR,  a  waiting  man. 

KHISMUT,  portion  ct  divifion. 

KHOMAR,  or  Comjir,  a  Zemindir's  demefne 
land. 

KICKAPOUS,  an  Indian  nation  whofe  different 
tribes  inhabit  near  tlie  entrance  of  Lake  Sup.'rior,  where 
zo  years  ago  they  had  400  warriors;  part  refidc  at 
Lake  Michigan,  and  between  that  and  the  Milli.llppi, 
near  the  Outtagomies,  &c.  and  another  tribe  near  the 
Piankefhawf,  and  on  the  Wabafli  and  its  branches. 

The  Kickapous  and  Kafkjfkias,  two  Indian  nations 
lately  holtile,  ceded  linds  to  the  United  States  at  the 
treaty  of  Greeneville,  Auguft  3,  1795.  The  United 
States,  on  the  other  hand  paid  them  a  Aim  of  momy 
in  hand,  and  engaged  t^  pay  them  in  good?,  annually, 
to  the  value  of  5C0  doll.irs  forever.—  Mone. 

KICKEMUIT  River  is  a  N.  wellern  arm  of  lA-v.r.t 
Hope  Bay.  It  is  about  2  miles  lonj,  and  half  u  mile 
broad.  The  t<5wn  of  Wanen,  inBiillol  cou;;ty,  in 
the  State  of  Rhode-Illand,  lies  N.  W.  of  it.— /*. 

KILLINGLY,  a  town  in  Windham  county.  Con- 
neflicut,  in  tlie  north  eadern  pa^t  of  the  State,  border- 
ing on  Rhode-Iiland,  and  feparated  from  Pomfrst  by 
Quinebaug  river.  It  lies  about  18  mles  eaftj/arJ  of 
Windham,  and  has  a  Congregation.il  church.  Ttie 
original  fel'lers  wtre  from  Maii'achufettp.  The  town 
was  incorporated  in  May,  1708.  In  1728  it  was  di- 
vided into  two  parilhes  ;  one  i>i  which  io  now  incorpo- 
rated hy  the  name  of  Thonipfon. — ib. 

KILLINGTON,  a  mountainous  c^wnfhlp  in  Rut- 
land counfy,  Vermont,  hiving  Medway  en  tlie  W. 
Barnard  N.  E.  and  Saltafh  on  the  S.  E.  and  contains 
32  inhabitants.  Waterquechee  river  has  its  fouice  in 
a  pond  in  this  towi'. — lb. 

KILLINGWORTH,  a  poll  town  in  Middlcfji: 
county,  Conneftlcut,  fitu.ited  on  Long-Jlland  S.uinJ, 
9  miles  E.  of  Guilford  and  27  W.  of  Ntw-Lcnd  n. 
The  Indian  name  of  the  townthip  was  Hamnionaiiet ; 
and  a  dream  of  that  name  runs  on  the  W.  fide  of  the 
town  and  divides  it  from  Gadlord.  It  was  fettled  in 
1663,  by  12  planters  tiom  Hartford,  Guiltord,  and 
Wnidfor.  The  Englilh  name  defigned  to  1  ave  been 
civen  this  town  v/js  Kenmhwrth,  but  by  niillakc  ic 
was  recorded  KilLti^ii-crlb,  It  was  incorporated  in 
1703. — ib. 

KILLISTINOES,  Indians  who  inhabit  on  Lake 
Superior  ;  and  cm  Inniilli  250  Wrfiriors. — ib. 

KIMBECK,  a  pUce  on  the  e.ift  bank  of  Huifon's 
river  ;   17  or  18  mil;s  nonh  of  Poughkeepfic. — ;/■. 
KINUERIiOOK,  a  pcli-town  in  Columbia  county, 
<^q  3  New- 


Kcrlbaw 

..  II 

Kiiidcr- 
kook. 


K     I     N 


C     3c 

1 3  miles 


.8     ] 


K     I     N 


Kinder-     Ncw-Yoik,  on  the  eaft  fide  of  Hudfon's  river  ; 
hook,      north  ct"  Hudf)n  city,  29    S.  by  E.  of   Albany,   145 
Knicfb  r     ^'^^^^''  of  New- York,  and  25  W.  by  N.  of  Stockbridge 
v^V-w  ir>  Mairachiifetts.     The  townfliip  contains  4,661  inha- 
bit inls  J  of  whom  41 1  are  ekdors,  and  63 S  llaves. — i!i. 

KiNDtRHOOK  Landing,  in  the  above  townlhip,  is 
fituaicd  under  the  bank  of  the  river,  furrounded  with 
an  unclejreJ  barren  country,  has  about  15  or  20  houfcs, 
and  ntarly  as  many  Itjrcs  and  other  buildings ;  20 
milei  S.  of  A'bany.  The  town,  througli  wliicli  the 
ft.ige  to  New-York  runs  is  about  5  miles  eafl  of  the 
Landing. — ii. 

KING-PosT,  or  KisG-Piecf,  is  a  piece  of  timber  fet 
upright  in  the  middle,  between  two  principal  rafteis, 
and  having  l\ruts  <;r  braces  going  from  it  to  the  middle 
of  each  rafter.  See  Roof,  EncycL;  and  Carpentry, 
Stil>:l. 

KINGSESS,  a  townlhip  in  Philadelphia  county, 
Pennfvlvania. — Mom. 

KING  AND  (VUEEN,  a  county  of  Virginia,  on 
Mattapany  river,  wliich  fe|)arates  it  from  King  Willi- 
am's county.  It  is  about  25  miles  long  and  20  broad, 
and  contains  9,377  inhabitants,  including  5,143  (laves. 
—d: 

KING  GEORGE,  an  ancient  fort  on  the  borders 
of  Eall-Fhrida,  near  St  Mary's  river. — ib. 

King  George,  a  county  of  Virginia,  lying  between 
the  Patowmac,  and  Rappahannock  rivers.  It  is  22 
miles  long,  and  14  broad,  and  contains  7,566  inha- 
bitants ot  whom  4.157  are  flavei. — ib. 

KINGS,  a  maritime  county  of  New- York,  "  con- 
taining all  that  part  of  the  State,  bounded  ealkrly  by 
()_iieen's  county  ;  northerly,  by  New- York  county  ; 
wellerly,  partly  by  Hudfon's  river,  partly  by  the 
ocein;  and  foutheily  by  tlie  Atlantic  Ocean,  includ- 
ing Coney  lllinds."  This  fertile  trafl  of  land,  fituat- 
ed  on  the  W.  end  of  Long-Id ind,  and  feparated  trom 
Staten-llland  by  the  Narrows,  contributes  largely  to 
the  fupply  of  the  New-York  market  with  vegetables, 
roots,  fruits,  butter,  &c.  It  is  divided  into  6  town- 
(liips,  and  contains  4,495  inhabitants,  including  1,432 
Haves.     Chief  towns,  Brooklyn  and  Flatbulli. — ib. 

King's,  a  county  of  Nova-Scotia,  comprehending 
tilt  lands  on  tlie  S.  "^V.  and  S.  fides  of  the  Bafin  of 
JMinas-.  Tl)e  HabiiRut  is  navigable  for  vcifels  of  40 
tons  a  little  way  up.  Tlie  Canaid  for  vellels  of  160 
tons,  4  or  5  ir.iles  ;  and  the  Cornwallis  is  navigable 
for  vclfe's  ot  100  tons  5  nrile?,  for  thofe  of  50  tons  10 
miles  farther.  There  are  eonrider.2ble  fetllements  on 
lliefe  rivers,  and  they  afford  a  good  pnrtion  of  fine 
lands  tvir  tillage,  ai.d  for  herbage,  and  fonie  excellent 
meadows.  In  the  rivers  are  found  a  great  abundance 
of  iliad  of  an  excellent  kind  ;  and  in  the  Bafin  of 
Winas  are  fine  cod-tilh,  haddock,  bafs,  and  flat-filh 
ol  different  kinds. — ib. 

King's  Bridge,  a  pod-town  of  New- York,  15  miles 
north  of  New-Yoik  city,  and  29  fouih-weft  of  Stam- 
ford in  Conneflicnt.  The  bridge  here  connefls  New- 
York  ifl.md  with  the  main  land.  It  was  flrongly  for- 
tified during  the  war.  The  heights  about  it  are  com- 
manding.— ;'/'. 

KINGSBURY,  a  tnwnfhip  in  Wadiington  county. 
New. York,  bounded  eallerly  by  the  traifl  of  land  called 
the  Provincial  Patti^t.  It  contains  1120  iuhabilanis. 
~ib. 


KING'S,  or  PEARL  ISLAND,  a  fmall  ifland  in 
the  Bay  of  Panama.  It  belongs  to  Spain,  and  is  f,i- 
mous  for  its  pearl  fi(hery  ;  and  lies  in  N.  hit.  7°  12', 
W.  long.  81 »  36'.—/*. 

KINGSTON,  or  ESOPUS,  a  poQ-town  of  New- 
York,  fiiuated  in  UUler  county,  on  the  W.  fide  of 
Hudfon's  liver,  fix  miles  \V.  of  Rbinebeck,  and  on 
the  E.  lidc  of  Efopus  Kill,  or  Creek.  It  was  deftroy- 
ed  on  the  I5lli  of  Oiflober,  1777,  by  order  of  General 
\'.iughan,  commanding  a  fleet  which  failed  up  the 
Hudfon,  when  large  quantities  of  (lores  were  confum- 
ed.  It  is  rebuilt  on  a  regular  plan,  and  contains  about 
150  lioufes,  a  court-houfe,  jail,  a  Dutch  Reformed 
church,  and  an  academy.  It  is  moll  pleafantly  fitua- 
ted  upon  and  furrounded  by  a  fpacious  plain.  It  is  56 
miles  S.  of  Albany,  and  109  N.  of  New- York.  N.  lat. 
41°  56',  W.  long.  73"  56'.  The  townlhip  contains 
3929  inhabitants,  of  whom  556  are  eleftors,  and  302 
llaves. — ib. 

Kingston,  a  townlLip  in  Addifon  county,  Ver- 
mont, containing  loi  inhabitants. — ib. 

Kingston,  a  townlhip  in  Plymouth  county,  Mafla- 
chufetts,  on  the  wellern  part  of  Plymouth  Bay,  bound- 
ed northerly  by  Du.xborough,  and  contains  1004  inha- 
bitants. There  is  here  a  ilitting  and  rolling  mill. 
The  town  was  incorporated  in  1707.  It  is  38  miles 
S.  E.  of  Bofton.— //i. 

Kingston,  a  townlhip  in  Rockingham  county, 
New-Hamplliire,  lying  on  the  road  which  leads  from 
Exeter  to  Haverhill,  in  Malfachufetts,  6  miles  from  the 
former,  and  12  from  Haverhill.  It  was  incorporated 
in  i6c)4.  In  1775  it  contained  961  inhabitants;  and 
in  1790,  906. — ib. 

Kingston,  a  village  in  New-Jerfey,  three  miles  N. 
E.  of  Piinceton,  and  15  S.  W.  of  Brunfwick;  an  ele- 
vated and  pleafant  fpot. — ib. 

Kingston,  the  chief  town  of  Lenoir  county,  Nsw- 
bern  dillridt,  N.  Carolii;a.  It  is  a  pofl-town,  fitnated 
in  a  beautiful  plain  on  the -N.  fide  of  Neus  river,  and 
contains  a  court-houfe,  jaii.'and  about  30  houfes.  It 
is  40  miles  W.  of  Newbern,  and  24  from  Wayneft)0. 
rough. — ib. 

Kingston,  a  townfiiip  in  Luzerne  county,  Pcnn- 
f)  Ivania. — il. 

Kingston,  a  town  of  Georgetown  di(lri«a,  S.  Caro- 
lina. It  is  fituated  on  the  W.  fide  of  Wakkamau  ri- 
ver, and  contains  an  Epifcopal  church,  and  about  30 
houfes.  It  is  41  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Georgetown,  and 
103  N.  N.  E.  of  Charlellon.  N.  lat.  33"  51',  W. 
lone.  79°  )'. — ib. 

Kingston,  a  village  in  Talbot  county,  M.iryland, 
fituated  on  the  eallern  lide  of  Choptank  river,  4  miles 
below  the  Forks. — ib. 

Kingston,  formerly  called  Frontinac,  is  fituated 
on  the  northern  part  of  Lake  Ontario,  at  the  mouth  of 
its  outlet  Iroquois  river  ;  200  miles  fouthward  of  Mon- 
treal, and  150  northward  of  Niagara.  Here  the 
King's  {lores  are  kept  and  guarded  by  one  company 
of  men.  Part  of  Old  Fort  Froniinac  is  now  tlanding, 
the  bell  part  of  which  is  the  magazine.  Kingflon  con- 
tains about  ICO  houfes.  Large  velTels  go  no  farther 
than  this  place;  thence  to  Niagara,  Sec.  ftores  and 
merchandize  are  conveyed  in  boats. — ib. 

Kingston,  the  capital  of  the  ifland  of  St  Vincents, 
in  the   Well-Indies,  and  the  feat  of  government,  lies 

at 


K     I     P 


[     309     ] 


K     1     S 


King, 

II 
Kippii. 


at  tlie  head  of  a  bay  of  the  fame  name,  on  the  fouth- 
wedern  fliore  of  the  id  ind,  in  St  George's  pariili. — ib. 

KING  WILLIAM,  a  county  of  Virginia,  between 
Maltapony  and  I'jmunky  rivers.  It  is  47  miles  long 
and  15  broad,  and  contains  i;,i28  inhabitants;  of 
whom  5,151  are  flaves. — ib. 

KINGWOOD,  a  townlhip  in  Huntingdon  county, 
New-Jerfey,  containing  2,446  inhabitants,  including 
104  flaves.  It  is  about  5  miles  below  Alexandria,  and 
1 5  S.  W.  of  Lebanon.  iVlfo  the  name  of  a  fmall  river 
of  New-Jerfey. — ib. 

KINGS  ALE,  a  pcft-town  of  Virginia,  16  miles 
from  Wertmoreland  court-houfe,  and  12  trom  North- 
umberland coiirt-hotife. — ib. 

KIOANON  POINT,  called  in  fome  maps  Kihionec, 
is  the  extremity  of  a  l.irge  peninlula  which  projefts  tar 
into  the  fouth  fide  of  L.ike  Superior. — ib. 

KIONTONA,  an  Indian  town  on  Conewango  river, 
in  Pennfylvania,  and  1 1  miles  northerly  from  its  mouth 
in  AUegliany  river. — ib. 

KlP'riS  (Andrew,  D.  D.  F.  R.  and  A.  S.),  vas 
born  at  Nottingham,  Nbrch  28  (O.  S.)  1725.  His 
father,  a  refpeftable  tradeiman  of  that  town,  was  de- 
fcended  from  the  Rev.  Benjamin  King  of  Oakham, 
Rutlandlhire,  an  ejeflcd  minllter  ;  and  his  motlier,  Ann 
Ryther,  was  the  grand  daughter  of  the  Kev.  Jolin  Ry- 
ther,  who  was  ejeiled  from  the  church  of  Fernby,  in 
the  county  of  York.  In  the  year  1730,  he  loll  his 
father,  and  went  lo  rcilde  with  his  grandfather,  An- 
drtw  Kippis  of  Seaford  in  Lincolnfhire.  Ho  received 
his  clallical  education  at  the  grammar  fchool  in  that 
town;  but  what  contributed  mod  to  his  futute  emi- 
nence, was  the  fiitndf]i:p  cf  the  Rev.  Mr  Merrival, 
who  wai  equalled  by  few  cf  his  contemporaries  in  va- 
rious branches  of  learning,  particulaily  in  his  acquaint- 
ance with  the  dallies,  his  knowledge  of  ancient  and 
modern  hillory,  and  liis  retined  tafte  in  the  belles  leltres. 
Dr  Kippis  frequently  fiid,  that  it  was  impofllble  for 
him  to  e.tprei's  his  obligations  to  this  Iriend  of  his 
youth.  In  1741  he  re.moved  to  Northampton,  and 
commenced  his  academical  ftudiesunder  Dr  Doddridge. 
After  a  refidence  of  five  years  at  the  academy,  he  was 
invited  by  feveral  congregations  to  become  their  mini- 
Iler.  Though  he  was  prelfed  to  fettle  at  Dorcheftcr, 
and  had  been  chofen  their  minifter,  he  gave  the  prefe- 
rence to  an  invitation  from  Bofion  in  Lincolnlhire, 
where  he  went  to  refide  in  September  1746.  Here  he 
continued  four  years;  and  in  November  1750,  accept- 
ed the  paftoral  charge  of  a  congregation  at  Dorking  in 
Surry.  The  congregation  meeting  in  Princes- (Ireel 
Wcftminfter,  having  been  without  a  ininifter  about  two 
years,  he  was  chofen,  in  June  1753,  to  fucceed  the 
Rev.  Dr  Obadiah  Hughes.  On  the  21ft  of  Septem- 
ber following,  he  married,  at  Bollon,  MIfs  Elizabeth 
Bott,  one  of  the  daughters  of  Mr  Ifaac  Bott,  a  mer- 
cliant  of  that  place  ;  and  in  the  month  of  Oflober  fix- 
ed his  refidence  in  Weilninifter.  In  June  1 767,  he  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  D.  D.  from  the  univcrfily  of  E- 
dinbnrgh,  on  the  unfolicited  recommendation  of  the 
late  learned  Piofelior  Robertfon.  He  was  de'ted  a 
member  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  on  the  19th  of 
March  1778;  and  on  the  17th  of  June  1779,  he  was 
chofen  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society.  In  both  Societies 
he  hat!  the  honour  of  being  in  the  council  two  years. 

Dr  Kifj'is  was  eminently  didingudhed  for  the  vir- 


tues and  accomplifliments  which  form  the  cLIjf  crna- 
ments  of  private  life.  With  a  fuavity  of  tnanners  and 
urbanity  of  behaviour  peculi.irly  attradive,  he  united 
that  knowledge  of  men  and  books  which  rendered  his 
convjrfation  uncommonly  entertaining  and  inftrudive 
to  the  circle  of  his  acquaintance  and  friends.  As  a  mi- 
niiler,  he  was  not  lefs  eminent  for  his  profound  acquaint- 
ance with  every  branch  of  theology  than  for  the  happy 
manner  in  which  he  applied  it  to  the  improvement  of 
thofe  who  attended  his  miiiillry.  His  fermons  were  re- 
markable for  perfpicalty,  elegance,  and  energy  ;  and 
his  elocution  was  iinifFecfled  and  very  impreffive,  parti- 
cularly at  the  clofe  of  his  difcourfes.  But  the  fuperior 
powers  and  vigour  ot  mind  which  he  derived  from  na- 
ture, and  which  he  had  cultivated  with  unremitting  di- 
ligence and  peculiar  fuccefs,  were  not  to  be  confined  to 
the  narrow  limits  cf  private  life  and  the  duties  of  the 
paftoral  cliarge,  however  Important ;  they  were  deficn- 
ed  for  more  extenfive  and  Important  fervices  to  his 
country  and  to  manklid.  The  interefls  ol  literature, 
fcience,  and  religion,  have  received  from  the  exertion 
of  his  talents  as  a  writer  the  moil  eti'tntial  advantages. 
His  firft  clforts  in  literature  were  made  in  the  Gentle- 
man's Magazine,  a  periodical  publication  called  the  Li- 
brary, and  the  Monthly  Review  ;  to  each  ot  which  he 
contributed  many  Important  articles,  cfpecially  in  the 
hillorical  and  philological  departments  of  the  laft.  He 
was  the  author  of  three  important  trad?,  viz.  "  A  Vin- 
dication of  the  Protellant  Dilfenting  Minillers,  &c." 
"  Obfervations  on  the  late  Contelh  in  the  Royal  So- 
ciety ;"  and  "  Conuderations  on  the  Treaty  with  A  me- 
rica,  &c."  His  Improved  edition  of  Dr  Doddridge's 
LcL^ures  is  a  work  of  great  value  ;  and  "  the  Hitlory 
of  Knowledge,  Learning,  and  Talle,  in  Great  Britain," 
prefixed  to  the  Nev/  Annual  Itcgiller,  merits,  and  lias 
received,  the  approbation  cf  the  public.  He  publiflied. 
at  different  times  feveral  fingle  fermons ;  among  which, 
that  on  the  death  of  his  friend  the  Rev.  Mr  Laugher, 
is  intltled  to  very  high  praile.  The  greater  part  of 
thefe  he  republiihed,  with  other  prai5lic.il  dilcour.'es,  in 
the  year  1794:  but  the  woik  wliich,  next  to  the  flu- 
dies  immediately  connected  with  his  oSwc  as  a  Chri- 
llian  miiiiller,  engaged  his  principal  attention,  and  by 
which  he  has  long  been  diftingul!hed,  is,  the  improved 
edition  of  the  "  Biagrjphia  Brilanv.ica."  In  this  gteac 
i>atlonal  publication,  the  comprehenfivenefs  and  powers 
of  his  mind,  the  corre^lnefs  of  his  judgment,  the  vail 
extent  of  his  information,  his  indefatigable  refearches 
and  unremitting  afliduity,  his  peculiar  talent  of  appre- 
ciating tliC  merits,  and  analy/.ing  the  1  ibours  ol  the 
m  i(l  eminent  writers,  and  hia  unlhaken  iiitJgiity,  unbi- 
alfed  fidelity,  and  impiiiiil  dtcilion  on  the  chaiaders 
of  the  phiiofipher,  Itatel'man,  poet,  fcholar,  and  di- 
vine, are  ftrongly  dil'pl.iyetl,  and  univci tally  acknow- 
ledged. His  (tyle,  lornied  on  the  models  ot  Sir  Wil- 
liam Temple  and  the  clallical  Addifon,  is  remarkable 
for  its  peripicuity,  elegance,  and  purity  ;  and  gives  a 
peculiar  lullrc  to  the  rich  (lores  ot  knowledge  treafured 
in  the  volumes  now  publifhcd.  This  work  has  given 
him  a  high  rank  among  the  literati  of  his  country,  and 
will  carry  dov/n  his  n.imc  with  dilllnguilhed  reputation 
to  pollcrlty.     He  di;d  en  tlic  8th  October  1795. 

KISHTAC,  an  llland  on  the  N.  W.  coaft  of  Norih- 
America,  lies  eaftw.ird  of  Foggy  Cape,  on  the  fouth- 
cad  fide  uf  the  peuinfula  of  Alalka,  and  on  that  part 

of 


Kiftfiiiaa- 
itus 

II 
Knoxville. 


K     N     O  [31 

of  !t  oppofiie  ths  liead  of  Briftol  Day,  on  ilie  N.  W. 
fide  of  the  peninfulii.  It  is  alfo  ojipofiie  the  mouth  of 
Cook's  river. — Monc. 

KISKEMANITiVS  River,  is  a  branch  of  Alle- 
phiiny  river,  into  which  it  empties  in  N.  lat.  40°  40', 
in  Wertnioreland  county,  Pcnnlylvania.  Its  head  wa- 
ttrs  iire  Little  Concrrangh  and  Stone  creek.  After 
ihcir  junftion  it  is  called  Cor.emaugli  river.  It  tiien 
icccive-^  Black  Lick  from  the  N.  E.  and  17  miles  from 
its  mouth  Loyulliannon  Creek  enters  fioni  the  S.  S.  E. 
after  wliich  it  is  called  Kilkemanit.is  river.  It  is  na- 
>  igable  f  ^r  batteaux  40  or  50  miles,  and  good  portages 
are  found  between  it  and  Jui:iatta  and  Potowin.ic 
rivers.  Coal  and  fait  are  difcovcred  in  the  vicinity  of 
ibefe  rivers. — ib. 

KITTANING,  a  fettkinent  in  Tcnnfylvania,  on  the 
c.ill  fide  of  Alleghany  river,  36  miks  northward  of 
Pitifburg.— «7'. 

KITTATINNY  Mountains,  a  ridge  of  the  Alle- 
ghany Mountains,  whiili  runs  thrt:iK>h  the  northern 
paits  of  New-Jeifey  and  Pennfylvania. — ii. 

KITTERY,  a  townlhip  in  Yoik  county,  Diftrift  of 
Maine,  incorpoialed  in  1653,  and  eonfills  of  3  pirilhes, 
containing  3,250  inhabitants.  It  is  fituated  between 
Pifcataijua  and  York  livers,  67  miles  northerly  of 
Boftnn.  In  this  town  is  Sturgeon  Creek,  called  fo  from 
the  plenty  of  that  fidi,  in  the  moiuh  ti'  the  creek  at 
the  fird  fettlenient  of  the  country  ;  but  there  have  been 
none  found  for  thefe  many  years  pall.  This  creek  is 
famous  in  the  hillory  of  the  firft  fettlers. — ib. 

KNOB  LICK,  in  Mercer  county,  Kentucky,  lies 
15  miles  S.  E.  of  Harrodllown,  and  about  12  foutherly 
ot  Danville. — ib. 

KNOWLTON,  a  towndilp  in  Suifex  county,  Nsw- 
Jerfey,  containing  1,937  inhabitants,  of  whom  13  are 
ilaves. — lb. 

KNOULTON,  a  grant  in  Chittenden  county,  Ver- 
mont, lies  E.  of  Smithfield,  and  W.  of  Kell)  (burgh, 
and  contains  io,oco  acres  of  land. — ib. 

KNOX,  a  county  in  the  State  of  TcnnefTee,  in  Ha- 
milton dillri(51,  contained  in  1795,  according  to  the 
State  cenfus,  1 1,573  inhabitants,  of  whom  2,365  were 
fldves. — lb. 

Knox,  a  county  in  the  N.  W.  Territory,  erefled 
June  20,  1790.  "  Beginning  at  the  Standing  Stone 
Porks  of  the  Great  Miami  river,  and  down  the  faid 
liver  to  its  conlliience  with  the  Ohio  river;  thence 
with  the  Ohio  to  the  fmall  rivulet  above  fort  MalFac  ; 
thence  with  the  ciftern  boundary  line  of  St  Clair 
county,  to  the  mouth  cf  the  little  Michilimackinack ; 
thence  up  the  Illinois  river  to  the  iorks  or  conHaence 
of  the  Theakiki  and  Chikago  ;  thence  by  a  line  to  be 
drawn  due  north  to  the  boundary  line  of  the  territory 
of  the  United  States,  and  fo  far  eafterly  upon  faid 
boundary  as  that  a  due  fouth  line  may  be  drawn  to  the 
place  cf  beginning."  Alfo  the  name  of  a  fort  in  the 
fame  territory. — ib. 

Knqx,  one  of  Ingraham's  iflands.  Capt.  Ingraham 
difcovered  two  iflands  which  he  called  Knox  and  Han- 
cock, wli'ch  Capt.  Roberts  fnon  after  difcovering,  called 
Freeman  and  Lar.gdon.  Thefe  iflands  had  every  ap- 
pearance of  fertility.  T!i«ir  latitude  is  from  S'-"  3',  to 
8°  5'  S.  and  their  longitude  very  nearly  141*?  W.  from 
Greenw-ich. — ib. 

KNOXVILLE,  the  metropolis  of  the  State  of  Ten- 


0     ]  K     C)     L 

nelFcf ,  is  fituated  in  Kno.t  county,  on  the  north  fi Je  of  KoNQ^all. 
Hollton  liver,  on  a  beautiful  fpot  of  ground,  22  miles 
above  the  juniflion  of  Holft'^n  liver  with  the  Tennellee, 
and  4  beliiw  tl  c  mouth  of  French  Broad  river.  It  is 
in  a  tiouiifliing  fituaiion,  and  enpys  a  communication 
with  every  part  of  the  United  States  by  poll.  It  i:s  re- 
gularly laid  out,  and  contains  about  130  houfes,  a 
court-houfe,  gaol,  and  barracks  large  cnougii  to  con- 
tain 7C0  men.  The  fupreme  courts  of  law  and  equity 
lor  t!ie  dillrift  ol  Hamilton  are  held  here  half  yearly, 
and  the  courts  ff  ple.is  and  quarter  feill  ini  for  Kno.\ 
county  arc  held  here.  A  colltg.;  has  been  ellablilhed 
heie  by  government,  called  Blount  College.  It  is  32 
miles  N.  of  Tellico  Blockluiifc  ;  200  S.  E.  by  S.  of 
Frankfort,  in  Kentucky  ;  485  W.  by  S.  of  Richmond, 
in  Virginia  J  and  728  fouth-wefteily  of  Philadelphia. 
—ih. 

KOLQuALt,,  the  AbyfTinlan  name  of  a  tree,  which 
fonic  botanills  have  fuppoftd  to  be  the  Euphorbia 
Officinarum  ot  Linnsus.  Mr  Bruce,  who  gives  the 
only  defcription  of  the  Kol-quall  that  we  have  feen,  is 
of  a  different  opinion  :  for  which  he  afligus  two  rcafins  ; 
the  firlf  is,  that  the  flower,  which  he  fays  is  rofaccous, 
is  compofed  of  feveral  petals,  and  is  not  campaniform  ; 
and  the  fecond,  that  it  produces  no  fort  of  gum,  either 
fpontaneoufly  or  upon  incifion.  We  mult  acknow- 
ledge, that  we  entertain  fome  doubts  whether  our  au- 
thor was  at  due  pains  to  afcertain  this  fad  ;  and  thefe 
doubts  are  fuggelled  by  his  own  hiflory  of  the  tree. 
His  defcription  is  not  very  perfjjicuous,  and  therefore, 
left  we  fliould  mifreprefent  his  meaning,  we  (liall  give 
it  in  his  own  words: 

"  The  tirlt  thing  that  prefonted  itfclf  was  the  firft 
flioot  of  this  extraordinary  tree.  It  v.as  a  fing'.e  ftalk, 
about  fix  inches  meafured  acrofs,  in  eight  divifions,  re- 
gulaily  and  beautifully  fcolloped  and  rounded  at  the 
top,  joining  in  the  centre  at  three  feet  and  a  half  liigh. 
Upon  the  outfide  of  thefe  fcollops  were  a  fort  of  eyes 
or  fm.iU  knots,  out  of  every  one  of  which  came  five 
horns,  four  on  the  fides  and  one  in  tlie  centre,  fcarce 
half  an  inch  long,  Iragil,  and  of  no  refiltancc,  but  ex- 
ceedingly fliarp  and  pointed.  Its  next  proctfs  is  to  put 
out  a  branch  from  the  firft  or  fecond  fcollrp  near  the  top, 
others  fucceed  from  all  diredficns ;  and  this  ftalk,  which 
is  foft  and  fucculcnt,  of  the  confiftence  of  the  aloe,  turns 
by  degiees  hard  and  ligneous,  and  after  a  lew  years,  by 
multiplying  its  branches,  alfumes  the  fVirm  of  a  tree,  the 
lower  part  of  which  is  wood,  liie  upper  part,  which  is  fuc- 
culent,  has  no  leaves ;  thefe  are  fupplied  by  the  fluted, 
fcolloped,  ferrated,  thorny  fides  of  its  branches.  Upon 
the  upper  extremity  of  thefe  branches  grow  its  flowers, 
which  are  of  a  golden  colour,  rofaceous,  and  formed  of 
five  round  or  almoft  oval  petala  ;  this  is  fiicceeded  by 
a  triangular  fruit,  firft  of  a  light  green  with  a  flight  caft 
of  red,  then  turning  to  a  deep  crimfon,  with  ftreaks  of 
white  both  at  top  and  bottom.  In  the  infide  it  is  di- 
vided into  three  cells,  with  a  feed  in  each  of  them  ;  the 
cells  are  of  a  greenilh  white,  the  feed  round,  and  with 
no  degree  of  humidity  or  molfture  about  it;  yet  iiie 
green  leaves  contain  a  quantity  of  bluifli  watery  milk 
almoft  incredible. 

"  Upon  cutting  two  of  the  fineft  branches  of  a  tree 
in  its  full  vigour,  a  quantity  of  this  ifTiied  out,  which  I 
cannot  compute  to  be  lefs  tlian  four  Englifh  gallons ; 
and  this  wasfo  exceedingly  cauftic,  that  though  I  wafh- 

ed 


K     O     R 


c  311  : 


K     O     R 


Koraqtias. 


Koona,    eJ  the  fabre  that  cut  it  immjiiiately,  the  flaln  has  not 
yet  left  it. 

"  When  the  tree  grows  old,  the  branches  wiiher, 
'  and,  in  pl.ice  of  milk,  the  infide  appears  to  be  lull  cF 
powder,  which  is  io  pungent,  tliat  the  i'mall  dull  which 
I  drew  upon  ftriking  a  withered  branch,  feemed  to 
threaten  to  make  me  fneeze  to  death,  and  the  touchirg 
ot  the  milk  with  my  fingers  excoriated  them  as  it'fcald- 
ed  with  boiling  water  ;  yet  I  everywhere  obferved  the 
woodpecker  piercing  the  rotten  branches  with  its  beak, 
and  eating  the  infefis,  without  any  imprellion  upon  its 
olfaftory  nerves." 

If  what  is  milk  in  a  young  tree  be  a  dry  powder  in 
one  that  is  old,  is  it  not  prob.ible  that  the  milk  miglit 
by  evaporation  be  reduced  to  the  conliftcnce  of  gum, 
and  that  the  kcl-quall  may  be  at  mod  but  a  v.iriety  of 
the  euphorbia  officir.arum  ?  From  our  authoi's  obfer- 
vation,  the  kol-quall  appeared  to  thrive  befl  on  poor, 
fandy,  (lony  earih,  at  no  preat  diftance  from  the  fea. 
The  Abyflinians  employ  the  milky  juice  in  tanning  to 
take  off  the  hair  from  the  fltins,  and  they  make  no  o- 
iher  ufe  whatever  of  th;  tree. 

KOONA,  a  fpecies  of  Echites  (for  whicli  fee  En- 
cycl.),  very  common  in  the  woods  of  North  Africa. 
It  is  a  fhnib,  of  which  the  leaves,  when  boiled  with  a 
fmall  tjnantity  of  water,  yield  a  thick  black  juice,  into 
which  the  negroes  dip  a  cotton  thread.  This  thread 
they  fallen  round  the  iron  of  their  arrows,  in  luch  a 
manner  that  it  Is  almod  impoiTible  to  extradt  the  arrow 
wlien  it  has  funk  beyond  the  barb?,  without  leaving  the 
iron  and  the  pt  ifoned  throd  in  the  wound.  The  poi- 
fon  of  the  koona  is  f.iid  to  be  very  deadly. — Park's 
Travds. 

KORAQITAS,  a  tribe  of  Hottentots  inhabiting  a 
dilhiift  of  So\ith  Africa,  which  M.  Vaillant  places  on  the 
confines  of  the  Nimiqua  country  (See  Nimiquas, 
Stippl.).  When  our  autl;or  vilited  them,  the  wliole  tribe 
was  aifembled  for  the  eleflinn  of  a  chief:  and  not  agree- 
ing among  themlelves,  fomeblnjd  had  been  fhed,  and 
much  more  would  have  been  (hed,  had  they  not  una- 
nimoufly  m.tde  choice  of  hirn.  When  he  firll  joined 
them,  tlie  whole  horde  paid  attention  to  nothing  but 
their  quarrel.  To  fee  their  warmth,  one  might  have 
fuppofed  that  their  elei.1on  was  a  matter  of  importance 
to  the  whole  world,  and  diat  the  fate  of  mankind  w.ns 
about  to  depend  on  their  chief.  All  fpcke  at  the  ferns 
time  ;  each  endeavoured  to  drown  his  neighbour's  voice 
by  his  own  ;  ihsir  cyci  fparkled  with  fury  ;  and  amidft 
this  contulion,  while  they  threitened  each  otlier  in 
turns,  the  noife  they  made  became  truly  dreadful. 

Unarmed,  and  without  any  precaution,  though  fur- 
rounded  by  this  enraged  multitude,  our  author  walked 
c  ilmly  along  in  the  midlt  of  them  ;  and  when  he  reach- 
ed the  kraal,  he  ordered  his  tent  to  b^  immediately 
form.'d,  as  if  he  had  been  furrounded  by  friends  and  re- 
lations. This  appearance,  raifed  fudd:i:ly,  and  as  if  by 
magic,  before  the  eyes  of  the  horde,  with  his  fufecs, 
horles,  and  tent,  objeifts  which  were  all  new  to  tiiem, 
filled  them  with  admiration.  Men,  women,  and  chil- 
dren, moiinn'cfs,  and  with  their  mouths  wide  open,  all 
Hood  looking  at  them  with  profound  filence.  Anger, 
hatred,  and  every  violent  palfion,  feemed  by  their  coun- 
tenances to  be  extinguilhed,  and  to  have  givjn  place  to 
more  tranquil  emotions,  to  ignorant  furprifc,  and  ftu- 
f  id  allQnilhnicnt.     Infancy  is  naturally  cuiious;  it  is 


ftruck  with  every  thing  it  fees  ;  and  the  favage,  in  this  Koraquas. 
re.'pecl,  is  only  a  grown-up  child.  As  the.'c  favagej  ^— '>'^~' 
feemed  to  wilh  that  he  would  permit  thera  to  examine 
more  clofely  whatever  excited  tlieir  admiration,  he  rea- 
dily conJelcended  to  gratify  tiieir  dcfire.  'J  hey  ap- 
proached, furveyed,  and  handled  every  thing.  But  the 
principal  object  of  general  curir.fity  was  his  perfon. 
They  feemed  as  if  they  would  never  be  fatibfied  with 
looking  at  his  drefs.  They  pulled  off  his  hat,  that  they 
might  the  better  examine  his  hair  and  his  bc.ird,  which 
were  long.  They  even  half  unbuttoned  liis  clothes ; 
and  furprifed  to  fee  his  fkin  v.hite,  each  felt  it,  as  if 
defirous  to  afceitaln  that  what  they  faw  was  real. 

This  comedy  continued  till  the  tvening ;  and  at 
length,  when  the  moment  of  feparation  arrived,  M.  Vail, 
lant  caufed  to  be  hinted  to  the  whole  crmpiny,  that  ii, 
two  hours  after  fun-rife  next  morning,  they  fl;ould  not 
be  agreed  rcfpeding  the  cht)ice  of  a  chief,  he  would 
immediately  leave  them.  He  added,  however,  that  if, 
on  the  otlier  hand,  tUey  came  and  prelenred  to  him  a 
chief,  eleiSed  by  general  confent,  he  would  then  load 
them  all  with  prefcnts,  and  beftow  on  him  a  diflinifticn 
which  would  laife  him  above  all  his  equals,  and  render 
the  horde  one  of  the  moft  celebrated  in  the  whole  coun- 
try. "  But  what  was  my  fuiprife  (fays  he)  when  I 
learned  the  fame  evening,  that  on  my  head  the  burden 
of  the  crown  was  depofed  !"  Ho  acquiefced,  however  ; 
afiuring  them,  that  if  they  would  promife  to  be  obe- 
dient, he  would  give  them  the  only  chief  worthy  of 
ruling  them,  and  ot  making  them  happy. 

By  his  interpreters  he  had  lesmed,  that  the  choice 
of  the  majority  leaned  towards  one  Ha  ipa,  a  man 
about  40  years  of  age  ;  tall,  well  made,  exceedingly 
ftrong,  and  confequently  formed  by  nature  for  ruling 
the  feeble  multitude.  He  theretoie  named  riaripa  chief; 
and  the  people  appearing  to  approve  of  his  choice,  he 
commanded  filence,  and  caufing  tlie  new  monarch  to  ap- 
proach, placed  on  his  head,  with  great  folsmnity,  a 
Dutch  grenadier  cap,  of  which  the  copp.rplate  on  the 
front  was  ornamented  with  the  arms  of  Holland.  This 
fymbol,  '01%.  a  lion  rampant,  having  in  one  of  his  fore- 
paws  fcven  arrows,  and  in  the  otlier  a  naked  falre,  could 
not  fail  to  pleafe  the  favages,  as  it  exhibited  a  reprefen- 
t  uion  of  the  weap:^ns  peculiar  to  them,  and  of  the  mill 
formidable  animal  of  their  country.  They  leftilied 
their  admiration  in  the  mofl  expreffive  manner  ;  and 
invigined  that,  fuperior  to  kings,  the  white  msn  during 
the  night  had  by  magic  made  this  crown,  merely  10 
adorn  their  chief,  and  to  niTord  them  pieafure.  Vail- 
lant then  aflixed  to  the  fkin,  whicii  fcrmcd  Haripa's 
dr^fs,  feveral  rows  of  glafs  beads  ;  gave  him  a  girdle 
made  of  a  (Iring  oi  very  large  onei ;  ornamented  his 
arms  with  tin  bracelets,  and  fufpcnded  from  lis  neck  a 
fraall  padlock,  (haped  like  a  butterfly,  the  key  of -.vhich 
had  been  loll.  Such  padlocks,  mad:  in  the  form  of 
animals  of  every  kind,  are  very  common  at  tiie  Cape. 
They  come  from  China  ;  and  are  brought  to  Afric.i  by 
the  captains  of  the  Company's  fhips  which  trade  in  the 
Indian  feas. 

During  the  ceremony  of  inftall.ilion,  the  wliole  horde, 
dumb  and  motionleU  thniut,!)  admiration,  fetmed  1  olt 
in  ccllicy.  Haripi  liirnfeif,  though  highly  gratified, 
did  not  dare  to  make  the  lead  movement,  and  obferved- 
a  gravity  altogether  rifible.  When  the  inauguration 
was  liiiiflied,  a.id  ho  was  completely  dreJed,  our  author 

prefcDteik 


K     O     11 


[     3'-     ] 


K     R     t 


KoiMiiuai.  jirdliUcd  him  wiih  a  mirror,  tliat  lie  might  enjoy  the 
^*'~^^*'^  iatisfiic^ton  of  I'urveying  his  own  figure.  He  then  (hew- 
cj  liim  to  the  people,  who  exprcfleJ  their  joy  by  Ihouts 
and  applaules  without  end. 

"  Yc  lionell  hearts  (fays  M.  Vaillant),  who  perufe 
th.is  account,  behold  what  it  coll  mc  to  refloie  peace 
among  a  whole  tribe,  and  to  prevent  them  from  deCtroy- 
ing  each  o:her!"  From  this  moment  concord  was  re- 
cflablilhed  ;  univerfal  joy  prevailed  through  llie  horde  ; 
and  they  inllantly  b:gan  their  dancings,  which  continu- 
cil  for  three  days  and  three  nights  without  interniiirion. 
They  l<ilted  fur  tliis  IclHval  feveral  fat  llieep,  and  even 
two  oxin  ;  an  extraordinary  and  truly  aftonilhing  mag- 
niricence  among  a  people  who,  when  they  barter  one 
of  llicir  daughters  for  a  cow,  think  they  have  made  an 
excellent  bargain. 

Our  au'hor,  wifhlng  to  purchafe  fome  oxen  for  his 
waggons,  bought  them  at  llie  price  of  a  nail  tha  ox  ; 
and  thofe  who  liad  the  good  fortune  to  make  fuch  an 
exchange  were  highly  fatitfisd  with  their  bargain.  Nails 
and  fmall  bits  of  iron  v;cre  indeed  of  real  value  to  them, 
to  point  the  arrows  and  afl'ageys  with  which  tliey  fliot 
thu  antelopes  that  abound  in  their  country,  and  crnlH- 
tute  much  of  their  food.  Like  other  favages,  the  Ko- 
rac]uas  were  ready  to  pillcr,  and  appropriate  to  their 
own  ufe  whatever  they  found  pleafing,  or  fuited  to 
their  purpofes.  They  attempted  to  carry  away  fome 
of  our  author's  effeifls,  even  before  his  hice  :  and  to 
prevent  their  rapacity,  he  was  obliged  either  to  watch 
over,  or  to  dcpofit  them  in  fome  place  of  fafety. 

The  Koraquas  are  much  talkr  than  the  Hottentots 
of  the  colonies,  though  they  appeared  evidently  to  be 
defcendej  fiom  the  fame  race,  having  the  fame  language 
and  cuftoms  with  their  neighbours  the  NiMiciyAS  (f;e 
that  article),  who  are  certainly  of  Hottentot  extra<5lk)n. 

As  the  exceffive  drynefs  of  the  country  renders 
fprings  very  rare,  the  Koraquas  would  be  unable  to  in- 
habit it,  had  they  not  found  the  means  of  remedying 
this  fcarcity  of  water.  For  this  purpofe  they  dig  in 
the  earth  a  kind  cf  cifteins  or  rather  wells,  to  which 
they  defccnd  gradually  by  Heps  ;  and  thefe  people  are 
the  only  African  nation  among  whom  our  author  ever 
found  the  fame  mark  of  indullry. 

As  their  wells  always  contain  little  water,  and  as 
none  is  to  be  loft,  they  take  care  to  fecure  it  even  from 
the  birds,  by  clofing  up  the  mouth  of  the  hole  with 
floncs  and  the  brandies  ot  trees  ;  fo  that,  unlefs  one 
knows  the  fpot,  it  is  impoflible  to  find  it.  They  go 
down  into  it  every  day,  to  fetch  up  as  much  water 
as  may  be  nsceffary  for  the  confumption  of  their  people 
and  cattle.  They  draw  it  in  a  kind  of  veffels  made  of 
hollowed  wood,  and  pour  it  into  the  fkins  of  buffaloes 
or  giraffes,  placed  in  a  concave  form  on  the  ground  to 
hold  it ;  but  they  diftribute  it  with  the  utmoft  parfi- 
mony,  and  never  draw  more  than  they  abfolutely  have 
occafion  for. 

Notliwithllanding  this  drift  economy,  the  wells  often 
become  dry  ;  and  in  that  cafe  the  horde  is  obliged  to 
remove  to  fome  other  place.  Among  all  the  weftern 
tribes,  therelcre,  there  are  none  who  lead  fo  wandering 
a  lile  as  the  Koraquas  :  the  confequence  of  which  is, 
that,  as  they  olten  change  their  abode,  and  acquire  new 
neighbours,  they  muft,  in  fome  meafure,  adopt  the  cuf- 
toms cf  the  nations  near  which  they  fix  their  refidence. 
Some  tribes  of  them  greafe  themfelves  like  the  Hotten- 


tots; while  ethers  tattoo  their  face,  brcaft,  and  arms,  Kortright, 
after  the  manner  of  the  Caffres.     It  is,  however,  to  be         II 
remarked,  that  the  fame  colour  is  not  employed  by  all    Krifhna. 
the  Koraquas;  eacli  has  his  own,  according  as  caprice  ^'^^'^'^ 
may  direct  him  in  his  choice,  and  it  generally  varies 
every  day  ;  whicli  renders,  as  one  may  fay,  the  inhahi- 
unts  of  the  fame  horde  llrangers  to  eacli  other,  and 
gives  them  a  motley  appearance,  as  if  llicy  were  dreffed 
for  a  mafquerade. 

KORTRIGHT,  a  townflilp  in  Otlego  county, 
Ncw-York  ;    i  22  of  its  inhabitants  are  clcftors. — Mone. 

KRIS,  Indians  inhabiting  the  banks  of  Lake  Chrif- 
tineaux.     They  can  raifc  1,200  w.-irriors. — il. 

KRISHNA  or  Crisna,  is  an  eaftern  river  of  con- 
fiderable  magnitude,  wliich  is  very  little  known  in  Eu- 
rope. Wc  have  the  following  account  of  it.  and  its 
tributary  waters,  and  the  countries  through  which  it 
flows,  in  Mr  Pennant's  View  of  Hindullan  : 

"  From  Gangapatam,  on  the  northern  moutli  of  tlis 
Pennar,  the  land  runs  due  north  as  far  as  MottapiUi, 
when  it  forms  a  ftrong  curve  toward  the  eall  ;  the  point 
of  whicli  is  one  fide  of  the  great  river  Crifna,  in  about 
lat.  15°  43'.  Its  Delta,  which  winds  round  as  far  as 
Mafulipatam,  is  not  confidcrable.  Tliis  river  annually 
ovei  flows  a  vaft  traft  of  country,  like  the  Indus  on  the 
weftern  fide  of  this  einpire,  and  like  all  the  other  great 
rivers  on  tliis  extenfive  coaft.  The  Crifna  rifes  from 
the  foot  of  the  weftern  Ghauts,  and  not  more  than  45 
miles  from  Severndrug,  on  the  weftern  coaft.  There  is 
another  branch  to  tlio  eaft,  that  tifcs  ftill  more  norther- 
ly. On  that  fide  is  Sattara,  a  ftrong  forlrefs,  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Mahratta  ftate  in  the  time  of  the  rajahs  of 
Sivaji's  race.  It  was  taken  by  him  in  1673,  and  found 
to  be  the  depofiloiy  of  immenfe  treafure  ;  at  that  time 
it  belonged  to  the  king  of  Vijapur;  it  was  afterwards 
ufed  by  the  Mahrattas  as  the  lodgment  of  their  riches, 
and  alfo  as  a  retreat  for  the  more  defencelefs  inhabitants 
of  Puna,  and  other  open  towns,  in  time  of  potent  in- 
vafions. 

"  The  river  continues  defcending  to  the  eaft.  In 
latitude  17°  is  Meritch,  a  ftrong  fortrefs,  with  a  Jag- 
hirdar  territory,  conquered  from  its  owner  by  Hyder. 
In  lat.  16°  45',  a  fmall  river  difcliarges  itfelf  into  the 
Crilha  from  the  north.  It  would  not  be  worth  men- 
tioning, but  that  Pannela,  a  fortrefs  of  vaft  ftrength, 
was  made  by  Sumbuji,  the  profligate  fon  of  Sivaji,  liis 
refidence  juil  before  his  furprifai  in  1689,  betrayed  by 
Cablis  Khan,  the  vile  inftrument  of  his  pleafures,  cor- 
rupted by  Aurengzebe.  His  extravagant  love  of  wo- 
men brought  on  him  ruin.  Informed  by  Cablis  that  a 
Hindu  of  rank  and  great  beauty  was  on  the  road  fo  be 
delivered  by  her  parents  to  her  hufband,  according  to 
the  cuftom  of  the  Hindus,  he  inftantly  put  himfelf  at 
the  head  of  a  fmall  body  of  horfe  to  carry  off  the  prize, 
and  ordered  Cablis  to  follow  at  a  diftance  for  his  pro- 
teflion,  in  cafe  of  accidents  in  that  hoftile  time.  The 
traitor  had  given  notice  to  Aurengzebe  of  this  expedi- 
tion, who,  fending  a  body  of  cavalry,  furprifed  Sumbuji 
jufl  as  he  had  difperfed  the  nuptial  procellion. 

"  Into  the  north  fide  of  the  Crilha,  in  lat.  16°  20', 
falls  the  great  river  Bima,  after  a  courfe  of  350  miles.  It 
rifes  at  the  head  of  the  weftern  Ghauts,  parallel  to  Chaul 
in  the  Concan,  and  not  above  50  miles  from  the  fea.  It 
defcends  rapidly  towards  the  fouth-eaft.  In  lat.  17°  40' 
it  receives  a  fmall  river  from  the  well,  on  the  fouthern 

banks 


K     R     I  C     31 

Krinina.  banks  of  which  ftands  Vljapur,  the  capital  of  the  fa- 
^■'^^■^'^^^  itious  kingdom  of  the  fame  name,  now  poifcired  by  the 
Mahrattas,  but  once  governed  by  its  own  monarchs,  till 
conquered  by  Aurengzebe  in  1686.  It  was  of  great 
extent,  and  readied  to  the  weilern  fea,  where  it  polfef- 
fed  the  ports  of  Dabul,  Vingorla,  and  Carapatan. 

"  The  capital  Vijapur  is  fome  leagues  in  circuit,  feat- 
ed  in  a  fine  but  naked  country,  well  watered.  It  makes 
a  fingular  appearance  from  an  adjacent  eminence,  filled 
with  numbers  of  fmall  domes, .and  one  of  a  majellic 
fize.  It  was  once  a  city  of  great  fplendour,  and  filled 
with  palaces,  mofques,  maufoleums,  and  public  and  pri- 
vate buildings  of  great  magnificence  ;  many  of  them  are 
fallen  to  ruin,  and  give  melancholy  prools  of  its  former 
fplendour.  I  (hall  not  attempt  to  detail  them.  The  pa- 
laces of  the  kings,  and  accommodations  tor  their  atten- 
dants, were  within  avail  fort,  furrounded  with  a  ditch 
100  yards  wide;  the  depth  appeared  to  be  great,  but 
is  now  filled  with  rubbllh  :  within  the  Ibrt  is  the  cita- 
del. Tavernisr  fays,  that  the  great  ditch  was  filled 
with  crocodiles,  by  way  of  garrifon,  to  prevent  all  ac- 
cefs  by  water.  Lieutenant  Moor  has  his  doubts  about 
this,  imagining  that  there  never  was  any  water  in  this 
fofs.  That  fuch  garrifons  hare  exided  I  di.ubt  not. 
1  have  read  in  Parchas,  that  in  Pegu  the  fofles  of  for- 
tified places  were  (locked  with  thofe  tremendous  ani- 
mals, not  only  to  keep  out  enemies,  but  to  prevent  de- 
fertion.  This  praflice  has  certainly  been  of  great  anti- 
quity in  fome  parts  of  India :  Pliny  mentions  it  as  ufed 
in  a  fair  city  of  the  Horatx,  a  people  I  cannot  trace. 

"  The  Crifna,  above  and  below  its  conflux  with  the 
Bima,  is  fordable  ;  and  a  few  miles  below  its  channel  is 
600  yarjs  wide,  made  horrid  with  the  number  and 
rudenefi  of  the  varioufly  formed  rocks,  which  are  never 
covered  but  in  the  rainy  feafon. 

"  The  Tungbuddra  is  another  vaft  branch  of  tlie 
Crifna.  It  falls  into  it  in  lat.  16"  25',  and  originates 
extremely  fouth,  from  a  doubtful  fountain.  Towards 
its  lower  part  it  divides  into  three  or  four  fmall 
branches,  which  rife  remote  from  each  other  ;  the  moll 
fouthern  is  the  Curga  N.i'ir's  country  ;  the  mod  north- 
ern from  the  head  of  the  Ghauts  oppolite  to  Onor,  and 
fcarcely  20  miles  from  the  fea.  What  muft  give  this 
river  great  celebrity,  is  its  having  had  on  its  banks,  in 
lat.  15°  22',  the  fplendid  city  ot  Vijanagar.  Ferifhta 
fays,  that  it  was  founded  in  1344  by  Belaldeo  king  of 
the  Cariiatic,  which  in  ihofe  dajs  included  the  whole 
pcninfula.  It  was  vifited  by  Ca;far  Frederick  a  Vene- 
tian traveller,  in  1565,  and  found  deferted  and  ruinous, 
having  been  facked  by  fmir  confederated  Mahomedan 
princes  two  years  before,  on  whicli  its  monarch  had  re- 
tired to  Penuconda.  Frederick  f.iys  that  its  circumfe- 
rence was  24  miles.  Mr  Reniiel  has  given  us  a  view  of 
its  prefent  Hate  from  Lieutenant  Emitt,  who  vifited  it 
in  1792. 

"  The  ruins  of  Vijanagar  are  in  the  little  Sircar  of 
Anagundi,  which  does  not  extend  above  20  miles  a- 
round  this  vaft  city.  It  is  very  fincular,  lli;it  tiiat  little 
Sircar  is  now  pollelfed  by  a  lineal  defceiidant  of  Kama 
Rajah,  the  lall  great  monarch  of  V:janagar,  and  its  at- 
tendant nations  Canarineand  Mil.ibar,  united  700  years 
before  under  the  rule  of  Crifna  Deva.  Tippu  willicd 
to  rcferve  this  little  tract  to  liimlell,  for  tlie  fatiiLution 
of  generoufly  redoring  to  the  defcendant  the  fmall  re- 
lique  of  the  great  empire  of  his  ancellors.     He  is  dc- 

SuppL.  Vol.  II. 


3     ] 


K     U     M 


nied  tlie  title  of  R.(jah,  indead  of  which  he  has  the  di- 
minutive Rail  bedowcd  on  him.  This  is  fuitable  to  his 
revenues,  whicli  do  not  exceed  two  lacs  of  rupees,  or  ^ 
25,000  per  annum,  with  the  empty  regality  of  a  mint 
at  Anagundi."  In  the  remainder  of  its  courfe  the 
Crifna  offers  nothing  remarkable. 

KUARA,  is  a  beautiful  tree,  which  grows  in  the 
fouth  and  fouth-wed  parts  of  Aljyffinia.  With  the 
ebony  it  is  almoft  the  only  wood  of  the  province  of 
Kuara,  of  which  it  bears  the  name;  but  Mr  Bruce  af. 
fures  us,  that  it  is  very  frequent  in  all  the  countries 
where  there  is  gold.  "  It  is  (fays  he)  what  naturalills 
call  a  Carallodendron,  probably  trom  the  colour  of  its 
flowers  or  of  its  fruit,  both  equal  in  colour  to  coral.  It« 
fruit  is  a  red  bean,  with  a  black  fpot  in  the  middle  of 
it,  which  is  inclofed  in  a  round  capfula  or  covering,  of 
a  woody  nature,  very  tough  and  hard.  Tliis  bean  feems 
to  have  been  in  the  earlied  ages  ufed  for  a  weight  of 
gold  among  the  Shangalla,  and,  where  that  metal  is 
tound,  all  over  Africa  ;  and  by  repeated  experiments,  I 
have  found  that,  from  the  time  of  its  being  gathered,  it 
varies  very  little  in  weight,  ,inJ  may  perhaps  i;ave  been 
the  very  bed  choice  that  therefore  could  have  been  made 
between  the  culkcflors  and  buyers  of  gold. 

"  I  have  faid  tiiis  tree  is  called  kuara,  which  fignifies 
the  lun.  The  bean  is  called  carat,  (rom  which  is  de- 
rived the  manner  of  efteeming  gold  as  fo  many  carats 
fine.  From  the  gold  country  in  Africa  it  palled  to  In- 
dia, and  there  came  to  be  the  weight  of  precious  dones, 
efpecially  diamonds ;  fo  that  to  this  day  in  India  we 
hear  it  commonly  fpoken  of  gold  or  diamonds,  that 
they  are  of  fo  many  carats  fine  or  weight.  I  have  feea 
thefe  beans  likewife  from  the  Wed- Indian  iflands. 
They  are  jull  the  fame  ftze,  but,  as  far  as  I  know,  are 
not  yet  applied  to  any  ufe  there." 

This  is  a  very  different  account  of  the  origin  of  the 
term  Carat  from  what  we  have  given  in  the  Encyilo- 
pifdia  ;  but  the  reader  will  judge  for  himfelf  between 
the  two. 

KULSAGE,  or  Sugar  Torxm,  a  little  Cherokee 
town  in  the  vale  of  Keowe. — Morse. 

KUMI,  the  name  of  an  ifland  between  Japan  and 
China,  of  which  Peroufe  writes  in  the  following  terms : 
"  On  the  5th  of  May,  at  one  o'clock  in  the  morning, 
we  made  an  illand,  which  bore  north  north  call  of  us ; 
we  palled  the  red  of  the  night,  ftanding  oft'  and  on,  un- 
der an  eafy  fail,  and  at  day-break  I  fliaped  my  courfe  fo 
as  to  run  along  the  wed  coad  of  this  ifland,  at  the  di- 
llance  of  half  a  league.  We  founded  fevetal  times 
without  finding  bottom.  We  were  foon  fatisfied  that 
this  illand  was  inhabited,  for  we  fi'v  fires  in  fevcral 
places,  and  iicrds  of  oxen  grazing  on  the  lea-lhore. 
When  we  had  doubled  its  wed  point,  which  is  the  moft 
beautiful  and  bell  inhabited  lide,  fevcral  canoes  put  off 
from  the  Ihore  in  order  to  obfcrve  us.  They  fecmed  to 
be  extremely  in  fear  of  us ;  their  curiofity  cau:ed  them 
to  advance  within  mulket  ihut,  and  their  dillrull  made 
ihem  immediately  flee  away  with  fpced.  Our  (houts, 
gedures,  ligns  of  pe.ice,  and  the  fight  of  fome  duffs,  at 
leiigtli  dcitimiiicd  two  of  the  canoes  10  come  alonglide 
of  u-..  I  made  each  of  them  a  prefent  of  a  piece  of 
nankeen  and  fume  nudah.  It  was  cvidmt  that  thefe 
illandcrs  had  not  kit  the  coad  with  any  in'ention  of 
traflicki.  g  with  us,  for  they  had  nothing  to  otfer  in  ex- 
change lor  our  pref:nts ;  they  only  fadcncd  to  a  rope 
R  r  a  bucket 


LAB 


C     3 


Kumi.  a  bucket  ol"  frefh  water,  making  figns  to  us,  tliat  they 
'^'"^''"^^  IHII  thought  themfclvcs  in  our  debt,  but  that  they  were 
going  afhorc  to  fetch  provilioii,  which  they  exprelFed 
by  pii'ting  (licir  liand  into  their  mouth.  Belcrc  ctmiiig 
;iloiigriJe  the  frigate,  they  placed  t'.ieir  hands  upon 
their  bread,  and  railed  their  arms  towards  tlie  iky  : 
thele  geftures  were  repeated  by  us,  and  then  they  re- 
folved  to  come  on  board  ;  but  it  was  with  a  want  of 
confidence,  which  was  Arongly  exprerted  in  their  coun- 
tenance during  the  whdlc  time.  Tliey  nevcrthclefs  in- 
vited us  to  appioach  the  land,  giving  us  to  underhand, 
that  we  Ifiou'd  there  want  tor  nothing.  The(e  iflanders 
are  neither  Jipanefe  nor  Chinefe,  but,  fituate  between 
ihefe  two  empires,  they  feein  to  partake  of  both  people. 
Their  coveiing  was  a  Ihirt  and  a  pair  of  cotton  drawers. 
Their  hair,  tucked  up  on  the  croivn  of  the  head,  was 
rolled  round  a  rcedlc,  wliich  fcemed  to  us  to  be  gold  : 
each  ot  them  had  a  dagner,  the  handle  of  which  was 
gold  alfo.  Their  canoes  were  made  out  of  hollowed 
trees,  and  they  man;)gcd  theni  very  ind'iferently.  I 
could  li.ive  wllhcd  to  land  u|ion  this  iflaud,  but  as  we 
had  brought  the  lliip  to,  in  order  tn  wait  for  tiiel'e  ca- 
noes, and  as  the  current  fet  to  the  noithward  vvth  ex 
treiTie  lapidiiy,  we  had  drifted  a  great  way  to  leeward, 
and  our  eff.'rts  to  reach  it  would  perhaps  have  been  in 
vain  :  belides,  we  had  not  a  moment  to  h'le,  and  it  was 
«if  the  higheft  importance  to  us  to  get  out  of  the  Japan 
i'eas  before  the  month  of  June  ;  a  period  o{  dorms  and 
hurricanes,  which  render  tliele  feas  the  moft  dangerous 
in  the  whole  world. 

"  It  is  clear,  that  veflels  which  might  be  in  want 
would  readily  provide  themfelves  with  pr  ivilion,  wood, 
and  water,  in  this  ifland,  and  perhaps  even  carry  on  a 
little  trade  ;  but  as  it  is  not  more  than  three  or  four 
leagues  in  circumference,  there  is  no  t;rea'  probability 
that  its  population  exceeds  four  or  live  hundred  perfons ; 
and  a  few  gold  needles  are  not  of  themfelves  a  proof  of 


14     ]  LAB 

wealth."  Our  author,  by  obfervation,  found  the  lati- 
tude of  Kumi  to  be  24'*  33'  north;  its  longitude  120" 
56'  call  Irom  Paris. 

KURILES,  are  a  clufter  of  iflands,  of  which  fome 
account  has  been  given  under  the  word  Kuril,  in  the 
Encyclofadia.  In  addition  t<i  iliat  article,  the  follow- 
ing  particulars  are  worthy  of  notice  :  Oi  the  21  dlands 
belonging  to  Ruffia,  which  are  diltinguiihed  fiom  each 
other,  not  by  names,  but  by  numbers,  fur  only  are 
inhabited,  viz.  thofe  which  arc  c.ill.  d  the  firft,  the  fe- 
cond,  the  thirteenth,  and  the  fourteenth.  Tlie  lalf  two 
may  indeed  be  counted  only  as  one,  becaufe  the  inhabi- 
tants all  ptD  the  winctr  upon  N"  14,  and  return  to 
N"  13  to  pafa  the  fummer  months.  The  others  are  en- 
tirely uninhabited,  the  iflanders  only  landing  there  oc- 
cafionally  from  their  canoes  for  the  fake  of  hunting 
foies  and  otters.  Several  of  thefe  lall  mentioned  ifljnds 
are  no  better  than  large  rocks,  and  there  is  not  a  tree 
on  any  one  of  th-jm.  The  currents  are  very  violent  be- 
tween the  ifland s,  particularly  at  the  entrance  of  the 
channels,  ftveral  of  which  are  blocked  up  by  rocks  on 
a  level  with  the  fea.  The  population  of  the  four  inha- 
bited iflnids  anii  unts  at  molt  to  1400  fouls.  The  in- 
habi'aiits  are  very  hair;.,  wear  long  beards,  and  live  en- 
tirely up'n  I'cals,  ti:-ii,  and  the  produce  of  the  chace. 
When  vilired  by  M.  P:roufe  they  lud  juil  been  exemp- 
ted for  ten  years  trotn  the  tiibute  ulually  p.rid  to  Ruf- 
fia, becaufe  the  number  of  otters  on  their  iflands  i.s  very- 
much  dinii..ilhed.  Thefe  poo--  people  are  good,  hofpi- 
table,  and  docile,  and  have  all  embraced  the  Chriftian 
religion.  The  more  fouthern  and  independant  iflanders 
fometimes  paf^  in  canoes  the  channels  that  feparate  them 
from  the  Rulllan  Kuriies,  in  order  to  give  fome  of  the 
comm"ditifs  of  Jip.m  in  exchange  f-r  peltries. 

KYUQUOT,  .,  large  found  or  bay  on  the  N.  W. 
coalt  of  N.  .\inerica,  having  Roberts  Ifl md  on  the  one 
fide.     N.  lat.  50°,  W.  long.  127"  2o'. — Alone. 


L. 


Lab  da  f- 

feba. 


L 


ABDASSEBA,  a  tribe  of  favage  Arabs  who  in- 
habit the  defart  of  S.ihara  in  Africa.  They  are 
the  moft  powerful  of  all  thofe  tiibes  except  the  Ouade- 
lims ;  and  they  refemble  thefe  fo  much  in  every  thinif, 
that  we  (hall  give  an  account  of  the  manners  of  both 
under  the  title  Ouadelims,  and  of  their  country  un- 
der that  of  S.\HARA. 

LABORATORY,  is  an  apparatus  fo  nece/Tiry  to 
the  chemift,  that  every  contrivance  to  render  it  more 
convenient,  or  to  lelfen  the  expence  of  it,  muft  contri- 
bute greatly  to  the  advancement  of  fcience.  The  abi- 
lities of  ]\Iorveaa  alias  Guyton,  and  the  fuccefs  vvi-.h 
■which  he  has  profecuted  the  ftudy  of  chemilfry,  are 
well  known  ;  and  therefore  hi,  different  methods  of 
faving  time  and  expence  in  making  cbeinieal  expert- 
inents  muft  be  worthy  of  the  notice  of  younger  che- 
milh. 

In  the  fecond  volume  of  the  Memoirs  of  the  Ancient 


Academy  of  Dijon,  we  have  a  defcription  by  him  of  a  Labora- 
box  containing  a  kind  of  portable  laboratory,  compofed  ""T'- 
of  a  lamp  with  thiee  wicks,  difp 'fed  in  the  figure  of  an 
equilateral  triangle,  to  form  .in  internal  current  of  air, 
with  fupporti  for  the  different  vcfl'els  of  diuellion,  diftil- 
lation,  evap'-r.ition,  &c.  He  made  a  folution  of  (ilver 
with  common  aciua  lortis  and  the  metal  in  an  alloyed 
(late,  which  anlwered  very  well  as  a  re-agent,  with  lUC 
having  occalion  tor  any  other  utenlils  but  this  bo,\  and 
apothecary's  phiah,  which  are  every  v  here  to  be  found. 
This  apparatus,  however,  was  confined  in  its  applica- 
tion, and  he  loon  thoualit  ot  improving  it.  He  c  in- 
ftrutTed  a  lamp,  on  the  principles  f  A  gand,  with  three 
concentric  circul.ir  wicks,  e.ich  h  iving  an  interior  and 
exterior  current  of  air.  The  efFeifl  furpafTed  his  expec- 
tations with  regard  to  the  intenfry  of  'he  heat  ;  but  it 
wa-.  diflicuk  to  prevent  thedelfnidion  of  the  hard  folder 
round  the  wickj;  and  theglals  retorts  were  frequently 

melted 


LAB 


[     3^5     3 


LAB 


Labora-    melted  at  the  bottom,  and  disfigtired.     It  was  attended 
tory.       ^^.j,^,  (ither  inconveniences,  and  the  quantity  ol  oil  con- 
fumed  was  great. 

A  Ihort  time  afterward?,  it  occurred  to  him  to  fiibfli- 
tute,  inftead  of  tlie  glafs  chTrancy  of  Argand's  lamp,  a 
cylinder  of  copper  wiih  an  Indented  part  or  ledge  a  few 
millimetre'  (lie  Revolution,  Encycl.  n"  183.)  above 
the  flame,  to  perform  the  (■(Hce  of  the  indented  cliimney 
of  gl.ds,  and  by  that  means  to  render  it  pradlicable  to 
raile  the  wiclc  to  a  cerf.iin  height  without  fmoal<ing. 
This  cylinder  lias  three  branches  like  a  chafiingdifh. 
By  this  apparatus  two  ot  three  decilitres  of  water 
(about  half  an  Englilh  vine  pint)  may  be  brought  to 
boil  in  a  copper  cr  glafs  velfel  in  about  fix  or  feven  mi- 
nutes. It  has  ferved  for  a  number  of  operations  ;  but 
it  was  not  till  after  he  had  obierveJ  the  degree  of  heat 
obtained  from  the  lamp  in  its  ordinary  ttate,  and  paiti- 
cularly  (ince  he  had  iubtlituted  Inftead  of  the  metallic 
tube  a  chimney  of  glafs  cut  off  at  the  length  of  thiee 
centimetres  (rather  more  than  cne  Englilh  inch)  above 
the  co'.uraftion,  that  he  perceived  all  the  advantages  it 
was  capable  of  affording  ;  and  that  by  means  of  a  move- 
able fupport  for  the  reception  of  the  diffeient  velfcls, 
which  may  be  fixed  at  ple<fure  by  a  thumb  Icrew,  this 
lamp  furnace,  at  the  fame  time  that  it  gives  light,  and 
confequently  without  any  adJitional  expence,  may  with 
facility  be  ufed  for  almoft  every  one  of  ihe  operations 
ofcheniirtry;  fuch  as  digellions,  folutions,  ciyftalli/a- 
tions,  concentrations ;  the  rcflification  ot  acids ;  difl'lla- 
tion'i  on  the  land-bath,  or  by  tlie  naked  fire  ;  incinera- 
tions of  the  mod  refraiftory  relidues  ;  analyles  with  the 
pncnm  nic  apparatus,  or  ot  minerals  by  the  faline  fufion, 
&c.  "  I  iiave  not  (fays  he)  hitherto  met  with  any  excep- 
tion but  for  complete  vitritications  and  cupellations  j  for 
even  the  diftiUations  to  drynefs  may  be  performed  with 
fome  pr^'ciuiions,  Inch  as  that  of  translcnirg  the  matter 
into  a  fmall  retort  blown  by  the  enamellei's  lamp,  and 
placing  its  bottom  on  a  liiile  fand-bath  in  a  thin  metal- 
lic dilh."  Tlie  fupport  here  mentioned  is  fimply  a  cop- 
per ring  eight  centimetres  (3,15  inch.)  in  diameter, 
which  is  raifed  or  lowered  by  Aiding  on  a  llem  of  the 
fame  met^l.  Nothing  more  was  required  but  to  adapt 
it  to  the  fquare  iron  Item  which  pallet  through  the  re- 
ferviiir  ol  the  lamp.  The  coiineilit  n  is  made  by  a  piece 
of  wood,  in  order  that  lefs  of  the  heat  might  be  difper- 
fcd.  As  the  lamp  itfelf  is  capable  of  be  ng  moved  on 
its  llem,  it  is  eafy  to  bring  it  neater  or  remove  it  at 
pleafure  ft<  m  the  velFels,  which  remain  fixed  ;  a  circum- 
llance  which,  independent  of  the  elevation  or  deprtlliiin 
of  the  wick,  affords  the  means  of  heating  the  retorts  by 
degrees,  of  moderating  or  fupprclling  the  fire  inllantly, 
or  of  maintaining  it  tt>r  fevcial  iioui  s  at  a  conftant  or 
determinate  intenlity,  from  the  aimoll  infenlible  evapo- 
ration of  cryftallizable  folutions  to  the  cbuUitioit  of 
acids  ;  properties  never  polfcffed  by  the  athanor,  of 
which  chemills  have  boalled  f  •  much.  The  advantage 
of  thefe  will  be  properly  valued  by  thofe  operators  who 
know  that  the  molt  experienced  and  the  moll  ;utcn(ive 
chtmifls  meet  with  fiequent  accidents,  by  which  botii 
their  velfels  and  the  prodinSs  of  their  operations  are 
loft  for  want  of  power  in  the  m;:nagcment  of  the  fire." 
For  the  analyfis  of  Hones,  fuoh  as  the  ctyllals  of  tin, 
the  Ihortencd  chimney  of  glafs  is  to  be  nIeJ  ;  and  the 
procefs  is  to  be  begun  by  phiring  the  mixture  in  a  cap- 
fule  of  platina  or  lilver  2\  imhes  in  diameter.     This 


capfule  is  to  be  placed  on  the  fupport,  and  tlie  heat  re-  Lafcnra- 
gulatcd  in  fuch  a  manner,  that  ebullition  Ihall  take  place  '"H- 
without  throwing  any  portion  of  the  matter  out  of  the  '~'~*'"^ 
vefl'el.  As  foon  as  its  contents  are  perfeflly  dry,  they 
are  to  be  transferred  into  a  very  thin  crucible  of  platina, 
of  which  the  weight  is  about  252:-  grains  Englilh,  and 
its  diameter  one  incli  and  three  fourths.  This  crucible 
reds  on  a  fmall  fupport  of  iron-wire,  which  ferves  to 
contraa  the  ring  ;  and  the  wick  being  at  its  greatcll 
elevation,  with  the  ring  lowered  to  the  diftance  of  (jj- 
inches  from  the  upper  rim  of  the  chimney,  Guyton  pro- 
duced, in  lefs  than  twenty  minute;,  tlie  faline  fufio-.j 
to  fucii  a  degree,  that  from  the  commencement  of  the 
operation  the  decompofition  pioceeded  as  far  as  to  0.70 
of  the  mineral.  Tlie  fame  apparatus,  that  is  to  fay, 
with  the  iliottened  chimney,  ferves  for  oxidation?,  in- 
cinerations, torrefaflions,  and  dillillations  to  drynefs. 

In  fuch  operations  as  require  a  lefs  heat,  he  leaves 
the  lamp  with  its  large  chimney  abfolutely  in  the  fime 
flate  as  when  it  is  ufed  for  illumination  ;  and  by  raifi  g 
and  lowering  ciiher  the  ring  which  fiippoits  the  vclfcl, 
or  the  body  oi  the  lamp  if  the  velfels  be  fixed  in 
communication  with  otlicrs,  he  graduates  the  heat  at 
pleafure.  Vinegar  dillils  witiiout  interruption  at  2-j- 
inches  Englilh  from  the  upper  termination  of  the  chim- 
ney, that  is  to  fay,  7i  inthes  Englilh  from  the  fianie. 
Water  is  made  to  boil  in  eight  minutes,  at  tlie  lame 
height,  in  a  glafs  veflel  containing  one  wine  pint  Englilh, 
and  is  uniformly  maintained  at  the  dillance  of  Sy  inches 
from  the  fiame. 

"  I  mult  not  in  this  place  (fays  our  author)  omit  to 
mention  a  flight  obfeivation  which  thib  procefs  has  af- 
lorded,  becaufi:  it  may  lead  to  ufelul  applications,  and 
tends  to  point  out  one  great  advantage  of  this  method 
of  operating  ;  namely,  that  an  infinity  of  circumllinces 
may  be  perceived,  which  might  not  even  be  I'lfpe^'ted 
when  the  whole  procefs  is  carried  on  within  a  furnace. 
I  have  remarked,  .is  did  iikewil'e  feveral  oi  my  colleagues 
who  were  then  piefent,  that  a  column  of  bub'Ies  con- 
ftantly  role  from  a  fixed  point  of  the  retort  on  one  fide 
ot  the  bottom.  We  were  of  opinion,  that  fome  parti- 
cle ot  niattier  was  in  that  place  incorporated  with  the 
glafs,  whicli  had  a  different  capacity  for  heat  from  that 
ot  the  relt  of  the  glifs.  In  order  to  verify  this  conjec- 
ture, I  endeavoured  the  lollowing  day  to  diilil  the  fame 
quantity  of  the  I'arae  water  in  the  fame  letcrt,  alter  hav- 
ing introduced  a  button  of  cupelled  filver,  weigiiing 
nine  decigrammes   (2Cf  grains).     At  the  commence-  , 

mentct  the  operation  there  was  a  fmall  llream  of  bub- 
bles from  the  fame  point  as  before  ;  but  a  fli  nt  time  af- 
terwards, and  duiing  tlie  whole  remaining  time  of'  ope- 
rating, the  largcll  and  moll  incellant  flreain  oi  bub'oles 
rofe  from  the  circumference  of  the  button,  which  was 
often  difplaced  by  tlie  motion  ;  and  in  proportion  to  the 
time  the  produ^  of  the  dillillation  was  feiifibly  greater. 
Whence  we  may  conclude,  that  metallic  wires  or  rods, 
dillnliutcd  tlirough  a  niafs  of  water  reipiired  in  be  kept 
inTi  (late  of  ebuUition,  and  placed  a  httle  below  its  fiir- 
f.ice,  would  produce,  witiiout  any  greater  cxpcnce  of 
fuel,  nearly  the  fame  cffe<5l  as  thofe  cylinders  filled  «ith 
ignited  matter  which  arc  ni.ide  to  pal's  througli  the 
boilers." 

We  have  related  tills  (.iSi  in  Guyton's  own  words, 

or  at  Icall  in  a  faithful  tranllation  of  them  ;  and  wc  are 

far  from  calling  it  in  quellion,  for  it  ii  a  {'aSL  which  has 

R  r  2  beci» 


LAB 


C    316    ] 


LAC 


been  often  obferved ;  but  we  think  his  inference  from 
it  too  hilllly  drawn.     It  is  not  conceivable  tliat  lieat 
can  be  more  rapidly  conveyed  through  a  mafs  of  liquid 
by  the  condufling  power  of  metal,  than  by  a  free  circu- 
lation ;  but  we  agree  with  what  feems  to  be  Mr  Nichol- 
•  7»uf-M,',    fon'5  opinion*,  that  ihe  thin  flratum  of  water  beneath 
Auguft        the  butmn  becomes  more  fuddeiily  and  violently  clallic 
^79^1  than  elfewhere,  and  therefore  rifes  regularly  to  the  fur- 

note,  [-aje  f^f.g  'j^'j^^.  vvhole  of  this  phenomenon  the  reader  will 
find  explained  in  f.ur  article  Steam  {£ruyi:l.),  n°  10. 
But  this  is  a  digrtfli'n. 

We  reiuin  therefore  to  Guyt^n's  laboratory,  of 
wh'cb  the  reader  will  form  a  dilliudl  notion  frcm  pi  ile 
XXXIH  wl.eie  fij^.  1.  reprefents  the  whole  appiraius 
ready  nnunted  tor  dillilhition,  with  the  tube  ol  Ihfety 
and  a  pneumatic  receiver.  A  is  the  body  or  rcfervoir 
of  the  ulual  lamp  of  Argand,  with  its  fhade  and  glafs 
chimney.  The  1  imp  may  be  railed  or  lowered  at  plea- 
fure  by  n)eans  of  the  tliumb  iciew  B,  and  the  wick  rifes 
and  falls  by  the  motion  of  the  finall  toothed  wheel  pla- 
ced over  the  wafte  cup.  This  conftruiflion  is  moft  conve- 
nient, becau(e  it  affords  the  facility  of  altering  the  pofi- 
tion  (if  the  flame  with  regard  to  the  veHels,  which  remain 
fixed;  and  ihe  troublef.me  manacement  ot  bended  wires 
above  the  flame  fi^r  the  lupport  of  the  veirds  is  avoided, 
at  the  fame  lime  that  the  fl.me  icfelt  can  be  brought  near- 
er to  the  matter  on  which  it  is  intended  to  aft.  D,  a 
fupport  confiiling  of  a  round  ftem  ot  brafs,  formed  ot 
two  pieces  which  fcrew  together  at  about  two-thirds  of 
its  height.  Upon  this  the  circular  ring  E,  the  arm  F, 
and  the  nut  G  Aide,  and  are  fiiable  each  by  its  relpcftive 
thumb-fcrew.  The  arm  alio  carries  a  moveable  piece 
H,  which  ferves  to  fufpend  the  vellels  in  a  convenient 
lituation,  or  to  fccuie  their  pufition.  The  vvhole  fup- 
port is  attached  to  the  fquare  iron  Hem  of  the  lamp  by 
a  piece  of  hard  wood  I,  which  may  be  fixed  at  any  re- 
ijuired  fituation  by  its  fcrew.  K  reprefents  a  ftand  for 
the  receivers.  Its  moveable  tablet  L  is  fixed  at  any  re- 
quired elevation  by  the  wooden  fcrew  M.  The  piece 
which  foims  the  foot  ol  this  lland  is  fixed  on  the  board 
N  ;  but  its  relative  pufition  with  regard  to  the  lamp  may 
be  changed  by  flld:ng  the  foot  of  the  latter  between  the 
pieces  00.  P,  another  It.ind  for  the  pneumatic  trough. 
It  is  raifed  or  lowered,  and  fixed  to  its  place,  by  a 
llrong  wooden  fcrew,  Q^  R  is  a  tube  of  fafety,  or  re- 
verfed  i'yphon,  which  feives,  in  a  great  meafure,  to  pre- 
vent the  bad  effeifts  of  having  the  veli'els  either  pertedly 
clofcd,  or  perfectly  open.  Suppofe  the  upper  bcll-lliaped 
vefiel  to  be  nearly  of  the  fame  magnitude  as  the  bulb  at 
the  lower  end  of  the  tube,  and  thai  a  quantity  of  wa- 
ter, or  other  fuitable  fluid,  fomewhat  lefa  than  the  con- 
tents of  that  vefTel,  be  poured  into  the  apparatus:  In 
this  fituation,  if  the  elallicity  ot  the  contents  of  the  vef- 
lels  be  lefs  than  that  of  the  external  air,  the  fluid  will 
defcend  into  the  bulb,  and  aimofpheric  air  will  lollow 
and  pafs  through  the  fluid  into  the  velfels :  but,  on  the 
contrary,  if  the  elafl  icily  of  the  contents  be  greater,  the 
fluid  will  be  either  luftained  in  the  tube,  or  driven  into 
the  bell  Ihaped  veifcl ;  and  if  the  force  be  (Irong  enough, 
the  gufeous  matter  will  pafs  through  the  fluid,  and  in 
part  efcape. 

Fig.  2.  Shews  the  lamp  furnace  diipofed  to  produce 
the  faline  fulion  ;  the  chimney  of  glais  lliorlened  ;  the 
fupport  D  turned  down  ;  the  capfule  of  platiua  or  Hlver 
S  placed  on  the  ring  very  near  the  flame. 


Lacflii 


Fig.  3.  The  fame   part  of  the  apparatus,  in  which,  Librador, 
inllead  of  the  capfule,  a  very  thin  and  fmall  cruciMe  of 
platina  T  is  fubltituted,  and  relh  upon  a  triangle  of  iron 
wire  placed  on  the  ring. 

Fig.  4.  Exhibits  the  plan  of  this  laft  difpofilion. 

LABRADOR,  a  large  lake  wlii^h  by  its  numerous 
branches  forms  a  water  communicaii  n  lhrou/;h  great 
part  of  the  ifl  md  of  Cape  Breton.  In  fome  maps  it  is 
called  Si  Pe-ei'i  Like. — Mor  e. 

LACERTA,  in  allrcnoniy.  See  Astronoi«iy,  n" 
406.  Ertcycl. 

LACHAWANNOCK,  a  mountain  in  the  noith- 
weltern  part  ot  Penniylv.iuia. — Alunc. 

Lac HAWANNocK,  a  townlhip  in  Luzerne  county, 
Peniilylvania. — ib. 

LACK,  a  townfliip  in  Mifflin  county,  Pennfyl- 
vania. — //•. 

LACMUS,  a  dye  (luff  prepared  by  the  Dutch  from 
the  Lichen  rocella,  which  fee  in  this  Supj^lemtnt. 

LA  COLE,  a  river  which  falls  into  lake  Chaniplain 
from  the  W.  5  miles  S.  S.  W.  of  Nut-lQand,  after  a 
Ihort  courl'e. — Morse. 

LACOMIC,  a  fmall  creek  which  empties  through 
the  wert  bank  of  Alleghany  river,  in  Pennfylvania, 
oppofite  Licking  Creek,  a  fhort  diftance  below  fort 
Frankiin. — ib. 

L/V.CSHA,  the  Indian  name  of  the  lac  infeft,  which 
has  been  defcribed  in  the  F.ncyilopaclia  under  the  title 
Coccus,  Species  5.  Since  that  article  was  publifhed, 
a  defcription  of  that  infeft,  which  is  more  to  be  depend- 
ed upon,  has  been  given  to  the  world  in  thefecond  vo- 
lume of  the  Allatic  Refearches.  It  is  by  Mr  Rox- 
burgh, furgeon  on  the  Madras  eflablifhment,  and  was 
communicated  to  the  Society  by  Dr  James  Anderfon 
phyiician  at  Fort  St  George,  who  oblerves,  tliat  Mr 
Roxburgh's  difcovery  will  bring  the  laclha  as  a  genus 
into  the  clafs  IJemiptera  of  Linnseus. 

"  Some  pieces  of  very  frefli-looking  lac  (fays  Mr 
Roxburgh)  adhering  to  fmall  branches  of  mimofa  ci- 
nerea,  were  bri  ught  me  from  the  mountains  on  the  20th 
of  November  1789.  I  kept  them  carefully,  imd  to- 
day, the  4th  of  December,  fourteen  days  from  ihe  time 
they  came  iri^m  the  hills,  myriads  of  exceedingly  minute 
animals  were  obi'erved  creeping  about  the  lac  and 
branches  it  adhered  to,  and  more  llill  ilfuing  from  fmall 
holes  over  the  furface  of  the  cells :  other  fmall  and  per- 
forated excrefcences  were  obferved  with  a  glafs  amorgft 
the  perforations,  from  which  the  minute  inle<5ls  if- 
fued,  regularly  two  to  each  hole,  and  crowned  wiih 
fome  very  fine  white  hairs.  When  the  hairs  wei  e  rubbed 
off,  two  white  fpots  appeared.  Tiie  animals,  when  fingle, 
ran  about  pretty  brifkly,  but  in  general  they  were  fo 
numerous  as  to  be  crowded  over  one  another.  The 
body  is  oblong,  tapering  moll  towards  the  tail,  below 
plain,  above  convex,  with  a  double,  or  flat  margin  :  la- 
terally on  the  back  part  of  the  thorax  are  two  fmall  tu- 
bercles, which  may  be  the  eyes :  the  body  behind  the 
thorax  is  crofTed  with  twelve  rin-s  :  legs  fix  ;  feelers 
(antenna)  half  the  length  of  the  body,  jointed,  hairy, 
each  ending  in  two  hairs  as  long  as  the  antenm :  rump, 
a  while  point  between  two  terminal  hairs,  which  are 
as  long  as  the  body  of  the  animal.  The  mouth  I  could 
not  fee.  On  opening  the  cells,  the  fubftance  that  they 
were  formed  of  cannot  be  better  defcribed,  with  refpeft 
10  appearance,  than  by  faying  it  is  like  the  tranfparent 

amber 


4 

y 


LAC  C     31 

Lacfha.  amber  that  beads  are  made  of :  the  external  covering  of 
"^"'^^^  the  cells  may  be  about  half  a  line  thick,  is  remarkably 
rtrong,  and  able  to  refilt  injuries:  tiie  partitions  are 
much  thinner :  the  cells  are  in  general  irregular  i'quarcs, 
pentagons  and  hexagons,  about  an  eighth  ot  an  inch  in 
diameter,  and  one  quarter  deep  :  they  have  no  commu- 
nication with  eacii  other.  All  thole  I  opened  during 
the  time  the  .inimals  were  ifTuing,  contained  in  one  half, 
a  finall  bag  filled  with  a  thick  red  jelly-like  liquor,  re- 
plete uitli  what  I  take  to  be  e?gs :  ihefe  bags,  or  utri- 
culi,  adhere  to  the  bottom  of  the  cells,  and  have  each 
twii  necks,  which  paf»  through  perforations  in  tlie  ex- 
ternal coat  of  the  cclK,  forming  the  tore  mentioned  ex- 
crefcence^,  and  ending  in  fome  very  fine  hairs.  The 
otiier  hilf  of  the  cells  have  a  dillnift  opening,  and  con- 
tain a  white  fubllance,  like  fome  few  tilaments  of  cotton 
rolled  together,  and  numbers  of  the  inlefts  themfelves 
ready  to  make  their  ex  t.  Several  of  the  fime  infeds 
1  obferved  to  have  drawn  up  their  legs,  and  to  lie  fl  it : 
they  did  not  move  on  being  touched,  nnr  did  they  ihew 
any  figns  of  life  with  the  greatell  irritation. 

"  December  5.  The  fame  minute  hexapedes  continue 
ilTuing  from  their  cells  in  numbers  :  they  are  more  live- 
ly, ot  a  deepened  red  colour,  and  fewer  ot  the  motion- 
lets  Ibrt.  To-day  1  fiiw  the  moulh  :  it  is  a  flattened 
point  about  the  middle  of  the  breaft,  which  the  little 
animal  projects  on  being  compreifed. 

"  December  6.  The  male  inl'eifls  1  have  found  to-day ; 
a  few  of  them  are  conftantly  running  ami'ng  the  females 
mnft  adively  :  as  yet  they  arefcaice  more,  I  imagine, 
than  one  to  5000  female  ,  but  twice  their  lize.  The 
liead  is  obtufe  ;  eyesbbik,  very  large  ;  antenna;  clava- 
ted,  feathered,  about  |ds  the  length  of  the  body  :  below 
t!ie  middle  an  articulation,  fucli  as  thole  in  the  legs: 
colour  between  the  eyes  a  beautiful  fhining  green  :  neck 
.  very  lliort :  body  oval,  brown:  abdomen  oblong,  the 
length  of  body  and  head  :  legs  fix  :  wings  membranace- 
ous, four,  longer  than  the  body,  fixed  to  the  fides  of 
the  tliorax,  narrow  at  their  infertions,  growing  broader 
for  yds  of  their  length,  then  rounded  ;  the  anterior  pair 
is  twice  the  fize  of  the  pollerior  :  a  llri  ng  fibre  runs 
along  their  anterior  margins:  they  lie  H,it,  like  the 
vings  of  a  common  fly  when  it  walks  or  relh  :  no  hairs 
from  the  rump:  it  fprings  moil  aflively  to  a  confider- 
able  dillance  on  being  touched  :  inouih  in  the  under 
part  of  the  head  :  maxilix  tranfveife.  To-day  the  fe- 
male inllcls  continue  ifluing  in  great  numbers,  and  move 
about  IS  on  tlie  4th. 

"  December  7.  The  fmall  red  infeds  flill  more  nu- 
merous, and  move  about  as  before  :  winded  infcifls.  Hill 
very  few,  continue  acti\  e.  There  have  b.'en  frefh  leaves 
and  bits  of  ihe  branches  ot  botli  Alimofa  Cinerea  and 
Coriiida  put  into  the  wide  mouthed  bottle  with  them: 
they  walk  over  them  indifferently,  without  (hewing  any 
preference,  or  intlin.itioii  to  wo.k  or  copulat:.  I  open- 
ed a  lell  whence  I  thought  the  winced  flies  had  come, 
and  found  levcral,  eij;ht  or  ten,  more  in  it,  Itruggliiig  to 
fhake  olf  their  incnmbiances  :  they  were  in  one  i.f  thofe 
titriciili  mentioned  on  the  4th,  which  ends  in  two 
mouths,  (hut  up  with  fine  white  hairs  but  one  of  them 
was  I'pen  tor  tlie  exit  of  the  flies  ;  the  oiher  would  no 
doubt  hive  opened  in  due  time  :  this  utriculus  I  found 
now  perl'i-ifHy  drv,  and  divided  into  cells  by  exceeding 
thin  partitions.  I  imagine,  before  any  of  the  flie>  made 
their  efcape,  it  might  have  contained  about  tweuiy.  In 


7    ] 


LAM 


thefe  minute  cells  with  the  living  flies,  or  whence  they 
had  made  their  efcape,  were  fmall  dry  dark  coloured 
compreifed  grains,  which  may  be  the  dried  excrements 
of  the  fltes." 

LADIES  IJland,  a  fmaU  ifland  of  S.  Carolina,  near 
Port- Royal. — Morse. 

LAGOON,  one  of  the  new  difcovered  iflands  in 
the  South  Sea.  Captain  Cook  vifited  it  in  17C9.  S. 
lat.  18"  47',  W.  long,  from  Greenwich  139°  28'.— /i. 

LAGUNA,  a  town  of  Peru,  (kuated  on  Amazon 
river,  S.  E.  of  the  town  of  B  .tja. — lb. 

LA  GUAYRA,  a  mariiime  fortified  town  in  Ca- 
raccas,  a  province  of  Terra  Firma.  This  town,  and 
Puerto  Caoeli  are  the  chief  in  the  province. — ib. 

LAM  ANON  (Robert  Paul),  of  the  academy  at 
Turin,  crrefpondent  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at 
Paris,  and  member  of  the  Mufeum  in  the  fame  city,  was 
born  at  Salon  in  Provence,  in  1752,  of  an  old  and  re- 
fpeftable  family.  Being  ayoungei  fon,  he  was  dedined 
for  the  church,  and  fent  to  Paris  to  complete  his  theo- 
logical  (ludics ;  but  getting  acquainted  with  the  pliilo- 
fophers  (as  they  called  themfelves),  he  foon  lo(t  all  relifti 
for  the  fludy  of  theology,  and  devoted  himfelf  to  the 
phyfical  fciences,  efpeci.ihy  thole  of  cliemiftry  and  mi- 
neralogy. Into  the  church,  however,  he  got,  and  rofe 
to  the  dignity  of  canon  ;  but  by  the  death  of  his  father 
and  elder  brother,  having  acquired  the  right  of  direiling 
his  own  future  exertions,  he  halfened  to  quit  a  profei- 
fion,  towards  which  he  felt  no  pjrliality. 

A  prelate,  then  in  high  favour  at  court,  hearing  of 
Lamanon's  intention  oi  quitting  his  olhce  of  canon,  of- 
fered him  a  confidcrab'e  fiim,  to  induce  him  to  refign  in 
favour  of  one  of  his  dependents.  The  chapter  of  Aries, 
replied  our  young  eccleliaftic,  did  not  fell  me  my  bene- 
fice, I  (hall  therefcie  relfore  it  in  the  fame  manner  that 
I  received  it.  This  conduft  was  certainly  meritorious ; 
and  his  eulogift  Fonce  mentions  another  trait  of  his  cha- 
rader,  which  lets  him  in  a  very  amiable  point  of  view  ; 
he  refufed  to  accept  ot  his  paternal  inheritance,  other- 
wife  than  as  an  equal  iharer  with  hia  brothers  and  fillers. 

Thus  liberated  from  the  trammels  of  liis  former  pro- 
felTioUiLamanon  applied  himfelf  with  uncommon  ardour 
to  (ludy.  Eager  to  raife  the  awful  veil  that  conceal* 
from  our  eyes  the  fecrets  of  nature  ;  perfuaded,  that 
even  the  gieateft  genius  only  amules  itfclf  with  falfe 
fyllems  in  the  filence  of  a  cabinet  ;  convinced  of  the  ne- 
ceflaty  of  much  and  various  obf;rvatioii,  and  of  furpri- 
fing  Nature,  as  it  were,  in  the  very  faifl,  in  order  to  pe- 
netrate  into  thefublimity  of  her  operations ; — our  young 
philofopher  travelled  throogh  Provence  and  Dauphine, 
and  fcaled  the  Alps  and  Pyrenees.  At  the  fight  cf 
thefe  vail  natural  laboratories  the  bent  of  his  mind  burft 
fonh  inliant.ineoufly  :  he  climbed  to  the  fuinmit  of 
rocks,  and  explored  the  abyfs  ot  caverns,  weighed  the 
air,  an.ih  fed  fpecime  is,  and,  \.\  his  ardent  fancy,  havin» 
attained  the  feciets  of  creation,  he  formed  a  new  fyllem 
cf  the  world.  On  his  return  home,  he  appl  ed  « iih  ad- 
ditional interell  to  the  lludy  of  nieieorolo^),  mineralo- 
gy, natural  philofophy,  and  the  other  br:inc!ieb  of  the 
h'llciry  of  na  ure. 

Wliiifl  he  was  mo»iitating  a  vifit  to  Paris  for  the  pur- 
pofe,  ,is  h's  eulogill  exprclfe'  hmfelf,  of  converfing  with 
the  luHiinaries  of  fcicnce,  the  inhabitants  of  the  com- 
mune of  Sal  on,  having  loll  a  caufe  againi^  their  lord, 
unanimouily  tlci-^eJ  Luinanon,  with  whofe  integrity  and 

abilities 


LAM 


C    318    J 


LAM 


I^amanoH.  abilities  tliey  were  well  acquainted,  to  go  and  folicit  of 
^~''~^~^'^  llie  council  the  repeal  of  an  unjult  deciee  tiiat  had  been 
obtained  by  partiality.  The  reply  of  the  young  philo- 
fopher  on  this  occilun  is  an  additional  proof  of  his  un- 
common difintcrefteJiiefi.  '•  As  I  intend  (faid  he)  to 
go  to  Parii  on  bufinefs  of  my  own,  I  cannot  think  of 
accepting  your  oiler  of  24  livres  daily  pay  :  a  twelfth 
of  this  film  will  cover  the  extraorJinai  y  expences  oi  the 
journeys  that  I  (hall  be  obliged  to  make  10  Verf.iilles  on 
your  account."  He  had  the  fatisfaftion  of  complete 
fuccefs  in  the  bufinels  thus  undertaken. 

Havlnt;  fatisfied  his  curiofity  in  Paris,  he  went  over 
to  England.  During  the  pali'age,  though  much  incom- 
moded by  fea-t'icknefs,  and  in  imminent  hazard  of  being 
overwhelmed  by  the  tumbling  waves  of  a  very  llormy 
lea,  he  cauied  himfelf  to  be  tied  to  the  main-malt,  in 
order  to  contemplate  at  leifuie  fo  giund  and  tearful  a 
fpeaacle.  The  burfts  of  thunder,  the  howling  of  the 
wind,  the  brilliancy  of  the  lightning,  the  glancing  of 
the  fpray  which  covered  him  every  moment,  thefe  ob- 
jects, fo  terrible  to  an  ordinary  man,  threw  him  into  a 
kind  of  mental  intoxication,  and  he  has  often  declared, 
that  this  day  was  the  moll  exqnifite  of  his  whole  life. 

Convinced  that  the  friendlliip  cf  an  eminent  man  ele- 
vates the  foul,  excites  generous  emulation,  and  becomes 
an  additional  Itimulus  to  one  whole  delight  is  lludy,  and 
whofe  moll  prelling  want  is  an  objeft  on  which  to  place 
his  affeaion,  L.unanon  anxioufly  endeavoured  to  meiit 
the  regard  ot  Condorcet,  fo  well  known  by  his  talents, 
his  impieties,  his  rebellion,  and  his  misfortunes.  This 
academician,  julUy  confidering  that  an  apollate  priefl 
would  be  ready  to  join  the  conlpiracy  of  the  philolo- 
phills  Hgainfl;  the  altar  and  the  throne,  received  Lama- 
non  with  diftindion,  and  at  length  admitted  him  to  his 
mod  intimate  frienJfnip. 

During  the  three  fuccelfive  years  that  L^manon  fpent 
at  Palis,  he  follovfed  with  care  the  track  of  ihofe  learn- 
ed focieties,  of  which  he  had  been  elefled  a  member. 
He  became  at  this  period,  fgether  with  Count  de  Ge- 
belin,  and  iome  other  phdofopheis  and  artills,  one  ot 
the  founders  of  the  Mufeum,  the  greater  part  of  the 
members  of  which  are  now  reunited  m  the  open  fociety 
of  fciences,  letters,  and  arts,  at  Paris.  Among  the  dit- 
fercnt  papers  of  his  that  wereiead  at  various  meetings 
of  thefe  focieties.  Ponce  mentions  with  particular  ap- 
probation what  he  calls  a  notice  of  Adam  de  Crapone, 
an  eminent  hydiaulic  engineei  ;  a  memjir  on  the  Cre- 
tins ;  a  memoir  on  the  theory  of  the  winds ;  a  trealile 
on  the  alteration  in  ^he  courfe  of  rivers,  particularly  the 
Rh  ine  ;  and  anotlier  on  an  enormous  bone  belonging 
to  fonie  cetacei.us  filh,  that  was  dug  up  at  Paris  in  lay- 
ine  the  fomidations  of  a  houfe  in  the  rue  Dauphinc. 
We  have  not  feen  thefe  memoirs ;  but  as  their  author 
was  the  friend  of  Condorcet,  and  fancied  that  he  had 
attained  the  fecrets  of  creation,  we  can  eafily  conceive 
their  tendency. 

Having  refolvsd  again  to  revifit  Switzerland  and 
Italy,  Limanon  firft  went  to  Turin,  where  he  allied 
himlelf  to  the  learned  of  that  country.  During  his  ftay 
there,  the  brilliant  novelty  difcovered  by  Montgolfier 
was  occu[)ying  the  attention  of  all  the  philofophers  of 
Europe.  Lamanor,  defirous  of  making  Iome  experi- 
ments of  this  kind  himfelf,  afcended  in  a  balloon  from 
the  city  of  Turin  ;  but  not  perceiving  in  this  difcovery, 
which  had  at  fiift.  highly  interelled  him,  an  object  of 


public  utility  ;  not  forefeeing,  tlut  one  day,  on  tlie  I-amanan. 
plains  of  FlwUius,  it  would  be  the  caufe  of  rallying  and  ^-^"^''*-' 
tllablilhing  viaory  under  the  (landards  of  France,  he 
utiiined  to  his  lavouiitc  cccupatirns.  Purfuiiig  his 
rou;e  fioni  Pitdmont,  he  vifned  Italy,  and  returned  by 
Switzeilaiid,  where  he  explored  the  Alps  and  afcended 
the  fumniit  (  f  Mont  Blanc  :  thence  returning,  loadcn 
with  the  fpoils  ot  the  countries  wliich  he  had  traverfed, 
to  Provence,  he  employed  himiislf  in  the  arrangement 
ot  the  interclling  fruits  of  his  journviy. 

Of  tl.e  fcrupulous  cxaflnefs  or  hi)  obfervations,  his 
eulogiit  gives  tire  tollowing  inllance.  "  Being  con- 
vinced that  the  plain  of  Craa,  divided  by  the  channel 
of  the  Durance,  had  tormcrly  been  a  lake,  he  wilhed  to 
be  abfolutcly  allured  of  it.  For  this  purpufe  he  col- 
leded  a  Ipccimtn  of  each  of  the  (lones  that  are  to  be 
found  in  this  valt  plain  ;  the  number  of  thefe  he  found 
to  amount  to  ninetesn  ;  then  tracing  the  courfe  of  the 
river  towards  its  head,  near  the  frontiers  of  Savoy,  hs 
obferved,  that  above  each  junaion  of  the  tributary 
Itreams  with  the  Durance,  the  variety  of  pebbles  dimi- 
nilhed.  Afterwards  afcending  the  current  ot  each  of  thefe 
fmaller  llrcams,  he  difcovered  on  their  banks  the  origi- 
nal rock  of  every  pebble  that  overfpreads  the  plain  of 
Crau  ;  thus  inconteftably  proving,  that  this  plain  was 
anciently  a  lake  tornied  by  the  waters  of  the  Durance, 
and  the  llrcams  that  fall  into  it.  If  all  philofophers  (fays 
our  author)  would  condua  their  essminations  with 
equal  precillon,  certain  hypotheles,  more  brilliant  thaix 
folid,  would  not  find  fo  many  admirers ;  the  charm  of 
imagination,  and  the  graces  ot  (lyle,  would  notfo  often 
encroach  upon  the  imprefcriptible  rights  of  nature  and 
truth." 

To  citizen  Ponce  this  appears  a  domonllration  of 
Lamanon's  theory  ;  but  we  cannot  fay  that  it  does  fo 
to  us.  It  may  be  a  kind  of  proof,  though  not  a  demon- 
flration,  that  in  feme  convullion  of  nature,  llones  had 
been  rolled  from  the  rock,  and  the  plain  of  Crau,  for  a 
time,  overflowed  by  the  Durance  ;  but  it  furely  furnifhes 
no  evidence  ot  that  plain's  having  ever  been  a  permanent 
lake.  It  may  have  been  fo  ;  l)ut  fuch  invedigati.ns  as 
this  will  not  guard  philofophers  agamfl  the  delulions  of 
favour  te  hypotiiefes. 

It  was  ai  the  time  when  Lamanon  was  preparing  for 
the  prefs  his  great  work   on  the  Jheory   of  the  Earth, 
that  the  French  government  conceived  the  vafl  prnjeft 
of  completing  the  dilcoveries  of  Captain  Cook  :  the  aca- 
demy of  Iciences  was  entnifted  with  'he  care  of  leleft- 
ing  men  capable  ot  reaitying  our  ni  lions  of  the  fr  utlurn 
hemifphere,  of  improving  hydrography,  and  advancing 
the  progrels  of  natural  hiftoiy.     Condorcet,  not  know- 
ing any  one  better  qualified  for  this  laft  department 
than  Lamanon,  wrote  to  him  an  invitation  to  fhare  the 
danger  and  gl  >ry  of  this  great  enterprize.     He  accept- 
ed with   eager  tranfport  a  propnfal  that  fulrtiled  his 
higheft  expeaations,  haftened  to  Paris,  refuleil  in  a  con- 
ference with   the  miniller  the   falary  tha'  was  offered, 
took  a  h.ifty  leave  of  his  friends,  and  departed  for  Bred. 
On  the  III   of  AuKud    1785,   the   armament  fet  fail 
under  the  orders  of  La  Peroufe,  an  experienced  com- 
mander, whole  patriotifm  and  fcientific  ze.il  were  equal 
to  his  courage  and  g  lod  fenfe,  and  who  had  already 
merited  the  public  confidence.    The  philofophers  of  all 
Europe  were  in  expeaation  of  tiiofe  ufeful  dilcoveries, 
the  probable  fruit  of  the  zeal  and  talents  employed  iii 

the 


LAM 


C     3^9    ] 


LAM 


Lamanoa,    the    expedition.      The  beginning  of   llie  voyage  was 
II  piofpcrous.     After  various  Jcl.iys,  and  a  multitude  of 

v^^v-^W  "bletv.i'ioMS,  the  two  veifels  arrived  at  the  ifltnd  of 
Maonna,  one  of  the  fouthern  Afchipehgo.  The  inn- 
pa. ient  Latnan^n,  eager  to  alfure  himrelt  of  ihe  truth 
of  tli<;  publilhed  accounts  of  that  counrry,  debarked 
with  Lai.gle,  tlie  lecoiid  in  command.  At  ihe  m<  ment 
cf  their  leiurn,  the  natives,  in  hopes  <  f  bi  oiy,  whch 
had  been  exciied  by  the  number  of  prefentb  thai  they 
had  received,  fei/ed  uptm  the  boats,  and  attacked  the 
party.  The  French  were  obhged  to  have  recourfi  to 
arms  for  felf-deilnce,  and  a  defperaie  combat  enCued. 
Liinanon,  Lantle,  md  ten  of  the  two  boats  ctews,  fell 
a  f.icrifice  to  the  fury  oi  thefe  barbarians. 

Thub  periflied  Laraanon,  a  young  man  ardent  in  the 
purfuits  of  Icience,  to  a  high  degree  dilintereRed,  and  a 
zealot  in  what  he  thoughi  ihe  caufe  of  liberty.  He  re- 
fufed  the  falary  which  was  allotted  to  him  wt.en  he  was 
appointed  to  this  uufoituiute  expedition  ;  for  "  if  I  do 
not  feci  fatisficd  (fdid  he)  on  boaid  ihe  veffel ;  if  my  in- 
clination orcuriofity  lead  me  to  qtiit  the  (hip, — I  fhould 
be  unhappy  if  any  power  in  the  world  had  acquired  the 
right  of  preventing  me." 

.•\ccordinj;  to  M.  Ponce,  Lamanon  feemed  born  to 
bring  about  a  i evolution  in  fcience:  the  depth  ot  his 
ideas,  the  energy  of  his  chaiiotar,  the  fagacityofhis 
mind,  united  to  that  lively  curiofity  that  can  draw  in- 
ftiuifli(>n  out  of  any  thing,  and  leaves  nothing  unexplo- 
red, would  have  led  him  to  the  moll  vahi.ible  difco- 
veries.  In  perlon  he  was  tall ;  and  to  great  vivacity  and 
exprellion  of  feature  added  prodigious  llrength  and  ac- 
tivity ;  in  a  word,  Nature  formed  him  with  fuch  care,  as 
if  (he  had  intended  him  for  one  ot  thofe  few  who  are 
dellined  to  great  exploits.  His  Ityle  was  nervous,  often 
poetical,  without  Uiling  light  of  piopriety,  and  the  lan- 
guage of  fentinient  rnigh;  frequ-.ntly  be  dilcovered  in 
die  m:dll  of  ftrong  and  Unking  exprefll  ns  ;  and  if  he 
wanted  the  exquilitely  dazzling  pohlh  of  duflion,  he  w.^s 
eminently  gifted  with  the  prccifi  n  of  logic^-.l  reafoning, 
which  command^  atlenti   ii  and  enforces  perfuafion. 

LA  MOELLE,  a  large  river  m  the  N.  W.  ptrt  of 
Vermont.  I's  general  conrfe  is  weftetly  :  after  running 
about  75  miles,  and  receiving  14  leffer  ftr^ains,  it  falls 
into  Lake  Cliamplain  at  Colchcfter,  5  mile*  north  of 
the  rnuuth  of  Onion  river,  and  is  of  about  the  fame 
magnitude. — Morse. 

LAMBAYECH.IE,  a  t'  wn  on  the  road  fr'^m  Gua- 
yaquil to  Lmia  in  Peru,  four  leagues  from  M  irr ope. 
It  coiuifts  of  about  1,500  houfes.  built  irf  dilLreni  ma- 
terials, but  in  general  of  bajareques  or  unburnt  bricks. 
The  meaneft  of  the  houfcs  are  the  habitations  of  the 
Indians,  which  conlill  ent'rcly  of  canes  The  luutibcr 
of  its  inhabitants  amounts  to  ab  ve  30,000,  foire  of 
whom  aie  opulent  ;  but  the  generality  are  poor  Spani- 
ard ,  Mu'.ittoes  Melti/.-ie-,  and  Indians.  It  has  a 
laige  and  elegant  llone  church.  Ir  iv  the  tefKience  of 
a  corregidor,  having  under  his  jurifdiiflion,  bofides 
many  other  towns-,  that  of  M  irrop^-.  One  •  f  the  two 
officcis  o:  the  ravtnue  appointed  for  Truxdl",  alio  re- 
fides  h-ie.  S.  lit.  6°  41'  37",  W.  long.  76"  i  j'.— /*. 
LAMP  (fee  Encycl  is  an  inlbument  comprifing 
three  article-  whicli  Jem.ind  our  a'tention,  r;i.  the  oil, 
the  wick,  and  the  lup;>ly  'fair.  I'  is  required  that  the 
oil  fli:  iild  I  e  readil>  inflamm-iblc,  wi;h  ut  cont.iining 
any  fetid  lubllantc  whith  m.iy  prove  ctfenlive,  or  muci- 


lage, or  other  matter,  to  cbflrudl  the  channels  of  the  Lamp. 
wick.  Mr  Nichoifon  lays,*  that  he  knows  (.f  no  procefs  V^^^!^ 
by  which  oils  can  be  meliorated  for  this  purpofe,  except  vol.  i. 
that  of  wafhing  with  water  containing  acid  or  alkali,  n"  s. 
Either  of  thefe  is  faid  to  render  the  rnucilagc  of  animal 
oils  more  folnble  in  water  ;  but  acid  is  to  be  preferred, 
b.caufe  it  is  lefs  difpnfed  to  combine  witii  the  oil  itfelf. 
Perhaps  oil  might  be  deprived  of  all  fetid  fmell  in  burn- 
ing, by  being  made  to  pafs  through  Collier's  hltering  ap- 
paratus, defcribed  under  the  v/ord  Filtf.r  in  this  Su/>/)/. 
The  ofTice  of  the  wick  appears  to  be  chieHy,  if  not 
folely,  to  convey  the  oil  by  capillary  attradion  to  the 
place  of  combultion.  As  the  oil  is  conRimed  anil  flies 
off,  other  oil  fucceeds,  and  in  this  way  a  continued  cur- 
rent  of  oil  and  maintenance  of  the  fl.ime  are  ellefled. 
But  as  the  wicks  of  lamps  are  commonly  formed  of 
combullible  matter,  it  appears  to  be  of  fbme  conlVquence 
what  the  nature  and  (lrii(fture  of  this  material  mny  !>;. 
It  is  certain  that  the  flame  affirded  by  a  wick  of  rulh 
differs  very  conlideraWy  from  that  afforded  by  cotton  ; 
though  perhaps  this  difference  may,  in  a  great  mealure, 
depend  on  the  relative  dimenfions  of  each.  And  if  we 
may  judge  from  the  different  odour  in  blowing  out  a 
cmdle  of  each  fort,  there  is  fome  reafon  to  fufpecl  that 
the  decompofition  of  the  oil  is  not  effcifted  ptecifely  in 
the  lame  manner  in  each.  We  have  alio  fbme  obfcure 
accounts  of  prepared  wicks  for  lamp«,  which  are  Hated 
to  poffefs  the  property  ot  facilitating  the  combul^ii'n  of 
very  imp rre  oils,  fo  that  they  lliall  burn  for  many  hours 
without  fmoke  or  fmell. 

The  economical  wicks  of  M.  Leger,  concerning 
which  a  report  was  prefented  to  the  Ac.idemv  at  P.iris 
in  1782  by  Condorcet,  Livifier,  and  De  Milly,  i' ere 
comp  ifed  of  cotton  of  difr--ient  fizes  and  firms,  iiamtly, 
round  and  flat,  according  to  the  ufe  tliey  were  intended 
to  ferve.  They  were  covered  w'r.h  a  t.'.t  fubllance,  cf 
a  fmell  not  difagreeable,  but  feebly  aromatic.  From 
the  trials  of  thefe  commiifaries  it  w.is  af  ert.iined  :  i. 
That  they  aflbrded  a  clearer  flame,  with  lefs  undulation. 
2  That  they  confumed  fonieuhat  Icfs  oil ;  and,  3.  That 
they  polfelfed  the  remark.ible  pr  ipcrry  of  affording 
neither  fmell  nor  fmoke,  however  common  the  oil  made 
ufe  of.  When  uling  a  lamp  with  a  flat  wick,  we  have 
ourfelves  found  a  piece  of  clean  cotton  ft'  eking  anfwer 
the  pui  pofe  better  than  the  cotton  wicks  which  are  fold 
in  the  (hops. 

Tlie  accefs  of  air  is  of  the  laft  importance  in  every 
procefs  of  combullion.  When  a  lamp  is  fitted  up  with 
a  very  llendcr  wick,  the  flame  is  Imall,  and  of  a  brilliant 
white  C'lour  :  it  the  wick  be  larger,  the  combullion  is 
lefs  perlefl,  and  the  tlaiiie  is  brown  :  a  ftill  lari;er  wick 
not  only  exhilnts  a  brown  flame,  but  the  lower  intern.il 
part  appears  dark,  and  is  occupied  by  a  portion  of  vo- 
latililed  matter,  which  does  not  become  ignited  until  it 
has  alcended  towards  the  point.  When  the  wick  is 
either  very  large  or  very  long,  part  of  this  m.itter  efcapes 
combuftioi),  and  fhcws  itielf  in  the  form  of  cnal  or 
fmnke.  The  difTereiit  intenfity  of  the  ignition  rrf  flame, 
according  to  the  greater  or  Itfsfupi  ly  of  air,  is  remark- 
ably (een  by  placing  a  lamp  with  a  fmall  wick  beiicatij 
a  fhade  of  14 hit's  not  perleflly  doled  below,  and  mote  or 
lei's  covered  above.  While  the  current  of  air  through 
the  glafs  Ihadc  is  perfei5lly  Iree,  tiie  flame  is  uhite;  but 
in  proportion  as  the  aperture  above  is  diminilhetl,  the 
flame  becomes  biowo,  long,  wavcting,  and  I'moky  ;  it 

iiidamly 


LAM  [32 

Lamp,  inftanily  recovers  its  original  wliitcnefs  when  the  open- 
"""""''"^  ing  is  again  enlarged.  TLc  inconvenience  of  a  thiclc 
wicii  has  been  long  fince  oblerved,  and  attempts  made 
to  remove  it ;  in  i'ome  inllances,  by  fubftituting  a  number 
of  fmall  wicks  inllead  of  a  larger  ;  and  in  others,  by  ma- 
king the  wick  flat  inftead  of  cylindrical.  The  moll  fcien- 
liiic  improvement  of  this  kind,lliough  perhapslefs  fimple 
than  tlie  ordinary  purpcfes  of  life  demand,  is  the  well 
known  lamp  of  Argand,  defcribed  in  the  Encyclopedia. 

Much  has  been  faid  of  this  lamp,  and  great  praife 
lavithcd  on  the  inventor.  It  cannot  indeed  be  denied 
that  it  was  a  very  pretty  invention,  nor  have  we  the 
fligiitell  wilh  to  dctradl  from  the  merit  of  M.  Argand  ; 
but  truth  compels  us  to  fay,  tiiat  the  fame  thouglu  had 
occurred  to  otliers  as  early  as  to  liim,  and  that  lamps 
had  been  conllru>!led  on  his  principles  long  before  he 
had  pubhllieJ  an  account  of  his  lamp  to  the  world  (  a  ). 

M.iny  ingenious  men  have  endeavoured  to  determine 
the  moll  economical  method  of  lighting  up  large  halls 
and  workhoufcs  by  means  of  different  lamps  and  can- 
dles ;  and  when  the  expence  of  tallow  and  oil  is  con- 
fidered,  it  will  be  admitted  that  they  could  not  employ 
their  time  in  a  manner  more  beneficial  to  the  poor  and 
the  indullrious.  Among  others.  Count  Rumford  and 
M.  Hallcnfratz  have  turned  their  attention  to  this  fub- 
jed  ;  and  the  refults  of  their  inveftigations  are  woithy 
of  notice.  To  the  Count,  a  method  occurred  for  mea- 
faring  the  relative  quantilies  of  light  emitted  by  lamps 
of  different  conlliuflinns,  which  is  at  once  fimple  and 
accurate.     It  is  as  follows  : 

Let  the  two  burning  lamps,  or  other  lights  to  be 
compaied,  be  called  A  and  B ;  and  let  them  be  placed 
at  equal  heights  upon  two  light  tables,  or  moveable 
(lands,  in  a  darkened  room  ;  let  a  (heet  of  clean  white 
paper  be  equilly  fpiead  out,  and  faftened  upon  the 
wainfcot,  or  fide  of  the  room,  at  the  fame  height  from 
the  floor  as  the  lights  ;  and  let  the  light;,  be  placed  over- 
againft  this  Iheet  of  paper,  at  the  dillance  of  fu  or  eight 
ieet  from  it,  and  fix  or  eight  feet  from  each  other,  in 
I'uch  a  manner,  that  a  line  drawn  from  the  centre  of  the 
paper,  perpendicular  to  its  furface,  Ihall  bifeft  the  angle 
formed  by  lines  drawn  from  the  lights  to  that  centre  ; 
hi  whicli  cafe,  confiJering  the  iheet  of  paper  as  a  plane 
Ipeculum,  the  one  light  will  be  precifely  in  the  line  of 
reflection  of  the  otlier. 

This  may  be  eafily  performed,  by  adlually  laying  a 
piece  of  a  looking-glafs,  fix  or  eight  inches  fquare,  flat 
upon  the  paper,  in  the  middle  of  it;  and  obferving, 
by  means  of  it,  the  real  lines  of  reflexion  of  the  lights 
from  that  plane,  removing  it  afterwards,  as  foon  as  the 
lights  are  properly  arranged.  When  this  is  done,  a 
fmall  cylinder  of  wood,  about  ^th  of  an  inch  in  diame- 
ter, and  fix  inches  long,  muft  be  held  in  a  vertical  po- 
fition,  about  two  or  three  inches  before  the  centre  of  the 
fheet  of  paper,  and  in  fuch  a  manner,  that  the  two 
Ihadows  of  the  cylinder,  currefponding  to  the  two  lights, 
may  be  dillinftly  feen  upon  the  paper. 

If  thefe  Ihadows  (liould  be  found  to  be  of  unequal 
denfities,  which  w  ill  almoft  always  be  the  cafe,  then  that 
light  whofe  correfponding  fhadow  is  the  d-nlell  mufl 
be  removed  farther  off,  or  the  other  mull;  be  brought 
nearer  to  the  paper,  till  the  denfities  of  the  fliadows  ap- 


o     ]  LAM 

pear  to  be  exactly  equal ;  or,  in  other  words,  till  the 
denfities  of  the  rays  from  the  two  lights  are  equal  at  the  ^ 
furface  of  the  paper ;  when,  the  dillances  of  the  lights 
trom  the  centre  of  tlie  paper  being  meafured,  the 
fquares  of  thofe  diftanccs  will  be  to  each  other  as  the 
real  intenlities  of  the  lights  in  queftion  at  their  fourccs. 

If,  for  example,  the  we.tker  light  being  placed  at  the 
dillance  of  lour  feet  from  the  certie  of  the  paper,  it 
ihould  be  found  neceffary,  in  order  that  the  Ihadows 
may  be  of  the  fame  denfity,  to  remove  the  ftronger  light 
to  the  dillance  of  eight  feet  from  that  centre,  in  that 
cafe,  tlie  real  intenlity  of  tiic  flronger  light  will  be  to 
that  of  the  weaker  as  8'  to  4* ;  or  as  64  to  16  ;  or  4  to 
I  :  and  fo  for  any  other  dillances. 

It  is  well  known,  that  when  any  quality  proceeds 
from  a  centre  in  llr.iight  lines  in  all  direiilions,  like  the 
light  emitted  by  a  luminous  body,  its  intenfity  at  any 
given  dillance  from  that  centre  will  be  as  the  liquate  of 
that  dillance  inverfely  ;  and  hence  it  is  clear,  that  the 
imenfities  of  the  lights  in  quellion,  at  their  fources, 
muft  be  to  each  other  as  the  fquares  of  their  dillances 
from  that  given  point  where  thiir  rays  uniting  are  found 
to  be  of  equal  derjhy.  For,  putting  x  z=  the  intenfity 
of  D,  if  P  reprefents  the  point  where  the  rays  from  A 
and  from  D  meeting  are  found  to  be  of  equal  denfity  or 
llrength,  and  if  the  dillance  of  A  from  P  be  =  m,  and. 
the  dillance  of  B  from  the  fame  point  P  =  n;  then,  as 

the  intenfity  of  the  light  of  A  at  P  is  =  — -,  and  the  in- 

m 

tenfity  of  the  light  of  B  at  the  fame  place  =r  -v,  and 

as  it  is  -^  =  -4"  by  the  fuppofiiion,  it  will  be  .v  :  v  :  : 
HI"       n 

»i'  :  n' . 

That  the  fnadows  being  of  equal  denfity  at  any  given 
point,  the  imenfities  of  the  illuminating  rays  muft  of 
necelVity  be  equal  at  that  point  alio,  is  hence  evident, 
that  the  total  abfence  of  light  being  perfe(S  blacknefs, 
and  the  fliadow  correfponding  to  one  of  the  lights  in 
queftion  being  deeper  or  fainter,  according  as  it  is  more 
or  lefs  enlightened  by  the  other,  when  the  Ihadows  are 
equal,  the  imenfities  of  the  illuminating  rays  muft  be 
equal  likewife. 

In  removing  the  lights,  in  order  to  biing  the  fliadows 
to  be  of  the  fame  denfity,  care  mull  be  taken  to  recede 
from,  or  advance  towards,  the  centre  of  the  paper  in  a 
ftraight  line,  fo  that  the  one  light  may  always  be  found 
exaflly  in  the  line  of  refledion  of  the  other;  otherwifs 
the  rays  from  the  different  lighrs  falling  upon  the  paper, 
and  confequently  upon  the  fliadows,  at  different  angle.s, 
will  render  the  experiment  fallacious. 

When  the  intenfity  of  one  ftrong  light  is  compared 
with  the  intenfities  of  feveral  fmaller  lights  taken  toge- 
ther, the  fmaller  lights  (hould  be  placed  in  a  line  per- 
pendicular to  a  line  drawn  to  the  centre  of  the  paper, 
and  as  near  to  each  other  as  poffible  ;  and  it  is  likewife 
necelfary  to  place  them  at  a  greater  diflance  from  the 
paper  than  when  only  fingle  lights  are  compared. 

In  all  cafes,  it  is  abfolutely  neceffary  to  take  the 
greateft  care  that  the  lights  compared  be  properly  trim- 
med, and  that  they  burn  clear  and  equally,  otherwife 

the 


X-amp. 


(a)  One  of  thefe  was  employed  in  the  college  of  Glafgow,  by  tlie  ledurer  on  chemiftry,  fo  long  ago  as  1766. 


LAM 


[    321     ] 


LAM 


Lamp. 


Of  the  re- 
lative quan- 
tities of  oil 
confumed, 
and  of  light 
emitted,  by 
an  Ar- 
gaiid's 
lamp,  and 
by  a  lamp 
on  the  com- 
mon con- 
tlruSion, 
with  a  ri- 
band 
vick. 


the  refults  of  the  experiments  will  be  extremely  irregular 
and  inconclufive.  It  is  aftonifhin-j  what  a  diflcrence 
there  ii  in  the  quantities  of  light  emitted  by  the  fame 
candle,  when  it  burns  with  its  greateR  brilliancy,  and 
when  it  has  grown  dim  for  want  of  fnuffing.  But  as 
this  diminution  of  light  is  progreffive,  and  as  the  eye 
infenlibly  conforms  to  the  quantity  of  light  aftually  pre- 
fent,  it  is  not  always  taken  notice  of  by  the  fpedtators  ; 
it  is  iieverthelcfs  very  confideraMe,  in  facl,  as  will  be 
apparent  to  any  one  who  will  take  the  trouble  to  make 
the  experiment ;  and  fo  great  is  the  flu(5hiation  in  the 
quantity  of  light  emitted  by  burning  bodies,  lamps,  or 
candles,  in  all  cafes,  even  under  the  mod  favourable  cir- 
cumftances,  that  this  is  the  lource  of  the  greatell  difii- 
ci^lties  which  our  author  met  with  in  determining  the 
relative  intenfities  of  lights  by  the  method  here  pro- 
pofcd. 

To  afcertain  by  this  method  the  comparative  denfi- 
ties,  or  intenlitijs,  of  the  light  of  the  moon  and  of  that 
of  a  candle,  the  moon's  direft  rays  muft  be  received  up- 
on a  plane  white  furface,  at  an  angle  of  incidence  of 
about  60°,  and  the  candle  placed  in  the  line  of  the  re- 
fledlion  of  the  moon's  rays  from  this  furface  ;  when  the 
fliadows  of  ihe  cylinder,  correfponding  to  the  moon's 
light  and  to  that  of  the  candle,  being  brouglit  to  be  of 
equal  denlty,  by  removing  the  candle  farther  off,  or 
bringing  it  nearer  to  the  centre  ot  the  white  plane,  as 
the  occalion  may  require,  the  intenfity  of  the  moon's 
light  will  be  equal  to  that  of  the  caudle  at  the  givtn 
dtjlance  of  the  candU  from  ihe  plane. 

To  al'certain  the  intenfity  of  the  light  of  the  heavens, 
by  day  or  by  night,  this  light  mull  be  let  into  a  darken- 
ed room  through  a  long  tube  blackened  on  tlie  infide, 
when  its  intenlity  may  be  compared  with  that  of  a 
candle  or  larr.p  by  the  method  above  delcrihcd. 

The  Count,  however,  has  contrived  an  apparatus  for 
afcertiiiiiing  the  intenfity  of  the  fim's  light,  compared 
with  the  light  emitted  by  an  artificial  illuminator,  with 
much  greater  accuracy  than  it  can  be  done  by  this  fim- 
ple  meiiiod.  That  apparauis  we  (hall  defcribe  under 
the  title  Photometer  in  this  Supplement ;  and  in  the 
mean  time  we  proceed  to  lay  before  our  readers  the  re- 
fults of  his  experiments  as  they  relate  to  economy  in  the 
produi5lion  of  artificial  light. 

The  brilliancy  of  Argand's  lamp  is  not  only  unrival- 
led, but  the  invention  is  in  thehighell  degree  ingenious, 
and  the  inftrument  ufeful  for  many  purpofes ;  but  ftill, 
to  judge  of  its  leal  merits,  as  an  illuminator,  it  was  ne- 
celi'ary  to  know  whether  it  gives  more  light  than  another 
lamp  in  proportion  to  the  oil  conf timed.  This  point  he  de- 
termined in  the  K  Uowing  manner  : 

Having  placed  an  Argand's  lamp,  well  trimmed,  and 
burning  with  its  gre-.te(l  brilliancy,  before  hXs photomettr, 
and  over  againft  it  a  very  excellent  common  limp,  with 
a  riband  wick  about  an  inch  wide,  and  which  burnt 
with  a  clear,  bright  Hame,  without  the  lealt  appe.rance 
of  fniike,  he  found  the  intenfities  of  the  light  emitted 
by  the  two  lamps  to  be  to  eacli  other  as  I7y56  to 
9063  ;  the  denfiiies  of  the  (hadows  being  equal  when, 
the  Argcind's  being  placed  at  the  dillance  of  1  34  inches, 
the  common  lamp  was  placed  at  thf  dillance  ot  95,2 
inches,  from  the  field  of  tl'e  photometer. 

Both  lamps  having  been  very  exadly  weighed  when 
tliey  were  lighted,  they  were  n^^w  (without  being  re- 
moved from  their  plaecs  b.:fore  tiie  photometer)  caufed 

SuPPL.  Vol.  II. 


to  burn  with  the  fame  brilliancy  jull  30  minute? ;  they     I-amp. 
were  then  extinguilhed  and  weighed   again,  and  were  '-""v^*-' 
f.iund   to  have  confumed  of  til,  the  Argand's  lamp 
V»Vf'   ■^^'^  'he  common  lamp  -y'tVY'   of  a  Bavarian 
pound. 

Now,  as  the  quantity  of  light  produced  by  the  Ar- 
gaud's  lamj),  in  this  experiment,  i(  to  the  quantity  pro- 
duced by  the  common  lamp  as  17956  to  9063,  or  ■*% 
187  to  100,  while  the  quantity  of  oil  confumed  by  tlij 
former  is  to  that  confumed  by  the  latter  only  in  ihe 
ratio  of  253  to  163,  or  as  155  to  too,  it  ib  cTident  that 
the  quantity  of  light  produced  by  the  combuftion  of  a 
given  quantity  of  oil  in  an  Argand's  lamp  is  greater  than 
that  produced  by  burning  the  fame  quantity  in  a  com- 
mon lamp,  in  the  ratio  of  187  to  155,  <^r  as  ico  to  85. 

The  faving,  therefore,  of  oil  which  aiifes  from  ma- 
king ufe  of  an  Ar^^and's  lamp  inllead  of  a  common 
lamp,  in  the  produdion  of  light,  is  evident ;  and  it  ap- 
pears, from  this  expel inient,  that  that  faving  cannoc 
amount  to  lefs  than  fifteen /(f/-  cent.  How  far  the  ad- 
vantage of  thik  faving  may,  under  certain  circumliances, 
be  counterbalanced  by  inconveniences  that  may  attend 
the  making  ufe  of  this  improved  lamp,  our  author  does 
not  pretend  to  determine. 

The  Count  made  a  confiderab-e  number  ofeiperi-         i 
ments  to  determine  the  relative  quantities  ^f  light  emit-  Of  the  re- 
ted  by  an  Argand's  lamp  and  a  common  wa>:  candle;  '^'ivequan- 
and  the  general  refult  of  them  is,  that  a  common  Ar-  [.'"."  °^ ., 
gaud's  lamp,  burning   witji   its  ufual  brightnef;,  gives  ,eVl>y"an' 
about  as  much  liglit  as  nine  good  wax-candles  ;  bu't  the  Argand's 
fizcs  and  qualities  ot  candles   are  lb  various,  and  the  lamp  and 
light  produced  by  the  fame  candle  fo  fluctuating,  that*'?  a  corn- 
it  is  very  difiicult  to  afcertain,  with  any  kind  ot  preci- '"""!,*" 
r  u    .  ]  1    •  .  1   > .    1     candle, 

lion,  what  a  common  wax-candle  is,  or  Iiow  much  light 

it  ought  to  give.  He  once  found  that  his  Argand's 
lamp,  when  it  was  burning  with  its  greatell  brilliancy, 
gave  twelve  times  as  much  light  as  a  good  wax  candle 
3-ths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  but  never  more. 

To  determine  to  what  the  ordinary  variations  in  the         3 
quantity  of  light  emitted  by  a  common    wax-candle  ^^'^'^''"'^' 
might  amount,  he  took  luch  a  candle,  and,  ligliting  it,  |J^fj""|'t'''^ 
placed  it  before  the  photometer,  and  over  againit  it  an  emitted  by 
Aigand's  lamp,  whicli  was  burning  «i;h  a  very  Heady  candles. 
Hame  ;  and  meafuring  the  intenlity  of  tlie  light  emitted 
by  the  candle  from  time  to  time,  during  an  hour,  the 
candle  being  occalionally  finilTed  when  it  appeared  to 
ftand  in  need  ot  it,  its  light  was  found  to  vary  liom  100 
to  about  60.     The  light  ol  a  wax-candle  of  an  interior 
quality  was  Hill  more  unequal ;  but  even  this  was  buc 
trilling,  compared  to  the  ii.cqualllies  of  the  light  ot  a 
tallow-candle. 

An  ordinary  tallow  candle,  of  rather  an  inferior  qua- 
lity, having   been  jult  fnulFed,  and   burning   with  its 
greatclt  brilliancy,  its  light  was  as  100;  in  eleven  mi- 
nutes it  was  but  39  ;  alter  eight  miiiutei  more  huJ 
elapfed,  its  light  was  reduced  to  23  ;  and  in  ten  minutes  Of  the  re- 
more,  or  twenty-n'uc  minutes  after  it  h  id  been  hit  iniifl-  lativcciiun- 
ed,  its  light  was  reduced  to  1^1.     I'pin  being  again '"'"  "'^ 
fiuitfed,  it  recovered  its  original  brilliancy,  100.  bce*-wji, 

Inorder  to  afcertain  the  rcla.ive  qiiaiiiitics  of  bees    i-  .  "'1 
wax  and   of  olive-.il   coniumed,  in  Uic  produdion  ofraiie-oil* 
light,  the  Cniiu  prrceeded  in  the  following  mar.ncr  :  an.llin- 
Vlaving  provided  an  end  ol   a  wax  candle  of  the  bell  feid-oil, 
quality,  ,68  of  an   inch   in   diameter,  and  about  lour '^""'^""'^"'' 
inches  in  length,  aiul  a  lamp  with  five  fniall  wicks,  wliich  julf.ou  ^^ 
S  s  he  liaht. 


LAM  [3 

Lamp.  lie  ImJ  found  upon  tiial  to  give  the  f^me  quantity  of 
^'~^'~''*^  llglit  as  the  canJle,  he  wciglisd  very  exactly  the  cmJle 
and  the  limp  tilltd  with  cil,  and  then,  placinj^  them  at 
equal  dill  incci  (lorty  inches)  beioie  the  held  of  the  pho- 
tometer, lie  lighted  ihcm  both  at  the  fame  lirac  ;  and, 
altLr  li  ivinj5  canfcd  tlitin  to  burn  with  prcciuly  the 
lame  d;£;tte  of  hrighlnels  jiijl  cm  cowpU-tf  hour,  he  ex- 
tiiiguiihed  them  both,  and,  weighing  them  a  fecond 
tinic,  he  found  that  100  parts  of  wax  and  izgpaitsot 
oil  had  been  confiiined. 

H:nce  it  appears,  that  the  confumption  of  bees  wax 
is  to  the  coiiluiiiption  of  olive-oil,  in  the  produftion  of 
the  fime  given  quantity  ot  light,  as  icoik  to  \2<.j. 

Ill  this  esperiiiieiit  no  cii  cumllance  was  ncgleftcd  that 
could  tend  to  renJer  the  rcfult  of  it  conchilive;  care 
was  taken  to  fnufi' the  candle  very  often  with  a  pair  ot 
Iharp  fcilfais,  in  order  to  make  it  burn  conftantly  with 
the  fame  degree  of  brilliancy  ;  and  the  light  of  the  lamp 
was,  during  the  whole  time,  kept  in  the  moft  exaft 
equilibrium  with  the  light  of  the  candle,  which  was 
cafdy  dene  by  occafionally  drawing  out,  a  little  more 
or  Icfb,  one  or  more  of  its  live  equal  wicks,  Thefe 
wicks,  which  were  placed  in  a  right  line,  perpendicular 
to  a  line  drawn  from  tlie  middle  wick  to  the  middle  of 
the  field  of  the  photonieier,  were  about  -iV'''  "*  •'"  '"'^'^ 
in  diameter  eacli,  and  ^th  I't  an  inch  from  each  other  ; 
and,  when  they  were  lighted,  their  flames  united  into 
one  broad,  thin,  and  very  clear,  white  flame,  without 
the  leaft  appearance  of  fnioke. 

In  order  to  al'certain  the  relative  confumption  of  olive- 
cil  and  rap:  oil,  in  the  production  ot  light,  two  lamps, 
like  that  jull  defcnbed,  were  made  ufe  of;  and,  the  ex- 
ptiimen:  being  made  with  all  poflible  caie,  the  con- 
I'umpuon  of  olive-oil  appeared  to  be  to  that  nt  rape-oil, 
in  the  produ6ion  of  the  lame  quantity  of  light,  as  129 
is  to  125. 

The  experiment  being  ai'^terwards  repeated  with  ollve- 
cil  and  very  pure  linfeed-oil,  the  confumption  of  olive- 
cil  appeared  to  be  to  that  ot  linfeed  r.il  as  i  29  to  1  20. 

The  experiment  being  twice  made  with  olive-oil  and 
with  A  tallow-candle  ;  once  when  the  candle,  by  being 
often  fnuffed,  was  made  to  burn  conltantly  with  the 
grea'.ell  pollible  brilliancy,  and  once  when  it  was  fuffer- 
ed  to  burn  the  whole  time  with  a  very  dim  light,  owing 
to  the  want  of  fnufling  ;  the  relults  of  thefe  experiments 
were  very  remarkable. 

When  the  candle  burnt  with  a  clear,  bright  flame, 
the  confumption  of  the  olive-oil  was  to  the  conlumption 
of  tlie  tallow  as  129  is  to  101  ;  but  when  the  candle 
burnt  with  a  dim  light,  the  conlumption  of  the  oliveoil 
was  to  the  confumption  of  the  tallow  as  129  is  to  229. 
So  that  it  apjieared,  from  this  lad  experiment,  that  the 
tallow,  inllead  of  being  nearly  as  produflive  of  light  in 
its  combuhion  as  bees  wax,  as  it  appeared  to  be  when 
the  candle  was  kept  conllantly  well  fnuffed,  was  now, 
when  the  candle  wa'-  fuffired  to  burn  with  a  dim  light, 
by  far  lefs  fo  than  oil. 

But  this  is  not  all  ;  what  is  dill  more  extraordinary 
is,  that  the  very  fame  candle,  burning  with  a  long  wick, 
and  a  dim  light,  actually  confumed  more  tal'.ow  than 
when,  being  properly  fnuffed,  it  burnt  with  a  clear, 
bright  flame,  and  gave  near  three  times  as  much  li^hl. 

To  be  enabled  to  judge  of  the  relative  quantities  of 
light  aftualiy  produced  by  the  candle  in  the  two  experi- 
ment:, it  \\ill  fuffice  to  know,  that  in  order  to  counter- 


22     ]  LAM 

balance  this  light  at  the  field  of  the  f'hotomcUr,  it  re- 
quired, in  the  former  experiment,  the  confumption  of  ' 
141  parts,  but  in  tlie  latter  tmly  the  confumption  of  64 
parts,  of  olive-oil.  But  in  the  toimer  experiment  i  10, 
and  in  thelatter  1 14,  parti  of  tallow  weieaiftually  found 
to  be  confumed.  Thelc  parts  were  8i92ths  of  a  Bava- 
rian pound. 

From  the  refults  of  all  the  foregoinj;  experiments,  it 
appears  that  the  relative  expcnce  <f  the  tindermention- 
cd  iutlamrnable  fubllances,  in  the  produdion  of  light,  ii 
as  follows : 


Lamp. 


Equal  Parts 
in  Weight. 
Bees  wax.    A  good   wax-candle,    kept  well 
fnuffed,    and  burning   with  a 
clear,    bright  flame,     ...       too 
Tallow.    A   good  tallow  candle,    kept  well 
fnuffed,    and  burning  with  a 

bright  flanic, loi 

The  fame   tallow-candle,    burning 

very  dim  f<..r  want  of  fnufling,      229 
Oliveoil.  Burnt  in  an  Argand  s  lamp,     .     .       110 
The  fame  burnt  in  a  common  lamp, 
with    a    clear,    bright    flame, 

without  fmoke, 129 

Rape-oil.  Burnt  in  the  lame  manner,        .      .       125 
Liufeed-oil.     Llkewife    burnt    in    the    fame 

manner, 120 

With  the  foregoing  table,  and  the  prices  current  of 
the  therein  mentioned  article;,  the  relative  prices  of  light 
produced  by  thofe  different  materials  may  very  readily 
be  computed. 

In  the  year  1795,  Mr  J.  H.  HafTenfratz  was  em- 
ployed by  the  French  government  to  make  a  leries  of 
experiments  to  determine  the  moll  economical  method 
of  procuring  light  from  the  different  combullible  fub- 
llances  ufualiy  employed  for  that  purpofe.  The  niaie- 
riah  of  his  experiments  were,  wax,  fpeimaceli,  and  tal- 
low candles,  tilh-oil,  oil  of  colefeed,  and  of  poppy  ieeds. 
In  ufing  tiiefe  oils,  both  the  Argand  and  common  lamps 
were  employed.  The  wicks  of  the  latter  were  round, 
containing  thirty-fix  cotton  threads.  The  tallow  and 
fpermaceti  candles  were  mould,  llx  to  the  pound.  The 
wax  candles  five  to  the  pound.  Mr  Halfenfratz  uled 
the  fame  method  with  Count  Rumf  )rd  for  determining 
the  comparative  intenlity  of  the  lights. 

Count  Rumford,  as  we  have  feen,  ufed  the  Argand 
lamp  as  a  llandard  for  comparifon  ;  but  as  the  inteniity 
of  Its  light  varies  according  to  the  height  of  the  wick, 
Mr  Halfenfratz  preferred  a  wax  candle,  making  ufe  of 
it  foon  after  it  was  lighted.  When  two  luminous  bo- 
dies, of  different  intenfities,  are  put  in  compariion  with 
each  other,  the  Ihadows  are  of  two  colours.  That  from 
the  weakeft  light  is  blue,  and  from  the  ftrongell,  red. 
When  the  lights  of  two  different  combuflible  bodies 
are  compared,  they  are  either  red  or  blue  in  a  com- 
pound ratio  of  the  colour  and  intenfity.  Thus  in  com- 
paring the  ftiadows  trom  different  luitiinnus  bodies,  they 
will  be  red  or  blue  refpedively,  in  the  following  order  : 

Light  of  the  fun. 

of  the  moon. 

ot  Argand  lamps. 


—  of  tallow-candles. 

—  of  wax  ditto. 


-of 


hittlf. 


LAM 

of  fpennacst;  ditto. 

-  of  common  lamps. 


o-j 


] 


I.    A'  N 


That  is  to  fay,  when  a  body  is  illuminated  hy  the 
fun  and  by  any  other  luminous  fubllance,  the  (hadow 
of  the  former  is  red,  and  of  the  latter,  blue.  In  like 
manner,  the  fhadowfrom  an  Argand  lamp  is  red,  when 
placed  by  that  of  a  talluw  candle,  which  n  blue. 


price  of  thcfe  articles;  by  which  he  find?,  that  in  I'aris 
the  moll  expenfive  light  is  that  prfducc-d  from  wax- 
candles;  and  the  molt  economical,  tliac  i:oin  c^il  of  ccl:- 
leed,  burned  in  Argand  lamp--. 

The  chief  difference  between  the  Arjrand  .ind  com- 
mon lamp  is,  that  in  the  latter  much  of  i|  e  o'l  is  vola- 
tilized without  combuftion,  and  hence  the  uiiDleafan- 


The  following  table  will  (hew,  according  to  Mr  Haf-    f'^'^l  '';^''^h  it  produces ;  whereas  in  the  former,  thi 
fenfratz,  the  proportional  diftance  that  dilferent  lumi-    \''^}  '*  '"  K^''}.  ^'  ''!^  '^'i',  "^  ''l«  '"}^^'  'J'-^t  all  the  oil 


nous  bodies  fhoul 
tenfe  (liadow  from 


ition  (f  the 

mhu.'lion. 


be  placed  at  to  produce  an  equally  in-  's.'J^compoled  in  paffing  through,  the  difpofu 

.....  u, the  fame  objeft.    The  fecond  column  "^''^  ^'  °'^;"S  '''^  free  accefs  ot  air  to  aiUlf  en  .  .  _ 

gives  the  proportional  intenfity  of  each  li^ht,  which  is  V"  ""'"/''.  ^^^<''f>'^  '"'1"^.  that  the  Argand  lamp  cor. 

known  to  be  m  proportion  to  the  fquares  of  the  diftances  '."'"'^^  ^^^'  ^^'^  to  produce  agiven  light  th  .n  the  com 


propo 
of  luminous  bodies  giving  the  fame  depth  of  fhadow 
The  third  column  fliews  the  quantity  of  combuftible 
matter  confumed  in  the  hour  by  each  mode  of  giving 
lighr,  which  Mr  Halfenfrat/  calculates  from  the  average 
of  many  repf  atsd  experiments. 


Di- 
fiance. 


Inten- 
fity. 


Quan. 
tity 

confu- 
med 
per 
hour. 


IQuan- 

tity 
requi- 
red for 
!  equal 
inten- 
iitie&. 


AigandT  Oil  of  poppy-feed  lo 


lamp: 
with 


J.  —of  rilhes 
J  —  of  cole-feed 


Common  "J  Oil  of  cole -feed 
lamps      y  —  of  filhes 


lo 
9.246 

6.774 


lo.coo  23 

io.ooo'23.77 
8.549  H-'^ 

4.;88|  8.81 


■with       J  — of  poppy-feed  5  917 


6524'  4.556 


Spermaceti  candle 
O.d  tnUow-candle 
New  ditto 
Wax  candle 


5-917 
5  473 
5  473 
4-275 


3-501 

2.995 
2.995 
1.827 


9.14 

7.05 

9-23 

7-54 

9  54 


23 

»3-77 
16.59 

19.3 
20  06 


.                                             ^^  LANCASHIRE.     In  the  account  which  we  have 

Ihe  relative  quantity  of  combuaible  matter  required  given  of  that  county  in  tlie  Encydop^ili.i,  an  obliginr 

to  produce  equal  hghts  at  equal  diftances,  may  be  ob-  correfpondent  has  pointed  cut  to  us  feme  mift.ikes     Me 

tamed  by  a  limple  rule  of  proportion  trom  the  above  alfures  us,  that  ihefea  coaft,  where  we  underllood  the 

data.     Thus,  if  a  given  intenfity  of  light,  expielfed  by  atraofphere  to  be  lo.ided  with  fuch  e.<hal  itions  as  pro- 

3.501,  has  been  produced  by  a  confumption  of  9.23  of  duce  m:ilignant  and  intermitting  levers,   is  remarkably 

Ipermaceti  in  the  hour,  the  fame  luminous  body  will  pro.  healihy;  and  he  fpeaks  from  expc.ience,  having  lived 

duce  a  light  of  10.000,  by  confuming  m  the  fame  time  a  on  th.it  co.ift  for  forty  years.     He  afhircs  us  hkewife, 

10  000  X  9  2.3   _  .^  ._  that  the  Duke  of  Biidgewatcr's  inland  navlg.^tion  wa! 


quantity  of  fpermaceti  ^  • 


=  26.37  — 


3501  ---J'-        begun  foon  after,  if  not  bitore,  the  year  17^6,  and  that 

Therefore  we  may  add  to  the  talile  a  fourth  column,  he  (the  writer),  (o  early  as  1764,  was  one  <f  a  p.irtr 
exprcfling  the  quantity  of  combultible  which  each  body  who  failed  up  the  foiigh  or  edit  a  conliderable  wav  ti) 
mull  confume  to  produce  a  li^ht  of  10.000.  fee  how  tlie  coals  were  worked.     The  fame  correfpon- 

From  what  has  been  laid  down,  it  will  alfo  appear    dent  ha^  pointed  out  a  few  millakes  in  our  .acccun:  of 
that  the  number  of  lights  required  to  produce  a  given         L.ANCASTER,  the  capital  of  the  county.    "  rhat 
light,   will  be  as  lollows :    To  produce  a  light  equal  to    town  (lie  f.iys)  carries  on  no  trade  whatever  with  North 
100  Argand  lamps,  burning  pcppyfecd  oil,  it  will  re-    America,  but  a  very  conliderable  one  uith  Jamaira  and 
nu'rc  the  other  Weft  India  ill.inds,  in  vclfek  of  firm  ico  to 

500  ton,  bunh.en.  It  exports  to  ihefe  illands  all  fuch 
Briiilh  m.inufaeliircs  as  tiiey  h.ive  cccafiou  tor,  Irllh 
linens,  and  faltcd  provifions  of  all  kinds,  futh  as  Inlli 
beef,  pork,  butter,  Stc.  It  iraJrs  ,ilfo  to  the  Biltic, 
I'ortugal,  Hambingh,  S:c.  toa  l.ugc  amount ;  and  fome 
of  its  Ihips  with  tlicir  cargoes  have  o(  late  been  worth 
from  L.60  to  L.  So.ooo  llerlmir  It  ha',  however,  n'> 
communication  by  w.iter  v.ih  the  riveis  M;rftv,  D:?, 
."^c.  as  wehavc  f.iid: 


100  Argand  lamps  with  fifh-oil 

117  Ditto         do.     with  cole-feed  oil 

218  Common  lamps  with  cole  feed  oil 

219  Ditto  do.       with  tilli-oil 

285  Ditto         do.      with  poppy-feed  oil 
285  Spermaceti  candles 
333  T.illow  ditto 
546  Wax  ditto. 


the  canal  reichiugas  yet  iiofarthe.- 
Mr  HafTenfratz  ncct  takes  notice  of  the  comparative    than  to  near  I'rellon  in   Lancalhiie.''     'I'lie  communi- 

«>  »   i  ca:io:i 


mon  lamp,  and  thi>;,  as  we  have  feen,  is  the  opinion  of 
Count  Kumford.  Yet  (Mr  HafTenfratz  obferves)  there 
are  two  circumttances  that  prevent  the  full  efilcl  tf  tl.i 
complete  combuftion  in  the  Argand  lamp.  The  one 
is,  that  the  glafs  cylinder  abfotbs  a  part  of  the  rays  of 
light  as  they  pafs  through  ;  the  other,  that  the  columa 
of  light  proceeding  from  the  inntr  furlice  of  the  wici:, 
is,  in  pait,  loft,  by  being  obligrd  to  pafs  through  that 
from  the  outer  furface.  Count  Rumford  all  'v.'s  the  firft 
caufe  of  diminution  of  light,  an  J  eltimates  it  at  .1854, 
but  nut  the  latter.  The  author  of  tliis  memoir,  in  re- 
peating Count  Runilord's  eipeiiments,  alferts,  tha: 
when  two  candles  are  placed  fo  tint  the  li^ht  of  the 
one  it  obliged  to  pals  through  that  of  the  other,  the 
fum  of  the  light  fo  produced  is  not  fo  ftrong  as  when 
tliey  are  placed  fule  by  fide  ;  for  in  the  firft  ca'e,  a  pai: 
of  the  hlndmoft  light  is  abforbed  by  the  foremolt. 
LAMPA,  a  jurifdidion  of  Cuico,  in  Peru,  in  S. 
20.14  A""^'"''^^-  ^'  begins  about  30  leagues  fouth  of  the  city 
^  of  Cufco  ;  and  is  the  principal  province  included  under 
2^  the  name  of  Callao.     Here  are  excellent  paftuies  and 

•37     filver  mine?.     Tlie  air  is  very  cold. — Mors;. 
^'  y        LAMPETER,    a  townlhip    m   Lai.caikr  county, 
'■^       Pennfylvania. — ih. 


LAN 


[     324     ] 


LAN 


,  cstlon  with  thefe  rivers  is  indeed  intended  to  be  com- 
pleted ;  but  whether  the  fthenie  be  praflicable  isi  ac- 
cording to  our  correlpondent,  very  uncertain. 

Lancaster,  a  bay  or  found  on  ihe  weftern  coaft 
of  Sir  Thomas  Smith's  bay.  The  foulliernmoll  part 
lies  in  N.  hit.  74°  20'.  The  moll  northerly  i.s  cilled 
Aldeiman  Jonai's  Sound,  and  lies  in  N.  lat.  76°. — 
Mone. 

Lancaster,  a  populous  and  wealthy  county  in  the 
interior  part  ot  Punnlylvania,  extending  I'outh  to  the 
Maryland  line.  It  is  about  42  miles  Iquare,  is  divided 
into  25  townlhips,^and  contains  566,240  acres  ot  land, 
and  36,147  inhabitants,  includmg  348  Haves.  The 
lands  in  this  county  are  rich  and  well  cultivated.  The 
hills  in  the  northern  parts  abound  with  iron  ore;  tor 
the  manulafturinj;  which,  2  furnaces  and  8  forger  have 
been  ereifled.  The  furnaces  nianiitaifture  about  1,200 
tons  of  pigs  and  nearly  that  number  of  bar-iron  an- 
nually. Copper  and  lead  have  alfo  been  found  here. 
Chief  town,  Lancajier. — ib. 

Lancaster,  a  county  of  Virginia,  bounded  eaft  by 
Chefapeak  Bay,  and  S.  W.  by  Kappuhannock  river. 
It  is  about  40  miles  long,  and  15  broad,  and  contains 
5,638  inhabitants,  of  whom  3. 336  are  ilaves. — ib. 

Lancaster,  a  county  of  Camden  diltri(5t,  S.  Caro- 
lina, lying  on  Lynche's  creek,  and  Wateree  river.  It 
contains  6,302  inhabitants,  of  whom  4,684  are  whites, 
and  1,370  Ilaves. — ib. 

Lancaster,  a  poft-town  of  S.  Carolina,  36  miles 
from  Camden,  and  47  from  Charlotte,  N.  Carolina. 
—ib 

Lancaster,  a  very  pleafant  poft-town  in  Worcefter 
county,  M^lFachufctts,  the  oldell  in  the  county,  having 
been  fettled  in  1645,  and  incorp  rated  in  1653.  It  is 
fituated  in  a  branch  of  Nafhua  river,  which  empties 
into  the  Merrimack.  It  is  35  miles  W.  N.  W.  of 
Bolton,  4  miles  W.  of  Bolton,  and  14  N.  by  E.  of 
Worceller.  The  lands  of  the  townfhip  of  Lancafter, 
and  thole  of  Sterling  on  the  S.  W.  ate  part  of  the 
traifl  called  Ni2jhiwogg  by  the  Indians.  The  pleal'aiit- 
rels  of  this  town  hai  invited  many  perfons  of  educati- 
on and  foitune  to  refide  here.  In  the  N.  ealterly  part 
of  Lancalter,  there  is  a  valuable,  and  perhaps  inex- 
haullible  (late  pit,  furnifiiing  Hates  for  hr.ufes,  and  ex- 
cellent (tones  for  tombs  and  graves.  No  flates  equal 
to  tliefe  have  yet  been  difcovered  in  the  United  States. 
Thefe  are  fcnt  to  B.  fton,  and  exported  to  New-Yoik, 
Virginia,  &c.  Two  principal  branches  of  N.ifhua  river, 
over  which  are  9  large  bridges,  water  this  town,  and 
have  on  their  banks  excellent  intervale  land.  Cumberry 
pond  in  tliis  town  is  obferved  to  rife  as  much  as  two 
feet,  juft  before  a  ftorm;  and  Sandy  pond  rifes  in  a 
dry  I'eafon. — ib. 

Lancaster,  a  townfhip  in  Grafton  county.  New- 
Hampfhire,  on  the  eaft  bmk  of  Connefticut  river, 
about  41  miles  above  Hanover.  It  was  incorporated 
ia  1763.  In  1775  it  contained  61  inhabitants,  and  in 
1790 — 161. — ib. 

LANCE  ISLES,  on  the  N.  W.  coaft  of  N.  Ame- 
Tica,  lie  off  Cape  Scott,  which  is  the  fouthern  point  at 
the  mou-h  of  Pintard's  Sound,  oppolite  to  Point  Dif- 
appointnient.  There  is  a  narrow  cliannel  between  the 
largert  ifle  and  the  cape. — ib. 

LANDAFF,  a  townfhip  in  Grafton  county,  New- 


Hampfhire.     It  was  incorporated   in   1774,  and  con-    Land's, 
tains  292  inhabitants. — ib.  || 

LAND'S    HEIGHT,    in   North    America,  is  the    L.ntcrn. 
high   ground   on  the   chain   ot  lakes  between  Lake  la 
Piue  and  Lake  Superior,  where   there  is  a  portage  of 
7  miles.     It  is  80  miles  eaft  of  the  grand  portage  fiom 
the  weft  end  of  Lake  Superior. — ib. 

LANGDON,  a  townlhip  in  Chelhire  county,  New- 
Hamplhire,  incorporated  in  1787,  and  coniaini  244 
inhabitants. — ib. 

LANESBOROUGH,  a  tnwnftiip  in  Berkfhire  coun- 
ty, Malfjchuletts,  N.  by  E.  of  Hancock,  t2  miles  N. 
by  W.  of  Lenox,  and  144  W.  by  N.  of  Bofton.  It 
affords  a  quarry  of  good  marble,  and  contains  2,14a 
inhabitants  — ib. 

LANSINBURGH,  (dty)  in  the  tnwndiip  of  Troy, 
Renlfalaer  county,  Jjew-Y.irk,  is  very  pleafantly  fitu- 
ated  on  the  E.  bank  of  Hudfon's  river,  oppolite  one 
of  the  mouths  of  the  Mohawk,  and  contains  about 
200  dwelling  houfes,  a  brick  church,  the  joint  proper- 
ty of  the  Dutch  and  Prelhyterian  congregation,  a  court- 
houfe,  gaol,  and  an  academy,  incorporated  in  1796. 
Here  is  a  library  company  which  was  incorporated  in 
1775.  It  is  a  very  flourilhing  place,  fituated  on  a 
plain  at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  f.  ■  m  die  top  of  whicli  is  a 
moft  delightful  profpedl.  A  few  years  ago  there  was 
but  one  llage  between  this  town  and  Albany  ;  now 
(1796}  20  ftages  daily  pals  and  repafs  between  the 
neighbouring  towns  of  Lar.linburgh,  Troy,  Water- 
ford,  and  Albany  ;  and  the  average  number  of  palTen- 
gers  is  faid  to  exceed  150.  It  is  9  miles  north  of  Al- 
bany, 3  above  Troy,  175  norih  of  New-York,  and 
270  N.  N.   E.   of  PhilaJelphia. — ib. 

LANTERN  {S><:i  Encycl.).  Sir  George  Staunton 
informs  us,  that  of  the  Chinefe  lanterns,  fome  were  fuch 
as  we  have  defcribed,  viz.  compoled  of  thin  tilk  gnuze, 
painted  or  wrought  in  needle-work  with  figures  of 
birds,  infefls,  flowers,  or  fruit,  and  ftretched  on  neat 
frames  of  wood.  Others,  however,  were  very  different, 
being  entirely  made  of  hum.  Thefe  were  fo  thin  and 
tranfparent,  that  they  were  taken  at  fit  ft  for  glafs ;  a 
material  to  which,  for  this  purp-le,  the  horn  is  prefer- 
red by  the  Chinefe,  as  cheaper,  lightei,  lefi,  liable  to  ac- 
cident, and,  in  cafe  of  accident,  more  ealily  repaired  ; 
many  of  them  were  about  two  feet  in  the  diameter,  and 
in  the  form  of  a  cylinder,  with  the  ends  rounded  off, 
and  the  edges  meeting  in  the  point  to  which  the  fuf- 
pending  cords  were  tied.  Each  lantern  confifted  of 
an  uniform  piece  of  horn,  the  joints,  or  teams,  being 
rendered  invillble  by  an  art  found  out  by  the  Chi- 
nefe ;  among  whom,  the  vaft  number  of  fuch  lan- 
terns ufed  in  their  dwelling  houfes  and  temples,  as  well 
as  on  the  occafions  of  their  feftivals  and  procelTums, 
have  led  to  many  trials  for  improving  their  conftruc- 
tion.  The  horns  generally  employed  are  thofe  of  fheep 
and  goats.  The  ul'ual  method  of  managing  them,  ac- 
cording to  the  information  obtained  upon  the  fpot,  is 
to  bend  them  by  immerfion  in  boiling  water,  after 
which  they  are  cut  open  and  flattened  ;  they  then  eafi- 
ly  fcale,  or  are  feparated  mto  twu  or  three  thin  laminse 
or  pi  ites.  In  order  that  thefe  plates  (hould  be  made  to 
join,  they  are  expofed  to  the  penetrating  effefl  of  fteam, 
by  which  they  are  rendered  almoft  perfeftly  foft.  In  this 
Hate  the  edges  of  the  pietes  to  be  joined  are  carefully 

fcraped 


LAP  [3 

Lantern,  fcraped  and  flanted  ofF,  Co  as  that  the  pieces  overlapping 
II.  each  other  (IvM  not  together  exceed  the  thickneCs  of 
,^^:iPl^  the  plate  in  any  other  part.  By  applying  the  edges, 
tlius  prepared,  immediately  to  each  otlier,  and  prefling 
them  with  pincers,  they  intimately  adhere,  and  incorpo- 
rating, form  one  fubltance,  fimilar  in  every  refpeft  to 
the  other  parts ;  and  thus  uniform  pieces  of  horn  may 
be  prepared  to  almoft  any  extent.  It  is  a  contrivance 
little  known  elfewhere,  however  firnple  the  procefs  ap- 
pears to  be;  and  perhaps  fime  minute  prec.iutions  are 
omitted  in  the  general  defcripiion,  whicli  may  be  elFen- 
tial  to  its  complete  fiiccefs. 

Such  lanterns  as  thefe  would  be  very  proper  for  mi- 
litary (lore  houfes  ;  and  Roclion  of  the  Natlmiat  Injl'ttute 
was  employed,  fince  the  commencement  of  the  prefent 
war,  to  make  them,  if  he  could,  for  the  marine  ftorc- 
houfes  of  France.  While  he  was  thus  engaged,  how- 
ever, it  occurred  to  him,  that  he  might  fupply  the  pref- 
fing  wants  of  tiie  navy  uithuut  li  rn,  merely  by  filling 
up  the  interftiees  of  wire-cloih  with  tine  tranfparent 
glue.  In  carrying  this  thought  into  execution,  he  at 
firll  tinned  the  iron  wires  of  the  fieve  cloth  he  made 
ufe  of;  but  afterwards  found  it  moie  convenient,  in 
every  refped,  to  give  it  a  flight  coating  of  oil  paint  to 
preferve  it  from  ruft.  The  glue  he  made  ufe  of  was 
afforded  by  boiling  the  clippings  of  parchment  vvirh 
the  air-bladdert  and  membranes  of  fea  filh  ;  materials 
which  he  ufed,  not  from  any  notion  that  they  were  pre- 
ferable to  ifinglafs,  but  becaufe  they  were  the  cheapell 
he  could  procure.  He  added  the  juice  of  garlic  and  cy- 
der to  his  compffition,  in  fuch  proportions  as  he  found 
to  communicate  great  tenacity,  and  fime what  more  of 
iranfparence  than  it  would  have  polfelFed  without  them. 
Into  this  tranparent  and  very  pure  glue  or  fize  he 
plunged  his  wire  cloth,  which  came  out  with  its  inter- 
ftiees filled  with  the  compound.  It  is  requifite  that 
the  fize  Ihould  polfefs  a  determinate  heat  and  conlift- 
ence,  concerning  which  experience  alone  mull  guide 
the  operator. 

When  this  prepared  wire  cloth  is  fixed  in  the  lan- 
tern, it  mull  be  defended  from  moifture  by  a  coating  of 
pure  drying  linleed  oil  ;  but  even  in  this  (late  it  is  not 
fit  to  be  exjiol'ed  to  the  weather.  The  eale  with  which 
thefe  lanterns  are  repaired  in  cafe  of  accident,  by  a 
flight  coating  of  glue,  is  pointed  out  as  a  great  advan- 
tage by  the  inventor  ;  who  likewife  informs  u^,  that 
they  were  ufed  in  the  expedition  to  Ireland  as  tignal 
lanterns,  though  contrary  t'l  his  wifhes. 

LAPIS  FuNCiFER,  a  fpecies  of  earth  found  near 
Rome,  Naples,  and  Florence,  of  which  the  following 
account  is  taken  from  the  AVw  Tranfiidions  of  the  Royal 
Academy  of  Sciences  at  Stockholm  (or  the  year  1 797  : 
Near  Naples  the  lapis  fuugifcr  is  found  in  the  chalk- 
hills  like  a  white  flaladtites,  intermixed  with  a  great 
many  fine  roots  of  fin  ubs ;  and  near  Florence  there  is  a 
fpecies  of  it,  confifting  of  hardened  turf,  which  is  dug 
up  near  volcanoes.  The  author  made  experiments  with 
a  pt  ce  procured  from  Italy,  and  found  that  100  parts 
contain  from  45  to  46  liliceous  earth,  23  argillaceous 
earth,  7  calcareous  earth,  and  20  calx  of  iron,  with 
fome  white  niagncfia  and  vegetable  alkali.  It  is  well 
known,  that  when  this  friable  fpecies  of  Hone  is  pre- 
fer! c  J  in  cellars  .ind  moilfened  with  water,  it  produces 
abundance  of  eatable  Q>ulhroonas,  which  iu  Italy  are 


25      ] 


L     A     R 


highly  efleemed  and  brought  to  the  firft  tables.    Hence 
the  origin  of  its  name. 

LAPIS  LAZULI,  a  fmall  rock  furrounded  with 
and  almoft  covered  by  the  fea  on  the  coad  of  Nova- 
Scotia.  It  IS  about  2  miles  from  Monano  Ifland,  znd 
Ihews  the  palTage  into  St  John's  river. — Mont. 

LARDIZABALA,  a  new  genus  of  plants  belong- 
ing to  the  dixc'ta  hexandria  of  Linnxus.  It  is  a  native 
of  Chili,  and  is  thus  defcribed  in  Ptroufe's  Voyage, 
from  drawings  fent  to  France  by  La  Martiniere.  The 
leaves  are  alternate,  on  footllalks  inflated  at  their  bafe. 
Each  leaf  is  bi-ternate,  that  is  to  fay,  it  is  divided  into 
three  leaflets,  each  of  which  isagain  fabdivided  into  three 
oval  (haip  pointed  folioles,  which,  when  young,  are  en- 
tire, but  afterwards  become  obfcurely  lobed.  The 
flowers,  difpofed  in  fimple  and  pendent  cluflers,  grow 
towards  the  top  of  the  flem  and  of  the  branches  in  the 
axillas  of  the  leaves.  The  plant  is  dioecious.  At  the 
bafe  of  each  duller  of  blo/Foms  are  two  fmall,  rounded, 
oval,  floral  leaves. 

Male  Flower. — Calyx  formed  of  fix  expanding 
leaves,  oblong  oval,  and  obtufe,  of  which  the  tliree  out- 
ermolt  are  the  larged.  Corolla  compofed  of  fix  fharp 
lanceolated  petaU,  oppolite  to,  and  fhorter  than,  the 
leaves  of  the  calyx.  A  cylinder  lifes  from  the  centre 
of  the  flower  of  the  length  of  the  petaU,  terminated  by 
fix  oblong  bilocular  anthers,  which  open  from  below. 

FtMALK  Flower. — Calyx,  fimilar  to  that  of  the 
male  flower,  but  larger.  Corolla  inferted  lieneath  the 
piltil,  compoled  of  fix  petals,  rarely  entire,  but  general- 
ly bifid  or  trilid  at  their  fummit :  fhortcr  than  the  leaves 
of  the  calyx.  Staviina  fix,  having  the  fame  inleriion 
as  the  corolla  ;  filaments  dillinifl,  broad,  very  (hort,  fur- 
rounding  the  piftil;  anthers,  fix,  upright,  oblong,  acu- 
minated, barren.  Seed  bud,  cells,  from  three  to  (w.,  ob- 
long, gibbous  on  the  outfide,  of  nearly  the  length  of 
the  corolla  ;  flyles  none  ;  Itigmata,  fitting,  oblomr,  per- 
manent. Berries,  equal  in  number  to  the  celb,  oblonj, 
acuminated  (divided  into  fix  cells,  containing  feveral 
angular  feedi.     Flora  Peruviana). 

The  general  charader  of  the  lardizabala  evidently 
places  this  new  genus  among  the  family  of  the  menifper. 
vt/e,  to  which  it  is  related  by  its  climbing  fialk,  its 
bunches  of  dicEcious  flowers,  by  its  fix  petals,  (lamina, 
and  leaves  of  its  calyx,  by  its  pillil,  compnfed  of  from 
three  to  fix  cells,  which  contain  as  many  feeds.  It  dif- 
fers from  the  known  genera  of  this  order  only  in  its 
fruit,  which,  inltead  of  being  monofpetmous,  contains 
feveral  feeds.  This  charaiflcr,  which  requires  the  in- 
troduiflion  of  a  new  feifllon  into  the  menifpernur, 
(Irengthens  the  relation  of  this  family  to  the  next  order 
of  the  anonce.  In  faifl,  the  greater  part  oi  the  genera 
of  the  anon^,  as  they  have  in  the  fiime  flower  feveral 
fruits,  with  numerous  feeds,  differ  in  this  particular 
from  all  the  genera  of  the  mcnifpermi ;  and  by  placing 
between  them  ihc  lardizabala,  we  ellablifh  3  natural 
tranfition.  In  order  to  confirm  thefe  re(eniblance«,  it 
only  remains  to  examine  the  infide  of  the  fruit,  and  par- 
ticularly the  ftrui-Ture  of  the  fiieds.  Thofe  of  the  me- 
nifpermi  are  reniiorm,  at  leall  on  the  infide,  inclofed  in 
a  hinged  pericarpium,  and  containing  in  their  upper 
part  a  very  fmall  dicotyledonus  embryo.  The  charac- 
ters that  we  havi:  given  of  the  lardizab.ila  render  pro- 
bable a  fimilar  llructurc  in  its  feeds. 

LARGE 


L    A    T  [3: 

LARGE  ROCK  lies  r,n  ihe  S.  bank  of  Ohio  river, 
in  the  travt  called  Indiana,  snd  nearly  oppuilti  th*: 
mouth  of  Miilkingum  river. — Mora. 

Large  Island,  one  of  the  larjjeft  iflands  on  the 
Labrador  coart,  due  weft  of  the  mouth  of  Shecaiica 
Bay.—;*. 

LARICAXAS,  a  province  of  La  Paz,  and  audi- 
ence of  Charcas,  in  Peru.  It  lies  acijacent  to  the  terri- 
toils';  of  the  jurifdiction  of  La  Pa^,  and  to  the  north 
of  that  city,  extending  118  leagues  from  E.  to  W.  and 
about  30  from  N.  to  S.  It  abounds  in  gold  mines, 
the  metal  of  which  is  of  fo  (ine  a  quality,  that  its  llan- 
dard  is  23  carats  and  3  grains. — ib. 

LAll.MIER,  in  architciflure,  a  fiat  fquare  member 
of  the  cornice  below  the  cimarnin),  and  jets  out  farthell  ; 
being  fa  called  from  its  ul'e,  which  is  to  difperfe  the 
water,  and  caufe  it  to  fall  at  a  diftance  Irom  the  wall, 
drop  by  drop,  or,  as  it  were,  by  tears  ;  larmc  in  I'rench 
ligiiifying  a  tear. 

LA  I'ACUNGA,  AJJlcMo  of,  the  firft  jurifdiaion  to 
the  fouihward  of  that  of  Q_uito,  in  Peru.  The  word 
ajji.nto  implies  a  place  lefs  than  a  town,  but  larger  than 
a  village,  It  ftands  on  a  wide  plair,  having  on  its  ea(l 
lide  the  eaftein  cordiUera  of  the  Andes,  horn  which 
projefls  a  very  high  mountain  ;  and  at  a  fmall  dillance 
from  its  foot  is  fuuated  Latacungi,  in  55"  14'  30"  S. 
lat.  On  its  W.  fide  is  a  river,  which  is  fometimes 
fordable,  but  generally  palfed  over  a  bridge.  This 
Mlliont'i  is  large  and  regular,  the  flreets  broad  and 
flratght,  the  ht  ufes  of  (tone,  aicheJ,  and  well  contriv- 
ed, one  (lory  high.  This  precaution  the  inhabitants 
were  taught  to  obferve  by  a  dreadful  de(lru<fiion  of  all 
the  building",  on  the  20th  of  June,  1699.  Out  of  600 
itone  houfes,  which  the  aflienco  then  contained,  only  a 
fart  of  one,  and  the  Jefnit's  church,  were  left  Itand- 
ing,  and  molt  of  the  inhabitants  were  buried  in  the 
ruins.  The  ftone  of  which  the  houfes  and  churches 
are  built,  is  a  kind  of  pumice,  or  fpongy  (lone,  eje<5ted 
from  volcanoes;  which  have  (ormed  inexhaullible 
quarries  in  the  neighbourhood.  It  is  fo  light,  that  it 
will  frtim  in  the  water,  and  from  its  great  porofuy, 
the  lime  cements  the  different  pieces  very  (hongly  to- 
gether. This  junfdidlion  contains  T7  principal  villa- 
ges.  The  air  of  the  afliento  is  colder  from  the  place 
being  only  6  leagues  Inni  the  mountain  of  Cotopaxi  ; 
whicli  as  it  is  not  lefs  in  height  or  extent  than  thole  of 
Chimborazo  and  Caymburo,  fo,  like  them,  it  is  cover- 
ed with  ice  and  (now.  The  villages  are  populous  ; 
fuch  as  are  feated  in  the  vailies  are  hot,  thofe  in  the 
plains  temperate,  whilft  thole  which  border  on  the 
mountains,  like  that  of  the  afliento,  are  cold,  and 
fometimes  to  an  excellive  degree.  The  inhabitants 
amount  to  about  12,000,  chiefly  Spaniards  and  Mefti- 
zoes.  Great  quantities  of  pork  are  lalted  here  and  fent 
to  Qjiito,  Guayaquil,  and  Riobamba,  being  highly 
valued  for  the  peculiar  flavour  given  it  in  the  pickhng. 
The  manufaftures  are  thofe  of  cloth,  bays,  and  tucu- 
y<'S.  'i'he  inhabitants  of  Fugili,  and  Saquifili,  are  no- 
ted for  making  earthen-ware,  highly  valued  all  over 
the  province  of  Q^iito.  The  clay  of  which  they  are 
made  is  c(  a  lively  red,  remarkably  fine,  emitting  a 
kind  ot  tragrancy,  and  t!ie  wcrkmanlhip  very  neat  and 
ingenious. — Marse. 

LATU6  Primarium,  a  right  line  drawn  througli 


6    ]  LAV 

the  vertex  of  the  feflion  of  a  cone,  within  the  lame,  and 
parallel  to  the  bale. 

L.nui  Rctlui.T.     See  Cosic  Sc3ion,  Encycl. 

J, /111!)  1'ranjverfum  of  the  hypeibola,  is  liie  right 
line  between  the  vertices  of  the  two  oppolite  feflions, 
or  that  part  of  their  common  axis  lying  between  the 
two  oppolite  cones. 

LAUREL  MOUNTAIN,  a  range  of  mountains 
wellward  of  the  Alleghan\  ridge,  and  a  pan  of  wiiat 
is  called  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  It  extends  from 
Pennfylvania  to  N.  Carolina,  and  gives  rife  to  feveral 
branches  of  the  Oliiu  river.  The  Great  Kanhaway 
breaks  through  the  Laurel  Ridge  in  its  way  to  the 
Ohio,  in  N  lat.  38"  30',  W.  long.  81"  19'.  In  a 
fpur  of  this  mountain,  about  latitude  36",  is  a  fpring 
of  water,  50  feet  deep,  very  cold,  and,  it  is  laid, 
as  blue  as  indigo.  The  lands  within  a  fmall  diftance  of 
the  Laurel  Mountain,  through  which  the  Youghio- 
gany  runs,  are  in  many  places  broken  and  (loney,  but 
rich  and  well  timbered  ;  and  in  fome  places,  and  par- 
ticularly on  Laurel  Cieek,  they  are  rocky  and  moiin- 
tainous.  Fioin  the  Lautcl  Mountain  to  Mononga- 
hela,  the  fir  ft  7  miles  are  good,  level,  farming  lands, 
wiih  fine  meadows;  the  timber,  white-oak,  chefnut, 
hickory,  &c. — Mone. 

LAURENS,  a  county  in  Ninety-Six  diilriifl,  S. 
Carolina,  lying  between  Enoree  and  Saluda  rivers.  It 
is  about  31  miles  long,  and  22  broad,  and  contains 
8,217  free  inhabitants,  and  1,120  Haves. — ib. 

LAURENT  of  the  Mine,  Si,  a  fettlement  in  the 
ifland  ot  St  Domingo,  near  the  Spanilh  capital,  St 
Domingo.  It  ftands  in  the  place  where  the  capital 
was  liilt  founded,  on  the  eaft  lide  of  the  Ozama,  and 
about  a  quarter  of  a  league  from  its  confluence  with 
the  Ifabella.  It  can  only  be  confidered  as  a  dependen- 
cy on  St  Domingo,  and  contains  3C0  inhabitants, 
all  Iree  negroes,  lormiiig  .1  cure.  It  was  formed  in 
1723,  by  128  runaway  French  negroes  who  being 
ftnt  down  to  the  bay  of  Ocoa  to  be  (hipped  off",  llu 
Spaniards  attacked  the  efcort,  and  gave  arms  to  the 
fugitives,  maintaining  that  ihey  were  free  men. — ib. 

L/VVA.  In  addition  to  the  oblervations  t(  Sir 
William  Hamilton,  Bergmann,  Formes,  and  Dalmieu, 
on  tlie  compoliiion  ot  different  lavas,  which  have  been 
given  in  the  Emyclopadia,  we  cannot  lelulc  ourfelves 
the  plealure  of  noticing,  in  this  place,  thofe  of  Sir 
James  Hall.  From  a  number  of  well-devifed  expe- 
riments. Sir  James  thinks  himfelf  warranted  to  con- 
clude, that  lava  and  whinftone  are  intrinfically  the  fame 
fubftance  ;  and  that  their  apparent  differences  arife 
wholly  from  the  circnmftances  under  which  they  have 
palfed  from  a  liquid  to  a  Iblid  Hate.  The  lavas,  it  is 
well  known,  have  been  cooled  rapidly  in  the  open  air, 
and  the  whins  (according  to  Dr  Hutton's  theory, 
which  Sir  James  feems  willing  to  adopt)  flowly  in  the 
bowels  of  the  earth. 

Though  we  aie  far  from  adopting  that  theory  in  all 
its  parts,  to  which  we  ihtnk  inluperatile  obje^ions  may 
be  made  (fee  Earth,  i-JH.jc/.  r."  120),  we  admit,  that 
the  experiments  of  Sir  James  Hall  go  far  to  cftablilh 
the  identity  c  f  lava  and  whinftone.  Thefe  experiments 
were  made  upon  (even  different  fpecies  of  whinftone 
and  fix  lavas,  of  which  four  were  broken  from  the  cur- 
rents of  Etna  and  Vefuvius  by  Sir  James  himfelf.  Each 

of 


LAV  [     527     ]  LAV 

LiTi.      cf  the  original  whinftones  was  reduced,  by  fufion  and  ter  of  lavas  when  ccnipared  with  that  of  gl.4fs,  \Uiich  L?.vo:f»r. 

"^~'^"^*^  fubfcqiicnt  rapid  cooling,  to  a  ftate  of  perfeifl  glafs.  they  aflume  in  confequcDce  of  fufion  in  our  Inmates.  ^^~''"*»-' 

'I'liis  glafs-,  being  again  placed  in  the  furnace,  was  fub-  But  now  he  hopes  we  may  be  lelieved  frdm  the  necef- 

jeded  to  a  fecond  iufion.     The  heat,  being  then  redu-  fity  ot  fuch  violent  efforts  of  iniaginalion,  fince  the  phe- 

ced  to  a  temperature  generally  abuiit   2S"  ot  Wedge-  nomena  have  been  tuUy  accounted  for  by   the  firrple, 

wood,  was  maintained  llaiionary  for  feme  hours  ;  when  though  unnoticed,  principle  of  refrigeration,  and  have 

tlie  crucible  was  eitlier  immediately  removed,  or  allow,  been  repeated  again  and  again  with  eafe  and  ceitai;itr 

ed   to  cool  wiih  the  furnace.     The  confcquence  was,  in  a  I'mall  chamber  turnacc. 

that  in  every  cafe  the  fubftance  had  loll  the  charafler        LAVOISIER  (Ancoine  I^aurent),  was  born  in  Pa- 

cfglaf.,  and  by  cryllallization  had  alfumed  in  all  re-  ris  on  the  26di  of  Auguft  1743.     ■'^'i  father,  who  di- 

fpccts  that  of  an  original  whinflone.    It  mud  be  owiied,  refled  his  education,  was  opulent,  and  fpaied  no  coft 

that  in  moll  cafes  the  new  produiftion  did  not  exailly  for  his   improvement.     The  youth  ifiewed  a  decided 

rcfemble  the  paiticular  original  Iron)  whicii  it  was  form-  tafte  tor  the  phyfical  fciences.     In  1764,  government 

ed,  but  fome  other  original  ot  the  fame  clals  ;  owing  having  propoled  an  extraordinary  premium  fir  tlis  bell 

to  accidental  varieiies  in  the  mode  of  ref;igcration,  and  and  cheapcll  mode  ot  lighting  the  ftreets  of  a  lar^e  city, 

to  chemical  changes  which  unavoidably  took  place  du-  Lavoifier  obtained  the  gold  medal  ;  and  his  niemoir, 
ling  the  procefs.      In  the  cafe,  however,  of  the  rock  of    full  ot  nice  inveftigalion,  was  printed  by  the  Academy. 

Edinburgh  callle,  and  of  that  of  the  bataltic  columns  Into  that  body  he  was  received  on  the  13th  May  17C8, 
of  Staffa,  ihe  artificial  fubllances  bear  a  complete  re-    in  fpite  of  a  turmidable  oppofuion  ;  and  to  its  fcrvice 

I'embhmce  to  their  original,  both  in  colour  and  texture,  he  ever  alter  devoted  his  labours,  and  became  one  of  its 

The  lavas  were  nuw  treated   in   the  fame  way,  and  moll  ufeful  alfociates  and  coadjutors, 
were  each,  by  lufn  n  and  rapid  cooling,  reduced,  as  the         His  attention  was   lucceffively  ojcnpicd  with  every 

whinllones  had  been,  to  glafs.     This  glalV,  when  fufed  brancii  of  phyfical  and  mathematical  fcience.    'I'he  pre- 
again  and  cooled  llowly,  yielded  the  larne  kind  of  cry-    tended  converiion  of  water  into  earth,  the  analyfis  of 

llallized,  tlony,  or  earthy  malfcs,  completely  refembling  gypfum  in  the  neiglibourhood  of  Paris,  the  cryftaliiza- 

an  original  whin  or  lava.  tion  of  lalts,  the  elfefts  produced  by  ihe  ^ranJi  ile  loufe 

Aliliougli  the  internal  ftruiflure  of  lava  was  thus  ac-  of  the  garden  of  the   Infanta,  the  project  of  bringing 

counted  for,  yet  Sir  James  was  embarrafled  with  the  water  trum  I'Yvette  to  Paris,  the  congelation  of  v.-ater. 

Hate  of  its  external  furtace  ;  which,  though  cooled  in  and  the  phenomena  of  thunder  and  the  aurora  bor;alis 

contaifl  with  the  open  air,  is  feldom  or  never  vitreous,  all  occupied  hi>  attention. 

holding  an  intermediate  iLuion  between  glais  and  Hone;        Journeys,  undertaken  in  concert  with  Guettard  into 

but  this  diflicuky  was  removed  by  a  circumllance  which  every  dillriifl  ot  Fiance,  enabled  him  to  procure  nuni- 

took  place  in  the  courfc  of  thele  eiperimenis.      It  was  bcrlcls  materials  towards  a  defcriplion  of  the  lithologi- 

found,  that  a  Imall  piece  of  pl.ds  ot  any  of  the  lavas,  or  cal  and  mineralogical  empire  ;  ihef;  he  arranged  into  a 

of  leveral  ot  the  whins,  being  intrrdnced  into  a  muffle,  kind  of  chart,  which  wan;ed  little  of  bein:^  completed. 

•       the  temperature  ot  which  w<is  at  any  point  between  tiie  They  ferved  alio  as  a  foundarion  lor  .•»   more  labori- 

20th  and   the   22d  det,ree  of  Wedgewood's  fcale,  the  ous  work  ot  his  on  the  revolutions  of  the  globe,  and 

glafs  became  quite  loft  in  the  fpace  of  one  minute  j   but,  the  formation  of  Couches  ile  la  Tern ;  a  work  cf  u hich 

being  allowed  to  remain  till  tlie  end  of  a  fecond  nnnute,  two  beautiful  fketches  are  to  be  fecn  in  the  Memoirs  of 

it  was  found  to  have  become  hard  throughout  in  conle-  the   French   Academy  for   1772   and   1787.     All  the 

quenceot  a  rapid  cryltaliizalion,  to  liaveloll  itscharaifler  fortune  and  all  the  time  of  Lavoifier  were  devoted  to 

ot  giafs,  and  to  have  become  by  12  or  14  degrees  more  the  culture  ot  the  fciences ;  nor  did  he  feem  tu  have  a 

intufible,  being  unalTeifled  by  any  heat  under  30,  though  preponderating  inclination  fir  any  one  in  pai  ticular,  un- 

the  glalbhad  been  lufibleat  18"  or  at  16°.  This  account-  til  an  event,  fuch  as  feldom  occurs  in  the  annals  of  the 

cd  lor  the  fcoria  on   the  /urface  of  lavas ;  for  the  fub-  human   mind,  decided  his  choice,   and   attached  him 

(lance  even   at  tlie   furfacc,  being  in  conta«ft  wiili  the  tiienceforth  cxcUifivcly  to  chemillry — a  purfuit  which 

flowing  dream,  and  furroundcd  with  heated  air,  could  has  fince  rendered  his  name  immortal, 
not  cool  with  exceflive  rapidity  :  and   the  experiment        The    important    difcovery    of  gales    was   juft    an- 

(hews,  that  fliould  any  part  of  the  mafs,  in  delcending  nounced  to  the  philofophical  world.     Black,  Priellley, 

heat,  employ  more  than  one  or  two  minutes  in  cooling  Scheele,  Cavendilh,  and  Macbride,  had  opened  to  phy- 

from  22  to  20,  it  would  infallibly  lofe  its  vitreous  cha-  fiologills  a  fort  of  new  creation  ;  they  had  commenced 

rafler.  a  new  era  in  the  annals  of  genius,  which  was  to  become 

Independently  of  any  allufion  to  fyllem  or  to  general  equally  memorable  with  thofe  of  the  compafs,  printing, 

theory,  S  r  James  Hall  flaiteis  himfelf  that  thele  expe-  elciflricity,  Jcc- 

riments  may  be  of  lome  impoitancc,  by  limplifying  the        It  was  about  the  year   1770  that  Lavoifier,  (Iruck 

hiltory  of  volcanoes  ;  and,  above  all,  by  fuperfeding  with  the  importance  and  grandeur  ot  this  dil'covcry, 

fome  very  extraordinary,  and,  he  conceives,  unphilofo-  turned  his  attention  to  this  inexhaullible  fountain  of 

phical  opinions  advanced  with  regard  to  volcanic  heat,  truths,  and  inllantly  perceived,  by  a  kind  of  mrtinit,  the 

which  has  been  llaicd  as  pollefling  very  little  intenlity,  glorious  career  whuh  lay  belore  him,  and  the  iiilluence 

and  as  aiding  by  fome  occuh  and  inconceivable  inlluence,  which  this  new  fcience  would  necclfarily  hive  over  the 

or  with  the  help  of  fome  mvilible  agent,  f  >  as  to  pro-  whole  train  oi  phyfical  refearche«.     Of  thofe  who  had 

duce    liquidity    w.ihout    fufion.      Thefe    I'uppofitions,  preceded  him,  the  mod  indetatigable  experimenter  was 

which  have  been  maintained  ferioully  by  fome  of  the  Priellley :  bot  fails  the  mod  brilliant  remained  frevjuent- 

mod  celebrated  naturalills  in  Eurcpe,  have  originated  ly  unproduflive   in  his  hands;  he  was   often  ready  to 

Irom  the  ditliculty  of  accounting  iox  the  llony  charac-  draw  certain  condufions  which  as  liadily  h:  abandi  n- 

cd. 


LAV  [32 

Lnvoifitr.  eJ.  Lavoifier  was  imbued  wiih  the  true  fpirit  of 
'"^'^''^^^  induclive  I'hiliifophy  ;  his  obfervations,  eminemly  pre- 
cile  and  luminnus,  always  pointed  to  general  views. 
In  1774,  he  publifhtd  his  chemical  opufcules,  v.hich 
contained  a  very  neat  hillory  of  all  that  had  beea 
done  with  refpc>5t  to  gafes,  and  concluded  with  the  au- 
thor's capital  experiments,  by  which  it  was  proved, 
that  metals,  in  calcination,  derive  ihcir  augmentation  of 
weight  from  the  abforp'.ion  of  air.  Soon  alterward,  he 
fhtweJ,  in  oppofition  to  PrielUcy,  that  nitrous  acid  is 
compofed  of  air  ;  a  remark,  of  which  the  importance 
appeared  in  the  fequel.  His  ingenuity  as  a  chemill 
was  now  fo  well  known,  tliat  in  1776  Turgot  employ- 
ed him  to  infpeifl  the  manufa>fture  <  t  gun-powder.  He 
introduced  fome  valuable  improvements,  and,  fuppref- 
fing  the  odiius  vifits  in  quelt  of  the  materials  ot  lalt- 
petre,  he  yet  quintupled  its  produce.  'I'he  gun-powder 
would  now  carry  120  loi.e;,  when  formerly  it  would 
not  reach  90.  This  fuperiuriiy  was  indeed  acknow- 
ledged in  the  lall  war. 

It  had  been  alleged,  that  by  frequent  dillillation  wa- 
ter is  converted  into  earth.  Tl  is  quellion  Lavoilitr 
refolved  in  1778,  having  Ihewnth.u  the  earthy  fcdiment 
was  owing  to  the  continual  erohon  ot  the  internal  lur- 
face  of  the  retort.  In  that  fame  year  he  made  a  more 
intereftuig  difcovery  ;  namely,  that  the  refpirable  por- 
tion of  tlie  atmofphert;  is  a  conllituent  pi  nciple  of  all 
acids,  and  which  he  therelbre  denominated  oxygen  ;  a 
moll  important  fact,  and  the  hrll  great  (lep  towards  the 
new  chemiftry  ;  which  the  compofition  of  water,  afcer- 
tained  in  1783,  triumphantly  completed. 

Lavoifier  poiFeiFed  dccifive  advantages  over  his  con- 
temporaries ;  he  ftudied  a  geometrical  accuracy  of  in- 
veftigation  ;  and  his  wealth  enabled  him  to  make  expe- 
riments on  a  large  fcale,  and  to  uie  inllruments  of  the 
mod  perfeft  conltruiSion.  He  was  able  to  hold  in  his 
houfe,  twice  every  week,  ailemblics,  to  which  he  invi- 
ted every  literary  chara(5ter  that  was  moll  celebrated  in 
geometrical,  phyfical,  and  chemical,  ftudies ;  in  thcfe 
inftrucftive  con-verfationes,  difcudlons,  not  unlike  fuch  as 
preceded  the  firlt  cftabliflmient  of  academies,  regularly 
look  place.  Here  the  opinions  of  the  moll  eminent  li- 
terati in  Europe  were  canvalfed  ;  pafTages  the  moft  (Iri- 
king  and  novel,  out  of  foreign  writers,  were  recited  and 
aniniadverted  on  ;  and  thetries  were  compared  with  ex- 
periments. Here  learned  men  of  all  nations  found  eafy 
admiffion  ;  PrielUey,  Fimt.ma,  Blagdcn,  Ingenhoufz, 
Landriani,  Jacquin,  Watt,  Bolton,  and  other  illullrious 
phyliol'igills  and  chemills  of  England,  Germany,  and 
Italy,  found  therofelves  mixed  in  the  fame  company 
with  La  Place,  La  Grange,  Borda,  Coufin,  Meunier, 
Vandermonde,  Monge,  Morveau,  and  Berlhollet.  Hap- 
pv  hours  paifed  in  thele  learned  interviews,  wherein  no 
lubjedl  was  left  uninveftigated  that  could  pcffibly  con- 
tribute to  the  progrefs  of  the  fciences,  and  the  amelio- 
ration and  happinefb  of  man.  One  of  the  greatell  be- 
nefits refulting  from  thefe  aff'eniblages,andthe  influence 
of  which  was  foon  afterwards  felt  in  the  academy  itfelf, 
and  confequently  in  all  the  phyfical  and  chemical  works 
that  have  been  publfbed  for  the  lall  twenty  years  in 
France,  was  the  agreement  cllabli(hed  in  the  methods 
of  reafoning  between  the  natural  philofophers  and  the 
geometricians.  The  precifion,  the  feveiity  ot  llyle,  the 
philofophical  method  of  the  latter,  was  infenfibly  tranf- 
iufed  into  the  minds  of  the  foncer ;  the  philofophers 


8     ]  LAV 

became  difciplined  in  the  taflics  of  the  geometricians,  Lavoifier. 
and  were  gradually  moulded  into  their  refemblance.      ^-^"^^^^-^ 

It  was  in  the  alfemblage  of  thefe  talen"t^that  Lavoi- 
fier embellilhed  and  improved  his  own.  When  any  new 
refultlrom  fome  important  experiment  prefented  itfelf, 
a  icfult  which  threatened  to  influeiice  the  whole  theo- 
ry of  the  fciencc,  or  which  contradicted  theories  till 
then  adopted,  he  repeated  it  before  this  fckd  fociety. 
Many  times  luccellivcly  he  invited  the  fevered  objec- 
tions of  his  critical  friends ;  and  il  was  not  till  after  he 
had  fui mounted  their  obje^ions,  to  the  convidtion  and 
entire  pcrlualion  of  the  fociety;  it  was  not  till  after  he  had 
removed  from  it  all  myftery  and  oblirurlty,  that  he  ven- 
tured to  announce  to  the  world  any  difcovery  of  his  own. 

At  length  he  combined  his  philofophical  views  into 
a  conlilteut  body,  which  he  publilhed  in  1789,  under 
the  title  cf  Elements  of  Chemijlry  ;  a  book  which  is  a 
mod  beautiful  model  of  fcientilic  compofition,  clear,  lo- 
gical, and  elegant.  It  would  be  foreign  to  our  purpofe 
t )  attempt  an  expofition  of  the  principles,  or  to  expa- 
tiate on  the  merits,  of  this  cclebiated  lydem  ;  which, 
within  the  fpace  of  a  very  few  ye^rs,  has  been  almoll 
univerfally  adopted,  and  which,  if  not  the  genuine  in- 
terpretation of  nature,  a;iproaches  as  neai  to  it  as  the 
piefent  date  of  knowledge  will  permit.  See  Chemis- 
try in  this  Supplement. 

The  lad,  but  not  the  lead  ufefiil,  of  Lavoifier's  phi- 
lofophical relearches,  on  the  Peifpiration  of  Animals, 
was  read  to  the  Academy  on  the  4;h  May  1 791,  and 
of  which  part  was  publifhed  in  the  volume  for  1790. 
He  found,  by  fome  delicate  experiments,  made  in  con- 
jundion  with  Scguin,  tiiat  a  man  in  24  hours  perfpires 
45  ounces;  that  he  confumes  33  ounces  of  vital  air; 
that  he  difcharges  from  the  lungs  8  cubic  feet  of  car- 
bonic acid  gas,  of  which  one-third  is  carbon  and  two- 
thirds  are  oxygen  ;  that  the  weight  of  water  difchar- 
ged  from  the  lungs  amounts  to  23  ounces,  of  which  3 
arc  hydrogen  and  20  ox)gen,  exclufive  ot  6  ounces  ot  • 
water  already  formed,  loft  in  pulmonary  perfpiiation. 
Thefe  difcovenes  were  direited  to  the  improvement  of 
medicine. 

We  have  mentioned  the  afTidance  which  Lavoifier 
received  while  he  w;-s  digeding  his  new  fydem  of  che- 
midry  ;  but  we  mud  add,  that  to  him  pertains  exclu- 
fively  the  honour  of  a  founder.  Kis  own  genius  was 
his  fole  conductor,  and  the  talents  of  his  affociates  were 
chiefly  ufeful  in  illudrating  difcoveries  he  himfelf  had 
made  ;  he  firft  traced  the  plan  of  the  revolution  he  had 
been  a  long  time  conceiving  ;  and  his  colleagues  had 
only  to  purfue  and  execute  his  ideas. 

In  the  twenty  volumes  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences, 
from  1772  to  1793,  are  40  memoirs  nf  Lavoifier,  re- 
plete with  all  the  grand  phenomena  of  the  fcience  ;  the 
doiflrine  of  combuflion  general  and  particular  ;  the  na- 
ture and  analyfis  of  atmofpherical  air  ;  the  formation 
and  fixation  of  eladic  fluids ;  the  properties  of  the  mat- 
ter of  heat ;  the  compofition  of  acids ;  the  augmenta- 
tion ot  the  ponderofuy  of  burnt  bodies ;  the  decompo- 
fition  and  lecompofition  of  water  ;  the  dilTolution  of 
metals  ;  vegetation,  fermentation,  and  animalization. 
For  more  than  15  years  coiuecaiive,  Lavoifier  purfued, 
with  unlhaken  condancy,  the  route  he  had  marked  out 
for  himfelf,  without  m.aking  a  fingle  falfe  dep,  or  fuf- 
feiing  his  ardour  to  be  daniped  by  the  numerous  and 
increafing  obftacles  which  condaiitly  befet  him. 

Many 


LAW 


[     329     ] 


LEA 


I.awunak. 


Lavolfier,  Many  were  the  fervices  rendered  bf  Lavoifier,  in  a 
public  and  private  capacity,  to  manufaflures,  to  the 
icicnces,  and  to  artilb.  He  was  treafurer  to  the  Aca- 
demy alter  BuiFon  and  Tiller,  and  introduced  economy 
and  order  into  the  accounts.  He  was  alfo  a  member 
of  the  Board  of  Confultaticn,  and  took  an  aiftive  fliare 
in  whatever  was  going  forwards.  When  the  new  fy- 
ftem  of  mcafures  was  agitated,  and  it  was  propofed  to 
determine  a  degree  of  the  meridian,  he  made  accurate 
experiments  on  the  expanfion  of  metals,  and  conftruft- 
ed  a  metalline  thermometer.  By  the  National  Conven- 
tion he  was  confulted  on  tlie  means  of  improving  the 
manufaiflure  of  allignut?,  and  of  increafing  the  difficul- 
ties of  forging  them. 

Like  a  good  ciliien,  Lavoifier  turned  his  thoughts 
to  political  economy.  Between  the  years  1778  and 
I  785,  he  :»llotled  240  arpn-.h  in  the  Vendomois  to  expe- 
rimental agriculture,  and  incrcafed  the  ufual  produce  by 
one-half.  In  1791,  he  was  invited  by  the  Condituent 
Ailembly  to  digell  a  plan  for  Amplifying  the  colledion 
of  the  taxes.  This  gave  occafion  to  an  excellent  re- 
port, afterwards  printed  with  the  title  of  Tirrilorial 
Riches  of  France.  At  this  time,  alfo,  he  was  appointed 
commiliJoner  of  the  national  treafury,  in  which  he  ef- 
fefled  fome  beneficial  reforms. 

During  the  horrors  of  the  Robefpierrean  diflator- 
(hip,  Lavoilicr  told  La  Lande  that  he  forefaw  he  Ihould 
be  llrippid  of  his  property,  but  that  he  would  work 
for  his  biead.  Tlie  prolellion  of  apothecary  would 
have  fuited  him  the  belK  But  his  doom  was  already 
fixed.  On  the  8th  of  May  1794,  confounded  with  28 
farmers-general,  he  fuffered  on  the  fcafFold,  merely  be- 
caufe  lie  was  rich  ! 

Lavoifier  was  tall,  and  of  a  graceful,  fprightly  appear- 
ance. He  was  mild,  fociable,  obliging,  and  extremely 
aftivc;  and  in  his  manners  he  was  unaffe(fledly  plain 
and  limple.  Many  young  men,  not  blcfled  with  the 
gifts  ot  fortune,  but  incited  by  their  genius  to  woo  the 
fciences,  have  confeifcd  their  obligations  to  him  for  pe- 
cuniary aid  ;  many,  alfo,  were  the  unfortunate  whom 
he  relieved  in  fdence,  and  without  the  oftentation  of 
virtue.  In  the  communes  of  the  depaitment  of  the 
Loir  and  Char,  where  he  pofrelfed  confiderable  cftates, 
ho  would  frequently  vilit  the  cottages  of  indigence  and 
dillrefs;  and  long  will  his  memoiy  be  cherifhed  there. 
But  his  reputation,  influence,  virtues,  and  wealth,  gave 
him  a  great  preponderance,  which  unfortunately  provo- 
ked the  jealoufy  of  a  crew  ot  homicides,  who  made  a 
fport  oi  laorificing  the  lives  of  the  bed  of  men  to  a  fan- 
guinary  idol. 

This  great  and  good  man  married,  in  1771,  Marie- 
Anni-Pierette  Paul/.e,  daugliter  of  a  farmer-general  ;  a 
woman  whofe  wit  and  accomplilhments  conllituted  the 
charm  of  his  life  ;  wiio  alTifted  him  in  his  labours,  and 
even  engraved  the  fi;;ures  of  his  lall  work. 

LAWRENCE,  I'ort,  is  a  little  above  the  crolling 
pl.ice  of  Tufcarawas,  a  branch  of  Mulkingum  river. 
— Mone. 

Lawrence-Town,  a  thinly  fettled  agricultural 
townlhip,  a  few  miles  to  the  eaflward  of  Halifax  in 
Nova- Scotia — ib. 

LAWUN.VK.HANNOCK,  a  M.^ravian  fcttlement 
neaily  oppofite  Golhgofhink,  on  Alleghany  river,  and 
20  miles  northeaft  of  Foit  Franklin. — ib. 

SuppL.  Vol.   II. 


Lead. 


LEACOCK,  a  townfliip  in  Lancallercouniy,  Pir.n-    Lcacock, 
fylvania. — ib. 

LEAD.  See  that  articl«  (EncycL),  and  Chemi- , 
STRY-/fi/ex  in  this  Supplement.  It  is  well  known,  that 
lead  generally  contains  a  portion  of  filver,  and  fome- 
times  of  gold  ;  and  that  there  are  occafions,  f-articulas- 
ly  in  alfaying,  when  it  is  of  importance  to  have  it  freed 
from  thefe  metals.  For  accomplifhing  thefe  purpofcs 
different  procelTes  have  been  propofed  ;  but  the  follow- 
ing by  Pet.  Jac.  Hjjlm,  as  it  is  the  leall  cxpenfive,  pro- 
miles  to  be  the  rrioll;  ul'eful : 

Litharge  (fee  Encycl.)  was  the  fuijftaics  on  which 
this  chcmill  made  his  experiment",  and  his  principal  i-b- 
jedl  was  to  free  it  from  all  mixture  cf  filver.  This  was 
accornpliihed  in  the  following  manner:  He  placed  a 
crucible,  in  which  half  a  pound  of  litharge  lourd  good 
room,  and  whieh  was  fitted  with  a  cloie  covtr,  in  a 
wind-furnace  tilled  with  dead  Cdals.  He  the;)  put  in- 
to the  crucible  a  mixtuie  of  four  ounces  of  pntufh  and 
the  fame  quantity  of  powder  of  flint.  When  the  whole 
was  well  melted  by  ftreiigthening  the  draught,  .md  ma- 
king the  coals  glow,  he  took  off  the  cover,  and  laid 
hold  of  the  crucible  with  a  pair  of  tongs,  in  order  to 
take  it  out,  and  to  fufler  this  very  fulible  glafs  to  cover 
the  infide  of  the  crucible,  to  fccure  it  from  the  glafs  of 
the  lead  which  he  meant  to  melt  in  it.  The  fup;rflu- 
ous  glafs  was  poured  out ;  the  crucible  again  placed  on 
its  foot,  and  hall'  a  pound  of  litharge  thrown  into  it 
with  a  Ihovel.  The  cover  was  placed  upon  it  while  the 
litharge  was  melting  ;  and  when  it  was  thoroughly 
glowing  and  Huid,  charcoal  dull  was  fifted  into  the  un- 
covered crucible  through  a  fieve,  fo  that  the  lurface  of 
the  litharge  was  completely  covered  with  it.  This  im- 
mediately produced  an  efFervcfcence,  and  the  rifmg  of 
bubbles,  by  means  of  the  feparation  of  the  air  occahon- 
ed  by  the  redudfion  of  the  lead.  During  this  proccfs, 
the  cover  was  put  on,  and  a  few  coals  thrown  into  tlie 
furnace  :  when  thefe  were  burnt,  every  thing  in  the 
crucible  was  quiet,  and  the  melted  mafs  was  poured  in- 
to a  warm  conical  mould.  The  crucible  was  then  a.  ain 
filled  with  half  a  pound  of  the  fame  kind  of  litharge, 
and  put  into  the  furnace,  and  charco.^]  dull  was  ftvcral 
times  lilted  over  the  melted  furlace,  till  it  was  well  co- 
vered before  the  m.ifs  was  thrown  out,  a  fullicient  fpace 
being  every  time  left  for  the  cffervel'cence.  The  firft 
mafs  had,  in  the  mean  time,  become  cool,  and,  on  exa- 
mination, contained  four  ounces  of  lead  at  the  bottom, 
and  litharge  at  the  top.  When  this  litliarge  was  re- 
duced wiih  potafhcs  and  wine  Hone,  the  lead  thence  ob- 
tained, which  weighed  23  ounces,  was  found  to  contain 
lels  than  onehall  grain  of  filver  in  the  pound.  In  the 
fecond  mafs  there  was  frund  lomewh.it  more  than  fir 
ounces  of  lead,  which  contained  all  the  filver  that  had 
been  before  mixed  witli  the  litharge,  becauf'e  in  the  lead 
which  had  been  reduced  from  the  lithaige  in  the  above 
manner,  there  w^:rc  no  perceptible  traces  ot  lilver.  This 
le.ad  was  then  melted  over  a  flow  fire,  and  cal^  ir.io  bar-, 
which  were  rolled  fmoolh,  and  totmcd  into  m.ilfes  c^f  3. 
known  weight,  to  be  uled  tor  alfiying  gold  aid  fiUrr, 
and  for  other  purpofes  ot  the  finie  kind.  All  ihel'e 
meltings  were  made  in  one  crucible,  \«hi>°h,  according 
to  cveiy  appearance,  remained  uniiurt.  I:  th.c  lame  ex- 
periments were  made  with  led  lead,  the  like  ref'ult  would 
infallibly  follow. 

T  I  Witk 


Lcafburgh, 

II 
I.cdyard. 


LED  I     33 

Wiih  the'fiimc  view  of  obtaining  load  fiee  fioni  fil- 
ver,  li-j  mi-lted,  in  tlie  like  roanner,  half  a  pound  of  white 
lead,  which  prnlucsd  half  an  ounce  of  lead.  When  the 
litharge  llanJinn  over  it  was  revived,  the  lead  obtained 
was  liill  found  to  contiijn  too  much  lllver.  He  there- 
fire  pieiipitated  anolhtr  half  pound  i.K  white  lead  by 
cli.iicoal  powder,  after  the  lead  tiiat  fell  from  it  iiad 
been  ieparated  ;  and  then  it  produced,  by  reviving,  a 
ma.'s  of  le  id  without  any  mixture  of  filver. 

LEASBURGH,  the  chief  io«n  of  Cafwcll  county, 
N.  Carolina,  [t  contains  a  court-houfc,  gaol,  and  a 
few  hou^e^  — Morse. 

LED.-\NON.  a  townOiip  in  York  county,  Diftna 
(if  Mime,  l'itua;ed  on  the  call  fiue  of  Salmon  F./ll  ri- 
ver, loo  nvUs  nor:h  of  Bofton  It  was  incorporated 
in  1767,  and  contain';  1275  inhabitants.  A  fpecits  <if 
ftone  ii  found  here  which  )  xlds  copperai  and  fulphnr. 
— /■*. 

Leb/Inon,  New,  a  pk-afant  village  in  New- York 
Staff,  b(  rJerlnsj  on  Pittsfiuld,  Maliachufetts,  fituated 
p,ir:ly  in  a  vale,  and  partly  on  the  declivity  cf  hills. 
Thcmedxln.tl  fprings  here  are  next  incelsori'y  to  thofe 
of  S  iratoga.  The  poel  is  fnuated  on  a  conimxnJing 
eininence,  overlo  king  the  valley,  and  furrrundi.d  with 
:i  tew  loules  wliich  afford  tolerable  accomn.oJations  to 
invalids. — ib. 

IvtiiANON,  a  townllilp  in  Windham  county,  Crn- 
neiSticut,  was.  feitled  in  1697.  The  foil  is  eo.utl  to  al- 
nioit  any  in  the  State,  and  the  inhabitants  are  i;eneral- 
]y  farmers,  many  rf  whom  are  wealtliy.  Tiie  thick 
I'ettled  part  of  the  town  forms  a  very  wide  llreet,  and 
the  houfes  are  at  cr^nfiderable  di'ftancea  from  eich 
other.  Academic  education  has  been  patronized  in 
this  jilace  for  above  80  year?,  greally  to  the  honour  of 
tiie  people.  The  river  Shetucket  is  formed  by  the 
jiiniflion  of  WiUamaniic  and  Mount  Hope  rivers,  which 
unite  between  this  town  and  Windham.  It  lies  9 
miles  north  of  Norwich,  and  30  foulh-eaft  of  Hart- 
ford.— ib. 

I.iB.'VNON,  a  townfhip  in  Gr.ifton  county,  New. 
Hanipfhire,  fituated  on  Mufcomy  river,  and  on  ihe 
e;;ft  fide  of  the  Connecticut,  2  miles  below  Dartmouth 
College.  It  WIS  incorporated  in  1761.  In  1775  '' 
contained  347  inhabitants,  and  in  1790 — ti8o.  It 
is  in  contemplation  to  build  a  bridge  on  Conneclicut 
river  at  the  middle  bar  of  Agai's  falls  in  this  ti  wn, 
vvheie  the  dilfance  between  the  rocks  is  1 10  feet.  It  is 
35  miles  above  the  bridge  built  by  Col.  Hale  at  Cel- 
lows's  Falls  at  Walpole. — ib. 

LEBA>iON,  a  pofl-town  of  Pennfylvania,  fituated  on 
the  liiuih  lide  of'Qu^itipahilla  creek,  in  Dauphin  county. 
About  :i  mile  from  the  town  is  the  Sulquehannah, 
and  Schuylkill  canal,  which  connects  this  cieek  with 
the  Tu.pehocken,  a  branch  of  the  Schuylkill.  Leba- 
non contains  about  300  honfes,  regularly  built,  many 
of  which  are  of  brick  and  (tone  ;  a  German  Lulh.eran 
and  a  Calvinifl  church.  It  is  zy  miles  E  by  N.  of 
Hjrrifburg,  43  E.  by  S.  of  Carhlie,  and  82  N.  W.  by 
W.  of  Piidadclphia.— ;^. 

LEDYARD  ( ),  the  celebrated,  though 

unfortunate,  traveller,  was  a  native  of  North  America, 
but  of  what  province  we  have  not  learned.  We  are 
equ  '.Uy  ignorant  of  the  year  of  his  birth,  and  the  rank 
rf  fiis  parents;  hut  have  no  reafon  to  think  that  they 
were  opulent.     From  his  early  youth  lie  difpl.iyed  a 


] 


LED 


llrong  propenfity  to  vifit  unknown  and  favage  countries ;  I-edyard. 
and  to  gratify  that  propenfity,  he  lived  f)r  feveral  years  ^•*'*^''^^^ 
with  the  American  Indians,  wholo  manners  and  habits 
he  feemed  in  tome  degree  to  have  acquired.  After- 
wards he  failed  round  the  world  with  Captain  Cook  in 
the  humble  Itation  of  a  corporal  of  marines ;  and  on  his 
return,  he  determined  to  traverte  the  vafl  continent  of 
America,  from  ihe  P.iciric  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

This  delign  l)cing  frutlrated  by  his  not  obtaining  a 
paifage  to  Nooika  Sound,  he  determined  to  travel  over 
land  to  Kimfchatka.  AVitb  this  view  he  went  over  to 
Offend,  uiili  only  ten  guineas  in  his  pocket,  and  pro- 
ceeded by  the  way  of  Denmark  and  the  S  und  to  the 
capital  of  Sweden,  and  end.-avourcd  to  crofs  the  Gidi-h 
of  Bothnia  on  Uie  ice;  but  finding,  when  he  came  to 
the  middle,  that  the  water  was  not  frozen,  he  walked 
rotind  thegnlph  to  Petaifourgh  Here  lie  found  him- 
felf  without  llockings  or  I  hoes ;  but  procured  relief 
from  the  Ponuguefe  anibalfidor,  and  obtained  leave  to 
proceed  with  a  detachment  of  flores  to  Yakutz.  He 
made  this  journey  of  fix  thoufand  miles,  and  there  met 
Ml  Biilengs,  an  Englifhnian,  whom  he  had  known  on 
board  Captain  Couk's  thip.  From  thence  he  went  to 
Oczakow,  on  the  coall:  f  ihe  Kamfchaika  Sea;  but 
being  too  late  to  embatk  that  ye.!r,  returned  to  Yakutz 
to  winter.  Here  he  was,  on  fome  fufpicion,  f'eized, 
conveyed  on  a  fledge  through  Noiiliern  Turtary,  and 
left  i>n  the  fr  ntiers  of  the  Polilh  dominions.  In  the 
midfl  of  poverty,  rags,  and  difeafe,  he  however  reached 
Koningfbiiig,  where  he  found  fiiends  that  enabled  him 
to  reach  England. 

On  his  arrival  in  London,  he  waited  on  Sir  Jofeph 
Banks,  on  whofe  credit  he  had,  in  his  diftrefs,  received 
at  different  limes  25  guineas.  Sir  Joieph  communica- 
ted to  him  the  views  of  the  African  Affociacii  ri,  and 
piiint»d  cut  the  n  ute  in  which  they  wifhed  Africa  to 
be  explored.  On  his  engaging  at  once  in  the  en;er- 
prife,  Sir  Jofeph  afked  him  when  he  would  be  able  to 
let  out.  "  'I'c-murrow  morning,"  replied  Ledyard, 
without  helitation.  At  this  interview  the  preliJent  cf 
the  Royal  Society  declares,  that  he  was  ftruck  witli  the 
figure  cf  the  man,  the  breadtli  of  his  chefl,  the  open- 
nefs  of  his  countenance,  and  the  rolling  of  his  eye. 
Though  fcarcely  exceeding  the  middle  fiz;,  his  figure 
indicated  great  flrength  and  activity.  Defpifing  the 
accidental  ditliniflions  of  fociety,  he  feemed  to  regard 
no  man  as  his  fuperior;  but  his  manners,  though  coarfe, 
were  not  dil'agreeable.  His  uncultivated  genius  was 
original  and  compi  ehenfive.  From  the  native  energy  of 
his  mil  d,  he  was  adventurous  curious,  and  unappalkd 
by  dangers ;  while  the  fbength  of  his  judgment  united 
caution  with  energy.  The  track  pointed  out  to  him 
was  from  Cairo  to  Senaar,  and  thence  well  ward  in  the 
latitude  and  fuppofed  direftion  of  the  Niger. 

He  was  not  ignorant,  that  the  talk  afligned  him  was 
arduous  and  big  with  danger;  but  inftead  cf  fhrinking 
from  it,  he  faid,  on  tlie  day  of  his  departure,  "  I  am 
accullom.d  to  hardlhips ;  I  have  known  both  hunger 
and  nakednefs  to  the  utmoli  extremity  of  human  fuffer- 
ing  ;  I  have  known  what  it  \<.  to  have  food  given  me  as 
charity  to  a  madman  ;  and  I  hare  at  times  been  obliged 
to  Ihelter  myfelf  under  the  mil'eries  of  that  charaiter  to 
avoid  a  heavier  calamity.  My  dillrelTeshavebeen  greater 
than  I  ever  owned,  or  ever  will  own  to  any  man.  Such 
evils  are  terrible  to  bear,  but  they  never  yet  had  power 

to 


L    IE    D              '      C     331     ]  LEE 

l--!yar(t.   to  turn  me  from  my  purpofe.     If  I  live,  I  will  faithful-  diious  enterprifc  in  which  he  liad  enga:;eif.     The  per- 

'^^"'■'''^^  ly  perfoim,  in  its  utmoll  extent,  my  tngagement  to  the  fon  who,  with  fuch  fcanty  ("unJs,  could  penetrate  ihe 

Society  :  and  if  I  peridi  in  the  attemj)!,  my  honour  will  frozen  regions  of  Tanary,  fiiblifl  among  ilieir  cliurlilh 

be  i.ife  ;  for  death  cancels  all  bonds."  inhabit-mts,  and  ingratintc  hin:felf  with  the  ferocious 

Alter  receiving  his  inllrucHons  and  letters  of  recom-  Mjors  of  Egypt,  could  hardly  have  failed  to  obtain  a 

niend^U(>n,  this  iiiirepid  travellcrfailcd  from  London  on  kind  leception  fiom  the  gentl;  and  hcfpit^ible  Negro, 

the  30th  of  June  1788;   and  in  36  days  arrived  at  A-  had  r.o  untoward  circumllance   intervened.       At  He- 

le.-candtia.     Proceeding  to  Cairo,  where  he  arrived  Au-  iraai,  indeed,  his  lilk  would  have  been  great ;  ai.d  Mr 

gull  the  17th,  he  vilited  the  llave  marketb,  and  converf-  Bruce  was  decid-.-dly  of  opinion,  that  a  man  fo  po<'riy 

ed  with  the  travelling  merchar.ts  of  the  caravans.  Thefe  attended  as  Mr  LeJyard,  could  never  hive  made  his 
fources  of  information,  generally  ncgleflcd  by  travel- 
lers, enabled  him  to  obtain,  at  a  \ery  fmall  expence, 
moie  correft  information  concerning  the  Afiican  na- 
tions and  their  trade,  the  poiuion  ci  places,  the  nature 


efcape  from  that  treacherous  and  ferocious  peojik-. 

The  obfervatioi'.s  ot  this  accurate  obfciver  on  the  fe- 
male char.iiler,  though  tliey  have  been  repeatedly  quot- 
ed in  other  works,  arc  well  intitled  to  a  plsce  here  ; 


ilaves  eipofed  to  fale,  who  had  been  brought  hom  tlie 
interior  p.irts  of  Africa;  their  ajipearance  lavage,  but 
not  like  i)rifoners  of  war;  ihey  had  head  ornaments, 
and  iheii  hair  plaited  in  detached  jiiaits  oi  great  length. 
Another  parcel,  which  had  come  tioni  Daifoor,  were 
m.ilUy  women  ;  and  the  beads,  and  fame  other  01  na. 
ments  which   they  wore,  were  Venetian.      They  wcie 


and  fond  nf  focitty  ;  mme  liable,  in  general,  to  err  than 
mail  ;  but  in  general  alfo  more  virtuous,  and  perform- 
ing more  good  aftions  than  he.  To  a  woman,  wheiher 
civilized  or  favage,  I  never  addrelied  niylelf,  in  the  lan- 
gii 'ge  of  decency  and  friendll.ip,  without  receiving  a 
decent  and  friendly  anfwer.  With  m.m  it  has  otten 
been  oiheiwife.      In  wandeiing  over  the  b.iir.n  plains 


0 

I  .ceds. 


oi  the  country,  the  manner  ol  travelling.  Sic.  than  could  and  v/i:li  them  we  lliall  conclude  this  fkclch  of  his  life  ; 

have  been  eafily  obtained  by  any  othtr  method.     He  '•  I  have  always  (fays  he)  remarked,  that  women  in  all 

thus  le.irned,  that  the  Arabs  of  the  defert  have  an  in-  countries  are  civil  and  obliging,  tender  and  humaiiC  ; 

vincible  attachment  to  liberty,  though  it  is  fmguiar  that  that  they  are  ever  iixlined  to  be  gay  and  cheerful,  ti- 

lliey  have  no  v^oid  to  expreis  liberty  in  their  language,  morous  and  modeft  ;  and  that  they  do  not  heiitate,  like 

The  Mahomedans  of  Alrica  are  a  trading,  fupcrltitious,  man,  to  perform  a  generous  AiWun.     Not  haughty,  not 

and  warlike  fet  of  vagabonds.     He  fav/ near  :oo  black  arrogant,  not  fupercilious  ;  they  are  full  tf  courtcfy. 


well  formed,  quite  black,  had  the  true  Guinea  lace,  and  of  inhofpitable  Denmark,  throiigli  honeil  Sweden,  and 

culled  hair.     Mr  Ledy.ird  was  informed,  that  tlie  king  frozen  Lapland,  ruile  andchurlilh  Finland,  unpiinciplej 

of  Senaar  was  a  merchant,  and  concerned  in  the  c»ra-  Ruliia,  and  the  wide  f,'read  regions  of  the  wandering 

vans;   that  20,000  negro  (laves  are  imjjcrted  into  E-  Tartar;    if  hungry,   dry,   cold,  «et,  or  lick,   the  wo- 

gypt  annually.     Among  fome  Senaai    ilaves,  he  faw  men  have  ever  been  friendly  to  me,  and  uniformly  fo. 

three  uf  a  bright  olive  colour,  but  their  heads  iincoof-  And  to  add  to  thij  virtue  (lb  worthy  the  appellation  of 

monly  formed,  the  forehead  the  narroweft,  longelt,  and  benevclence),  thefe  aftions  have  been  pertormed  in  fu 

moll  protuberant  lie  ever  fav.'.  free  and  kind  a  manner,  that  if  I  was  dry,  I  drank 

The  Senaar  caravan  is  the  mod  rich  ;  that  of  Dar-  the  fweeteil  draught  ;  and  if  hungry,  I  eat  the  coaritll 
foor  is  not  equally  fo,  though  it  trades  with  almoft  the  morfel  with  a  double  reliih."  For  a  fuller  account  of 
fame  commodities.  Belides  Haves,  thefe  are  gum,  e!e-  Ledyaril,  ice  The  TrartJ'ncTions  of  the  Afiiurn  Affoci^tion, 
jihants  teeth,  camels,  and  ollrich-leathcrs  ;  lor  which  or  A  Fienu  of  the  Late  Dijcoveries  in  Africa. 
are  received  in  exihange  tiinkels,  foap,  antimony,  red  LEE,  a  i'mill  town  in  Stratford  county.  New- 
linen,  razors,  fcilllirs,  mirrors,  and  beads.  Wangara,  Hampihire,  about  12  miles  noith  of  Exeter.  It  was 
to  wliicli  the  caravans  alfo  trade,  was  repiel'ented  to  Mr  foimeily  pait  ot  Dover  and  Durham,  and  was  incor. 
Ijcdyard  as  a  kingdom  producing  much  gold  ;  but  the  potated  in  1766.  101775  it  contained  934  inh.ibil- 
kinc  items  to  inteimtddle  witli  commerce  as  well  as  ants,  in  1790 — 1029. — ib. 

the  potentate  of  Senaar ;  for  in  order  to  deceive  llran-        Li:e,  Fort,  was   ere(51ed   by   ihe  Americans   during 

gets,  and  prevent  them  from  guelling  at  ihe  entent  of  the  late  war,  on  the  well  bank  of  Noith  river,  having 

his  riches,  he  was  reported  to  vary  continually  the  gold  the   tra^l  called  the    Engluli   Neighbourhood   on    the 

ul(:d  in  barter,  which  it  is  his  ])rovince  to  regulate,  and  north,  and  that  called  Hebuken  en  the  Itu'.hward,  in 

of  which  he  iilues  at  one  time  a  great  quantity,  and  at  N.  lal.  40°  56',  and  about  9  miles  above  the  town  of 

ethers  little  or  none.     A  caravan  goes  Ironi  Cairo  to  Bergen.     The   Americ.ins  had  2,00c  men  in   gariifon 

Fezy.an,  which  they  call  a  jjurney  of  til'ty  days ;  and  as  herein  the   late  war,  but  evacuated   it   in  November, 

the  caravans  travel  about  20  milts  a  day,  the  diltancc  1776,  with  the  lols  of  their  artillery  and  l^ores. — u. 
mull  be  about   loco  miles;  from  Fezzan  to  Tombuc-        Lee,  a  county  of  Virginia,  lately  taken  trom  liulf:!, 

too  is   1800  miles;  I'lom  Cairo  to  Senaar  about  6co  in  the  S.  W.  coiner  ot  the  State,  bounded  ibuth  by  the 

miles.  State  of  N.  Carohna,  and  well  by  Kentucky. — ifi. 

Such  was  the  information  which  Mr  Ledyard  deriv-        Lek,  a  towniliip  in  Beiklliirc  lounij,  M.iitachufetts, 

ed  irom  the  merchants  of  the  caravans  in  Egypt  ;  but  5  miles  louthcrly  of  Lenoi,  4  call  ot  M<  ckbtidge,  and 

wlicn  he  was  about  to  verily  it  by  his  own  obleivations,  140  well  of  Bollon  ;  was   iiicorpoiated   in   1777,  and 

End  had  announced  to  the  A iFociation  that  iiis  next  dif-  contains    1,170  inh  ibit.iiits.     Houlatonick   iivcr  runs 

patch  would  be  dated  I'rom  Senaar,  he  was  feizcd  with  foutherly  thr.uigh  this  town  — ib. 

a  bilious  complaint,  which  frultrated  the  Ikill  of  the  moil        LEEDS,  a  town  in  the  eailein  part   of  Glrucell^r 

eminentphyiicians,and  put  a  period  tohistiavelsand  his  county,    New-Jerfey,    4   miles   well  ot   the   mouili   of 

life  at  Cairo.     It  is  nccdlefs  to  fay  how  much  his  death  Mull  cus  liver,  and  8  norlh-wclUrly  of  Biigantine  In- 

was  regretted,  or  how  well  he  was  qu ali tied  for  ihe  ai-  let. — ;'/'. 

T  t  :  LiEDs 


L    E    I 


C     33^     ] 


L     E     M 


Leeds,  a*  village  of  Richmond  county,  Virginia, 
fituated  on  the  north  banic  of  Rappahannock  river  ;  14 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  Port  Royal,  40  S.  E.  of  Fredcrickf- 
burg,  and  70  N.  E.  of  Richmond.  Near  Leedllown 
is  ,1  famous  courl'e  for  horfe-racinjj. — ii. 

LEEFOOGA,  one  ot  the  Friendly  illands,  in  the 
South  Sea.  It  was  vilited  by  Captain  Cook  in  1776, 
who  coniiders  it,  in  fome  refpeifls,  fupcrior  to  Ana- 
niooka.  The  illand  is  fmiated  near  Ilapaee,  and  is 
about  7  miles  long  and  3  broad. — ii. 

LEESCURGH,  a  poft-iown  of  Maryland,  25  miles 
from  I'"red^rickllown. — ib. 

Lefsburg,  a  pod  town  of  Virginia,  and  capital  of 
Loudon  county.  It  is  fituated  6  miles  S.  W.  of  the 
P.itowmac,  and  4  fouih  of  Goofe  Crsek,  a  branch  of 
that  river  on  the  great  road  leading  from  Philadelphia 
to  the  fouthward,  and  on  the  leading  roid  from  Ale.x- 
andria  to  Eath.  It  contains  abcut  60  houfes,  a  court- 
houfe,  and  gacl.  It  is  20  mdes  from  Salifbury,  32 
from  Shepherd  down,  20  miles  from  Frederickftown  in 
Maryland,  46  north- well  of  Alexandiia,  and  64  E.  S. 
E.  of  Wincheller. — ik 

Lehsburg,  or  Leejlown,  a  fettlement  in  Kenrncky, 
on  the  b.inks  of  Kentucky  river,  20  miles  from  Lex- 
ington, and  about  30  from  the  Upper  Blue  Lick.  It 
was  dellroyed  by  the  Indians  and  abandoned.  The 
country  for  many  miles  round  is  firll  rate  land.  Great 
plenty  of  maible  is  found  on  the  banks  of  Kentucky, 
particularly  at  this  place. — ib. 

LEE'S   ISLAND,  in  Patowmac  river,  in  Fairfax 

county,    Virginia,    about    2    miles    fouth-eallward    of 

Thorp,  which  is  on  the  north  fide  of  Goofe  Creek. — \b. 

LEEK,  aimall  ifland  of  Pennfylvania,  in  Delaware 

river. — ib. 

Hyperbolic  LEGS,  are  tlie  ends  of  a  curve  line 
that  partakes  of  the  nature  of  the  hyperbola,  or  having 
afymptots. 

LEHIGH,  or  Leda,  a  river  which  rifes  in  North- 
ampton county,  Pennlylvania,  about  21  miles  eaft  of 
Wyoming  Falls,  in  Sufquehannah  river,  and  taking  a 
circular  courfe,  paffing  through  the  Blue  Mountains, 
empties  into  Delaware  river  on  tlie  fouth  iide  of  E.if- 
lon,  11  miles  N.  E.  of  Bethlehem.  It  runs  about  75 
mile',  and  is  navigable  30  miles. — Morse. 

LE  GRAND,  a  confider.ible  river  of  the  N.  W. 
Territory,  which  rifes  within  a  few  miles  of  the  weft 
extremity  of  Lake  Erie,  and  purfuing  a  N.  N.  W. 
courfe  for  nearly  100  miles,  thence  turning  to  the  well, 
empties  into  Lake  Michigan.  It  is  about  250  yards 
wide  at  its  confluence  vvith  the  lake  — \h. 

LEICESTER,  a  townihip  in  Addifon  county,  Ver- 
mont,, fituated  on  the  eaft  fide  of  Otter  Creek,  having 
343  inhabitants.  Great  Trout  Pond,  or  Lake,  is 
p.irtly  in  this  town,  and  partly  in  Salilhury,  on  the 
north.     This  town  was  granted  Odl.  20,    1761. — ib. 

Leicester,  called  by  die  Indian  natives  Tov-jtaiJ,  is 
a  coniiderable  town  in  Worccllcr  county,  Maifachufetts, 
containing  1076  inhabitants.  It  is  fituated  upon  the 
pod-road  from  Bcdon  to  Hartford,  Nevv-York  and 
Philadelphia,  6  miles  wederly  of  Worceder,  and  54 
W.  by  S.  of  Bofton  ;  bounded  N.  by  Paxton  and  S. 
by  Oxford.  It  was  fettled  in  1713,  and  incorpcr.ited 
jn  1 720  or  1721.  There  are  three  meeting-houl'es  here 
for  Congregationalifts,  Anabaptifts,  aad  Quakers  ; 
who  live  in  harmony  together.     The  Lticzf.er  Academy 


was  incorporated  in  1784,  and  is  well  endowed.     Wool    Leming- 
cards  are  manufaflured  here  to  the  annual  amount  of      "'°' 
15,000  pairs. — lb.  ,     " 

LEMING  TON  Priors,  is  a  village  two  miles  eaft  v^^v^v» 
of  the  town  of  Warwick,  famous  for  its  mineral  waters. 
One  fait  fpring,  which  rifes  near  the  church  yard,  has 
been  long  known,  as  well  as  another  which  rifes  in  the 
bed  of  the  river  j  but  the  mod  remarkable  fpring  was 
difcovered  in  the  year  1790.  The  waters  of  both 
fprings  have  been  analysed  with  great  accuracy  by 
William  Lambe,  M.  A.  late  Fellow  of  St  John's  col- 
ledge,  Cambridge,  who  has  given  us  the  following  fy- 
noptical  table  of  the  fubftances  contained  in  them  : 

Gafeous  Fluids  contained  in  a  Wine-gallon  in  Cubic  Inchet. 


WATIR    OF    THE 

WATER    OF     THE 

NEW     SPRING. 

OLD    SPRING. 

Hepatic  gut 

Too  fmall  to  be 

Too  fmall  to  be 

meafured. 

meafured. 

yliolic  gas 

i-S 

3 

Carbonic  acid  gas 

•5 

Solid  contents  of  a  Wine-gallon 

in  Grains. 

WATER    OF    THE 

WATER    OF    THE 

NEW     SPRING. 

OLD    SPRING. 

Carbonat  of  iron 

•75 

Oxyds  of  iron  and 

Tci  fmaU  to  he 

manganefe 

iVi  ighed. 

Oxygenated  muriat 

Unlnoivn,  but  very 

Unknown,  but  very 

of  iron  and  man- 

fmall. 

fmall. 

ganefe       -     - 

Sulphur  -     -     - 

Unknown,  but  very 
fmall. 

Muriat  of  magnefia 

11.5 

58 

Muriat  of  fuda 

430 

330 

Sulj  hat  of  Joda 

152 

62 

Sulphat  of  lime 

112 

146 

In  the  courfe  of  his  experiments,  for  which  we 
mud  refer  to  the  original  mamoir,  in  Tranfaflions 
of  the  Mancheder  Society,  Mr  Lambe  thinks  he  dif- 
covered the  origin  ot  the  muriatic  acid.  He  found  a 
coincidence,  veiy  unexpected,  between  the  hepatifed 
folution  ot  iron  and  the  oxygenated  muriat  of  iron. 
"  I  had  alrnod  concluded  (lays  he),  from  the  refem- 
blance  between  the  properties  of  this  fait  and  the  phe- 
nomena of  the  water,  that  the  water  contains  this  very 
fait.  Now,  I  conclude,  that  they  contain  a  matter,  be 
it  what  it  may,  prc>duced  by  the  a(5lion  of  hepatic  gas 
on  iron.  But  tiiey  are  the  very  fame  tafls  whicli  toim 
the  bafis,  upon  which  each  feparate  inference  is  built. 
Does  it  not  follow,  then,  as  a  neceifary  confeqnence, 
that  the  hepatiled  folution  itfelf  contains  a  muriat  of 
iron  highly  oxygenated,  and  that  therefore  in  this  pro- 
cefs  muriatic  acid  is  generated?  This  conclufion  feenied 
autiioi  ifed  by  reafcn,  and  experiment  has  confirmed  it." 

Lemington,  a  townihip  in  ElTex  county,  Ver- 
mont, on  the  wed  bank  ot  Conneclicut  river,  and  near 
the  N.  E.  corner  of  the  State.  The  Great  Monad- 
nock  mountain  is  in  this  town.  It  contains  31  inhabi- 
tants.— ib. 

LEMNISCATE,  the  name  of  a  curve  in  the  form 
of  the  figure  of  8. 

LEMON-JUICE,  is  an  article  of  fiich  liarmlefs  lux- 
ury, and  in  fome  cafes  of  fuch  real  utility,  that  many 

cf 


L     E     N 


C     333     ] 


LEO 


Lenfcs. 


Lemon,  of  our  readers  will  be  pleafed  to  know  a  funple  method 
i)y  which  they  may  obtain  it  in  great  piiriiy.  In  the 
article  Chemistry  {Suppl.),  n"  476,  we  have  fhewn 
J'rom  Scheele  and  Dizc,  how  to  obtain  the  citric  acid 
perfectly  pure,  and  in  the  (orm  of  cryftaU;  but  here 
we  mean  nothing  more  than  to  Ihew  how  it  may  be 
completely  feparated  from  that  (limy  fubftance  with 
which  it  is  always  mixed  in  the  lemon,  without  allow- 
ing it  time  to  fpoil  or  to  acquire  any  difagrecable  tafte 
during  the  fep.iration.  This  we  are  enabled  to  do  by 
M.  Brugnatelli,  who,  in  the  2d  volume  of  the  Annali  Ji 
Chimta,  informs  us,  that  he  exprelled  in  the  common 
manner  the  juice  of  perfeilly  ripe  lemons,  and  drained 
it  through  a  piece  of  linen.  In  half  an  hour  he  drain- 
ed it  again,  to  free  it  from  a  little  flimy  matter  which 
had  fettled  at  the  bottom  of  the  veffel.  He  then  add- 
ed to  the  juice  a  certain  quantity  of  the  ftrongeft  fpirit 
of  wine,  and  preftrvcd  the  mixture  for  fome  days  in  a 
well-corked  bottle.  During  that  time  there  was  a  con- 
fiderable  depofit,  which  to  all  appearance  was  of  a  llimy 
nature,  and  which  he  feparated  by  filtering  paper.  If 
the  fluid  was  too  thick  to  pafs  through  the  filter,  he 
diluted  it  again  with  fpirit  ol  wine.  After  this  opera- 
tion, the  depofit  remained  on  the  paper,  which  was  en- 
tirely covered  with  it ;  and  he  obtained,  in  the  veflel 
placed  below,  the  purcfl  acid  ot  lemons  combined  with 
ipirit  of  v.ine. 

If  it  be  required  to  obtain  the  acid  perfcdly  pure, 
nothing  is  necelfary  but  to  feparate  from  it  the  fpirit  ot 
■wine,  which  can  be  bell  eft"e(Sed  by  evaporation.  The 
acid  of  tlie  lemons  alFumes,  after  it  has  been  freed  from 
the  fpirit  of  wine  and  the  moillure  combined  with  it,  a 
yellowifh  colour,  and  becomes  fb  flrong,  that  by  its  tafte 
it  might  be  confidered  as  a  mineral  acid. 

It  is  not  necctfary  to  evaporate  the  fpirit  of  wine  in 
a  clofe  vefTcl,  if  the  experiment  is  made  only  on  a  fmall 
fcale  ;  nor  is  there  any  danger  that  in  open  veffels  any 
of  the  acid  will  be  loll,  as  it  is  too  fixed  to  be  volatill- 
fed  l>y  the  fame  degree  of  heat  at  which  fpint  ot  wine 
evaporates.  This  acid  has  peculiar  propertie  ,  which 
defer ve  farther  examination. 

LEMPSl'ER,  an  iuconlideiable  townfhip  in  Che- 
ftiire  county,  New-Hampfliire.  It  wa^  incorporated  in 
1761.  In  1775  it  contained  128  and  in  1790 — 414 
inhabitants. — Morse. 

LENOIR,  a  county  of  Newbern  dillrift,  N.  Caro- 
lina, furrounded  by  Glafgow,  Craven,  Jines,  and 
Dauphin.  It  contains  2,484  tree  inhabitants,  and  957 
llaves.      Chief  town,   Kingtlon. — ib. 

LENOX,  the  (hire  town  ot  Berkfhire  county,  Ma(- 
fachufctts.  It  is  a  plealant  and  thriving  town,  and  has 
a  coun-houfe  and  gaol.  Houfatonick  river  palfes 
through  the  town.  It  lies  call  of  Walhington,  fouth 
of  Pittsfield,  17  miles  fouth-wellerly  of  Cheller,  and 
145    miles   north  of  Bolton. — ib 

LENSES  (fee  Lens  and  Dioptrics,  EncycL),  are 
either  blown  or  ground. 

Bloiun  Lesh-s  are  ufed  only  in  the  fingle  microfcope  ; 
and  the  ufual  method  of  making  them  has  been  to  ^iraw 
out  a  tine  thread  of  the  foft  white  gl.ifs  called  civflal, 
and  to  convert  the  extremity  of  this  into  a  f'pheriile  oy 
melting  it  at  the  flame  of  a  candie.  But  this  gl'<l"s  con- 
tains lead,  which  is  difpofed  to  become  upake  by  par- 
tial reduction,  unlefs  the  management  be  very  carefully 
attended  to.     We  arc  inibimcd,  however,  by  Mr  Ni- 


Leo. 


cholfon,  that  the  hard  glafs  ufed  for  windows  feldom  Lenfcs, 
fails  to  afford  excellent  fpherules.  This  glafs  is  of  a  _  U 
clear  bright  green  colour  when  feen  edgcwit'e.  A  thin  , 
piece  was  cut  i'rom  the  edge  of  a  pane  of  glafs  Icfi  than 
one-tenth  of  an  inch  broad.  This  was  held  perpendi- 
cularly by  the  upper  end,  and  the  flame  of  a  candle  was 
direifled  upon  it  by  the  blow-pipc  at  the  diitance  of 
about  an  inch  from  the  lower  end.  The  glafs  became 
foft,  and  the  lower  piece  defcended  by  its  own  weight 
to  the  ditlince  of  about  two  feet,  where  it  remained  fuf- 
pended  by  a  thin  thread  of  glafs  about  one  five-hun- 
dredth of  an  inch  in  diameter.  A  part  of  this  thread  was 
applied  endwife  to  the  lower  blue  part  of  the  flame  of 
the  candle  without  the  ufe  ot  the  blow-pipe.  The  ex- 
tremity immediately  became  white-hot,  and  ffirnicd  a 
globule.  The  glafs  was  then  gradually  and  regularly 
thruil  towards  the  flame,  but  never  into  it,  until  the 
globule  was  fufficiently  large.  A  number  of  thefe  were 
made  ;  and  being  afterwards  examined,  by  viewing  their 
focal  images  with  a  deep  magnifier,  proved  very  bright, 
perfeil,  and  round.  Tiiis,  as  the  ingenious  author  ob- 
tervcs,  may  prove  an  acceptable  piece  of  inform.ition  to 
thofe  emiaent  men  (and  there  are  many  fuch),  whofe 
narrow  circumtlances,  or  remote  fituation<,  are  obliged 
to  have  recourfe  to  their  own  fkill  and  ingenuity  for 
experimental  implements. 

Ground  I.R.vsFi,  are  fuch  as  are  ground  or  rubbed  in- 
to the  defircd  Ihape,  and  then  poliliied.  DifTerent 
fhapes  have  been  propofed  forlenfes;  but  in  the  article 
Optics,  n"  251  [EmycL),  it  has  been  fhewn  that,  after 
all,  the  Iphtrical  is  the  moll  pracflically  ufeful.  By 
many  of  the  methods  of  grinding,  however,  the  artifi- 
cer, with  his  utmofl  care,  can  only  produce  an  approxi- 
mation to  a  truly  fpherical  figure  ;  and,  indeed,  gentle- 
men have,  for  the  moti  part,  nothing  to  depend  on  tor 
the  fphericity  of  the  lenfes  of  their  telefcnpes,  but  the 
care  and  integrity  of  the  workmen.  In  the  4 ill  vo- 
lume of  the  Tranfac'tions  of  the  R"yal  Society  cf  Lon- 
don, a  machine  is  dcfcribed  by  Mr  S  imuel  Jenklnr, 
which,  as  it  is  contrived  to  turn  a  fphcre  at  one  and 
the  fame  time  on  two  axes,  cutting  each  other  at  right 
anglef,  will  produce  the  fegment  of  a  true  fphere  mere- 
ly by  turning  round  the  wheels,  and  that  without  any 
care  or  fkill  in  the  workmen.  Tiie  following  defcrip- 
tioii  of  this  machine  will  aiable  our  readers  fully  to 
comprehend  its  conltruflion,  and  the  mode  of  uling 
it  :  A  is  a  globe  covered  with  cement,  in  which  are 
fixed  the  pieces  of  glafs  to  be  grourd.  This  globe 
is  faflened  to  the  axis,  and  turns  with  the  wheel  B.  C 
is  the  brafs  cup  which  polillies  the  glafs  :  this  is  fallen- 
ed  to  the  axis,  and  turns  with  the  wheel  I).  The  mo- 
tion of  the  cup  C,  therefore,  is  at  right  angles  with  the 
motion  of  the  globe  A  ;  whence  it  follows  demonllra- 
bly,  tiiat  the  pieces  of  glafs  ground  by  this  double  mo- 
tion mull  bo  formed  into  the  legments  of  fphercs. 

LEO  X.  is  a  pontiff  to  whom  learning,  and  art,  and 
fciencc,  are  fo  deeply  indebted,  that  net  to  give  a  fketch 
of  his  life  and  char.aclcr,  in  a  Work  of  this  kind,  would 
be  an  unpardonable  omilTion.  A  charaifler  of  him  is  in- 
deed given  in  the  Knryclup,rJi.i  ;  but  it  is  fo  far  from  the 
truth,  th.it  it  is  dilhoult  to  conceive  the  prejudices  under 
which  the  writer  mull  have  laboured  by  whom  it  was 
drawn  up. 

Leo,  whofe  name,  before  his  elevation  to  the  pontifi- 
cate, was  Giovanni  Jc  Alcdia,  was  the  fecond  fon  c  f  Lo- 

icn20 


Phte 
XXXll. 


LEO  [     334    ]  LEO 

1  CO.  rtnzo  dc  MeJici,  jnflly  ftyled  the  Magnificent.  In  the  clave,  when  fitted  up  fcr  an  eleiaion,  is  fo  large  a  place, 
:e  of  that  great  man  publilhed  in  this  Su/f/im.-iit,  the  that  we  may  lately  affirm,  that  had  the  cardinal's  ulcer 
adcr  willfce  by  what  means,  and  for  what  purpafc,  he    difcharged    matter  lb  let  id  m  \a  ^'AJjn  all  ihe  cells,  the 


I.fO. 


lii 

rca 

got  Giovanni   railed  to   the   dignity  of  cardinal  at  lb 

early  a  period  of  life  ;  and  in  the  ckg.inl  work  of  R.0I- 

cof,  to  which  we  there  refer,  he  will  lind  I'uch  inftruc- 

tinns  of  Lorenzo  to  the  cardinal  as  inuH  have  made  a 

deep  iinprelHon  on  his  youlhiul  mind. 

S;^eaking  cf  hii  piomotion,  Lorenzo  fays,  "  The  In  ft 
thing  thatl  would  fucgcll  to  you,  is,  tliat  you  ought 
to  be  grateful  to  God,  and  continually  to  recoiled  that 
it  is  nut  through  your  nicTus,  your  prudence,  or  your 
folicitude,  that  this  event  has  taken  place,  but  through 
his  favour,  which  you  can  repay  only  by  z  pious,  chajlc, 
and  exemplary  life ;  and  that  your  obligations  to  the 
performance  ot  ihefe  duties  are  lb  much  the  greater,  as 
in  your  early  years  you  have  given   fume   reafonable  ex- 


aiferiion  cf  the  phyhciar.s  would  hive  been  verified,  and 
that  in  the  then  ll.ireof  the  healing  art,  the  new  pope 
couid  not  have  lurvived  a  month.  Let  it  be  remem- 
bered, too,  that  l^to,  at  his  accclllon,  wjs  not  30,  but 
37  years  of  age,  and  that  he  liad  long  ruled  in  Florence 
witii  foveieign  iway  by  the  fame  means  which  had  up- 
held the  authority  of  his  father.  The  follies  of  youth, 
therefore,  h.idhc  ever  been  remarkable  fcr  fuch  follies, 
nuill  have  been  over  with  him  ;  and  in  Aich  a  ftate  as 
Florence  he  could  not  liave  maintained  the  authority  of 
Lorenzo,  without  e.'ihiljiling  not  only  Loienzo's  libe- 
rdlity,  but  likeuif:  his  decency  of  manners. 

The  next  ihirge  brought   againll  Leo  in  the  Enry- 
chpttdia    is,     that   he    publilhed     gefieral    indulgences 


pc/Ialicri  that  your  riper  age  may  produce  luch  fruits,  throughout  Europe  ;  and  this  is  lb  exprsfled  as  tole^d 

It  would  indeed  be  highly  difgraceful,  and  as  contrary  the  ill-informed  reader  to  fuppole,  either  that  no  fuch 

to  your  duty  as  to  my  /jupus,  if  at  a  time  when  others  indulgences  had  ever  been  publilhed  by  any  cf  his  pre- 

difplay   a   greater  Ihare  of  reafon,  and  adopt  a  better  deceflbrs,  or  that  there  was  Ibmelhing  peculiarly  fcan- 

modc  of   li:e,  you   lliould   forget   the  precepts  of  your  dalous  in  Leo's  mode  of  publilhing  iheni.     Both  fup- 

yjuth,  and  foriake  the  path  in  which  you  have  hhkerlo  piifuionj,  however,  are  erroneous.  The  hiftorian  of  the 

trotljen." "  I  well  know  (continues  Ljren/.o),  that  as  council  of  Trent,  who  ceitainly  was  not  partial  to  the 

you  are  now  to  rilide  at  Rjme,  that  link  of  all  iniquity,  court  of  Rome,  or  to  the  dii'pennng  power  of  the  pope, 

the  dilViculty  of  condu(5tingyourfeU  by  thefe  admonitions  has  Ihewn,  that  the   pra6ice  of  railing  money  by  the 

will  be  incrcafed.     The  inHuenee  of  example  is  iti'ell  publio.i'ion  of  iiidnlgences,  had  prevailed  ever  lince  the 

prevalent ;  but  you  will  probably  meet  with  ihofe,  who  year  iico  ;  that  many  former  popes  had  raifed  money 

will  pat ticularly  endeavour  to  coil upt  and  incite  you  to  in  tliis  manner  lor   purptles  much  lefs   laudable  than 


vice  ;  becaufe,  as  you  yourfelf  may  perceive,  your  early 
attainment  of  fo  great  a  dignity  is  not  oblerved  without 
envy,  and  thofe  who  could  not  prevent  ycur  receiving 
that  honour,  will  fecretly  endeavour  to  diminiih  it,  by 
inducing  you  to  forfeit  the  good  eftimation  of  the 
public." — "  You  are  not  unacquainted  with  the  great 
importance  of  the  charadcr  which  you  have  to  fultain  ; 
for  you  well  know,  that  all  the  Chriltian  world  would 
profper  if  the  c.irdinals  v\^ere  what  they  ought  to  be ; 
becaufe  in  fuch  a  cafe  there  would  always  be  a  good 
pope,  upon  which  the  tranquillity  of  ChrilkndLm  fo 
materially  depends." 

As  this  was  a  confidential  letter  from  Lorenzo  to  his 
fon,  the  fiilt  oi  thefe  extra(fts  furnilhes  very  fiifiicient 
evidence,  that  Giovanni  had  been  at  lead  a  well  behaved 
boy,  diligent  in  Iiib  lludies,  and  regular  in  his  conda(!t ;  lue 
and  without  fuppoling  him  remaikably  religious,  the 
admonitions  of  fuch  a  father,  aided  by  his  own  ambi- 
tion and  love  of  letters,  would  furely  guard  him  againll 
fuch  grofs  liceniioulhcls  as  that  of  which  he  is  accufed 
in  the  Encyclopirclia.     How  much  he  revered  his  father. 


thofc  wliich  Leo  had  in  his  eye  ;  and  that  the  real  caufe 
of  Luther's  attack  upon  Leo's  iniiilgences  was,  that 
they  were  preached  through  Si.\ony  by  the  Dominican 
friars;  whereas  the  preaching  of  former  indulgences 
had  been  committed  to  the  hermits  cf  St  Augulline, 
the  order  to  which  Luther  himfelf  belonged  ! 

Leo  is  likewife  accufed  in  the  Encyclopedia  of  being 
a  piofelFcd  infidel,  and  cf  having  called  Chriftianity  "  a 
fable  very  profitable  for  him  and  his  predecclfors."  but 
of  tlie  truth  of  this  accufation  there  feems  not  to  be  the 
fhadow  of  evidence.  Leo  had  too  much  fenfe  to  utter 
expreflioiis  of  this  kind,  even  had  he  been  an  unbeliever 
in  his  heart  ;  for  he  could  not  podlbly  expecft  that  his 
induleenccs  and  pardons  would  be  purchafed,  had  he 
declared  in  Inch  llrong  terms  that  they  were  of  no  va- 
Father  Paul  indeed  fay.s  that  he  was  not  a  deep 
divine,  or  lb  pious  as  Ibme  of  his  predecelfors ;  but  he 
afiirms,  that  he  adorned  the  papacy  wiih  many  admirable 
qualities  ;  th.it  he  was  learned,  affable,  liberal,  good  ; 
that  he  delighted  in  healing  differences,  and  that  his 
equal  had  not,  for  many  years,  filled  tlie  chair  of  St 

is  apparent  from  the  letter  which  he  wrote  to  his  brother    Peter.     Surely  this  is  not  the  cbarafter  of  a  profane 

immeiiiately  after  Lorenzo's  death.     "  What  a  father    infidel ! 


(fays  he)  have  we  loll  I  How  indulgent  to  his  children  ! 
Wonder  not,  then,  tijat  1  grieve,  that  I  lament,  that  I 
find  no  rell.  Yet,  my  brother,  I  have  fome  confolatiou 
in  refle<5ling  that  I  have  thee,  whom  I  fliall  always  re- 
gard in  the  place  cf  a  father."  Surely  this  is  not  the 
language  of  a  grofs  fenfualilt,  or  of  one  who  could  loon 
forget  the  falutary  admonitions  of  luch  a  parent  as  Lo- 
renzo de  Medici.  But  it  is  needlefs  to  infer  the  de- 
cency of  hi»   charafler  by   fuch  reafonings   as   thefe. 


Leo  has  been  charged  with  raifing  his  own  family  to 
grandeur  at  the  e.xpence  of  juflice  ;  and  of  dealing 
treacheroufly  in  order  to  effed  (his  purpofe,  both  with 
the  emperor  and  with  the  French  king.  But  the  charge 
is  either  fall'e  or  greatly  exaggerated.  He  loft  no  op- 
portunity  indeed  of  aggrandizing  his  relations,  vi-ell 
knowing,  that  in  order  to  fecure  to  them  anv  lading  be- 
nefit, it  was  nece/Tary  that  they  fhould  be  powerful 
enough  to  defend  jhemfelves,  after  his  death,  from  the 


The  (lory  publilhed  in  the  Encyclopedia,  of  tiie  manner  rapacious  aims  of  fucceeding  pontiffs ;  bur,  in  profecut- 
in  which  the  Caidinal  de  Medici  obtained  the  tiara,  can-  ing  this  plan,  he  was  fo  far  from  acting  tyrannically  or 
not  polTibly  be  true.  The  reader,  who  fhall  turn  to  injurioufly  to  othcrs,that  during  his  ponlincate,the  papal 
the  article  Pope  in  that  Work,  will  find  tliat  the  con-    dominions  enjoyed  a  degree  of  tranquillity  fuperior  to 

any 


LEO  [ 

Lcogane,  anf  otlier  It^liiiii  ftate.  During  the  coiUefts  that  took 
place  between  the  emperor  and  the  French  king,  Co  fir 
from  a>fting  treachernufly,  he  diltinguillied  himfelf  hy 
his  inoderation,  his  vigilance,  niid  bis  political  addrefi ; 
on  which  account  he  is  juftly  celebrated  by  an  eminent 
•  Dr  R,.  hiftorian  of  our  own,*  as  "  the  only  prince  of  the  age 
leri/wi.  who  obferved  the  motions  of  tlie  two  contending  mo- 
n.irchs  with  a  prudent  attention,  or  who  difcoverc;d  a 
proper  lbhciti\de  for  the  public  farecy." 

We  trull  that  no  zealous  Protetlant  will  think  we 
have  employed  our  time  ill,  in  vindicating  the  charafter 
of  this  Iplendid  pontiff;  for  good  learning,  and,  of 
courfe,  true  relijiii'n,  are  more  indebted  to  Leo  X.  tiian 
to  any  other  individual  of  the  age  in  which  he  lived.  Lis 
fat)ier  Lorenzo  al  Te  fxcepted. 

Lno  Minor,  the  Litl/c  Lion,  a  conftellition  of  the 
noitiiern  hemifphcre,  and  one  ot  the  new  ones  that  were 
formed  out  of  wlut  were  lelt  by  the  ancients,  under  the 
nam-"  of  SieUa:  Infoimes,  or  unformed  liars.  See  As- 
tronomy, 11°  406,  Encycl. 

LEOGANE,  Buy  of,  called  alfo  B'lght  or  Bite  of 
Leiigaiie,  alio  Cnl  ue  Sac  of  Leogane,  at  the  welt  end 
of  the  illand  of  St  Domingo,  is  formed  by  iwm  penui- 
fulas.  Ic  opens  between  Cape  Si  Nichi-l.is  at  ;lie  well 
end  of  the  noith  jieninfula,  and  Cape  Dame  Marie,  the 
N.  VV.  point  of  the  fouth  psninfula,  45  leagues  apart. 
At  (he  bottom  of  the  bay  are  the  illands  Gonave,  and 
on  the  north  tide  of  the  fouth  peninfula  the  illes  Relllf 
and  Caymite.  It  embofoms  a  v.ill  number  ol  line 
bays.  The  chief  bays,  towns  and  ports  from  Cape  St 
Nicholas  round  to  Cape  Dime  ^lalie  aie  La  Plate 
Forme,  or  the  Platfoi  in,  Ginaives,  St  Marc,  Mon- 
trouis,  Archahaye,  Port  au  Prince,  Leogane,  Goavc, 
Mitagoare,  Petit  Trou,  B  ly  of  BaraJairts,  Bay  of 
Durot,  Jercmie,  Cape  Dame  Mine,  &c.  Trou  lior- 
dct,  ut  the  head  of  which  is  P.irt  au  Prince,  is  at  the 
extremity  of  the  B<y  of  Leogane  eallward,  6d  leagues 
E.  oi  Cape  Dame  Mane,  and  5  i  S.  E.  of  Cape  ot 
Nicholas. — Alone. 

Leogane,  a  fea  pnrt  town  in  the  French  part  of 
the  idand  tf  St  Domingo,  iituated  on  the  N.  fide  of 
the  neck  rt  the  louth  peninfula  in  the  bay  or  bite  of 
Leogane,  at  the  head  of  a  imall  I)ay  which  fets  up  E. 
fiom  the  bay  rif  Grand  Goave,  4  league-;  N.  E.  xf  the 
town  of  that  n  im«,  61  N.  ot  J  ,cmel,  8  N.  W.  of  C-.yes 
de  Jacnicl,  9  W.  by  S.  of  Port  au  Pririce,  and  6^ 
leagues  S.  E.  of  Petite  Gonave  ifland.  N.  lat.  18" 
30',  W.  I'-ng.  from  Pans  75"  2'.  It  is  an  agreeable, 
pleafant,  and  commercial  place.  The  exports  iiom 
Jan.  I,  1789  to  Dec.  31,  of  the  f.imc  year,  were 
95,87 libs,  white  fupar — 7,079,20jlbs.  brown  lu- 
gar — i,932,952lbs.  coffee — I39,887lhs.  cotton — and 
4,96olbs  indigo.  Tic  duties  on  ihe  exportation  of  the 
abovf,  16,103  dollars  70  cents. — \b. 

LEOMINSTER,  a  poll-tnwn  in  Wurcefter  county, 
MafTachiifetts,  7  mile,  N.  by  W.  of  Lancaller,  20  S. 
E.  "f  Winchendnn,  46  weftwaid  of  BoUon,  19  N.  of 
Worcerter,  and  20  S.  of  Marlbomugh,  in  New-Hamp- 
ftiire,  has  a  printiiig-ollice  and  feveral  neat  buildings. 
This  town(hip  w.is  lakeii  from  Lanciftcr,  incorporated 
in  1:40,  and  C'-ntains  1 1.S9  inhabitants.  On  the  differ- 
ent itrc.ims  wh  ch  pafs  thioirjh  the  tO'.*n  .ire  2  grill- 
mills,  5  fa w-n)ili>,  an  oil  mill,  i,nd  clotliiers  work>,  veiy 
excellent.  About  20O,coo  bricks  are  annually  ii.ade 
here.     The  munul'adure  of  combs  is  .tlfo  carried  00  10 


335     ]  L     E     S 

great  perfcaion  and  profit.     Leommjlcr  Gore,  adjoining,      L-on, 

contains  27  inhabitants ih.  II 

LEON,  a  river  which  falls  into  the  Gulf  cf  Mexico  ^;^i^^^ 
from  the  N.  W.  at  the  bay  of  St  Bernard. — ih. 

LtCN,  M-Tu,  a  populous  kingdom  of  New-Spair,  in 
N.  America,  in  whicli  are  feveral  filver  mines. — ib. 

LnoN,  a  town  of  the  province  of  Panuco,  in  Mexi- 
cn.     It  has  rich  mines,  and   lies  30   leagues  r.orth   of 

Mechoacan,  and  55  N.  W.  of  the  city  cf  Mexico ib. 

Leon  de  Caracas,  St,  a  city,  the  capital  of  the 
province  of  the  Caracas,  fituated  on  a  river,  about 
6  leagues  fouth  from  the  coaff,  endofed  by  moun- 
tains. The  valley  in  which  ic  (lands  is  a  f.ivannah, 
well  watered  and  very  healthy,  about  3  leagues  Ion" 
and  I  broad  in  tl)«  middle,  the  only  entrance  into 
which  is  through  a  crooked  and  deep  roaJ.  The 
city  is  i^.ear  a  mile  long  ;  the  houfes  handfome  and 
well  lurnilbed;  the  llrcets  regular,  ilraight  and  broad, 
cutting  each  other  at  right  angles,  and  terminating  in 
a  magnificent  fquare  in  the  centre.  It  contains  about 
4.  or  5,000  inhabitants ;  moft  of  whom  are  owners  of 
cocoa  pia:itati(>ni,  which  12  or  13,000  negroes  culti- 
vate in  tlie  rich  vallies,  which  is  aimofl  the  only  culti- 
vation they  have. — ib. 

Leon  de  Nicaragua,  a  town  r^f  N.  America  in 
New-Spain,  and  in  the  province  of  Nicaragua;  the  re- 
fidence  of  a  governor,  and  a  bilhop's  fee.  It  was  ta- 
ken by  the  buccaneers  in  1685,  in  fight  of  a  Spaniflj 
army  who  were  6  to  i  ;  is  feated  .-.t  the  foot  of  a  moun- 
tain whicii  is  a  volcano,  and  occalions  earthquakes. 
It  conlills  of  about  icoo  houfes,  and  has  fl-veral 
monalleries  and  luinneries  belonging  to  it.  At  one 
end  cf  the  town  is  a  lake  which  ebbs  and  flows  like  the 
iea.  It  is  30  miles  from  the  South  Sea.  N.  lat.  12° 
2j',   W.  long.  88°  ic'.—ii. 

LE()NARDSTO\ViJ,  a  poft  town  of  Maryland, 
and  the  capital  oi  St  Mary's  county,  is  fituated  on  the 
call  fide  i.f  Britton's  brook,  juft  where  it  falls  into 
Britton's  bay,  5  miles  from  its  mouth  in  the  Patowmac, 
and  contains  about  50  homes,  a  courl-houfc,  nnd  caol. 
It  is  1 13  miles  fouth  of  Baltimore,  62  S.  by  E.  of  Up- 
per Mailborough,  30  foutii-eall  of  Port  T<  bicco,  ar.J 
217  f  uth-w.il  of  Philadelphia.  N.  lat.  38®  18'. — i!>. 
LEPERS'  JJlj/iJ,  one  of  the  Nc-ju  /MriJet.  The 
inhabitants  of  ihi>  ifland,  accoiding  to  Bougainville's 
account  of  them,  "  aie  of  two  colours,  black  and 
mulatto.  Their  lips  are  thick,  the:r  hair  frizzled, 
and  lomehavea  kind  of  yellow  wocl  ;  they  are  fmall, 
ugly,  ill-made,  and  in  general  devoured  by  the  /f/ri,J/, 
which  occjfioned  the  difc<Jverer  Bougainville  to  call  it 
the  I/Ji  of  Leptrs  :  few  women  were  fecn,  but  they 
"tic  altogether  as  difguHing  as  the  mtn.  They  go 
naked,  hardly  covering  their  waifts  wilh  a  mat." 
They  carry  their  children  on  their  backs  in  a  kind 
of  fcaif.  They  wear  ornaments  in  their  noflrils ;  and 
have  no  brards. — /'/'. 

LE  ROACH  /JlaaJ,  is  near  Fauikland'i  Illands  ; 
difciivered  in  1657. — ib. 

LES  CAYES,  a  jurifdiilli  n  on  the  S.  fide  of  the 
French  part  of  the  illand  .  f  St  Domingo,  c.  nt.ilns  4 
parilhcs  and  yields  ahund.ince  of  fug.ir,  cotton,  and 
coffee.  Ii5  exports  from  the  town  Lcs  Caycs  fnnj 
J.inuary  i,  1789,  to  Dec.  31,  of  the  lame  year,  were 
2,597,6661bs.  white  fugar ;  24,526,t  jclbs.  br-wn 
fugar ;  .<.02 J.6c4lbs.  ccffec  j   855,447  cotton  ;    1 69, 

jojlbj. 


L     E     S 


[     336     ] 


L     E     S 


l.-nie.  ^^ojlbs.  indigo  ;  and  fmall  articles  to  th;  value  cf  8,256 
^'''^^'^^  iivies.  The  value  of  duties  paid  on  the  above  on  ex- 
portatinn  101,528  dollars,  85  cents.  The  town  Les 
Caycs  lies  between  t!ie  villages  Torbeck  and  Cavaillon, 
on  the  large  bay  which  lets  up  to  th;  illand  Avache; 
from  whicli  it  is  about  3  leagu-.-s  dillant,  and  5  leagues 
northerly  of  Point  Abacon.     N.  lat.  18"  12',  W.  long. 

frc/m  Paris  76''  8' \b. 

LESLIE  (Charles),  was  a  man  fo  eminent  for  his 
learning,  his  talents,  and  his  piety,  that  a  fuller  account 
of  liim  than  that  which  is  given  in  the  Encydoficdia 
mull  be  acceptable  to  our  Chriflian  readers.  He  was 
the  fecond  fon  cf  Dr  John  Lellie  bilhop  of  Clogher  in 
Ireland,  who  was  defccnded  from  an  ancient  family  in 
the  north  ot  Scotland,  and  being  an  admirable  fcholar, 
rofe  to  the  dignity  of  billiop  of  Orkney  in  his  own 
country,  whence  he  was  tran(lated,  in  1633,  td  Raphoe 
in  Ireland,  and  afterwards,  in  1661,  to  the  fee  ot 
Clogher. 

Our  author  was  born  in  Ireland,  but  in  what  year 
we  have  not  learned.  A  ludicrous  llory  goes  indeed  of 
his  having  been  begotten  in  priliin,  and  of  his  tather 
having  faid  that  hehoped  he  would  in  confequence  be- 
come the  greatell  fcourge  of  the  covenanters  that  Great 
Britain  or  Ireland  had  ever  feen.  Thi»  ftory,  with  all 
its  circumftances  as  told  to  us,  can  hardly  be  true  ;  but 
we  think  it  could  not  have  been  fabricated,  had  not 
Charles  Leflie  been  born  within  a  year  of  Cromwell's 
con  quell  of  Ireland,  when  the  good  billiop,  having  fuf- 
tained  a  fiege  in  his  caftle  of  Raphoe  againft  that  arch 
rebel,  was  lome  time  kept  in  clofe  continement. 

We  are  equally  ignorant  of  tiie  fchool  where  he  was 
educated  as  of  the  year  of  his  biitli ;  but  we  know  that 
he  had  his  academical  education  in  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  where  he  took  the  degree  of  mafter  of  arts.  In 
the  year  1671,  he  loll  his  father,  when  he  came  over 
to  England,  and,  entering  himfclf  inthe  temple,  (ludied 
law  for  feme  years,  but  afterwards  relinquillied  it  for 
the  ftudy  of  divinity.  In  1680,  he  was  adniitted  into 
holy  orders;  and,  in  1687,  was  made  chancellor  of 
Connor. 

About  this  period  he  rendered  himfelf  particulirly 
JJiofrj/i/ffl/ obnoxious  to  the  Popilh  party  in  Ireland,  by  his  zealous 
Diilhnjry.  oppoHjion  to  them,  which  was  thus  called  forth.  Roger 
Boyle,  bilhop  of  Clogher,  dying  in  1687,  Patiick 
Tyrrel  was  made  titular  Popilh  bilhop,  and  had  the  re- 
venues of  the  fee  affigned  him  by  king  James.  He  fet 
up  a  convent  of  friars  in  Mon.ighan  :  and,  fixing  his  ha- 
bitation there,  held  a  public  vilitation  of  his  clergy  with 
great  folemnity  ;  when,  fome  fubtle  logicians  attending 
him,  he  was  lo  infolent  as  to  challenge  the  Proteftant 
cleigy  to  a  public  difputation.  Lellie  undertook  the 
ta(k,  and  performed  it  to  the  nuisfaaion  of  the  Pro- 
tellants;  iliough  it  happened,  as  it  generally  does  at 
fuch  Cornells,  "that  both  fides  claimed  the  viSory.  He 
afterwards  held  another  public  difputation  with  two  ce- 
lebrated Popilh  divines,  in  the  church  of  Tynan,  inthe 
diocefe  of  Armagh,  before  a  very  numerous  aifembly  of 
perfons  of  both  religions  ;  the  ilfue  of  which  was,  that 
Mr  John  Stewart,  a  Popiili  gentleman,  folemnly  renoun- 
ced the  errors  of  the  church  of  Rome. 

As  the  Papills  had  got  polTeirion  of  an  Epifcopal  fee, 
they  ciigroHeJ  other  otKces  too  ;  and  a  Popidi  high- 
(herifF  was  appointed  for  the  county  of  Monaghan.  This 
proceeding  alarmed  the  gentlemen  in  that  county ; 
who,  depending  much  on  Leflie's  knowledge  as  a  juftice 


of  peace,  repaired  to  hira,  then  confined,  by  the  gout,  Lfdic 
to  his  houfe.  He  told  them,  that  it  would  be  as  illegal  ^-^"""^ 
in  them  to  permit  the  ifierilT  to  ad  as  it  would  be  in 
him  to  attempt  it.  But  they  infilling  that  he  (hnuld 
appear  hiiiiiclf  on  the  bench  at  the  nest  quaiter-feliions, 
and  all  proinifmg  to  lland  by  him,  he  was  carried  thither 
with  much  dilliculty  and  in  great  piin.  When  the 
iheriiT  appeared,  and  was  taking  his  place,  he  was  aiked 
whether  he  was  legally  qualified  ;  to  which  he  anlwered 
pertly,  "  That  he  was  of  the  king's  own  religion,  and 
it  was  his  majefty's  will  that  he  lliould  be  iherilT." 
L:flie  replied,  "  That  they  were  not  inquiiing  into  his 
majelly's  religion,  but  whether  he  (the  pretended  IheiifF) 
had  qualified  himfelf  according  to  law,  tor  afting  as  a 
proper  officer  ;  that  the  law  was  the  king's  will,  and  no- 
thing elle  to  be  deemed  fuch  ;  that  his  lubjeifts  had  no 
other  way  of  knowing  his  will,  but  as  it  is  rerealed  to 
them  in  his  laws  :  and  it  mull  always  be  thought  to 
continue  fi,  till  the  contrary  is  notified  to  them  in  the 
fame  authentic  manner."  Upon  this,  the  bench  una- 
nimoully  agreed  to  commit  the  pretended  (herifT,  for 
his  intrufion  and  arrogant  contempt  of  the  court.  Lef- 
lie alio  committed  fome  oilicers  ot  that  tumultuous  army 
which  the  Lord  Tyrconnel  raifed  for  robbing  the 
country. 

In  this  fpirited  conduft  I-eflie  afled  like  a  found  di- 
vine and  an  upright  magiltrate  ;  but  though  he  thought 
himfelf  authorifed  to  refill  the  illegal  mandates  of  his 
fuvereign,  like  many  other  great  and  good  men,  he  di- 
flinguiihed  between  active  and  paflive  obedience,  and 
felt  not  himfelf  at  liberty  to  transfer  his  allegiance  from 
that  Ibvereign  to  another.      Retufing  theretbre  to  take 
the  oaths  to  kmg  William  and  queen  Mary,  he  was  de- 
prived ot  all  his  preferments ;  and  in  1689  he  removed 
with  his  family  to  England,  where  he  publilhed  the  fol- 
lowing works,  belides  thofe  already  noticed  in  the  En- 
cyclopddia  :      i .  Anl'wer  to  Archbithop  King's  State  of 
the  Protedants  in  Ireland.     2.  Calfandra,  concerning 
the  new  Alfuciations,  &c.  1703,  410.     3.  Rehearfals  ; 
at  firft  a  weekly  paper,  publilhed  afterwards  twice  a- 
v.'eek  in  a  halt-lheet,  by  way  of  dialogue  on  the  affairs 
of  the  times  ;  begun  in  i  704,  and  continued  for  iix  or 
feven  years.     4.  The  Wolf  Itripped  of  his  Shepherd's 
Clothing,  in  Anfwer  to   Moderation  a  Virtue,   1 704, 
4to.     The  pamphlet  it  anfwers  was  written  by  James 
Owen.     5.  The  Bilhop  of  Sarum's  [Burnet's]  proper 
Defence,  from   a    Speech  laid   to   be   fpoken  by  him 
againft  occafional  conformity,  1704,.  410.     6.  The  new 
AlFocialion  of  thofe  called  Moderate  Churchmen,   &c. 
occafioned   by    a    pamphlet,    intitled,  the    Danger  of 
Priellcratt,    1705,  4to.     7.  The  new  Aflbciation,  part 
2d,   1705,  4to.     8.  The  Principles  of  Diffenters  con- 
cerning Toleration  and  occafional  Conformity,   1705, 
4to.    9.  A  Warning  for  the  Church  of  England,  1706, 
410.     Some   have  doubted  whether   thefe  two  pieces 
were    his.       10.   The    good   old    Caufe,  or  Lying  in 
Truth ;  being  the  fecond  Defence  of  tl:e  Bilhop  of  Sarum 
from  a  fecond  Speech,  &c.  1710.     For  this  a  warrant 
was  ilTued  out  againft  Leflie.      11.  A   Letter  to  the 
Bilhop  of  Sarum,  in  Anfwer  to  his   Sermon  after  the 
Queen's  Death,  in  Defence  of  the  Revolution,   17 15. 
12.  Salt  for  the  Leech.      13.  The  Anatomy  of  a  Ja- 
cobite.     14.  Gallienus  redivivus.      15.   Delenda  Car- 
thago.     16.  A  Letter  to  Mr  William  Molyneu.T,  on 
his  Cafe  of  Ireland's  being  bound  by  the  Englifti  Afts 
of  Parhament.     17.  A  Letter  to  Julian  Johnfon.     18. 

Several 


T.     E     S  C     2.37 

I.eflie.     Several  Trafts  againft  Dr  Higden  and  Mr  Hoadly. 

•^^'■'^'^^  19.  A  Difcouife,  fliewing  who  they  are  that  are  now 
qualified  to  adminifler  Baptifm.  20.  The  Hillory  of 
Sin  and  Herefy,  &c.  1698,  8vo.  21.  The  Truth  of 
Chriftianity  demonftrated,  in  a  Dialogue  between  a 
Chrillian  and  a  Deill,  171 1,  8vo. — Agauift  the  Papills 


] 


L     E    S 


own  country.  Some  of  his  friends  acquiinting  lord 
Sunderland  with  his  purpofes,  implored  his  proteiflion 
for  the  good  old  man,  which  his  lordfliip  r:adily  and 
generoully  promil'ed.  Mr  Leflie  had  no  foontr  arrived 
in  London,  than  a  member  of  the  houfc  of  comnioni 
officioufly  waited  on  lord  Sunderland  wiih  the  news,  but 
22.  Of  private  Judgment  and  Authority  in  Matters  of    met  with  fuch  a  reception  from  liis  lordlhip  as  the  ma- 


r-cflie. 


Faith.  23.  The  Cafe  ftated  between  the  Church  of 
Rome  and  the  Church  of  England,  &c.  1713.  24. 
The  true  notion  of  the  Catholic  Church,  in  Anfwer  to 
the  BKhop  of  Meaui's  Letter  to  Mr  Nelfon,  &c. 

Befides  thefe,  he  publillied  the  four  following  trails : 

25.  A  Sermon  preached  in  CheRer,  againft  M^irriages 
in  different  Communions,  1702,  8vo.  This  fermon  oc- 
cafioned  Mr  Dodvvell's  difcourfe  upon  the  fame  fubjecft. 

26.  A  Dlifertation  concerning  the  Ufe  and  Authority 
of  Ecckluirtical  Hillory.  27.  The  Cafe  of  the  Regal 
and  the  Pontificate.  28.  A  Supplement,  in  Anfwer  to 
a  Book,  intitled.  The  regal  Supremacy  in  Ecclefiafti- 
cal  All.iirs  ail'erted,  &c.  Thele  two  laft  pieces  were 
occafioned  by  the  difpute  about  the  rights  of  convoca- 
tion, between  Wake,  &c.  on  one  fide,  and  Atterbury 
and  his  friends,  among  whom  was  Leilie,  on  the  other. 

It  is  faid  by  the  authois  of  the  Biographical  Dic- 
tionary, that,  in  confequencc  of  a  publication  of  his, 
intitled,  "  The  hereditary  riglit  of  the  crown  of  Eng- 
land alfcrted,"  he  was  under  the  neccffity  of  leaving 


lice  of  his  errand  deferved.  Our  author  iben  went  over 
to  Ireland,  where  he  died  April  13,  1722,  at  his  own 
houfe  at  Gladough  in  the  coimty  of  Monaghan. 

His  charaflcr  may  be  fummed  up  in  a  few  words. 
Conlummaie  learning,  attended  by  thelowell  humility, 
the  ftriaeR  piety  without  the  leaft'  tinflure  of  motole- 
nefs,  a  converfation  to  the  Lift  degree  lively  and  fpiri:cd, 
yet  to  the  lad  degree  iiuioccnt,  made  him  the  delight 
of  mankind,  and  leaves  what  Dr  Hickes  fays  of  hint 
unqueltionablc,  that  he  made  more  converts  to  a  found 
faith  and  holy  life  than  any  other  man  of  our  times. 

A  charge,  however,  has  been  lately  brought  againft 
him  oi  fuch  a  nature,  a.s  if  well  founded,  muft  detract 
not  only  from  his  literary  fame,  but  alfo  from  his  inte- 
grity. "  The  Ihort  and  eafy  Method  widi  the  Deifts" 
is  unqueftionably  his  moft  valuable,  and  apparently  his 
moft  original  work  ;  yet  this  trad  is  publKhed  in  French 
among  the  works  of  the  Abbe  St  Real,  who  died  in 
1692  ;  and  therefore  it  has  been  fiid,  that  unlefs  it  was 
publilhed  in  Englilh  prior  to  that  period,  Charles  Lefllc 


the  kingdom  ;  and  that  he  repaired  to  the  Pretender  at    muft  be  conlidered  as  a  (hamelels  pl.ieiaty. 
T,       I     I        ...1 1.-  _ii 1  . en- •      _  ^-  Tu«  Tr„„i:/i.  1  •    ,         ° 


Bar  le  due,  where  he  was  allowed  to  officiate,  in  a  pri- 
vate chapel,  after  the  rites  ot  the  church  ot  England  ; 
and  where  he  endeavoured,  though  in  vain,  to  convert 
the  Pretender  to  the  Proteftant  religion. 

That  he  repaired  to  Bar  le  due,  and  endeavoured  to 
convert  to  the  church  of  England  him  whom  he  confi- 
dered  as  the  rightful  fovereign  of  England,  is  indeed 
true;  but  we  have  reafon  to  believe  that  this  was  not 
in  confequencc  of  his  being  obliged  to  leave  the  king- 
dom. There  is,  in  the  firlt  place,  fome  grounds  to  be- 
lieve, that  "  The  hereditary  right  of  the  crown  of  Eng- 
land aiferted"  was  not  written  by  him  ;  and  there  is  ftill 
in  exiftence  undoubted  evidence,  that,  in  confequencc 
of  his  great  fame  as  a  polemic,  he  was  fent  to  Bar  k 
due  for  the  exprefs  purpofe  of  endeavouring  to  convert 
the  fon  of  James  II.  by  fome  gentlemen  of  fortune  in 
England,  who  wilhed  to  fee  that  prince  on  the  throne 
of  his  anceftors.  The  writer  of  this  article  had  the  ho- 
nour, 16  or  17  years  ago,  to  be  known  to  the  grand- 
daughter of  one  of  thofe  gentlemen — a  lady  of  the 
ftrifleft  veracity  ;  and  from  her  he  received  many  anec- 
dotes of  Leflie  and  his  alfociates,  which,  as  he  did  not 
then  forefee  that  he  ftiould  have  the  prefent  occafion 
for  tliem,  he  has  fuffered  to  flip  from  his  memory. 
That  lady  is  ftill  alive,  and  we  have  reafon  to  believe 
is  in  polfeflion  of  many  letters  by  Leflie,  written  in  con- 
fidence to  her  grandfather,  both  from  Bar  le  due  and 
from  St  Germains  ;  and  by  the  account  which  (he  gave 
of  thefe  letters,  Leflie  appears  to  have  confidercd  his 
prince  as  a  weak  and  incorrigible  bigot,  though,  in 
every  thing  but  religion,  an  amiable  and  accomplilhed 
man.  This  may  have  been  his  genuine  charafler;  for 
we  all  know  that  it  was  the  chara>51er  of  his  father;  but 
it  is  not  of  him  that  we  are  writing. 

Mr  Leflie  having  remained  abroad  from  the  year 
1709  till  I  721,  returned  that  year  to  England,  lefcl- 
ving,  whatever  the  confequences  might  be,  to  die  in  his 

SurPL.  Vol.  II. 


The  Englifli  work  was  certainly  not  publiflied  prior 
to  the  death  of  Abbe  St  Real ;  'for  the  firft  edition 
bears  date  July  17th  1697  ;  and  yet  many  reafons  con- 
fpire  to  convince  us,  that  our  countryman  was  no  pla- 
giary. There  is  indeed  a  ftriking  fimilarity  between  the 
Englifli  and  the  French  works  ;  but  this  is  no  com- 
plete proof  that  the  one  was  copied  from  the  other. 
The  article  Pmilologv  in  the  Etieydoptdia,  of  which 
Dr  Doig  is  the  author,  was  publilhed  the  very  fame 
week  with  Dr  Vincent's  dilFertation  on  the  Greek 
verb.  It  was  therefore  impollible  that  either  of  thefe 
learned  men,  who  were  till  then  ftrangers  to  each  other's 
names,  could  have  ftolen  aught  from'the  other  ;  and  yet 
Dr  Vincent's  derivation  of  the  Greek  verb  bears  as  ftrik- 
ing  a  refemblance  to  Dr  Doig's  as  the  Abbe  St  Real's 
work  does  to  Charles  Leflie's.  In  the  article  Miracle 
{Eneycl.),  the  credibility  of  the  gofpel  mirscles  is  efta- 
blifticd  by  an  argument,  which  the  author  certainly  bor- 
rowed from  no  man,  and  which  the  late  principal 
Campbell  confidered  as  original ;  yet  within  half  a  year 
of  the  publication  of  that  article,  the  credibility  of  the 
gofpel-miracles  was  treated  in  the  very  fame  manner  by 
F.  Savers,  M.  D.  though  there  is  in  his  diilcrtation 
complete  internal  evidence  that  he  had  not  feen  the  ar- 
tide  in  the  Ericy.lopxdij.  Not  many  months  ago,  the 
autlior  ot  this  (ketch  reviewed,  in  one  of  the  journals, 
the  work  of  a  friend,  which  was  at  the  fame  time  re- 
viewed in  another  jouinal,  that  at  this  moment  he  has 
never  feen.  Yet  he  has  been  told  by  a  friend,  who  is 
much  verfant  in  that  kind  of  reading,  and  knows  no- 
thing of  his  concern  with  either  review,  that  the  book 
in  queftion  muU,  in  both  journals,  h:ivc  been  reviewed 
by  the  fame  hand  ;  becaufe  in  both  the  fime  charaiHer 
is  given  ol  it  in  almoft  the  very  fame  words  ! 

After  thefe  inft.inces  of  apparent  plagi.irifm,  which 

we  know  to  be  un!y  apparent,  has  any  man  a  right  to 

fay  that  Charles  Leflie  and  the  Abbi  St  Real  might 

U  M  uot 


L     E    S 


[     338     ] 


LEW 


IcEie 


•  See  ^lan- 
tity  (Ull- 
cycl ),  A- 
Jirortbmy, 

Irtpuljianf 
and  Har- 
riot, in  this 
Suppl. 


not  have  tre:iteJ  tlieir  fubjeft  in  the  way  that  they 
liave  clone,  wit'.iout  eill.er  borrowing  from  th;  other  ? 
The  cdincidcnce  of  arrargement  and  roafoniiig  in  the 
two  works  is  ir.de:J  veiy  furpiifrng;  but  it  is  by  no 
means  fo  furprifing  as  the  coincidence  of  etymological 
tlediKftions  which  appears  in  tiie  works  of  tho  Doflors 
Doigand  Vincent.  'Yh:  divines  reafin  from  the  acknow- 
ledged laws  of  honun  thought;  the  reafonings  of  the 
gr.inimarians,  with  all  due  deference  to  their  fnperior 
learning,  we  cannot  help  conlidering  as  fometimes 
fanciful. 

But  this  is  not  all  that  we  have  to  urge  on  the  fub- 
jeift.  If  ihcre  be  pligi  irifm  in  the  cafe,  and  the  iden- 
tity of  titles  loiiks  very  like  it,  it  is  infiiiifely  more  pro- 
liable  that  the  editor  uf  St  Real's  works  ft?le  from  Lef- 
lie,  than  thai  Leflie  ftole  from  St  Real,  unUfi  it  can  be 
proved  that  ih.-  works  of  the  Al)be,  and  thii  work  in 
particular,  were  publilhed  before  the  year  1C97.  At 
that  periud,  the  Engllh  langnage  was  very  little  read 
or  underrtood  on  the  continent ;  whilft  in  Britain  the 
French  language  was  hy  J'cholnn,  as  generally  under- 
Iluod  as  at  prefent.  Hsnce  it  is,  that  fo  many  French- 
men, and  indeed  foreigners  ot  difl'erent  nations,  tiiought 
tiiemfelves  fafc  in  pihering  fcience  from  the  Britilh  phi- 
lolophers*  ;  whilft  there  is  not,  that  we  know,  one  well 
authenticated  irillance  of  a  Britilh  philofopher  appro- 
priating to  himfeli  the  difcoveries  of  a  foreigner.  If, 
then,  luch  men  as  Leibnitz,  John  Bernoulli,  and 
Des  Cartes,  trading  to  the  improbability  of  detec- 
tion, condefcendcd  to  pilfer  the  difcoveries  of  Hooke, 
Newton,  and  Harriot,  is  it  improbable  that  the 
editor  of  the  works  of  St  Real  would  claim  to  his  friend 
a  celebrated  trad,  of  which  he  knew  th;  real  author  to 
be  obnoxious  to  the  goveinnient  of  his  own  country, 
and  therefore  not  likely  to  have  powerful  friends  to 
maintain  his  light  ? 

But  farther,  Burnet,  blfhop  of  Sarum,  was  an  excel- 
lent feii>.ljr,  and  well  read,  as  every  one  knows,  in  the 
works  of  foreign  divines.  Is  it  conceivable,  that  this 
prelate,  when  Imarting  nnder  the  la(h  of  Lellie,  would 
have  let  flip  fo  good  an  opportunity  of  covrring  with 
dilgrace  his  m^lt  formidable  antagonift,  had  he  known 
that  antagonitl  to  be  guilty  of  plagiarifm  Ironi  the 
writings  of  the  Abbe  St  Real?  Let  it  be  granted, 
however,  tliat  Burnet  was  a  ftranger  to  thefe  writings 
and  to  this  plagiarifm;  it  can  hardly  be  fuppol'cd  iliat 
Li  Clare  was  a  ilranger  to  them  likewife.  Yet  this 
auth  r,  when,  for  reafons  beft  known  to  hinsfelf,  he 
chofe  (1706;  to  depreciate  the  argument  of  the  Jl7ort 
method,  and  to  traduce  its  author  as  ignorant  of  ancient 
liillory,  and  as  having  brought  forward  his  four  marks 
for  no  other  purpole  than  to  put  the  deceitful  traditions 
of  Popery  on  the  fame  footing  with  the  mofl  authentic 
doflrines  of  the  gofpel,  does  not  fo  much  as  infinuate 
that  he  borrowed  thefe  marks  from  a  Popifli  abbe, 
ihougli  fuch  a  charge,  could  he  have  eltablilhed  it,  would 
have  ferved  his  purpofe  more  than  all  his  rude  railings 
and  iiiveflive.  Bat  there  was  no  room  for  fuch  a  charge. 
In  the  fecond  volume  of  the  works  of  St  Real,  publilh- 
ed in  1757,  there  is  indeed  a  tradl  entitled  Mc'.hnde 
Courte  ct  Aijce  pour  comhaltrc  les  Ijeijits  ;  and  there  can 
be  little  doubt  but  that  the  publilher  wilhed  it  to  be 
ennfidered  as  the  work  of  his  countryman.  Unfortu- 
aatel^',  biwcvcr,  fur  his  dcfign,  a  catalogue  of  the  Ab- 


Lewif- 
town. 


he's  works  is  given  in  the  firft  volume;  and  in  that  ca-     LeTw, 
talogue  the  Methods  Courle  ct  A\jL'  is  not  mentioned. 

\V'e  have  dwelt  thus  long  on  The  Short  and  Eafy  Me- 
thod iv'tlh  the  D.ijis,  becaule  it  is  one  of  the  ableft 
works  that  ever  was  written  in  proof  of  the  Divine 
origin  of  the  Jewilh  and  Clirillian  Scriptures;  a  work 
of  which  the  merit  is  acknow'edged  by  Lord  Bjling- 
broke,  and  which,  as  has  been  nblerved  tlfewhere  (fee 
Theology,  n"  16.  Etirycl.)  Di  Conyers  Middleton 
confell'es  to  be  unanfwerable.  If  by  men  of  fcience  we 
be  thought  to  have  fpent  cur  time  well  in  vindicating 
the  riglits  of  our  illuftrious  phiioi'ophers  Hooke  and 
Newton,  to  difcoveries  which  have  been  unjullly  claim- 
ed by  the  philofophers  of  Germany  and  France;  we 
will  not  furcly  by  the  friends  of  Chrillianity  be  thought 
to  have  employed  our  time  ill  in  vindicalin:^  Leilie's 
claim  to  this  decifive  argument  in  fuppurt  of  our  holy 
reli'jicn. 

LEVER,  the  firll  of  the  mechanical  powers,  for  the 
properties  of  which  fee  Mechanics  ;  and  for  a  demoii- 
Uration  of  its  fundamental  property,  fee  Steel  varu, 
both  in  the  Encyclopaedia. 

LEWISBURG,  a  county  in  Orangeburgh  diftriiff, 
S.  Carolina. — Morse. 

Lewisburg,  a  poft-town  of  N.  Carolina,  and  capi- 
tal of  Franklin  county.  It  is  lituated  on  Tar  river, 
and  contains  between  20  and  30  houfes,  a  court  houfc 
and  gaol.  It  is  30  miles  N.  of  Raieigli,  25  fouih  of 
Warrenton,  56  from  Tarborongh,  and  411  from  Phi- 
ladelphia.— ib. 

Lewisburg,  a  p' ft-town,  and  the  chief  town  of 
Greenbriar  county,  Virginia;  lituated  on  the  N.  fide 
of  Greenbriar  river,  contains  about  60  houfes,  a  court- 
houfe  and  gaol.  It  is  250  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Rich- 
mond,  and  486  W.  by  S.  of  Philadelphia.     N.  lat. 

Lewisburg,  or  Tarjhnijn,  a  town  of  Northumber- 
land county,  Pennfylvania  ;  fiiuated  on  the  wed  fide 
of  the  Sufquehannah,  7  miles  above  Northumberland. 
It  contains  ;.b.)ut  60  houfes,  and  is  well  fituatcd  for 
carrying  on  a  briilc  trade  with  the  N.  W.  part  of  the 
State.     It  is  30  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Aaronfburg. — ib. 

LEVVISTOV/N,  a  plantation  in  Lincoln  county, 
Diftriia  of  Maine,  lituated  on  the  eall  fide  of  An- 
drofcoggin  liver,  and  bounded  S.  W.  by  Bowdoin. 
Lewiftown  and  Gore  contain  532  inhabitants.  It  is 
36  miles  N.  E.  of  Portland. — ib. 

Lewistown,  or  Lc-jjes,  a  town  in  Sulfex  county, 
Delaware,  is  pleafantly  lituated  on  Lewes  creek,  3 
miles  above  its  mouth  in  Delaware  Bay,  and  as  far 
V\''.  by  N.  of  the  light-houfe  on  Cape  Henlopen.  It 
contains  a  Prefbyterian  and  Msthodifl  church,  and 
about  150  houfes,  built  chiefly  on  a  flreet  which  is 
more  than  3  miles  in  lengtli,  and  extending  along  a 
creek,  which  feparates  the  town  from  the  pitch  of  the 
cape.  Tlie  fituation  is  high,  and  commands  a  full 
profpeft  of  the  light-houfe,  and  the  fea.  The  court- 
houfe  and  the  gaol  are  commodious  buildings,  and 
give  an  air  of  importance  to  the  town.  The  iituation 
of  this  place  mud  at  fome  future  time  render  it  of  con- 
fiderabie  importance.  Placed  at  the  entrance  of  a  bay, 
which  is  crowded  with  velfels  from  all  parts  of  the 
world,  and  which  is  Jrccjuenily  clcfed  with  ice  a  part 
of  the  winter  feafon,  nccefflty  feeras  to  requiie,  and 

nature 


LEX 


C     339    ] 


L     I     C 


i.ewif-  nature  feems  to  fuggeft,  the  forming  this  port  into  a 
town,  harbour  for  fliipping.  The  deficiency  of  water  in  tlie 
J  creek,  may  be  cheaply  and  eafily  fupplied  by  a  fmall 

ij^-^"  canal  fo  as  to  afford  a  paifage  for  the  waters  of  Reho- 
both  into  Lewes  creek,  which  would  enlure  an  ade- 
quate fupply.  The  circumjacent  country  is  beautifully 
diverfified  with  hills,  woods,  llreams,  and  lakes,  form- 
ing an  agreeable  contrail  to  the  naked  fandy  beach, 
which  terminates  in  the  cape  ;  but  it  is  greatly  infefted 
with  miilkeroes  and  fand-fiies.  It  carries  on  a  fmall 
trade  with  Philadelphia  in  the  produflions  of  the  coun- 
try. A  manufiflure  of  maiineand  glauber  falls,  and 
magnefia,  has  been  lately  cftabliflied  here,  which  is 
managed  by  a  gentleman  fkilled  in  the  praiflical  know- 
ledge  of  chemiftry.  It  is  113  miles  fouth  of  Philadel- 
phia.    N.  lat.  38"^  6',  W.  long.  75°  i8'.— ;3. 

Lewistown,  the  chief  town  of  Miillin  county, 
Pennfylvania,  fituated  on  the  northern  fide  of  Juniatta 
river,  on  the  W.  fide,  and  at  the  mouth  of  Cilhico- 
quilis  creek  ;  a  Ihort  way  weft  of  the  Long  Narrows 
in  Jun'uta  river,  and  about  23  miles  north-eafteily 
of  Huntingdon.  It  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  contains 
about  120  dwelling-houfes,  a  court-houfe  and  gaol. 
It  was  incorporated  in  1795,  and  is  governed  by  two 
burgefles,  one  high  conftable,  a  town-clerk,  and  two 
affillants.  It  is  150  miles  W.  N.  W.  of  Philadelphia. 
N.  lat.  40''  33',  W.  long.  77"  23'. — ib. 

LEWUNAKHANNEK,  a  town  on  the  Ohio, 
where  Chrillian  Indians  fettled  under  the  care  of  the 
Moravian  miffionaries. — ib. 

LEXAWACSEIN,  a  fmall  river  of  Pennfylvania, 
which  rifes  by  feveral  branches  in  Northampton  coun- 
ty, Pennfylvania,  on  the  eaft  fide  of  Mount  Ararat ; 
tliefe  unite  about  10  miles  from  its  mouth  in  Delaware 
river.  Its  courfe  is  S.  E.  and  eaft.  It  joins  the  De- 
laware aI)ont  174  miles  above  Plvladelphia. — ib. 

LEXINGTON,  a  poft-town  of  Virginia,  and  capi- 
tal of  Rockbridge  county.  It  is  fituated  on  the  poU- 
road  from  Philadelphia  to  Kentucky,  by  way  of  the 
wilderncfs,  and  about  a  mile  fcuth  of  the  north  branch 
of  James's  river.  It  contains  a  coutt-houfe,  gaol,  and 
about  too  houfes.  The  fituation  of  the  town  is  heal- 
thy and  agreeable,  and  the  country  round  highly  cul- 
tivated. It  is  159  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Richmond,  398 
from  Philadelphia,  and  465  from  Danville  in  Kentuc- 
ky.— ib. 

Lexington,  a  poft-town  of  Kentucky,  and  for- 
merly the  metrcpihs  of  that  State.  It  is  fituated  on 
a  tich  extenlive  plain,  in  Fayette  county,  on  the  north 
iide  of  Town  Foik,  a  imall  ftream  which  falls  into 
the  fouth  branch  of  Elkhorn  river.  It  is  built  on  a 
regular  plan,  and  contains  about  250  houfes,  3  places 
of  public  worftiip,  a  court-h-ufe  and  gaol.  It  contains 
2  printing-offices,  which  publilh  two  weekly  gazettes; 
has  feveial  ftores  of  goods  well  alForted,  and  is  a  flou- 
rilhing,  agreeable  place.  It  is  fituated  in  the  midft  of 
a  fine  tradi  of  country,  on  the  head  waters  of  Elkhorn 
river,  24  miles  eaft  of  Frankfort,  and  774  S.  W.  by 
W.  of  Philadelphia.  Its  inhabitants  arc  iuppofed  to 
amount  now  (1796)  to  2,000;  among  whom  are  a 
number  of  very  genteel  families,  artbrding  very  agree- 
able fociety.  N.  lat.  38'^  6',  W.  long.  Hj''  8'.  Near 
this  town  are  found  curious  fepiilchres  lull  of  human 
Ikeletons.  It  has  been  alferted  that  a  man  in  or  near 
the  town,  having  dug  5  or  6  feet  below  the  furface  of 


the  ground,  c.ime  to  a  large  flat  (lone,  under  \»liicli  Leiinstoii, 
was  a  weliof  common  depth,  regularly  and  artifici-.Hy         11 
ftoned.     In  the  vicinity  of  Lexington  arc  f  lund  the  M^^^ 
remains  of   two  ancient  fortilicaiions,    furniftied  with 
ditches  and  baftions,  overgrown  wiih  large  trees. — ib. 

Lexington,  a  county  in  Orangeburgh  diftrifl,  S. 
Carolina. — ib. 

LiiXiNGTON,  formerly  called  the  Great  Fulls,  a  fmall 
town  of  Georgia,  fituated  on  the  foutli  fide  of  Ogee- 
chee  river,  on  a  beautiful  eminence  which  ovei  looks 
the  falls  of  the  river.  It  is  2  miles  from  Georgetown, 
and  30  from  Greenlborough. — ib. 

Lexington,  a  town  in  MIddlefex  county,  MafLi- 
chufcits,  10  miles  N.  W.  of  Bofton,  having  a  neat 
Congregational  church,  and  a  number  cf  corepafC 
houfes.  It  has  been  rendered  famous  by  the  battle 
fought  in  it,  Apiil  19,  1775,  which  may  be  confider- 
ed  as  the  commencement  cf  the  American  levolution. 
This  townlhip  contains  941  inhabitants,  and  was  incor- 
porated in  17  12 — ib. 

LEYDEN,  a  townOiip  in  HampdiTe  county,  Maf- 
fachufetts,  between  Colerain  and  Bernardfton,  29 
miles  from  Noilhampton,  the  (hire  town,  and  117  N. 
VV.  of  Bofton.  It  was  incorporated  in  1784,  and 
contains  9S9  inhabitants. — ib. 

LEZARS,  an  Indian  nation,  wlio  inhabit  betwe.-n 
the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  and  VVabalh  rivers.  They  can 
furnilh  300  warriors. — ib. 

LIBERTY,  a  piftlown  of  Virginia,  15  miles  from 
New-London,  x,^  from  Fincaftle,  40  fiom  Franklin 
court-houfe,  and  65  (rom  Martinfburg. — ib. 

LiBERTv-TowN,  a  village  of  Maryhnd,  fituated  in 
Frederick  county,  10  miles  north-eaft  of  Frederickf- 
town,  and  about  44  N.  N.  W.  of  the  Federal  City. 
Copper  mines  have  been  found  near  this  town,  and 
have  been  worked  ;  but  to  no  great  extent  as  yet. — ib. 

LICENSER  OF  Books  (fee  Liberty  of  the  Piefs, 
Encjcl.),  has  been  an  officer  in  almoft  every  civilized 
nation,  till  the  end  of  the  laft  century  that  the  office 
was  aboliftied  in  Gieat  Biitain.  ProfeJfor  Beckmann, 
with  his  ufual  induftry,*  has  proved  th.it  Auh  an  office  •  Hljlcrjof 
was  eftabhlhed  not  only  in  the  Roman  Empire,  but  In-.'tntioni, 
even  in  the  republic,  and  in  the  free  ftates  of  ancient^"'-  3- 
Greece.  At  Ath.ns,  the  works  i^f  Protat'oras  were 
prohibited  ;  and  all  the  copies  of  them  which  could  he 
colleiSed  were  burnt  by  the  [)ublic  crier.  At  Rome, 
the  writings  of  Numa,  wiiich  had  been  found  in  his 
grave,  were,  by  order  of  the  fenaie,  condemned  to  the 
tire,  becaul'e  they  were  contrary  to  the  relii;ion  which 
he  had  introduced.  As  the  populace  at  Rome  were, 
in  times  of  public  calamity,  more  addiftcd  to  fuperfti- 
tion  than  fcemed  proper  to  the  government,  an  order 
was  ilfued,  that  all  fuperftitious  and  aftroligical  books 
ihould  be  delivered  into  the  hands  of  the  pntor.  This 
order  was  often  repeated  ;  and  the  emperor  Auguftus 
caufed  more  than  twenty  thoiifand  of  thcfc  books  to  be 
burnt  at  one  time.  Under  ih:  fame  emperor  the  fati- 
rical  works  of  Labienus  were  condcnined  to  the  fire, 
which  was  tlie  firit  iiiUance  of  this  nature  ;  and  it  is  re- 
lated as  foniething  lingular,  that,  a  (ew  years  alter,  tl:c 
writings  of  the  pcrfon  who  had  been  the  caufo  of  the 
order  for  that  piirpofe  Iharcd  the  like  fate,  and  were 
alfo  publicly  burnt.  Wlien  Ciemuiius  Cordus,  in  his 
hiftory,  called  C.  Caffius  the  laft  of  the  Romans,  the  fe- 
nate,  in  order  to  Hatter  Tiberius,  caufed  the  book  to  Ije 
U  u  2  burnt } 


L     I     C 


[     340     ] 


L     I     C 


lAchtn.  burnt ;  but  a  number  of  copies  were  faved  by  being  con- 
^'^^'''"^~'  cealed.  Antiochus  Epiphanes  caufsd  the  books  of  the 
Jews  to  be  burnt ;  and  in  the  firft  centuries  of  our  xra 
the  books  of  the  Chriltians  were  treated  with  equal  fe- 
vtrity,  of  which  Arnobius  bitterly  complains.  We  are 
told  by  Euftbius,  that  Dioclefian  caufed  the  facred 
Scriptures  to  be  burnt.  After  the  fprcadiiig  of  the 
Chrillian  religion  the  clergy  exercil'ed,  againll  books 
that  were  either  unfavourable  or  dilagreeable  to  them, 
the  fame  feverity  which  they  had  cenlured  in  the  hea- 
thens Hi  f<>nh(h  and  prejudicial  to  their  own  caufe. 

Soon  after  the  invention  of  printing,  laws  began  to 
be  made  ior  fiihj'cting  books  to  examination  ;  a.  regula- 
tion prop(  fed  even  by  Plato  ;  and  whi.h  has  been  wifh- 
ed  for  by  mnny  fmce.  Our  author  gives  a  great  deal 
of  curinus  intorniaton  on  ihit  important  fubjeft,  which 
our  limits  do  not  permit  us  to  repeat ;  but  it  is  appa- 
rent Irom  hi»  work,  that  the  liberty  of  the  prefs  is  but 
a  n.odei  n  p;  ivilege  ;  and  it  has  not  been  enjnyed  com- 
pletdy  in  any  country  but  in  Biitain  and  America. 

LICHEN  (fee  Encycl.],  is  a  genus  of  plants,  of 
vhich  tlie  moll  valuable  fpecies  feems  to  be  the  Lichen 
RocELLA,  or  Jlrgul.  As  that  fpecies  has  not  been  no- 
ticed in  the  article  referred  to,  the  following  account  of 
it  from  Prcfciror  Beckniann  will  be  acceptable  to  many 
ci  our  readers : 

Tt  is  found  in  abundance  in  fome  of  the  iflands  near 
the  African  coaft,  particularly  in  the  Canaries,  and  in 
feveral  of  the  illands  in  the  Archipelago.  It  grows  up- 
right, partly  in  fingW,  partly  in  double  flems,  which  are 
about  tsvo  inches  in  heiglit.  When  it  is  old,  thefe 
ftems  are  crowned  vtith  a  button  fonietimes  round,  and 
lometimes  ot  a  flat  form,  which  Tournefort,  vtry  pro- 
perly, compares  to  the  excrefcences  on  the  arms  ol  the 
fepia.  Its  colour  is  fometimes  a  hght,  and  fometimes 
a  dark  grey.  Of  this  moA,  with  lime,  urine,  and  alka- 
line falts,  is  formed  a  dark  red  pafte,  which  in  com- 
merce has  the  fame  name,  and  which  is  much  ufed  in 
dyeing.  That  well  known  fubllance  called  lacnms  is  alfo 
»j)ade  of  it. 

Theophraflus,  Diofcorides,  and  their  tranfcriber 
Pliny,  give  the  name  of  Phycos  thalajfion,  cir  /lontion,  to 
this  plant,  which,  notvvithftandmg  its  name,  is  not  a  fea 
weed  but  a  mofs ;  as  it  grew  on  the  rocks  of  different 
Iflands,  and  particularly  on  thofe  of  Crete  or  Candia. 
It  had,  in  their  time,  been  long  ufed  for  dyeing  wool, 
and  the  colour  it  gave  when  frelh  was  fo  beautiiul,  that 
it  excelled  the  ancient  purple,  which  was  not  red,  as 
many  fuppofe,  but  violet.  Pliny  tells  us,  that  witli  this 
mofs  dyers  gave  the  ground  or  firll  tint  to  thofe  cLuhs 
•which  they  intended  to  dye  with  the  colHy  purple. 
When  it  was  firll  employed  as  a  dye  by  the  moderns, 
is  not  fo  certain,  though  the  Profclfor  has  proved,  we 
think  completely,  that  it  mud  have  been  at  leall  as  early 
as  the  beginning  of  the  14th  century. 

"  Among  the  oldelt  and  principal  Florentine  fami- 
lies ,fays  he),  is  that  known  under  the  name  of  the 
Oricell.irii  or  Rucellarii,  Rufcellat  or  Rucellai,  feveral 
of  whom  have  dillinguirtied  themfelves  as  (latefmen  and 
men  of  letters.    This  family  are  defcended  from  a  Ger- 


man nobleman,  named  Ferro  or  Frederigo,  who  lived  in  I.ichc«. 
the  beginning  of  the  twelfth  century.  One  of  his  de-  '^^''^^'^ 
fcendants,  in  the  year  xjco,  carried  on  a  great  trade  in 
the  Levant,  by  which  he  acquired  confiderable  riches, 
and  returning  at  length  to  Florence,  with  his  lortune, 
firll  made  known  in  Europe  the  art  of  dyemg  with 
argol.  It  is  laid,  that  a  little  betore  his  return  from 
the  Levant,  happening  to  make  water  on  a  rock  cover- 
ed with  this  mofs,  he  obfeivcd,  thai  the  plant,  which 
was  there  called  re/pio,  or  ir/)>o,  and  in  Spain  orci^Ua, 
acquit ed  by  the  urine  a  purple,  or,  as  others  fay,  a  red 
colour.  He  therefore  tried  feveral  experiments;  and 
when  he  had  brought  to  perfcflion  the  art  of  dyeing 
wool  with  this  plant,  he  made  it  known  at  Florence, 
where  he  alone  pradlifed  it  for  a  confiderable  time,  to 
the  gieat  benefit  of  the  Hate.  From  this  ufelul  inven- 
tion, the  family  received  the  name  of  Oricellarii,  from 
which,  at  lall,  was  formed  Rucellai."  The  Profelfor, 
however,  does  not  believe  that  this  Florentine  difcover- 
ed  the  dye  by  means  of  the  above  mentioned  accident, 
but  that  he  learned  the  art  in  the  Levant,  and  on  his 
return  taught  it  to  his  countrymen. 

"  Our  dyers  do  not  purchafe  raw  argol,  but  a  parte 
made  of  it,  which  the  French  call  orfeilie  tn  pile.     The 
preparation  of  it  was  for   a  long  time  kept  a  fecret  by 
the  Florentines.     The  perfon  who,  as  far  as  I   know, 
made  it  firil  known  was  Rofetti ;  who,  as  he  himfelf 
tells  us,  carried  on  the  trade  of  dyer  at  Florence.   Some 
information  was  afterwards  publilhed  concerning  it  by 
Imperati  *   and  Micheli  the  botanift.f     In  later  times  .  l|[,_ 
thi,  art  has  been  much  practifed  in  France,  England,  and  xxvii.  c.  9. 
Holland.    Many  druggills,  inftead  of  keeping  th-s  pafte  t  ^'^o 
m  a  moill  (late  with  urine,  as  they  ought,  fuif:r  it  to  P^""*'"^"'* 
dry,  in  order  to  fave  a  little  diity  work.     It  then  h-Ai^'""!' ^''' 
the  appearance  of  a  dark  violet-coloured  earth,  with  j'^a'a.' 
here  and  there  fome  white  fpots  in  it. 

"  The  Dutch  (continues  our  author),  who  have  found 
out  better  methods  than  other  nations  of  manufai5lurlng 
many  commodities,  fo  as  to  render  them  cheaper,  and 
thereby  to  hurt  the  trade  of  their  neighbours,  are  the 
inventors  alio  of  lacmus,  a  preparatit.n  of  argol,  called 
orfiiiU  en  pierrf,  which  has  greatly  lelfened  the  ufe  of 
thsil  en  pate,  as  it  is  more  ealily  tranfported  and  pre- 
ferved,  and  fitter  tor  ule  ;  and  as  it  is  befides,  if  not 
cheaper,  at  leall  not  dearer.  This  art  confifls,  un- 
doubtedly, in  mixing  with  that  commodity  fome  lefs 
valuable  lubltance,  which  eillier  improves  or  does  not 
much  impair  its  quality,  and  which,  at  the  fame  time, 
increafes  its  weight  \a).  Thus  do  they  pound  cinnabar 
and  fmalt  finer  than  other  nations,  and  yet  fell  both 
thefe  articles  cheaper.  Thus  do  they  fitt  cochineal,  and 
fell  it  cheaper  than  what  is  unfitted. 

"  It  was  for  a  long  time  believed,  that  the  Dutch 
prepared  their  lacmus  from  thofe  linen  rags  which  in 
the  fouth  of  France  are  dipped  in  the  juice  of  the  cro'.on 
tinaorium  ;  but  at  prel'ent,  it  is  almoll  certainly  known, 
that  oifeiUe  en  pate  is  the  principal  ingredient  in  orfeilie 
en  p'terre  that  is  in  lacmus;  and  tor  this  curious  infor- 
mation we  are  indebted  to  Ferber.  But  whence  arifes 
the  fmell  of  the  lacmus,  which  appears  fo  like  that  of 

the 


(a)  As  dry  lacmus  is  much  cheaper  than  moift,  it  may  be  readily  fuppofed  that  it  is  adulterated  with  fand 
and  other  fubRances.     Vakntinl  Hijloria fimplkhm.     Francf.  ad  Moen.  1716.  fol.  p.  152. 


L     I     G 


[     34'     ] 


I      I     M 


Light. 


Lichtenin,  the  Florentine  Iris  '."  Some  of  the  latter  may,  perhaps, 
be  mixed  with  it ;  for  our  author  thinks,  that  he  has  ob- 
ferved  in  it  fmall  inclilPoluble  particles,  which  may  have 
been  bits  of  the  roots.  The  aJdition  of  thii  i'ubftance 
can  be  of  no  ufe  to  improve  the  dye  ;  but  it  may  in- 
creafe  the  weight,  and  give  tlie  lack  more  body  ;  and 
perhaps  it  mny  be  employed  to  render  imperceptible 
Ibme  unpleafant  fmell,  for  which  purpofe  the  roots  of 
that  pl.mt  are  ufed  on  many  other  cccalions. 

LICHTENAU,  a  Moravian  fetllement  on  the  eaft 
fide  of  Mufkingum  river,  3  miles  below  Gofchach- 
guenk  ;  but  as  the  warriors  palled  conftantly  through 
this  place,  it  was  forfaken,  and  they  removed  to  Sa- 
lem, 5  miles  below  GnaJenhuetten — Morse. 

LICK,  a  name  by  which  fait  fprings  are  called  in 
the  wellern  puts  of  the  United  States. — ib. 

LICKING,  a  navigable  river  of  Kentucky,  which 
rifes  on  the  weftern  confines  of  Virginii;  interlocks 
vith  the  head  waters  of  Kentucky  river;  runs  in  a  N. 
W.  direiflion,  upwards  ot  ibo  miles,  and  by  a  mouth 
150  yards  wide  flows  through  the  fouth  btnk  of  Ohio 
river,  oppolite  fort  Waftiington.  Upon  this  river  are 
iron-works,  and  numerous  fait  fpriags.  Its  principal 
branch  is  navigable  nearly  70  miles..  From  Lime- 
ftone  to  this  river,  the  country  is  very  rich,  and  cover- 
ed with  cane,  rye-grafs,  and  natural  clover. — ii. 

LIGHT,  it  has  been  obl'erved  in  the  article  Che- 
mistry, n"  319.  {Siippl.),  conlilh  of  rays  diiferently 
flexible.  This  was  eltalililhed  by  fonie  well  deviled  ex- 
periments made  by  Henry  Brougham,  Efq  ;  of  which 
it  inay  be  proper  to  give  an  accoimt  here. 

In  the  rirft  experiment,  he  darkened  his  chamber  in 
the  ufual  way,  and  let  a  beam  of  the  fun's  liijht  into  it 
through  the  hole  of  a  metal  plate  ti.Ned  in  the  Ihutter  of 
the  window,  -j'Trth  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  At  the  hole 
within  the  room  he  placed  a  prifra  of  glafs,  of  which 
the  refraifling  angle  was  45  degrees,  and  which  was 
everywhere  covered  with  black  paper,  except  a  fmall 
■part  on  each  fide;  and  througli  this  part  the  light  was 
refraifted  fo  as  to  form  a  dilUnft  fpeiflrum  on  a  chart  at 
fix  feet  diftance  from  the  windo.v.  In  the  rays,  at  two 
feet  from  the  prifm,  lu  placed  a  black  unpolilhed  pin, 
of  wliich  the  diameter  was  ^Vh  of  an  inch,  parallel  to 
the  chart,  and  in  a  vertical  poiition.  The  Ih  idow  of 
the  pin  was  found  in  the  fpedrum  ;  and  this  fliadow 
liad  a  coiiliderable  pc.iumbra,  which  was  broadell  and 
moft  dillindl  in  the  violet  pari,  njrrowell  and  rnoll  con- 
fufed  in  the  red,  and  of  an  intermediate  ihicknefs  and 
dilliniflnefi  in  the  intermediate  colours.  Th;  penumbra 
was  bounded  by  curvilini-ar  fide*,  convex  towards  the 
axis  to  which  they  approached  as  to  an  afymptote,  fo 
as  to  be  neareft  to  it  in  the  place  i.f  the  leall  refrangible 
rays.  By  moving  the  pnfrn  on  it^  axis,  and  caufinsj 
the  colours  to  afcend  and  dcfcend  on  any  bodies  tliat 
were  ufed  inftead  of  the  pin,  the  red,  wherever  they 
fell,  made  the  lealt,  and  the  violet  the  greatell,  Ihadow. 

In  the  next  experiment,  a  fcreen  was  fublUtuted  in 
•the  place  of  the  pin  ;  and  this  fcieen  had  a  l.irjie  liole, 
on  which  was  a  br.ils  plate,  pieiced  wiih  a  fmall  hole 
^'jd  ot  an  inch  in  diameter.  While  an  ailill.mt  mi-ved 
the  prii'm  llowly  on  it  axij,  the  au'hor  obf  rvcd  the 
round  image  m.;de  by  the  JitT  rent  rays  pnHing  through 
the  hole  to  the  chart ;  that  made  by  the  red  was  great- 
eft,  that  of  the  violet  leall,  and  th.it  of  each  interme- 
diate ray  was  of  an  intermediate  lixe.     When  the  Iharp 


blade  of  a  km'fe  was  held  at  the  back  of  the  hole,  "  fo  Ligonier, 

as  to  produce  the  fringes  mentioned  by  Grimaldo  and  .H 
Newton,  thefe  fringes  in  the  red  were  broaddl  and  ^"^^^^ 
molt  moved  inwards  to  the  fliadow,  and  molt  dilated 
when  the  knife  was  moved  over  the  hole  ;  and  the  hole 
itfeli  on  the  chart  was  more  dilated  during  the  motion 
when  illuminated  by  the  red  than  when  illuminated  by 
any  other  of  the  rays,  and  lealt  of  all  when  illuminated 
by  the  violet." 

From  thefe  two  experiments,  the  author  infers  "  that 
the  rays  of  the  fun's  light  differ  in  degree  of  flexibility, 
and  that  thofe  which  are  leall  refrangible  are  ot<;/?  infex't- 
bU."  From  other  experiments,  he  concludes,  that  the 
mojl  infexibl:  rays  are  alfo  moji  dejlexible.  In  the  fequel 
of  his  paper,  he  afcertains  the  proportion  which  the 
angle  of  injealon  bears  to  that  of  d-iflf^wn  at  equal  in- 
cidences, and  the  proportion  which  the  different_/'<'*iii- 
litks  ot  the  different  rays  bear  to  one  another.  We 
ihall  give  an  account  of  fome  other  experiments  made 
by  him,  and  of  the  inferences  drawn  from  tliem,  under 
the  word  Reflexity,  to  which  a  reference  has  already 
been  made. 

LIGONIER,  Fort,  lies  on  the  road  from  Philadel- 
phia  to  Fit'.lburg;  266  miles  from  the  former  and  54 
irom  the  latter,  and  9  miles  from  the  E.  lide  of  Liu- 
rel  HA].— Morse. 

LIGUANEA,  mountains  in  the  ifland  of  Jamaica. 
At  the  lo  t  of  thefe  in  St  Andrew's  parilh,  about  (S 
miles  from  Kinglton,  is  the  molt  magnificent  botani- 
cal garden  in  the  world.  It  was  eftablilhed  in  1773, 
under  the  fanction  of  the  aflembly.  The  fortune  of 
war  having  thrown  into  Lord  Rodney's  handi  many 
rare  plants,  he  prelented  to  his  favoured  ifland  plants 
of  the  genuine  cinnamon,  the  mango,  bread-fruit, 
and  other  oriental  produiflions ;  which  are  now  become 
common  in  the  ifland. — ib. 

LILLIE,  a  citadel  at  Cape  Ann,  in  the  townfhip 
of  Gloucelter,  Malfachufetts. — ib. 

LIM/^,  the  middle  divilion  of  Peru,  in  3.  Ameri- 
ca. It  has  Quito  on  the  north,  the  mountains  called 
the  Andes  on  the  eafl,  the  audience  of  Los  Charcos 
on  the  fouth,  and  the  Pacific  ocean  on  the  well. 
There  are  many  wild  bealls  in  the  audience. — ib. 

Lima,  tlie  c.pital  of  Peru,  in  S.  America,  is  alfo 
called  Los  Reyes,  or  the  City  of  Kings,  and  is  the 
emporium  of  this  part  of  the  world.  It  was  founded 
by  Don  Francifco  Pi/arro  on  the  1 8th  of  January, 
^SiS  >  's  f'tuated  in  a  large,  fpacious,  and  fertile  plain, 
called  the  valley  of  Rimac,  on  the  fouth  fide  of  the  ri- 
ver Rimac,  which  runs  wellward.  The  name  of  Lima 
being  only  a  corrupt  pronunciation  of  the  Indian  word, 
which  is  derived  from  an  idol  to  which  the  Indians 
and  their  Yncas  ufed  to  iacrifice.  This  idol  being  fup- 
pofed  to  return  aniwers  to  the  prayers  offered  to  it, 
they  called  it,  by  way  of  dillini-Tion,  Rimac,  i.  e.  the 
fpeaker. 

It  is  fo  well  watered  by  the  river  Rim.ic,  that  the 
inhabitants  command  a  llream,  each  for  his  own  ufe. 
The  N.  fide  ot  the  town  runs  nearly  clofc  to  the  liver 
for  the  length  of  about  10  furlongs.  At  about  -{  of 
this  fpace,  from  the  wellern  extent,  an  elegant  llone 
bridge  of  4  or  J  arches  is  built  acrofs  the  river  leading 
fouth,  about  200  yards  to  the  great  fquare,  of  which 
the  fide  is  about  140  yards.  Tiic  flreet  continues  fouth 
from  the  bridge,  lor  near  a  mile,  having  parallel  Ilreets» 

3  t» 


L     I     M 


C    342    ] 


L    I     M 


T.ina.  R  to  the  weft,  and  6  to  the  e.ift,  befiJes  other  ftreets 
"^"^"^^  which  run  obliqutlj-  fuuih-ealUvard.  The  15  (Irects, 
running  north  and  iouth,  are  rroiled  by  8  others  run- 
ning eaft  and  well,  btlidts  Icveral  to  the  fouthward, 
not  paiallel  to  the  fninier,  and  others  in  tlie  c.iftcrn 
parts,  wlncli  have  dilFcrent  diieflions.  The  figure  of 
the  town  is  nearly  quadriLiteral.  A  diagonal  hne  i nu- 
lling eall  and  well,  woulil  be  18  furlongs  in  length; 
and  the  fouthern  perpendicular,  about  7  furlong',  and 
the  northern  about  4  furlongs ;  fo  that  the  city  Hands 
oa  a  fpace  of  ground  neaily  equal  to  a  mile  and  a  quar- 
ter fquare.  'J 'he  northern  lide  for  about  three  quarters 
cf  a  mile  next  tl;e  river,  is  tortified  niollly  by  redans; 
the  rell  of  the  circuit  is  inclofed  with  34  hollow  baf- 
tions  and  their  intermediate  curtains.  The  whole  \i 
faced  with  a  brick  wall,  and  furrounded  with  a  ditcli, 
but  has  no  covered  way,  glacis,  nor  outworks.  Eight 
gates,  befiJcs  that  at  the  bridge,  fuinifli  a  communi- 
cation with  the  adjacent  country.  The  city  Hands 
about  6  miles  from  Ciillao,  which  is  the  fea-port  to 
Lima,  and  iSo  north-well  of  Guamanga.  The  white 
people  in  Lima  arc  ellimaled  at  about  15,000,  and  the 
whole  number  of  inhabitants  are  about  60  000.  One 
remarkable  fad  is  fufficieiit  to  demonftr.ite  the  wealth 
of  this  city.  When  the  viceroy,  the  Duke  de  la  Pa- 
lada,  made  his  entry  into  Lima,  in  1682,  the  inhabi- 
tants, to  do  him  honour,  caufed  the  llreets  to  be  pav- 
ed with  ini;ots  cf  filver,  amounting  to  1 7  millions  fler- 
ling.  All  travellers  ipeak  with  amazement  of  the  de- 
corations of  the  churches  with  gold,  filver,  and  preci- 
ous (tones,  which  load  and  ornament  even  the  walls. 
The  only  thing  that  could  juHify  thefe  accounts,  is  the 
immenie  riches  and  extenHve  commerce  of  the  inhabi- 
tants. The  merchants  of  Lima  may  be  laid  to  deal 
with  all  the  quarters  of  the  world  ;  and  that  both  on 
their  own  account,  and  as  fadors  for  others.  Here, 
all  the  produdlions  of  the  fouthein  provinces  are  con- 
veyed, in  order  to  be  exchanged  at  the  harbour  of  Li- 
ma, for  fuch  articles  as  the  inhabitants  of  Peru  ftand 
in  need  of.  The  fleet  from  Europe  and  the  Eaftln- 
dies  land  at  the  fame  harbour  ;  and  the  commodities  of 
Afia,  Europe,  and  America,  are  there  bartered  for 
each  other.  But  all  the  wealth  ot  the  inhabitants,  all 
the  beauty  of  tha  fituation,  and  the  fertility  of  the  cli- 
mate of  Lima,  are  infufficient  to  eompenfate  for  the 
difafter  which  threatens,  and  has  fometimes  adually 
befallen  tlieni.     Earthquakes  are  very  frequent. 

Since  the  year  1582,  there  have  happened  about  fif- 
teen concuGJons,  belides  that  on  the  28th  of  October, 
1746,  at  half  an  hour  after  10  at  night,  five  hours  and 
three  quarters  before  the  full  of  the  moon  ;  which  be- 
gan with  fuch  violence,  that  in  little  more  than  three 
minutes,  the  greateft  part,  if  not  all  the  builings,  great 
and  fmall,  in  the  whole  city,  were  deftroyed  ;  burying 
under  their  ruins  thofe  inhabitants  who  had  not  made 
fufficient  hafte  into  the  llreets  and  fquares,  the  only- 
probable  places  of  fafety  in  thole  terrible  convuliions 
of  nature.  At  length  the  dreadful  efTeds  of  the  firfl 
fliock  ceafed,  but  the  tranquillity  was  of  fhort  duration ; 
concuffions  returning  fo  repeatedly,  that  the  inhabi- 
tants, according  to  the  account  fent  of  it,  computed 
200  in  the  firft  24  hours  j  and  to  the  24th  of  February, 
the  following  year,  1747,  when  the  narrative  was  dat- 
ed, no  lefs  than  450  fliocks  were  obferved :  fome  of 
which,  if  lefs  permanent,    were  equal  to  the  firft  in 


violence.  The  fort  of  Callao,  at  the  very  fame  hour, 
tumbled  into  ruins.  But  what  it  flilFered  from  the 
earthquake  in  its  buildings,  was  iiiconliderable,  when 
compared  with  the  lonib  e  catallrtphe  which  followed. 
For  the  f'ea,  as  is  ulu.il  on  fuch  occalions,  receding  to 
a  confideiable  dillaiice,  relumed  in  mountainous  waves, 
foamuig  with  the  violciite  of  the  agitatum,  and  lud- 
dciily  overwhelmed  C.iUao  and  the  neiglihouring  coun- 
try. Tii'S  was  not,  however,  p^irfoimcd  by  the  firft 
fwelling  of  the  waves:  For  tlie  i'ea  retiiing  further, 
returned  with  ftill  greater  impetuofity,  the  Itupendous 
water  covering  both  the  walls  and  other  buildings  of 
the  place;  lb  that  whatever  had  efcapcd  the  full,  was 
now  t(>tally  overwhelmed  by  thofe  terrible  mountains 
of  waves ;  and  nothing  remained,  except  a  piece  of  the 
wall  of  the  tort  ct  Sinta  Cruz,  as  a  memorial  of  this 
terrible  devaftation.  Here  were  then  23  fhips  and 
velfels,  great  and  fmall,  in  the  harbour,  of  which  19 
were  funk,  and  tlie  other  four,  among  which  was  a 
frigate  called  St  Ferniin,  carried  by  the  force  of  the 
waves  to  a  conliderable  dillance  up  the  country.  Tfiis 
terrible  inundation  extended  to  other  parts  of  the  coaft, 
as  Cavallus  and  Guanape  ;  the  towns  of  Chancay, 
Guaura,  and  the  vallies  Delia  Baranco,  Sape,  and 
Pativilca,  underwent  the  fame  fate  as  the  city  of  Lima. 
According  to  an  account  fent  to  Lima  after  this  acci- 
dent, a  volcano  in  Lucanos  burft  forth  the  fame  night, 
and  ejtded  fuch  quantities  of  water,  that  the  whole 
country  was  overflown  ;  and  in  the  mountain  near  Pa- 
tas,  called  Converliones  de  Caxamarquilla,  three  other 
volcanoes  burft,  difcharging  frightful  torrents  of  wa- 
ter; and  in  the  fame  manner  as  tliat  of  Carguayralfo. 
Lima  is  the  fee  of  an  archbifhop,  and  the  feat  of  an 
univerfity.  The  inhabitants  are  very  debauched  ;  and 
the  monks  and  nuns,  of  whom  there  are  great  num- 
bers, are  no  more  chafte  than  the  reft  of  the  inhabi- 
tants. If  any  one  happens  to  rival  a  monk,  he  is  in 
danger  of  his  life,  for  they  always  carry  daggers  con- 
cealed. Lima,  according  to  feveral  obfervations  made 
for  that  purpofe,  ftands  in  lat.  12"  2'  31"  S.  and  its 
long,  is  75"  52'  W.  The  variation  of  the  needle  is 
9"  2'  30"  eafterly. — ii. 

LIMBE,  a  village  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  ifland 
of  St  Donnngo,  7  leagues  weft  by  fouth  of  Cape  Fran- 
cois.— ib. 

LIMBERS,  in  artillery,  a  fort  of  advanced  train, 
joined  to  the  carriage  of  a  cannon  on  a  march.  It  is 
compofed  of  two  fhatts,  wide  enough  to  receive  a  horfe 
between  them,  called  ihs  fillet  horfe:  thel'e  fhafts  are 
joined  by  two  bars  of  w-ood,  and  a  bolt  of  iron  at  one 
end,  and  mounted  on  a  pair  cf  rather  fmall  wheels.  Up- 
on the  axle-tree  rifes  a  ftrong  iron  fpike,  which  is  put 
into  a  hole  in  the  hinder  part  of  the  train  of  the  gun- 
carriage,  to  draw  it  by.  But  when  a  gun  is  in  action, 
the  liuibers  are  taken  off,  and  run  out  behind  it. 

LIMERICK,  a  townfhip  in  York  county,  Maine, 
fituated  near  the  confluence  of  Little  Oflipee  river  with 
Saco,  and  oppofite  Gorham  in  Cumberland  county. 
It  was  incorporated  in  1787,  contains  411  inhabitants 
and  is  114  miles  northerly  of  Bofton, — Morse. 

Limerick,  a  townfhip  in  Montgomery  county, 
Pennfylvania. — ih. 

LIMESTONE  CREEK,  in  TennefTee,  is  the 
north-eaftern  branch  of  Nolachucky  river.  It  rifes  22 
miles  fouth  of  Long-Ifland  in  Holfton  river. — ib, 

LIMIT 


LIN  C     343     ] 

LIMIT  OF  A  Planet,  has  been  fometimes  ufed  for    Danville  to  Virginia. 


L     I     T 


its  greateft  heliocentric  latitude. 

Limited  Problem,  denotes  a  problem  that  has  but 
one  folution,  or  fome  determinate  number  of  folutions : 
as  to  dcfcribe  a  circle  through  three  given  points  that 
do  not  lie  in  a  right  line,  which  is  limited  to  one  fo- 
lution only  ;  to  divide  a  parallelogram  into  two  equal 
parts  by  a  line  parallel  to  one  fide,  which  admits  of  two 
iblutions,  according  as  the  line  is  parallel  to  the  length 
or  breadth  of  the  parallelogram  ;  or  to  divide  a  triangle 
in  any  ratio  by  a  line  parallel  to  one  lidc,  which  is  li- 
mited to  three  folulions,  as  the  line  may  be  parallel  to 
any  of  the  three  fides. 

LIMONADE,  a  village  on  the  north  fide  of  the 
French  part  of  the  ifl.ind  of  St  Domingo,  4  leagues 
fouth-wcll  of  Fort  D.iuphine,  and  yi  meafuring  in  a 
ftraight  line  fouth  eall  of  Cape  Francois.  N.  lat.  10° 
37'. — Alone. 

LINCOLN,  a  large  maritime  county  of  the  Dif- 
triiS  of  Maine  ;  bounded  north  by  Canada,  fouth  by 
the  ocean,  call  by  Hancock  county,  and  well  by  that 
of  Cumberland.  lis  fea-coafl  extends  from  that  part 
of  Pcnobl'cot  Day  oppofite  to  Deer  Illjnd  eallward,  to 
Cape  Small  Point  weltward.  It  is  200  miles  long, 
and  54  broad,  and  comprehends  46  towns  and  planta- 
tions ;  but  there  are  large  trads  yet  unfettled.  The 
population  amounts  to  29,962  free  perfons.  The  fea- 
coalk  of  the  counties  of  Cumberland  and  Lincoln  is 
100  miles  in  extent,  meafuicd  in  a  llraight  line,  but  is 
faid  to  be  above  200  by  the  courfe  of  the  waters.  It 
abou.ids  with  fafe  and  commodious  harbours ;  and  the 
whole  fli<.re  is  covered  by  a  line  of  iflands,  among 
which  vefTels  may  generally  anchor  in  fafety.  There 
are  in  thefe  counties  many  large  rivers,  fome  of  them 
navigable  far  up  tlic  country  ;  and  although  navigation 
for  large  vel.'cls  is  interrupted  by  falls,  when  far  up  the 
rivers,  yet  above  the  falh,  there  is  plenty  of  water  for 
boats,  nearly  to  the  lource  of  the  livcrs  ;  and  bv  the 
lakes  and  ponds  and  branches  of  the  rivers,  there  is  a 
water  coiTiirunicrtion,  witii  few  interruptions,  from 
the  wcficin  to  the  ealtern  bounds,  acrofs  the  country, 
above  the  ccntie  of  it.  By  this  route  its  produ-Jtions 
may,  at  a  fiiiail  expcnfe,  be  tr^niported  to  the  different 
fea  ports.  The  fupreme  judicial  court  held  in  Lincoln 
county,  has  civil  and  crimin.il  jurifdictiun  in  caufes 
arifing  in  Hancock  and  Walhmgton  counties.  Chief 
towns,  Pownalboroiigh,  Hallowclland  Waldoborough. 
—ib. 

Lincoln,  a  conntv  of  M-^rgan  diflrici,  North-Ca- 
Tclina  ;  bounded  N.  E.  by  Iredtll,  N.  W.  by  Burke, 
well  by  Rutherford,  and  eaft  by  Cab.irras.  It  con- 
tains 9,224  inhabitants,  of  whom  935  are  llaves. 
Here  are  mineral  iprings  and  mines  of  iron.  A  fur- 
nace and  iorgc  have  been  creeled,  which  carry  on  the 
manufiiflure  of  pig,  bar  iron,  &c.  Chief  town,  Liii- 
colntown  — ib. 

Lincoln,  a  county  of  Kentucky,  boundtrd  north 
by  Mercer,  north-wjfl  by  Wafnington,  northeaft  by 
Maddifon,  and  fourh  by  Logan.  By  the  cenl'us  of 
1790,  i'.  contained  6,548  inhabitants,  of  whom  1,094 
■were  flavcs.  The  road  from  Danville  on  Kentucky 
river  p.ilfcs  through  it  fouth-wellerlj,  and  over  Cum- 
berlu.d  m.'uni..i!i  to  Virginia. — ib. 

Lincoln,  a  town  in  Meicer  county,  Kentucky,  fitti- 
ated  on  the  call  fide  tf  Dick's  river,  on  the  icad  f:cm 


It  (lands   12  miles  foutli-eaft  of 
Danville,  and  11  north-weft  of  Crab-Orchard. — ib. 

Lincoln,  a  townfliip  in  Gralton  county,  New- 
Hamplhire,  incorporated  in  1764,  contains  22  inliabi- 
tants. — ib. 

Lincoln,  a  townfliip  in  the  north-eaft  part  of  Ad- 
difon  county,  Vermont,  granted  Nov.  7th  1780 — ib. 

Lincoln,  a  townfhip  in  Middlefex  county,  MafFa- 
chufetts,  incorporated  in  1754.  It  contains  740  inha- 
bitants, and  is  iCi  miles  north-weft  of  Bollon. ib. 

LINCOLNTOWN,  a  poft-town  of  N.  Carolina, 
and  capital  of  Lincoln  county.  It  contains  about  20 
houfes,  a  court-houfe,  and  gaol.  It  is  46  miles  from 
Morgantown,  159  from  Salem,  and  718  fouih  by  well 
of  Philadelphia. — ib. 

LINDLEY,  a  village  on  the  weft  fid;  of  the  Cana- 
wifque  branch  of  Tioga  river,  in  New-York,  2  miles 
north  of  the  Pennfylvania  line,  8  S.  W.  by  S.  of  the 
Painted  Poft,  64  fouth-eaft  of  Hartford,  on  the  road 
to  Niagara. — ib. 

LINN,  a  townfhip  in  Northampton  county,  Penn- 
fylvania.— ib. 

LISBON,  a  town  in  New- London  county,  Connec- 
ticut, lately  a  part  of  Norwich,  about  7  miles  nonhtr- 
ly  of  Norwich.  It  contains  2  parilhes,  each  Jiaving  a 
Congregational  church.  It  lies  on  th;  weft  fide' of 
Quinebaug  river,  and  eaft  of  Franklin ib. 

Lisbon,  a  village  of  York  county,  Pennfylvania, 
fituated  near  the  fouth  fide  of  Yellow  Breeches  creek, 
which  fiills  into  the  Sufquehannah.  It  contains  about 
15  houfes,  and  lies  18  miles  from  York ib. 

LITCHFIELD,  a  townfhip  in  Lincoln  county, 
DiUria  of  Maine,  45  miles  frum  Hallowell,  and  220 
N.  E.  of  Bollon.— /i. 

LiTCHFiiLD,  a  townfhip  in  Hillftjorough  county, 
New-Hamplhire,  fituateJ  on  the  e.ift  fide  of  Merri- 
mack river,  about  54  miles  weftevly  of  Portfmouth. 
It  was  fettled  in  1749,  ^"^  '"  '775  't  contained  284, 
and  in  1790,  357  inhabitants — ib. 

Litchfield,  a  populous  and  hilly  county  o(  Con- 
necticut ;  bounded  north  by  the  State  o(  Mall'.ichuletls, 
fouth  by  New-Haven  and  Fairlield  coiin:ies,  eall  by 
Hartford,  and  weft  by  the  State  of  New-Y'.rk.  It  is 
divided  into  20  townlhips,  containing  38,755  inhabi- 
tants, inclufive  of  233  flaves.  Tlie  general  face  of  the. 
country  is  rough  and  mountainous.  1  he  foil  is  feitile, 
yielding  large  ciops  of  wheat  and  Indian  corn,  and  af- 
fording line  pafturc.  It  is  fcparate  entirely  from  mai  i- 
time  commerce,  ai.J  the  inhabitants  are  almoft  uni\cr. 
faly  f^Imcrs. — ib. 

LiTCHfiELD,  the  chief  town  of  the  above  county, 
fituated  upon  an  ekvated  plain,  and  much  expofed  to 
the  cold  wipds  of  winter,  bin  enjoys  alfo  a  large  lliare 
of  the  refrefliing  breezes  of  fummer.  It  is  a  handfome 
fiiuation,  containing  about  60  or  70  dwelling-houfes, 
a  court-houfe  and  m?et!ng-houfe.  It  is  32  miles  wefl 
(  f  Hartford,  and  42  N.  N.  W.  of  New-Haven.  N. 
lat.  41"  46',  W.  long.  73'-"  37'.  In  the  S.  W.  corner 
of  the  townfhip  Itands  an  high  hill  called  Mount  Tom. 
On  fevcr.il  fmall  fticanis,  fome  of  which  fall  into  Great 
Pond,  are  3  iron-works,  an  oil-mill  and  a  number  cf 
fiw  and  grill  mills. — ib. 

LiTCHFiiLD,  a  townfliip  in  Herkemer  county,  New- 
York,  taken  from  German  Flatf,  and  incorporated  in 
1796— .-A. 

UTIZ* 


Lincoln, 

II 

Litchfield. 


L     I    T 


C     3+4    ] 


LOB 


Litlz, 

II 
l.ittle. 


LITIZ,  or  LeJU%,  a  village  or  lown  in  Lancader 
county,  Pennl'ylvania,  fituateJ  in  Warwick  townlliip, 
on  the  foutli  fule  of  a  fmall  flieam,  which  fends  its 
waters  through  Coneftoga  creek  into  the  Sufquehan- 
nah.  It  contains  ahout  50  houfes  chietly  of  rtone,  a 
ftone  tavern,  and  an  elegant  church  v»iih  a  lleeple  and 
bell.  The  fettlement  WHS  begun  in  1757.  It  is  inha- 
bited by  the  United  Brethren,  wiinfe  mode  of  life  and 
culloms  are  limilar  to  thofc  of  Bethlehem.  There  is 
alfo  a  good  farm  and  feveral  mill-works  belonging  to 
the  place.  Tlie  number  of  inhabitants,  including  thole 
that  belong  to  Litiz  congregation,  living  on  their  farms 
in  the  neighbourhood,  amounted,  in  1787,  to  upwards 
of  300.  It  is  8  miles  north  of  Lancalter,  and  66  W. 
by  N.  of  Philadelphia. — ib. 

LITTLE  EGG  HARBOUR,  a  port  of  entry  on 
the  eaft  coaft  of  New-Jcrfey,  comprehending  all  the 
Ihores,  bays  and  creeks  from  Barnegat  Inlet  to  Biigan- 
tine  Inlet,  both  inclufive.  The  town  of  Tticherton  is 
tlie  port  of  entry  for  this  didrliit. — lb. 

LITTLE  ALGONQUINS,  Indians  who  inhabit 
near  the  Three  Rivers,  and  can  raife  about  100  war- 
riors.— ib. 

LITTLEBO ROUGH,  a  plantation  in  Lincoln 
county,  Diftria  of  Maine,  having  263  inhabitants. — ib. 

LITTLE  BRITAIN,  a  townlhip  in  Lancafter 
county,  Pennfylvania.  Alfo  a  townihip  in  Chefter 
county,  in  the  fame  State. — ib. 

LITTLE-COMPTON,  a  townfhip  in  Newport 
county,  Rhode  Uland,  bounded  N.  by  Tiverton;  S. 
by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  where  are  Seakonnet  rocks ; 
W.  by  the  eaft  paffage  into  Mount  Hope  Bay  ;  and  E. 
by  the  State  of  Maflachufetts.  It  contains  1542  inha- 
bitants, of  whom  23  are  flaves.  It  was  called  Secon- 
net  or  Senkonnet  by  the  Indians,  and  is  feid  to  be  the 
befl  cultivated  townOiip  in  the  State,  and  affords 
greater  quantities  of  meat,  butter,  cheefe,  vegetables, 
&c.  than  any  other  town  of  its  fize.  The  inhabitants 
are  very  indullrious,  and  manufacture  linen  and  tow 
cloth,  flannels,  &c.  of  an  excellent  quality,  and  in  con- 
fiderable  quantities  for  fale. — ib. 

LITTLE  FORT,  in  the  N.  W.  Territory,  ftands 
on  the  fouth-wedern  bank  of  lake  Michigan,  and  on 
the  fouth  fide  of  Old  Fort  river,  which  runs  a  N.  eaft- 
ern  conrfe  into  the  lake. — ib. 

LITTLE  HARBOUR.  It  is  near  the  mouth  of 
Pafcataqua  river,  about  a  mile  from  Portfmouth,  in 
New-Hampfhire.  A  fettlement  was  attempted  here  in 
16:3. — ib. 

LITTLE  RIVER,  in  Georgia,  is  a  beautiful  and 
rapid  river,  and  at  its  confluence  with  Savannah  river, 
is  about  50  yards  wide.  On  a  branch  of  Little  river 
is  the  town  of  Wrightfborough.  Alfo  a  river  which 
feparates,  in  part,  N.  and  S.  Carolina. — ib. 

Little  River,  a  plantation  in  Lincoln  county, 
Diftricfl  of  Maine,  containing  64  inhabitants. — ib. 

LITTLE  ROCKS,  on  the  N.  W.  bank  of  Illinois 
river,  are  fituated  60  miles  from  the  Forks,  270  from 
the  Miffiflippi  river,  and  43  S.  W.  of  Fox  river.  The 
S.  W.  end  of  thefe  rocks  lies  nearly  oppofite  to  the 
mouth  of  Vermilion  river,  and  the  two  fmall  ponds 
where  the  French  and  Indians  have  made  good  fait, 
lie  oppofite  the  N.  E.  end.  A  coal  mine  half  a  mile 
long  extends  along  the  bank  of  the  river  above  thefe 
rocks, — ib. 


LITTLE  SODUS,  a  fm.dl  harbour  of  lake  Onta- 
rio,  about  15  miles  foulhward  of  Ofwego. — ib. 

LITTLETON,  a  townfliip  in  Middlefex  county, 
Mall'acluifetts,  30  miles  N.  W.  of  Bofton ib. 

LiTTLtTON,  a  townlhip  in  Gr.iiton  county.  New. 
Hanipfhire,  (a  part  of  Apthorpe)  was  incorporated  in 
1784,  and  contains  96  inhabitants.  It  lies  on  Con- 
neiflicut  river,  below  the  15  mile  Falls,  and  nearly 
oppofite  Concord  in  Vermont. — ib. 

Littleton,  a  townlhip  in  Caledonia  county,  Ver- 
mont,  on  the  \V.  fide  of  Conneifllcut  river,  oppofite 
the  15  mile  Falls,  and  contains  63  inhabitants. — ib. 

Littleton,  Fort,  in  Pennfylvania,  is  27  miles  E. 
of  Bedford,  39  S.  W.  by  W.  of  Carlille,  and  34  N. 
by  E.  of  Fort  Frederick,  in  Waftiingtoa  county,  Ma- 
ryland.— ib. 

LIVERMORE,  a  plantation  in  Cumberland  coun- 
ty, Diftiiifl  of  Maine,  fituated  on  Androfcoggin  river, 
19  miles  N.  W.  of  Hallowell. — ib. 

LIVERPOOL,  a  town  on  the  S.  fide  of  the  Bay 
of  Fundy,  in  Queen's  county,  Nova-Scotia,  fettled  by 
New-Englanders.  Rollignol,  a  cnnfiderable  lake,  lies 
between  this  town  and  Annapolis.  It  is  32  miles 
north-ead  of  Shelburne,  and  58  north-weft  of  Halifax. 
It  was  formerly  called  Port  Rojfignole. — ib. 

LIVINGSTON,  a  townihip  in  Columbia  county. 
New- York,  fituated  on  the  eaft  bank  of  Hudfon's  ri- 
ver, 4  miles  northerly  of  Palatine  town,  1 1  fouth  of 
Hudfon,  and  9  fouth-eaft  of  Claverack.  It  contains 
4,594  inhabitants;  of  whom  659  are  eleflors,  and  233 
flaves. — ib. 

Livingston'^  Creeh,  a  confiderable  branch  of  North- 
Weft,  an  arm  of  Cape  Fear  river.  This  creek  heads 
in  vaft  fwamps  in  the  vicinity  of  the  beautiful  lake 
Waukama. — ib. 

LOBOS,  iflands  on  the  coaft  of  Brazil.  The  fouth- 
ernmoft  ifland  is  in  fouth  latitude  6°  27'.  One  of 
thefe  iflands  obtains  the  name  of  Lobos  de  la  mer ;  the 
other,  which  lies  to  the  north  of  it,  and  very  like  it  in 
Ihape  and  appearance,  is  called  Lolos  de  lierra. — ib. 

LoBos  or  Wolves  Ifland,  in  the  river  of  La  Plata, 
on  the  E.  coaft  of  South  America,  is  the  firft  ifland 
within  that  river,  a  little  S.  from  the  N.  point  of  the 
entrance,  called  Cape  St  Mary.  Palm  Ifland  is  on 
the  Ihore  nearly  N.  from  it,  but  without  the  cape  and 
Maldonada  Ifland  is  within  it,  off  the  mouth  of  Mala- 
donada  Bay,  on  the  N.  fliore  alfo. — Malbam. 

LoBos  or  Wolves  Ifland,  on  the  coaft  of  Peru,  on 
the  W.  fide  of  South  America,  and  on  the  S.  Pacific 
Ocean,  is  a  league  and  a  half  from  the  Morro  Que- 
mada,  or  headland  of  Quemada.  It  is  a  fmall  ifland, 
about  three  quarters  of  a  league  in  length,  in  the  direc- 
tion of  N.  W.  and  S.  E.  and  the  land  is  indifferently 
high.  Several  fiat  low  rocks  lie  between  this  ifland 
and  the  main,  which  ftretch  out  towards  the  headland 
half  over  the  channel,  and  leave  the  paffage  between 
very  narrow  and  dangerous,  though  fome  fhips  have 
parted  through  by  miftake,  fuppofing  it  to  have  been 
the  channel  between  St  Gallan  Ifland  and  the  headland 
of  Paraca.  But  fuch  an  error  muft  have  been  occafi- 
oned  by  great  inattention,  as  they  are  very  readily 
known  and  diftinguifhed  from  each  other;  becaufethis 
ifland  of  Lobos  is  foul  and  has  rocks  all  round  it,  and 
one  in  particular,  which  is  called  the  Breaker,  ftands 
above  the  water  like  a  fugar-loaf,  but  the  ifland  of  St 

Gallan 


LOB 


C     345     ] 


L     O     N 


I.ebos.  Gallan  is  all  clean  and  bold,  and  has  no  rocks  about 
•^""'^^^  it,  befides  the  advantjge  of  a  much  broader  channel. 
The  appearance  of  the  land  on  the  main  ahb  differs  very- 
much,  that  of  I'aracH  being  of  an  equal  height,  but 
this  of  Morro  Quemadii  comes  down  fl-^ping  from  the 
N.  fide,  from  a  vail  high  mountain  quite  to  the  Ihore, 
where  Ihips  anchor  on  the  (larboard  fide  of  the  en- 
trance. 

But  as  fhip";  have  pafled  through  between  the  ifland 
of  Lobos  and  the  main  by  millaice,  it  is  a  demonllra- 
tion  that  the  meafure  is  prafticable.  It  is  certain  that 
there  is  a  fufficient  depth  of  water,  but  the  hazard  is 
that  Ihips  may  touch  upon  the  rocks,  becaufe  in  com- 
ing out  to  the  northward  there  is  a  ledge  of  rocks,  as  has 
been  mentioned  already,  that  reaches  almoft  half  over 
towards  the  main.  To  the  northward  of  this  ledge 
of  rocks  there  is  alfo  a  fmooth  bank  of  find,  which 
forms  as  it  were  a  creek  between  it  and  the  ifland  ;  and 
the  fea  is  here  fo  (lill,  b;ing  kept  off  by  that  land,  that 
it  makes  a  good  road,  where  a  (hip  may  anchor  in 
from  7  to  8  fathoms  water,  and,  if  occafion  required, 
might  ventuie  to  careen  in  it ;  but  care  fliould  be  taken 
to  found  it  well  bvifore  any  (hip  ventures  into  it.  From 
this  ilLind  to  the  Morro  de  Vejas,  or  Old  Man's  Head- 
land, is  only  half  a  league.  The  lat.  of  the  ifland  is 
about  14'^  40'  S. — ib. 

Loiios  Ifland,  or  ///vi  Je  Lobos,  otherwife  called 
Sea  Wolves  Ifland,  off  the  port  of  Guara  on  the  coaft 
of  Peru,  is  in  lat.  about  1 1°  30'  S.  It  is  but  a  fmall 
ifl  ind,  and  near  to  it  is  a  flioal,  without  which  it  is 
particularly  necelFary  to  keep  at  a  c^nod  diilance,  as 
being  very  dangerous,  and  having  but  little  depth  of 
wa.cr  within  it.  It  mult  be  broujjht  a-llern  to  anchor 
in  the  port  ot  Guara,  according  to  the  dire«£lions  there 
given. — ii. 

LoDos  Iflands,  diftinguiflied  by  the  Spaniards  from 
their  fituation  into  Lobos  de  Barlevento  and  Lobos  de 
Sotovento,  or  the  windward  and  leeward  iflands  of 
Lobos,  are  about  7  leagues  from  each  other,  and  not 
far  from  the  coaft  of  Pern,  in  lat.  6°  25'  and  6"  45'  S. 
Thefe  alfo  are  called  8ea  Wolves  or  Seals  Iflands.  It 
is  fuflicient  to  point  out  their  fituation,  fo  as  to  avoid 
them,  according  as  (hips  are  pafllng  to  the  windward 
or  leeward  of  them.  The  Lobos  de  Sotovento,  or  the 
Leewjrd  Ifland,  to  the  N.  W.  from  the  other,  is 
about  2  leagues  in  circuit,  and  is  low,  but  has  fome 
high  rocks  about  it  ;  from  which  to  Cape  Aguja  to  the 
northward  is  about  5  leagues. — i!>. 

Lobos  de  P.iyta,  or  Seals  Ifland,  to  the  northward 
of  Cape  Angiija,  fo  called  from  Port  Pata,  which  is 
1 1  leagues  to  the  N.  of  it,  is  a  fmall  round  iflanJ,  the 
coall  ot  which  is  not  high,  but  has  very  clean  ground 
round  it,  and  clofe  to  it  ;  and  the  bite  within  it  is 
known  by  the  name  of  Eucanada  de  Cechufa,  or  bay 
of  Cechufa,  which  luns  in  fo  deep  that  this  ifland  is  1 1 
leagues  due  W.  from  the  town  of  Cechula,  as  is  the 
Port  of  Payta  10  leagues  and  a  half  at  N.  W.  (Vom  it. 
—ii. 

LoBos  de  la  Mcr  Iflands,  in  the  S.  Pacific  Ocean, 
at  the  diilance  of  16  Ic.igues  (rom  the  m.iin,  are  two 
fmall  iflands  about  a  mile  each  in  circumference,  to 
the  W.  of  one  of  which  is  a  f.ifc  harbour,  with  a  fandy 
bottom,  for  (hips  to  careen.  Tlicy  are  fo  named  to 
diftinguini  them  from  Lobos  dc  la  Terra,  or  near  the 
Jand.  But  the  two  largcll  of  thofe  which  are  met  with 
iiuppL.  Vol.  II. 


under  this  name  are  6  miles  in  length,  and  another 
fmall  ifland  is  fa^d  to  be  to  windv/ard  of  the  eallem- 
moft  of  thefe  two,  not  half  a  mile  in  length,  with  jocks 
and  breakers  near  the  fliorc,  the  (oil  of  wliich  is  a 
hungry  while  clay,  and  the  important  article  of  ua^cr 
is  wholly  warning.  But  our  accounts  of  tliel'e  are  re- 
lated very  imperfciSly,  fo  that  they  can  only  be  given 
as  they  have  come  to  our  hands. — ii. 

LOCAL  Problem,  is  one  tliat  is  capable  of  an  in- 
(inile  number  of  different  folutions ;  becaufe  the  point, 
which  is  tofolve  the  problem,  maybe  indiffere:itly  tilcea 
within  a  certain  extent ;  as  fuppofe  any  where  in  fuch  3 
line,  within  fuch  a  plane  figure,  Sic.  which  is  calkd  a 
geomelrica!  Locus. 

A  local  problem  \%  fimplc,  when  the  point  fought  it 
in  a  right  line  ;  plane,  when  the  point  fought  is  in  the 
circumierenceof  a  circle  ;  foitJ,  when  it  is  in  the  circum- 
ference ot  a  conic  feiflion  ;  or  furfilid,  when  the  point  is 
in  the  perimeter  of  a  line  of  a  higher  kind. 
LOCI,  the  plural  of 

LOCUS,  a  line  by  which  a  loc.il  or  indeterminate 
problem  is  folved  ;  or  a  line  of  which  any  point  may 
equally  Iblve  an  indeterminate  problem.  See  Algebra, 
Encyci. 

LOCKE,  a  military  townfliip  in  New-York  State, 
adjoining  to  Milton  on  the  call,  fituated  in  Onondago 
county.  The  centre  of  the  town  is  13  miles  N.  E.  of 
the  S.  end  of  Cayuga  lake. — Morse. 

LOCKARTSBURG,  a  town  in  Luzerne  countv, 
Penni'ylvania,  fituated  on  an  iflhmus  formed  by  the 
confluence  of  the  Sufquehannah  and  Tioga  rivers, 
about  a  mile  above  their  junflion.  There  are  as  yet 
few  houfes  built,  but  it  promifes  to  be  a  place  of  im- 
portance, as  both  the  rivers  are  navigable  for  many 
miles  into  the  State  of  New- York.  It  is  4  miles  fnith 
of  the  New- York  line,  nearly  48  wefteily  of  Harmo- 
ny, and  90  above  Wilkfbarre. — ii. 

LOG  AN,  a  new  county  in  the  State  of  Kentucky. 
— ii. 

LOGISTIC  Curve,  the  fame  with  Locj.irithmis 
Curve,  for  which  fee  Ev.cycl. 

LOGISTICS,  or  LoGihttcAL  Arithmetic,  a  name 
fometimes  employed  for  the  arithmetic  of  fexageliinal 
fradions,  ufed  in  aftronomical  conipjtatinns. 

The  fime  term  has  been  ufed  for  the  rules  of  compu- 
tations in  algebra,  and  in  other  fpecies  ol  arithmetic: 
witne(s  the  logidics  of  Vieta  and  other  writers. 

Shakerly,  in  his  Tabula  Brilaniice,  has  a  table  of  lo- 
garithms  adapted  to  fexagefinial  ('rations,  and  which 
he  calls  Logiflical  Logarithms;  and  tlie  expeditious 
aritlimetic,  obtained  by  means  of  them,  he  calls  Logi  (Il- 
eal Arithmetic. 

LOGSTOWN,  on  the  weftern  fide  of  the  Ohio, 
lies  ibuth  of  Butlei's  Town,  and  18  miles  from  Pittf- 
bur))h. — Mone. 

LOGWOOD  COUNTRY,  lies  N.  W.  of  the  Mof- 
quito  Shi 're,  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Honduras, 
and  extendi  from  Vera  Pa/,  to  Yucatan  ix^m  15^"  to 
1 8^"  N.  lat.  The  whole  coall  is  overfpread  with  iflots, 
keys  and  Ihoals,  and  the  navigation  is  iniiicate. — ib. 

LONDON,  a  town  in  .-\E,n  Arundel  coucty,  Mary- 
land,  5  miles  S.  W.  of  Annapolis. — ib. 

LONDON  COVE,  a  narrow  water  of  Long-Iflind 

Sound,  which  (ets  up  north  into  the  townfl.ip  of  New- 

London,  4  miles  welt  tf  the  mouth  of  Thames  river. 

X  z  MilUluue 


L    O    N 


C    346    ] 


L     O     N 


Xvondon- 
dcrry, 

II 
Lonp;- 
Illarid. 


Mlllftone  Point  fepHratCi  it  from  another  much  broader 
on  the  welt,  acrols  which  is  ;i  handfonie  bridge,  wilh 
a  draw  at  Rope  Ferry. — ib. 

LONDONDERRY,  a  poft-town  In  Roclcinghim 
'  cour.ty,  New.Hampfliire,  lituatcd  near  the  licad  oi 
Beaver  river,  which  empties  into  Msrrimack  river,  at 
Pawtiicket  FalU.  It  is  36  miles  S.  W.  by  W.  of 
Ponfmniuh.  Londonderry  was  fettled  in  1718,  and 
incorporated  1722,  and  contains  2590  inhabitants. 
The  people  are  molHy  the  defcendants  of  emifi;rants 
from  It,  came  chieHy  from  Ulller  county  in  Ireland, 
originally  from  Scotland,  and  attend  largely  to  the 
nianufaduTi  uf  linen  cloih  .ind  thread,  and  males  con- 
fiderabie  quantities  for  f.ile.  The  town  is  much  in- 
debted to  them  f >  r  its  wealth  and  confequence. — ib. 

LoNDONDKRRY,  a  townlhip  in  H.ihlax  county,  Nova- 
Scotia,  fituated  on  the  N.  iide  of  Cobequid  or  Col- 
chefter  river,  about  30  miles  from  its  mouth,  at  the 
bafui  of  Minas.  It  was  fettled  by  the  North  Irilh  and 
Scotch. — ib. 

Londonderry,  a  townfliip,  and  the  north-wellern- 
moll  of  Windham  county,  Vermont,  on  the  head  wa- 
ters of  Welf  river,  about  33  miles  N.  E.  of  Benning- 
ton. It  was  granted  March  16th  1780.  Moofe  Moun- 
tain extends  into  the  eallern  part  of  this  town. — ib. 

Londonderry,  the  name  of  two  townfhlps  in  Pcnn- 
fylvania,  the  one  in  Chefter  county,  the  other  in  that 
of  Dauphine. — iB. 

LONDONGROVE,  a  townfhipin  Dauphine  coun- 
ty, Pennfylvania  — ib. 

LONG  Bay,  extends  along  the  fhore  of  N.  and  S. 
Carolina,  from  Cape  Fear  to  the  mouth  of  Fedee  ri- 
\ir. — ib. 

Long  By,  on  the  fouth  fide  of  the  ifland  of  Ja- 
jiiaica,  extends  from  Gutt  to  Swift  river,  and  affords 
anchorage  for  fraall  veifcls. — ib. 

Long  Bay,  in  the  ifland  of  Barbadoes,  in  the  Wefl- 
Indies,  lies  on  the  well  fide  of  the  ill-ind,  hiving  St 
Jofeph's  river  fouth-eallerly,  and  Pico  Teneriffe  north- 
werterly.  Another  bay  of  the  fame  name  lies  on  the 
foutli  end  of  tlie  ifland,  about  2  miles  eafterly  of  the 
fouth  point. — //'. 

Long,  or  Eighteen  mile  Beach,  on  the  coafl  of  New- 
Jerfey,  lies  between  Little  Egg  Harbour  inlet  and  that 
of  Barnegat. — ib. 

Long  IJl.md,  formerly  called  Manhattan,  afterwards 
Kajau  JJI111J,  belongs  to  the  State  of  New-York.  It 
extends  trom  Hudfon's  river  oppodte  to  Staten  THand, 
almoll  to  the  wellern  bounds  of  the  coaft  of  Rhode- 
liland,  terminiUing  with  Montauk  Point.  Its  length 
is  about  140  m-les,  and  its  medium  breadth  not  above 
10  miles;  and  feparated  from  Conneiflicut  by  Long- 
Ifland  Sound.  It  contains  1,400  fquarc  miles;  and  is 
divided  into  3  counties.  King's,  Queen's  and  Suffolk, 
and  thefe  again  into  19  townfhip^..  The  N.  hde  of 
the  ifland  is  rough  and  hilly.  A  fmgle  range  of  thefe 
hills  extends  from  Jamaica  to  Southhold.  The  foil  is 
here  well  calculated  for  railing  grain,  hay,  and  fruit. 
The  fouth  fide  of  the  ifland  lies  low,  with  a  liglit  fan- 
dy  foil.  On  the  fea-coall  are  extenfive  tradts  of  fait 
meadow,  which  extend  from  Southampton  to  the  weft 
end  of  the  itland.  The  foil,  notwithllanding,  is  well 
adapted  to  the  culture  of  grain,  particularly  Indian 
corn.      Near  the  middle  of  the  ifland  is  Hampflead 


Plain,  in  Queen's  county.  It  is  16  miles  long,  and 
about  8  bioad.  This  plain  was  never  known  to  have 
any  natural  growtli,  except  a  particular  kind  of  wild 
grafs,  and  a  lew  Ihrubs,  although  the  foil  is  black,  and 
to  appearance  rich.  It  produces  feme  rye,  and  large 
herds  of  cattle  are  fed  upon  it,  as  well  as  on  the  I'alt 
mar(he«.  On  the  E  pait  of  the  ifland,  E.  of  Hamp- 
Head  Plain,  is  a  large  barren  heath,  called  Brulhy 
Plain:  It  is  overgrown  with  Ihruboak,  intermixed 
with  a  few  pine  trees,  where  a  number  of  wild  deer, 
and  prc'ufe  harbour.  The  largefl  river,  or  flream  in 
the  ifluid  is  Peakonok,  an  inconlideraUe  ftream.  It 
runs  E.  and  empties  into  a  large  bay,  that  feparates 
Southhold  from  Southampton.  In  this  bay  are  Rob- 
bin  and  Shelter  illands.  Rockonkama  pond  lies  about 
the  centre  of  tlie  iflwnd,  between  Smith-Town  and 
Illip,  and  is  about  a  mile  in  circumference,  and  has 
been  found,  by  obfervation,  to  rife  gradually  for  feve- 
ral  years,  until  it  had  arrived  to  a  certain  height,  and 
then  to  fall  more  rapidly  to  its  lowell  bed  ;  and  thus 
is  continually  ebbing  and  flowing;  The  caiife  has  ne- 
ver been  invoftigated.  Two  miles  to  the  I'outhward  of 
the  pond,  i^  ;■-  llream  called  Coniieifficut  river,  which 
empties  into  the  bay.  The  produce  nt  the  middle  and 
wellern  parts  of  the  ifland  is  carried  to  New. York. 
'J'he  iiland  c  ntaincd,  in  1790,  41,783  inhabitants,  of 
whom  4,839  were  flaves ib. 

Long-Island  Soundh  a  kind  of  inland  fea,  fronn  3 
to  25  miles  broad,  about  140  miles  long,  extending  the 
whole  length  of  the  ifland,  and  dividing  it  from  Con- 
nefticnt.  It  communicates  with  the  ocean  at  both  ends 
of  Long-Ifland  ;  and  affords  a  very  fafe  and  convenient 
inland  navigation.— //i. 

LcNG-lsLAND,  an  iiland  in  Sufquehannah  river. — ih. 

Long  Island,  in  Holfton  river,  in  the  State  ot 
Tcnnelfce,  is  3  miles  long.  Numbers  of  boats  are 
built  here  eveiy  year,  and  loaded  with  the  produce  of 
tl  e  Slate  iov  New-Orleans.  Long-Ifland  is  to  miles 
W.  of  the  mouth  of  Wataugo  river,  43  ir.'m  Abing- 
don, 100  above  Knoxville,  283  from  Nalhvilh-,  and 
1000  from  the  mouth  of  the  Tennelfee.  It  is  340 
milei  S.  W.  by  \V.  of  Richmond,  in  Virginia,  and  to 
which  there  is  a  good  waggon  road. — ib. 

LrNG-IsLAND,  on  the  coafl  of  S.  Carolina,  in  N. 
America,  is  to  the  E.  N.  E.  of  Charles  Town,  and  N. 
E.  from  Sullivan's  Iiland,  in  lat.  about  32°  48'  N.  and 
long.  78"  36'  W.  It  is  but  a  fmall  ifland  and  at  a 
little  dillance  only  from  the  main  land. — Malham. 

Long- L  LAND,  on  the  N.  fide  of  the  ifland  of  Anti- 
gua in  the  Weft  Indies,  is  an  ifland  which  lies  before 
the  opening  into  Parham  harbour,  having  a  fmaller 
iflind,  called  Maiden  Ifland,  a  little  to  the  W.  of 
S.  from  it,  between  this  ifland  and  a  point  of  land  of 
the  miin  ifland  to  the  weftward  of  the  latter  ifland. 
It  is  befet  with  banks  and  rocks  from  the  N.  W.  by  the 
N.  to  the  E.  From  the  wefternmoft  point  of  the  ifland 
a  fand  bank  runs  to  the  N.  W.  for  half  a  league 
nearly,  fo  that  fhips  muft  keep  at  that  diftance  from 
the  faid  point,  and  at  leaft  2  miles  at  N.  W.  from 
Maiden  Ifland,  before  they  attempt  to  go  in  on  that 
courfe  for  the  latter  ifland.  By  this  couife  they  will 
come  thwart  of  the  wellernrr.oll  point  of  Long-Ifland, 
about  half  a  mile  lliort  of  Maiden  Ifland,  and  thereby 
avoid  a  (hoal  which  runs  oat  from  the  main  ifland  to- 

v/aids 


Long 
Ifiund. 


LOR  [     347 

I,ong  Kle,  wards  the  N.  E.  as  well  as  this  bank  from  the  jioinc 
II         in  the  dirtdion  of  N.  \V.  which  has   but  fiom  2  to  6 
,^^^^;^  feet  upon  it.—/*. 

LONG  ISLE,  or  IJe  River  In^iaKs,  inhabit  on 
Ille,  or  Wliite  river,  which  runs  vvefterly  into  the  river 
Wabafli.  The  mouth  of  White  river  is  in  N.  lat.  38° 
58'  \V.  Ion},'.  <;o''  y'.—Mai-fe. 

LONG  LAKE,  in  the  Geneflee  country  in  New- 
York.—//.. 

LONG—MEADOW,  a  town  in  Hampfliire  county, 


] 


LOT 


Lorenzo  //!jnJ,  on  tlic  W.  coaft  of  South  Ame- 
rica, on  the  fouth  Atlantic  Oce.in,  is  above  2  miles  to 
the  W.  of  the  cape  at  Callao,  being  about  4  miles  long 
from  N.  W.  to  S.  E.  and  near  2  broad  in  the  broadeft; 
part.  A  very  frnall  ifland,  called  La  L^j.i,  lies  in  the 
midway  between  them,  having  only  a  depth  of  from 
9  to  12  feet  on  its  E.  fide  towards  the  cape,  on  the  N. 
fide  4  fathoms,  and  on  the  W.  fide  towards  Loien/.o 
Hill  more  water.  There  is  generally  from  7  to  17  fa- 
thoms round  this  ifljnd  ;  oli  the  S.  E.  end  of  which  ii 
Malfjchufetts,  fituated  on  the  E.  bank  of  Connedicut    Fronton  Ifland,  having  from  5  fathoms  and  a  half  to 


nver,  about  4  mlhs  S.  of  Springfield,  and  23  N.  of 
Hartford.  It  was  incorporated  in  1783;  contains  a 
Conpregaiional  church,  and  about  70  dwelling  houfes, 
which  lie  upon  one  wide  flreet,  running  j)arallel  with 
the  river.  The  townlliip  contains  744  inhabitants.  It 
is  97  miles  S.  W.  by  W.  of  Bofton. — ii. 

LONG  POINT,  a  peniufnia  on  the  N.  fide  of  Lake 
Eiie,  and   towards  the  eaftern  end  of  the  lake.      It  is 


14  fathoms  round  it,  and  between  the  iflands  fome 
fmall  rocks.  There  are  alfo  fcveral  fniHll  iflands,  call- 
ed Palominos,  about  3  miles  on  the  W.  of  Lorenzo 
Ifland,  having  irom  13  to  18  fathoms  round  ihem. 
— Mnlhimi. 

LORETTO,  a  fmall  village  cfChriilian  Indians, 
3  leagues  N.  E.  of  Quebec,  in  C.tnada.  It  has  it? 
name  from  a  chapel  built  accoiding  to  the  model  of 


compofcd  of  (and,  and  is  very  convenient  to  haul  boats    the  Santa  Cafa  at  Loretto,  in  Italy  ;  from  whence  an 
out  of  the  fuif  upon,  when  the  lake  is  too  rough  for    image  of  the  Holy  Virgin  has  been  font  to  the  converts 
rowing  or  failing.      /^fr?«.//on  Po/«/,  between  Puan  Bay 
and  Lake  Michigan,  is  alfo  calkd  Long  Point  in  fome 
maps. — ib. 

LONG  POND,  in  the  Diftria  of  Maine,  lies  moft- 
ly  in  BriJgton,  and  is  10  miles  long  liom  N.  W.  to 
S.  E.  and  about  a  mile  broad.  On  each  fide  of  this 
pond  are  large  fwells  of  excellent  land,  with  a  gradual    by  a  deep  ditch 


here,  lefemUling  that  in  the  famous   Italian  fanfluary. 
Thefe  converts  are  of  the  Huron  tnbe. — Morse. 

Loretto,  Lady  of,  a  place  in  the  di(Iri<fl  of  Sc 
Denni.s  on  the  iflhmus  of  California  ;  the  Indians  call 
it  Cancbo.  Here  is  a  fmall  fort  ereded  by  the  mif- 
'ionaries,  confifting  of  four  ballions,  and  furroundcd 


defcent  to  the  margin  of  the  pond,  and  furnifh  a  varie- 
ty oK  romantic  profpeds. — ib. 

LONGUEY  BAY,  on  the  coall  of  Chili  on  the  W. 
cnall  of  South  America,  fomelimes  called  Tonguey  or 
Tciiguay,  is  10  leagues  to  the  N.  from  Limari,  and 
in  lat.  30"  30'  S.  In  the  road  is  a  headland  oppofite 
to  a  fmall  river,  where  is  good  watering  ;  ai.d  there  is 
good  anchorage  all  over  the  bay,  and  clean  holding 
ground.  This  bay  may  be  certainly  known  by  the  hill 
called  Sierra  del  Gu.inaquero,  and  by  a  low  point  run- 
ning out,  called  Lengua  de  Vacca,  the  Cow's  Tongue, 
which  clofe  the  bay  to  weftward.  This  coaft,  though 
indifferently  high,  fo  as  to  be  feen  at  25  or  30  leagues 
off  at  fea,  makes  at  firft  as  if  it  was  all  drowned,  be- 
caufe  the  mountains  of  the  Ci>rdilleras  that  appear  over 


LORINCHINCA,  on  the  coaft  of  Peru,  in  South 
America,  and  on  the  S.  Pacific  Ocean,  is  about  mid- 
way between  Pifco  and  Chinca,  or  3  leagues  from  eacli, 
and  has  a  tolerable  good  road,  with  a  fair  ftrand  on 
the  ftiore.  But  there  runs  a  great  lea  on  th.is  coaft. 
Ships  may  anchor  in  6  fathoms  before  a  houfe  that  will 
be  feen  on  the  fliore  near  a  white  church  ;  this  houfe  is 
known  by  the  name  of  £1  Molino,  or  the  Mill. — Mal- 
ham. 

LOROMIE'S  STORE,  in  the  territory  N.  W.  of 
the  Ohio,  a  place  wefteily  from  Fort  Liwrence,  and 
at  or  near  a  fork  of  a  branch  of  the  Great  Miami 
river,  which  falls  into  the  Ohio.  At  this  fpot,  bounded 
W.  by  the  Indian  line,  the  Indians  ceded  a  trad  of 
land  to  the  United  States,  6  miles  fquare,  by  the  treaty 


it,  are  always  covered  with  Ihow.     It  is  7  leagues  from     figned  Auguft  3,  1795.    Here  the  portage  commences 


hence  to  Herradura  or  Horfe  Shoe  Point  to  the  foudi 
ward  of  Coquimbo. —  Malham. 

LONGUILLE,  or  as  the  Indians  call  it,  Kenapaco- 
maqua,  an  Indian  village  on  the  N.  bank  of  Eel  river, 
in  the  N.  W.  Territory.  It  was  dcftroyed  by  Gen. 
Scott  in  1791,  with  200  acres  ot  corn  in  its  neighbour- 
hood.— Morse. 

LOOKOUT,  Cape,  on  the  coaft  of  N.  Carolina,  is 
the  fouthern  point  of  a  long  infulated  and  narrow  flip 
of  land,  eaftward  of  Core  Sound.  Its  N.  point  foinis 
the  S.  fide  ol  Ocrecock  inlet,  which  leads  into  Pamlico 


Sound.     It  lies  N.  E.  of  Cape  Fear,  and  S.  of  Cape    tanical  readers  : 


between  the  Miami  ol  ihi  Ohio,  and  St  Miry's  river, 
which  runs  iiito  Lake  Erie. — Morie. 

LOS  REYES,  the  chief  town  of  the  province  of 
Uragua,  in  the  E.  divilion  of  Paraguay,  in  S.  Ame- 
rica.— ;■/'. 

LOS  CHARCOS,  a  province  in  the  fouihern  di- 
vifion  of  Peru,  whofe  chief  cities  are  Potoli  and 
Porco. — ih. 

LiBVAN  LOTUS  has  been  defcrihed  {En:ye/.)  un- 
der the  title  Rhamsus;  but  the  following  additional 
particulars  from  Mr  Park  will  be  acceptable  to  our  bo- 


Hatteras,  in  about  latitude  34"  50'.  It  had  an  excel- 
lent harbour,  which  has  been  filled  op  with  fand  fince 
the  year  1777 — ib. 

Lookout,  Cape,  on  the  fouthern  coaft  of  Hudfon's 
Bay,  in  New  South  Wales,  E.  S.  E.  of  the  mouth  of 
Severn  river.     N.  lat.  56",  W.  long.  84" — ib. 

LORENZO,  Ca/e  Si,  on  the  coal!  of  Peru,  S. 
America,  lies  in  the  province  of  Quito,  W.  of  the  city 
of  tliatname.     S.  lat.o"  20',  W/Tong.  80°  20'. — ib. 


The  lotus  is  very  common  in  all  the  countries  v.hlch 
our  author  vifited,  and  he  had  an  rpportunitv  to  make 
a  drawing  ot  a  br.inch  in  (lower,  ot  which  an  enpraving 
is  publillied  in  his  travels,  that  with  his  perimfiion  we 
have  C'pied  (("ee  Plate  XXX.).  The  lotus  produces 
truit  which  the  ncgiocs  call  /jw/rronj/.  Tliefe  ar; 
fmall  farinaceous  berries,  fif  a  yellow  colour  and  deli- 
clous  tafte.  They  arc  much  efteemcd  by  the  natives, 
who  convert  lliem  into  a  fort  of  bread,  by  expofing 
X  X  2  them 


LOU 


[     348     ] 


LOU 


them  lor  feme  d.iys  to  ihe  fun,  and  afterwards  pound- 
ing tliem  gently  in  a  wooden  murt.ir,  until  the  farina- 
ceous part  of  the  berry  is  feparated  from  the  ftone. 
This  meal  is  then  mixed  with  a  little  water,  and  formed 
into  cakes  j  which,  when  dried  in  the  fim,  refemblc  in 
colour  and  flavour  the  fweeteft  gingerbread.  The 
Hones  are  afterwards  put  into  a  vcilel  of  water,  and 
Ihaken  abov.t  fo-as  to  feparate  the  meil  which  may  dill 
;<dhere  to  them  :  this  communicates  a  fwcet  and  agree- 
able talle  to  the  water,  and  with  the  addition  of  a  little 
pounded  millet,  forms  a  pleafant  gruel  called  fondi, 
which  is  the  common  breakfaft  in  many  parts  of  Luda- 
mar,  during  the  months  of  February  and  March.  The 
fruit  is  colleifled  by  fpreading  a  cloth  upon  the  ground, 
and  beating  the  branches  with  a  ftick.  Our  au- 
thor thinks  there  can  be  little  doubt  of  this  being 
the  lotus  mentioned  by  Pliny,  as  the  food  of  the  Ly- 
bian  Lotophagi.  An  army  may  very  well  have  been 
fed  with  the  bread  made  of  the  meal  of  the  fruit,  as  is 
iaid  by  Pliny  to  have  been  done  in  Lybia  ;  and  as  the 
tafte  of  the  bread  is  fweet  and  agreeable,  it  is  not  likely 
that  the  foldiers  would  complain  of  it. 

LOUDON,  a  county  of  Virginia,  on  the  river 
Potowmac,  adjoining  Fairfax,  Berkley,  and  Faquier 
counties.  It  is  about  ^o  miles  long,  and  20  broad, 
and  contains  1 8,962  inhabitants,  including  4,030  (laves. 
Chief  town,  Leefburg. — Morse. 

Loudon,  a  townlhip  in  Rockingham  county,  New. 
Hamplhire»  taken  from  Canterbury  townfhip  and  in- 
corporated in  1773.  It  is  fituated  on  the  E.  fide  of 
Merrimack  river,  and  contains  1084  inhabitants. — ib. 
Loudon,  a  townlliip  in  Berkfhire  county,  Mafla- 
chufetts,  21  miles  S.  E.  of  Lenox,  24  W.  of  Spring- 
field, and  124  W.  of  Bofton.  It  was  incorporated  in 
1773,  and  contains  344  inhabitants.  It  contains  13,000 
acres,  of  which  2,944  ^^^  ponds. — ib. 

LOUGHABER,  or  Lochaler,  a  fmall  fettlement 
in  Georgia,  on  a  branch  of  Savannvth  river,  above  its 
confluence  with  the  Tugulo,  the  W.  main  branch. — \h. 
LOUIS,  Fort,  a  fettlement  formed  by  the  French 
rear  the  mouth  of  the  river  Coza,  in  Florida,  about 
20  leagues  N.  E.  of  the  nearefl  mouth  ot  the  MilFillippi, 
and  until  the  peace  of  1763,  was  the  ufual  refidence  of 

the  principal  governor  ot  Louifiana \b. 

LOUIS  DE  MARANHAM,  St,  a  town  on  the 
northern  coall  ot  Brazil,  and  on  the  Atlantic  ocean, 
fituated  on  the  eaft  fide  of  Mearim  river  ;  about  h;ilf 
way  between  point  Mocoripe,  and  the  mouth  of  the 
liver  Para. — ib. 

Louie,  Sr,  a  jurifdiflion  and  town  on  the  fouth 
fide  of  the  ifland  of  St  Domingo.  The  jurifdiclion 
contains  3  parilhc.  Its  exports  Ihipped  fiom  the  town 
of  St  Louis  from  Jan.  i,  1789  to  Dec.  31,  of  the  fame 
year,  were  120,665  lb.  cofl'ee ;  19,^53  lb.  cotton; 
5,75  I  lb.  indigo.  Total  value  of  duties  on  exportation, 
904  dollars  13  cents.  St  Louis  is  rather  a  borough 
than  a  town.  It  is  fituated  on  the  head  of  the  bay  of 
its  name,  oppofite  a  number  of  fmall  ifles  which  (belter 
the  bay  on  the  (buth  towards  the  ocean,  and  on  the  S. 
iide  I'f  the  fouth  peninfula,  8  leagues  N.  E.  of  Les 
Caves,  a  little  more  than  3  S.  W.  of  Aquin,  and  36 
leagues  S.  W.  by  W.  of  Port  au  Prince:  from  which 
laft  are  two  roads  leading  to  it;  the  one  by  Jacmel 
the  other  by  Leogane,  and  of  much  the  fame  length  ; 


both  join  at  Aquin.     N.  lat.  18°  18',  W.  long,  from 
Paris,  75°  52'. — \b. 

Louis,  St,  a  fmall,  compaft,  beautiful  bay  in  Weft- 
Florida,  having  about  7  feet  water.  It  is  18  miles  >« 
from  the  Rcgolets,  and  26  from  the  bay  of  Biloxi. 
The  land  near  it  is  of  a  light  foil,  and  good  for  pafture. 
There  were  (everal  fettlers  formerly  on  it,  but  in  the 
year  1767,  the  Chadlaw  Indians  killed  their  cattle  and  ■ 
obliged  them  to  remove. — \b. 

Louis,  St,  a  Spanilh  village  on  the  W.  fide  of  the 
river  Milllfllppi,  about  13  miles  below  the  mouth  of 
the  Milfouii.  Its  fcite  is  on  a  high  piece  of  ground, 
the  molt  healthy  and  plcafurable  of  any  known  in  this 
part  of  the  country.  Here  the  Spanllh  commandant 
and  the  principal  Indian  traders  refide  ;  who,  by  con- 
ciliating the  afteiftions  of  the  natives,  have  drawn  all 
the  Indian  trade  of  the  Milfouri ;  part  of  that  of  the 
Miirilllppi  (northwards)  and  of  the  tribes  of  Indians 
reliding  near  the  Ouifconfing,  and  Illinois  rivers,  to 
this  village.  About  20  years  ago  there  were  here  120 
large  and  commodious  houfes,  moflly  built  of  llone, 
and  800  inhabitants,  chiefly  French.  Some  of  them 
have  had  a  liberal  education,  and  were  polite  and  hof- 
pitablc.  They  had  about  150  negroes,  and  large 
hocks  of  cattle,  &c.  It  is  4  or  5  miles  N.  by  W.  of 
Cahokia,  on  the  call  fide  of  the  Miirulippi,  and  about 
150  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Poft  St  Vincent's  on  Wabafh 
river.     N.  lat.  38"  24',  W.  long.  92"  32'. — ib. 

LOUISA,  a  county  of  Virginia,  adjoining  Orange, 
Albemarle,  Fluvanna,  Spottfylvania,  and  Goochland 
counties.  It  is  about  35  miles  long,  and  20  broad, 
and  contains  8,467  inhabitants,  including  4,573  (laves. 
There  are  here  ("oine  medicinal  fprings,  on  the  head 
waters  of  South  Anna,  a  branch  of  York  river ;  but 
they  are  little  frequented. — tb. 

Louisa,  a  river  of  Virginia,  the  head  water  of  Cole 
river,  a  S.  VV.  branch  of  the  Great  Kanhiway. — ib. 

LOUSA  CHITTO,  or  Loofa  Chitto,  a  river  which 
rifes  on  the  borders  if  S.  Carolina,  and  runs  a  S. 
werterly  courle  through  the  Georgia  wellern  lands,  and 
joins  the  MUrillippi  jult  below  the  Walnut  Hills,  and 
10  miles  trom  Stony  river.  It  is  30  yards  wide  at  its 
mouth,  but  after  you  enter  it,  is  from  30  to  40  yards, 
and  is  ("aid  to  be  navigable  tor  canoes  30  or  4c  leagues. 
It  is  39I  miles  below  the  Yazoo  cliflPs. — ib. 

LOUISBOURG,  the  capital  of  Sydney,  or  Cape 
Breton  ifland,  in  Noith-America.  Its  harbour  is  one 
of  the  finelt  in  that  country,  being  almcill  4  leagues  in 
circuit,  and  6  or  7  fathoms  water  in  every  pait  of  it. 
'Jlie  anchorage  or  mooring,  is  good,  and  Ih  ps  may 
run  aground  without  any  danger.  Its  entrance  is  not 
above  300  toifes  in  breadth,  imned  by  two  fmall 
iflands,  and  i.s  known  12  leagues  olFat  fea,  by  Cipe 
Lorembec,  fituated  near  the  N.  E.  (ide  ot  it.  Here 
is  plenty  of  cod,  and  the  fifliery  may  be  cur.tiiiued  from 
April  to  the  clofe  ot  November.  The  harb<  ur  is  more 
than  half  a  mile  in  breadth,  from  N.  W.  to  S.  E.  in 
the  narrowed  part;  and  6  miles  in  length,  from  N.  E. 
to  S.  W.  In  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  harbour  is  a  fine 
careening  wharf  to  heave  down,  and  very  fecure  Irom 
all  winds.  On  the  oppofite  fide  are  the  fifhing  ftages, 
and  room  for  2000  boats  to  cure  their  filh.  In  winter 
the  harbour  is  entirely  frozen  up,  fo  as  to  be  walked 

clofe  of  No- 
vember, 


Louis, 

II 
Louif- 
bourg. 


over,  which  fsafon  begins  here  at  the 


LOU 


C     349     3 


LOW 


l-ouifiani.  vetnber,  and  lads  till  May  or  June ;  fometimes  the 
^•■^~-^^*-^  frofts  fet  in  fooner,  and  are  more  intenfe  ;  as  parii- 
cularly  in  1745,  when  by  the  middle  of  October  a 
great  part  oJ  the  harbour  was  already  frozen.  The 
town  of  Loui/boiirj;  (lands  on  a  point  'f  land,  on  the 
S.  E.  fide  of  the  ifl.ind ;  its  ftreets  are  regular  and 
broad,  confiding  for  the  moft  part  of  ftone  houfes, 
with  a  large  parade  at  a  little  diftance  from  the  citadel ; 
the  infide  of  which  is  a  fine  fquare,  near  200  feet  every 
way.  On  its  N.  lide,  while  polTelFed  by  the  French, 
ftood  the  governor's  lioufe  and  the  church  :  the  other 
fid«s  were  taken  up  with  barracks,  bomb  procf;  in 
which  the  French  fecured  their  women  and  children 
during  the  fiege.  The  town  is  near  half  a  mile  in 
length,  and  2  in  circuit.  The  principnl  trade  of  Louif- 
bourg  is  the  cod  fifhery,  from  which  vaft  profits  accrue 
to  the  inhabitants  ;  the  plenty  of  fifli  being  remarkable, 
and  at  the  fame  time  better  than  any  about  Newfound- 
land. N.  latitude  45°  54',  welt  longitude  59''  55'. 
— /*. 

LOUISIANA,  a  Spanifti  province  of  North-Ame- 
lica,  bounded  E.  by  the  Mifljlfippi,  S.  by  the  gulf  of 
Mexico,  W.  by  New-Mexico,  and  N.  by  undefined 
boundaries.  Both  fides  of  the  Mifliflippi  were  under 
the  French  government  till  the  peace  of  1762  ;  when 
the  eaftern  fide  was  ceded  to  the  king  of  Great  Bri- 
tain ;  and  the  day  before  the  preliminaries  of  peace 
■were  figned,  his  Chriftian  Majelly  ceded  to  Spain  all 
his  territories  to  the  weftwaid  of  the  Miffillippi,  to- 
gether with  the  town  of  New  Orleans  ;  with  a  ftipu- 
lation  that  the  French  laws  and  ufages  lliould  not  be 
altered  :  this  precaution,  however,  proved  afterwards 
of  no  avail. 

Louifiana  is  intcrfeifled  by  a  number  of  fine  rivers, 
among  which  are  St  Francis,  the  Natchitoches,  the 
Adayes,  or  Mexicano  river,  the  Milfouri,  Kouge,  Noir, 
and  many  others  which  are  defciibed  under  their  re- 
fpedive  names.  The  greater  part  of  the  white  inha- 
bitants are  Roman  Catholics.  They  are  governed  by 
a  viceroy  from  Spain.  The  number  of  inh.ibitants  is 
unknown.  The  quantity  of  good  land  on  the  Mif- 
fillippi and  its  branches,  from  the  bay  of  Mexico  to 
Ohio  river,  a  diftance  of  nearly  1000  miles,  is  very 
great ;  but  that  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  Natchez, 
and  of  the  river  Yazoo,  is  the  flower  of  it  all.  There 
have  been  forae  plantations  of  fugar  canes  ;  but  it  is 
not  a  crop  to  be  depended  upon,  as  the  froft  has  fome- 
times been  loo  powerful  for  that  plant.  The  chief 
articles  of  exportatimi  are  indigo,  cotton,  rice,  beans, 
myrtle  wax,  and  lumber. 

The  climate  is  faid  to  be  favourable  for  health  and 
to  the  culture  of  fruits  of  various  kinds,  and  particu- 
larly for  garden  vegetables.  Iron  and  lead  mines  and 
fait  fprings,  it  is  affertcd,  are  found  in  fuch  plenty  as 
to  aflord  an  abundant  iuppl)  of  thefe  ncccllary  articles. 
The  banks  of  the  MilfiHippi,  for  many  leiigues  in  ex- 
tent, commencing  about  2c  miles  above  the  mouth  of 
Ohio,  are  a  continued  ch  lin  of  linie-flone.  A  fine 
tra<a  of  high,  rich,  level  land,  S.  W.  W.  and  N.  W. 
of  Ncw-M.idrid,  about  25  miles  wide,  extends  quite 
to  the  river  St  Francis. 

While  the  United  Stales  were  engaged  in  the  revo. 
lution  war  againll  England,  the  Spaniards  attacked 
and  poffefl'cd  theml'clves  of  all  the  Englifh  polls  and 
fetllements  ou  the  MiiliQippi,  from  the  Ibbervillc  up 


to  tlie  Yazoo  river,   including  the  Natchez  country  ;  LouiCana, 
and  by  virtue  of  this  conqueli  have  fince  peopled  and         ' 
governed  an  extent  three  degrees  north  of  the  United   _, -  "  .^ 
States   Ibuth    boundary,    claiming  the  cxclufive  navi- 
gation of  the  other.     This  bufincfs  has  been  amicably 
fettled  bv  the  treaty  of  1796. 

The  MiffifTippi,  on  which  the  fine  ccuntry  of  Loui- 
fiana i,  fuuated,  was  firft  dil'covered  by  Ferdinand  de 
Soto,  in  1J41.  Monfieur  de  la  Salle  was  the  firft 
who  traveifed  it.  He,  in  the  year  1682,  having  paJTed 
down  to  the  mouth  of  the  Miiliflippi,  andfurveyed  the 
adjacent  country,  returned  to  Canada,  from  whence 
he  took  paffage  to  France.  From  the  flattering  ac- 
counts which  he  gave  of  the  country,  and  the  confe- 
quent  advantages  that  would  accrue  from  fettling  a 
colony  in  tliofe  parts,  Louis  XIV.  was  induced  to 
ellabllfh  a  company  for  tlie  purpofe.  Accordingly,  a 
fquadron  of  four  veffels,  amply  provided  with  men  and 
provifions,  under  the  command  of  Monfieur  de  la 
Sallt,  embarked  with  an  intention  to  fettle  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Miffiflipp'.  But  he  unintentionally  failed 
a  hundred  leagues  to  the  weftward  of  it,  where  he  at- 
tempted to  eflablifli  a  colony  ;  but,  tlirough  the  un- 
favourablenefs  of  the  climate,  roofl  of  his  men  mifer- 
ably  perifhed,  and  he  himfclf  was  villanoudy  murder- 
ed, not  long  after,  by  two  of  his  own  men.  Monfieur 
Ibbervillefucceeded  him  in  his  laudable  attempts.  He, 
after  two  fucccfsful  voyages,  died  while  preparing  for 
a  third.  Crozat  fucceeded  him  ;  and  in  1 7 1 2,  the  king 
gave  him  Louifiana.  This  grant  continued  but  a  Ihorc 
time  after  the  death  of  Louis  XIV.  In  1763,  Louifiana 
was  ceded  to  the  king  of  Spain,  to  whom  it  now  be 
longs. — il). 

LOUISTOWN,  in  Talbot  county,  Maryland,  lies 
on  the  weft  fide  of  Tuckahoe  creek,  about  4  miles  north 
of  King's  Town,  and  7  or  8  norlh-eaft  of  Eaffm. — ii. 

LOUISVILLE,  the  prefcnt  feat  of  government  of 
Georgia,  fituated  in  Burke  county,  in  the  lower  diftriifl 
of  the  State,  on  the  N.  E.  bank  of  the  Great  Ogeechee 
river,  70  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  has  been  lately 
laid  out,  and  contains  a  ftate-houfe,  a  tobacco  ware- 
houfe,  and  about  30  dwclliiig-houfes.  Large  quan- 
tities of  tobacco  are  infpeiffed  here,  and  boated  down 
to  Savannah.  The  convention  for  the  revifal  of  the 
conftitution  fat  in  this  town  in  May,  1795,  and  ap- 
pointed the  rccotds  to  be  removed,  and  the  legidaturc 
to  meet  here  in  future.  A  college,  with  ample  and 
liberal  endowments,  is  indituted  here.  It  is  52  miles 
S.  E.  of  Augufta,  and  100  N.  W.  of  Savannah ib. 

LOUISIADE,  Land  of,  difcovered  and  named  by 
Bougainville  in  1768,  is  probably  a  chain  of  iflands, 
fiirniing  a  fouth-eadern  continuation  of  New  Guinea. 
The  coafl  feen  by  the  Dutch  Ceelwint  Yaclit  in  1705, 
is  a  fmall  didance  north  oi  Louifiadc. — ib. 

LOVE-COVE,  a  fine  opening  to  the  weftward  of 
Whale  Covf,  in  New  North  Wales.—//-. 

LOVELL's  POND,  inNcw-Hampfliire,  lies  at  tlie 
head  of  the  eaftcin  branch  of  Salmon  Fall  liver. — ib. 

LOWANG,  a  Chlnefe  ifland  of  fome  extent  in  tlie 
neighbourhood  of  the  CMusAs-Ifles,  which  fee  in  this 
Supplement.  Some  of  the  gentlemen  belonging  to  the 
firitldi  embaily  went  afhore  on  Lowang,  which  they 
dcfcribcd  as  naked  bnh  cf  trees  and  of  cattle.  They 
e.T.tmined  particularly  a  fniall  level  plain  recovered  from 
the  fca,    which  was  kept  out  by  an  embankment  of 

earth, 


L     O     X  [    35 

Lowajig,  earth,  at  leaft  thirty  i'eet  thick.  The  qmmity  cf  gronnd 
gained  by  it  fecmed  fcarccly  to  be  worth  the  labour 
that  it  mud  have  coft.  The  |)lain  was  iiidted  cultivat- 
ed witU  the  utmoft  care,  and  laid  cut  chiefly  in  rice- 
plats,  fupp'.isd  wiih  water  colle>5lcd  iVoni  the  adjacent 
hills  into  little  channels,  through  which  it  was  convey- 
ed to  every  part  of  thofe  plantations.  It  was  manured, 
inftc-.id  of  the  dung  of  animals,  with  matters  more  of- 
fenfive  to  the  human  fenfes,  and  which  aic  not  very  ge- 
nerally applied  to  the  purpofes  of  agriculture  in  Eng- 
land. Earthen  vefTels  were  funk  into  the  ground  for 
the  reception  of  fuch  manure  ;  and  for  containing  li- 
quids ot  an  analogous  nature,  in  which  the  grain  was 
llecped  previoully  to  its  being  fown ;  an  operation 
which  is  fuppcfed  to  hallen  the  growth  ci  the  future 
pl.int,  as  well  as  to  prevent  any  injury  from  infefts  in 
its  tender  (late. 

The  p.irty  fell  in  with  a  peafant  who,  though  flruck 
with  their  appearance,  was  not  fo  feared  by  it  as  to  (hun 
them.  He  was  drefled  in  loo!'e  garments  of  blue  cot- 
ton, a  draw  hat  upon  his  head  falK-ned  by  a  filing  un- 
der his  chin,  and  half  baots  upon  his  legs.  He  feemed 
to  enter  into  the  fpirit  of  curinlity,  naturally  animating 
travellers,  and  readily  led  them  towards  an  adjoining 
village.  Pafllng  by  a  fmall  farm  houfe,  they  were  in- 
vited into  it  by  the  tenant,  who,  together  with  his  fon, 
obferved  them  with  aftonifhed  eyes.  The  houfe  was 
built  of  wood,  the  uprights  of  the  natural  form  of  the 
timber.  No  ceiling  concealed  the  inllde  of  the  roof, 
which  was  put  together  (Irongly,  and  covered  with  the 
flraw  of  rice.  The  floor  was  of  earth  beaten  hard,  and 
the  partitions  between  the  rooms  confifted  of  mats 
hanging  from  the  beams.  Two  fpinning  wheels  for 
cotton  were  fcen  in  the  outer  rooni  ;  but  the  feats  for 
the  fpinners  were  empty.  They  had  probably  been 
filled  by  females,  who  retired  on  the  approach  of  ftran- 
gers ;  while  they  remained,  none  of  that  fex  appeared. 
Round  the  houfe  were  planted  cluOers  of  bamboo,  and 
of  that  fpecies  of  palm,  of  which  each  leaf  refembles 
the  form  of  a  fan  ;  and,  ufed  as  fuch,  becomes  an  ar- 
ticle of  merchandize. 

LOWER  ALLOVVAY'S  Cr,d,  a  towndiip  in 
Salem  county,  New-Jerfey Morse. 

LOWER  DUBLIN,  a  townftilp  in  Philadelphia 
countv.  Pennfylvania, — ib. 

LOWER  MILFORD,  a  tovvnfhip  in  Buck's  county, 
Pennfylvania. — ih. 

LOWER  MARLBOROUGH,  a  poft.town  in  Ma- 
rylind,  30  miles  from  Annapolis,  and  12  from  Cal- 
vert court-houfe. — il. 

LOWER  PENN'S  Neck,  a  townlliip  in  Salem 
county,  Newjerl'ey \b. 

LOWER  WEAU  Towns,  in  the  Territory  N.  W. 
of  the  Ohio,  lie  20  miles  below  Rippacanoe  creek,  at 
its  mouth  in  Wabafh  river. — ib. 

LOWHILL,  a  townfliip  in  Northampton  county, 
Pennfylvania. — \b. 

LOXA,  a  town  of  Quito  in  Peru,  at  the  head  of  a 
N.  W.  branch  of  Amazon  river,  215  miles  north-eafl 
of  Paita,  and  north-wefterly  of  Borja.  It  is  the  capi- 
tal of  a  jurifdiiflion  of  the  fame  name,  and  lies  in  lat, 
5°  10'  S.  long.  77°  10'  W.  Bcfides  2  churches,  it 
has  ieveral  religious  foundations ;  as,  a  college  in- 
flituted  by  the  Jefuits,  an  hofpital,  with  14  villages  in 
its  diftriifl. 


J 


LUG 


Lucia. 


The  jurifdiclion  of  the  fame  nnme  produces  the  fa-  Lox«dr«>- 
mous  Ipecific  for  intermittent  fevers,  called  Cafcarilla       "''<^' 
de  Logo  Quinquina,  or  Jefuii's  bark.     Ot  it  there  are 
feveral  kinds,  but  one  more  clficacious  than  the  others.  , 
Here  .ilfo  tliey  are  employed  in   breeding  cochineal. 
The  inhabitants  of  L'ja,  called   alfo  Loj  inus,  do  not 
exceed  10,000  fouls,  though  formerly  tar  more  nume- 
rous.    Large  droves  ot  horned  cattle   and  mules  are 
bred  here.     Carpets  are  alfo  manufaflured  here  of  re- 
markable fineneh. — ib. 

LOXODROMIC  Curve,  or  Spiral,  is  the  fame  as 
the  rhumb  line,  or  path  of  a  (hip  failing  always  on  the 
fame  courfe  in  an  oblique  direftion,  or  making  always 
the  fame  angle  with  every  meridian.  It  is  a  fpecies  of 
logaiidimic  fpir.-jl,  defcribed  on  the  furface  of  the  fphere, 
having  the  meridians  for  its  radii. 

LOXODROMICS,  the  art  or  method  of  oblique 
failing,  by  the  loxodromic  or  thumb  line. 

LOYALSOCK  Creek,  in  Northumberland  county, 
Pennfylvania,  empties  into  the  W.  fide  of  the  branch 
of  Sufquehannah  river,  from  the  north-eaft,  a  few 
miles  E.  of  Lycoming  Creek,  26  from  Sunbury,  mea- 
furing  in  a  ftraight  line,  and  about  170  from  Phila- 
delphia. The  lands  from  this  to  Sunbury  are  among 
the  higheft  and  of  the  bell  quality,  and  in  the  healthiell 
Ihuation  in  the  State.  It  is  navigable  20  or  30  miles 
lip  for  batteaux  of  10  tons. — Morse. 

LUCANAS,  a  jurifdiflicn  in  the  diocefe  of  Gua- 
manga,  in  Peru.  It  begins  about  25  or  30  leagues 
S.  W,  of  Guamanga.  Its  temperature  is  cold  and 
moderate.  It  abounds  with  cattle,  grain  and  fruit ; 
and  has  alfo  filver  mines  ;  and  is  the  centre  of  a  very- 
large  commerce. — ib. 

LUCx^R,  Fort  St,  lies  on  the  north-eaft  coaft  of 
Brazil  ;  about  half  way  between  the  city  of  Scara  and 
Rio  Grande. — ib. 

LUCAR,  CAPE  St,  or  Lucas.  The  S.  E.  end 
of  the  peninlula  of  California  is  fo  named. — ib. 

LUCAYA,  one  of  the  Bahama  Iflands,  about  70 
leagues  eall  of  the  coaft  of  Florida,  and  6  from  Ba- 
liama  llle.  It  is  about  9  leagues  long  and  2  broad, 
and  gives  name  to  the  whole  range.  N.  lat.  27°  27', 
W.  long.  7S''  ^'.—ib. 

LUCAYONEQUE,  another  of  the  Bahama  ifles, 
which  lie-  about  9  leagues  further  eaft  than  the  former; 
whole  length  is  28  leagues  and  breadth  3,  and  lies 
north  and  fiuth. — ib. 

LUCIA,  St,  a  river  of  Eaft-Florida,  runs  fouth- 
eafteily  alone  the  eaft  fide  of  the  peninfula  ;  and  com- 
municates inland  with  Indian  river.  It  has  6  feet 
water  as  far  as  the  Tortolas,  where  are  hilly  knowls. 
A  branch  joins  it  from  thefouth. — ib. 

Lucia,  St,  called  by  the  French,  Sainte  Aloufie, 
from  its  having  been  difcovered  on  St  Lucia's  Day; 
one  of  the  Caribbee  Iflands,  6  leagues  fouth  of  Mar- 
tinico,  and  21  N.  W.  of  Barbadocs.  It  is  about  27 
miles  long  from  north  to  fouth,  and  12  broad.  Here 
are  feveral  hills,  2  of  which  being  very  round  and 
fteep,  are  called  the  Pins  heads  of  St  Lucy,  and  were 
volcanoes.  At  the  foot  of  them  are  fine  vallies,  having 
a  good  fiiil  and  well  watered.  In  thefe  are  tall  trees, 
with  the  timber  of  which  the  planters  of  Martinico 
and  Barbadoes  build  their  lioufes  and  wind-mills. 
Here  is  alfo  plenty  of  cocoa  and  fuftic.  The  air  is 
reckoned  healthy,  the  hills  not  being  fo  high  as  to 

intercept 


LUC 


C     35^     ] 


LUC 


intercept  the  trade-winds,  which  alway;  fan  it  from 
tlie  eaftby  which  means  tJie  heat  of  the  climate  is  mo- 
derated and  tendered  agreeable. 

In  St  Lucia  are  feveral  commodious  bays  and  har- 
bours, witli  good  anchorage,  particularly  the  Little 
Careenage,  one  of  the  principal  inducements  for  the 
French  to  prefer  it  to  the  other  neutral  iflands.  This 
port  has  feveral  noted  advantages  ;  there  is  every  where 
depth  enough,  and  the  quality  of  the  bottom  is  excel- 
lent. Nature  has  formed  there  three  careening  places, 
■which  do  not  want  a  key.  and  require  nothing  but  a 
capllern  to  turn  the  keel  above  ground.  Thirty  fhips 
of  the  line  might  lie  there  (hekered  from  hurricane?, 
without  the  trouble  of  being  moored.  The  boats  of 
the  country,  which  have  been  kept  a  long  time  in  this 
harbour,  have  never  been  eaten  by  the  worms  ;  how- 
ever, they  do  ni^t  expe^  that  this  advantage  will  laft, 
■whatever  be  the  caufe.  For  the  other  harbours,  the 
winds  are  always  good  to  go  out  with,  and  the  largcft 
fquadron  might  be  in  the  offing  in  lels  than  an  hour. 
There  are  9  parifiies  in  the  illand,  8  to  the  leeward, 
and  only  one  to  tiie  windward.  This  preference  given 
to  one  part  of  tlie  illand  more  than  another,  does  not 
proceed  from  the  fuperioricy  of  the  foil,  but  from  the 
greater  or  lefs  conveniency  in  fending  out  or  receiving 
liiips.  A  high  road  is  made  round  the  illand,  and  two 
others  which  crofs.  it  fr.im  call  to  well,  afford  all  man- 
ner of  facilities  to  carry  the  commodities  of  the  plan- 
tations to  the  barcaderes,  or  landing  places. 

In  January,  1769,  the  free  inhabitams  ofthelfland 
amounted  to  2.524;  the  flaves  to  10,270.  It  had  in 
cattle  598  mules  and  horfes,  1,819  horned  hearts,  and 
2,378  Ihcep  Irs  plantations  were  1,279,680  plants  of 
cocoa — 2,463,880  of  coffee — 681  fquares  of  cotton — 
and  254  of  fugar  canes  ;  there  were  16  fiigar-works 
going  on,  and  18  nearly  completed.  Its  produce 
yielded  ^i  12,000,  which  by  improvement  m'ght  be  in- 
creafed  to  ^"500,000.  The  Englifii  tirft  fettled  in  this 
ifland  in  1637.  From  this  time  they  met  with  various 
misfortunes  from  the  natives  and  French ;  and  at 
length  it  was  agreed  on  between  the  latter  and  the 
Englilh,  that  this  ifland,  together  with  Dominica  and 
St  Vincent,  lliould  remain  neutral.  But  the  French, 
before  the  war  of  1756  broke  our,  began  to  fettle  thef'e 
iflands,  which  by  the  treaty  of  peace  were  yielded  up 
to  Great-Britain,  and  this  ifland  to  France.  The 
Lrililh  m;ide  tliemfelvcs  malU-r  of  it  in  1778)  but  it 
was  rellored  agiin  tn  the  French  in  1783  ;  and  retaken 
by  the  Britilh  in  1794.  St  Lucia  had  900  of  its  inha- 
bitants dcllrcycd  by  an  earthquake,  Oifk.  12,  1788.  It 
is  63  miles  N.  VV.  of  Barbadoes.     N.  lat.  14",  W.  long. 

LUCIOLE,  a  name  given  in  the  yinnalts  de  Chi- 
niie  to  the  LAMrvRis  Italica  (See  Lampyris,  Enc\cl.). 
According  'o  Dr  Carradori,  the  light  of  the  luciole 
does  not  depend  on  the  influence  of  any  external  caufe, 
but  merely  on  the  will  of  ihnfe  infects.  While  tJiey  fly 
about  at  Irecd'.m,  their  (hining  is  very  regular;  but 
wlien  they  are  once  in  our  power,  tlicy  (hine  very  irre- 
gularly, or  do  not  fh  ne  at  all.  When  they  are  mclelled, 
they  emit  a  frequent  light,  whicli  appears  to  be  a  mark 
of  their  refjntment.  When  placed  on  their  backs,  they 
(hine  almoft  without  interruption,  making  continual  ef- 
forts to  turn  thcmicKu^  liom  rh  it  polition.  In  the  day- 
time  it  is  oeccllary  Co  torment  them  in  order  to  ooAkt 


them  fhinc  ;  and  thence  it  follows,  that  the  day  to  them  Luriole. 
is  the  feafon  of  repofe.  The  luciole  emit  light  at  plea-  ^"^'^'^*» 
fiire  from  every  point  of  their  bellies,  which  proves  that 
they  can  move  all  the  parts  of  their  vifcera  indepen- 
dently of  each  other.  They  can  alfo  render  their 
phofphorefcence  more  or  lefs  vivid,  and  continue  it  as 
long  as  they  pleafe. 

A  flight  connpredion  deprives  the  luciole  of  their 
power  of  ceafing  to  lliine.  The  author  is  inclined  to 
believe,  that  the  movement  by  which  they  conceal  their 
light  is  executed  by  lirauing  back  their  phofphoric  fub- 
ftance  into  a  particular  membrane  or  tunic.  He  fup- 
pofes  alfo,  that  the  fparklinu.  conl'ifls  in  a  trembling  or 
ofcillation  of  the  phofphoric  mafs.  He  is  of  opinion, 
that  there  is  no  emanation  of  a  phofphoric  fubllance, 
and  that  the  whole  phenomenon  takes  place  in  the  in- 
terior part  of  the  luminous  vifcera.  Wlien  the  fhlr.ing 
is  at  its  greatert  degree  of  height,  it  is  fo  llrong  that  a 
perfon  may  by  it  eafily  diflinguifh  the  hours  on  the 
fmallefl  watch,  and  the  letters  of  any  type  whatever. 

The  phofphoric  part  of  the  luciole  dees  not  extend 
farther  than  to  the  extreme  rings  of  the  belly.  It  is 
there  inclofed  in  a  covering  compofed  of  two  portions 
of  membranes,  one  of  which  forms  the  upper,  and  the 
other  the  lower,  part  of  the  belly,  and  which  are  join- 
ed together.  Behind  this  receptacle  is  placed  the  phoi^ 
phorns,  which  refembles  a  palle,  having  the  fmell  of 
garlic,  and  very  little  tafte.  The  phofphoric  matter 
iffues  from  a  fort  of  bag  on  the  flightell  preffure  ;  when 
fqueezed  out,  this  matter  lofes  its  fplenJour  in  a  few 
hours,  and  is  converted  into  a  white  dry  f'ublfance.  A 
portion  of  the  phofphoric  belly  put  into  oil,  Ihone  only 
with  a  feeble  liglit,  and  was  foon  extinguilhed.  In 
water,  a  like  portion  fhnne  with  the  fame  vivacity  as 
in  the  air,  and  for  a  much  longer  time.  The  author 
thence  concludes,  that  the  phofphorefcence  of  the  lu- 
ciole is  not  the  elFedl  of  flow  inflai^imation,  nor  of  the 
fixation  of  azotic  gas,  as  the  oil  in  which  they  (hine 
does  not  contain  a  lingle  air-bubble :  behdes,  the  phof- 
phnrus  of  thefe  infcdls  Ihines  in  a  barometrical  vacuum. 
Tiie  obfervation  made  by  Fuller,  ihai  the  luciole  ditfuf- 
ed  a  moie  vivid  light  in  oxygen  gas  than  in  atuiuiihe- 
ric  air,  does  not,  according  to  Carrad  ri,  depend  upon 
a  combuftion  more  animated  by  the  infpiration  of  this 
ga-,  but  on  the  animals  feeling  thcmiljlvo  ,  while  in 
that  gas,  in  a  better  condition.  "  Wi'.cnce,  then,  arife.s 
(fays  the  author)  the  phofphoric  lif:ht  (,f  the  luciole? 
I  am  of  opinion  (adds,  he),  that  the  light  is  peculiar 
and  innate  in  thel'e  inlt-fts,  as  tever.il  "'iher  produiftions 
are  peculiar  to  other  animals.  As  fomc  animal-,  have 
the  faculty  of  accuniulaiing  tlie  cleflric  fluid,  and  of 
keeping  it  condenfed  in  particular  organs,  to  diffufe  it 
af'erwards  at  plealure,  there  may  be  other  animals  en- 
dowed with  the  faculty  of  kcepir.g  in  a  condenfed  (late 
the  fluid  which  conftitutes  light.  It  is  poffible,  that 
by  a  peculiar  organization  they  may  have  the  power  of 
extraiiling  the  liaht  which  enters  into  the  compofition 
of  their  food,  and  of  tranlmitting  it  to  the  refervolr  de- 
(lined  lor  that  purpofe,  which  they  have  in  their  abdo- 
men. It  is  not  even  iinpollible  that  they  may  have  the 
power  to  cxtraft  from  the  atmolpheric  air  the  lumi- 
nous fluid,  as  other  aiiimjls  have  the  power  of  extraft- 
ing  from  the  fame  air,  by  a  chemical  procef's,  the  fluid 
of  heat." 

C-wradori  difcovcred,  that  the  phofphorefcence  of  the 

lucicle 


L     U     D 


C    352    3 


L    U     D 


LuJamsr.  luc'iole  is  a  property  independent  of  tlie  life  of  thcfe 
"^•^"^^^^  animah,  and  that  it  is  chitfljr  owing  to  the  loft  ftate  of 
the  phofphoric  fubftance*  Its  light  is  fufpended  by 
drying,  and  it  is  again  rsvived  by  fofiening  it  in  water  ; 
but  only  after  a  certain  time  of  deficcation.  Reaumur, 
Beccaria,  and  Spallanzani,  obferved  the  fame  tiling  in 
regard  to  the  phuUidcs  and  the  mcdufa. 

By  plunging  the  luciole  alternately  into  Uikewarm 
and  cold  water,  they  iliine  with  vivacity  in  the  former, 
but  their  light  becomes  extinft  in  tiie  latter  ;  which, 
according  to  the  author,  depends  on  the  alternate  agree- 
able and  difigree.ible  fenfation  which  they  experience. 
In  warm  water  tlieir  light  difappears  gradually.  Dr 
Carradori  tried  on  the  luciole  and  their  phofphorus  the 
adion  of  different  faline  and  fpirituous  liquors,  in  which 
they  exhibited  the  fjme  appearances  as  other  phofpho- 
ric  animals.  Thefe  laft  experiments  prove  that  the 
phofphoric  matter  of  the  luciole  is  only  foluble  in  wa- 
ter. 

LUDAMAR,  a  Moorifli  kingdom  in  the  interior  of 
Africa,  of  which  the  capital  Benorm  is  placed  by  Ma- 
jor Rennel  in  rj'^  N.  Lat.  and  6°  50'  W.  Long.  It 
has  for  its  noithern  boundary  the  great  defert  (fee  Sa- 
H.4P.A  in  this  Supp'tmenl),  and  is  dcfcribed  by  Mr  Park 
as  little  better  ih  in  a  deCrt  iifelf.  Our  traveller  was 
taken  captive  on  the  confines  of  this  kingdom,  and  car- 
ried to  the  camp  of  the  king,  where  he  was  fubjedfed  to 
the  crueleft  indignities  that  the  malice  of  bigotted  Moors 
could  invent.  He  was  not  fufFsred  to  travel  beyond 
the  camp  ;  though  he  moved  as  it  moved,  and  of  courfe 
faw  a  confiderable  part  of  the  country,  and  had  an  op- 
portunity of  obferving  the  manners  of  the  people.  "  The 
Moors  of  Ludamar  fubfift  chiefly  on  the  flelh  of  their 
cattle  ;  and  are  always  in  the  extreme  of  either  glut- 
tony or  abfunence.  In  confequence  of  the  frequent 
and  fevere  fafts  which  their  religion  enjoins,  and  the 
toilfome journeys  which  tlieyfomeiimes  undertake  acrofs 
the  defert,  they  are  enabled  to  bear  both  hunger  and 
third  v.'ith  furprifing  fortitude  ;  but  whenever  oppor- 
tunities occur  of  fati^fying  their  appetite,  they  general- 
ly devour  more  at  one  meal  tlian  would  I'erve  an  Euro- 
pean for  three.  They  pay  but  little  attention  to  agri- 
culture ;  purchafing  their  corn,  cotton  cloth,  and  other 
necelfaries,  from  the  Negroe?,  in  exchange  for  fait, 
which  they  dig  from  the  pits  in  the  Great  Defert. 

«'  The  natural  barrennefs  of  the  country  is  iuch,  that 
it  furnilhes  but  few  materials  for  manuiadure.  The 
Moors,  however,  contrive  to  weave  a  ftrong  cloth,  with 
whicji  they  cover  their  tents ;  the  thread  is  fpun  by 
their  women  from  the  hair  of  goats :  and  they  prepare 
the  hides  of  their  cattle  lb  as  to  furnilh  laddies,  bridles, 
pouches,  and  other  ai  tides  of  leather.  They  are  like- 
wife  fufficiently  fkilful  to  convert  the  native  iron,  which 
they  procure  from  the  Negroes,  into  fpears  and  knives, 
and  alfo  into  pota  for  boiling  their  food  ;  but  their  fa- 
bres  and  other  weapons,  as  well  as  their  firearms  and 
ammunition,  they  purchafe  from  the  Europeans,  in  ex- 
change for  the  Negro  llaves  which  they  obtain  in  their 
predatory  excurfions.  Their  chief  commerce  of  this 
kind  is  with  the  French  traders  on  the  Senegal  river." 
Tlie  Moors  of  this  country  have  fingular  ideas  of 
feminine  perfedtion.  The  gracefulnefs  of  figure  and 
motion,  and  a  countenance  enlivened  by  expreilion,  are 
by  no  means  elfential  points  in  their  ftandard  ;  with 
them  corpulence  and  beauty  appear  to  be  terms  nearly 


fynonymous,  A  woman,  of  even  moderate  pretenfions,  LmlatTvur, 
mud  be  one  v.'ho  cannot  walk  without  a  Qave  under  ^^'^«'"^~' 
each  aim  to  fupport  her  ;  and  a  perl'eft  beauty  is  a  load 
tor  a  camel.  In  confequence  of  this  prevalent  tado  fur 
unwieldiiiefsof  bulk,  the  Moorilh  ladies  take  great  pains 
to  acquire  it  early  in  life  ;  and  for  this  purpofe  many 
cf  the  young  giils  are  ciiiipelled  by  tlieir  mothers  to 
devour  an  inimenfe  quantity  of  food,  and  drink  a  large 
bowl  of  camel's  milk  every  morning.  It  is  of  no  im- 
portance whetiier  the  girl  has  an  appetite  or  not,  the 
meat  and  the  drink  mud  be  fvvallowed  ;  and  obedience 
is  frequently  enforced  by  blows.  Tliis  fingular  prac- 
tice, indead  of  producing  indigedion  and  difeafe,  foon 
covers  the  young  lady  with  that  degree  of  plumpnefs, 
which,  in  the  eye  of  a  Moor,  is  perfedion  itfelf. 

"  Although  the  wealth  of  the  Moors  confids  chiefly'  In 
their  numerous  herds  of  cattle  ;  yet,  as  the  padoral  life 
does  not  afford  full  employment,  the  majority  of  the 
people  are  perfedlly  idle,  and  fpend  the  day  in  trifling 
converfation  about  their  hcrfes,  or  in  laying  fchemet 
of   depredation  on  the  Negro  villages. 

"  The  ufual  place  of  rendezvous  for  the  indolent  is  the 
king's  tent,  where  great  liberty  of  Ipeech  feems  to  be 
exercifed  by  the  company  towards  each  other.  While 
in  fpeaking  of  their  chief,  they  exprefs  but  one  opinion. 
In  praife  of  their  fovereign,  they  are  unanimous.  Songs 
are  compofed  in  his  honour,  which  the  company  fre- 
quently ling  in  concert ;  but  they  are  fo  loaded  with 
groi's  adulation,  that  no  man  but  a  Moorilli  defpot  could 
hear  them  without  blufliing.  The  king  is  diflinguifti- 
ed  by  the  finencfs  of  his  drefs,  which  is  compofed  of 
blue  cotton  cloth  brought  from  Tombufloo,  or  white 
linen  or  muflin  from  Morocco.  He  has  likewife  a 
larger  tent  than  any  other  perfon,  with  a  white  cloth 
over  iti  but  in  his  ufual  intercourfe  with  his  fubjefts, 
all  didindions  of  rank  are  frequently  forgotten.  He 
fometimes  eats  out  of  the  fame  bowl  with  his  camel 
driver,  and  repofes  hinifelf,  during  the  heat  of  the  day, 
upon  the  fame  bed. 

"The  military  ftrength  of  Ludamar  confids  in  cavalry. 
They  are  well  mounted,  and  appear  to  be  very  expert 
in  Ikirmilhing  and  attacking  by  lurprife.  Every  Ibldier 
furnidies  his  own  horfe,  and  finds  his  accoutrements, 
confiding  of  a  large  fabre,  a  double  barrelled  gun,  a 
fmall  red  leather  bag  for  holding  his  bails,  and  a  pow- 
der horn  flung  over  the  fhoulder.  He  ha'i  no  pay,  nor 
any  remuneration  but  what  arifes  from  plunder.  This 
body  is  not  very  numerous ;  for  when  Ali  the  king 
made  war  upon  Bambara,  our  author  was  informed  that 
his  whole  force  did  not  exceed  2000  cavalry.  I'hey 
conditute,  however-,  by  what  he  could  learn,  but  a  very  * 

fmall  proportion  of  his  Moorifh  fubjefts.  The  horfes 
are  very  beautiful,  and  fo  highly  edeemed,  that  the 
Negro  princes  will  fometimes  give  from  twelve  to 
fourteen  flaves  for  one  horfe." 

Cut  off  from  all  intercourfe  with  civilized  nations, 
and  boading  an  advantage  over  the  Negroes,  by  poffef- 
fing,  though  in  a  very  limited  degree,  the  knowledge 
of  letters,  the  Moors  of  Ludamar  are  at  once  the  vain- 
ell  and  prouded,  and  perhaps  the  mod  bigotted,  fero- 
clous,  and  intolerant  of  all  the  nations  on  the  earth  ; 
combining  in  their  charai.1er  the  blind  fuperdition  of 
the  Negro  with  the  lavage  cruelty  and  treachery  of 
the  Arab.  It  was  with  the  utmod  difficulty  that  our 
author  made  his  efcape  from  this  inhofpitable  people. 

LUDLOW, 


L     U     R 


C     35i     ] 


L     Y     N 


Luilow,  LUDLOW,  a  townftip  in  Hampfliire  county, 
II  MallUchuletts,  fouth  of  Granby,  lo  miles  north-earterly 

^_^^  of  Springfield,  and  90  wefterly  of  Bolton.  It  was  in- 
corporated in  1784,  and  contains  560  inhabitants. — 
jMone. 

Ludlow,  a  townfhip  on  Black  river,  Windfor 
county,  Vermont.  It  contains  179  inhabitants,  and 
is  about  to  or  I2  miles  W.  of  Wcathersficld,  on  Con- 
neiflicut  river. — it. 

LUE,  St,  the  chief  town  of  the  captainthip  of  Pe- 
tagiies,  in  the  northern  divifion  of  Brazil. — ili. 

LUMBERTON,  a  poll-town  of  N.  Carolina,  and 
capit.il  (if  Robefon  county,  fituated  on  Drowning  creek, 
32  miles  fouth  of  r.iyetteville,  and  93  S.  by  W.  of 
Raleigh. — i/>. 

LUNENBURG,  a  county  of  Virginia,  adjoining 
Notlaway,  Brunfwick,  Mecklenburg,  and  Charlotte 
counties.  It  is  about  30  miles  long,  and  20  broad, 
and  contains  8,959  inhabitants,  including  4,332  flaves. 
—ib. 

LuNENBt;RG,  a  townflilp  in  Eflex  county,  in  Ver- 
mont;  (ituated  on  Conncfticut  river,  S.  W.  of  Guild- 
hall, and  N.  E.  of  Concord.  The  river  takes  a  S.  E. 
courfe  along  thcfe  towns,  feparating  them  from  Lan- 
caller,  Dalton,  and  Littleton,  in  the  State  of  Ntw- 
Hamplliire.  'I'he  Upper  B.ir  of  tlie  Fifteen  mile  Falls 
is  upp'  ("lie  this  town.  1  he  Cat  Bow,  a  bend  of  ihe 
Connefticut,  is  near  the  middle  of  the  town.  Tiie 
Upper  Bar  lies  in  lat.  44"  21'  30".  The  townfliip 
contains  119  iul)abitants. — ii. 

I-i  NF.NBURG,  a  townfliip  of  New-York,  fituated  in 
Albany  county,  on  the  \V.  fide  of  Hudfnn's  river, 
0))pofiie  to  the  city  of  Hiidfon,  and  30  miles  fouth  of 
Albany.  It  is  a  thriving  village  ot  about  20  or  30 
houfes,  chiefly  new,  with  a  neat  Dutch  church,  land- 
ing on  the  bank  of  tlie  river.  A  new  road  is  cutting 
from  this  village  into  the  fettlements  on  the  upper 
branches  of  the  Delaware  and  Sufquehannah  rivers, 
which  will  probably  prove  highly  beneficial  to  the 
town.  A  number  of  the  Mellis  LivingUons  have  pur- 
chafed  land  in  and  about  this  village,  to  the  amount 
of  ^10,000,  and  have  laid  out  a  regular  town,  which 
will  be  a  rival  to  Kaats'  Kill,  5  miles  below.  The 
fcite  of  the  town  is  uneven,  and  not  of  a  very  good 
foil.— /i. 

Lunenburg,  a  county  of  Nova- Scotia,  on  Mahone 
Bay,  on  the  fouthern  coafl  of  the  province,  facing  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.  Its  chief  towns  are  New-Dublin, 
Lunenburg,  Chefter,  and  Blandford.  In  Mahone 
Bay,  La  Have,  and  Liverpool,  I'evcral  fliips  trade  to 
England  with  timber  and  boards.  Chefter  isYettled 
hy  a  few  New-England  families  and  others :  from 
hence  to  Windfor  is  a  road  the  diftance  of  25  miles. 
—ii. 

Lunenburg,  a  townfliip  in  the  above  county,  fi- 
tuated on  Merliqueth,  or  Merligualh  Bay,  well  fettled 
by  a  number  ol  iodullrious  Germans.  The  lands  are 
good,  and  generally  well  cultiv.ued.  It  is  35  miles 
S.  W.  by  S.  of  Halifax,  and  27  N.  by  E.  of  Liver- 
pool.— ii. 

LUPUS,  the  IVolf,  a  foutliern  conftellation,  joined 
to  the  Centaur,  containing  together  19  liars  in  Ptolo- 
my's  citalogue,  but  24  in  the  Biitannic  catali-igue. 

LURGAN,  a  townlhip  in  Franklin  county,  Pcnn- 
fylvania. — Jilorte. 

Sum..  Vol.  II. 


LUTTERELLE,  an  idand  in  Machi.is  Bay,  in 
the  Diftria  of  Maine. — ii. 

LU  FTERLOCK,  a  townfhip  in  Orleans  county,  in 
Vermont,  ncrth  of  Craftfborough,  Irafburgh,  Coven- 
try, and  Salem,  which  lie  in  a  N.  N.  E.  direftion 
from  this  town.  Hazen's  Road,  which  extends  S.  S. 
E.  to  the  Oxbow  on  Conneflicut  river,  palfes  through 
Lutterlock. — ii. 

LUZERNE,  a  large  county  of  Pcnnfylvania, 
bounded  north  by  Tioga  county,  in  the  State  of  New- 
York,  eafl  and  fouth-eall  by  Northampton,  well  by 
Lycoming  and  Northumberland  counties.  It  is  about 
79  miles  in  length  from  north  to  fouth,  and  75  in 
breadth  from  call  to  weft,  and  is  divided  into  12 
townfhips.  In  this  county  are  2  churche;,  33  faw- 
miUs,  24  grill-mills,  2  fulling-mills,  and  1  oil-mill. 
The  number  of  inhabitants  is  4,904,  including  1 1  flaves. 
A  great  part  ot  the  county  is  barren  where  remote  from 
rivers.  It  is  well  watered  by  the  eaft  branch  of  Suf- 
quehannah river  and  its  tributaries,  which  fuinilh  nu- 
merous and  excellent  mill-feats.  The  foil  near  the  ri- 
ver is  remarkably  fertile,  producing  good  crops  of 
wheat,  Hax,  and  hemp.  The  northern  parts  abound 
with  pine  timber  and  fugar  ni.ple.  In  th;  townlhips 
of  Wilkfbarre,  Kingltoii,  Exeter,  and  Plymouth  are 
large  beds  of  coal.  Bog-iron  is  found  in  fevcral  places, 
and  two  forges  have  been  erc(5ted.  In  this  county 
arc  many  remains  of  ancient  fortifications.  They  are 
ot  an  elliptical  form,  and  overgrown  with  large  white- 
oak  trees.      Chief  town,  Wilklharre. — ii. 

LYCOMING,  a  new  county  in  the  north-weftem 
part  of  Peiinfylvania,  bounded  north  by  the  State  of 
New- York,  and  well  by  Alleghany  county. — ib. 

Lycoming,  a  fmall  creek  which  runs  fouth,  and 
empties  into  the  wefl  branch  of  Sufquehannah,  a  few 
miles  well  of  Loyall'ock  Creek. — ii. 

Lycoming,  a  village  in  Pcnnfylvania,  40  miles  from 
Northuinbeiland,  and  66  from  the  Painted  Poll  in  the 
State  of  Nev/.York. — ii. 

LYMAN,  a  townlhip  in  Grafton  ciunty,  New- 
Hamplhire,  fituated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain  on  the 
eafl  liJe  of  Conneflicut  river,  between  Littleton  and 
Bath,  and  7  miles  W.  by  N.  of  New. Concord.  It  was 
incorporated  in  176J,  and  contains  202  inhabitants. — //■. 

LYME,  or  Linif,  a  townlhip  in  Grafton  county, 
New-Hamplhlre,  fituated  fju  the  call  fide  of  ConnciSi- 
cut  river,  i  2  miles  above  Dartmouth  College.  It  was 
incorporated   in   1761,  and   contains  S16    inhabitants. 

Lyme,  a  townfhip  in  Ncw-London  county,  Con- 
neflicut,  the  Nehawick  of  the  Indians,  is  fituated  rn  the 
eall  fide  of  Conneiftlcut  river,  at  its  mouth  ;  bounded 
fouth  by  Long-Ifland  Sound,  north  by  Haddam  and 
Colchcller,  and  eafl  by  New- London.  It  was  fettled 
about  the  year  i6rt4,  and  w.is  incorpoiatcd  in  May, 
1667.  It  contains  three  patilhes,  bciJes  a  congrega- 
tion of  Separai  ills,  and  an  thcr  of  Daptids,  In  1790, 
it  contained  3,859  inhabitants. — H. 

LYNCHBURG,  a  pofl-town  of  Virginia,  fituated 
in  Bedford  county,  on  the  fouth  fide  ot  Jame>  river, 
nearly  cppofilc  to  Maddilon,  and  one  rri'le  diilant. 
Heie  are  about  100  houfes,  and  a  large  warehoufi;  for 
the  inf|Kai.>n  of  tobacco.  There  isalfo  a  printint'- 
ollice  which  iliuci  a  weekly  gazette.  In  th«  vicinity 
of  tiie  town  are  fevcral  valuable  merchant  mills.  It  is 
V  y  12  miles 


Tvl     A     C 


[     354    ] 


M     A     C 


12  miles  from  New- London,  23  from  Cabellfburg,  jo  head,  &c.  in  the  fummer  feafon.     Tlie  beach  is  uf:d  as  Lymifield, 

liom  Pi incc  Edward's  court-houfe,   150  W.  bv  N.  of  a   race-ground,  for  wliich  it  is  well  cakul.ited,  being 

Richmond,  and  408  S.  W.  of  Philideljihia. — il).  level,  fniooth,  and  htrd.     A   mineral  I'piing  has  been 

LYKDEBOROUGH,  a  town(hip  in  Hilllborouph  difcovered  within  the  limits  of  the  lownlhip,  but  is  not. 

county,  New-Hamplliire,  about  70  miles  from  Portf-  of  much  note. — il>. 

mouth.     It  was  incorporated  in  the  year    1764.     In  LYNNFIELD,  a  townfhip  in  Elfex  county,  MifTa- 

1775   it  contained  713;  and  in    1790,   1,280  iniiabit-  chuftlts,  N.  E.  of  Salem,  and  15    miles  N.   by   E.  of 

;iius,  who  are  chiefly  farmers. — il>  Uofton.     It  was  incorporated   in  1782,  and   contains 

LYNDON,  a  townlliip  in  Caledonia  county,  in  Ver-  j^tji  in'iabitants. — ii. 

nioiu,  lies  north  of  S:  Jiihiifbury,  and  foiitliward  of  13il-  LYNNHAVEN   B,iy,  at   tlie  fouth  end  of  Chefa- 


iyniead  and  Durke.     It  contains  59  ir.habi'ants. — ;/■. 

LY'NN,  a  raatitime  town  in  Elfex  county,  Malla- 
chuletts,  lituateJ  on  a  bay  which  lets  up  from  that  ot 
Malficluifetts,  north  call  ol  Bolton  B.iy,  and  about 
9  miles  north  by  ead   of  the  town  of  Bufton.     The 


compafi    part  of  the  town  forms  a  very   lung  lUeet.     York  Town  in  1781. — ii> 


peak  Bay,  and  into  whicli  Lynnhaven  river  empties 
its  water?.,  lies  between  the  mcutli  of  James's  river  and 
Cape  Henry.  The  mouth  of  the  river  is  7  miles  wefl 
of  Cape  Heniy.  Here  Compie  de  Graffe  moored  the 
principtl  part  if  the  French  fleet,  at  the   blockade  of 


The  townlhip,  named  S^iug^ius  by  the  Indians,  was  in- 
corporated in  1637,  aiid  contains  2  291  iniiabicants. 
Here  are  two  p.irithes,  befiJes  a  fociety  of  Methodilb, 
and  a  large  number  of  Friends.  The  bufinefs  which 
makes  the  greatelk  figure,  and  lor  which  the  t<iwn  ot 
Lynn  is  celtbraled,  is  the  manufaclure  ofwc.mcns'  I'llk 


LYNX,  a  conlitllation  of  the  northern  hemifpherc. 
compofed  liy  Hevel  tii  rut  of  t!ie  unformed  liars.  In 
his  catalogue  it  conlllts  of  19  Uarr,  but  in  the  Britan- 
nic 44. 

LYONS,  a  town  lately  laid  out  in  Ontario  county, 
NcwYo:k,    about  12    miles  N.    W.  of  Geneva,  at  the 


and  cloth  ihoes.  Thefe  are  difpofed  of  at  Bolfon,  Salem,  junction   of  Mud-Creeic    and    Canandaque    Outlet. — 

and  other  commercial  towns,  and    fold    for  home  ule,  Alane. 

or  Ihipped  to  the  fouthein  States,  and  to  the  Well-  LYSANDER,  a  townlhip  in  Onondago  county,  N. 
Indies.  By  a  ca'culatio.i  made  in  1795,  it  ap-  York,  incorporated  in  1794,  and  comjjrehends  the 
peared  that  there  weie  2C0  malter  workmen  and  600  military  towns  of  Hannibal  and  Cic-ro.  The  town- 
apprentices  coiilhin-.ly  employed  in  this  bufinefs,  who  meetings  are  held  at  the  'Fhree  Rivers  in  tliis  town, 
jnake  annually  500,000  pair  of  (hoes.  Lynn  Beach  It  is  16  miles  S.  E.  of  Lake  Ontario.  In  1796  there 
mav  be  reckoned  a  cuiiolity.  It  is  a  n-ile  in  length,  vere  10  of  its  inhibitants  entitled  to  be  eleiflors. — ib. 
and  conneft')  the  peninfula  called  Nahant  with  the  main  LYSTRA,  a  fm.iU  town  in  Nelfon  county.  Ken- 
land.  This  is  a  place  of  much  refort  for  parlies  of  tucky,  fituaied  on  a  well  water  of  Rolling  Fork,  a 
plcafure    from   Bullon,  Charlellown,    Salem,  Marble-  foutii  branch  of  Salt  river.     N.  lat.  37°  25'. — il>. 


M. 


MAATEA,  one  of  the  Society  Iflands,  in  the  S. 
Sea,  S.  lat.  17"  52',  W.  long.  148°  i'.— Morse. 
MACAPA,  a  town  lituated  on  the  north-well  b;ink 
of  Amazon  river,  W.  of  Caviana  ifland,  at  the  moiuh 
of  the  river,  and  a  few  minutes  north  of  the  equinoifli- 
al  line. — ih. 

MACAS,  the  fouthern  diflriil  of  (^ixo^■,  a  go- 
vernment of  Peru,  in  S.  America,  bounded  E.  by  the 
government  of  Maynas  ;  S.  by  that  of  Bracamoros  and 
Yaguaifjngo  ;  and  on  the  W.  the  E.  Cordillera  of  the 
Andes  feparates  it  from  the  jurifdiiflions  of  Riobamba 
:ind  Cuenca.  Its  capital  is  the  city  of  Macas,  the  name 
commonly  given  to  the  whole  country.  It  produces, 
in  great  plenty,  grain  and  fruits,  copal,  and  wild  wax  ; 
but  the  chief  occupation  of  the  country  people  is  the 
cultivation  of  tobacco.  Sugar-canes  thrive  alfo  here,  as 
alio  cotton  ;  but  the  dread  of  the  wild  Indians  prevents 
the  inhabitants  from  planting  more  than  ferves  tor  pre- 
fent  ufe.  Here  are  cinnamon  trees,  faid  to  be  of  fu- 
perior  quality  to  thofe  of  Ceylon.  There  are  alfo 
mines  of  ultra  marine,  from  which  very  little  is  extrai5l- 
ed,  but  a  finer  colour  cannot  be  imagined.  Among 
she  vail  variety  of  trees  which  crown  the  woods,  is 


the    florax,    whofe   gum   is    exquifitely    fragrant,   but 
fcarce. — tb. 

MAC-COWAN'S  ForJ,  on  Catabaw  river,  is  up- 
wards (,'f  500  feet  wide,  and  about  3  feet  deep.  Lord 
Cornwallis  crolfed  here  in  purfait  of  the  Americans  in 
1781,  in  his  way  to  Hilliborough. — ib. 

MACHALA,  a  town  of  Guayaquil,  on  the  coaft  of 
Tumbez,  in  Peru,  in  a  declining  (late.  The  jurifdic- 
tion  of  the  fame  name  produces  great  quantities  of  co- 
coa, reckoned  llie  heft  in  all  G'layaqiiil.  In  its  neigh- 
bourhood are  great  numbers  of  mangles,  or  mangrove 
trees,  whofe  fpreading  branches  and  thick  trunks  cover 
all  the  plains  ;  which  lying  low  are  frequently  over- 
flown. Tills  tree  divides  itfelf  into  very  knotty  and 
diltorted  branches,  and  from  each  knot  a  multitude  of 
others  germinate,  forming  an  impenetrable  thicket.  The 
wood  of  the  mangrove  tree  is  fo  heavy,  as  to  link  in 
water,  and  when  ufed  in  (hips,  &c.  is  found  very  du- 
rable, being  fubjeifl  neither  to  fplit  or  rot.  Tlie  In- 
dians of  this  jurifdiiflion  pay  their  annual  tribute  in  the 
wood  of  the  mangrove  tree. — lb. 

MACH ANGARA,  a  river  formed  by  the  junflion 
of  feveral  ftream?,   ilFuing  from  the  fouth  and  well 

fides 


MAC 


[     3SS     ] 


M     A     C 


Macliias.   fiJts  of  the   P.inccillo  or  Sugar  Loaf  mountain,  on 

^-^~''"*^  the  fouih-v.ell  fide  of  Q^iiito,  in  Peru.     It  wadies  the 

fouth  parts  of  ih-:  city,  ani  has  a  (lone  bridge  over  it. 

—a. 

MACHIAS,  a  port  of  entry,  pod-town  and  feat  of 
juftice,  in  Walhington  county,  Diftrift  of  Maine,  iiiu- 
nted  on  a  bay  of  its  own  name,  20  miles  fouth-weft  of 
Pair.imaqnoddy,  95  E.  by  N.  of  Penobfcot,  and  236 
nonhcalt  of  Portland,  in  47°  37'  N.  lat.  1:  is  a 
thriving  place,  and  carries  on  a  confiderable  trade  to 
Bolton  and  the  Weft-Indies  in  filh,  lumber,  &c.  It  is 
contemplated  to  eRiblilh  a  regular  poll  between  this 
town  and  Halifax,  in  N^va  Scotia.  The  name  of  the 
town  is  altered  from  the  Indian  n  ime  Mechilfes,  given 
to  the  river  in  the  oldell  maps.  It  is  4C0  miles  north- 
eaft  of  Bofton,  and  about  300  by  water.  Early  attempts 
were  made  to  fettle  here,  but  the  firft  permanent  fettle- 
ment  was  made  in  1763,  by  15  perfons  of  both  fexes 
from  Scarborough,  in  Cumberland  county,  and  in 
1784  the  town  was  incorporated.  The  chief  fettle- 
inents  are  at  the  eall  and  well  Falls,  and  at  Middle 
river.  Machias  river,  after  running  a  north  courfe,  6 
miles  diftmce  from  Crofi  ifland,  (which  forms  its 
entrance)  feparates  at  a  place  called  tkc  Rim;  one 
branch  taking  a  noitheaft  diretlion,  runs  2I  miles, 
with  a  width  of  30  lods  to  the  head  of  the  tide,  where 
are  two  double  faw-mills,  and  one  griil-miU.  Tne 
main  branch  runs  a  north-well  courfe,  nearly  3  miles, 
and  is  70  rods  wide,  to  the  head  of  the  tide,  where  are 
two  double  and  fingle  faw-mills,  and  two  grill-mills. 
The  thief  fcttlement  is  at  Weft  Falls,  the  county  courts 


being  JielJ  and  lh>  gaol  erected  there.  The  main  chan-  .M;chi;i. 
nel  of  the  river  takes  its  courf:  to  thefe  falls,  which,  ^-^~'"*" 
though  crooked  and  narrow,  admits  yelTcls  of  burden 
to  load  at  the  wharves  within  50  rods  ofth«  m'lls.  This 
advantage  no  other  part  of  the  town  can  enjoy.  The 
entrance  of  Machias  river  is  in  N.  bt.  44-"  35',  W. 
long.  66'^  56'.  The  town  is  divided  into  4'dillriias  for 
the  iiipport  of  fihools;  and  into  2  for  the  convenience 
of  public  worlhip.  In  1792  Walhington  academy  wa< 
eftablilhed  here.  The  general  court  incorporated  .1 
number  of  gentlemen  as  truftces,  ,ind  gave  for  its  fup- 
port  a  townlhip  of  land.  In  17'jo  the  town  contained 
818  inhabitant-:.  Since  that  time  its  population  has 
rapidly  incre.tfed.  The  exports  of  Machias  confift 
principally  of  lumber,  viz.  boards,  fhingles,  clapboard", 
laths,  and  various  kinds  of  hewed  tirnber.  The  cod- 
fifhery  might  be  carried  on  to  advantjge  though  it 
has  been  greatly  neglecled.  In  1793,  bttween  70  and 
Ho  tons  were  employed  in  the  filhery  ;  and  not  above 
500  quintals  were  exported.  The  mill-faws,  of  which 
there  are  17,  cut  en  an  average  tliree  million  feet  of 
boards  annually.  A  great  proportion  ot  timber  is 
ufually  Ihipped  in  Britilh  velfels.  The  total  amount  of 
exports  annually  exceeds  15,000  dolLirs.  From  Ma- 
chias Bay  to  the  mouth  of  St  Croii,  thrre  are  a  grea: 
many  fine  iflands  ;  but  the  navigation  is  generally  with- 
out therein  the  open  fea.  In  the  year  1704,  when 
Col.  Church  made  an  attack  on  the  French  plantati- 
on on  the  river  Schoodick,  he  found  one  l.uttcrelle,  a 
French  nobleman,  on  one  of  thefe  ifltnds,  and  remov- 
ed him.     The  ifland  ftill  retains  his  name ib. 


MACHINERY. 


THE  denomination  Machlni  is  now  vulgarly  given 
to  a  great  variety  of  fubjecls,  which  have  very 
little  analogy  by  which  they  can  be  clalTed  with  pro- 
priety under  any  one  name.  We  fay  a  travelling  ma- 
chine, a  bathing  machine,  a  copying  machine,  a  threlh- 
ing  machine,  an  ele^lrical  machine,  &c.  &c.  The  on- 
ly circumfiance  in  which  all  thefe  agree  feem  to  be,  that 
their  conftruclion  is  more  complex  and  artificial  than 
the  utenfils,  tools,  or  inftruments  which  ofter  themfelvcs 
to  tlie  firft  thoughts  of  uncultivated  people.  They  are 
more  artificial  than  the  common  cart,  the  bathing  tub, 
or  the  flail.  In  the  language  of  ancient  Athens  and 
Rome,  the  term  was  applied  to  every  tool  by  which 
hard  labour  of  any  kind  was  performed  ;  but  in  the 
language  of  modern  Europe,  it  feeros  reftriiflcd  either 
to  fuch  tools  or  inftruments  as  are  employed  for  execut- 
ing feme  philofophical  purpcfe,  or  of  v.-hich  the  con- 
ftiuflion  employs  the  fimple  mechanical  powers  in  a 
conlpicnous  manner,  in  which  their  operation  and  ener- 
gy engage  the  atteniion.  An  eL-iftrical  machine,  a  cen- 
trifugal in.acbinr,  are  of  the  fit  ft  clafs ;  a  threlhing  ni;i- 
chine,  a  fire  machine,  are  of  the  other  clafs.  It  is  near- 
ly fynonymous,  in  our  language,  with  ENCrsE;  a  term 
altogether  modern,  and  in  fome  meafure  honourable, 
being  bellowed  only,  or  chiefly,  on  contrivances  for  ex- 
ecuting work  in  which  ingenuity  and  mechanical  Ikill 
lire  manifeft.  Peth.aps,  indeed,  the  term  engine  is  li- 
mineJ,  by  careful  vriterf,  to  machines  of  confiderable 
magnitude,  or  at  Icall  of  confiderable  art  and  contiiv- 


ance.     We  fay,  with  propriety,  fteam  engine,  fire  en- 
gine,    i^lating-engine,    boring-engine;    and  a   divicin" 
machine,   a  copying  machine,    &>:.       Eti^er  of    thefe 
terms,  machine  or  engine,   are  applied  with   impropriety 
to  contrivances  in  which  fome  piece  of  work  is  not  ex- 
ecuted on  materials  which  are  then  faid  to  be  manufac- 
tured.    A  travelling  or  batliing  machine  is  Inrcly  a  vnl- 
garilm.     A  machine  or  engine  is  therefore  a  tool; 
but  ot  complicated  conftruction,  peculiarly  fitted  for 
expediting  labour,  or  for  performing  it  according  to 
certain  invariable  principles  :  And  we  fliculd  add,  "that 
the  dependence  of  its  cilicacy  on  mechanical  prir.ciples 
muft  be  app.trent,  and  even  confpicuc lit.     I'y.q  contriv- 
ance and  eretliou  of  fuch  works  conilitute  the  profef- 
lion  of  the  engineer  ;  a  profellion  which  ought  by  no 
means  to  be  confounded  with  that  of  the  mechanic^  the 
artifan,  or  manufacturer.     It  is  one  c^x  the  aria  ibtri- 
Its  ;  as  dcferving  of  the  tiile  as  medicine,  fi-rs^err,  u'- 
chitefliire,  painting,  or  fculpture.     Nay,  whether  we 
conlidwT  the  importance  t^f  it  to  this  fluurilhing  naiinn, 
or  the  fcience  that  is  necelfary  f-sr  giving  eminence  to 
the  profelfor,  it  is  very  drubiful  whether  it  ih"u!d  roc 
take  place  of  the  three  lait  named,  and  go  fori  paffa 
with  furgiry  and  medicine.     The  incomi-.'erate  reader, 
who  |>erufes  Clc.ro  de  Oratore  with  fatisfaflion,  is  apt 
to  fn)ile  at  Vitruvius,    who  requires  in   his   architci: 
nearly  t.'ic  fame  accomplilhmeius  which  Cicero  requires 
in  bis  orator.     He  has  not  recollefted,  or  perhaps  did 
not  know,   that  the  profetlion  of  an  architect  in  th; 
Y  y  2  .^ugufta-i 


3S(^ 


MACHINERY. 


Au;;uftan  age  was  the  liK.ll  refpcflable  of  all  thofe 
which  were  not  elientially  connected  with  the  manage- 
ment of  Itate  affaiis.  It  appears  that  the  architedls 
were  all  Greeks,  or  the  pupils  of  Greeks,  altogether 
Jiffcrent  fiom  the  members  of  the  Collegium  Murario- 
rum,  the  coiporalion  of  builders  and  malnns.  The  ar- 
chiteflure  of  temples,  (ladiums,  ciicul'es,  amphitheatres, 
ieeins  to  have  been  mouopoUfed,  by  Itate  auth(M  ity,  r.y 
a  fociety  which  had  long  fubfilied  in  Afia,  connefted  by 
certain  mvfteridus  bonds,  both  civil  and  rclii^ious.  We 
find  it  in  bvria;  and  we  learn  tliat  it  was  brought  thi- 
ther from  Pcrfia  in  very  ancient  times.  Fiom  thence 
it  fpread  into  I(  nia,  where  it  became  a  very  eminent  and 
jKjwerful  art'ociation,  under  the  particular  protection  i>t 
Bacchus,  to  whom  the  membeis  had  erefled  a  magnifi- 
cent temple  at  Teos,  wi;h  a  vail  eilablilhn.ent  ot  priells 
and  priefte/les,  confifting  of  pcrfons  of  the  fir  11  rank  in 
the  (late.  They  were  the  !o!e  builders  of  temples  and 
lladiums  throiig!u>ut  all  Greece  and  the  Lelfer  Afia  ; 
and  t)ie  contra>flors  for  the  machinery  that  was  employ- 
ed in  the  tlie.nres,  and  in  the  great  temples,  for  the  ce- 
lebration nf  the  higli  mylleiies  of  paganifni.  By  the 
imperfefl  accounts  which  remain  of  the  Eleulinian  and 
other  m\  ISeries,  it  appears,  that  this  michinery  mull 
have  been  imrecnfe  and  wonderful,  and  mull  have  re- 
quired a  great  deal  of  methan'cal  fkill.  Thii  indeed 
appears,  in  the  moll  convincing  manner,  to  any  perfon 
who  refle(5ls  on  the  magnificent  llruclures  which  they 
credled,  which  excite  to  this  day  the  wonder  of  the 
world,  not  only  on  account  of  their  magnificence  and 
incomparable  elegance,  but  alio  on  account  of  the  me- 
chanical knowledge  that  feems  indifpenfably  necellary 
for  their  eredion.  This  will  ever  remain  a  mylkry. 
There  are  no  traces  of  fuch  knowledge  to  be  found  in 
the  writings  of  antiquity.  Even  Vitruvius,  writing  ex- 
prelbly  on  the  fubject,  has  given  us  nothing  but  what 
is  in  the  Inwell  degree  of  elementary  knowledge. 

This  alfociation  of  the  Dyonihacs  undoubtedly  kept 
their  mechanical  fcience  a  profound  fecret  from  the  un- 
initiated, the  profane.  They  were  the  engineers  ol  aii- 
tiquity,  and  Vitruvius  v.-as  perhaps  not  one  of  the  ini- 
tiated. He  fpeaks  of  Myro  and  other  Greek  architei-'ts 
in  terms  of  refpeift  which  border  on  veneration.  Per- 
haps the  modern  alfociation  of  free  mafons  is  a  remain 
of  tjiis  ancient  fraternity,  continued  to  our  limes  by  the 
company  of  builders,  who  erecled  the  cathedrals  and 
great  conventual  churches.  No  one  who  conhders  their 
works  with  fcientific  attention,  can  doubt  of  their  being 
tleeply  verfed  in  tlie  principles  of  mechanics,  and  even 
its  more  refined  branches.  They  appear  to  have  car- 
ried the  art  of  vault-roofing  aliiioft  to  its  acme  of  per- 
ic(5lion  ;  far  outftripping  their  Grecian  inllrudlors  in 
their  knowledge  oi  this  molt  delicate  branch  of  their 
art. 

It  were  greatly  to  be  willied  that  fome  fuch  inflitu- 
tion  did  yet  exill,  where  men  might  be  induced  by  the 
moft  powerful  motives  to  accomplifli  thenifelves  in  the 
Inowiedge  neceffary  for  attaining  eminence  in  their 
profeflion. 

We  have  been  informed  (and  we  thought  our  au- 
thority good),  that  the  King  has  fignified  his  in- 
tention of  patroniling  an  inllimtion  of  this  kind.  We 
heard,  that  it  was  propofed  to  inftitute  degrees  frmi- 
l.ir  to  our  univerfity  degrees,  and  proceeding  on  fimi- 
lar  conditions  of  aicgular  education  or  (landing,  which 


would  enfure  the  opporliiniiis  of  information,  and  alio 
on  an  examination  of  the  proficiency  of  the  candidate. 
This  examination,  being  conduded  by  perfons  eminent 
in  the  proftflion,  perhaps  (lill  excrcifing  it,  would  pro- 
b.;bly  be  f;rii'US,  becaule  the  luccefslul  candidate  would 
immediately  become  a  rival  practitioner.  Such  an  infti- 
tution  would  undoubtedly  prevent  many  grr.fs  impoli- 
tuinsby  unlettcreil  millwrights  and  pump-makers,  who 
now  fcldom  appear  under  any  name  but  that  of  engi- 
neer, although  they  are  frequently  ignorant  even  of  die 
elements  of  meclianical  fcience,  a\id  are  totally  unac- 
quainted with  the  hither  niaihematics  ;  without  which 
it  is  abfolutely  impolllble  for  them  to  contrive  a  ma- 
chine well  fuiled  to  the  intended  purpofc,  or  to  fay 
with  any  tolerable  precifn  n  what  will  be  the  perform- 
ance of  the  engine  they  liave  eredled.  Yet  thefe  are 
qucfiions  fufceptible  of  accurate  folution,  bccaufc  they 
depend  on  the  unalterable  laws  of  matter  and  motion. 

All  who  have  a  juft  view  of  the  unl'peakable  advan- 
tages which  tills  highly  favoured  land  polfelfes  in  the 
fuperiority  and  adivity  of  its  manuladures,  and  who 
know  how  much  of  this  fuperiority  ihould  be  afcribed 
to  the  great  improvements  wliich  have  Ijeen  made  in 
pradlical  mechanics  within  thefc  Lift  thirty  years,  will 
join  us  in  wilhing  fuccel's  to  fome  fuch  inllitution  as 
that  now  mentioi;ed. 

We  were  naturally  led  to  thefe  reflexions  when  we 
turned  cur  thoughts  to  machinery  in  general,  and  ob- 
ferved  what  is  done  in  this  coui.try  by  the  native  ener- 
gy of  its  inhabitants,  unaililled  by  fuch  fcientific  in- 
Ifruiflions  as  they  might  have  expeded  Irom  the  pupils 
of  a  Newton,  their  countryman,  under  the  patranagc  of 
the  bed  of  Sovereigns,  eminently  knowing  in  tin  fa 
thing?,  and  ever  ready  to  encourage  thofe  fciences  and 
arts  whxh  have  (o  highly  contributed  to  the  national 
profpeiity.  What  might  not  be  reafonably  expefled 
from  Brltilh  aflivity,  if  thofe  among  ouifelves  who 
have  knowledi;e  and  leifure  had  been  at  the  fame  p.iins 
with  the  members  of  the  foreign  academies  to  cultivate 
the  Newtonian  philofophy,  and  particularly  the  mote 
refined  branches  ot  mechanic?,  and  to  deduce  Irom  their 
fpeculatit  ns  maxims  of  cnnftruiflion  fitted  to  our  fitua- 
tion  as  a  great  manufafluring  nation?  But  fuch  know- 
ledge is  not  attainable  by  thofe  wh.)  are  acquainted  only 
with  the  iiiiperfefl  elements  contained  in  the  publica- 
tions read  by  the  bulk  of  our  prafliticners.  Much  to 
this  pnrpofe  has  been  done  on  the  continent  by  the 
moft  eminent  mathematicians;  but  from  want  of  indi- 
vidual energy,  or  perhaps  of  general  fecurity  and  pro- 
teiftion,  the  patriotic  labours  of  tliofe  gentlemen  have 
not  done  the  fervice  to  their  country  wliich  might  have 
been  reafonably  expefled.  Indeed,  their  diO'ertations 
have  generally  been  fo  compofed,  that  only  the  learned 
could  fee  their  value.  They  feem  addrelTed  only,  or 
chiefly,  to  fuch';  but  it  is  to  thofe  authors  tliat  our 
countrymen  generally  have  recourfe  for  information  con- 
cerning every  thing  in  their  profellion  that  riles  above 
mere  elementary  knowledge.  Tlie  books  in  our  lan- 
guage which  profefs  to  be  fyflems  of  mechanics  rarely 
go  beyond  this :  they  contain  only  the  principles  of 
equilibrium.  Thefe  are  abfolutely  necellary  tor  the 
knowledge  of  machines ;  but  they  are  very  far  indeed 
from  giving  what  may  be  called  a  praflical  knowledge 
of  -working  machinery.  This  is  never  in  a  (late  of  equi- 
librium.    The  machiae  muil  m.ove  in  order  to  work. 

There 


There  mud  be  a  fupericrity  of  impelling  power,  beyond 
what  is  merely  fuflicient  for  balancing  ihe  refilhince  cr 
contrary  acftioa  of  the  work  to  be  pertormed.  The 
reader  may  turn  to  the  article  Statics  in  the  Er.cy- 
tloptdia,  and  he  will  there  fee  ff.me  farther  obferva- 
tions  on  this  head.  And  in  the  article  Mechanics 
he  will  find  a  pretty  ample  detail  of  all  the  ufual  doc- 
trines, and  a  defcription  of  a  cnnfideralile  variety  of 
machines  or  engines,  accompanied  by  fucli  obfcrvations 
as  are  necclfary  for  tracing  the  propagation  or  tranf- 
miflion  of  prelfure  from  that  part  of  the  machine  to 
which  tl'-e  natural  power  is  applied  to  the  working  part 
of  the  machine.  Along  with  thefe  two  articles,  it  will 
be  proper  to  read  with  peculiar  attention  the  article 
Rotation. 

By  iar  the  greateft  nnmber  of  our  moft  ferviceable 
engines  confill  chiefly  of  parts  which  have  a  motion  ot 
rotation  rcund  fixed  axes,  and  derive  all  their  energy 
fr.  m  I'.vtrs  virtually  contained  in  them.  And  thefe 
afting  parts  are  alfo  material,  requiring  force  to  move 
thtrn,  over  and  above  what  is  neceilary  for  producing 
the  aft.ng  force  at  the  working  part  of  the  machine. 
The  inoditications  which  this  circumflance  frequently 
makes  of  the  whole  motions  of  the  machine,  are  indica- 
teJ  in  the  article  Rotation  in  an  elementary  way  ; 
and  the  propofitions  there  invelligated  will  be  found 
almolf  continually  involved  in  the  complete  theory  of 
the  operation  of  a  machine.  Laftly,  it  will  be  proper 
to  confider  attentively  the  propofitions  contained  in  the 
article  Strf.voth  of  Mater'uils,  that  we  may  combine 
them  with  thole  which  rel.ite  wholly  to  the  working  of 
tlie  machine  ;  becaufe  it  is  trom  this  conibiniition  only 
that  we  difcover  the  ftrains  which  are  excited  at  the 
various  points  of  fupport,  and  of  communication,  and 
in  every  member  of  the  machine.  We  fuppofe  all  thefe 
things  already  underltood. 
1  Our  objeift  at  prelent  is  to  point  out  the  principles 

The  chief  which  enable  us  to  afcertain  what  will  be  the  precife 
qucllion  in  motion  of  a  machine  of  given  conllruflion,  when  aiSua- 
nicchanics.  (^j  (jy  ^  natural  power  of  known  intenfity,  applied 
to  a  given  point  of  tlie  machine,  while  it  is  employed 
to  overcome  a  known  refillance  aifling  at  another  point. 
To  abbrevi.ite language,  we  (hall  call  that  the  impelled 
POINT  of  the  machine  to  wh.ch  the  prelfure  of  the  mo- 
ving power  is  immediately  applied  ;  and  we  may  call 
that  the  working  point,  where  the  refilfance  arifing 
from  the  work  to  be  pcif'rmed  immediately  afls. 

To  conhder  this  important  fuljcLt,  even  in  its  chief 
varieties,  requires  much  nu  re  room  than  can  be  allowed 
in  an  undertaking  like  ours,  and  therefore  we  niuft  con- 
tent ourfelves  with  a  very  limited  view  j  but  at  the  fame 
time,  fuch  a  view  as  HihU  f/ive  futficient  indication  of  the 
principles  which  fliould  dir  it  the  praOical  reader  in 
every  important  cafe.  We  Ihall  confider  thofe  machines 
which  perlorm  their  motions  round  fixed  axes  ;  thcie 
being  by  far  the  moft  numerous  and  important,  becaufe 
they  involve  in  tlieir  conftruelion  and  operations  all  the 
leading  principles. 
J  That  we  may  proceed  fecurely,  it  is  necefTiry  to  have 

The  proper  a  prccilc  and  adequ.ite  notion  of  ii;oviiig  force,  as  ap- 
mcafurc  of  plied  to  machinery,  and  •  f  its  mtafures.  We  think 
mechanical  j|,jj  |,eci]l;;,rly  ne.elTiry.  Dilfcrent  notions  have  been 
tmd'^  '^^  entertained  on  this  fubj'.a  by  Mr  Leibnitz,  lies  Cirte?, 
and  other  eminent  mechanicians  of  the  l.ill  century  ; 
and  tlieir  fuccclFors  have  not  yet  cotnc  to  aa  agrceoieac. 


MACHINERY.  357 

Nay,  fome  of  the  moft  eminent  praflitJoners  of  the  pre- 


fcnt  times  (for  we  muft  include  Mr  Smeaton  in  the 
number)  have  given  meafures  of  mechanical  power  in 
machinery  which  we  think  inaccurate,  and  tending  to 
erroneous  conclufions  and  maxims. 

We  take  tor  the  meafure  (as  it  is  the  effefl)  of  ex- 
erted mechanical  power  the  quantity  of  motion  which 
it  produces  by  its  uniform  exertion  during  fome  given 
time.  We  fay  uniform  exertion,  not  becaufe  this  uni- 
formity is  necelTary,  but  only  becaufe,  if  any  variation 
of  the  exertion  has  taken  place,  it  mulf  be  known,  in 
order  to  judge  of  the  power.  This  would  ncedlefsly 
complicate  the  calculations  ;  but  in  whatever  way  the 
exertion  may  have  varied,  the  whole  accumulated  exer- 
tion is  llill  accurately  mcafured  by  the  quantity  of  mo- 
tion exiiling  at  the  end  of  the  exertion.  The  reader 
muft  perceive  that  this  is  the  fame  thing  that  is  expref- 
fed  in  the  article  Dynamics  of  this  Suppl'in-nt,  n°  90. 
by  the  area  of  the  figure  whofe  abfcilfa  or  axis  repre- 
fcnts  the  time  of  exertion  ;  and  the  ordinates  are  as  the 
prelTures  in  the  d.fferent  inftarts  of  that  time,  the  whole 
i)eing  multiplied  by  the  i-.umber  of  particles  (that  is,  by 
the  quantity  of  matter),  becaufe  that  figure  reprcfents 
the  quantity  of  m  ition  generated  in  one  particle  of 
matter  only.  All  this  is  abundantly  clear  to  perfons 
conveifant  in  thefe  difquifitions  ;  but  we  wifh  to  carry 
along  with  us  the  dillinfl  conceptions  of  that  ufeful 
clafs  of  readers  whofe  profetlion  engages  them  in  the 
conllruftion  and  employment  of  machines,  and  to  whom 
fuch  difcuihons  are  not  fo  familiar.  We  muil  endea- 
vour theiefore  to  jullify  our  choice  of  this  meafure  by 
appealing  to  familiar  fads. 

If  a  man,  by  preffing  uniformly  on  a  mafs  cf  matter 
for  live  leconds,  generates  in  it  the  velocity  ot  ei;jht 
feet  per  fecond,  we  obtain  an  exaifl  notion  o{  the  pro- 
portion of  this  exertion  to  the  mechanical  exertion  of 
gravity,  when  we  f.iy  that  the  man's  exerted  force  has 
been  precifely  onetwenlietii  part  of  the  adion  of  gra- 
vity on  it;  for  we  know  that  the  weight  of  that  body 
(or,  more  properly,  its  heavinefs)  W(.iuld,  in  fivefeconds, 
have  given  it  the  velocity  of  160  feet  per  fecond,  by 
acting  on  it  during  its  fall.  But  let  us  attend  moie 
clofely  to  what  we  mean  by  faying  that  tiie  exerted, 
force  is  one-'.wentieth  of  the  exertion  of  gravity.  The 
only  notion  we  have  of  the  exertion  of  gravity  is  wliat 
we  call  the  weight  of  the  bodv — the  preliure  which  we 
feel  it  make  on  our  hand.  To  fay  that  this  is  20  pounds 
weight,  does  not  explain  it  ;  becaufe  this  is  only  the  ac- 
tion of  gravity  on  an<nher  piece  of  matter.  Bith  pref- 
fures  are  the  fame.  But  if  the  body  weighs  20  pound;, 
it  will  draw  out  the  rod  of  a  lleelyard  to  the  mark  20. 
The  rod  is  fo  divided,  that  the  20!h  part  of  this  |)iel"- 
fuve  will  draw  it  out  to  1.  Now  the  faft  is,  that  if 
the  man  prelfes  on  the  mafs  of  20  pounds  weight  with 
a  fpring  lleelyard  during  five  feconds,  and  if  during 
that  time  the  rod  of  the  lleelyard  was  always  at  the 
maik  I,  the  body  will  have  acquired  the  velocity  of 
eight  feet  per  i'econd.  This  is  an  acknowledged  faiS. 
Thcrefoie  we  were  right  in  laying,  that  the  man's  ex- 
ertion is  or.e-twentieth  of  the  exctiii^n  of  gravity.  And 
fince  we  believe  the  weight  of  bodies  to  be  prop(>rtional 
to  their  quantity  of  matter,  all  muter  being  equally- 
heavy,  we  may  fay,  that  the  man's  exertion  was  equal 
to  ihe  aQion  of  gravity  on  a  quantity  of  mancr  whofe 
weight  is  one  pound.  We  czprefs  it  nai>:h  more  fami- 
liarly 


25^ 


MACHINERY, 


Ivlr.  Smca- 
ton's  nica- 
farc 


liatly,  by  faying,  that  the  man  exated  on  it  the  pref. 
iure  of  one  pound  of  matter,  cr  the  force  of  one 
pound. 

In  this  manner,  the  motion  communicated  to  a  mafs 
of  matter,  by  afling  on  it  durinj;  fome  time,  irifoims 
us  with  accuracy  of  the  re.il  mechanical  force  or  pref- 
I'liic  which  has  been  exerted.  This  is  judged  to  be 
double  when  twice  the  velocity  has  been  generated  in 
the  f  ime  mnfs,  or  where  llie  fame  velocity  lias  been  ge- 
nerated in  twice  the  mafs ;  becaufc  we  know,  that 
a  double  preflure  would  have  done  either  the  one  or  ilic 
other. 

But  farther:  We  know  that  this  prelTure  is  the  ex- 
ertion; we  have  no  other  notion  of  our  own  force  ;  and 
our  notion  of  gravity,  of  elafticity,  or  any  oth;r  natu- 
ral force,  is  the  lame.  We  alfo  know  that  the  conti- 
nuance of  this  exertion  fatigues  andexhauds  our  ftrength 
as  completely  as  the  mofl  violent  motion.  A  dead  pull, 
»•;  it  is  called,  of  a  horfe,  at  a  poll  fixed  in  the  ground, 
is  a  ufual  trial  of  his  ftrength.  No  man  can  hold  out 
his  arm  horizontally  for  much  more  than  a  quarter  of 
an  hour;  and  the  exertion  of  the  lad  minutes  gives  the 
molt  dirtrelling  fatigue,  and  difables  the  Ihoulder  from 
;ji5iion  for  a  confiderable  time  after.  This  is  therefore 
an  expenditure  of  mechanical  power,  in  the  ftvift  pri- 
mitive fenfe  of  the  word.  Of  this  expenditure  we  have 
an  exadl  and  adequate  efFeft  and  meafure  in  the  quan- 
tity of  motion  produced  ;  that  is,  in  the  produft  of  the 
quantity  of  matter  by  the  velocity  generated  in  it  by 
this  exertion.  And  it  muft  be  particularly  noticed,  that 
this  meafure  is  applicable  even  to  cafes  where  no  motion 
is  produced  by  the  exertion  ;  that  is,  if  we  know  tliat 
Uk  exertion  which  Is  juft  unable  to  ftart  a  block  of 
llone  lying  on  a  fmooih  llouc  jjavement,  but  would  Hart 
it,  if  increafed  by  llie  fmallcll  addition  ;  and  if  we  know 
that  this  would  generate  in  a  fecond  32  feet  of  velocity 
in  ICO  pounds  of  matter — we  are  certain  that  it  was  a 
prelfure  equal  to  the  weight  of  this  100  pounds.  It  is 
a  good  meafure,  though  not  immediate,  and  may  be 
ufed  without  danger  of  millake  when  we  have  no 
other. 

The  celebrated  engineer  Mr  Smeaton,  in  his  excel- 
lent dilfertation  on  the  power  of  water  and  wind  to 
drive  machinery,  and  alfo  in  two  other  difiertations,  all 
publilhed  in  the  Pliilofophical  Tranfailions,  and  aftei- 
wai  ds  in  a  little  volume,  has  employed  another  meafure, 
both  of  the  expenditure  of  mechanical  power,  and  of 
the  mechanical  effedl  produced.  He  fays,  that  the 
weight  of  a  body,  multiplied  by  the  height  thro'  which 
it  defcends,  while  driving  a  machine,  is  the  only  proper 
meafure  of  the  power  expended  ;  and  that  the  weight, 
multiplied  by  the  height  through  which  it  is  uniformly 
laifed,  is  the  only  proper  meal'ure  ot  the  effecf  produ- 
ced. And  he  produces  a  large  train  of  accurate  expe- 
riments to  prove  that  a  certain  weight,  defcending 
through  a  certain  fpace,  always  produces  the  fame  et- 
ieift,  whetlier  it  has  defcended  fwiftly  or  flowly,  em- 
ploying little  or  much  time. 

Had  this  eminent  engineer  propof;d  this  as  a  popu- 
lar nicifure,  of  eafy  comprehenfion  and  remembrance, 
and  as  well  accommodated  to  the  ufes  of  thofe  engaged 
in  the  conftru(5lion  of  machines,  when  reftiifted  to  a 
certain  clafs  of  cafes,  it  might  have  aufwered  veiy  good 
purpofes  ;  but  the  author  is  at  pains  to  recommer.d  it 
to  the  philofophsrs  as  a  necelTary  corredlion  of  their 


•  Page  7- 


theories,  which  be  fays  ttnd  to  ralflead  the  artitlf.  His 
own  rcafonings  terminate  in  the  fame  conclufion  with  Mr 
Leibnitz'.^,  namtly,  that  the  power  of  producing  a  me- 
chanical efieifl,  and  the  efleiff  produced,  are  propoi  tional 
to  the  fquate  rf  the  velocity.  The  deference  julUy  due 
to  Mr  Smeaton'i  authoiity,  and  the  influence  of  his 
name  among  thofe  who  are  likely  to  make  the  niofl  ufc 
of  bis  inl^rudions,  render  it  neccfLry  for  us  to  examine 
this  matter  with  lome  attention. 

Mr  Smeaton  was  led  to  the  adoption  cf  this  meafure 
by  his  profeffional  habits.  R^ifing  a  weight  to  a  height 
is,  in  one  fliapc  or  another,  the  general  tafk  of  the  ma- 
chines he  was  employed  to  ereift  ;  ami  we  may  adJ,  the 
opportunities  of  expending  the  mechanical  powers  of  na- 
ture which  are  in  our  command,  are  generally  in  this 
proportion.  A  certain  daily  fupply  ot  water,  c.iming 
from  a  certain  height,  is  our  belt  opportunity,  and  may 
very  properly  be  faid  to  be  expended.  4 

This  being  the  general  cafe,  the  meafure  was  obvious,  Examined, 
and  natural,  and  good.  Tlie  power  and  effed  were  of 
the  fame  kind,  and  nii//  be  meafures  of  each  other ;  at 
leaft,  in  thofe  circumltantes  in  which  they  were  fet  in 
oppolition.  Yet  even  here  Mr  Smeaton  was  obliged  to 
make  a  relfriclion  of  his  meaiurcs  :  "The  height  thro' 
which  a  hoAy  Jloivly  and  equally  defcended,  or  to  which 
it  was  raifed."  And  why  was  this  limitation  neceflary  ? 
"  Becaufe  in  rapid  or  accelerated  motions,  the  inertia  ot 
bodies  occafioned  fome  variation*."  But  this  is  too 
vague  language  for  philofophical  difquifition.  Befides, 
what  is  meant  by  this  variation  ?  What  is  the  (landard 
from  which  the  unreflricfted  meafure  varies  ?  This  ftand- 
ard,  whatever  it  is,  is  the  true  meafure,  and  it  was 
needlefs  to  adopt  any  other.  Now,  the  ftandard  from 
which  Mr  Smeaton  eftimates  the  deviation,  is  the  very 
meafure  which  we  wilh  to  employ,  namely,  the  quantity 
of  motion  produced.  Striflly  fpeaking,  even  this  is  not 
the  immediate  meafure.  The  immediate  meafure  is  that 
faculty  which  we  call  prelfure.  This  is  the  interme- 
dium perceivable  in  all  produdlions  of  motion  ;  and  it 
is  alfo  the  intermedium  of  mechanical  eifeft,  even  when 
motion  is  not  produced  ;  as  wlien  the  weight  of  a  body 
bends  a  fpring,  or  the  eladicity  of  a  body  fupports  an- 
other prelfure.  How  it  operates  in  all  or  any  of  ihefe 
cales,  we  know  not ;  but  we  know  that  all  thcfe  mea- 
fures of  prelfure  agree  with  each  other.  A  double 
quantity  of  motion  will  bend  a  fpring  doubly  ftrong, 
will  laife  a  double  weight,  will  with. land  any  double 
prelfure,  S:c.  &c.  In  Ihort,  prelfure  is  the  immediate 
agent  in  every  mechanical  phenomenon.  It  penetrates 
bodies,  overcoming  their  tenacity;  ii  overcomes  fric- 
tion; it  balances  prelfure;  it  produces  motion.  Mr 
Smeaton's  meafure  is  only  nearly  true,  in  any  cafe,  and 
in  all  cafes  it  is  far  from  being  exaift  in  the;  firft  inllants 
of  the  motion,  during  its  acceleration  or  retardation. 

We  have  already  noticed  the  complete  expenditure 
of  animal  power  by  continued  prefiure,  even  when  mo- 
tion is  not  produced:  the  only  difficulty  is  to  conneifl 
this  in  a  meafurable  way  with  the  power  which  the 
fame  exertion  has  of  generating  motion  in  a  body. 

When  a  man  fupports  a  weight  for  a  fmgle  inftant, 
he  certainly  balances  the  prelfure  or  action  of  gravity  on 
thit  body;  and  he  continues  this  aiftion  as  long  as  he 
continues  to  fupport  it :  and  we  know  that  if  this  body 
were  at  the  end  of  a  horizontal  aim  turning  round  a 
veitical  axis,  the  fams  effort  which  the  man  exerted  in 

inacely 


M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y. 


35^ 


merely  caiTying  tlic  \re!g!it,  it  no-.v  exerted  on  the  bo- 
dy, by  pulhing  it  horizontally  round  the  axis,  will  gene- 
rate in  it  liie  lame  velocity  whicli  gravity  would  gene- 
rate by  its  Tailing  freely.  On  this  authority  therefore 
we  fay,  that  the  whole  accumulated  aflion  of  a  man, 
when  he  hab  juft  carried  a  body  whofe  weight  is  30 
pounds  for  one  minute,  is  equal  to  the  wJiole  exertion 
of  gravity  en  it  during  that  minute;  and  if  employed, 
not  to  counteraft  gravity,  but  to  generate  motion, 
would  generate,  during  that  minute,  the  fame  motion 
that  gravity  would,  that  is,  60  X  32  feet  velocity  per 
lecond,  iii  a  mah  of  30  pounds.  Tiiere  would  be  30 
pounds  cf  matter  moving  with  the  velocity  of  1920  feet 
per  fecond.  We  would  exprefs  this  produdion  or  el- 
fe^  by  30  X  1920,  or  by  57600,  as  the  meafure  of  the 
man's  exertion  during  the  minute. 

But,  according  to  Mr  Smeaton,  there  is  no  expen- 
diture of  power,  nor  any  production  of  mechanical  ef- 
fcft,  in  thus  carrying  30  pounds  for  a  minute  ;  there 
is  no  produfl  of  a  weight  by  a  height  through  which 
it  is  equably  raifed  ;  yet  fiieh  exertion  will  completely 
exhaull  a  man's  llrenglh  if  the  body  be  heavy  enough. 
Heic  then  is  a  cafe  to  which  Mr  Smeaton's  mealure 
does  not  readily  apply  ;  and  this  cafe  is  important,  in- 
cluding all  the  aftuius  ot   animah  at  a  dead  pull. 

But  let  us  conlider  more  narrowly  what  a  man  re  illy 
does  when  he  perfnms  what  Mr  Smeaton  allows  to  be 
the  produOion  ot  a  mealuiable  mechanical  cffeift.  Stip- 
pofe  this  weight  of  30  pounds  hanglns;  by  a  cord  which 
paflesover  a  pulley,  and  that  a  man,  taking  this  cord  over 
his  (liiiulder,  turns  his  back  to  the  pulley,  and  w.ilks 
away  from  it.  We  know,  that  a  man  of  ordinary  force 
will  walk  along,  raifing  this  weight,  at  the  rate  of  about 
60  yards  in  a  minute,  or  a  yard  every  fecond,  and  that 
he  can  continue  to  do  this  for  eight  or  ten  hours  from 
day  to  day  ;  and  that  this  is  all  that  h:  can  do  without 
fatigue  Here  are  30  pounds  raifed  uniformly  1 80  feet 
in  a  minute;  and  Mr  Smeaton  would  exprefs  this  by 
3c  X  l^o,  or  5400,  and  would  call  this  the  mcafuie 
of  the  mechanical  efi'c<5t,  and  alfo  of  tiic  expenditure  of 
power.  This  is  very  d.ifetcnt  from  our  meafure  57600. 
But  this  is  not  an  accuiate  and  complete  account  of 
And  fcund  '^"^  man's  a^icn  oil  the  wiight,  and  ot  the  whole  efFefl 
to  lie  in-ic-  produced.  To  be  convinced  ot  thi^,  fupp<fe  that  a 
furate.  nian  A  has  been  thus  employed,  while  anotlier  B,  walk- 
ing along  fide  of  him  at  the  fame  rate,  fuddeiily  takes 
the  rope  out  ot  his  hand,  trees  him  of  the  tafk,  and  con- 
tinies  to  raife  the  weight  without  the  fmallelt  change  on 
its  velocity  of  afcent.  What  is  the  action  of  B,  and 
whether  is  it  the  fame  with  that  of  A  or  not  ?  It  is  ac- 
knowledged by  all,  that  ihe  exertion  of  B  againft  the 
load  is  precifely  equal  to  30  pounds.  If  he  holds  the 
rope  by  a  fpring  lltelyard,  it  will  Hand  conftantly  at 
llie  mark  30.  B  exerts  the  fame  aftion  on  the  load  as 
when  he  (imply  fupport^  it  from  falling  b.ick  into  the 
pit.  It  was  movini;  with  the  velocity  of  three  feet  per 
i'econd  when  he  look  hold  of  ihe  rope,  and  it  would 
continue  to  move  with  that  velocity  if  any  thing  c  Mild 
annihilate  or  countcraifl  its  gravity.  If  therefore  theie 
was  no  aflion  when  a  perion  merely  carried  it,  there  is 
none  at  piefent  when  it  is  rifing  180  feet  in  a  minute. 
The  man  d<ies  indeed  work  more  than  on  that  occafion, 
but  not  againfl  the  load  :  his  additional  work  is  walk- 
ing, the  motion  of  his  own  body,  as  a  thing  previoufly 
aeccfTary  that  he  may  continue  to  fupport  the  load, 


that  lie  may  continue  his  mechanical  effort  as  it  follows 
him.  It  appears  to  yield  to  him  :  but  it  is  not  to  hit 
eff^irts  that  it  yields;  its  weight  completely  balances 
thofe  effirts,  and  is  balanced  by  them.  It  was  to  a 
greater  eflbrt  of  the  man  A  that  it  yielded.  It  was 
then  lying  on  the  ground.  He  pulled  at  tlie  cord, 
gradually  perhaps  increafing  his  pull  till  it  was  jull  equal 
to  its  weight.  Wl.en  ihis  obtains,  the  load  no  longer 
preffes  on  the  ground,  but  is  ci^mpletcly  carried  by  the 
rope.  But  it  iJoes  not  move  by  this  efl'ort  of  30  pounds  ; 
but  let  him  exert  a  force  of  3t  pounds,  and  continue 
this  for  three  feconds.  He  WiU  put  it  in  motion  ;  will 
accelerate  that  motion  ;  and  at  the  end  of  three  fecond. 
the  load  is  ri:ing  with  the  velocity  of  three  feet  per  fe- 
cond. The  man  feels  tliat  this  l>  as  much  fpeed  as  he 
can  continue  in  his  walk;  lie  therefore  flackens  his 
pull,  reducing  his  aiflion  to  30  pounds,  and  with  this 
atli  in  he  walks  on.  All  this  would  be  dilfinflly  per- 
ceived by  means  of  a  lleelyard.  The  rod  would  be 
l)ulled  out  beyond  30,  till  the  load  acquired  the  uniform 
velocity  intendec*,  and  after  this  it  would  be  obferved 
to  fhrink  back  to  30. 

More  is  done  therefore  than  appears  by  Mr  Sniea« 
ton's  meafure.  Indeed,  all  that  appears  in  it  is  the  ex- 
ertion r.ecelfary  for  continuing  a  motion  already  produc- 
ed, but  which  would  be  immediately  extinguilhed  hj 
a  contrary  power,  which  inul\  therefore  be  counteracted. 
This  meafure  will  not  apply  to  numberlefs  cales  of  the 
employment  of  machines,  where  there  is  no  fuch  op. 
poling  power,  and  where,  notwithdanding,  mechanical 
power  mnll  be  opeiided,  even  according  to  Mr  Smea- 
ton's meafurcment.  Such  are  corn  mills,  boring  mills, 
and  many  oiheis. 

How  then  comes  it  that  Mr  Smeaton's  valuable  ex- 
periments concur  lb  exadtly  in  Ihewing  that  the  fanio 
quantity  of  water  defcending  from  the  fame  height,  al- 
ways produces  the  fame  effect  (as  he  meafured  it),  what- 
ever be  the  velocity  ?  In  the  tirll  place,  all  his  experi- 
ments are  cafes  where  the  power  expended  and  tlis 
work  performed  are  of  the  fame  kind  ;  A  heavy  body 
defcends,  and  by  its  preponderancy  railes  another  heavy 
body.  But  even  this  would  not  enlure  the  preciie  a- 
greemcnt  obferved  in  his  expciimcnts,  it  Mr  Snieatia 
were  not  careful  to  exclude  from  his  calculations  all  that 
motion  where  there  is  any  acceleration,  and  all  the  ex- 
penditure of  water  during  the  acceleiation,  and  to  ad. 
niit  only  ihofe  motions  that  are  feniibly  uniform.  In 
moderate  velocities,  the  additional  preffuic  required  for 
the  fiill  acceleration  is  but  an  infignificant  part  ol  the 
whole;  and  ti  take  thtfe  acceleiaicd  mjtions  into  the 
account,  would  have  embarralfed  the  calculations,  and 
perhaps  conlufed  many  of  the  readers.  We  fee,  in  the 
inllance  now  given,  tint  the  addition  of  one  pound  con- 
tinued for  three  feconds  only,  was  all  that  was  necef- 
fary. 

Mr  Smeaton's  meafurement  is  therefore  abundantly 
exaift  for  practice  ;  and  being  accomnmdated  to  the 
circumllances  mod  likely  to  cngai;e  the  attention,  is  ve- 
ry proper  lor  the  in(liui5k;on  of  the  numerous  prafli- 
tioncrsin  all  manufafluring  countries  who  are  employed 
for  ordinary  ere^ious  :  but  it  is  improperly  pri>pofed 
as  :m  article  elfcntial  to  a  jull  theory  of  mechanics,  and 
therefore  it  was  prtiper  to  notice  it  in  this  place.  Befides, 
there  frequently  occur  moft  important  cafes,  in  which 
the  motion  ol  a  nachinc  i-s  of  cecellity,  defuUory,  aU 

tiraa'.clj 


.^6o 


ol  in  a  ma' 
chine  at 
work. 


M  A  C  H 

lernately  accelerated,  and  retarded.  We  fliould  not  de- 
rive all  the  advrintagcs  in  our  power  from  the  tird  mo- 
ver, if  we  did  not  attend  pHrticiilarly,  and  chiefly,  to 
the  acccliraiing  forces.  And  in  every  cafe,  the  im- 
provement, or  the  proper  employment  of  tlie  machine, 
is  not  attained,  if  we  are  not  able  to  difcriminate  be- 
tween the  two  parts  of  the  mechanical  exertion  ;  one 
of  them,  by  which  the  motion  is  produced  and  accele- 
rated to  a  certain  degree  ;  and  the  other,  by  which  that 
motion  is  continued.  We  mull  be  able  to  appreciate 
what  part  of  the  efled  belongs  to  eacii. — But  it  is  now 
time  to  proceed  to  the  important  quelUon, 

iyh.it  luill  be  the  precife  motion  of  a  machine  of  given 
conJlruSion,    aSualed  by  a  po-jjcr  of  known  inteiifily  and 
manner  of  aSinj,  and  oppofed  by  a  known  rejiflanie  ? 
6  In  the  folution  of  this  quellion,  much  depends  on 

Things  to  the  nature  of  both  power  and  refillance.  In  the  ftati- 
bcconfidcr- cal  confideration  of  machines,  no  attention  is  paid  to 
any  diiFerences.  The  intenfity  of  the  prelfures  is  all 
that  it  is  neceliary  to  regard,  in  order  to  ftnte  the  pro- 
portion of  prelFure  which  will  be  exerted  in  the  various 
parts  of  the  machine.  The  preli'ures  at  the  impelled 
and  working  points,  combined  with  the  proportions  of 
the  machine,  neceifarily  determine  all  the  rell.  Pref- 
fure  being  the  fole  caule  of  all  mechanical  aflion  among 
bodies,  any  prclfure  may  be  fubftitiited  for  another  that 
is  equal  to  it ;  and  the  preliure  which  is  moll  familiar,  or 
ot  eafiell  confuleratioii,  may  be  uled  as  the  reprelenta- 
tive  ot  all  others.  TJiis  has  occalioncd  the  mechanical 
writers  to  make  ufe  of  the  preiFure  of  gravity  as  the 
{landard  of  comparilbn,  and  to  reprefent  all  powers  and 
refinances  by  weights.  However  proper  tiiis  may  be 
in  their  hands,  it  has  hurt  the  proj^refs  of  the  fcience. 
It  has  rendered  the  ufual  elementary  treatlfes  of  mecha- 
nics very  imperfeiff,  by  limiting  the  expeiiments  and  il- 
luftrations  to  fuch  as  can  be  fo  reprel'ented  with  facility. 
This  has  limited  them  to  the  ftate  of  equilibrium  (in 
which  condition  a  working  machine  is  never  lound), 
becaufe  illullrations  by  experiment  out  of  this  (late  are 
neither  obvious  nor  eafy.  It  has  alfo  prevented  the 
lludenti  of  mechanics  from  accomplilhing  themfelves 
with  the  mathematical  knowledge  required  for  a  fuc- 
cefbful  profecution  of  the  fludy.  Tlie  moll  elementary 
geometry  is  fufficient  for  a  thorougli  underll.inding  ot 
equilibrium,  or  the  dodrines  of  llatics ;  but  true  me- 
chanics, the  knowledge  of  machines  as  inllruments  by 
which  work  is  perlormed,  requires  more  refined  ma- 
thematics, and  is  inaccellible  without  it. 

Had  not  Newton  or  others  improved  mathematics 
by  the  invention  of  the  infinitefimal  analyfisand  calcu- 
lus, we  mull  have  relied  contented  with  the  difcoveries 
(really  gre;it)  of  Galileo  and  Huyghens.  But  New- 
ton, fud  niathefi  facem  prafirente,  opened  a  boundlefs 
field  of  investigation,  and  has  not  only  gi\  en  a  magnifi- 
cent and  brilliant  fpecimen  ot  the  difcoveries  to  be  made 
in  it,  but  has  alio  traced  out  the  particular  paths  in 
which  we  are  to  find  the  folution  of  all  queftions  of 
practical  m.:chanics.  This  he  has  done  by  ihewing  an- 
othe:  ipecies  of  equilibrium,  indicated,  not  by  the  cefTa- 
tion  of  all  motion,  but  by  the  uniformity  of  motion  ; 
by  lh=  cellatio.i  of  all  acceleration  or  retardation.  As 
the  extindion  of  motion  by  the  aflion  of  oppofite  for- 
ces is  aifumed  by  us  as  tlie  indication  of  the  perfedl 
equality  of  thofe  forces  ;  fo  the  extinction  of  accelera- 
tion Ihould  be  received  as  the  indication  of  fomething 


I  N  E  R  Y. 

equal  and  oppofite  to  the  force  which  was  known  t» 
have  caufed  the  acceleration  ;  and  therefore  as  the  in- 
dication of  an  equilibrium  between  oppofite  forces,  or 
clle  oi  the  celFition  of  all  force. 

This  new  view  of  things  was  the  fource  of  all  our 
diflindl  notions  ot  mechanical  ioiccs,  and  gave  us  our 
only  unexceptionable  marks  and  meafures  of  them. 
Tlie  39th  propolition  ot  the  firfl  book  of  Newton's 
Principles  of  Natur.<l  Philnfi'pliy,  and  it.s  corollaries, 
contain  almoll  the  whole  do(ftrine  of  aiSive  mechanical 
nature,  and  are  peculiarly  applicable  to  our  prelent  pur- 
pofe,  becaufe  they  enable  us  to  comprehend  in  this  xw^- 
chanicnl  tquilU^riuvi  (fo  different  from  xhejlalical)  every 
circumilance  in  which  thofe  prelFurcs  wliich  are  exerted 
by  natural  powers  tiifFer  from  each  other,  and  vary  in 
their  ai'lion  on  the  impelled  and  working  points  of  a 
machine.  Indeed,  when  we  recolleifl  that  the  operations 
of  our  machines  are  the  fame  on  board  a  iliip  as  on  fliore, 
and  that  all  our  machines  are  moving  with  the  ground 
on  which  they  fland,  we  mull  acknowledge,  that  even 
ordinary  llatics  is  only  an  imperfeft  view  of  an  equili- 
brium among  things  which  are  in  motion  ;  and  this 
Ihould  have  taught  us  that,  even  in  thofe  cafes  wliere 
notliing  like  equilibrium  appears,  an  equilibiium  may 
ftill  be  ufefuUy  traced. 

In  the  llatical  confideration  of  machines,  the  quantity 
of  preiFure  is  all  that  we  need  attend  to.  But  in  the 
mechanical  difculllon  of  their  operations,  we  mud  attend 
to  their  dillindions  in  kind  :  and  it  will  by  no  means 
be  lutTicient  to  reprefent  them  all  by  weights  ;  for  their 
di(lintT;ion  in  kind  is  accompanied  by  great  difTerences 
in  their  manner  ot  acting  on  the  machine.  Some  natu- 
ral powers,  in  order  to  continue  their  adlion  on  the  im- 
pelled point  of  the  machine,  mult  at  the  fame  time  put 
into  motion  a  quantity  of  matter  external  to  the  ma- 
chine, in  which  thele  powers  refide  ;  and  this  mull  be 
made  to  follow  the  impelled  point  in  its  motion,  and 
not  only  follow,  but  continue  to  prefs  it  forward  ;  or, 
tliis  matter,  thus  continually  put  into  motion,  mull  be 
fucceflively  applied  to  dilFerent  points  of  the  macliine, 
which  become  impelled  points  in  their  turn.  This  is 
the  cafe  with  a  weight,  with  the  aftion  of  a  fpring,  the 
aflion  of  animals,  the  aiflion  of  a  llream  of  water  or 
wind,  and  many  other  powers.  A  part  of  the  natural 
mechanical  powers  mult  therefore  be  employed  in  pro- 
ducing this  external  m  ition.  This  is  fometimes  a  very 
confiderable  part  of  the  whole  natural  power.  In  foma 
cafes  it  is  the  whole  of  it.  This  obtains  m  the  action 
of  a  deicending  weight,  lying  on  the  end  of  a  lever  and. 
prelling  it  down,  or  hanging  by  a  chord  attached  to  the 
machine. 

There  is  alfo  an  important  diftinflion  in  the  manner 
in  v.-hich  this  external  motion  is  kept  up.  In  a  weight 
employed  as  the  moving  power,  the  actuating  preflure 
feems  to  refide  in  the  matter  itfelf ;  and  all  that  is  ne- 
celfary  for  continuing  this  preiFure  is  merely  to  continue 
the  conneiflion  of  it  with  the  machine.  But  in  the  ac- 
tion of  animals  it  may  be  very  dilFerent :  A  man  pulh- 
iiig  at  a  capllan  bar,  mull  firll  of  all  walk  as  fall  as  the 
bar  moves  round,  and  this  requires  the  expenditure  of 
his  mufcular  force.  But  this  alone  will  not  render  his 
adion  an  cffeflive  power:  Vi.it  xr.Vi'ii  -Ai'i  prefs  fortuard 
the  capllan  bar  with  as  much  force  as  he  has  remaining 
over  and  above  what  he  expends  in  w -Iking  at  that  rate. 
The  proportion  of  thefe  two  expenditures  may  be  very 

di&reat 


7 

Mechani- 
cal equili- 
brium. 


S 
Diftinifli- 
onsniull  be 
made  in  the 
nriturc  of 
the  powers 
applied  to 
working 
machines. 


MACHINERY. 


36  i 


different  in  difTerent  circumftances ;  and  in  the  judicious 
fele6lion  of  fuch  circumftanccs  as  malce  the  firft  ot'tliefe 
as  inconfiderable  as  poffible,  lies  much  of  the  il;ill  and 
fagacity  of  the  engineer.     In  the  common  operation  of 
thrafliing   corn,  much    more    than  half  of  the  man's 
power  is  expended  in  giving  the  necefTary  motion  to  his 
own  body,  and  only  the  remainder  is  employed  in  ur- 
ging forward  the  fwiple  with  a  momentum  fufficient  for 
ftiaking  ctl'  the  ripe  grains   from   the  llalk.     We  had 
fufficient  proof  of  this,  by  taking  off  the  fwiple  of  the 
flail,  and  putting  the  fame  weight  of  lead  on  the  end  of 
the  ftaff,  and  then  caufing  the  hind  to  perform  the  ufual 
motions  of  thralhing  with  all  the  rapidity  that  he  could 
continue  during  the  ordinary  houis  ot  work.     We  ne- 
ver could  find  a  man  who  could  make  three  motions  in 
the  fame  time  that  he  could  make  two  in  the  ufual 
manner,  fo  as  to  continue  this  for  half  an  hour.    Hence 
we  muft  conclude,  that  half  (Ibme  will  f.iy  two-thirds) 
of  a  thradiet's  power  is  expended  in  merely  moving  his 
own  body.     Such  modes  of  animal  action  will  therefore 
be  avoided  by  a  judicious  engineer  ;  but  to  be  avoided, 
their  inconvenience  muft  be  underllood.     More  of  this 
will  occur  hereafter. — In  other  cafes,  we  are  almoll 
(never  wholly)  free  from  this  unprofitable  expenditure 
of  power.     Thus,  in  the  Iteam  engine,  the  operation 
requires  that  the  external  air  follow  the  pifton   down 
the  cylinder,  in  order  to  continue  its   preffure.     But 
the  force  neceffary  for  fending  in  this  rare  fluid  into  the 
cylinder  with  the  neceffary  velocity,  is  fuch  an  infignifi- 
cant  part  of  the  whole  force  which  is  at  our  command, 
tliat  it  would  be  ridiculous  affedation  in  any  engineer 
to  ttkc  it  into   account ;  and  this  is  one  great  ground 
of  prci'erence  to  this  natural  power.     The  fame  thing 
may  be  faid  of  the  aiflion  of  a  ftrong  and  light  fpring, 
which  is  therefore  another  very  eligible  firit  mover  for 
machinery.    The  ancient  artillerilh  had  difcovered  this, 
and  employed  it  in  their  warlike  engines. 

We  mull  alfo  attend  to  the  nature  of  the  refiftance 
which  the  work  to  be  performed  oppofes  to  the  motion 
of  our  machine.  Sometimes  the  work  oppofes,  not  a 
fimple  obllruiflion,  but  a  real  refiftance  or  readlion, 
which,  if  applied  alone  to  the  machine,  would  caufe  it 
to  move  the  contrary  way.  This  always  obtains  in 
cafes  where  a  heavy  body  is  to  be  raifed,  where  a  fpring 
is  to  be  compreffed,  and  in  fome  other  cafes.  Very  often, 
however,  there  is  no  fuch  contrary  a>flion.  A  flour 
mill,  a  faw  mill,  a  boring  mill,  and  many  fuch  engines, 
exhibit  no  rea<flion  of  this  kind.  But  although  fuch 
machines,  when  at  reft  or  not  impelled  by  the  firft  mo- 
ver, fuftain  no  prelfure  in  the  oppofite  dire>flion,  yet 
they  will  not  acquire  any  motion  whatever,  unlefs  they 
be  impelled  by  a  power  of  u  certain  determinate  inten- 
fity.  Thus  in  a  faw  mill,  a  certain  force  muft  be  im- 
prelfed  on  tlie  teeth  of  the  law,  that  the  cohefion  of 
the  fibres  of  the  timber  may  be  overcome.  This  re- 
quires that  a  certain  lorce,  determined  by  the  propor- 
tions of  the  machine,  be  imprcfl'ed  on  the  impelled 
point.  If  this,  and  no  more,  be  applied  there,  a  force 
will  be  excited  at  the  teeth  of  the  faw,  which  will  ba- 
lance the  cuhefion  of  the  wood,  but  will  not  ovtrccme  it. 
The  machine  will  continue  at  reft,  and  no  wc  rk  will  be 
performed.  Any  addition  of  force  at  the  impelled  point, 
wdl  occafion  an  addition  to  the  force  excited  in  the 
teeth  of  the  f.iw.  The  cohefion  will  be  overcome,  the 
machine  will  move,  and  work  will  be  performed.  It  is 
Suprt.  Vol.   II. 


only  this  addition  to  the  impelling  power  that  gives  mo- 
tion to  the  machine  ;  the  reft  being  expended  merely  in 
balancing  the  cohefion  of  the  woody  fibres.  While 
therefore  the  machine  is  in  motion,  performing  work, 
we  muft  confidcr  it  as  aifluated  by  a  force  impreffed  on 
the  impelled  point  by  the  natural  power,  and  by  ano- 
ther aifting  at  the  working  point,  furnilhed  by  or  de- 
rived from  the  refiftance  of  the  work. 

Again  :  It  not  unfrcquently  happens,  that  there  is' 
not  even  any  fuch  refiftance  or  obftruflion  excited  at 
the  working  point  of  the  machine;  the  whole  refift- 
ance (if  we  can  with  propriety  give  it  that  name)  arifes 
from  the  neceffity  of  giving  motion  to  a  quantity  cf 
inert  and  inaftive  matter.  This  happens  in  urging 
round  a  heavy  fly,  as  in  the  coining  prefs,  in  the  punch- 
ing engine,  in  drawing  a  body  along  a  horizontal  plane 
without  friflion,  and  a  few  fimilar  cafes.  Here  the 
fmalleft  force  whatever,  applied  at  the  impelled  point, 
will  begin  motion  in  the  machine  ;  and  the  whole  force 
fo  applied  is  confumed  in  this  fervice.  Such  cafes  are 
rare,  as  the  ultimate  performance  of  a  machine;  but: 
occafionally,  and  for  a  farther  purpofe,  they  frequently 
occur  ;  and  it  is  neceffary  to  confider  them,  becaufe 
there  are  many  of  the  moft  important  applications  of 
macliinery  where  a  very  conliderable  part  of  the  force  is 
expended  in  thii  pan  ot  the  general  laik. 

Such  are  the  chief  circunillances  of  diftinflion  among 
the  mechanical  powers  of  nature  which  muft  be  attend- 
ed to,  in  order  to  know  the  motion  and  performance  o€ 
a  machine.  Thefe  never  occur  in  the  ftatical  confidera- 
tion  of  the  machine,  but  here  they  are  of  chief  im- 
portance. 

But  farther  :  The  aflion  of  the  moving  power  is  9 
transferred  to  the  working  point  through  the  parts  of  ThcincrtU 
a  machine,  which  are  material,  inert,  and  heavy.  Or,  °f  .'l!^, 
to  defcribe  it  more  accurately,  before  the  neceffary  force  ''  "]^  ',/ 
can  be  excited  at  the  workmg  pouU  ot  the  machuie,  the  ^^  couC- 
varions  connedling  forces  mull  be  exerted  in  the  difFe- Jcred, 
rent  parts  of  the  machine  ;  and  in  order  that  the  work- 
ing point  may  follow  out  die  iniprcffi  11  already  made, 
all  the  conneding  parts  or  limbs  of  the  machine  mult 
be  moved,  in  different  direiflions,  and  with  different  ve- 
locities. Force  is  neceffary  for  thus  changing  the  ftatc 
of  all  this  matter,  and  frequently  a  very  confiderablc 
force.  Time  muft  alfo  el»pfe  before  all  this  can  be  ac- 
compliftied.  This  often  confumcs,  and  really  wailes,  a 
great  part  of  the  impelling  power.  Thus,  in  a  crane 
worked  by  men  walking  in  a  wlieel,  it  acquires  motion 
by  flow  degrees ;  becaufe,  in  order  to  give  fufficienc 
room  for  the  aflion  of  the  number  of  men  or  cattle  that 
are  neceffary,  a  very  capacious  wheel  muft  be  employed, 
containing  a  great  quantity  of  inert  matter.  All  of 
this  muft  be  put  in  motion  by  a  very  moderate  prepon- 
derance of  the  men.  It  accelerates  flowly,  and  the  load 
is  raifed.  When  it  has  attained  tlu-  requited  height, 
all  this  matter,  now  in  confiderable  motion,  mufl  be 
flopped.  1'his  cannot  be  done  in  an  indant  with  a 
jolt,  which  would  be  very  inconvenient,  and  even  hurt- 
ful;  it  is  therefore  brought  to  reft  gradually.  This 
alio  confiimcs  time  ;  n.iy,  the  svheel  muft  get  a  motion 
in  the  contrary  dircflion,  that  the  load  may  be  lowered 
into  the  cart  or  lighter.  This  can  only  be  .iccomplilh- 
ed  by  degrees.  Then  the  tackle  muft  be  lowered  doun 
again  lor  another  load,  which  alfo  muft  be  done  gra- 
du.illy.  All  this  waftes  a  great  deal  both  cf  lime  and 
Z  z  of 


2,6'. 


M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y. 


10 

Anil  it< 
iriwlioit. 


71 

Meifiire 
it  hy  A- 
raoRtons, 


oi"  force,  and  renders  a  walking  wheel  a  very  improper 
lorni  for  the  tiill  mover  ot"  a  crane,  or  any  machine 
whofe  life  reciuircs  fiich  frequent  cliatiges  of  motion. 
Tlie  fame  thin^  obtain=,  although  in  a  lower  degree,  in 
the  lleam  engine,  where  the  great  beam  and  pump  rods, 
fometimes  weighing  very  many  tons,  mull  be  made  to 
acijuire  a  very  brifk  motion  in  oppollte  diieclions  twice 
in  every  working  llroke.  It  obtains,  in  a  gi eater  or 
■A  lefs  degree,  in  all  engines  which  liavc  a  reciprocalinp; 
motion  in  any  of  their  parts.  Pump  mills  are  of  necef- 
ilty  ilibj^ifted  to  this  inconvenience.  In  the  famous  en- 
gine at  Marly,  about  ^%  of  the  whole  moving  power  of 
Jeme  of  the  wattr  wheels  is  employe<l  in  giving  a  reci- 
^jrocating  moiion  to  a  fct  of  rods  and  ch.iins,  which 
extend  from  the  wheels  to  a  cillern  about  thiee-fouiths 
tf  a  mile  dirt.mt,  where  t!iey  work  a  fet  of  pumps. 
This  engine  is,  by  fuch  injudicious  conftruiflion,  a  mo- 
nument  of  miignificence,  and  the  ftruggle  of  ignorance 
with  the  unchangeable  laws  of  N.iture.  In  machine*;, 
all  tlie  parts  of  which  continue  the  uirec'iion  of  their 
motions  unchanged,  the  inertia  ot  a  great  mals  of  mat- 
ter does  no  harm  ;  but,  on  the  contrary,  contributes  to 
the  fteadinefs  of  the  motion,  in  fpite  of  fmall  inequali- 
ties of  power  or  refinance,  or  unavoidable  irregularities 
tif  force  in  the  interior  parts.  Cut  in  all  reciprocations, 
it  is  highly  prt judicial  to  the  perfcimaiice  ;  and  there- 
fore con(lru(flicns  which  admit  fuch  reciprocation  with- 
out necelTity,  are  avoided  by  all  intelligent  engineers. 
The  mere  copying  artill,  indeed,  who  derives  all  his 
knowledge  from  tlie  common  treatifes  of  mechanics, 
will  never  fufpe<ft  fcch  imperfections,  becaufe  they  do 
not  occur  in  the  llatical  conlidciation  of  machines. 

Laltly,  no  machine  can  move  without  a  mutual  rub- 
bing of  its  parts,  at  all  points  ol'  ct/miiiuniciition  ;  fuch 
as  the  teeth  of  whcelwoik,  the  wipers  and  lifts,  and  the 
gudgeons  of  its  different  axes.  In  many  machines,  the 
ultimate  taCk  performed  by  the  working  point,  is  either 
friiftion,  or  very  much  reiemblcs  it.  This  is  the  cale 
in  polilhir.g  mill?,  grinding  mills,  nay  in  boring  nulls, 
iaw  mills,  and  others.  A  knowledge  of  triftion,  in  all 
its  varieties,  feems  therefore  abfolutely  necelfary,  even 
for  a  moderate  acquaintance  with  the  principles  of  ma- 
chinery. This  is  a  very  abflrufe  lubje^^t  ;  and  ahhou^h 
a  good  deal  of  attention  has  been  paid  to  it  by  i^me 
ingenious  men,  we  do  not  think  that  a  great  deal  has 
been  added  to  our  knowledge  of  it  ;  nor  do  the  experi- 
ments wliich  have  been  made  I'eem  to  us  well  calculated 
to  lead  us  to  a  dillinct  knowledge  of  its  nature  and  mo- 
difications. It  has  been  conlidered  chiefly  wirh  a  view 
to  diminiih  it  as  much  as  poilible  in  the  communicating 
parts  of  machinery,  and  to  obtain  fome  general  rules 
lor  afcertaining  the  quantity  of  what  unavuidably  re- 
mains. Mr  Amontons,  of  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Sciences  at  Paris,  gave  us,  about  the  beginning  ot  this 
century,  the  chief  micrmation  that  we  have  on  the  lub- 
}eSi.  He  difcovered,  that  the  obftruiftion  which  it  gave 
to  motion  was  very  neatly  proportional  to  the  force  by 
which  tl  e  rubbing  lurfaces  are  preffed  together.  Thus 
he  found,  that  a  fmooth  o.iken  board,  laid  on  another 
Imooth  board  of  the  fame  wood,  requires  a  force  nearly 
equal  to  one-third  of  what  prefTes  the  i'urfaces  toge- 
th-r.     DilRrent  fubftances  required  different  propor- 


of 


tions. 


He  alfo  found,   that  neither  the  extent  of  the  rub- 
bing furtaces,  nor  the  velocity  of  the  motion,  made  any 


confiderablc  variation  on  the  obftruiflion  to  motion. 
Thefe  were  curious  and  uneip-fted  refults.  Subfe- 
quent  obftrvations  have  made  feveral  correflions  ne- 
ceffary  in  all  thcle  propofuions.  This  fubje(5t  will  be 
more  particularly  confidered  in  another  place;  but  fince 
the  deviations  from  Mr  Amontons's  rule  are  not  very 
confiJerable,  at  leat^  in  the  cafes  which  I'ccur  in  this 
gener.il  confideration  of  maeliines,  we  fhall  make  ut'e  of 
it  in  the  mean  time.  It  gives  us  a  very  eafy  method 
of  eftimaling  the  effeift  of  fridlion  on  machines.  It  is  a 
certain  proportion  of  the  mutual  preiFure  of  the  rubbing 
Airfaces,  and  therefore  mult  vary  in  tlie  fame  propor- 
tion with  this  prefFure.  Now,  we  learn  from  the  prin- 
ciples of  (latics,  that  whatever  prelluies  are  exeited  on 
the  impelled  and  working  point  of  the  machine,  all  the 
prelFures  on  its  different  parts  liave  the  fame  conl^mt 
proportion  to  thefe,  snd  vary  as  thefe  vary  :  Theretore 
the  whole  fri^'^iou  of  the  machine  varies  in  the  fame  pro- 
portion. But  farther,  fince  it  is  found  that  the  fric- 
tion does  n'  t  fciifibly  change  with  the  velocity,  the 
force  wliich  is  juft  iliiBcient  to  overcome  the  friction, 
and  put  the  loaded  m  ichiine  in  motion,  mutt  be  very 
nearly  the  fame  with  the  force  expended  in  overcoming 
the  fri>ftion  while  the  machine  is  moving  with  any  velo- 
city whatever,  and  performing  work.  Therefore  if  we 
deduft  from  the  firce  which  jiift  puts  the  loaded  ma- 
chine in  motion  that  pait  of  it  which  balances  the  re- 
adlion  of  the  impelled  point  occafioned  by  the  refinance 
of  the  work,  or  which  balances  the  refiflance  of  th-j 
work,  the  remainder  is  the  part  of  the  impelling  power 
which  is  employed  in  overcoming  the  triftion.  If  in- 
deed the  aiftual  refilling  prclFure  of  the  work  varies 
with  the  velocity  of  the  working  point,  all  the  pref- 
fures,  and  all  the  frifficns  in  the  ilifferent  comnijricat- 
ing  parts  of  the  machine,  vary  in  tlie  fame  proportion. 
But  the  law  of  this  variation  of  working  refiftance  be- 
ing known,  the  friiflion  is  again  afcertained. 

We  can  now  ftate  the  dynamical  equilibrium  of  for- 
ces  in  the  working  machine  in  two  ways.  We  may 
either  confider  the  efficient  impelling  power  as  dimi- 
nilhed  by  all  that  portion  which  is  expended  In  over- 
coming  the  frifllon,  and  which  only  prepires  the  ma- 
chine tor  performing  wo:k,  or  we  may  confider  the  im- 
pelling power  as  entire,  and  the  work  as  incre.afed  by 
the  fri(ftion  of  the  machine  ;  that  is,  we  may  fupp;ile 
the  machine  without  fridlion,  and  that  it  is  loaded  with 
a  quantity  of  additional  refinance  aifting  at  the  work, 
ing  p  lint.  Either  of  thefe  method*  will  give  the  fame 
refult,  and  each  has  its  advantages.  We  took  the  lall 
method  in  the  flight  view  which  v.-e  took  of  this  fubje^t 
in  the  Encycl.  art.  Rotation,  n"  64.  and  (hall  there- 
fore ufe  it  here. 

Suppofing  now  this  previous  knowledge  of  all  thefe 
variable  circumftances  which  affecfl  the  mmion  of  ma- 
chines of  the  rotative  kind,  lo  that,  for  any  momentary 
pofition  of  it  while  performing  work,  we  know  what 
are  the  precife  prelFures  aifting  at  the  impelled  and 
working  points,  and  the  conftruflion  of  the  machine, 
on  which  depend  the  fridlon,  and  the  momentum  of 
its  inertia  (expreffed  in  the  article  Rotation  by 
//"■');  '^''^  ^""^  "ow  in  a  condition  to  determine  its  mo. 
tion,  or  at  leaft  its  momentary  acceleration,  competent 
to  that  pofili.in.     Therefore, 

Let  there  be  a  rotative  machine,  fo  conftrudted,  that 

while 


MACHINERY. 


Ccmpofi- 
tioii  of  the 
formula 
eiprcfling 
the  per- 
formance 
ef  a  ma- 
chine. 


1.1 

Angular 
motion  of 
the  ma- 
ckinc. 


vvliile  it  is  performing  work,  the  velocity  of  its  impelled 
point  is  to  that  of  its  working  point  as  m  to  «.  It  is 
eafy  to  demonftrate,  from  the  common  principles  cf 
ftatics,  that  if  a  fimple  wheel  and  axle  be  fubdituted 
for  it,  having  the  radius  of  the  wheel  to  that  of  the 
axle  in  the  fame  jjroportion  of  m  to  «,  and  having  the 
fame  momentum  of  friiSlion  and  inertia,  and  aifluated 
by  the  fame  preflures  at  tlie  impelled  and  working 
points,  then  the  velocities  of  thefe  points  will  be  pre- 
cifcly  the  fame  as  in  the  given  maciiine. 

Let/)  reprefent  the  intenfity  (which  may  be  meafured 
by  pounds  weight)  of  the  preliure  exerted  in  the  mo- 
ment at  the  impelled  point ;  and  r  exprefs  the  prelfure 
exerted  at  the  working  point  by  the  refillance  oppofed 
by  the  woik  that  is  then  performing.  This  may  arife 
from  the  weight  of  a  body  to  be  railed,  from  the  cohe- 
fion  of  timber  to  be  fawed,  &c.  Any  of  ihefc  refift- 
ances  may  alfo  be  meafured  by  pounds  weiglit ;  becaufe 
we  know,  that  a  certain  number  of  pounds  hung  on  the 
faw  of  a  faw  mill,  will  juft  overcome  this  colielion,  or 
overcome  it  wi'.li  any  degtee  of  fjperiority.  Therefore 
the  impelling  power  />,  and  the  refiltunce  r,  however 
differing  in  kind,  may  be  compared  as  mere  prelFures. 

Let  X  reprefent  the  quantity  of  inert  matter  which 
mnft  be  urged  by  the  impelling  i)ower/),  with  the  fame 
velocity  as  the  impelled  point,  in  order  that  this  prcf- 
fure />  may  really  continue  to  be  exerted  on  that  point. 
Thus,  if  the  impelling  power  is  a  quantity  of  water  in 
the  bucket  of  an  ovcrlhot  wheel,  ac'ting  by  its  weight, 
this  weight  cannot  impel  the  wheel  except  by  impelling 
the  water.  In  this  way,  .v  may  be  conlideied  as  repre- 
fenting  the  inertia  of  the  impelling  power,  while  />  re- 
prefents  its  preifuie  on  the  machine.  In  likv.'  manner, 
let  y  reprelent  the  quantity  of  external  inert  matter 
which  is  really  moved  witli  the  velocity  of  the  working 
point  in  the  execution  of  the  talk  peilormed  by  the 
machine. 

Whatever  be  the  momentum  of  the  inertia  of  the 
machine,  we  can  always  afceitain  what  quantity  of  mat- 
ter, attiched  to  the  impelled  point,  or  the  working 
point  of  the  wheel  and  axle,  will  require  the  fanie  force 
to  give  the  wheel  the  fame  angular  motion ;  that  is, 
which  (hall  have  the  fame  momentum  of  inertia.  Let 
the  quantity  a,  attached  to  the  working  point,  give  this 
momentum  of  inertia  an'. 

Laftly,  fwppoling  that  the  wheel  and  axle  Inve  no 
friiflinn,  let/"be  fucli  a  refillance,  that  if  applied  to  the 
working  point,  it  Ihall  give  the  fame  obftruilion  as  the 
fridion  of  the  machine,  or  require  the  fame  force  at  the 
impelled  point  to  overcome  it. 

Thefe  things  being  thus  ellabliflied,  the  angular  ve- 
locity of  the  wheel  and  axle,  that  is,  the  numbtr  of 
turns,  or  the  portion  of  a  turn,  which  it  will  nuke 
in  -A  given  time,  will  be  proportional  to  the  fraSion 

J>m  —  r_+JJl       (I.)— Sec  Rotatmn,    n"  G4,    &c. 

xm'  -}-a-J-_yn' 

F.ncycl. 

Since  the  whole  turns  together,  the  velocities  of  the 
different  points  arc  as  their  dillances  from  the  axis,  and 
may  be  txpreffcd  by  multiplying  the  common  angular 
velocity  by  thefe  diftances.  Therelore  the  above  for- 
mula, mulliplieJ  by  ;/;  or  n,  will  give  the  velocity  of  the 
impelled  or  of  the  working  point.     Therefore, 


5^^ 


ocity  of 


Velocity  cf  working  point  =  LUl—ZL+X^l.     (HI.)  Vel, 

.V  ot'  +  u  -(-  _y  n*  the  work- 

in  order  to  obtain  a  clear  conception  of  thefe  velo-  '"2  1°"^'- 
cities,  we  mud  compare  them  with  motions  with  which 
we  are  well  acquainted.  Tiie  propolition  being  univer- 
fally  true,  we  may  take  a  cafe  where  gravity  is  the  fole 
power  and  refiftance  ;  where,  for  example,  />  and  r  are 
the  weights  of  the  water  in  the  bucket  cf  a  wheel,  and 
in  the  tub  that  is  railed  by  it.  In  this  cafe,  />  =  »:,  and 
r=:y.  We  may  alfo,  for  greater  fimphcity,  fuppofe 
the  machine  without  inertia  and  fiidlion.     Tne  velocity 

or  *  IS  RowC . 

pm'  +  rn' 

Let  g  be  the  velocity  which  gravity  generates  in  a         16 

fecond.     Then  it  will  generate  the  velocity  p  /  in  the  Abfolutc 

.        °  '    °  mcafur*  of 

moment  /.  Let  v  be  the  velocity  generated  during  them, 
this  moment  in  />,  connected  as  it  is  with  the  wheel  and 
axle,  and  with  r.  This  conne(fl!on  produces  a  change 
of  condition  =z  ^  t — v.  For,  had  it  fallen  freely,  it 
would  have  acquired  the  velocity  £  l,  whereas  it  only 
ac(pilres  the  velocity  v.  In  like  manner,  had  r  fallen 
freely,  it  would  have  acquired  the  velocity  ^  t.      But, 

inftead  of  this,  it  is  railed  with  the  velocity— i.     The 

t/i 

change  on  it  is  therefore  =  ^/  -f-  — v.     lliefe  changes 

m 

of  mechanical  condition  arife  from  their  conneiflion 
with  the  corpcreal  machine.  Their  prelFures  nn  it  bring 
into  aiflion  its  connecting  forces,  and  each  of  the  two 
external  forces  is  in  immediate  equilibrium  witli  tic 
force  exerted  by  ihe  other.  The  force  excited  at  the 
impelled  point,  by  ;■  afling  at  the  working  point,  may 
be  called  the  momentum  or  energy  of  /■.  Thefe  ener- 
gies are  precifely  competent  to  the  produdion  of  iho 
changes  which  they  really  produce,  and  muff  therefore 
be  conceived  as  having  the  fan)e  proportions.  They  arc 
therefore  equal  and  oppolite,  by  the  gener.il  laws  ci- 
fervtd  in  all  acflions  of  tangible  matter  ;  that  i«,  they 
are  fucli  as  balance  each  other.  Thu^,  and  only  thus, 
the  remaining  motions  are  what  we  obfei  ve  them  to  be. 


r-t 
Velocity  of 

the  impel-  Velocity  of  impelled  point 

le^l  poiiit. 


pni^  —  r  ■{■  ]  m  n- 


rm"  -j-  a  -t-_yn' 


(II.) 


That  is,  pxs'—vXm  =  rXi/+  —  vXn 

m 

r\  '  '  '    .        "'  ' 

Ur  f>  nify  t  —  p  riv  =:  r  ng  /  -j-  r  —  v 

Or  pm'  g  t — pm^  v  =  rm  ng  t  -^^  rn'  v 
Or  pm'  —  rm  n  X  £  :  =  p  m'  +  r  ir  X  v 

That  is,  pni'  -\-  rn'  : pm'  —  r  ik  n  =:  0  t  ;  v 
That  is,  the  tlcncminiitor  of  the  fraOio':,  cprfj/i'ij  the  ve- 
locity rf  the  impilird  point,  is  to  the  mineratir  at  thf  tr- 
Ucity  "xhiih  a  heavy  lody  luou'd  acquire  in  the  momer.t 
t,  iy  fulling  freely,  is  to  the  velocily  vhlch  the  impelled 
point  acquires  in  that  moment.  The  lame  thing  is  true  of 
the  velocity  of  the  working  jioint. 

This  reafoning  fuffers  no  change  from  the  mere  com- 
plicated nature  of  the  general  propr fition.  Here  the 
impelling  power  is  fliU />,  but  the  matter  to  be  accele- 
r.iteJ  by  it  at  the  working  point  is  a  +_>•,  while  its  re- 
aftion,  diminilhing  the  impelling  power,  is  only  r.  Wo 
have  only  to  conl'ider,  in  this  cafe,  the  velocity  with 
which  a  -[-  v  would  fall  freely  when  impcllc.',  not' by 
/i-j-j',  but  only  by  /•.  The  rcfult  vrould  be  the  fame  ; 
Z  I  2  ^  : 


:M 


MACHINERY. 


17 
Perform- 
ance of  the 
niachiae. 


"  t  would  ftill  be  to  V  as  tiie  denominator  of  the  fams 
fraftion  to  its  numerator. 

Tims  have  we  difcovered  the  momentary  acceleration 
of  our  machine.  It  is  evident,  that  if  tlie  preifures  p 
and  r,  and  the  friflion  and  inertia  of  the  machine,  and 
the  external  matter,  continue  the  fame,  tlie  acceleration 
will  continue  the  fame  ;  the  motion  of  rotation  will  be 
uniformly  accelerated,  and  pm'  +  a  +yn'  will  be  to 
pni'  —  r+fmn  as  the  fpacc  s,  through  which  a  heavy 
body  would  fall  in  any  given  time,  /,  is  to  the  fpace 
through  which  the  impelled  point  will  really  have  mo- 
ved in  the  fame  time.  In  like  manner,  the  fpace 
through  which  the  working  point  moves  in  the  fame 
t>m  n  —  r  -{■  J  n' 

time  IS  =  ' =^=^ /. 

f>  m'  -\-  a  -{■  )■  /;"■ 
Thus  are  the  motions  of  the  working  machine  deter- 
xnined.  We  may  illulUate  it  by  a  very  fimple  example. 
Suppofe  a  weight  p  of  five  pounds,  defcending  from  a 
pulley,  and  dragging  up  another  weight  r  of  three 
pounds  OQ  the  other  fide,     m  and  n  are  equal,   and 

; S, 

p  +  r 

or  5        ^  j^  or-,  =-s.     Therefore,  in  a  fecond,  the 

5  +  3  ^         4 

weight  p  will  defcend  ^'h  of  i6  feet,  or  4  feet;  and 
will  acquire  the  velocity  uf  8  feet  per  fcc<ind. 

Having  obtained  a  knowledge  of  the  velocity  of  eve- 
ry point  of  the  machine,  we  can  eafily  afcei  tain  its  per- 
formance. This  depends  on  a  combination  of  the  quan- 
tity of  refiftance  that  is  overcome  at  the  working  point, 
and  the  velocity  with  which  it  is  overcome.  Thus,  in 
raifmg  water,  it  depends  on  the  quantity  (proportional 
to  the  weight)  uf  water  in  the  bucket  or  pump,  and  the 
velocity  with  which  it  is  lifted  up.  This  wdl  be  had 
by  multiplying  the  third  formula  by  r,  or  by  r^t,  or 
by  rs.     Therefore  we  obtain  this  expreffion, 


each  may  be  called  i.     The  formula  becomes 


Work  done  = 


_pmrn  —  r  +/>"  «' 


gi.     (IV.) 


p»i'  +  a  +yn'- 

Such  is  the  general  expreflicn  of  the  momentary  per- 
formance of  the  machine,  including  every  circumltance 
which  can  affea  it.  But  a  variation  of  thofe  circum- 
Uanccs  produces  great  changes  in  the  refults.  Thefe 
muft  be  difliniflly  noticed.  

Cor.  I.  li  pmrn  .be  equal  to  ;  +/rn%  there  will 
be  no  work  done,  becaufe  the  numerator  of  the  fraction 
is  annihilated.  There  is  then  no  unbalanced  force,  and 
the  natural  power  is  only  able  to  balance  the  preifure 
propagated  from  the  working  point  to  the  impelled 
point. 

2.  In  like  manner,  if  ;;  =  o,  no  work  is  done  altho' 
the  machine  turns  round.  The  working  point  has  no 
motion.  For  the  fame  reafon,  if  m  be  infinitely  great, 
although  there  is  a  great  prevalence  of  impelling  mo- 
mentum, there  will  not  be  any  fenfible  performance  du- 
ring a  finite  time.  For  the  velocity  which  p  can  im- 
prefs  is  a  finite  quantity,  and  the  impelled  point  cannot 
move  fader  than  x  would  be  moved  by  it  if  detached 
from  the  machine.  Now  when  the  infinitely  remote 
impelled  point  is  moved  through  any  finite  fpace,  the 
motion  of  the  working  point  muft  be  infinitely  leis,  or 
nothing,  and  no  work  will  be  done. 

Ranaik.  We  fee  that  there  are  two  values  of  n,  viz. 


V,  and  m  X  —■>  which  give  no  performance.     But  in 

all  other  proportions  of  m  and  11  fome  work  is  done. 
Therefore,  as  we  gradually  vary  the  proportion  of  m  to 
/I,  we  obtain  a  ferits  of  values  expreffing  the  perform- 
ance, which  muft  gradually  incrcafe  from  nothing,  and 
tiien  decreafe  to  nothing.  There  muft  therefore  be  fome 
proportion  of  m  to  «,  depending  on  the  proportion  of 
p  to  r  J^  f,  and  of  x  to  a  J^  y,  which  will  give  the 
grcateft  poilible  value  of  the  performance.  And,  on 
the  other  hand,  if  the  proportion  of  m  to  n  be  already 
determineil  by  the  cunftruclion  of  the  machine  already 
erefted,  there  muft  be  fome  proportion  of/>  to  r -f-yi 
and  of  .V  to  a  ■\-  y,  by  which  the  greateft  performance 
of  a  machine  may  be  enfured.  It  is  evident,  that  the 
determination  of  thefe  two  propoitions  is  of  the  utmoll 
importance  to  the  improvement  of  machines.  The  well 
informed  reader  will  pardon  us  for  endeavouring  to 
make  this  appear  more  forcibly  to  thofe  who  are  lefs  in- 
llruifted,  by  means  of  fome  very  fimjile  examples  of  the 
firft  principle. 

Suppofe  that  we  have  a  ftream  of  water  affording 
three  tons  per  minute,  and  that  wc  want  to  drain  :i 
pit  which  receives  one  ton  per  minute,  and  that  this 
is  to  be  done  by  a  wheel  and  axle  ?  We  widi  to  know 
the  belt  proportion  of  their  diameters  m  and  n.  Lc 
m  be  taken  z=  6 ;  and  fuppofe, 

1.  That  nz=.  I. 

„,       pmrn — r'»'      3.6.1.5 — 1.25        Gc 

Then' : --—- -r^ -^,=: -^,  =0,4887 

pm-J^rn'-  3.36+1.36  133 

2.  Let  n  be  =  6.     The  formula  is  z=  0,5. 

3.  LetK=7.  The  formula  is  =  0,49045.  Hence 
we  find,  that  the  performance  is  greater  when  n  ii  6, 
than  when  it  is  either  5  or  7. 

As  an  example  of  the  fecond  principle,  fuppofe  the 
machine  a  limple  pulley,  and  let/  be  10. 

1.  Let  r  be  ir  3.  The  formula  is i,  r=  — , 

10+3     '       ,3' 

=  1,6154. 

2.  Let  r  be  =  4.     The  formula  is  = i^I — , 

24  '°  +  4 

=  -.  =  .,7H3- 


3.  Let  r  be  =  5.     The  formula  is  = 


10  X  5  — 25 


=  ^,  =  1,6666. 


io-f.5 
Here  it  appears,  that  more  work  is 


18 


done  when  r  is  4  than  when  it  is  5  or  3. 

It  muft  therefore  be  allowed  to  be  one  of  the  moft 
important  problems  in  praiftical  mechanics  to  determine 
that  conftru(5lion  by  which  a  given  power  fli.iU  over- 
come a  given  refiftance  with  the  greateft  advantage,  and 
the  proportion  of  work  which  ihould  be  given  to  a  ma- 
chine already  conftrufted  fo  as  to  gain  a  fimilar  end. 

I.  The  general  determination  ot  the  firft  queftion  has 

but  little  difficulty.     We  muft  confider  n  as  the  vari-  Proportion 

of  the  ma- 

,  ,  .      ,       .        ,        r  .pmrn  —  r  -f  />  n'    chine 

able  magnitude   m    the   formula  ' >  which 

/,„-  +  a+j,„^       gives  tht 
which  exprelFes  the  work  done  ;  and  find  its  value  when  greateft 
the  formula  is  a  maximum.     Taking  this  method,  we  work, 
ftiall  find  that  the  formula  IV.  is  a  maximum  when  n  is 
V'v'  {r  -j-/)'  -f/-  .V  (^  -hj-)|  —  ^■  (r  +/)• 


MACHINERY. 


365 


This  expreffion  of  the  performance,  in  its  beft  ftate, 
appears  pretty  complex  ;  but  it  becomes  much  more 
fimple  in  all  the  particular  applications  of  it,  as  the  cir- 
cumltances  of  the  cafe  occur  in  praiflice. 

We  have  obtained  a  value  of  «  exprelfcd  in  parts  of 
m.  If  we  fubftitute  this  for  n  in  the  third  formula,  we 
obtain  the  greatell  velocity  with  which  the  refiftance  r, 
conneaed  with  the  inertia  j,  can  be  overcome  by  the 
power  p,  ciAmeiUd  with  the  inertia  x,  by  the  inter- 
vention of  a  machine,  whofe  momentum   of  inertia 

and    friiflion    are  a  n*    and  fn.      This  is  =  — ■ ' 

^'t.     This  exprefTes  the 

■velocity  of  tl'ie'' working' point  in  feet  per  fecond,  and 
therefore  the  a^ual  performance  of  the  machine. 

But  the  proper  proportion  of  m  to  n,  afcertained  by 
this  procefs,  varies  exceedingly,  according  to  the  nature 
both  of  the  impelling  power,  and  of  the  work  to  be  per- 
formed by  the  machine. 

I.  It  frequently  happens  that  the  work  exerts  no  con- 
trary ftrain  on  the  machine,  and  confilh  merely  in  ini- 
pelling  a  body  which  refilh  only  by  its  inertia.  This 
is  the  cafe  in  urging  round  a  millllone  or  a  heavy  fly  ; 
in  urging  a  body  along  a  horizontal  plane,  &c.  In  tins 
cafe  r  does  not  enter  into  the  formula,  which  now  be- 


<y'm-'\-') 


comes  m  X 


V.'r+fi:j^a_  +  ,)\-x/      J,.   ,he   fric- 


been  joined  w  ith  .v  in  the  exprcfllon  of  the  angular  ve- 
locity. 

3.  In  fome  cafes  we  need  not  attend  to  the  inertia  of 
the  power,  as  in  the  (learn  engine.  In  this  cafe,  if  ta- 
ken flriiflly,  n  appears  to  have  no  value,  becaufe  x  is  a 
faflor  of  every  term  of  the  numerator.  But  the  for- 
mula gives  this  general  indication,  that  the  more  infig- 
nificant  the  inertia  of  the  moving  power  is  fuppofed, 
the  larger  fhould  m  be  in  proportion  to  n  ;  provided  al- 
ways, that  the  impelling  power  is  not,  by  its  nature, 
greatly  diminidied,  by  giving  fo  great  a  velocity  to  the 
impelled  point.  This  circumftance  will  be  particularly 
conlidered  afterwards. 

4.  If  the  inertia  of  the  power  and  the  refiflance  be 
proportional  to  their  prelTures,  as  when  the  impelling 
power  is  water  lying  in  the  buckets  of  an  nverdiot  w  heel, 
and  the  work  is  the  raifing  of  water,  minerals,  or  other 
heavy  body,  ading  on/y  by  its  weight;  then/!  and  r 
may  be  fubllituted  for  A-arid^',  and  the  formula  expref- 
fing  the  value  of  n,  when  the  performance  is  a  maxi- 
mum, becomes 

\/p'  X  r  +  r-  +  f>^  X'J  +  r\  —p  X  7+7 

n  —  m  -^^ . 

/>  X  .J  -f  r 
If,  in  this  cafe,  the  inertia  and  friction  of  the  ma- 
cliine  may  be  difregarded,  as  may  often  be  done  in  pul- 
leys, we  have 


tion  be  infignificant  we  may  take  n  —  mf  . .  ,      ,      ., 
The  velocity  of  the  working  point  is 


2r+/ 
cily  of  the  working  point  is 


In  this  cafe,  the  velo- 


4*(^+/)  + 


ap^ 


n-n,       f'f 

n  z^  m     /  - 

V     r 


+ 


neatly  = .  In  this  cafe,  it  will  be  found 

2  y/  X  a  -j-  y 
that  the  velocity  acquired  at  the  end  of  a  given  time 
will  be  nearly  in  the  proportion  tt  the  power  applied  to 
the  machine. 

2.  On  the  other  hand,  and  m.ore  frequently,  the  iner- 
tia of  the  external  matter  which  muft  be  moved  in  per- 
forming the  work  need  not  be  regarded.  Tlius,  in  the 
grinding  of  grain,  fawing  of  timber,  boring  of  cylin- 
ders, &c.  the  quantity  ol  motion  communicated  to  the 
flour,  to  the  faw  dulf,  &c.  is  too  infignificant  to  be  ta- 
ken into  the  account.  In  this  cafe,  y  vanilhes  from  the 
formula,  which  becomes  extremely  fimple  when  the  fric- 
tion and  inertia  of  the  machine  are  inconfiderable.  We 
Ihall  not  be  far  from   the  truth  if  we  make  m  to  n  as 

p 
2  r  to/,  or  n  =  m  X  — == 


If  we  make  m  the  unit  of  the  radii,  and  r  the  unit 
of  force,  we  have 

n  =  v'/  +  I  —  I,  in  parts  oi tn  =z  i. 

Or,  making />  =  l,  we  have  n  =     /  -  +  '  —  ' • 

Thefe  very  fimple  eipreffions  are  of  confiderable  ufe, 
even  in  cafes  where  the  inertia  of  the  machine  is  very 
confiderable,  provided  that  it  have  no  reciprocating  mo- 
tions. A  fimple  w'heel  and  axle,  nr  a  train  of  good 
wheelwork,  have  very  moderate  friiftion.  The  general 
refiilts,  therefore,  wliich  even  very  unlettered  readers 
can  deduce  from  thefe  fimple  formulce,  will  give  notions 
tliat  are  ufeful  in  the  cslcs  which  they  cannot  fo  tho- 
roughly comprehend.  Some  fervice  of  this  kind  may 
be  derived  from  the  following  little  table  of  the  belt 
proportions  of  ra  to  h,  corrcfponding  to  the  proportions 
of  the  power  furnillied  to  the  engineer,  and  the  refift- 
ance which  mud  be  overcome  by  it.  The  quantity  r 
is  always  =  10,  and  m  =  i. 


4{r+/) 

But  it  is  rare  that  machines  of  this  kind  have  x  fmall 
inertia.  They  are  generally  very  pcnderous  and  power- 
lul;  and  the  force  which  is  necclfary  for  generating 
even  a  very  moderate  motion  in  the  unloaded  machine 
(that  is,  unloaded  with  any  work),  bears  a  great  pro- 
portion to  the  force  necedary  for  overcoming  the  re- 
fiftance oppofed  by  the  wi  rk.  The  formula  muft  there- 
fore be  ufed  in  all  the  terms,  becaufe  a  is  joined  with  y. 
It  would  have  been  fimplcr  in  this  particular,  had  a 


c 

n 

J> 

« 

I 

0,0488 

10 

0,4142 

2 

0,0954 

20 

0,7321 

3 

0,1402 

30 

I. 

4 

0,1832 

40 

1,2362 

5 

0,2246 

JO 

'.4495 

6 

0,2649 

60 

•/•4S7 

7 

0,3038 

70 

1,8284 

a 

0,3416 

80 

2, 

9 

0,3784 

90 

2,1623 

10 

0,4142 

100 

2.3166 

This  muft  fufEce  for  a  very  general  view  of  the  firft 
problem. 

II.  Tin  next  qucfticn  is  not  Icfs  mcmcntous,  namely, 

to 


366 


MACHINERY 


19 

Bed  pro' 


and  work. 


to  dotermine  for  a  machine  of  a  given  conftruiflion  that 

proportion  of  the  rcTiftnnce  at  the  working  point  to  the 

portion  of   in,pe]iji,g  power  which  will  enfure  the  grcatell  perforni- 

»',!i  xv""   ance  of  the  machine  ;  tiiMt  is,  the  proportion  of  m  to  n 

being  given,  to  tind  ihi  bell  proportion  of/>  to  r. 

This  is  a  much  more  complicated  probkm  tlian  tlie 
other;  for  here  we  have  to  attend  to  the  variations 
both  of  the  prelfureb  />  and  r,  and  aU'c  of  the  ejctenial 
matters  .■<  and  j-,  which  aie  generally  conne.5led  with 
them.  It  will  not  be  fulTicicnt  therefore  to  treat  the 
quedion  by  the  ufual  fluxionary  procefs  for  determining 
the  maximum,  in  which  r  is  confidered  as  the  only  va- 
rying quantity.  We  muft,  in  this  curfory  difcuflion, 
reft  fatislicd  with  a  comprebenfion  of  the  circumftances 
which  moft  generally  prevail  in  pradice. 

It  miift  either  happen,  that  when  r  changes  there  is 
no  change  (that  is,  of  moment)  in  the  mafs  of  external 
matter  which  mud  be  moved  in  performing  the  work, 
or  that  there  is  alfo  a  change  in  this  circumftance.  It 
no  change  happens,  the  denominator  of  the  fourth  for- 
mula, exprefling  the  performance,  remains  the  fiime  ; 
and  then  the  formula  attains  a  maximum  when  the  nu- 
merator/rmn —  r  +frn'-  is  a  maximum.  Alfo,  we 
may  include  /  without  complicating  the  procefs,  by 
the  confideration,  that/is  always  in  nearly  the  fame 
ratio  to  r  ;  and  therefore  r  +/  may  he  confidered  as  a 
certain  multiple  <f  r,  fuch  as  br.  We  may  therefore 
omit  /"  in  the  fluxionary  equations  for  obtaining  the 
maximum,  and  then,  in  computing  the  performance,  di- 
vide the  whole  by  L.     Thus  if  the  whole  friition  be 

■^th  of  the  refilling  prefTure  c,  we  have  ''  +  f~-~ 


we  may  reprefent  y  by  any  multiple  l  rJof  r,  which  the 
cafe  in  hand  gives  us ;  b  being  a  number,  integer,  or 
fraiflional.  In  the  farther  treatment  of  this  cafe,  we 
think  it  more  convenient  to  free  r  from  all  other  com- 
binaticns ;  and  inflead  of  fuppofmg  the  force/ (which 
we  made  oquivali.-nt  v.ith  the  friflion  of  the  machine\ 
to  be  applied  at  the  working  point,  we  may  apply  it  at 
the  impelled  point,  making  the  tffeiftive  power  y  =  /> — ■_/". 
I'or  the  fame  reafins,  inftead  of  making  the  momentum 
of  the  machine's  inertia  =  an',  we  may  make  it  am*, 
and  make  ti-\-x:=%.  Now,  fuppofing  y,  or  p — f, 
=  I,  and  alio  m=  i,  our  formula  eiprcffing  the  per- 


formance becomes- 


z  +  brn' 


.  This  is  a  maximum  when 


21 

20' 


Having  afcertained  the  bed  value 


r  7Z ^! — — 

in' 

Cor.  I.   If  the  inertia  of  the  work  is  always  equal  to 

its  prelTure,  as  when  the  work  confifts  wholly  in  raifing 

a  weight,  fuch  as  drawing  water,  &c.  then  b=  i,  and 

the  formula  for  the  maximum  performance  becomes 

>/zii  +  z'  —  z 
r  = . 

2.  If  the  inertia  of  the  impelling  power  is  alfo  the 
fame  with  its  preiTure,  and  if  we  may  neglcd  the  iner- 
tia and  friaion  of  the  machine,  the  formula  becomes 

Vn  -4-1  —  I 
r  =:  : , 

»' 

Example.     Let  the  machine  be  a  common  pulley,  f ) 

that  the  radii  vi  and  n  are  equal,  and  therefore  n  =  I . 

rr.,  v'  I  -t-  I  —  I  , 

Then,  r  = ■ ,     =.  a/  z  —  1,    =:  0,4142, 

&c.  more  than  -fths  of  what  would  balance  it. 

Here  follows  a  feries  of  the  bell  values  of  r,  corre- 


of  r,  and  b 

for  r,  we  put  this  in  its  place  in  the  fourth  formula,  and    fponding  to  different  values  of  n.    m  and/  are  each  =  i. 

The  numbersin  the  laft  column  havethe  lame  proportion 


take  —  of  this  for  the  performance 

21 
differ  much  from  the  truth. 


This  will  never 


p  m  n 


This  procefs  gives  w%  p  m  n  =.  2  «'  r,  and  r  =^       ^  . 

— -t-^i  and  if  we  farther  fimplify  the  procefs,  by  ma- 

2  n  ] 

king  p  —  \,  and  m  =  i,  we  have  r  =  —  ;  a  moft  fim- 

pie  espreffinn,  direfling  us  to  make  the  refiftance  one 
half  of  what  would  balance  the  impelling  power  by  the 
intervention  of  the  machine. 

This  will  evidently  apply  to  many  very  important 
cafes,  namely,  to  all  thofe  in  which  the  matter  put  in 
motion  by  the  working  point  is  but  trifling. 

But  it  alfo  happens  in  many  important  cafes,  that  the 


to  1  which  r  has  to  the  refiftance  which  will  balance/. 

«=-i         r=  1,8885  0,472410   1 

;-  1 ,3928  0.4639 

-{■  0,8986  0,4493 

1  0,4142  0,4142 

2  0,1830  0,3660 

3  OMW  0,3333 

4  0,0772  0,3088 

From  what  has  now  been  eflablifhed,  we  fee  with  fuf- 
ficient  evidence  the  importance  of  the  higher  mathema- 
tics to  the  fcience  of  mechanics.  If  the  velocities  of 
the  impelled  and  working  points  of  an  engine  are  not 
properly  adjufted  to  the  prclTures,  the  inertia,  and  the 
Iridion  of  the  machine,  we  do  not  derive  all  the  advan- 


change  is  at  leaft  equally  confiderablc  in  the  inertia  of  tages  which  we  might  from  cur  lituatinn.     Hence  alfo 

the  work.     In  this  cafe  it  is  very  difficult  to  obtain  a  we  learn  the  falfity  of  the  maxim  which  has  been  re- 

seneral  folution.     But  we  can  hardly  imagine  fuch  a  ceived  as  well  founded,  that  the  augmentation  of  in- 

changf,  without  fuppofing  that  the  inertia  of  the  work  tenfity  of  any  force,  by  applying  it  to  the  long  arm  of  c-n^^j 

varies  in  the  fame  proportion  as  the  prelFure  excited  by  a  lever,  is  always  fully  compenfated  by  a  lofs  of  time  ;  but 


It  at  tlie  working  point  of  the  machine  ;  for  fince  r 
continues  the  fame  in  kind,  it  can  raiely  change  but  by 
a  prcportional  change  of  the  matter  with  which  it  is 
connefled.  Yet  fome  very  important  cafes  occur  where 
this  does  not  happen.  Such  is  a  machine  which  forces 
water  alcng  a  long  main  pipe.  The  refiftance  to  motion 
and  the  quantity  of  water  do  not  follow  nearly  the  fame 
ratio.     But  in  the  cafes  in  whicli  this  ratio  is  obferved. 


or,  as  it  is  ufually  exprelFed,  "  what  we  gain  by  a  ma-  netus  ma" 
chine  in  force  we  lofe  in  time."  If  the  proportion  of  J^''^'- 
m  to  n  is  well  chofen,  we  ihall  find  that  the  work  done, 
when  it  refills  by  its  inertia  only,  increafes  nearly  in  the 
proportion  of  the  power  employed  ;  whereas  when  the 
inertia  of  the  work  is  but  a  Imall  part  of  the  refitlancr, 
it  increafes  nearly  hQ  the  duplicate  ratio  of  the  power 
employed. 

It 


MACHINERY. 


3^7 


20 

Ciu'cswhy 
rnachines 
do  not  con- 
tinually ac- 
celerate. 


I .  Incrcafc 
of  iiiii'wn. 


a.  Refin- 
ance of 
«ir. 


It  was  rem.irkeJ,  in  the  fetting  out  in  the  prefent 
problem,  ihiit  tlie  forniulae  do  not  immediately  exprefs 
the  velocity  of  any  point  of  the  machine,  but  its  mo- 
mentary acceleration.  But  lliis  is  enough  for  our  pur- 
pol'c  ;  becaufc,  when  the  mnmentary  acceleration  is  a 
maximum,  the  velocity  acquireJ,  and  the  fpace  del'cri- 
bed,  in  any  given  time,  is  aUo  a  maximum.  We  alfo 
Ihevi'ed  how  the  real  ve'-icities,  and  the  fpaces  defcribed, 
may  be  aicei  taincd  in  knovrn  meafures.  We  may  fay 
in  general,  that  if  5  reprefent  the  prefTure  of  gravity  on 

any  mafs  of  matter  <w,  then  -i-  is  to  x ^  .  '  -l—  as 

'''  a  m'  -\-  a  -{•  y  n^ 

16  fict  to  the  fpace  defcribed  in  a  fecond  by  the  work- 
iog  point  in  a  fecond,  or  as  32  feet  per  fecond  is  to  the 
velocity  acquired  in  that  time. 

A  remark  now  remains  to  be  made,  which  is  of  the 
greateft  confequcnce,  and  gives  an  unexpefled  turn  to 
the  whole  of  the  preceding  dcdrines.  It  appears,  from 
all  that  has  been  faid,  that  the  motion  ot  a  machine 
mail  be  uniformly  accelerated,  and  that  any  pc  int  will 
defcrilie  fpaces  proportional  to  the  fquares  of  the  times ; 
for  while  the  preliures,  friiflinn,  and  momentum  of  iner- 
tia leinain  the  lame,  the  momentary  acceleration  muft 
alfo  be  invariable.  But  this  ieems  contrary  to  all  expe- 
jicnce.  Such  machines  as  are  properly  conUrucled,  and 
work  wiihout  jilts,  are  obfervet!  to  quicken  their  pace 
for  a  few  feconds  after  llarting  ;  but  all  of  them,  in  a 
very  moderate  time,  acquire  a  motion  that  is  (enfibly 
tiniform.  Is  our  theory  erroneou<^,  or  what  are  the 
circunillances  which  remain  to  be  confiJered,  in  order 
to  make  it  a^ree  with  obfervation .'  The  fcience  oi 
machines  is  imperfeift,  till  we  have  explained  the  cau- 
fes  of  this  deviation  from  the  theciry  of  uniloim  accele- 
ration. 

Thcfe  caufes  are  various. 

I.  In  fjme  cafes,  every  increafe  of  velocity  of  the 
machine  produces  an  increafe  of  liiiflion  in  all  its  com- 
rcimicating  paits.  By  tliele  means,  the  accelerating 
force,  which  is  pm  —  r  -\-fn,  or  p — /">«  —  rn,  is  di- 
minilhed,  and  conlequently  the  acceler.ition  is  dimi- 
liifhed.  But  it  fcldom  happens  that  friiflion  takes  away 
ox  employs  the  whole  accekratmg  fpne.  We  are  not 
yet  Well  inllruiSed  in  the  nature  of  frlflion.  Mill  of 
ihc  kinds  of  friftion  which  obtain  in  the  communicat- 
ing parts  of  machines,  are  fuch  as  do  not  fenfibly  in- 
creafe by  an  incieafe  of  velicity  ;  fome  of  them  leally 
diminiih.  Yet  even  the  moll  accurately  conllruiSed  ma- 
chines, unloaded  witli  work,  attain  a  motion  that  is  fen- 
fibly uniform.  ]f  we  take  off  the  pullets  from  a  pen- 
dulum clock,  and  allow  it  to  run  down  amain,  it  acce- 
lerates for  a  while,  but  in  a  very  moderate  time  it  ac- 
quires an  unform  motion.  So  docs  a  common  kitchen 
jack.  Thefe  two  machines  feem  to  bid  the  faireft  of 
any  for  an  imifornily  accelerated  motion;  for  their  im- 
pelling p'sver  adts  with  the  utmoll  uniformity.  There 
is  fonieilimg  yet  uii  xplained  in  the  nature  of  friflion, 
which  takes  away  f  me  of  this  acceleration. 

But  the  chief  c.iu'e  of  its  celFation  in  thefe  two  in- 
ftances,  and  others  eif  very  rapid  motion,  is  the  refinance 
of  the  air.  This  aril'es  from  the  motion  which  is  com- 
mirnicated  to  the  air  difplaced  by  the  fwift  moving  parts 
of  the  machir.e.  At  fi:ll  it  is  very  fmall  ;  but  it  increa- 
fes  nearly  in  the  dujiiicate  ratio  of  the  velocity  (lee  Ra 
tMrAHCf.  of  Fluids,  Encyd.J.     Tlius  r  incrcafcs  coa- 


nually  ;  and,  in  a  certain  ftatc  of  motion,  r  +/n  be- 
comes equal  to  pm.  Whenever  this  happens,  the  ac- 
celerating power  is  at  an  end.  The  acceleration  alfo 
ceafes ;  and  the  machine  is  in  a  flate  of  dynamical  equi- 
librium ;  not  at  rtik,  but  moving  uniformly,  and  per- 
forming work. 

Still,  however,  this  is  not  one  of  the  general  caufes  3-  Increafe 
of  the  uniform   motion  attained  by  working  engines.  "' "fiil- 

Rarely  is  the  motion  of  their  parts  fo  rapid,  as  to  oc-  ?"""'T 

r  r.t  1-  L        •  ,,        ■       1      impcrfeS- 

cahon  any  great  reliltance  ironi  the  air.     But  in  the  •    • 


mnfl  frequent  employments  of  machines,  every  increafe 
of  velocity  is  accompanied  by  an  increafe  of  refillar.ce 
from  the  work  pertoniied.  This  occurs  at  once  to  the 
imagination  ;  and  few  perfons  think  of  inquiiing  faither 
for  a  reafon.  But  there  is  perhaps  no  part  of  mecha- 
nics that  is  more  imperfeiftly  underftood,  even  in  our 
prefent  improved  Rate  of  mechanical  fcience.  In  many 
kinds  of  work,  it  is  very  difficult  to  (late  what  increa  e 
of  labour  is  required  in  order  to  perform  ilie  work  with 
twice  or  thrice  the  fpeed.  In  grinding  corn,  Icr  in- 
llance,  we  are  ainioil  entirely  ignorant  of  this  ma'ter. 
It  is  vciy  certain,  that  twice  the  lorce  is  not  nccelTary 
for  making  the  mill  grind  twite  as  faft,  nor  even  f i  r 
irfaking  it  grind  twice  as  much  grain  equally  well.  It 
is  not  eafy  to  bring  this  operation  under  mathertiatiial 
treatment;  but  we  have  confdered  it  with  fome  atten- 
tion, and  we  imagine  that  a  very  great  improvement 
may  Itill  be  made  in  the  conlhuction  of  grift  iniil'--, 
founded  on  the  law  of  variation  of  the  refifkunce  to  the 
operation  t^t  grinding,  and  a  Icientitic  ?.djullmei)t  of  m 
to  «,  in  confequence  cf  our  knowledge  oi  this  law.  We 
may  make  a  limilar  obfervation  on  many  otlier  kinds  of 
work  performed  by  machines.  In  none  c  f  thofe  works 
where  the  inertia  cf  the  work  is  inconfiderable,  are  we 
well  acquainted  with  the  real  mechanical  procefs  in  per- 
forming it.  This  is  the  cafe  in  fawlng  miils,  b'^nng 
mills,  rolling  mills,  flitting  mills,  and  manyotl.ers,  vhere 
the  work  confitls  in  ovei coming  the  (lioiig  cchefion  of 
a  fmall  quantity  of  matter.  In  fawlng  timber  (whicii 
is  the  mtft  eafily  underitood  ot  all  thel'e  operations),  if 
the  law  move  with  a  double  velocity,  it  is  very  dlfncu'.t 
to  f.iy  how  much  the  actual  refuting  prelTure  on  the 
teeth  of  the  faw  is  increafcd.  Twice  the  number  of 
(ibres  are  necelfarily  torn  .uundcr  during  the  fame  time, 
l)ecaufe  the  fame  number  are  torn  by  rne  defcent  of  the 
faw,  and  it  makes  that  llioke  in  half  the  time.  But 
it  is  very  uncertain  whether  the  refirtance  is  double  on 
this  account ;  becaufe  if  each  fibre  be  fuppofed  to  have 
the  fame  tenacity  in  both  cafes,  it  relills  with  this  tena- 
city only  for  half  the  time.  The  parts  of  bodies  relill 
a  limilar  change  of  condition  in  dilFsrent  manners ;  and 
tliere  is  another  difference  in  their  refillance  ct  different 
ch.inges — the  refiftance  of  red  hot  iron  under  the  roller 
may  vary  at  a  very  different  rate  from  that  ot  its  relifl- 
ance  to  the  cutting  tool.  The  ret'illance  of  the  fplndlcs 
of  a  cotton  mill,  arifing  partly  tVom  friiflion,  partly  from 
the  inertia  of  the  heaped  bobbins,  and  partly  tiom  the 
refifl.mce  <'f  the  air,  is  l\ill  more  complicated,  and  it 
may  be  difficult  to  learn  its  law.  The  only  cafe  in 
which  we  can  judge  with  fome  precifion  is,  wiien  the 
inertia  of  matter,  or  a  conftant  prelfuie  like  that  of  gr.»- 
vity,  conlliiute'!  tlie  chief  refillanc*.  Thus  in  a  mill 
empl  lyed  to  r.iifc  water  by  3  chain  of  buckets,  tire  re- 
filhince  proceeds  from  the  inertw  only  of  the  water. 
X<ie  buckets  are  moving  with  a  certain  velocity,  and 

ihc 


ly  known. 


368  MACHINERY. 

the  lowell  of  ihcm  lakes  hold  of  a  quantity  of  water    by  the  atmofplisre ;  but  it  ferves  us  at  prefcut  for  a 

lyinc  at  veil  in  llii  pit,  and  drags  it  into  motion  with     nieafure  of  the  power  of  the   wheel.     At  laft,  all  the 

Its  acquiieJ  velocity.     The  force  required  lor  gencrat-    buckets  of  the  wheel  arc  iull,  and  the  water  is  (for  ex- 

iiig  this  iiioiicn  on  the  quiel'cent  water  mull  be  double     ample)  25  feet  high  in  the  pipe.     Now  lit  the  ftrcam 

or  triple,  when  the  velocity  that  mull  be  given  to  it  is    of  water  run  its  full  quantity.     It  will  only  run  over 

fo.     This  abforbs  the  overplus  of  the  impelling  power,    from  bucket  to  bucket,  and  run  off  at  the  bottom  cf  the 

by  which  that  power  exceeds  what  is  necelfary  for  ba-    wheel  ;  but  the  mill  w  ill  not  move,  and  no  work  will 

lancing  the  weight  of  the  water  contained  in  all  the     be  performed.      (N.  B.  We  are  here  excluding  all  im- 

afcending  buckets.     This  is  a  cei  tain  determinate  quan-    pulfe  or  ftroke  on  llie  buckets,  and  fuppofing  the  wa« 

tity  which  does  not  change  ;  for  in  the  fame  inllant  that    ter  to  a..^  only  by   its  weight.)     But  now  let  all  be 

a  new  bucket  of  water  is  forced  into  motion  below,  and     emptied  again,  and  let  the  water  be  delivered  on  thi 

its  weight  added  to  that  of  the  afcending  buckets,  an     wheel  in  its  lull  quantity  at  the  firlf .     The  wheel  will 

equal  bucket  is  emptied  of    its  water  at  top.       The     immediately  acquire  a  preponderancy,  which  will^rfa//y 

alcending  buckets  tequire  only  to   be  balanced,    and    exceed  the  Hrlt  fmall  prclfure  ol  the  atmofphere  on  the 

they  then  continue  to  afcend,  with  any  velocity  already    pillon.   Ic  will  therefore  accelerate  the  pifton,  overcom- 

acquired.     While  the  machine  moves  flow,  the  motion    ing   the   preli'ure  of  tlie  air  with  great  velocity.     The 

imprelTcd  on  the  new  bucket  of  water  is  not  fufficient    pilton  riles  fait  ;  the  water  follows  ic,  by  the  prefTure 

to  abforb  all  the  overplus  of  impelling  power.     The    ot  the  atmofphere ;  and  when  it  attains  the  former  ut- 

quantity  not  abforbcd  accelerates  the  machine,  and  the    mod  height,  it  attains  it  with  a  cunfiderable  velocity. 

next  bucket  muft  produce  more  motion  in  the  water     If  allowed  to   run  off  there,  it  will  continue  to  run  ofiF 

which  it  takes  up.     This  confumes  more  of  the  over-    with  that  velncity  ;  becaufe  there  is  the  fame  quantity 

plus.     This  goes  on  till  no  overplus  of  power  is  left,    of  water  prelling  round  the  wheel  as  before,  and  therc- 

and  the  machine  accelerates  no  more.      The  complete    lore  enough  to  balance  the  prelTure  of  the  atmofphere 

perfotmance  of  the  machine  now  is,  that  "  a  ceriaift    on  the  pillon.     The  prclfure  ol  tlic  fame  atmofphere  on 

quantity  of  water,  formerly  at  reft,  is  now  moving  with    the  water   in   the  cillern,  raifed  the  water  in  the  pipe 

a  certain  velocity."    Our  engineers  conlider  it  different-    with  this  velocity  ;  therefore  it  will  continue  to  do  fo, 

ly;   "  as  a  certain  -jaeight  of  water  lifted   up."     But    and  the  mill  will  deliver  water  by  the  pump  with  this 

while  the  machine  is  thus  moving  uniformly,  it  is  really     velocity,  although  there  is  no  more  prefTure  afling  on 

not  doing  fo  much  as  bef  re  ;  that  is,  it  is  not  exerting    it  than  before,   when  the  water  ran  to  walle,  doing  no 

fuch  great  prefiures  as  before  the  motion  was  rendered    work  whatever. 

uniform  :  for  at  that  time  there  was  a  prelTure  at  the  This  mode  of  aftion  is  extremely  different  from  the 
working  point  equal  to  the  weight  of  all  the  water  in  former  example.  The  mill  is  not  afling  againft  the 
the  afcending  buckets ;  and  alio  an  overplus  of  prelTure,  inertia^  ol  the  water  to  be  moved,  but  againll  the  pref- 
by  which  the  whole  was  accelerated.  In  the  ftate  of  fure  r  of  the  atmofphere  on  the  pifton.  The  prelTure 
uniform  motion,  the  prefTure  is  no  more  than  juft  ba-  of  the  fame  atmolpliere  on  the  ciflern  is  employed  againft 
lances  the  weight  of  the  afcending  chain.  We  fhall  the  inertia  of  the  water  in  the  pipe;  and  the  ufe  of  the 
learn  by  and  bye  how  the  prelTuies  have  been  diminiih-  mill  is  \.o  give  occafion,  by  raifing  the  pifton,  to  the  ex- 
ing,  although  the  mill  has  been  accelerating  ;  a  thing  ertion  of  this  atmofpherical  prclfure,  which  is  the  real 
that  feems  a  paradox.  raifer  of  the  water.     The  maxim  of  conftrudion,  and 

In  this  inftance,  then,  we  fee  clearly,  why  a  machine    the  proper  adjuftment  of  nj  to  n  in  this  cafe,  arc  diffe- 
mull  attam  a  uniform  motion.     A  pumping  machine    rent  from  the  former  ;  and  we  lliould  run  the  rilk  of  ma- 
gives  us  the  fame  opportunity,  but  in  a  manner  fo  dif-    king  an  imperfeft  engine  were  we  to  confound  them, 
ferent  as  to  require  explanation.     The  pifton  may  be         We  mull  mention   another  cafe  of  a  pumping  mill, 
fuppofcd  at  the  very  furface  of  the  pit  water,  and  the    feemingly  the  fame  with  this,  but  elTentially  difFerent. 


impelling  power  may  be  lefs  than  will  fupport  a  column 
in  the  pipe  as  high  as  can  be  raifed  by  the  preffure  of 
the  atmofphere.  Suppofe  the  impelling  power  to  be 
the  water  lying  in  the  buckets  of  an  overlhot  wheel. 


Suppofe  the  pipe  of  this  pump  to  reach  30  feet  below 
the  furface  of  the  pit  water,  and  that  the  pillon  is  at 
the  very  bottom  of  it.  Suppofe  alfo,  that  the  wheel 
buckets,  when  filled  with  water,  only  enable  it  10  fiip- 


JLet  this  water  be  laid  into  the  buckets  by  a  very  fmall  port  25  feet  of  water  in  the  rifing  pipe.     Let  the  wa- 

llream.     It  will   hll  the  buckets  very  flowly  ;  and  as  ter  be  delivered  into  the  wheel  drop  by  drop.     The 

this  gives  them  a  preponderance,  the  mill  lofes  its  ba-  wheel  will  gradually  preponderate ;  the  pifton  will  gra- 

lance,  the  wheel  begins  to  move,  and  the  pifton  to  rife,  dually  rife,  lifting  the  water  above  it,  fuftaining  a  pref- 

and  the  water  to  follow  it.     The  water  may  be  deli-  fure  of  water  which  gradually  increafes.     At  laft,  the 

vcred  on  the  wheel  drop  by  drop  ;  the  pifton  will  rife  water  in  the  pump  is  25  feet  higher  than  that  in  the 

by  infenlible  degrees,  always  ftanding  ftill  again  as  foon  ciftern  ;  the  wheel  is  full  and  running  to  wafte  ;  but 

as  the  atmofpheric  prclfure  on  it  juft  balances  the  wa-  no  work  is  performed.     Let  all  be  emptied,  and  now 

ter  on  the  wheel.     The   water  in  the  riling  pipe  is  al-  let  the  water  come  to  the  wheel  in  its  full  ftream,  but 

ways  a  balance  to  the  preffure  of  the  atmofphere  on  the  without  impulfe.     The  pifton  will  lift  the  water  brifk- 

ciftern  ;  therefore  the  prelTure  of  the  atmofphere  on  the  ly,  bring  it  to  2J  feet  high  with  a  confiderable  velocity, 

pifton  (which  is  the  r  in  our  formula)  is  equal  to  the  and  the  mill   will  now  raife  it  with  this  velocity.     In 

weight  of   this  water.      Our   pump  makers    therefore  this  example,  the  mill  is  the  immediate  agent  in  raifing 

(calling  thcml'elves  engineeis)  fay,  that  the  weight  of  the  water;  but,  in  this  cafe  alfo,  its  ultimate  office  is 

water  in  the  pipe  balances  the  water  on  the  wheel.     It  not  overcoming  inertia,  but  overcoming  prelTure.     It 

does  not  balance  it,  nor  is  it  raifed  by  the  wheel,  but  was  the  overplus  of  power  only  that  was  employed  in 

ovcrcomin;: 


tl. 


22 
The  chief 
caufc  is  a 
teal  dimi- 
■ution  of 
power. 


M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y. 

•vercoming  inenia,  while  accelerating  the  water  in  ilie  dy  in  rapid  motion  as  on  one  at  retl,  yet  when  gravity 
rifjng  pipe,  in  order  to  give  it  the  neceflary  velocity  for  is  not  the  immediate  agent,  but  afls  by  the  intervention 
a  continued  difchargc. 

Thefe  and  firailar  examples  (hew  the  great  dilTerence 
between  the  ftatical  and  dynamical  equilibrium  of  ma- 
chines, and  the  necelTity  of  a  fcientific  attention  by  all 
who  wifli  to  improve  pradllcal  mechanics.  Without  this, 
and  even  a  pretty  refined  attention,  we  cannot  fee  the 
connexion  between  a  copious  fupply  of  water  to  the 
bucket  wheel  and  a  plentiful  difcharge  by  the  pump. 
We  bslieve,  that  the  greateft  part  of  thofe  employed  in 


569 


of  a  body  in  whicli  it  refidcs,  the  necelBty  of  previoufly 
moving  this  body  frequently  diminiflies  the  acceleration 
which  it  would  otherwife  produce.  Thu5,  in  an  cver- 
rhot  wheel,  if  the  water  be  delivered  in'.o  the  bucket 
with  a  velocity  (eftimated  in  tlie  direiflion  of  the  part 
of  the  wheel  into  which  it  is  delivered )  lefs  than  that  cf 
the  rim  of  the  wheel,  it  muft  retard  llie  motion  ;  for  it 
muft  be  immediately  dragged  into  that  motion  ;  that  is, 
part  oi'  the  accelerating  overplus,  already  afling  on  the 
erecting  machines  conceive  it  as  owing  to  the  greater  wheel,  muft  be  employed  in  accelerating  this  new  buck- 
weight  of  water  impelling  the  wheel  witli  greater  et  of  water,  and  this  muft  leiTcn  the  general  acceleration 
force  ;  but  we  fee  that  there  is  no  difference  in  the  pref-  of  the  machine.  Hence  we  learn,  that  the  water  muft 
fures  on  the  mill  at  reft,  and  the  mill  doing  its  work  be  delivered  on  the  wheel  with  a  velocity  that  is  at  leaft 
fteadilyand  uniformly, with  any  velocity.however great,    not  lefs  than  that  of  the  wheel's  motion. 

Without  keeping  the  notions  of  that  part  of  the  im-  The  cM'e  in  which  we  fee  this  diminution  of  power  it  obtsin* 
pelling  power  which  fupports  diftindl  from  that  of  the  on  machines  moft  diftindlly  is,  when  water  or  wind,  in  all  ma- 
part  which  accelerates,  we  fhall  never  have  a  clear  con-  afling  by  impulfe  alone,  is  our  moving  power.  Since '^'"''"  ^'^- 
ceplion  of  the  operation  of  machines,  or  of  mechanical  the  mutual  impulfes  of  bodies  depend  entirely  on  their  T"^'^?  ^f 
power  in  general.  We  cannot  derivs  all  the  advanta-  relative  motions  (fee  Impulsion,  Suppl.),  it  follows,  ""^''"'''"' 
ges  of  ctir  natural  powers,  without  knowing  how  our  that  when  the  veKcity  of  the  impelled  point  is  aug- 
machine  employs  the  preffure  excited  by  it  at  the  work-    menteJ,  the  impulfioD,  or  effeflive  prelfure,  muft  be 

diminilhed.  Nay,  this  velocity  may  be  fo  increafed, 
that  there  (hall  b;  no  relative  motion,  and  therefore  no 
impullion.  If  the  floats  of  an  undeiftiot  wheel  be  mo- 
ving  with  the  velocity  of  the  ftream,  they  remain  con- 
joined  in  their  progrefs,  but  without  any  mutual  ac- 
tion. Therefore,  when  an  i:nderlhot  wheel  is  fet  into 
a  running  water,  the  Grft  impulfions  are  ftrong,  and  ac- 
celsrate  the  w.  eel.  This  diminilhes  the  next  iimpulllon 
and  acceleration :  but  the  wheel  is  ftill  impelled  and 
accelerated  ;  lefs  and  lefs  in  every  fucceeding  momenr, 
as  it  moves  fafter ;  by  and  bye,  die  acceleration  be- 
comes inlenfible,  and  the  wheel  appears  to  attain  a  mo- 


ing  point;  that  is,  without  perceiving  in  what  cafes  it 
is  oppofed  to  inertia,  and  in  what  to  the  mechanical 
properties  of  tangible  matter.  This  only  can  inlorm 
us  at  what  rate  the  rcfiftance  varies  by  a  change  of  ve- 
locity  ;  and  when  it  happens  that  this  augmentation,  ne- 
celTarily  accompanied  by  an  augmentation  of  all  the 
fiiftions,  and  tlie  refiftance  of  the  air,  is  in  equilibrio 
with  the  whole  of  the  impelling  power,  and  all  accele- 
ration is  at  an  end. 

Laftly,  another  chief  caufe  of  the  finally  uniform  mo- 
tion of  machines  is,  that,  in  moft  cafes,  an  increafe  of 
velocity  produces  a  real  diminution  of  impelling  power. 


We  hardly  know  any  exception  to  this  befides  the  em-  tion  which  is  perfectly  uniform.  This  requires  a  very 
ployment  of  one  defcending  weight  as  a  power  or  firft  long  time,  or  rather  it  is  never  attained,  and  we  only 
mover.     Moft  of  the  powers  which  we  employ  refide  in    cannot  difcern  the  very  fmall  ad. litions  which  are  lliU 


bodies  external  to  the  machine ;  and  thefe  bodies  muft 
be  put  in  motion,  and  continued  in  that  motion,  in  or- 
der to  continue  their  prefkire  on  the  impelled  poii.t. 
Frequently  a  great  part  of  the  power  is  employed  in  gi- 
ving  this  necelfarv  motion  to  the  external  matter,  and 
the  remainder  only  is  employed  in  prelling  forward  the 
machine.  We  mentioned  a  remarkable  inftance  of  this 
in  the  operation  of  thraftiing.  Now,  the  power  thus 
employed  muft  increafe  in  proportion  to  the  motion  re- 
quired ;  that  is,  in  proportion  to  the  velocity  of  the  im- 
pelled point ;  what  remains,  urging  forward  the  ma- 
chine, is  iheretore  diminiftied.  The  acceleration  is 
therefore  diminiftied,  and  may  ceafc.  At  Liji  the  ac- 
tual prelTure  is  fo  much  diminilhed,  that  it  is  no  more 


made  to  the  velocity.  All  this  happens  gerer.illy  af- 
ter a  very  moderate  time,  by  reafon  of  vaiious  other 
obftrutftions. 

Animal  aftipn  is  fubjeifl  to  the  fame  variation.     We  Or  ^y  the 
know,  that  there  is  a  certain  rate  at  which  a  horfe  can  force  of  inj. 
run,  exhaufting  or  employing  his  whole  ftrength.     If"^- 
he  be  made  to  drag  any  thefmalleft  load  alter  hi.ni,  he 
muft  employ  psrt  of  his  force  on  it,  and  his  fpeed  will 
be  checked.     The  more  he  is  loaded  with  a  drausht, 
the  llower  he  will  run,  ftill  employing  all  his  ftrencth. 
The  draught  may  be  increafed  till  he  is  reduced  to  a 
trot,  to  a  walk,  nay,  till  he  is  unable  to  draw  it.     Now, 
juft  inverting  this  procefs,  we  fee,  that  there  is  a  ceitain 
ftrain  which  will  futlicienily  tire  the  horfe  without  ftir- 


than  what  is  necelfary  for  overcoming  the  increafed  re-  ring  from  the  fpot,  but  which  he  could  continue  to  tx- 

fiftance  of  the  work,  the  increafed  friclion.     The  ma-  ert  for  hours.     This  is  greater  than  the  load  that  he 

chine  therefore  accelerate^  no  more,  but  moves  uni-  can  juft  cr.iwl  along  with,  employing  his  ftrengih  as 

formly.  much  as  would  he  pruJent  to  continue  trom  day  to 

This  caufe       This  caufe  of  the  diminution  of  power  by  an  increafe  day.     And,  in  liko  manner,  every  lelicr  dr.»ught  has  a 

very  gene-  of  velocity,  obtains  in  all  cafes  where  the  ftrength  of  correfponding  rate,  at  which  the  horfe,  employing  his 

•*'•              animals,  offprings,  the  force  of  fired  gunpowder,  &c.  whole  working  ftrength,  cm  continue  to  draw  at  du- 

is  exerted.      In  fome  cafes,  the  vifible  cS/St  is  not  very  ring  jhe  working  hours  of  a  day.     At  fetting  out,  he 

confidcrablc  ;  as  in  the  employment  of  a  ftrong  fpring,  poiis  harder,  and  accelerates  ii.     Following  his  pull,  lie 

the  force  of  gunpowder,  and  a  few  others.     In  the  ac-  walks  (after,  and  therefoie  pulls  lefs  (becaufe  we  are 

tion  of  .inimaU,  this  defalcation  of  power  is  very  great  ftill    fuppofing    him    to    employ    Lis    whole   working 

when  the  velocity  is  confiderable.     Nay,  even  in  the  ftrcngilij.     At  laft  he  attains  that  fpccd  whicli  occu- 


a(ftion  of  gravity,  althcugh  it  aifli  as  ftrongly  on  a  bo- 
SuprL.  Vol.  II. 


pies  his  whcle  ftrength  in  merely  continuing  tiie  pnil. 
3  A  Otl.^ 


37° 


MACHINERY. 


13 
\Vc  muft 
dilliiiguifli 
between 
the  power 
expended 
and  the 


Other  animals  afl  in  a  (imilar  manner  ;  and  it  becomes 
a  general  rule,  that  the  preflure  actually  exerted  on  the 
impelled  point  of  a  machine  diminiflies  as  its  velocity 
increafcs. 

From  the  concurrence  of  fo  many  fafls,  we  perceive 
that  we  mull  be  caiet'ul  to  dillinguilh  between  the  quan- 
tity of  power  expended,  and  the  quantity  that  is  ufe- 
t'ully  employed,  which  mull  be  mealured  folely  by  the 
ptelfure  exeited  on  the  machine.     When  a  weight  ot 
five  pounds  is  employed  to  drag  up  a  weight  ot  three 
powc'rem-  pounds  by  means  of  a  thread  over  a  ptiUey,  it  delcends, 
ployed.        with  a  motion  uniformly  accelerated,  four  teet  in  the 
fiill  fecond.     Mr  Smeaton  would  call  this  an  expendi- 
ture of  a  mechanical   power  20.     The  weight  three 
pounds  is  raifed  four  feet.     Mr  Smeaton   would  call 
this  a  mechanical  effect  12.     Therefore  the  effcil  pro- 
duced  is  not  adequate  to  the   power  expended.     But 
the  faa  is,  that  the  preifure,  llrain,  or  mechanical  power 
really  exerted  in  this  experiment,  is  neither  five  nor  three 
pounds;  the  five   pound  weight  would  have  fallen    16 
ieet,  but  it  falls  only  4.     A  force  has  therefoie  ailed 
on  it  fufficient  to  make  it  defcribe  12  feet  in  a  fecond, 
with  a  uniformly  accelerated  motion  ;  lor  it  has  coun- 
terafled  fo  much  of  its  weight.     The  thread  was  drain- 
ed with  a  force  equal  to  3^  pounds,  or  |ths  of  5  pounds. 
In  like  manner,  the  three  pound  weight  would  have 
fallen  16  feet;  but  it  was  railed  4  feet.     Here  was  a 
change  precifely  equal  to  the  other.     A  force  of  3^ 
pounds,  aftiug  on  a  mafs  whofe  matter  is  only  3,  will, 
in  a  fecond,  caufe  it  to  defcribe  20  feet  with  a  uniform- 
ly accelerated  motion.  Now,  5  X  1 2,  and  3  X  20,  give 
the  fame  produifl  60.    And  thus  we  fee,  that  the  quan- 
tity of  motion  extinguiihed  or  produced,  and  not  the 
produfl  of  the  weight  and  height,  is  the  true  unequi- 
vocal meafure  of  mechanical  power  really  expended,  or 
the  mechanical  ellciil   really  produced;   and   that  thele 
two  are  always  equal  and  ojiporue.     At  the  fame  time, 
Mr  Smeaton's  theorem  merits  the  attention  of  engi- 
neers ;  becaufe  it  generally  meafures  the  opportunities 
that  we  have  fc>r  procuring  the  exertion  of  power.      In 
fome  fenfe  Mr  Smeaton  may  fay,  that  the  quantity  of 
•water  multiplied  by  the  height  from  which  it  defcends 
in  working  c  ur  machines,  is  the  meafure  of  the  power 
expended  ;  bccaule  we  mull  raife  this  quantity  to  the 
dam  again,  in  order  10  liave  the  fame  ufe  ot  it.     It  is 
expended,  but  not  employed  ;  for  the  water,  at  leaving 


U- 


the  wheel,  is  Hill  able  to  do  fomcthing. 


I'irft  prin- 
ciple of 
working 
machines. 


It  rcquiies  but  little  cor.fidsration  to  be  fenfible,  that 
the  preceding  account  of  the  ctifatinn  cf  accelerated 
motion  in  our  principal  machines,  mull  introduce  djffe- 
rent  maxims  of  conftruiSlon  trom  thofe  which  were  ex- 
pref'.ly  ailapted  to  this  acceleration ;  or  rather,  which 
procseJed  on  the  erroneous  fuppofitionof  the  conllancy 
cf  the  impelling  power  and  the  refillance.  The  exa- 
mination of  this  point  has  brought  into  view  the  funda- 
mental principle  ('f  working  machines,  namely,  the  per- 
feift  equilibrium  which  takes  place  between  the  impel- 
ling power  and  the  fimultaneous  refiftance.  It  may  be 
exprelled  thus  : 

The  force  required  for  prrfervhig  a  machine  in  uniform 
motion,  lulth  any  velocity  luhativer,  it  that  lubich  is  ne- 
crjfary  for  balaiuing  the  tejijiance  then  a^lualiy  exerted  on 
the  ivorking  foiiit  of  the  machine.  We  fiaw  thi^  dillin<fl- 
ly  in  the  inllance  of  the  two  weights  afting  againlt  each 
other  by  the  intervention  of  a  thread  over  a  fixed  pul- 


ley.    It  is  equally  true  of  every  cafe  of  afling  machine- 
ry :  for  if  the  force  at  the  impelled  point  be  greater 
than  what  balances  the  refiftance  adling  at  the  fame 
point,  it  mult  accelerate  that  point,  and  therefore  acce- 
lerate the  whole  machine;  and  if  the  impelling  force 
be  lei's  than  this,  the  machine  niuft  immediately  retard 
in  its  motion.     When  the  machine  has  once  acquired 
this  degree  of  motion,  every  part  of  it  will  continue  in 
its  prefent  Hate  of  motion,    if  only  tlie  two  external 
forces  are  in  equilibrio,  but  not  ctherwife.      But  when 
the  predure  of  the  external  power  on  the  impelled  point 
balances  the  refillance  oppofed  by  that  point,  it  is,   in 
fafl,    maintaining  the    equilibrium  with  the  external 
power  aiding  at  the  working  point ;  for  this  is  the  only 
way    that  external   forces   can  be  fet  in  oppofition  to 
each  otiier  by  the  intervention  of  a  body.     The  exter- 
nal forces  are  not  in  immediate  equilibrio  with  each 
other,  but  each  is  in  equilibrio   with  the  force  exerted 
by  the  point  on  which  it  adls.       This  force  exerted  by 
the   point  is  a  modification  of  the  conneifling  forces  of 
the  body,  all  of  which  are  brought  into  action  by  means 
of  the  ac5tions  of  the  external  forces,  and  each  is  accom- 
panied by  a  force  precifely  equal  and  oppofite  to  it. 
Now,  the  principles  of  ftatics  teach  us  the  proportions 
cf  the  external  prelfures  which  are   thus  fet  in  equili- 
biium  by  the  intervention  of  a  body;  and  therefore 
teach  us  what  proportion  of  power  and  refiftance  will 
keep  a  machine  of  a  given  conllruftion  in  a  ftate  of  uni- 
form motion. 

This  propofition  appears  paradoxical,  and  contrary 
to  common  oblervation ;  for  we  find,  that,  in  order  to 
make  a  mill  go  fafler,  we  mufl  either  diminilh  the  re- 
fillance, or  we  muft  employ  more  men,  or  more  water, 
or  uater  moving  with  greater  velocity,  S;c.  But  this 
arites  from  fome  of  the  caufes  already  mentioned.  Ei- 
ther the  refillance  of  the  work  is  greater  when  the  ma- 
chine is  made  to  move  faller,  or  the  impulfion  of  the 
power  is  diminilhed,  or  bo'.h  thefe  changes  obtain. 
Fricftion  and  refillance  of  air  alfo  come  in  for  their 
fhare,  &c.  The  actual  prelFure  of  a  given  quantity  of 
the  external  power  is  diminilhed,  and  therefore  more  of 
it  mull  be  employed.  When  a  weight  is  uniformly 
raifed  by  a  machine,  the  preifure  exerted  on  it  by  the 
working  point  is  precilisly  equal  to  its  weight,  what- 
ever be  the  velocity  with  which  it  riles.  But,  even  in 
this  fimpleft  cafe  more  natural  power  muft  be  expend- 
ed in  order  to  raife  it  falter  ;  becaufe  ei;her  more  natu- 
ral power  mull  be  employed  to  accelerate  the  external 
matter  which  is  to  prefs  forward  the  impelled  point,  or 


the  relative  motion  of  the  preffing  matter  will  be  dimi- 
nilhed. 

It  is  well  known,  that,  in  the  employment  of  tlie 
mechanic  powers,  whether  in  tlieir  ftate  of  greateft  fim- 
plicity,  or  any  how  combined  in  a  complicated  machine, 
if  the  machine  be  put  in  motion,  the  velocities  of  the 
extreme  points  (which  we  have  called  the  impelled  and 
ivorLin'j  points)  are  inverfely  proportional  to  the  forces 
which  are  in  equilibri.)  when  applied  to  thefe  points  in 
the  direiflion  of  th;-ir  motion.  This  is  an  induflive 
propofition,  and  has  been  ufed  as  the  foundation  of 
fyftems  of  mechanics.  It  is  unnecelTary  to  take  up  time 
in  proving  what  is  fo  faniilijrly  known  ;  confequently, 
the  produfls  of  the  prelfures  at  thofe  points  by  the  ve- 
locities of  the  motions  are  equal  ;  that  is,  the  produft 
of  the  preflure  a>5lually  exerted  at  the  impelled  point  of 

a  machine 


MACHINERY. 


«5 
tecoiid 
princl|>Ie. 
Momen- 
tum of  im' 
pulfe  and 
the  per- 
formance 
of  the  ma- 
chine arc 
equal. 


26 
Important 
dcliderata 
for  prac- 
tice. 


a  machine  working  uniformly,  mulllplied  by  the  velo- 
city of  that  point,  is  equal  to  the  proJuil  of  the  refin- 
ance actually  exerted  at  the  worliing  point,  multiplied 
by  the  velocity  of  that  point,  that  is,  by  the  velocity 
with  whicJi  the  refillance  is  overcome, 

p  7n  =z  r  n. 
Now,  the  produd  of  the  relillance,  by  the  velocity  vitii 
which  it  is  overcome,  is  evidently  the  meafure  of  the 
performance  of  the  machine,  or  the  worlc  done.  The 
produi5l  of  the  aflual  prcliure  on  the  impelled  point,  by 
the  velocity  of  that  point,  may  be  called  the  momen- 
tum OF  IMPULSE. 

Hence  we  deduce  this  propofition. : 

In  all  •zvoriing  machines  tuhkh  hove  acqulnd  a  uni- 
form motion,  the  performance  of  the  r/:achiiie  is  equal  to  the 
momentum  of  impuife  (a). 

This  is  a  propolition  of  the  utmoft  importance  in  the 
■  fcience  of  machines,  and  leads  to  the  fundamental  ma- 
xim of  their  conllrufticn.  Since  tlie  performance  of  a 
machine  is  equal  to  the  momentum  of  impuife,  it  in- 
creafes  and  diminirties  along  with  it,  and  is  a  maximum 
when  the  momentum  of  impuife  is  a  maximum  ;  there- 
fore, the  fundamental  maxim  in  the  conlliuclion  of  a 
machine  is  to  falhion  it  in  fuch  a  manner,  that  the  mo- 
mentum of  impuife  ihall  be  a  maximum,  or  that  the 
produit  of  the  prelfure  aflually  exerted  on  tlie  impelled 
point  of  the  machine  by  the  velocity  with  whicli  it 
moves  may  be  as  great  as  polliblc.  Then  are  we  cer- 
tain that  the  produdt  of  the  rcfiftance,  by  the  velocity 
of  the  worliing  point,  is  as  great  as  poQible,  provided 
that  we  take  care  that  none  of  the  impuife  be  needlefsly 
waited  by  the  way  by  injudicious  communications  of 
motion,  Ijy  friiSion,  by  unbalanced  loads,  and  by  reci- 
procal motions,  which  irrecoverably  walle  the  impelling 
power.  This  maxim  holds  good,  whether  the  refin- 
ance remains  coniiantly  the  fame,  or  varies  by  any  law 
whatever. 

But  much  remains  to  be  done  for  the  improvement 
of  meclianical  I'cience  before  we  can  avail  ourlelves  of 
this  maxim,  and  apply  it  with  fuccefs.  The  chief  thing, 
and  to  this  we  Oiould  give  the  moll  unremitting  atten- 
tion, is,  to  learn  the  changes  which  obtain  in  the  adual 
prelfure  cxeitcd  by  thofe  natural  powers  which  we  can 
command  ;  the  changes  of  aftual  prelfure  produced  by 
a  change  of  the  velocity  of  the  impelled  point  of  the 
machine.  Thefc  depend  on  the  fpecific  natures  of 
thoie  powers,  and  are  different  in  almofi  every  dilferent 
cafe.  Nothing  will  more  contiibute  to  the  improve- 
ment of  praiflical  mechanics  than  a  icries  of  experiments, 
wfell  contrived,  and  accurately  made,  for  difcovering 


37 » 


thofe  laws  of  variation,  in  the  cafes  of  thofe  powers 
which  aie  moft  frequently  employed.  Such  experi- 
ments, liowever,  would  be  coflly,  beyond  the  abilities 
ol  an  individual  ;  therefore,  it  were  greatly  to  be  wilhtd 
that  public  aid  were  given  to  fome  perfons  of  (kill  in 
the  fcience  to  inftitute  a  regular  train  of  experiment! 
of  this  kind.  An  experimental  machine  might  be  con- 
ftruL'ted,  to  be  wrought  cither  by  men  or  by  cattle. 
This  Ihould  be  loaded  with  fome  kind  of  work  which 
can  b;  very  accurately  mealuitd,  and  the  load  varied  al 
pleafure.  Wlien  loaded  to  a  certain  degree,  the  men 
or  cattle  (hould  be  made  to  work  at  the  rate  which  they 
can  continue  from  day  to  day.  The  number  of  turns 
made  in  an  hour,  multiplied  by  the  load,  will  give  the 
performance  correfponding  to  the  velocities ;  and  thus 
will  be  difcovered  the  mull  advantageous  rate  of  mo- 
lion.  The  fame  machine  ihould  alio  be  fitted  for  grind- 
ing, for  fiwing,  boring,  &c.  and  fimilar  experiments 
will  difcovcr  the  relation  between  the  velocities  with 
wliich  thefe  operations  are  performed,  and  the  refiftan- 
ces  ivhich  they  exert.  The  laws  of  fricTion  may  be  in- 
velligated  by  the  fame  machine.  It  fliould  alio  be  fitted 
with  a  walking  wheel,  and  the  trial  Ihould  be  made  of 
the  ll  pe  and  the  velocity  of  walking  which  gives  the 
greateft  momentum  of  impuife.  It  is  not  umeafonable 
to  exped  great  advantages  from  fuch  a  train  of  experi- 
ments. 

Till  this  be  done,  we  muft  content  ourfclves  with         t^ 
eflablifhing  the  above,  in  the  moll  general  terms,  appli-  A  ruhfti- 
cable  to  any  cafe  in  which  the  law  of  the  variation  of  •""  ^"^ 
force  may  hereafter  be  difcovered.  them. 

There  is  a  certain  velocity  of  the  impelled  point  of  a 
machine  which  puts  an  end  to  the  aiflion  of  tlie  movinsj 
power.  Thus,  if  the  floats  of  an  underfliot  wheel  be 
moving  with  the  vel  city  of  the  llream,  no  impuife  is 
made  on  them.  If  the  arm  of  a  gin  or  capftaii  be  mo- 
ving with  that  Velocity  with  which  a  h  )rfe  or  a  man 
can  juft  move,  fo  as  to  continue  at  that  fpeed  from  day 
to  day,  employing  all  his  working  llrength,  but  not: 
fatiguing  himfelf;  in  this  (late  of  motion,  the  animal 
can  exert  no  prelfure  on  the  machine.  This  may  be 
called  the  fxtinguisming  velocitv,  and  we  may  ex- 
prel's  it  by  the  fymbol  e.  l^tif  be  that  degree  ri  force 
or  prelfure  wliich  the  animal  can  exeit  at  a  dead  pull  or 
thruft,  as  it  is  called.  We  do  not  mean  the  utmofl 
ftraln  of  which  the  animal  iscapablc,  but  that  which  it 
can  continue  unremittingly  during  the  working  hours 
of  a  day,  fully  employing,  but  not  fatiguing  itfth.  And 
let  p  be  the  prelfure  which  it  aiflually  exerts  on  the  im- 
pelled point  of  a  machine,  moving  with  the  velocity  m, 
3  A  2  Let 


(a*  TUe  truth  of  this  propofition  has  been  long  perceived  in  every  particular  inflance  that  happened  to  engage 
the  attention  ;  but  we  do  nit  recollcdl  any  mechanician  before  Mr  Eulcr  cor./idering  it  as  a  general  truth,  expicf- 
fing  in  a  few  words  a  mechanical  law.  Tnis  celebrated  maihematician  undeitock,  about  tlic  year  1735  or  1736, 
a  general  and  fyllematic  view  of  machines,  in  order  to  found  a  complete  theory  im-^icdiatdy  conducive  to  the  im- 
provement of  praftical  mechanics.  In  1743  he  publilhed  the  firll  propofitions  of  this  nfeful  tJieory  in  the  lotli 
volume  ol  the  Comment.  PetropoUtaiii,  containing  the  excellent  dynamical  theorems  of  which  we  have  given  the 
fubllance.  In  the  3d  volume  of  the  Comment.  Novi  Petropol.  he  profecuted  the  fubjet'l  a  little  farther ;  and  in 
the  8th  volume,  he  entered  on  what  we  are  now  engaged  in,  and  lormally  announces  this  fundamental  propoii- 
tion,  calling  thefe  two  prodii(5ls  the  momentum  of  impuife,  and  the  momentum  of  ejfiil.  It  is  much  to  be  regretted, 
that  this  confiimmate  mathematician  did  not  continue  tiiefe  ulclul  lal>ours  ;  his  ardent  mird  being  carried  away 
by  more  abllrufe  Ipeculaiions  in  all  the  moft  refined  dep.irtments  of  m.ithcmatics  and  philofophy.  No  man  in 
Europe  could  have  profecuted  the  fubjed  with  more  judgment  and  fuccefs. — See  alfo  Mem,  Acad.  Berlin,  1  747 
and  1753. 


372 


MACHINERY 

L,;t  e —  «  be  called  the  relative  velocity,  and  let 
it  be  exprclFsd  by  t.  And  let  it  be  Ibppofed,  that  it 
has  been  diicovered,  by  any  me.ins  wh;Uever,  that  the 
iift'ial   preHiirc    varies    in    the   proportion  of   f ',  or 

and 


by  y  f ,  gives  -^f.     Now/  is  conQdered  as  equal  to  the 


e — m>  .     This  fuppofition  gives  us  tfl  :  v'  =/:/>, 

q 

f  —f'iCL-  .    For  the  machine  niufl  be  at  reft,  in  order 

e> 
that  the  agent  may  be  able  to  exert  the  force  f  on  its 
impelled  point.     But  when  the  machine  is  alrell,  what 
we  ]nve  named  the  relative  velocity  is  e,  the  whole  ot 
the  extinguilhing  velocity. 

The  momentum  of  impulfe  is  p  ni,  that  is—  /;«,  or 

f  X-T  X  »• — ""     (becaufe  m  =  e  —  vl.        Therefore 

f  X— X  « — •"  muft  be  made  a  ma.ximum.     But/ and 

e"  are  two  quanlilies  which  fuffer  no  change.     There, 
fore  the  momentum  of  impulle  will  be  a  maximum  when 

maximum.     Now  ^■''  x  c  —  ^' =  "v'  e 
—  I)'-*-'.         The    fluxion    of    this    is 

This     being   fuppofed   —  c> 


-Vl  11,    — 


IS  a 

I'l  e  ■ 


yr  i"i — 'v — y-J-  I  -v  v. 
we  have  the  eqiiatation 

g  e  v'"' — '=y  +  '  ^' 
And  q  (  —.  tj-^- 1  V 

Therefore  1)  =-^  ' 


And; 


which  is  =  <?  —  V,  becomes . 


f+' 


Therefore 


we  mull  order  matters  fo,  that  the  velocity  of  the  im- 
pelled pwint  of  the  machine  may  be  = .      Now  p 


Js=/  — .   and  therefore  =/x'=r^ 


?  + 


=  /• 


■'>=/-- 


'=fx-- 


And  />  M, 


5  +  1'    ■    '   ?4-  •  ■•  ■■?+'      ■'      ?+  '•■^ 
'     the  momentum  of  impulfe,  and  therefore  z:  die  mo- 
mentum of  efleift,  or  the  performance  of  the  machine, 
when  in  its  beil  ftate. 
,  Thus  may  the  maxim  of  conflrudlion  be  faid  to  be 

Itxamplc  in  brought  to  a  flate  cf  great  limplicity,  and  of  nioft  eafy 
undcrfiiot  recollcftion.  A  particular  cafe  of  this  maxim  has  been 
long  knov.n,  having  been  pointed  out  by  Mr  Parent. 
Since  the  afiinn  of  bodies  depends  on  ihcir  relative  ve- 
locity, the  impulfe  of  fluids  mult  be  as  the  fquare  cf  the 
relative  velocity'.  From  which  Mr  P.irent  deduced,  that 
the  moft  advantH.geous  velocity  of  the  floats  of  fin  un- 
derihot  wheel  is  or-e  third  of  that  of  the  tbeim.  This 
maxim  is  evidently  included  in  t.ur  general  prnpofition  ; 
for  in  this  cafe,  the  index  q  of  that  fiinflion  of  tlie  rela- 
tive velocity  t>,  which  is  proporiional  to  the  impulfe, 
is  IT  2.      Therefore    we   have  the    maximum    when 

1  =  — ■ — ,  =  \e,  and  m  —  l-e,     c,  the  extiDguifliing 


»rlls  by 
Air  Pa- 
rent 


+  I 


■felocitv,  is  evidently  the  velocity  ef  the  dream.  Our 
propdfition  alfo  gives  us  the  precife  value  of  the  perform- 
ance. Theinipulle  of  the  ftream  on  the  float  at  reft  being 
fuppofed  =:  /,  its   impulfe  on  the  float  moving  with 

the  velocity  -f  e  muft  be  =  -f.     This  is  the  meafure  of 

9 
ibe  adual  prefFure  f>.     This  being  multiplied  by  ?n,  or 


weight  of  a  column  of  water,  having  the  furface  of  the 
floatboard  for  its  bafe,  and  the  depth  of  the  fluice  un- 
der tiie  furface  of  th.e  refervoir  (or,  more  accurately, 
the  fall  required  for  generating  the  velocity  of  the 
ftream)  for  its  height.  Hence  it  has  been  concluded, 
that  the  utmoft  performance  of  an  undeilhot  wlieel  is 

to  raife  —  of  the  water  which  impels  it,  to  the  height 

from  which  it  falls.  But  this  is  not  found  very  agree- 
able to  obfcrvation.  Friiftion,  and  many  imperfeflions  Not  »cca- 
of  execution  in  the  delivery  of  the  w.iter,  the  direiftion  *■*"• 
of  its  impulfe,  &c.  m.ry  be  expefied  to  make  a  defalca- 
tion from  this  theoretical  performance.  But  the  aiflnal 
performance,  even  of  mills  of  acknowledged  imperfec- 
tion, confiderably  exceeds  this,  and  fonietimes  is  found 
neaily  double  of  this  quantity.  The  truth  if,  that  the 
particular  fadi  from  which  Mr  P.>.rent  firft  deduced 
this  maxim  (namely,  the  performance  of  what  is  called 
Parent's  or  Dr  Barker's  mill),  is,  perhaps  of  all  that 
could  have  been  felefted,  the  leaft  calculated  for  being 
the  foundation  of  a  general  rule,  being  of  a  nature  fo 
abftrufe,  that  the  firli  mathematicians  of  Europe  are  to 
this  day  doubtful  whether  they  have  a  juft  conception 
of  its  principles.  Mr  Smeaton's  experiments  ftrew  very 
diftinfily,  that  the  maximum  oi  performance  of  an  un- 
derihot  wheel  correfponds  to  a  velocity  confiderably 
greater  than  one-third  of  the  ftream,  and  approaches 
nearly  to  one  half ;  and  he  affigns  if  me  reafons  for  this 
which  feem  well  founded.  But,  independent  of  this, 
the  performance  of  Mr  Smeaton's  model  was  much 
greater  than  what  correlponds  with  the  velocity  by  the 
above  mentioned  eftimation  of/.  The  theory  of  (he 
impulfion  of  fluids  is  extremely  imperfcif)  ;  and  Daniel 
Bernoulli  ihews,  irom  very  unqucilionable  principles, 
tliat  the  impulfe  of  a  narrow  vein  of  fluid  on  an  extend- 
ed furface  is  double  of  what  was  generally  fuppifed  ; 
and  his  conclufions  are  abundantly  confirmed  by  the 
experiments  adduced  by  hiin. 

It  is  by  no  means  pictendcd,  that  the  maxim  of  eon-        29 
fttufflion  is  reduced  to  the  great  fimplicity  enounced  in  This  fub- 
the  propofition  now  under  confrderation.  We  only  fup-    p', 'f  " 
pofed,  that  a  cafe  had  been  obferved  where  the  prelfure  ,^j,^„'  :, 
exerted  by  fome  natural  agent  did  follow  the  proportions  is  not  alto- 
of  ^|'■'.     This  being  admitted,  the  propofition  is  ftiiflly  gether  ex- 
true.   But  we  do  not  know  any  fuch  cafe  ;  yet  is  the  pro-  '^'^• 
pofition  of  confiderable  ufe  :  for  we  can  affirm,  on  the 
authority  of  our  own  obfervaiions,  that  the  aftion  both 
of  men  and  ot  di-aught  horfes  does  not  deviate  very  far 
fiom   the   proportions  of  ^''.     The   obfervaiions  were 
made  on  men  and  horfes  tracking  a  lighter  along  a 
canal,  and  working  fevei'al  days  together,  without  ha- 
ving any  knowledge  of  the  puipofeof  the  obfervations. 
The  force  exerted  was  firft  meaiured  by  the  curvature 
and  weight  of  the  track  rope,  and  afterwards  by  a  fpring 
fteelyard.    This  was  muU'plied  by  th«  number  of  yards 
per  hour,  and  the  produft  confidered  as  the  momen- 
tum.    We  found  the  aftion  of  men  to  be  very  nearly  as 
e  —  m'.     The  adlion  of  horfes,  loaded  fo  as  not  to  be 
able  to  trot,  was  nearly  as  <■  —  m"', 

The  praditioner  can  eafily  avail  himfelf  of  the  ma- 
xim, although  the  funiflion  q  fhould  never  be  reduced 
to  any  algebraic  form.     He  has  only  to  inftltute  a  train 

of 


3« 
Two  me- 
thod»  of  a- 
vailingour- 
fclvcs  of 
this  max- 
iw. 


Rfcapltu- 
htitn. 


M  A  C  H 

of  experiments  on  tlie  natural  agent,  and  felecl  that  ve- 
locity wluch  gives  the  highcll  product  when  multiplied 
by  Its  coriefponding  prelFure. 

When  this  fokaion  has  been  made,  we  have  two 
ways  of  giving  nur  working  machines  the  maximum  of 
elTed,  having  onca  afcertamed  the  prell'ure/ which  our 
natural  power  exerts  on  the  impelled  point  of  the  ma- 
chme  wlien  it  is  not  allowed  to  move. 

1.  When  the  refillance  arifing  from  the  work,  and 
from  fiiition,  is  a  given  quantity  ;  as  when  water  is  to 
be  railea  to  a  certain  heignt  by  a  piiton  of  given  di- 
mcnfions. 

Since  the  fiiiflion  in  all  the  communicating  parts  of 
the  maciiine  vary  in  the  fame  proportion  with  the  pref- 
fure,  and  fince  thcfe  vary  in  the  fame  propoition  with 
the  reiUlance,  the  fum  ot  the  refillance  and  friftion  may 
be  reprefeiited  by  b  r,  b  being  an  abllrad  number.  Let 
u  be  the  undetermined  velocity  of  the  working  point; 
or  let  m  :  n  be  the  proportion  of  velocities  at  the  im- 
pelled and  working  points.  Then,  becaufo  the  pref- 
lures  at  thefe  points  balance  each  other,  in  the  cafe  of 
uniform  motion,  they  are  inveifcly  as  the  vekicitiss  at 
thofe  points.     Therefore  we  muft  make  b  r  -. p  ~  m  :  n, 

,         /  m        9  -f  '  ,    ■     ~,  or  m:  n 

and  «='-—,= r ,  —  m  a  -\-   l<  0  r 

or  or 

-q+  I^  X  br:q'>/. 

2.  On  the  other  hand,  when  m  :  «  is  already  given, 
by  the  conftruflion  of  the  machine,  but  b  r  is  fufcep- 
tible  of  variation,  we  muft  load  the  machine  with  ninre 
and  more  work,  till  we  have  reduced  the  velocity  of  its 

impelled  point  to . 

?+  I 
In  either  cafe,  the  performance  is  eiprefled  by  what 

exprefies/im,  that  is,  by/"*  X  — ^ .  Buttheufeful 

g  ■+■  1''*"' 

performance,  which  is  really  the  work  done,  will  be  had 
by  dividing  the  value  now  obtained  by  the  number  i, 
whicli  exprcffcs  the  fum  of  the  reliftance  overcome  by 
the  working  poir.t  and  th:  friction  of  the  machine. 

What  has  been  now  delivered  contains,  we  ima- 
gine, the  chief  principles  of  the  theory  of  machines, 
and  points  out  the  way  in  which  we  mu!l  proceed 
in  applying  them  to  every  cafe.  The  reader,  we 
hopr,  fees  clearly  the  irapcrfcftion  of  a  confidera- 
tion  of  macliines  which  proceeds  no  f  irther  than  the 
ftatenitnt  of  the  proportions  of  the  fimultaneous  pref- 
fures  which  are  excited  in  all  the  parts  of  the  machine 
by  the  applicatiim  of  the  external  fcrces,  which  we  are 
accullomed  to  call  the  /^oiu.r  and  tiie  lucight.  Unlefs 
we  take  alfo  into  confiderntion,  the  immediate  efFviS  of 
mechanical  force  applied  to  body,  and  combine  this 
■with  all  the  preflures  which  flatical  principles  have  tna- 
blcd  us  to  afcertain,  and  by  this  comliinati.m  be  able 
to  fay  what  portion  of  unbalanced  foice  there  is  acting 
at  one  and  all  of  the  preiling  points  of  the  machine,  and 
what  will  be  the  m'^tinn  of  every  part  of  it  in  confe- 
quence  of  this  overplus,  we  have  acquired  no  know- 
ledge that  can  be  of  fei  vice  to  us.  Vv"e  have  been  con- 
templating, not  a  working  machine,  but  a  fort  of  b.i- 
lance.  But,  by  icafonlng  -about  thefe  unbalanced  forces 
in  the  fame  liniple  manner  as  about  the  fall  of  heavy 
bodies,  wc  were  able  to  difcover  the  mojiient;u-y  accek- 


1  N  E  R  Y. 

rations  of  every  part,  and  the  fenfible  motion  which  tt 
would  acquire  in  any  alTigned  time,  if  all  the  circum- 
(lances  remain  the  fame.  We  found  that  the  refults, 
although  deduced  from  unqueftionable  principles,  were 
quite  unlike  the  obferved  motions  of  moll  working  ma- 
chines. Proceeding  flill  on  the  fame  principles,  we 
confidered  this  deviation  as  the  indicati  -n,  and  the  pre- 
cife  meafure,  of  fometliing  which  we  had  not  yet  at- 
tended to,  but  which  the  deviation  brought  into  view, 
and  enabled  us  to  afcertain  with  accuracy.  Tiiefe  are. 
the  changes  which  happen  in  the  exertions  of  our  ac- 
tuating powers  by  the  velocity  with  which  we  find  it 
convenient  to  make  tl.em  act.  Thus  we  learn  more  of 
the  nature  of  thole  powers ;  and  we  found  it  neeeffary 
to  dillinguilh  caiefuUy  between  the  apparent  magni- 
tude of  cur  actuating  power  and  its  real  exertion  in  do- 
ing our  work.  This  confideration  led  us  to  a  funda- 
mental propofition  concerning  all  working  machines 
when  they  have  attained  an  uniform  motion  ;  namely, 
that  the  power  and  relillance  then  really  exerted  on  ilie 
machine  piecifely  balance  each  other,  and  that  the  ma- 
chine is  precifely  in  the  conJitinn  of  a  fteelyard  loaded 
with  its  balanced  weights,  and  moved  round  its  axis  by 
fome  external  force  didinct  from  the  power  and  the 
weight.  We  found  that  this  force  is  the  previous  over- 
plus of  impelling  power,  before  the  machine  had  acqui- 
red the  uniform  motion  ;  and  on  this  occafion  we  learn- 
ed to  eflimate  the  efled  produced,  by  the  momenruni 
(depending  on  tlie  form  of  the  machine)  of  the  quan- 
tity of  motion  produced  in  the  whole  sifemblage  of 
power,  refillance,  and  machine. 

The  theory  of  machines  fccmed  to  be  now  brought 
back  to  that  fimplicity  of  equilibrium  which  we  had 
faid  was  fo  imperfeift  a  I'onndation  for  a  theory  ;  but  in 
the  availing  ourfelves  of  the  maxim  founded  on  this  ge- 
neral proportion,  wc  faw  that  the  equilibrium  is  ef  a 
very  different  kind  from  a  quiefcent  equilibrium.  It 
neceffarily  involves  in  it  the  knowledge  of  tlie  momen- 
tary accelerations  and  their  momenta;  without  which  we 
flionld  not  perceive  that  one  (late  of  motion  is  more  ad- 
vantageous than  another,  becaufe  all  give  us  the  fame 
proportion  of  forces  in  cquilibrio. 

But  this  is  n.it  tlie  only  ufe  of  the  previous  know, 
ledge  of  the  momentary  accelerations  of  machines ; 
there  are  many  cafes  where  the  machine  works  in  this 
very  (late.  Many  machines  accelerate  throughout  while 
performing  their  work ;  and  their  efficacy  depends  en- 
tirely on  the  final  acceleration.  Of  this  kind  is  the 
coining  prof-,  the  great  forge  or  tilt  mill,  and  fome 
other  capital  engines.  The  Iteani  engine,  and  the  com- 
m.n  pump,  are  nccclfaiily  of  this  clafs,  altliougii  their 
eilicacy  is  not  elUmated  by  their  final  acceleration.  A 
great  number  of  engines  have  reciprocating  motions  in 
different  fubordinate  parts.  The  theory  of  all  fuel',  en- 
gines requires  for  its  perfection  an  accurate  knowledge 
of  the  momcntiry  accelerations;  and  we  mull  ufe  tlie 
formula;  contained  in  the  fiid  part  of  this  article. 

Still,  however,  the  application  of  this  knowlidge  has 
many  diflicuhies  wliich  nuke  ^^ooii  theory  of  fuch  ma- 
chines a  much  more  intricate  and  complicated  matter 
than  wc  have  yet  k-d  the  reader  to  fupp<^fe.  In  moll 
of  thefe  engines,  tlie  whole  moli  jn  may  be  divided  in- 
to two  parts.  One  may  be  called  thevoRKiNc  strokk, 
and  the  other  in  whicli  the  working  points  are  brcucht 
back  to  a  lituatiou  which  fits  them  lor  ading  again, 

may 


Z7i 


51 

Theor}*  of 
machines 
ftiil  intri- 
cate, cfp:- 
cially  of 
fuch  as  re* 
ciprocatc» 


32 
Working 
and  return. 
ing  llrolut. 


374 


MACHINERY. 


may  be  called  the  rtturning  stroke.  This  return 
mull  be  effe<5leJ  either  by  means  cl  Ibnie  inimediiite  ap- 
plication oi  the  aftuatmg  power,  or  by  ibnie  other 
force,  which  is  counleraiftcd  during  the  working  ftroke, 
and  mull  be  conliJered  as  making  part  ot  the  relillance. 
In  the  llcam  engine,  it  is  generally  done  by  a  counter- 
poife  on  the  cuter  end  of  the  great  working  beam.  This 
mull  be  accounted  a  part  ot  the  relillance,  for  it  mull 
be  railed  again  ;  and  the  pioportioui  of  the  machine  lor 
attaining  the  maximum  mult  be  computed  accordingly. 
The  quantity  of  this  counterpoil'e  mull  be  aJjulled  by 
other  conliderations.  It  mull  be  luch,  that  the  dcl'cenc 
of  the  pump  rods  in  the  pit  \Ti:iy  jtijl  employ  the  whole 
time  tliat  is  neceifjry  for  filhng  the  cylinder  witii  ftcam. 
If  they  dcfcend  more  briikly  (which  an  unlkill'ul  engi- 
neer likes  to  fee),  this  mult  be  done  by  means  ot  a 
greater  counterpoile,  and  this  employs  more  powder  to 
raife  it  again.  Delaguliers  delcnbes  a  very  excellent 
machine  for  railing  water  in  a  bucket  by  a  man's  llep- 
ping  into  an  oppolite  bucket,  and  defcending  by  his 
preponderancy.  When  he  comes  to  the  bottom,  he 
ttei)s  out,  goes  up  a  Hair,  and  finds  the  bucket  return- 
ed and  ready  to  receive  him  agam.  This  machine  is 
extremely  fimple,  and  perhaps  the  bell  that  can  be  con- 
trived ;  and  yet  it  ib  one  of  the  moll  likely  to  be  a  very 
bad  one.  The  bucket  into  which  the  man  lleps  mull 
be  brought  up  to  its  place  again  by  a  preponderancy 
in  the  machine  when  unloaded.  It  may  be  returned 
fooner  or  later.  It  (hould  arrive  precil'ely  at  the  fame 
time  with  the  man.  If  fooner,  it  is  of  no  ufe,  and 
■walles  power  in  raifing  a  counterpoile  which  is  need- 
lefsly  heavy;  if  later,  time  is  loll:  Therefoie,  the  per- 
fection of  this  very  fimple  machine  requires  the  judicious 
combination  uf  two  maximums,  each  of  which  varies  in 
a  ratio  compounded  of  two  other  ratios.  Suppofe  the 
man  to  employ  a  minute  to  go  up  Hairs  50  feet,  which 
is  very  nearly  what  he  can  do  fiom  day  to  day  as  his 
only  work,  and  Uippofc  him  to  weigh  150  pounds,  and 
that  he  adts  by  means  of  a  fimple  pulley — the  maximum 
for  a  lever  of  equal  arms  woulu  require  him  to  raile 
about  60  pounds  of  water.  But  when  all  the  other 
circumllances  are  calculated,  it  will  be  found  that  he 
mull  raife  138  pounds  (negleiiting  the  inertia  of  the 
machine).  He  Ihould  raife  542  pounds  10  leet  in  a 
minute ;  and  this  is  nearly  the  moll  exaft  valuation  of 
a  man's  work. 

There  is  the  fame  neceffity  of  attending  to  a  variety 
of  circumllances  in  all  machines  which  reciprocate  in 
the  whole  or  any  confiderable  part  of  their  motion. 
The  iorce  employed  for  bringing  the  machine  into  an- 
other working  pofition,  mull  be  regulated  by  the  time 
neceffjiry  for  obtaining  a  new  fupply  of  power  ;  and 
then  the  proportion  of  m  to  n  mull  be  fo  adjulled,  that 
the  work  performed,  divided  by  the  -whole  time  of  the 
working  and  returning  ftrokes,  may  give  the  greatell 
quotient.  It  is  Hill  a  difficult  thing,  therefore,  to  con- 
Itruft  a  machine  in  the  moll  perfedl  manner,  or  even  to 
lay  what  will  be  the  periormacce  of  a  machine  already 
confluicled  ;  yet  we  fee  that  every  circumllance  is  fuf- 
ceptible  of  accurate  computation. 

Wiih  refpecl  to  machines  which  acquire  a  fort  of 
unitorm  motion  in  general,  although  fubjedl  to  partial 
reciprocarions,  as  in  a  pumping,  llamping,  forging  en- 
gine, it  is  alfo  difficult  to  alUgn  the  rate  even  of  this 
general  uniform  motion.     We  may,  however,  fay,  that 


it  will  not  be  greater  than  if  it  were  uniform  througli- 
out.  Were  it  entirely  free  from  friflion,  it  would  be 
exaflly  the  fime  as  if  uniform  ;  becaufe  the  accelera- 
tioni  during  tlie  advantageous  (itualinns  of  the  imptl- 
ling  power  would  compenfate  the  retardations.  But 
fiiition  diminillies  the  accelerations,  without  diminilh- 
ing  the  retardations. 

We  may  conclude  this  article  with  feme  obfervations 
tending  to  the  general  improvement  of  machines. 

Notning  contributes  more  to  the  petfei5lion  of  a  ma- 
chine, elpccially  fuch  as  is  mafiive  and  ponderous,  than 
great  uniformity  of  motion.  Every  irregularity  of  mo- 
tion walles  fome  of  ihe  impelling  power;  and  it  is  on- 
ly the  greatell  of  the  varying  velocities  which  is  equal 
to  that  which  the  machine  would  acquire  if  moving  uni- 
formly throughout ;  for  while  the  motion  accelerate?, 
the  impelling  force  is  greater  than  what  balances  the 
relillance  then  aiflually  oppofed  to  it,  and  the  velocity 
is  lefs  than  what  the  machine  would  acquire  if  moving 
uniformly:  and  when  the  machine  attains  its  ^greatell 
velocity,  it  attains  it  becaufe  the  power  is  then  not 
aiflng  againft  the  whole  relillance.  In  both  of  thefe 
filuations,  therefore,  the  performance  of  the  machine  is 
lefs  than  if  the  power  and  relillance  were  exactly  balan- 
ced ;  in  which  cafe  it  would  move  uniformly. 

Every  attention  (hould  therefore  be  given  to  this, 
and  we  Ihould  endeavour  to  remove  all  caufe  of  irregu- 
larity. The  communications  of  motion  ihould  be  fo 
contrived,  that  if  the  impelled  point  bemriving  uniform- 
ly, by  the  uniform  prelfure  of  the  pow-er,  the  working 
point  Ihall  alfo  be  m  >ving  uniformly.  Then  we  may 
generally  be  certain,  that  the  malfy  parts  of  the  ma- 
chine will  be  moving  uniformly.  When  this  is  not 
done  through  the  whole  machine,  there  are  continual 
returns  of  llrains  and  jolti :  the  inertia  of(the  different 
parts  aifling  in  oppollt*  directions.  Although  the  whole 
momenta  may  always  balance  each  other,  yet  the  gene- 
ral motion  is  hobbling,  and  the  points  of  fupport  are 
drained.  A  great  engine  fo  conftruifled,  ccmmonly 
caufes  the  building  to  tremble  ;  but  when  uniform  mo- 
lion  pervades  the  whole  machine,  the  inertia  of  each 
part  tends  to  preferve  this  uniformity,  and  all  goes 
imoothly.  It  is  alio  deferving  of  remark,  tliat  when 
the  communications  are  fo  contrived  that  the  unilorm 
motion  of  one  part  produces  uniform  motion  on  the 
next,  the  prelTures  at  the  communicating  points  remain 
conftant  or  invariable.  Now  the  accomplilhing  of  this 
is  always  within  ihe  reach  of  mechanics. 

One  of  the  moll  ufual  communications  in  machinery 
is  by  means  of  toothed  wheeli  adling  on  each  other.  It 
is  of  importance  to  have  the  teeth  fo  formed,  that  the 
prelfure  by  which  one  of  them  A  urges  the  other  B 
round  its  axis  ihall  be  conllantly  the  fame.  It  can  ea- 
lily  be  demonltrated,  that  when  this  is  the  cafe,  the 
uniform  angular  motion  of  the  one  will  produce  a  uni- 
form angular  motion  of  the  other  ;  or,  if  the  motions 
are  thus  uniform,  the  prelTures  are  invariable.  This  is 
accomplilhed  on  this  principle,  that  the  mutual  aflions 
of  folid  bodies  on  each  other  in  the  way  of  prelfure  are 
perpendicular  to  the  touching  furfaces.  Therefore  let 
the  tooth  a  pi  efs  on  the  tooth  b  in  the  point  C ;  and 
draw  the  line  FCDE  perpendicular  to  the  touching  fur- 
faces  in  the  point  C.  Draw  AF,  BE  perpendicular  to 
FE,  and  let  FE  cut  the  line  AB  in  E>.     It  is  plain, 

from 


.33 

Uniformi- 
ty of  mo- 
tion 

throughout 
is  of  great 
advautagc 


34 
How  to  af- 
taiii  thit. 


Bed  formi 
for  the 
teeth  of 
wheels. 
Plate 

xxxiir. 

fig.  I. 


MACHINERY. 


from  the  common  principles  of  mechanics,  that  if  tlie 
line  FE,  drawn  in  the  manner  now  defcribed,  always 
pafs  through  the  fame  point  D,  whatever  may  be  the 
fitiiation  of  the  a.5ting  leeth,  the  mutual  aftion  of  the 
■wheels  will  always  be  the  fame.  It  will  be  the  fame 
as  if  the  arm  AU  a-led  on  ihe  arm  BD.  In  the  trea- 
tifes  on  the  confli  udion  of  mills,  and  other  works  of 
this  kind,  are  man)  inftruflions  for  the  formation  of  the 
teeth  of  wheels ;  and  almofl  every  noted  millwright  has 
his  own  nollrums.  Molt  of  them  are  egregioudy  faul- 
ty in  rcfpedl  of  mechanical  principle.  Indeed  they  are 
little  elfe  than  inftrudtions  how  to  make  the  teeth  clear 
each  otlier  without  (licking.  Mr  dc  la  Hire  firft  point- 
ed out  the  above  mentioned  principle,  and  juftly  con- 
demned the  common  practice  oi  making  the  fniall  wheel 
or  pinion  in  the  iorm  of  a  lantern  (v.lience  it  alfo  took 
its  n.ims),  conlilting  of  two  round  difks,  having  a  num- 
ber of  cylindrical  fpukes  (tig.  2.  J.  The  llightelt  infpedion 
of  this  conllru<5lion  (liews,  that,  in  tLeddferent  (ituations 
of  the  working  teeth,  the  line  FCE  continually  changes 
its  interleiflion  with  AB.  If  the  wheel  B  be  very  fmall 
in  comparifon  of  the  other,  and  if  the  teeth  of  A  take 
deep  hold  of  the  cylindrical  pins  oi  B,  the  line  of  aflion 
EF  is  fometimes  fo  diladvaiitageoully  placed,  that  the 
prellure  of  the  one  wheel  has  fcarcely  any  tendency  at 
EricYcloidi  •'"  '°  ^"''"  '''"^  other.  Mr  de  la  Hire,  or  Dr  Hooke, 
rccom-  was,  we  think,  the  firft  who  inveftigated  the  form  of 
mended  by  tooth  wliich  procured  this  conftant  aftion  between  the 
Deb  Hire,  wheels;  and  in  a  very  ingenious  dilfertation,  publillied 
among  the  Memoirs  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Pa- 
ris 1668,  the  former  of  thefe  gentlemen  Ihews,  that  this 
will  be  enfurtd  by  foiming  the  teeth  into  epicycloids. 
Mr  Camus  of  the  fame  Academy  has  publillied  an  ela- 
borate dili'ertation  on  t)ie  fime  fubjeil,  in  which  he  pro- 
fecutes  the  principle  of  Mr  de  la  Hire,  and  applies  it 
to  all  the  variety  of  cafes  which  can  occur  in  piaflice. 
There  is  no  doubt  as  to  the  goodnels  of  the  principle  ; 
and  it  has  another  excellent  property,  "  that  the  mu- 
tual adlion  of  the  teeth  is  abiolutely  without  any  fric- 
tion." The  one  tooth  only  applies  itlell  to  the  ether, 
and  rolls  on  it,  but  does  not  flide  or  rub  in  the  fmalleft 
degree.  This  makes  them  lall  long,  or  rather  does  not 
allow  them  to  wear  in  the  leaft.  But  the  conllrudion 
is  fubjefl  to  a  limitation  which  muft  not  be  neglected. 
The  teeth  muft  be  fo  made,  that  the  curved  part  of  the 
tooth  b  is  aifled  on  by  a  flat  part  of  the  tcoth  a  till  it 
comes  to  the  line  AB  in  the  courl'e  of  its  action  ;  after 
which  the  curved  part  c(  a  aiSs  on  a  flat  part  of  i ;  or 
the  whole  aClion  oi  a  on  b  is  either  completed,  or  only 
begins   at   the    line   AB,   joining    the  centres  of  the 

V.  .letrlb. 

^(j  Another  form  t  f  the  teeth  fecures  the  perfeiS  nni- 

A  better    formity  of  a(f)ion  without  this  limitation,  which  requires 
form.  very  nice  execution.     Let  the  teeth  of  each  wheel  be 

formed  by  evolving  its  circumference  ;  that  is,  let  the 
aifling  face  GCH  of  the  tooth  a  have  the  form  of  the 
curve  traced  by  the  extremity  of  the  thread  FC,  un- 
lapped  from  the  circumference.  In  hU-  manner,  let  the 
acting  face  of  the  tooth  b  be  formed  by  uniapping  a 
thread  from  its  circumference.  It  is  evident,  that  the 
line  FCE,  wliich  is  drawn  perpendicularly  to  the  touch- 
ing furl'accs  in  the  point  C,  is  juft  the  dircTion  or  pofi- 
tion  of  the  evolving  threads  by  wliich  the  two  ading 
faces  ate  formed.  Tliis  line  mull  therefore  be  the  com- 
mon tangent  to  the  two  circles  or  circumferences  of  the 


375 


wheels,  and  will  therefore  always  cut  the  line  AB  in 
the  fame  point  D.  This  form  allows  the  teeth  to  aft 
on  each  other  through  the  whole  extent  of  the  line 
FCE,  and  therefore  will  admit  of  feveral  teeth  to  be 
afting  at  the  fame  time  (twice  the  number  that  can  be 
admitted  in  Mr  de  la  Hire's  method).  This,  by  divi- 
ding the  prefiure  among  feveral  teeth,  diminilhes  its 
quantity  on  any  one  of  them,  and  therefore  diminilhes 
the  dents  or  imprelTions  which  they  unavoidably  make 
on  each  other.  It  is  not  altogether  free  from  Aiding 
and  frifiion,  but  the  whole  of  it  can  hardly  be  faid  to 
be  fenfible.  The  whole  Hide  of  a  tooth  three  inches 
long,  belonging  to  a  wheel  of  ten  feet  diameter,  afting 
on  a  tooth  of  a  wheel  of  two  feet  diameter,  does  not 
amount-to  ^V^h  ot  an  inch,  a  quantity  altogether  infig- 
nificant. 

In  the  formation  of  the  teeth  of  wheels,  a  fmall  de- 
viation from  thefe  perteft  forms  is  not  perhaps  of  very 
great  importance,  except  in  cafes  where  a  very  large 
wheel  drives  a  very  fmall  one  (a  thing  which  a  good 
engineer  will  always  avoid ) .  As  the  conftruftion,  how- 
ever, is  exceedingly  eafy,  it  would  be  unpardonable  to 
omit  it.  Well  tormed  teeth,  and  a  £;reat  number  of 
them  atfling  at  once,  make  the  communication  of  mo- 
tion extremely  fmooth  and  uniform.  The  machine 
works  without  noife,  and  the  teeth  laft  a  very  long 
time  without  fenfibly  changing  their  fliape.  But  there 
are  cafes,  fuch  as  the  pallets  of  clocks  and  watches, 
where  the  utmoft  accuracy  of  form  is  of  the  greateft 
importance  for  the  perieiftion  of  the  work. 

When  heavy  ftanipers  are  to  be  raifed,  in  order  to         ,7 
drop  on  the  muters  to  be  pounded,  the  wipers  by  which  Maxim  for 
they  are  lifted  lliould  be  made  of  fuch  a  form,  that  the  '•'e  con- 
ftamper  may  be  raifed  by  a  uniform  prefiure,  or  with  a  1""^'"" 
motion  almoft  perle'tly  uniform.   If  this  is  not  attended  "'  "^'P" 
to,  and  the  wiper  is  only  a  pin  fticking  out  from  the     '' 
axis,  the  ftamper  is  forced  into  motion  at  once.     This 
occafions  violent  jolts  to  the  machine,  and  great  ftrains 
on  its  moving  parts  and  their  points  of  fupport  ;  where- 
as when  they  are  gradually  lilted,  the  inequality  of  de- 
fultory  motion  is  never  felt  at  the  impelled  point  of  the 
machine.     We  have  feen  pilfons  moved  by  means  of  a 
double  rack  on  the  pifton  rod.    A  half  wheel  takes  hold 
of  one  rack,  and  raifes  it  to  the  required  height.    The 
moment  the  half  wheel  has  quitted  that  fide  of  the  rack, 
it  lays  hold  of  the  other  (iJe,  and  forces  the  pifton  down 
again.     This  is  propoled  as  a  great  improvement ;  cor- 
refting  the  unequable  motion  of  the   pifton  moved  in 
the  common  way  by  a  crank.     But  it  is  far  int'crior  to 
the  crank  niotii-ii.     It  occalions  fuch   abrupt  changes 
of  motion,  that  the  machine  is  fliaken  by  jolts.     Indeed 
if  the  movement  were  accurately  executed,  the  machine 
would  be  (h.iken  to  pieces,  if  the  parts  did  not  give 
way  by  bending  and  yielding.     Accordingly,  we  have 
always  obferved  that  this  motion  foon  failed,  and  was 
changed  tor  one  th.it  was  more  fmooth.     A  judicious 
engineer  will  avoid  all  fuch  fudden  changes  of  motion, 
cfpecially  in  any  ponderous  part  of  a  m.achine. 

When  feveral  Hampers,  pillons,  or  other  reciprocal 
movers,  are  to  be  raifed  and  deprelfed,  cominon  fenfe 
teaches  us  to  diftribuie  their  times  of  aiSion  in  a  uni- 
form manner,  fo  that  the  machine  may  always  be  equal- 
ly loaded  with  work.  When  this  is  done,  and  the  ob- 
fervations  in  the  preceding  paragraph  attended  to,  the 
machine  may  be  made  to  move  almoft  as  fmocthly  as  if 

there 


37^ 


MACHINERY. 


there  were  no  reciprocations  in  it.  Nothing  fhews  the 
ingenuity  of  the  author  more  than  the  artful  yet  limplc 
and  ciTetlual  contrivances  for  obviating  thole  difficul- 
ties that  unavoidably  aiiie  from  the  very  n.iture  of  the 
woric  that  muft  be  performed  by  the  machine,  and  of 
the  power  employed.  Tiie  inventive  genius  and  found 
judgment  of  Watt  and  Boulton  are  as  perceptible  to  a 
{killed  obferver  in  thefe  fubordinate  parts  of  fome  of 
their  i^reat  engines,  as  in  the  original  difcovery  on  which 
their  patent  is  founded.  In  fome  of  ihofe  engines  the 
inafs  of  dead  matter  which  mufl  be  put  into  motion, 
and  this  motion  deftroyed  and  again  reflorcd  in  every 
llrotc,  is  enormous,  amounting  to  above  an  hundred 
tons.  Tlie  ingenious  authors  have  even  contrived  to 
draw  fome  advantages  from  it,  by  allowing  a  great  want 
of  equilibrium  in  certain  politicns  ;  and  this  has  been 
condemned  as  a  blunder  by  engineers  who  did  not  fee 
the  life  made  of  it. 
,j  Tliere  is  alfo  great  room  for  ingenuity  and  good 

The  una-    choice  in  the  management  of  the  moving  power,  when 
voidable      it  is  fuch  as  cannot  immediately  produce  the  kind  of 
inequalities  jxiotion  required  for  etfeding  the  purpofe.     We  men- 
of  moving  tioned  the  converfion  of  the  continued  rotation  of  an 
powrrniu  ^  ^^.^  .^^^^  ^j^^  reciprocating  motion  of  a  pifton,  and  the 
fated  by       improvement  which  was  thought  to  have  been  made  on 
the  con-      the  common  and  obvious  contrivance  of  a  crank,  by 
ftrudion.     fubftituting  a  double  rack  on  the  pifton-rod,  and  the 
inconvenience  ariling  from  the  jolts  occafioned  by  this 
change.     We  have  lisen  a  great  forge,  where  the  engi- 
neer, in  order  to  avoid  the  fame  inconvenience  arifing 
from  the  abrupt  motion  given  to  the  great  fledge  ham- 
mer of  feven  hundred  weight,  redlling  with  a  tive-fold 
momentum,  formed  the  wipers  into  fpirals,  which  com- 
municated motion  to  the  hammer  almoll  without  any 
jolt  whatever  ;  but  the  refult  was,  that  the  hammer 
rofe  no  higher  than  it  had  been  raifed  in  contadt  with 
the  wiper,  and  then  fell  on  the  iron  bloom  with  very 
little  effeiS.     The  caufe  of  its  inefficiency  was  not  guef- 
fed  at  ;  but  it  was  removed,  and  wipers  of  tlie  common 
form  were  put  in  place  of  the  fpirals.     In  this  opera- 
tion, the  rapid  motion  of  the  hammer  is  ablolutely  ne- 
ceffary.     It  is  not  enough  to  lift  it  up  ;  it  mull  be  tof- 
fcil  up,  fo  as  to  fly  higher  than  tlie  wiper  lifts  it,  and  to 
Ilrike  with  great  force  the  llrong  oaken  fpring  which 
is  placed  in  its  way.     It  comprelfes  this  fpring,  and  is 
reiieiled  by  it  with  a  conliderahle  velocity,  fo  as  to  hit 
the  iron  as  if  it  had  fallen  from  a  great  height.     Had 
it   been  allowed  to  fly  to  that  height,   it   would  have 
fallen  upon  the  iron  with  fomewhat  more  force  (becaufe 
no  oaken   fpring  is  perfe<ftly  elaftic)  ;  but  this  would 
have  required  more  than  twice  the  time. 
-8  In  employing  a  power  whicli  of  neceOlty    recipro- 

Great  in-  cates,  to  di  ive  machinery  which  requires  a  continuous 
tonvMiicn-  motion  (as  in  applying  tlie  fleam  engine  to  a  cotton  or 
"*''^".''*^"  a  grill  mill),  theie  ahb  occur  great  diflrculties.  The 
Bower.  ^  necelTity  of  reciprocation  in  the  firll  mover  waftes  much 
power  ;  becaufe  the  inftrument  which  communicates 
iuch  an  enormous  force  muft  be  extremely  ftrong,  and 


be  well  fupported.  The  impelling  power  !s  waded  in 
imparting,  and  afterwards  dellroying,  a  vaft  quantity  of 
motion  in  the  working  beam.  The  flvilful  engineer  will 
attend  to  this,  and  do  his  utmoll  to  procure  the  necef- 
fary  llrength  of  this  firll  mover,  without  making  it  a 
vail  load  of  inert  matter.  He  will  alfo  remark,  that 
all  the  flrains  on  it,  and  on  its  fupports,  are  changing 
their  direifllons  in  every  (Iroke.  This  requires  particu- 
lar attention  to  the  manner  of  fupporting  it.  If  we 
obfervc  the  fleam  engines  which  have  been  long  eretfl- 
ed,  we  fee  that  they  have  uniformly  lliakcn  the  build- 
ing to  pieces.  Tliis  has  been  owing  to  the  Ignorance 
or  inattention  of  the  engineer  in  this  particular.  They 
are  much  more  judicioufly  eretSed  now,  experience  ha- 
ving taught  the  moll  ignorant  that  no  building  can 
withlland  their  defultory  and  oppnfne  jolts,  and  that 
the  great  movements  muft  be  fupported  by  a  frame 
work  independent  of  the  building  of  mafonry  which 
contains  it  (b). 

The  engineer  will  alio  remark,  that  when  a  fingle 
flroke  fteam  engine  is  made  to  turn  a  mill,  all  the  com- 
munications of  motion  change  the  direction  of  their 
prelfure  twice  every  ftroke.  During  the  working  ftroke 
of  the  beam,  one  fide  of  the  teeth  of  the  intervening 
wheels  is  prefling  the  macliinery  forward  ;  but  during 
the  returning  Hoke,  the  machinery,  already  in  motion, 
is  dragging  the  be,im,  and  the  wheels  are  afting  with 
the  other  fide  of  the  teeth.  This  occafions  a  rattling 
at  every  change,  and  makes  it  proper  to  fafliion  both 
fides  of  the  teeth  with  the  fame  care. 

It  will  frequently  conduce  to  the  good  performance 
of  an  engine,  to  make  the  aftion  of  the  refifling  work 
unequable,  accommodated  to  the  inequalities  of  the  im- 
pelling power.  This  will  produce  a  more  uniform  mo- 
tion in  machines  in  whicK  the  momentum  of  inertia  is 
inconfiderable.  There  are  fome  beautiful  fpecimens  of 
this  kind  of  adjuftment  in  the  mechanifm  of  animal 
bodies. 

It  is  very  cuftomary  to  add  what  is  called  a  Flt  to        39 
machines.     This  is  a  hsavy  difk  or  hoop,  or  other  mafs  Nature,  o- 
of  matter  lalar.ced  on  its  axis,  and  fo   conneflcd  with  P"ation, 
the  machinery  as  to  turn  brilkly  round  with  it.      This  ^"'^"'^^  "' 
may  be  done  with  the  view  of  rendering  the  motion  of 
the  whole  more  regular,  notwiihftanding  unavoidable 
inequalities  of  the  accelerating  forces,  or  of  the  refift- 
ances  occafioned  by  the  work.      It  becomes  a  Regu- 
lator.    Suppole  the  refiflance  extremely  unequal,  and 
the  impelling  power  perfe«flly    conilant ;    as  when  a 
bucket  wheel  is  employed  to  work  one  pump.      AVhen 
the  pillon  has  ended  its  working  ftroke,  and  while  it  is 
going  down  the  barrel,  the  power  of  the  wheel  being 
fcarcely  oppofed,  it  accelerates  the  whole  machine,  and 
the  pillon  arrives  at  the  bottom  of  the  barrel  with  a  con- 
fiderable  velocity.     But  in  the  rifing  again,  the  wheel 
is  oppofed  by  the  column  of  water  now  prefljng  on  the 
pillon.    This  immediately  retards  the  wheel  ;  and  when 
the  pifton  has  reached  the  top  of  the  barrel,  all  the  ac- 
celeration is  undone,  and  is  to  begin  again.   The  motion 

of 


»  Flt. 


(b)  The  gudgeons  of  a  water-wheel  fliould  never  reft  on  the  wall  of  the  building.  It  fhakesit;  and  if  fet 
up  foon  after  the  building  has  been  eredled,  it  prevents  the  mortar  from  taking  firm  bond  ;  perhaps  by  fliattering 
the  calcareous  cryftals  as  they  form.  When  the  engineer  is  obliged  to  refl  the  gudgeons  in  this  way,  they 
fhould  he  fuppoi  ted  by  a  block  of  oak  laid  a  little  hollow.  This  foftens  all  tremors,  like  the  fprings  of  a  whee 
carriage.     This  pradlice  would  be  very  ferviceable  in  many  other  parts  of  the  conftrudion. 


M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y. 


of  fuch  a  macliins  is  virj  hobbling  :  but  the  fuperplus 
of  acceleratirijj  force  at  the  beginning  of  a  returning 
(Irnkc  v/ill  not  make  fuch  a  chsnge  in  the  motion  of 
the  machine  if  we  connefl  the  Hy  with  it.  For  the  ac- 
celeraciiig  momentum  is  a  determinate  quantity.  There- 
fore, if  the  radius  of  the  fiy  be  great,  this  momentum 
will  be  attained  by  communicating  a  fmall  angular  mo- 
tion to  the  machine.  The  momtntum  of  the  fly  is  as  the 
fquareof  its  radius  j  therefore  it  refilfs  acceleration  in  this 
proportion;  and  although  the  overplus  of  power  generates 
the  fame  momentum  ot  rotation  in  the  whole  machine 
:is  before,  it  makes  but  a  fmall  addition  to  its  velocity. 
If  the  diameter  of  the  fly  be  doubled,  the  augmentation 
of  rotation  will  be  reduced  to  one-fourth.  Thus,  by  giv- 
ing a  rapid  mction  to  a  fmall  quantity  of  matter,  the 
great  acceleration  during  the  returning  (Iroke  of  the 
pifton  is  prevented.  This  acceleration  continues,  how- 
ever, during  the  whole  ot  the  returning  llrukc,  and  at 
the  er.d  of  it  the  machine  has  acquired  its  greateft  velo- 
city. Now  the  woiking  ftroke  begins,  and  the  over- 
plus of  power  is  at  an  end.  The  midline  accelerates 
no  more  ;  but  if  the  power  is  juft  in  e<piilibrio  with  the 
refinance,  it  keeps  tlie  velocity  whicii  it  lias  acquired, 
and  is  llill  more  acccl;rated  during  the  next  returning 
Itrokc.  But  now,  at  the  beginning  of  the  fubfequent 
working  flroke,  there  is  anoverphu  of  reliltance,  and  a 
retardation  begins,  and  continues  daring  the  whole  rife 
of  the  pillon  ;  but  it  is  inconfiderable  in  comparifon  of 
what  it  would  have  been  without  the  fly  ;  for  the  fly, 
retaining  its  acquired  momentum,  drags  iorward  tlie  rell 
of  the  machine,  aiJiiig  the  impelling  power  of  the 
wheel.  It  does  this  by  all  tlie  communications  taking 
ii  t)  cich  other  in  the  oppofite  direction.  The  teeth 
of  the  intervening  wheels  are  heard  to  drop  from  their 
former  contaift  on  one  tide,  to  a  contaft  on  the  other. 
By  confidering  this  procefs  with  attention,  we  cafily 
perceive  that,  in  a  few  llrokes,  the  overplus  of  power 
during  the  returning  llroke  comes  to  be  lb  adjullcd  to 
the  deficiency  during  the  working  llroke,  that  the  acce- 
lerations and  retardations  exaftly  delhoy  each  otlier,  and 
every  fucceeJing  llroke  is  made  with  the  fame  velocity, 
and  an  cqiinl  number  of  ftrokes  is  made  in  every  fuc- 
ceeding  minute.  Thus  the  machine  acquire?  a  general 
uniloimity  with  periodical  inequalities.  It  is  plain, 
that  by  fufficiently  enlarging  either  the  diameter  or  the 
weiv;ht  of  the  fly,  the  irregularity  ot  the  motion  may 
be  rendered  as  fmall  as  we  pleafe.  It  is  much  better 
to  enlarge  the  diameter.  This  preferves  the  fridion 
more  moderate,  and  the  pivot  wears  Ufs.  For  thefe 
reafons,  a  fly  is  in  general  a  confidtrable  improvement 
in  machinery,  by  equalifing  many  exertions  tiiat  are  na- 
turally very  irregular.  Thus,  a  man  working  at  a  com- 
mon windlafs,  exerts  a  very  irregular  pretfure  on  the 
winch.  In  one  of  his  pofitions  in  each  turn  he  can  ex- 
ert a  force  of  near  70  pounds  without  fatigue,  but  in 
anntlicr  he  cannot  exert  above  25  ;  nor  mull  he  be 
loaded  with  much  above  this  in  gene rnl.  But  if  a  large 
fly  be  conne(!ted  properly  with  the  windlafs,  he  will 
ait  with  equal  eafe  and  fpeed  ag.iinll  30  pounds. 

This   regulating  power  of  the  lly  is  without  bound.s, 

Itiiuoow-  ^°''  "")'  ^'^  '"'^'^  '"  rer.d.;r  uniform  a  motion  produced 

erful  rcgu-  by  the  mod  defultory  and  irregular  power.     It  is  thus 

latur.  that  the  moil  regular  motion  is  given  to  mills  that  are 

driven  by   a  fingle  flroke  lleam  engine,  where  for  two 

or  even  three  feconds  there  is  no  force  ptefling  round 

viuppL.  Vol.  II. 


the  mill.  The  communlcaiion  is  made  ihrougli  a  rr.if- 
iive  fly  of  very  great  diameter,  whirling  with  great  ra- 
pidity. As  foon  as  the  impulfe  ceafes,  the  fly,  conti- 
nuing its  motion,  urges  round  the  whole  machinery  witii 
almoll  unabated  fjieed.  At  this  inllant  all  the  teetii, 
and  all  the  joints,  between  the  fly  and  the  fiiil  mover, 
arc  heard  to  catch  in  the  oppulite  diredion. 

If  any  permanent  change  Ihould  happen  in  the  im- 
pelling power,  or  in  the  refillance,  the  fly  makes  ni 
obftacle  to  its  producing  its  full  effedt  on  tlie  m.iclrne  ; 
and  it  will  be  obferved  to  accelerate  or  retard  unilorin- 
ly,  till  a  new  general  fpeed  is  acquired  exai^tly  corie- 
I'ponding  witli  this  new  power  and  refiftance. 

Many  machines  include  in  their  conlli action  move- 
ments which  are  equivalent  with  this  intentional  reguli- 
tor.  A  flour  mill,  tor  example,  cannot  be  better  regu- 
lated than  by  its  milllone  ;  but  in  the  Albion  mills,  a 
heavy  fly  was  added  with  great  pri'ptiety;  tor  if  the 
mills  had  been  regul.iled  by  their  niiUtonesonly,  then  at 
every  change  ol  llroke  in  the  lleam  engine,  the  while 
train  ot  communii  ations  between  the  beam,  which  is  the 
firft  mover,  and  the  regulating  milllone,  which  is.  the  ve- 
ry laft  mover,  would  take  in  tiie  oppollte  direiflion.  Al- 
though each  drop  in  the  teeth  and  joints  be  but  a  trifle, 
the  whole,  added  together,  would  make  a  confiderable 
jolt.  This  is  avoided  by  a  regulator  immediately  ad- 
joining to  the  beam.  This  continually  prclfes  the  woi  k- 
ing  machinery  in  one  direflion.  So  judicioully  were 
the  movements  of  that  noble  machine  contrived,  and  fo 
nicely  were  they  executed,  that  not  the  lejil  noile  was 
heard,  nor  the  ilighteil  tremor  leit  in  the  building. 

Mr  Valoue's  beautiful  pile  engine  employed  at  Well- 
minller  Bridge  is  anotlier  remarkable  inltance  of  thi 
regulating  power  of  a  fly.*  When  the  ram  is  drc>p- 
ped,  and  its  follower  dilcngageJ  immediately  after  it, 
the  horfes  would  inllantly  tumble  down,  becauie  the 
load,  againft  winch  they  had  been  llrainiiig  hard,  is  at 
once  taken  oft";  bat  the  gin  is  connected  with  a  very 
large  fly,  which  checks  any  remarkable  acceleration,  al- 
lowing the  horfcs  to  lean  on  i:  during  the  defcent  of 
the  load  ;  after  which  their  draught  recommences  im- 
mediately. The  fpindles,  cards,  and  bibuiiis  of  a  cot- 
ton mill,  are  alfo  a  fort  of  flies.  Indeed  all  bulky  ma- 
chines of  the  rotative  kind  tend  to  pielerve  their  mo- 
tion with  fome  degree  of  lleadinels,  and  their  great  mo- 
mentum of  inertia  is  as  ufelul  in  this  refpeft  as  it  is  pre- 
judicial to  the  acceleration  or  any  reciprocation  when 
wanted. 

There  is  another  kind  of  regulating  fly,  confilllng  of 
wings  whirled  brilkly  round  till  the  refillance  of  the  air 
prevents  any  great  accelera'ion.  This  is  a  very  bad 
one  tor  a  woriing  machine,  tor  it  produces  its  etfed  by 
renl/y  ivaftin^  a  part  of  the  moving  ptnver.  Frequent- 
ly it  employs  a  very  great  and  unknown  part  of  it,  and 
robs  the  proprietor  ot  much  work.  It  IlioulJ  never  be 
mtroduced  into  any  machine  employed  in  manufac- 
tures. 

Some  rare  cafes  occur  where  a  very  different  regula- 
tor is  required  ;  wheie  a  certain  determined  vth'cily  is 
found  nccelf.iry.  In  this  cat.'  the  michine  is  fiirnillieti, 
at  its  extreme  mover,  with  a  conical  [lendiilum,  onlill- 
ing  of  two  heavy  bilU  hanging  hy  rod?,  which  move  in 
very  nice  and  Heady  joints  at  tiie  top  ot  a  vertical  axis. 
It  is  well  known,  that  when  this  axis  turns  round,  with 
an  angular  velocity  fuitcd  to  the  length  of  ihofo  pcn- 
3   B  dulums, 


37" 


"See  PiLE- 
En^ine,  En- 
cyd. 


41 

A  had  coii- 
(IructioQ  of 
a  fly. 


41 
\  cnnicat 
pcndulllin 
if  t)ic-  m«ll 
ptrfccl  rc- 
guUior. 


378 


MACHINERY. 


dulums,  the  time  of  a  revolution  is  detcrnjined.  Tints, 
if  the  length  of  each  pendulum  be  39,'  inches,  the  axis 
will  make  a  revolulion  in  two  lecnnds  very  neaily.  It 
we  attempt  to  force  it  more  fwiftly  round,  the  balls  will 
recede  a  little  from  the  axis,  but  it  employs  as  long 
time  for  a  revolution  as  before;  and  we  cannot  make  it 
turn  fwifler,  unlefs  the  impelling  power  be  increakd 
beyond  all  probability  ;  in  which  c.ilc  the  penduluiri  will 
fly  out  from  the  centre  till  the  rods  are  horizontal,  af- 
ter which  every  increafe  of  power  will  accelerate  the 
machine  very  fenfibly.  Watt  and  Boulton  have  applied 
this  contrivance  with  great  ingenuity  to  their  fteam  en- 
gines, when  they  are  employed  for  driving  machinery 
for  manufactures  which  have  a  very  changeable  relift- 
ancc,  and  where  a  certain  fpeed  cannot  be  much  de- 
parted from  without  great  iiuonveniencet  They  have 
conntfled  this  recefs  of  the  balls  from  the  axis  (which 
gives  immediate  indication  of  an  incteafe  of  power  or  a 
diminution  of  refii^ance)  with  the  cock  which  admits 
the  lleam  to  tlie  working  cylinder.  The  balls  flying 
out,  caufe  the  cock  to  clofe  a  little,  and  diminifii  the 
fupply  of  fteam.  The  impelling  power  diminilhes  the 
next  moment,  and  the  balls  again  approach  the  axis, 
and  tlie  rotation  gc:es  on  as  before,  although  there  may 
have  occurred  a  very  great  excels  or  deficiency  of  power. 
The  fame  contrivance  may  be  employed  to  raife  or  low- 
er the  feeding  lluice  i/t  a  water  mill  employed  to  drive 
machinery. 
43  A  fly  is  fometimes  employed  for  a  very  different  pur- 

A  fly  fome-  pofe  from  that  of  a  regulator  of  motion— it  is  employ- 
times  col-  gj  as  a  colleBor  of  ponvsr.  Suppofe  all  refillatice  remo- 
kaspow-  ^gj  from  the  working  point  of  a  machine  furnilhed  with 
a  very  large  or  heavy  fiy  immediately  connedled  with 
the  working  point.  When  a  fmall  force  is  applied  to 
the  impelled  point  of  this  machine,  motion  will  begin 
in  the  machine,  and  the  fly  begin  to  turn.  Coiuinue 
to  prefs  uniformly,  and  the  machine  will  accelerate. 
This  may  be  continued  till  the  fly  has  acquired  a  very 
rapid  motion.  If  at  this  moment  a  refilling  body  be 
applied  to  the  working  point,  it  will  be  aded  on  with 
very  great  force  ;  for  the  fly  has  now  accumulated  in 
its  circumference  a  very  great  momentum.  If  a  body 
were  expofed  immediately  to  the  aflion  of  this  circum- 
ference, it  would  be  violently  ftruck.  Much  more 
will  it  be  fo,  if  the  body  be  expofed  to  the  aflion  of  the 
working  point,  which  perhaps  makes  one  turn  while 
the  fly  makes  a  hundred.  It  will  exert  a  hundred  times 
more  force  there  (very  nearly)  than  at  its  own  circum- 
ference. All  the  motion  which  has  been  accumulated 
on  the  fly  during  the  whole  progrefs  of  its  acceleration 
is  exerted  in  an  inflant  at  the  working  point,  multiplied 
by  die  momentum  depending  on  the  proportion  of  the 
parts  of  the  machine.  It  is  thus  that  the  coining  prefs 
performs  its  office  ;  nay,  it  is  thus  that  the  blackfraith 
forges  a  bar  of  iron.  Swinging  the  great  fledge  ham- 
mer round  his  head,  and  urging  it  with  force  tiie  whnle 
Way,  this  accumulated  motion  is  at  once  extin2,uilTied 
by  impadl  on  the  iron.  It  is  thus  we  drive  a  nail ;  and 
it  is  thus  that  by  accumulating  a  very  moderate  force 
exerted  during  four  or  five  turns  of  a  fly,  the  wliole  of  it 
is  exerted  on  a  punch  let  mi  a  tliick  plate  of  iron,  fuch 
as  is  employed  tor  the  boilers  of  fteam  engines.  The 
plate  is  pierced  as  if  it  were  a  bit  of  cheefe.  This  ac- 
cumulating power  of  a  fly  has  occafioned  many  who 
think  themfelves  engineers  to  imagine,  that  a  fly  really 


adds  power  or  mechanical  force  to  an  engine  ;  and,  not 
underllanding  on  what  its  efficacy  depends,  they  often 
place  tl;e  fly  in  a  fituaticn  wliere  it  only  added  a  ufelefs 
burden  to  the  machine.  It  Ihould  always  be  made  to 
move  with  rapidity.  If  intended  for  a  mere  regulator, 
it  Ihould  be  near  the  firll  mover.  If  it  is  intended  to 
accumulate  force  in  the  working  point,  it  flii-.uld  not 
be  far  feparated  from  it.  In  a  certain  feiife,  a  fly 
may  be  faid  to  add  power  to  a  machine,  becaufe  by 
accumulating  into  the  exertion  of  one  moment  the 
exertions  of  many,  wc  can  fometimes  overcome  an  ob- 
Uacle  that  we  never  could  have  balanced  by  the  fame 
machine  unaided  by  the  fly. 

It  is  this  accumulation  of  force  which  gives  fuch  an 
appearance  of  power  to  fome  of  our  tirft  movers.  When 
a  man  is  unfortunately  catclied  by  the  teeth  of  a  paltry 
country  mill,  he  is  crufhed  almcft  to  mummy.  'I'he 
power  of  the  ftream  is  conceived  to  be  prodigious  ;  and 
yet  we  are  certain,  upon  examination,  that  it  amounts 
to  the  prelTure  of  no  more  than  fifty  or  fixty  pounds. 
But  it  has  been  afting  f  r  fome  time;  and  there  is  a 
niilflone  of  a  ton  weight  whirling  twice  round  in  a  fe- 
cond.  This  is  the  force  that  crufhed  the  unfortunate 
man  ;  and  it  required  it  all  to  do  it,  for  the  mill  (lop- 
ped. We  faw  a  mill  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Elbing- 
roda  in  Hanover,  where  there  was  a  contrivance  which 
difengaged  the  milllone  when  any  thing  got  entangled 
in  the  teeth  ot  the  wheels.  It  was  tried  in  our  fight 
with  a  head  of  cabh.ige.  It  cruflied  it  indeed,  but  not 
violently,  and  would  by  no  means  have  broken  a  man's 
arm. 

It  is  hardly  necelf.iry  to  recommend  fimpliclty  in  the 
conflrudion  of  machines.  'I'his  feems  n.iw  fiifhcienlly 
underllood.  Multiplicity  of  motions  and  communica- 
tions iiicreafes  fridions ;  increafes  the  unavoidable  lofles 
by  bending  and  )ielding  in  every  part;  expofes  to  all 
the  imperfeftions  of  workmanthip  ;  and  has  a  great 
chance  of  being  indillln(;tly  conceived,  and  therefore 
conftrufled  without  fcicnee.  We  think  the  following 
conllruftion  ot  a  capft.in  or  crab  a  very  good  example 
of  tlie  advantaues  ot  fimplicity.  It  is  the  invention  of 
an  untaught  but  very  ingenious  country  tradefman. 

EAB  IS  the  barrel  of  the  capflan,  ftanding  vertically 
in  a  proper  frame,  as  ufual,  and  urged  round  by  bars 
fucli  as  EF.  The  upper  part  A  of  the  barrel  is  17 
inches  in  diameter,  and  the  lower  B  is  16.  C  is  a 
ftrong  pulley  16  inches  in  diameter,  having  a  hook  D, 
which  takes  hold  of  a  hawfer  attached  to  the  load. 
The  rope  ACB  is  wound  round  the  barrel  A,  palfes 
over  the  pulley  C,  and  is  then  wound  round  the  barrel 
B  in  the  oppofite  diredion.  No  farther  defcription  is 
neceflary,  we  think,  to  fhew  tliat,  by  heaving  by  the 
bar  F,  fo  as  to  wind  more  of  the  rope  upon  A,  and 
unwind  it  from  B,  the  pulley  C  muft  be  brought  near- 
er to  the  capftan  by  about  three  inches  for  each  turn  of 
the  capftan  ;  and  that  this  fimple  capftan  is  equivalent 
to  an  ordinary  capilan  of  the  fame  length  of  b.ir  EF, 
and  diameter  of  barrel  B,  ccmbined  with  a  i6  fold 
tackle  of  pulleys  ;  or,  in  fliort,  that  it  is  16  times  more 
powerlul  than  the  comm.  n  capftan;  free  from  the 
great  lofs  by  fiiiftion  and  bending  of  ropes,  which 
would  abfoib  a  third  of  the  po  ver  of  a  16  f'lld  tackle  ; 
and  that  whereas  all  other  engines  become  weaker  as 
they  multiply  the  power  to  a  greater  degree  (unltfs  they 
are  proportionally  more  bulky),  this  engine  becomes 

really 


44 
Simplicity 
of conftruc- 
tion  recom- 
mended. 


F'g-3- 
45 
Example 
of  a  very 
fimple  and 
powerful 
capftan. 


MACHINERY. 


really  Ilronger  in  itfelf.  Suppofe  we  wanted  to  have 
it  twice  as  powerful  as  at  prelent  ;  nothing  is  neceff^ry 
but  to  cover  the  p;irt  B  of  the  barrel  with  laths  a 
quarter  of  an  inch  thick.  In  Ihort,  the  nearer  the  two 
barrels  are  to  equility,  the  more  powerful  does  it  be- 
come. We  give  it  to  the  public  as  an  excellent  cap- 
dan,  and  as  fuggeftlng  thoughts  which  an  intelligent 
engineer  may  employ  with  great  effeil.  By  this  con- 
trivance, and  ufing  an  iron  wire  inltead  of  a  catgut,  we 
converted  a  common  eight  day  clock  into  one  which 
goes  for  two  months. 

We  intended  to  conclude  this  article  with  fome  ob- 
fervations  on  the  chief  clall'es  of  powers  which  are  em- 
ployed to  drive  machinery  ;  fiich  as  water,  wind,  at- 
molpheric  prelFure,  gunpowder,  and  the  force  of  men 
and  other  animals,  giving  fome  notion  of  their  abfolute 
magnitudes,  and  the  efFeift  which  may  be  expeifled  from 
them.  We  fiiould  then  have  mentioned  what  lias  been 
difcovered  as  to  their  variation  by  a  variation  of  velo- 
city. And  we  intended  to  conclude  with  an  account 
of  what  knowledge  has  been  acquired  concerning  fric- 
ton,  and  the  lofs  of  power  in  machinery  ariling  from 
this  caul'e,  and  from  tl)e  ftiffnefs  of  ropes,  and  fome 
other  caufes :  But  we  have  not  yet  been  able  to  bring 
thefe  matters  into  a  connefled  form,  which  would  fug- 
gell  tlie  methods  and  means  of  larther  information 
thereon.  We  mud  endeavour  to  find  another  oppor- 
tunity of  communicating  to  the  public  what  we  may 
yet  leain  on  thofe  fubjeds. 


We  have  new  edablilhed  the  principles  on  which 
machines  mull  be  conllrucTed,  in  order  that  they  may 
produce  tlie  giealeft  effe(ft  ;  but  it  would  be  improper 
to  difmifi  tlie  fubjcd  without  dating  to  our  readers 
Mr  Bramah's  new  metliod  of  producing  and  applying  a 
more  confiderable  degree  of  power  to  all  kinds  of  ma- 
chinery requiring  motion  and  force,  than  by  any  means 
at  prefent  pradifed  for  that  puipofe.  This  method, 
for  which  on  the  31ft  of  Marcli  1796  he  obtained  a 
patent,  conlifts  in  the  applicatitm  of  water  or  other 
denfe  fluids  to  various  engines,  fo  as,  in  fome  inllances, 
to  caufe  them  to  aft  with  immenfe  force  ;  in  others, 
to  communicate  the  motion  and  powers  of  one  part  of  a 
machine  to  fome  other  part  of  the  fame  machine  ;  and, 
lallly,  to  communicate  the  motion  and  force  of  one  ma- 
chine to  another,  where  their  local  fituations  preclude 
the  application  of  all  other  methods  of  conneiflion. 

The  firft  and  moll  material  part  of  this  invention 
will  be  clearly  underllood  by  an  infpeiflion  of  fig.  4. 
where  "  A  is  a  cylinder  of  iron,  or  other  materi.als,  fulH- 
ciently  (Irong,  and  bored  perfeftly  fmooth  and  cylin- 
drical ;  into  which  is  fated  tlic  piflon  B,  which  muil 
be  made  perfeiftly  water-tight,  by  leather  or  other  ma- 
terials, as  ufed  in  pump-making.  The  bottom  of  the 
cylinder  mull  alfo  be  made  fulhciently  llrong  with  the 
other  part  of  the  furface,  to  be  cap.ible  of  refilling  the 
greatell  force  or  llrain  that  may  at  any  time  be  requir- 
ed. In  the  bottom  of  the  cylinder  is  inftited  the  end 
of  the  tube  C  ;  the  aperture  of  which  communicates 
with  the  infide  of  the  cylinder,  under  the  pillon  B, 
where  it  is  fliut  with  the  fmall  valve  D,  the  fame  as  the 
fudlion  pipe  of  a  common  pump.  The  oclier  end  of 
the  tube  C  communicates  with  the  fmall  forcing  pump 


or  injeftor  E,  by  means  of  which  water  or  other  denfe 
fluids  can  be  forced  or  injeded  into  the  cylinder  A, 
under  the  pillon  B.  Now,  fuppofe  the  diameter  of  the 
cylinder  A  to  be  12  inches,  and  the  diameter  of  the 
pillon  of  the  fmall  pump  or  injeftor  E  only  one  quar- 
ter ot  an  inch,  the  proportion  between  the  two  furfaces 
or  ends  of  the  faid  pillons  will  be  as  i  to  2304  ;  and 
fuppofing  the  intermediate  fpace  between  them  to  be 
filled  with  water  or  other  denfe  fluid  capable  of  fufli. 
cient  refillance,  the  force  of  one  pifton  will  aft  on  the 
other  juft  in  the  above  proportion,  viz.  as  i  is  to  2304. 
Suppofe  the  fmall  pillon  in  the  injeftor  to  be  forced 
down  when  in  the  aft  of  pumping  or  injcfting  water 
into  the  cylinder  A,  with  the  power  of  20  cwt.  which 
could  eafily  be  done  by  the  lever  H  ;  the  pifton  B 
would  then  be  moved  up  with  a  force  equal  to  20  cwt. 
multiplitd  by  2304.  Thus  is  conftrufted  a  hydro-me- 
chanical engine,  whereby  a  weight  amounting  to  2304 
tons  can  be  railed  by  a  fun  pie  lever,  thmugh  equal  fpace, 
in  much  lefs  time  than  could  be  done  by  any  apparatus 
conllrufted  on  the  known  principles  of  mechanics  ;  and 
it  may  be  proper  to  oblerve,  that  the  elieft  of  all  other 
meclianical  combinations  is  counterafted  by  an  accu- 
mulated complication  of  parts,  which  renders  them  in- 
capable of  being  ufefully  extended  beyond  a  certain  de- 
gree ;  but  in  machines  afted  upon  or  conftrufted  on 
this  principle,  every  difficulty  of  this  kind  is  obviated, 
and  their  power  fubjeft  to  no  finite  reflraint.  To  prove 
this,  it  will  be  only  necelfary  to  remark,  that  the  force 
of  any  machine  afting  upon  this  principle  can  be  increaf- 
ed  ail  iiifinitum,  either  by  extending  the  propoition  be- 
tween the  diameter  of  the  injeftor  and  the  cylinder  A, 
or  by  applying  greater  power  to  the  Isver  H. 

"  ^'g-  5-  reprefents  the  fcftion  of  an  engine,  by  which 
very  wonderlul  effefts  may  be  produced  inllantaneoufly 
by  means  of  comprelFed  air.  AA  is  a  cylinder,  with 
the  pillon  B  fitting  air-tight,  in  the  fame  manner  as  de- 
fcribed  in  fig.  4.  C  is  a  globular  vellcl  made  of  cop- 
per, iron,  or  other  ftrong  materials,  capable  of  refilling 
immenfe  force,  fimilar  to  thofe  of  .lir  guns.  D  is  a 
llrong  tube  of  fmall  bore,  in  which  is  the  Hop-cock  E. 
One  of  the  ends  of  this  tube  communicates  with  the 
cylinder  under  the  pillon  B,  and  the  other  with  the 
globe  C.  Now,  fuppofe  the  cylinder  A  to  be  tlie  fame 
diameter  as  that  in  fig.  4.  and  tlie  tube  D  equal  to  one 
quarter  of  an  inch  diameter,  which  is  tlie  fame  as  the 
injeftor  fig.  4.  :  then,  fuppofe  that  air  is  inj;fted  into 
the  globe  C  (by  the  common  method),  till  it  prelTes 
againft  the  cock  E.  with  a  force  equal  to  20  cwt.  which 
can  eafily  be  done  ;  the  conlcquence  will  be,  tha  wjien 
the  cock  E  is  opened,  the  pilton  B  will  be  moved  in 
the  cylinder  A  A  witli  a  power  or  force  equal  to  2304 
tons  ;  and  it  is  obvious,  as  in  the  cafe  fig.  4.  that  any 
other  unlimited  degree  of  force  may  be  acquired  by 
machines  or  engines  thus  conllrufted. 

"  Fig.  6.  is  a  feflion,  merely  to  lliew  how  the  power 
and  motion  of  one  machine  may,  by  means  ot  fluids,  be 
transferred  or  communicated  to  anoilicr,  let  their  di- 
(lance  and  local  lituation  be  what  they  niiy.  A  and  B 
are  two  fmall  cjlinders,  fm;H>th  and  rylindtical ;  in  the 
infide  of  each  ot  which  is  a  pilton,  made  water  and  air 
tight,  as  in  figs.  4.  and  5.  CC  is  a  tube  conveyed  un- 
der ground,  or  othcrwile,  from  the  bottom  ol  one  cy- 
linder to  the  other,  to  form  a  communication  between 
them,  noiwithftandir.g  tlieir  dlftance  be  ever  fo  gieat; 
3   B  2  this 


379 


tSo 


MACHINERY. 


this  tube  being  filled  with  water  or  other  fluid,  until  it 
touch  the  bottom  of  each  pillon;  then,  by  depreinng 
the  pillon  A,  the  pifton  B  will  be  railed.  The 
fame  efFeft  will  be  produced  -vice  verfa :  thus  bells 
may  be  rung,  wheels  turned,  cr  other  machinery 
pjt  invifibly  in  motion,  by  a  power  being  applied  to 
either. 

'•  Fig.  7.  is  3  fcflion,  fliewing  another  inftance  of  com- 
municating the  aiSion  and  force  of  one  machine  to  ano- 
ther ;  and  how  water  may  be  raifcd  out  of  wells  ot  any 
depth,  and  at  any  dillance  from  the  place  where  the 
operating  power  is  applied.  A  is  a  cylinder  ot  any  re- 
<]uired  dimenfions,  in  which  is  the  working  pillon  B, 
3S  in  the  foretfoing  examples :  into  the  bottom  ot  this 
cylinder  is  inl'ertcd  the  tube  C,  vviiich  may  be  of  lefs 
bore  than  the  cylinder  A.  This  tub:  is  continued,  in 
any  required  diieftion,  down  to  the  pump  cylinder  D, 
fuppofed  to  be  fixed  in  the  deep  well  EE,  and  lotms  a 
jun>51ion  therewith  above  the  pifton  F  ;  which  pifton 
lias  a  rod  G,  working  through  the  ftuffing-box,  as  is 
ufual  in  a  common  pump.  To  this  rod  G  is  conneded, 
over  a  pulley  or  otherwife,  a  vv-eight  H,  fuflicicnt  to 
overbalance  the  weight  of  the  water  in  the  tube  C,  and 
to  raife  the  plft<in  F  when  the  pifton  B  is  litted  :  thus, 
fuppofe  the  pifton  B  is  drawn  up  by  its  rod,  there  will 
be  a  vacuum  made  in  the  pump  cylinder  D,  below  the 
jiifton  F;  this  vacuum  will  be  filled  with  water  through 
the  fudlirn  pipe,  by  the  prelfure  of  the  atmofphere,  as 
in  all  pumps  fixed  in  air.  The  return  of  the  pifton  B, 
by  being  prtlfed  downwards  in  the  cylinder  A,  will 
make  a  ftroke  of  the  pifton  in  the  pump  cylinder  D, 


which  may  be  repeated  in  the  ufual  way  by  the  motion 
of  the  pifton  B,  and  the  aiflion  of  the  water  in  the  tube 
C.  The  rod  G  of  the  pifton  F,  and  the  weight  H, 
are  not  nccelfary  in  wells  of  a  depth  where  the  atmnf. 
pheie  will  overbalance  the  water  in  the  fuflion  of  the 
pump  cylinder  D,  and  that  in  the  tube  C.  The  fmall 
tube  and  cock  in  the  ciltern  I,  are  for  the  purpofe  of 
charging  the  tube  C." 

That  thefe  contrivances  are  ingenious,  and  may  oc- 
cafionally  prove  ufeful,  we  are  not  inclined  to  contro- 
vert ;  but  wt  muft  confils,  that  the  advantages  of  them 
appear  not  to  us  fo  great  as  to  their  author.  Why 
they  do  not,  we  need  not  explain  to  any  man  who, 
with  a  fufBcient  degree  of  mechanical  and  mathematical 
knowledge,  has  perufed  this  article  with  attention. 
71/r  John  Luccock,  however,  of  Marley,  near  Leeds, 
thinks  ib  very  differently  from  us  on  this  fubjeift,  that, 
on  Mr  Bramah's  principle,  he  propofes  to  apply  water 
or  other  denfe  ftuids,  lo  as  to  make  them  fupply  the 
place  ot  fteam  in  what  is  comm.'nly  called  the  Jl^nr/i  en- 
gine. He  calls  his  engine  the  yi(Tri7i/ox;M/ maf/.)ini;;  and 
lie  got  a  patent  f)r  it  on  the  2t>th  of  Feliruaiy  1799, 
though  it  differs  in  nothing  from  Mr  Bramah's  ma- 
chine,  reprefented  by  fig.  4.  except  that  the  tube  C  in 
the  paradoxical  machine  is  fupplied  with  water,  not  by 
means  of  a  forcing  pump,  but  from  a  ciftern  elevated  to 
fuch  a  height  as,  that  the  water  defcending  through 
the  tube  may  produce  its  effeifl  merely  by  its  weight. 
Whether  this  variation,  for  it  is  no  improvement,  of 
Mr  Bramah's  machine  intitled  its  author  to  a  patent, 
it  is  not  our  bafinefi  to  inquire. 


Mac-In- 
tofh, 

II 
Macoketh, 


MAC 
MAC-INTOSH,  a  new  county   in   the  Lower  dif- 
tricl  cf  Georgia,  between  Liberty  and  Glynn  counties, 
on  the  Alatamnha  river. — Morse. 

MAC-KENZIE'S  River,  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  N. 
America,  rifes  in  Slave  Lake,  runs  a  N.  N.  VV.  couile, 
and  receives  a  number  of  large  rivers,  many  ot  which 
are  250  yards  wide,  and  fome  are  12  tathoms  deep  at 
the  influx.     It  empties  into  the  North  Sea,  at   Whale 
Ifland   in   lat.   69°    14',  between   130"  and   135°  W. 
long,  after  a  courfe  of  7S0  miles  from  Slave  Luke.     It 
has  its  name  from   Mr  M'Kenzie,   v.ho  afcended   this 
river  in  the  fummer  of  1789.     He  ereded  a  poll  wi;h 
liis   name    engraven   on   it,  on  Whale   Ifland,  at   the 
mouth  of  this  river.     He  law  there  a  number  of  men 
and  canoes,  alio  a  number  of  animals  refemhling  pieces 
of  ice,  fuppofed    by  him  to    be  whales  ;  probably  lea- 
horfcs,  delcribed  by  Captain  Cook.     The  tide  was  ob- 
ierved  to  rife  ifi  or  18  inches.     In  fome  places  the  cur- 
rent of  the  river  makes  a  hiffing  noife  like  a  boiling  pot. 
It  palfes  through  the  Stony  Mountains,  and  has  great 
part  of  that  range  on  the   W.   lide.     The  Indian  na- 
tions, inhabiting  the  W.  fide  from  the  Slave  Lake  are 
the  Stronabow,  Mountain,  and    Hare    Indians;   ihofe 
on    the    E.    fide,  the   Beaver,  Inland,   Nathana,    and 
Quarrelers,  Indians.     No  difcoveries  W.  of  this  river 
have  been  made  by  land. — it). 

M.ACOKETH,  or  Mocohetch,  River,  Great,  empties 
into  the  MilfifTippi  from  the  N.  W.  in  N.  lat.  42°  23'. 
Little  Macokcih  falls  thiough  the  E.  bank  of  the  Mitfif- 


M     A     C 
fippi,  about  45    miles  above  the  mouth  of  Great  Ma-  Macspin, 
coketh,  and  oppofiie  to  the  old  Lead  mine. — ih.  II 

MACOPIN,  a   fmall  river,  which  empties  into  the  '^^^j'^''^''' 
Illinois,  ficm  the  S.  E.  18  miles  from  the  Miftilllppi ;  ^.^-^'^^^ 
is  20  yards  wide,  and   navig.ible  9   miles  to   the  hills. 
The  Ihore  is  low  on  both  fide^,  clad  with  paccan,  ma- 
ple, alh,  button. wood,  &c.     The  land   abounds  with 
limber,  and  is  covered  with  high  weeds. — ih. 

MACORIZ,  a  fmall  river  on  tlie  S.  fide  of  the 
ifland  of  St  Domingo;  16  leagues  E.  of  the  city  of 
St  Domingo. — ib. 

MACFHERSON  (James  Efq  ;),  was  born  in  the 
parifh  of  Kingufie,  and  county  of  Invernefs,  in  the  year 
1738.  His  lather  was  a  farmer  of  no  great  affluence ; 
and  young  Macpherfon  received  ih.e  earlier  part  ot  his 
education  in  one  of  the  parifli  fchools  in  the  diftriifl 
called  Badenoch.  By  an  anonymous  writer  in  the  E- 
dinburgh  Magazine,  he  is  faid  to  have  been  educated  in 
the  grammar  fchool  of  Invernefs  j  and  he  may,  for 
ought  that  we  know  to  the  contrary,  have  fpent  a  year 
in  that  feminary  ;  but  we  rather  think  that  he  went  di- 
reiftly  from  a  country  fchool  to  the  univerfity  of  Aber- 
deen. At  this  our  readers  need  not  be  furprifed  ;  for 
at  the  period  to  wl.ich  we  refer,  fome  of  the  paroch.ial 
fchoolmafters  in  Scotland,  and  more  efptcially  in  the 
Highlands,  were  men  eminent  for  talle  and  claffical  li- 
terature. 

It  was  in  the  end  of  Oi5lobcr  or  the  i  ft  of  N;>vembeT 
1752,  that  James  Mac[berfon  entered  the  King's  Col. 

lege; 


MAC 


[     3^'i     ] 


MAC 


Macpher-  lege  ;  where  lie  difplayed  more  genius  than  learning, 
fon.  entertaining  the  fociety  of  which  he  was  a  member,  and 
even  diverting  the  younger  part  of  it  from  their  ftudie!^, 
by  his  humorous  and  doggerel  rhinies.  About  two 
years  after  his  admifCon  into  the  univerlity,  the  King's 
College  added  two  months  to  the  length  of  its  annual 
ftjfion  or  term  ;  which  induced  Macpherfon,  with  many 
other  young  men,  to  rem  ve  to  the  Marifchal  College, 
where  the  felFion  continued  Ihort  ;  and  it  ib  this  circum- 
ftance  which  leads  us  to  fuppofe  that  his  father  was  not 
opulent. 

Soon  after  he  left  college,  and  perhaps  before  he 
left  it,  he  was  fchoolmafter  of  Ruthven,  or  Riven,  of 
Badenoch  ;  and  we  believe  he  afterwards  delighted  as 
little  as  his  great  antagonilt  ji  hnlon  in  tiie  recollection 
of  that  period  when  he  was  compelled,  by  the  narrow- 
nefs  of  his  fortune,  to  teach  boys  in  an  obfcure  ichool. 
It  was  during  this  period,  we  think  in  175S,  that  he 
publifhed  The  Highlander,  an  heroic  poem  in  fix  cantos, 
i2nio.  Of  this  work,  as  we  have  never  ieen  it,  we 
can  fay  nothing,  liy  the  anonymous  writer  already 
quoted,  it  is  mentioned  as  a  "  cillue  of  lullian  and  ab- 
furdity  ;"  whilll  others,  and  they  too  men  of  learning 
and  charaifler,  have  alFured  us,  that  it  indicated  conii- 
dcrable  genius  in  fo  young  an  author. 

Soon  after  this  publicatior,  Mr  Macpherfon  quitted 
his  fchool,  and  was  received  by  Mr  Graham  of  BaU 
gowan  into  his  family  as  tutor  to  his  fons ;  an  employ- 
ment of  which  lie  was  not  fond,  and  to  which  he  was 
not  long  condemned.  In  the  year  1760  he  fuiprifed 
the  world  by  the  publication  of  Frogments  of  jincient 
Poelry,  colleileJ  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  and  Tranf- 
lated  fioin  the  Gaelic  or  Erfe  Language,  8vo.  Tliele 
fragments,  which  were  declared  to  be  genuine  remains 
of  ancient  Scottilh  poetry,  at  their  firll  appearance  de- 
lighted every  readei  ;  and  feme  very  good  judges,  and 
amongft  the  reft  Mr  Gray,  were  extremely  w.Arm  in 
their  praifes.  Macpheif>in  had  intended  to  bury  them 
in  a  Scotch  magazine,  but  was  prevented  Irom  (o  in- 
judicious a  ftep  by  the  advice  ot  a  friend.  He  pub- 
lilhed  them  therefore  in  a  pamphlet  by  themfelves,  and 
thus  laid  the  toundation  ot  his  fuiure  fortune. 

As  other  fpecimens  were  faid  to  be  recoverable,  a 
fubfcription  was  fet  on  foot  by  the  Faculty  of  Advo- 
cates at  Edinburgh,  to  enable  our  author  to  quit  the 
family  of  Ualgowan,  perambulate  the  Highlands,  and 
fecure,  if  he  could,  th.e  precious  treafure.  Reengaged 
in  the  undertaking,  and  was  fucccfsful  ;  tor  all  who 
polTe/fed  any  of  the  long  famed  works,  vied  witli  each 
other  in  giving  or  fending  ihem  to  a  m  in  who  had 
ihewn  himfclf  fo  capable  of  dring  tliem  juftice. 

Witii  his  colledlion  of  poems,  and  Iriigments  of 
poems,  he  went  to  London  ;  and  tapging  tl:cm  toge- 
ther in  the  form  which  he  thought  b.-ll,  he  publilhed, 
in  1762,  Fingal,  tin  Ancient  Efic  Foeni,  infix  looks, 
tcgether  with  feveral  other  pcems,  compoi'cd  by  OUjan 
the  fon  of  Fingal,  tranllatcd  from  the  G  lelic  language, 
4to.  The  fiibjecfl  of  this  epic  poem  is  an  invalion  of 
Ireland  by  Swaran  king  of  Lochlin.  Cuchullin,  gene- 
ral of  the  Irifh  tribes  during  the  minority  of  Cormac 


king  of  Ireland,  upon  intelligence  of  the  invafion,  af-  Maq)her- 
fembled  his  forces  near  Tura,  a  callle  on  the  coaft  of  ,'i;?;_^ 
Ulfter.  The  poem  opens  with  the  landing  of  Swaran  ; 
councils  are  held,  battles  fought,  and  Cuchullin  is  at 
lad  totally  defeated.  In  the  mean  time,  Fingal,  king 
of  the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  whofeaid  had  been  foli- 
cited  before  ihe  enemy  landed,  arrived,  and  expelled 
them  from  the  country.  This  war,  which  continued 
but  fix  days  and  as  many  nights,  is,  inducing  the  epi- 
fodes,  the  ftory  of  the  Puem.  The  fcene,  the  heath  of 
Lena,  near  a  mountain  called  Cromlcoch  in  Uhl.er. 
This  poem  alfo  was  received  with  equal  applaufe  as  the 
preceding  Fragments. 

The  next  year  he  produced  Tcmora,  an  ancient  epic 
poem,  in  eight  books  ;  together  with  feveral  other 
poems  comjJOled  by  Olliin  fun  of  Fingal,  410,  which, 
though  well  received,  found  the  public  fomewliat  lefs 
difpofed  to  bellow  the  fame  meafure  of  appku.'e.  Tho' 
tliefe  jioems  had  been  examined  by  Dr  Blair  and  others, 
and  their  authenticity  alferted,  there  were  not  wanting 
f<ime  of  equal  reputation  for  critical  abilities,  who  either 
doubted  or  declared  their  difbclicf  of  tlie  genuinenefs 
ot  them.  Into  this  quellion  it  would  be  fuperfluous  to 
enter  here  particularly,  as  we  have  faid  enough  on  it 
elfewheie.      See  Ossian,  Encyil. 

Tliat  any  man  lliould  fuppofe  Macpherfon,  aftrr  l.is 
tranilation  ot  Homer,  the  author  of  the  pcems  which 
he  aicribes  to  Oilian,  appears  to  us  very  extraordinary  ; 
and  it  is  little  lefs  extraordinary,  that  any  one  (hould, 
for  a  moment,  believe  in  the  exiitence  of  manufcripls  of 
thele  poems  ot  very  high  antiquity.  Part  of  them  he 
undoubtedly  received  in  manufcript  from  Macdoiiald  of 
Clanronald  ;  but  we  can  atlirm,  on  the  bell  authority, 
that  the  faid  manufcript  was  written  at  diffeient  times 
by  the  Macvurich:,  hereditaiy  baids  to  that  family. 
He  may  likewifc  have  received  (hort  manufcripts  elle- 
whtie  ;  but  every  Highland  gentleman  of  learning  and 
of  candour  (and  none  clle  have  a  right  to  decide  on  this 
quellion),  declares,  that  by  much  the  greater  part  of 
the  poems  had  been  preftrved  in  fragments  and  popular 
tongs  from  a  very  remrte  age  by  oral  tradition.  To 
tliele  fragments  Macpherl'on  and  his  alfociates  (a)  gave 
iorm  ;  and  it  was  by  uniting  together  fragments  of  dif- 
lerent  ages,  that  he  inadvertently  furnirtied  Gibbon  and 
others  wiih  the  opportunity  of  objaiSing,  that  the 
poems  are  fometimes  inconfiltent  with  the  truth  of  hif- 
tory.  This,  however,  is  no  folid  objeflion  to  their 
authenticity  ;  for  every  Weft  Highlander  lixtr  years 
of  age  remembers  to  have  heard,  in  his  youth,  great 
jiart  of  thofe  piems  repeated  by  old  men  ;  and  is  con. 
lident  that,  many  centuries  ago,  the  names  of  Fiuit: 
Mackuil  (Fing.il),  and  ot  Olluin's  other  heroes  and  he- 
roines, weie  as  familiar  to  a  Highland  car,  as  the  names 
of  Agamemnon,  Heflnr,  Helen,  S:c.  were  tea  Gre- 
cian ear  at  the  time  when  the  poems  of  Homer  were 
reduced  into  their  prefcnt  form.  For  the  ttibflance  of 
the  poems,  this  is  fuch  evidence  as  none  will  rejCkl  who 
does  not  prefer  h'S  own  ccbweb  theories  to  the  united 
tcllimony  of  a  whole  people. 

With  rcfpcCl    to  auiherfticity,  the  poems  of  O1II  in 

have 


(a)  We  have  bee»  ainired  that  he  had  alTociates  ;  and  that  for  the  defcription  of  CuchuUin's  chariot  in  par- 
ticular he  was  indebted  to  Mr  Macpherfon  of  Snamazhie  ;  a  man  of  calivc  genius,  and  though  not  poflelled  o£ 


very  extcnltvc  erudition,  well  acquainted  with  GacLc  poetry. 


M     A     C 


[     38 


foti. 


have  indeed  been  compared  with  the  poems  of  Rowley  ; 
but  the  comparifon  is  abfurd.  The  poeins  of  the  Cel- 
tic bard  were  not  found  in  an  old  chell,  and  prefenttd 
to  a  people  who  had  never  before  heird  cither  of  them 
or  of  tl'.cir  author  ;  they  were  the  popular  fongs  and 
traditions  of  ages  collected  together,  and  reduced  into 
form,  with  additions  occafionally  made  by  the  tranlla- 
tor.  It  is  ridiculous  to  alk  how  thel'e  fongs  and  (lories 
could  be  fo  long  preferved  among  a  rude  and  illiterate 
people  ;  for  it  is  only  among  fuch  a  people,  whofe  ob- 
jedtb  of  purfuit  are  too  few  ti>  occupy  all  their  atten- 
tion, that  the  exploits  of  their  anccltors  can  be  handed 
down  by  tradition  ;  and  the  moll  ferious  objeiflion  which 
we  have  ever  met  with  to  the  tranllator's  account  of 
the  origin  of  the  poems,  arifcs  from  his  having  pretend- 
ed that  he  received  the  greater  pait  of  them  in  old  ma- 
nufcripts. 

After  the  publication  of  OfTian's  poems,  by  which 
we  have  reafon  to  believe  that  he  gained  twelve  hun- 
dred pounds,  Mr  Macpherfon  was  called  to  an  employ- 
ment which  withdrew  him,  for  fonie  time,  botli  trom 
the  mufes  and  from  his  country.  Captain  Johnflone  was 
appointed  governor  of  Penfacola,  and  Mr  Micpherfon 
accompanied  him  as  his  fecretary,  being  at  the  fame 
time  made  furveyor  general  of  tlie  Floridas.  If  our 
memory  does  not  deceive  us,  fome  difterence  arofe  be- 
tween the  principal  and  his  dependant,  and  they  part- 
ed before  their  return  to  England.  Having  contributed 
his  aid  to  the  fettlement  of  the  civil  government  of  that 
colony,  he  vifited  feveral  of  the  Well  India  illands,  and 
fome  of  the  provinces  of  North  America,  and  leturned 
to  England  in  the  year  1766,  where  he  retained  for 
life  his  falary  as  furveyor,  which  we  believe  was  L.200 
a-year. 

He  foon  returned  to  his  (ludies,  and  in  1771  produc- 
ed An  liitroduffion  to  the  H'ljlory  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  4to  ;  a  worlc  which  he  fays,  "  without  any  ot 
the  ordinary  incitements  to  literary  labour,  he  was  in- 
duced to  proceed  in  by  the  fole  motive  of  private  a- 
mufement."  The  fubjevJl  of  this  performance,  it  might 
reafonably  be  fuppofed,  would  not  excite  any  violent 
controverhal  acrimony  ;  yet  neither  it  nor  its  author 
could  efcape  from  feveral  mod  grofs  and  bitter  invec- 
tives, for  fome  of  which  he  perhaps  gave  too  great 
occafion. 

His  next  performance  produced  him  neither  reputa- 
tion nor  profit.  In  1773  he  publifbed.  The  Jliad  of 
Homer,  tranflated  in  two  volumes  4to  ;  a  work  fraught 
with  vanity  and  felf-confequence,  and  which  met  with 
the  molt  mortiiying  reception  from  the  public.  It  was 
condemned  by  the  critics,  ridiculed  by  the  wits,  and 
neglefted  by  the  world.  Some  of  his  friends,  and  par- 
ticularly Sir  John  Elliott,  endeavoured  to  refcue  it  from 
contempt,  and  force  it  into  notice.  Their  fuccefs  was 
not  equal  to  their  efforts. 

About  this  time  feems  to  be  the  period  of  Mr  Mac- 
pherfon's  literary  mortifications.  In  1773  Dr  Johnfon 
and  Mr  Bofwell  made  the  tour  to  ilie  Hebrides  ;  and 
in  the  courfe  of  it,  the  former  toot;  fame  pains  to  exa- 
mine into  the  proofs  of  the  authenticity  of  OHlan.  Tlie 
refult  of  his  inquiries  he  gave  to  ihe  public  in  1775,  in 
his  narrative  of  the  tour  ;  and  his  opinion  was  unfa- 
vourable. "  I  believe  they  {i.e.  the  poems,  fays  he}, 
never  exifted  in  any  other  form  than  that  which  we  have 
feen.     The  editor  or  author  never  could  fhew  the  ori- 


2     ]  MAC 

ginal ;  nor  can  it  be  (liewn  by  any  odier.  To  revenge  MicpW- 
reafonable  incredulity  by  refuling  evidence,  is  a  degree  ^J^iljl-^^ 
of  infolcnce  with  which  the  world  is  not  yet  acquaint- 
ed ;  and  llubborn  audacity  is  the  laft  refuee  of  guilt. 
It  would  be  eafy  to  fhew  it  if  he  had  it.  Uut  whence 
could  it  b;  had  ?  It  is  too  long  to  be  remembered,  and 
tlie  language  had  formerly  nothing  written.  He  has 
doubtlefs  iiilisrted  names  that  circulate  in  popular ftorics, 
and  may  have  tranflated  fome  wandering  ballads,  if  any 
can  be  found  ;  and  the  names  and  fome  of  the  images 
being  rccoUefled,  m.ikc  an  inaccurate  auditor  imagine 
that  he  has  formerly  lieard  the  whole." 

Again,  he  fays,  '<  I  have  yet  fuppofed  no  impofture 
but  in  the  publifher  ;  yet  I  am  far  from  certainty,  that 
fume  tranflaiions  have  not  been  lately  made,  that 
may  now  be  obtruded  as  parts  of  the  original  work. 

"  Credulity  on  the  one  part  is  a  llrong  temptation 
to  deceit  on  the  other,  efpecially  to  deceit  of  which  no 
perfonal  injury  is  the  confequcncc,  and  which  flatters 
the  author  with  his  own  ingenuity.  The  Scotts  liave 
fomething  to  plead  for  their  eafy  reception  of  an  im- 
probable fiiflion  :  they  are  feduced  by  their  fondnefs  for 
their  fuppofed  ancellors.  Neitlier  ought  the  Englilh  to 
be  much  influenced  by  Scotch  authority  ;  for  of  tlie 
pall  and  prefent  ftate  of  the  whole  Erfe  nation,  the 
Luwlanders  are  at  lead  as  ignorant  as  ourfelves.  To 
be  ignorant  is  painful ;  but  it  is  dangerous  to  quiet  our 
unealinefs  by  the  delufive  opiate  of  hally  perfualion." 

Thefe  reafonings,  if  realonings  they  can  be  called, 
might  have  been  eafily  anfweied,  had  not  Macpherfon 
pretended  to  the  polJefTion  of  at  lead  one  manulcripc 
which  certainly  never  exilted.  He  did  not,  however, 
attempt  to  anfwer  them;  but  adopted  a  mode  of  pro- 
ceeding whicli  tended  only  to  convince  the  world  that 
Johnfon's  opinion  had  fome  foundation,  and  that  the 
editor  ot  Olllan  had  more  imagination  than  found  judg- 
ment. Prompted  by  his  evil  genius,  he  lent  a  mena- 
cing letter  to  his  illuRrious  antngonid,  which  produced 
the  following  brief  but  fpirited  reply  . 

"  Mr  James  Macplierfon,  No  date. 

"  I  received  your  foolilh  and  impudent  letter.  Any 
violence  that  Ihall  be  offered  to  me,  I  will  do  my  bed 
to  repel  ;  and  what  I  cannot  do  for  myfelf",  the  law 
fhali  do  for  me  ;  for  I  will  not  be  hindered  from  expo- 
fing  what  I  think  a  cheat,  by  the  menaces  of  a  ruffian. 
Wtiat!  Would  you  have  me  retraift  ?  I  thought  your 
work  an  impofition  :  I  think  fo  dill  ;  and,  (or  my  opi- 
nion, I  have  given  reafons,  which  I  dare  you  to  refute. 
Your  abilities,  fince  your  Homer,  are  not  fo  formidable  ; 
and  what  I  hear  of  your  morality,  inclines  me  to  be- 
lieve rather  what  you  fhall  prove  than  what  you  fhall 
fay." 

Whether  this  letter  fliewed  to  Macpherfon  the  im- 
prudence of  his  condudt,  or  that  he  had  been  made 
fenlible  of  his  folly  by  the  interpofition  of  friends,  we 
know  not ;  but  certain  it  is,  we  hear  no  more  afterwards 
of  this  ridiculous  affair,  except  that  our  author  is  fup- 
pofed to  have  alTided  Mr  Macnicol  in  an  anfwer  to  Dr 
Johnfon's  Tour,  printed  in  1779.  This  fuppofition 
we  are  inclined  to  confider  as  well-lounded,  becaufewe 
have  been  told  by  a  gentleman  of  veracity,  that  Mr 
Macnicol  affirms,  that  the  fcurrility  of  his  book,  which 
conditutes  a  great  part  of  it,  was  inferted  unknown  to 
him,  after  the  manufcript  was  fent  for  publication  to 
London. 

Ja 


Macpher- 
fun. 


Mad. 


MAC  [     383     ]  MAD 

In   1775  Mr  MacpherCon  publKhed    The  H'ljiury  of  of  every  favourable   circumflance  which  arofe.     The  Macphcr- 
Great  Britain  from   the  Reflurat'wn  to  the  AcceJJion  of  the    reriftince  of  the  Colonies  called  for  tiie  aid  of  a  ready      '""' 
Houfe  of  Hanover,  in  two  volumes  410  ;  a  work  in  our    writer  to  combat  the  arguments,  of  the  Americdn?,  and  " 

opinion  of  great  merit,  though  by  <me  party  it  has  been    to  give  force  to  the   reafons  which  influenced  the  con-  ■. 
induftrioully,  and,  we  are  forty  to  ndd,  too  fuccefbfully,    duft  of  government,  and  he  was  lele^ed  for  the  purpofe. 
-^— ried.     A^  an  hiftorian,  our  author  could  not  indeed    Among  other  things   (of  which  we  iliould  be  giad  to 
ft^the  attic  elegance  of  a   Robcrtfon,  the  fplcndour    receive  a  more  particular  account),  he  wrote  a  pamph- 

leti  which  was  circulated  with  much  induftry,  intitled. 
The  Rights  of  deal  Britain  ajfertsd  agaiv.fl  the  Claims 
of  the  Colonies ;  being  an  Anjiuer  to  the  Dechiration  of 
the  General  Congrefs,  8vo,  1776,  and  of  which  m<.n-.- 
editions  were  publilhed.  He  alfo  was  the  author  or 
A  fhort  Hiftory  of  Oppofition  during  the  laj  S.fon  of 
Parliament,  Svo,  1779  ;  a  pamphlet  which,  on  account 
of  its  merit,  was  by  many  afcribed  to  Mr  Gibbon. 

But  a  more  lucrative  employment  was  conferred  on 
him  about  this  time.  He  was  appointed  agent  to  the 
nabob  of  Arcot,  and  in  that  capacity  e}:£rted  his  talents 
in  feveral  appeals  to  the  public  in  behalf  of  his  client. 
Among  others,  he  publifh=d.  Letters  from  Mahommed 
Alt  Chan,  Ndbob  of  Arcot,  to  the  Court  of  Direaors  ; 
to  which  it  annexed,  a  State  of  Facts  relative  to  Tanjore, 
'with  an  Appendix  of  Original  Papers,  ^to,  1777;  and 
he  was  fuppofed  to  be  the  nuthor  of  The  Hiflory  and 
Management  of  the  Eajl  India  Company  from  its  Origin 
in  1 60Q  to  the  prefent  Times,  vol.  i.  containing  the  af- 
fairs of  the  Carnatic,  in  which  the  rights  of  the  nabob 
are  explained,  and  the  injullice  of  the  Company  proved, 
4to,    1779. 

In  his  capacity  of  agent  to  the  nabob,  it  was  pro- 
bably thought  requifite  that  he  ftiould  have  a  feat  in 
the  Britilh  Parliament.  He  was  accordingly  in  1780 
chofen  member  for  Camelf  ^rd  ;  but  we  do  not  recolleift 
that  he  ever  attempted  to  fpeak  in  the  Houfe.  He 
was  alio  rechofen  in  1784  and  1790. 

He  h.id  purchafed,  we  think  before  the  year  1790, 
an  ertate  in  the  parilh  in  which  he  was  born  ;  and  chan- 
ging its  name  trom  Relz  to  Behilk,  built  on  it  a  large 
and  elegant  manfion,  commanding  a  very  romantic  and 
pifturefque  view  ;  and  thither  he  retired,  when  liis 
health  began  to  fail,  in  expectation  of  receiving  benefit 
from  the  change  ot  air.  He  continued,  however,  to 
decline  ,  and  alter  lingering  fome  time,  died  at  his  fe.Tt 
at   BclviUe,    in   Invernefs,    on  the   17th  of    February 


decried 
bo; 

of  a  Gibbon,  or  the  philofuphical  profundity  ot  a  Hume; 
but  \\\iflyle,  though  it  has  fometimes  been  the  avowed, 
■was  not  the  real,  caufe  of  the  coldnels  with  wiiich  his 
hiftory  was  received.  The  writer  of  this  fketch  once 
faw  a  gentleman  of  rank,  and  of  the  Whig  intereft, 
turn  over  one  of  Macpherfon's  volumes,  and  heard  him 
fay,  upon  Ihutting  the  bonk,  "  I  cannot  bear  that 
work."  He  was  alked  if  he  thought  the  narrative 
falfe  ?  and  lie  replied,  "  No!  It  is  too  true;  but  I 
cannot  bear  it,  becaufe  it  gives  me  a  bad  opinion  of 
thofe  great  men  to  whom  I  have  been  accultomed  to 
look  back  with  reverence  as  to  the  faviours  of  my 
country." 

That  it  has  been  aI)horred  by  others  on  the  fame  ac- 
count, we  have  not  a  doubt;  and  yet  language  has  no 
came  too  contemptuous  for  thofe  who  will  not  follow 
truth  whithetfoever  Ihe  may  lead  them  ;  or  who,  on 
the  abfurd  pretence  of  having  already  made  up  their 
minds,  will  not  ftudy  the  evidence  on  both  fides  of  a 
difputed  queilion  in  our  national  hillory.  A  man  needs 
not  furely  difapprove  oi  the  Revolution,  or  of  the  fub- 
fequent  fettlements,  though  he  Ihould  rind  complete 
proofs  that  Danby  and  Sunderland  were  crooked  poli- 
ticians, that  Marlborough  was  ungrateful,  or  even  that 
King  William  hinifclf  was  not  that  upright  and  dihn- 
terctted  chat  after  which  from  their  infancy  they  have 
been  taught  to  believe.  It  is  no  uncommon  thing  for 
Divine  Providence  to  accomphfh  good  ends  by  wicked 
inllruments.  Every  Protellan:  fuiely  coniiders  the  Re- 
formation as  one  ot  the  moft  bl;lfed  events  that  have  ta- 
ken place  in  the  world  lince  the  tirll  preaching  of  the 
gofpel  of  Chrill  ;  yet  he  would  be  a  hardy  champion 
who  fhould  undertake  to  vindicate  the  motives  which 
influenced  the  ccnduft  ot  the  firlf  reformers — ot  Hen- 
ry VIII.  for  inftance,  or  even  of  Luther  himlclf.  And 
why  may  not  the  Revolution  be  conlidered  as  in  the 
liighelf  degree  beneficial  10  the  country,  thougli  the 
conJuft  of  fome  i>f  thofe  who  brought  it  about  lliould 
be  found  to  be  fuch  as  Macphevfon  reprefents  it  ? 

That  author  certainly  adcd  with  great  fairnefs  ;  as 
together  with  the  hlifory  he  publilhed  the  proofs  upon 
which  his  fa<Ss  weic  founded,  in  two  c|uarto  volumes, 
intitled.  Original  P.iperi,  containing  the  Jtcrct  Hijlory  of 
Great  Britain,  from  the  Rcjloration  to  the  Acccjfton  of  the 
Houje  oj  Hanover  ;  to  -which  are  prefixed,  Extracts  frcm 
the  Life  of  James  II.  as  'written  by  bimfef.  Theie  pa- 
pers were  chiefly  crllefted  by  Mr  Carte,  but  are  not  all 
of  equal  authority.  They,  however,  clear  up  many  ob- 
fcuriiics,  and  let  the  ch  tracers  of  many  perfons  in  part 
times  in  a  different  light  from  that  in  which  they  have 
been  ufually  viewed.  On  this  account  we  have  no  he- 
fitation  to  t  ly,  that  he  who  is  capable  of  facrificing  pre- 
judice to  truth,  and  wllhcs  to  underrt.ind  the  politics  of 
the  reigns  of  J.imes,  and  William,  and  Anne,  Ihould 
ftudy  with  care  the  volumes  of  Macphcrlon. 

Soon  alter   this  period,  the  tiJe  of  fortune  flowed 
very    rapidly   in  Mr  Macpherfon's  fivour,  and  his  xx 


1796. 

He  appears  to  have  died  in  very  opulent  circumftan- 
ces  ;  and  by  his  will,  dated  June  1793,  Rave  various 
annuities  and  legacies  to  feveral  perlons  to  a  great  a- 
mount.  He  alfo  bequeathed  L.  1000  to  John  Macken- 
zie of  Figtree  Court,  in  tlie  Tcmj)le,  London,  to  de- 
fray the  expence  of  printing  and  publilhing  Oflian  \n 
the  original.  He  dire.rted  L.300  to  be  laid  out  in 
erefting  a  monument  to  his  memory  in  fome  confpicu- 
ous  fituation  at  Belville,  and  ordered  that  his  body 
fhould  be  carried  from  Scotland  and  interred  in  the 
Abbey  Church  of  Weltminllcr,  the  city  in  which  he 
had  palled  the  bell  part  of  his  lite.  His  remains  were 
accordingly  taken  frcm  the  place  where  he  died,  and 
buried  in  the  Poets  Corner  of  Wcllminfter  church. 

M.'VCUNGV,  a  townfhip  in  Nithampton  county, 
Pennlylvania. — Morse. 

MAD,  a  river,  called  alfo  Piciawa  Fori,  a  rapid 
branch  of  the  great  Miami,  having  a  S.  W.  courfe. 
It  is  a  beautiful  llream,  ]ialiiiig  through  a  pleafant  Ic- 


knti  and  induftry  were  amply  fuflicicnt,  to  avail  himfclf    vcl  country  of  the  greatcll  fertility. — H 


MADAME, 


M     AD  [     384    ]  MAG 

MaAame,       MADAME,  ^/r,  forms  the  N.  E.  fiJc  of  the  Gut  of  Thefc   ifles  have  been  fatal    to  many   velTcls.      The  Mjjnjlcna 

B         Canib,  as  vnu  enter  from  the  S.  E.  and  is  oppnfite  to  the  chief  of  ihem  are  the  Dead  Man,  Entry,  and  Rome:i         II 

^^liSjJ^l^  ealUru  extremity  cf  N'uva-Scotia.     T!ie  north  puint  of  ilhinJs.     Seamen  wilh  to   make  them  in  fair  weather,    •   ^J^^  ^' 

the  ilUmi  lies  14  miles  foiitherly  of  S:  Peter's  harbour,  as  they  fetve   them  to  take   a  new   departure  ;  but  in  ^>-v-^ 

ill  C-ipc  Bretoi^.  iH.ind.     The  ifles  de  Mid-ime  are  de-  fi>ggy  weather   or   blowii:g  weather  ihey   as  ftudioully 

pendent  (mi  C^pe  Breton  ifland. — ii.  avoid  them. — /'/'. 

MADBURY,  a  townlhip  in  Strafford  county,  New-        M  AGD  ALENA,  Lu,  one  of  the  Marquefas  Iflands 

Himpfnire,    fituated    between    Dover   and   Duiham,  in  the  South  Sea  ;  about  6  leagues   in  circuir,  and  has 

n'jout  10  miles   N.  W.  of   I'.ircfinouth.     It  was  incor-  a  harbnur  under  a  mountain  on  its  foulh  fide  neatly  in 

porated  in  1755,  and  has  592  inhabitants. — ii.  lat.  10°  25'  S.  long.  138°  50'  \V — ii>. 

MADDISON,  a  county    of  Kentucky,    adjoining        Macdalkna,  a  liver  of  Louiliana,  which  empiiesin- 

Fayette,  Clarke,  Lincoln,  and  Mercer  counties.  Chief  to  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  W.  by  S.  cf  Mexicano  liver. 

town,  Milford. — ii.  — '/'• 

Maddison,    a    fmall    town    of    Amherft    county,         Magdalena,  a  large  river,  the  two  piincipal  four- 

Virqinia  ;  fituated  on  the  N.  fide  of  James's  river,  op-  ces  of  which  are  at  no  gnat  diftance  from  the  city  cf 

pnfite   Lynchburg.     It   lies    150  miles  W.   by  N.   of  Popayan,  in  Terra  Firnia.     Bclca/.ar,  by  going  down 

Richmond. ib.  this   river,  foimd  a   paflage  to  the   North    Sea.     The 

MADDISON'S  CAVE,  the  largeft  and  mod  cele-  river,  after  uniting  its  w.itcrs  with  the  C.mce,  takes  the 
brated  cave  in  Virginia,  fituated  on  the  N.  fide  of  the  name  of  Grande,  and  falls  into  tlie  North  Sea  below- 
Blue  Ridge.  It  is  m  a  hill  of  about  200  feet  perpendicu-  the  town  of  Madre  de  Popa.  The  banks  of  this  great 
lar  height,  the  afccnt  rf  which,  rn  one  fide  is  fo  Iteep,  river  are  well  inhabited,  and  it  has  a  cruife  of  above 
lliat  you  may  pitch  a  bifcuit  from  its  fummic  into  the  200  leagues.  Its  mouth  is  much  frequented  by  fmug- 
river  which  walhes  its  bafe.     The  entrance  of  the  cave  glert,  and  conveys   to  Carihagena  the  produdions  of 

It  ex-  New  Granada,  viz.  gold  and   grain.     Among   many 


the  earth  about  300  feet,  branching  into  fub-    other  confiderahle  places  on  its  bank; 
caverns,    fomclimes  afccnding    a   little,    but     Teneriife,  Talaygua,  Monpo.v,  Tamalamcque,  &c. — ib. 


iks   are  Mal.imbito, 


is  in  this  fide,  about  two-thirds  of  the  way  up. 
tends  into 

ordinate   caver     ,                                       ^  _                _                             ^ 

more  generally   defcending,  and  at  length  terminates  MAGDALENE,    Cape  of,    a  promontory   in   the 

in  two  ditterent  places,  at  bafons  of  water  of  unknown  centre  ot  Canada,  where  there  is  an  iron  mine,  which 

extent,  and  which  appear  to  be  nearly  on  a  level  with  promil'es   great   advantages,  both  with   regard  to  the 

the  water  of  the  river.     The  vault  of  this  cave  is  of  goocinefs  of  the  metal  and  the  plenty  of  the  ore. — ib. 

folid    lime-done,    from    20    to    40    or    50  feet    high,  MAGEE'S  Sountl,  on  the  N.  W.  coafi  of  N.  Ame- 

throu'h    which   water  is  cominually  exuding.       This  rica,  is  fituated  in  Walhington's   Iflands,  or  what  the 

trickling  down  the  fides  of  the  cave,  has  incruHed  them  Biitifh  call  Edward's,  or  Charlotte's    Ifles,  fo  called 

over  in   the   form  of  elegant   diapery  ;  and   dripping  by  two  diiferent  captains  on  their  firft  falling  in  with 

from  the  top  of  the  vauk,  generates  on  that,  and  on  them.     Lat.    52°   46' N.   long.    131°   46'    W.     This 

the  bafe   below,   Italadtites  cf  a  conical  form,  fimie  of  found  is  divided  by  Dorr's  Ifland  into  two  parts,  leading 

which  have  met  and  lormed  large  mally  columns. — ib.  into  one.     The  other  port  is  called  Poit  Ptrkins — ib. 

MADERA,  or  il/tfo'<7>a,  one  of  the  largcfi  branches  MAGEGADAVICK,  or  Mngacjdava,  qt  Eajlern 

cf  the  famous  Maranon  or  river  of  Ama/.ons,  in  S.  Rrcer,   tails   into   the   bay   of  Paliamaquoddy,  and   is 

America.     In    1741,    the   Portnguefe   failed   up    this  fuppofed  to  be  the  true  St  Croix,  which  forms  part  of 

llream,  till  they  found  themfelves  near  Santa  Ciuz  de  the  eaftern  boundary  line  between  the  United  States  and 

la   Sierra,  between  lat.    17°    and   18'^    S.     From   the  New-Btunfwick.     This  difputed  line  is  now  in  train  for 

mouih  cf  this  river  in  lat.  3°  20'  S.  the  Maranon   is  fettlement,  agreeably  to  the  treaty  of  1794. — ib. 

known  among  the  inhabitants  by  the  name  of  the  river  MAGELLAN,    Straits  of,    at  the  fouth  extremity 


of  Amazons ;  and  upwards  they  give  it  the  name  01  the 
river  cf  Solimoes.  At  Loretto,  the  Madera  receives 
two  branches  from  the  fiiuth.  From  Lortlto  to  Tri- 
nidad in  lat.  15°  S.  its  courfe  is  north  :  thence  to  its 
mouth  its  t;cneral  courfe  is  N.  E.  by  N.  and  N. — ih. 


of  S.  Ameiica,  lie  between  52°  and  54"  S.  lat.  and 
between  76"  and  84°  W.  l.jigicude.  Thefe  flraits  have 
Patagonia  on  the  N.  and  the  iflands  of  Terra  del  Fuego 
on  the  S.  and  extend  trom  E.  to  \\.  iio  leagues,  but 
the  breadth  in  fonie  places  falls  fliort   (f  one.     They 


MADRE    DE    POPA,    a   town   and    convent   of  were  firll   difcoveied  by  Magellan,  or  Magelhaens,  a 

Terra   Firma  in    S.    America,    fituated    on  the   river  Portuguefe,  in  the  fervice  of  Spain,  who,  in  1520  found 

Grande,    or     Magdalena.       The    pilgrims    in    South  out  thereby  a  pafiage  fmm  the  Atlantic  to  the  P.M:ific 

America  refpeft  this   religious   foundation   with   zeal,  or   Southern   ocean.     He  was  the  firfl:   navigator  who 

and   refort   to    it   in   great   numbers  :    many  miracles  failed  rnund  the  world. — il. 

him"   faid  to  have   been  wrought  here   by   the   Holy         MAGELLANIA,    or    Terra   MagcUanica,    a    vaft 

Virgin,    in    favour    of  the    Spanilh    fleets    and    their  traft  of  land,  extending  from  the  province  of  Rio  de  la 

failois,  who  are   therefore  very  liberal  in  their  donati-  Plata,  quite  to  the  utmolf  verge  of  S.  America,  viz. 


ens  at  her  fhrine.     It  lies  54  miles  E.  of  Carthagena. 
N.  lat.  10"  51',  W.  long.  76^  15'. — ib. 

MAGDALEN  IJles,  a  duller  of  ifles  N.  E.  of  the 
ifle  of  St  John's,  and  N.  W.  of  that  of  Cape  Breton, 
in  the  gulf  of  St  Lawrence;  fituated  between  47"  13' 
and  47"  42'  N.  lat.  and  in  61°  40'  W.  long.  They 
are  inl)abitcd  by  a  few  filhermen.  Sea-cows  ufed  to 
frequent   them ;    but    they   are    now    become    fcarce. 


from  lat.  35"  to  54"  S.  The  river  Sinfondo  divides 
the  W.  part  from  the  S.  of  Chili :  the  northern  part  of 
it  alio  borders  on  Chili,  and  Cuyo  or  Chicuito  on  the 
W.  The  South  Sea  bounds  it,  in  parr,  on  the  W. 
The  N.  ocean  wholly  on  the  E.  and  ftraitsof  Magellan 
on  the  S.  Magellan  himfelf  made  no  great  difcovcries 
in  this  country,  e.tcep:  the  two  capes,  of  Virgins  and 
Defire.     The  two  principal  nations  difcovered  by  the 

tnilGonaries, 


MAG 


Magcl- 
lania. 


C     3^5     ] 


MAG 


midionaries,  are,  the  Chunians  and  Hulllans  ;  the  for- 
,  mcr  inh.tbit  the  continent,  and  feveral  iflands,  to  the 
northward  of  tlie  Huillans,  who  inliabit  the  country 
near  Magellan  Straits.  The  foil  is  generally  barren, 
hardly  bearing  any  grain,  and  the  trees  exhibit  a  dil'mal 
afpeft  ;  lb  that  the  inhabitants  live  miferably  in  a  cold, 
inhofpitable  climate,  'i'he  Huillans  are  not  numerous, 
being  hunted  like  wild  hearts,  by  the  Chunians,  who 
fell  them  for  flaves.  The  other  nations  are  not  Icnown, 
much  lefs  their  genius  or  manner  of  living.  The  eall- 
ern  coafts  of  Magellan  are  generally  low,  abounding 
with  bogs,  and  have  feveral  iflands  near  the  Ihore  ;  the 


mod  remarkable  of  which  is  the  Ifle  of  Penguins,  fo  Majma. 
called  from  a  bird  of  that  name,  which  abounds  on  it.  ^-'""''^^ 
The  iflands  S.  of  the  ftraits  are  Terra  del  Fuego  ;  as 
there  is  a  vulcano  in  the  largeft  of  them,  emitting  fire 
and  fmoke,  and  appears  terrible  in  the  night.  The 
Spaniards  erefled  a  fort  on  this  ftrait,  and  placed  a 
garrifon  in  it  ;  but  the  men  were  all  llarved. — ik 

MAGMA  is  properly  the  re/u/e  of  any  fubftance 
which  has  been  fubjeilcd  to  prelfure  ;  but,  in  chc- 
miftry,  the  term  is  fometimes  ufed  to  denote  a  mix- 
ture of  two  or  more  bodies,  reduced  to  tlie  conGileucs 
of  dough  or  palle. 


MAGNETISM, 


r 


"N  natural  philofophy. — Our  intention  in  the  prefent 
article  was  principally  to  give  a  more  diftinfl  ac- 
count of  the  theory  of  Mr  jEpinus  than  is  contained  in 
the  article  Magnetism  of  the  Encyclopedia,  refer- 
ring for  proof  and  illuftration  to  the  many  fads  con- 
tained in  that  article  :  but,  on  m)re  mature  confide- 
ration,  we  concluded,  that  this  meihod  would  fret  and 
coiifufc  the  reader  by  continu  il  references,  and  leave 
but  a  feeble  inipiefli  >n  at  Lill.  Wc  have  therefore  pre- 
ferred the  putting  the  whole  into  the  form  of  a  Ihort 
trcatile  on  magnetifm,  fimilar  to  our  fupplementary  ar- 
ticle of  EuhCTKiciTY.  'J'his,  we  hope,  will  be  more 
perfijicui'us  and  i'iti-.ia>.^ory  ;  flill  leaving  to  the  reader 
the  full  life  or  all  the  information  contained  in  the  ar- 
ticle Magnetism  of  the  Diiflionary. 
I  The  knowledge  which  the  ancient  naturalifts  poflef- 

Rcafons  f^j  of  ;[]is  fuf>ji;i5t  waj  extremely  imperfeiS,  and  affords, 
*  ^  ^]^  we  think,  the  llrongcfl  proc  f  of  their  ignorance  of  the 
Wire  ig-  '■'"^  method  of  philofophihng  ;  for  tliere  can  hardly  be 
norant  of  named  any  objeift  of  phyfical  refearch  that  is  moie  cu- 
natural  rious  in  itfelf,  or  more  likely  to  engage  attention,  than 
phjlorophy.  the  apparent  life  and  activity  of  a  piece  of  rude  unor- 
ganiled  matter.  This  had  altraifled  notice  in  very  ear- 
ly times;  lor  Thales  attributed  the  characfteriftic  phe- 
nomenon, the  attraiflion  nf  a  jJiece  of  iron,  to  the  agen- 
cy of  a  mind  or  foul  refiding  in  the  magnet.  Philolb- 
phers,  as  they  were  called,  feem  to  have  been  contented 
with  this  lazy  notice  i  f  a  flight  fuggelUon,  unbecoming 
an  ini|uirer,  ami  rather  fuch  as  might  be  expe<5led  from 
the  moll  incurious  peafant.  Even  Ariflotle,  the  moll 
zealous  and  the  moll  fyltematic  ftudent  of  Nature  of 
whofe  labours  we  have  any  account,  has  coUeifled  no 
inlormatioii  that  is  of  any  importance.  We  know  that 
the  general  imperlec'lion  of  ancient  phylics  has  been 
afcribed  to  the  little  importance  that  was  attached  to 
the  knnwledge  of  the  material  world  by  the  philofo- 
phersof  Greece  and  Rome,  who  thought  human  nature, 
the  adlive  purfuits  of  men,  and  the  fcience  of  public  af- 
fairs, the  only  ol)je>5ls  defcrving  their  attention.  Mift 
ol  the  great  philnfophcrs  of  antiquity  ware  alfo  great 
aiflors  on  the  llage  of  human  life,  and  delpii'ed  acquili- 
tions  which  did  not  tend  to  accomplilh  them  for  this 
dignified  employment  ;  but  they  have  not  given  this 
reafun  thcmlclvcs,  though  rone  was  more  likely  to  be 
uppermod  in  their  mind.  Socrates  dilfuades  from  the 
fludy  of  material  nature,  not  becaufe  it  was  unworthy 
of  the  attention  of  his  pupils,  but  becaufe  it  was  too 
Si;ppL.  Vol.   II. 


diflicult,  and  that  certainty   was   not   attainable  in  it. 
Nothing  can   more  didindly  prove  their  ignorance  of 
what  is  really  attainable  in  fcience,  namely,  the  know- 
ledge ot   the  laius  of  nature,  and  their  ignorance  of  the 
only  method  of  acquiring  this  knowledge,  viz.  obferva- 
tion  and  experiment.     They  had  entertained  the  hopes 
of  difcovering  the  caufes  of  things  and  had  formed  their 
philolbphical  language,  and  tiieir  m  de  of  refearch,  in 
conformity  with    this  hopelefs  projecfl.       Making  little 
advances   in  the  difcovery  of  the  caufes  of  the  "pheno- 
mena  of  material  nature,  they  deferted  this  fludy  for 
the  dudy  of  the  conduft  of  man  ;  not  becaufe  the  dif- 
covery of  caufes  was  more  eaiy  and  frequent  here,  but 
becaufe  the  fludy  itfelf  was  mote  immediately  intereft- 
ing,  and  becaufe  any  thing  like  fupeiior  knowledge  in 
it  puts  the  polTtiror  in  the  delir.ible  fituation  of  an  ad- 
vifer,  a  man  of  fuperior  wifdom  ;  and  as  this  fludy  was 
clofely  conneaed  with  morals,  becaufe  the  fear  of  God 
is  truly  the  beginning  .-f  wifdom,  the  charader  of  the 
philolopher  acquiied  an  eminence  and  dignity  which 
was  highly  flattering  to  human  vanity.      Their  proce- 
dure in  the  mor.il   and   intelledual  fciences  is  drongly 
marked  with  the  fanie  ignorance  of  the  tiue  method  of 
philofophifing  ;  for  we  raiely  find  tliem  f.rming  gene- 
ral   propolitions   on  copious   indudions  of  faints  in  the 
condud  of  men.     They  always  proceed  in  the  fynt'ie- 
tic  method,  as  if  they  were  fully  converfmt  in  the  firll 
principles  of  human  nature,  and  had  nothing  to  do  but 
to  make  the  application,  according  to  tlie  eftablilheJ 
forms  of  logic.     While  we  admire,  therefore,  the  faga- 
city,  the  penetration,  the  candid  obfervalion,   and  the 
happy    illuflration,  to  be  found  in  the  works  cf  the 
ancient    moralifls  and  writers  on   juril'prudcnce    and 
politics,  we  cannot  but  lament  tliat  fuch  gie.it  men, 
Irequently    engaged  in  public   artuirs,    and'  therefore 
having  the  fined   opportunities  for  deducing   general 
laws,  have  done  f  >  little  in  this   way  ;  and   tliat   their 
writings,  however  engaging  and  precious,  cannot  he 
confldercd  as  any  thing  more  relii.ed  than  the  obfcrva- 
tioris  of  judicious  and  worthy   men,  witii  all   the  dif- 
fufeiicls  .md  repetition  of  ordinary  converfation.     All 
this  has  arifen  from  the  want  of  a  juft  notion  of  wh  U  is 
attainable  in   this  department  of  fcience,  namely,  ihc 
laws  of  intclle^ual  and  moral  nature;  and  of  the  only 
poffible  method   of  attaining  this  knowledge,  viz.  oh- 
fervation  and  experiment,  and  the  formation  of  gcner.il 
laws  by  tlic  hidu.ilion  of  particular  fa..^b. 

3  C  AVe 


386 

2 

13r  Gilbert 
wastheluft 
experimen- 
tal enquirer 
about  niag- 
uetiiiu. 


MAGNETISM. 

We  have  been  led  into  ihefe  reflexions  by  the  inat-    eledlrical,  while  ferragineous  fubftances  alone  can  be 


tention  of  the  ancients  to  the  curious   phenomena    of    made  magnctical 
magnttifm  ; 


which  ni'-ift  have  occurred  in  conliderable        It  is  nit  laying  too   much  of  this  work  of  Dr  Gil- 

lad  la-    ben's  to  atlirm,  that  it  contains  almoll  every  thing  that 


His  treatife 


His  unwearied  diligence 


-  J  — 

view's  of  phihilophy  wiih  iiis  noble  countryman,  pub- 
lilhed  about  the  fame  time  his  Phy/wlopa  Nova,  fiu 
Traddtus  de  Ma^rute  et  Co<porihus  magntlids.  In  the 
introduaion,  he  recounts  all  the  knowledge  of  the  an- 
cients on  the  fubjea,  and  their  fupine  inattention  to 
what  was  lb  entirely  in  tlicir  hands  ;  and  the  impoliibi- 
lity  of  ever  adding  to  ihs  ftocic  ofulet'ul  knowledge,  fo 
long  as  men  imagined  themfelves  to  be  philofophifing 
while  they  were  only  repealing  a  ie^v  cant  words,  and 
the  unmeaning  phrafes  of  the  Arillotelian  fchool 


and  entertaining  variety  to  any  pcrlbn  who 

ken  to  the  expeiimcntal   method.       And   we  have  ha-    we   know  about  magneiilm.     jri.s  ui.weaiicu  uiiigeiicc  ^^^,y  ji^. 
zirded  thefe  ftee  remarks,  expcding  the  acijuiefcence    in  fearching  every   wjiling  on  the  fubjeft,  and  in  get- coveries. 
of  our  reader^,  becaul'e  the  fupcrior  knowledge  which    ting  information  from  navigators,  imd  his  incelFant  oc- 
we    in  thelc  1  iter  days,    have  acquired  of    the  mag-    cupation  in   experiments,   have  left  very  few  fafls  un- 
n't'ical    phenomena,  were  the    tirll   fruits   of  the  true    known  to  him.     We  meet  with  many  things  in  the 
nie-hod  of  philofophiling.     This  was  pointed  out  to  the    writings  of  pofterior   inquirers,  Ibme  of  them  of  high 
learned  world  in   1590  by  our  celebrated  countryman    reputation,  and  of  the  prelent  day,  which  are  publilhed 
Chmcellor  Bacon,  in  his  two  great  works,  the  Notum    and  received  ai  notable  difcoveries,  but  are  contained  in 
Ore.inum  Scentiarum,    and  D--  Argum:nth  Sckiiliarum.    the  rich  collcdion  of  Dr  Gilbert.      We  by  no  means 
Dr  Gilbert  of  Colchellcr,  a  philufophcr  of  eminence  in    afcribe  all  this  to  mean  plagiarifm,  although  we  know 
many  relpeas,  butxhicHy  becaufs  ne  had  the  fame  jult    traders  in  experimental  knowledge    who  are  not  free 
'■         '^'-   - ■■•■'-      from  this  chaige.     We  afcribe  it  to  the  general  indo- 
lence of  m_akind,  wlio  do  not  like  the  trouble  of  con- 
fulting  originals,  wheie  things  are  mixed  with  others 
which  they  do  not  wairt,  or  treated  in  a  way,  and  with 
a  paiiitul   minutcncis,  which  are  no  longer  in  falhion. 
Dr  Gilbeit's  book,  although  one  of  thofe  which  does 
the  higheft  honour  to  our  country,  is  lei's  known  in  Bri- 
tain ilian  on  the  continent.       Indeed    we  know  but  of 
two   Britilli  editions  of   it,  which   are  bnth  in  Latin  ; 
it    and  wc  hive   fecn  five  edition^,  publiflied  in  Germany 
is  ciiri'ourt")  remark  tlic  almoft  perfeft  famenefs  of  Dr    and  H  .Hand  before  1628.       We  earneftly  recommend 
Giloert's  fentimcnts  and  language  with  thole  of  Lord    it  to  the  peiuial  of  the  curious  reader.      He  will  (be- 
Bacon.     Thev  both  charge,  in  a  peremptory   manner,    fides  the  K.und  philofophy)    find   more  fafls  in  it  than 
all  thofe  who' pretend   to   m:orm  others,  to  give  over    in  the  two  laige  folios  of  Scarella. 
their  dialedlc  labour?,  which  are  nothing  but  ringing         After  this   moll  deferved  eulogy   on    the  parent  of 
changes    on  a  few   trite  truths,  and  many  unfounded    magnetical  philofophy,  it  i>  time  to  enter  on  the  fub- 
conjedures,  and  immediately  to   betake  diemfelves  to    je«. 

experiment.     He  has  purfued  this  method  on  the  fub-         In  mechanical  philofophy,  a  phenomenon  is  not  to  be         4 
iedl   of  ma"netifin   with  wonderful   ardour,  and  with    conlidered  as  explained,  unlefs   we  can  ihew  that  it  is  j    'i^",^g* 
equal  jreniu"  and  fuccefs ;  for  Dr  Gilbert  was  poiielfed     the  certain  refult  of  the  laws  of  motion  applied  to  mat-  phenome- 
both  of  great  ingenuity,  and  a  mind  fitted  for  general    ter.     It  is  in  this  way  that  the  general  propofitions  in  na. 
views  of  thing;.     The  work  contains  a  prodigious  num-    pliyfical  aftronomy,  in  the  theory  of  macliines,  in  hy- 
ber  and  variety  of  obfervations  and  experiments,  col-    draulics,  Sic.  are   demonllrated.     But  tlie  phenomena 
lefled  witli  f.igacity  from  the  writings   of  others,  and    called  mjgi,eliciii  have  not  as  yet  obtained  fuch  an  ex- 
inftituted  by  himfelf  with  confiderable  expence  and  la-    planation.     We  do  not  fee  their  immediate  caufe,  nor 
hour.     It  would  indeed  be  a  miiaclc,  if  ill  Dr  Gilbert's    can  we  fay  with  confidence  that  they  are  the  etfeds  of 
gmeral  inferences  werejull,  or  all  his  experiments  accu-    any  particular  kind  of  matter,  aifling  on  the  bodies  ei- 
r.ite.     It  was  untrodden  ground.     But,  on  the  whole,    ther  by  impulfion  or  prelfure. 

this  performance  contains  more  real  information  than  All  that  can  be  done  here  is  to  clafs  the  phenomena 
any  writing  of  the  age  in  which  he  lived,  and  is  fearcely  in  the  moft  dillinft  manner,  according  to  their  genera- 
exceeded  b^y  any  that  has  appeared  fince.  We  may  lity.  In  this  we  obtain  a  two-fold  advantage.  We 
hold  it  with  jurtice  as  the  firll  fruits  of  the  Baconian  may  take  it  for  granted  that  the  mod  general  pheno- 
or  eiperimental  philofophy.  menon  is  the  nearell  allied  to  the  general  caufe.      But, 

This  work  of  Dr  Gilbert's  relates  chiefly  to  the  load-  farther,  we  obtain  by  this  method  a  true  theory  of  all 
ftnne,  and  what  we  call  magnets,  thati;,  pieces  of  fteel  the  fubordinate  phenomena.  For  a  jull  theory  is  only 
which  have  acquired  properties  fimilar  to  thofe  of  the  the  pointing  out  the  gener.il  fact  of  wlvch  the  pheno- 
loidrtone.  But  he  extends  the  term  tangneii/m,  and  the  nienon  under  confideration  is  a  particular  inftance.  Be- 
epithet  ma-rndk,  to  all  bodies  which  are  affcaed  by  ginning  therefore  with  the  phenomenon  which  compre- 
loadftones  and  magnets  in  a  manner  fimilar  to  that  in  hends  all  the  particular  cafes,  v/e  explain  thofe  cafes  in 
which  they  affect  each  other.  In  the  courfe  of  his  in-  (hewing  in  'whitt  manner  they  are  included  in  the  general 
veifigation,  indeed,  he  finds  that  thefe  bodies  are  only  phenomenon,  and  thus  we  fliall  be  able  to  predia  what 
fuch  as  contain  iron  in  fome  ftate  or  other  :  and  in  pro-  will  be  the  refult  of  p'ltting  the  body  under  confidera- 
ving  this  limitation,  he  mentions  a  great  variety  of  phe-  tion  into  any  particular  fituation.  An<l  perhaps  we 
nomena  whi:h  have  a  confiderable  refemblance  to  thofe  may  find,  in  them  all,  coincidences  which  will  enable  us 
whicli  he  allows  to  be  magnetical,  namely,  thofe  which  to  Ihew  that  they  are  all  modificatinni  ofa  fact  ftill  more 
he  called  cUdrkal,  becaufe  they  were  produced  in  the  general.  If  we  gain  this  point,  we  fnall  have  eftablifli- 
fame  way  that  amber  is  made  to  attrad  and  repel  light  ed  a  complete  theory  of  them,  having  difcovered  the 
bodies.  He  marks  with  c.ire  the  dillinaions  between  general  faft  in  which  they  are  all  comprehended, 
thefe  and  tliecl.araaerifiic  phenomena  of  magnets.  He  Should  we  for  ever  remain  ignorant  of  the  ca'jfe  of  this 
feems  to  have  known,  that  ail  bodies  may  be  rendered  gensral  faft,  we  have  ncvenhelefs  rendered  this  a  com- 
plete 


MAGNETISM. 


plete  branch  of  mechanical  theory.  Nay,  we  may  per- 
haps difcover  fuch  circumllances  of  refeniblance  between 
this  general  fail  and  others,  with  which  we  are  better 
acquainted,  that  we  fliall,  with  ,^reat  probability  at 
lealt,  be  able  to  afiign  the  caufe  dl  the  general  fad  it- 
lelf,  by  Ihewing  the  law  of  which  it  is  a  particular  in- 
(lance. 

We  fliall  attempt  this  method  on  the  prefent  occa- 
fion . 

S  The  leadins  faifls  in  magnetifm  are  the  two  follow- 

Firft  lead-    j^      .  '^  ° 

Iron  arrriii-       '•  ^^  *">'  oblong  piece  of  iroti,  fuch  as  a  bar,  rod,  or 
res  itfelf  in  wire,  be  fo  fitted,  that  it  can  alfuine  any  dire(f(ion,  it 
a  particular  will  arrange  itfelf  in  a  ceitain    determinate  direftinn 
yofition.      ^vj^Ji  relped  to  tile  axis  of  the  earth.     Thus,  if,  in  any 
part  of  Britain,  an  iron  or  fteel  wire  be  tiirull  through 
Plate      a  piece  of  cork,   as  reprefented  in  fig.  i.  fo  as  that  the 
XXXIV.  yvhole  may  fwim  level  in  water,   and  if  it  be  laid  in  the 
water  nearly    north-well  and  foutli-eall,  it   will  llowly 
ch.iiige  ita  pofmon,   and  finally  ietlle   in   a   direftion, 
making  an  angle   of  about  25  degrees   with   the  me- 
ridian. 

This  experiment,  which  we  owe  to  Ur  Gilbert  (fee 
B.  I.  ch.  II.),  is  delicate,  and  requires  attention  to 
many  circumitances.  The  force  with  which  the  iron 
tends  toward  this  tii.al  pofuion  is  eilremely  weak,  and 
will  be  balanced  by  very  minute  und  uthei  wife  infenfi- 
ble  refinances  ;  but  wc  have  never  lound  it  tail  wlien 
executed  as  here  directed.  An  iron  wire  of  the  fize 
of  an  ordinary  (juill,  and  about  eight  or  ten  inches  long, 
is  very  fit  for  the  purpofe.  It  iliould  be  thrult  ihrougli 
the  cork  at  right  angles  to  its  axis ;  and  to  adjullcd,  by 
repeated  tiials,  as  to  fwim  level  or  parallel  to  the  hori- 
zon. The  experiment  mult  alio  be  made  at  a  great 
dillance  from  all  iron  ;  thercfure  in  a  bafon  of  fome 
other  metal  or  earthen  ware.  It  may  iometimes  require 
a  very  long  while  before  the  motion  begin  ;  and  if  the 
wire  has  been  placed  at  right  angles  to  the  diiedion 
which  we  have  mentiontdas  final,  it  will  never  change 
its  pofuion  :  therefore  we  have  direifled  it  to  be  laid  in 
a  direction  not  too  remote,  yet  very  fcnlibly  different 
from  the  final  diredlion. 

But  this  IS  not  the  true  pofition  affeiJled  by  the  iron 
rod.  If  it  be  thrult  through  a  piece  of  wood  or  cork 
pcrfciflly  fpherical,  in  fuch  a  manner  that  it  pall'es  thro' 
its  centre,  and  if  the  centre  of  gravity  coincide  with 
this  centre,  and  the  whole  be  of  fuch  weight  as  to  re- 
main in  any  part  of  the  water,  without  either  afcend- 
ing  or  defcending,  then  it  will  finally  fettle  in  a  plane 
inclined  to  the  mcridi.iii  about  25",  and  the  north  end 
will  be  dtpreifed  about  73"  below  the  horizon. 

Ail  this  is  equiv.ilcnt  with  faying,  that  if  any  oblong 
piece  of  iron  or  fteel  be  very  nicely  poifed  on  its  centre 
ot  gravity,  and  at  peri'edt  libeity  to  turn  round  th.it 
centre  in  every  diiCvTion,  it  will  finally  take  the  poll- 
tioii  now  mentioned. 

We  have  farther  to  obferve  with  regard  to  this  ex- 
pcrinicnr,  that  it  i^  indiirercnt  whicli  end  of  tiie  rod  lie 
pl.iccd  toward  the  north  in  tlie  heginiimg  ol  the  expe- 
riment. Tint  end  will  finally  fettle  tiw  ird  the  norih  ; 
and  if  the  experiment  be  repeated  with  tlie  fame  rod, 
but  with  the  other  end  north,  it  will  finally  fettle  in 
this  new  attitude.  It  is,  however,  not  always  that  we 
find  p'cces  of  iron  thus  pcrfeiSly  indifferent.  Very  fic- 
quently  one  end  affects  the  northerly  pofition,  and  we 


cannot  make  the  other  end  alTume  its  place:  the  caufcs 
ot  this  difference  will  be  clearly  feen  by  and  bye. 

The  pofition  thus  affeifled  by  a  rod  of  iron  is  called  <> 


3^7 


by  Dr    Gilbert  the   magnitical   position  or  dirf.c-  " 

TiON.     It  is  not  the  fame,  nor  parallel,  in  all  parts  ot  ^^^j,^°"" 
the  earth,  as  will  be  more  patticulaily  noticed   alter- 
wards. 

2.  'fhe  other  leading  hii  is  this :  When  a  p'ece  of     _    ^ 
iron,  lying  in  the  manneiicul  pofition,  or  neaily  fo,  and  \l^^ 
at  perfea   liberty   to  move   in  evciy   direiTiion,  is  ap- iron  at- 
proached  by  another  oblong  piece  of  iron,  held  nearly  traiSts  and 
in  the  (.ims  pofition,  it  is  attracled  by  it  ;    that  is,  the  ifpeli  iron. 
moveable  piece  of  iron  will  gradually  approach  to  the 
oiie  that  is  prefented  to  it,  and   will   at  laft  come  into 
contaifl  with   it,   and  may   then  be  llov.-ly  drawn  along 
by  it. 

This  phenomenon,  although  not  fo  delicate  as  the 
former,  is  Hill  very  nice,  becaule  the  attrae^ion  is  fo 
weak  that  it  is  balanced  by  almoft  infeiifible  obftruc- 
lions.  But  the  experiment  will  fcarcely  fail  if  ccn- 
dudled  as  follows  :  Let  a  llrong  iron  wire  be  made  to 
float  en  water  by  means  of  a  piece  of  cork,  in  the 
manner  already  defcribed,  ha\  ing  one  end  under  water. 
See  fig.  1.  B. 

Wlien  it  is  neatly  in  tlie  niagnetical  pofition,  bring 
the  end  of  a  pretty  tjig  iron  rod,  luch  as  the  point  of  a 
new  poker,  within  a  quarter  of  an  inch  of  its  fuuthein 
end  (iiolding  the  poker  in  a  pofition  not  very  dilleient 
from  the  magnetical  pofition^,  and  hold  it  ihoie  for  fome 
time,  not  exa'tly  fouthward  Irom  it,  but  a  little  to  one 
fide.  The  floating  iron  will  be  obferved  to  turn  to- 
wards it  with  an  accelerated  motion  ;  will  touch  it,  and 
may  then  be  drawn  by  it  through  the  water  in  any  di- 
reiftion.  We  Ihall  have  the  fame  refuk  by  approaciiing 
the  northern  extrtmity  ot  the  floating  iron  with  the 
upper  end  of  the  poker. 

The  fime  phenomenon  may  be  obferved  by  fufpend- 
ing  the  firff  piece  of  iron  by  its  middle  by  a  long  and 
fiender  hair  or  thread.  The  lufptnlion  mull  be  long, 
otherwifc  the  fiiffnel's  of  the  hair  or  tl.ieaJ  may  be  fuf- 
fiticnl  for  balancing  the  very  fm.iU  foice  with  which  the 
pieces  of  iron  tend  toward  each  other.  The  phenome- 
non may  alio  be  obferved  in  a  piece  of  inn  wliich 
turns  Ireely  on  a  fine  point,  like  the  needle  of  the  roa- 
riner'a  compalV. 

In  tliis,  as  in  the  former  experiment,  the  ends  of  the 
pieces  of  iron  are  obferved,  in  general,  to  lie  indifferent  ; 
that  is  either  end  of  the  one  will  attract  eiiher  end  of 
the  other.  It  often  happens,  however,  that  the  ends 
are  not  thus  indifferent,  and  that  the  end  of  the  move- 
able piece  of  iron,  inllead  ot  approachmg  the  other,  will 
be  obferved  to  recede  trom  it,  and  appear  to  avoid  it. 
We  Ihall  foon  learn  the  caufe  of  tliis  difference  in  the 
Hates  of  iron. 

It  is  fcarcely  neceli'iry  to  remark,  that  we  miifl  in-  .j., .  ,. 
fer  from  thele  expi.rimeius,  that  the  aiftion  is  mutual  ,„jit„ii  "" 
between  the  two  pieces  ot  iion.  Either  of  them  may  be 
the  moveable  piece  which  approaches  the  other,  mani. 
lelting  the  altradlion  of  that  other.  This  reciprocity 
of  action  will  be  abundantly  verified  and  explained  in  its 
proper  place. 

Thele  two  faels  were  long  thoucht  to  be  peculiar  to  «•     ' 
loadltoncsand  attiticial  magnets,  that  is,  pieces  of  iron  lurtonn?- 
which  have  acquired  this  property  by  certain  treatment  nets  nr 
with    loadftones  ;    but    iliey    wete  difcovered  by  Dr  lo!"lfto"c: 
3  C  2  Gilbert 


{88 


10 

But,  in 
iron,  is  in- 
difl'frcnt, 
and  ni<»- 
nicntary, 
and  in  Inad- 
Aoncti  it  it 
fixed  and 
drtfrmi- 
nice. 


II 

PoLtS. 


MAGNETISM. 

Gilbert  to  be  inherent  in  all  iron  in  its  metallic  (late  ;  their  fubftance,  nor  tliat  the  poles  of  the  fame  name  (o 

and  were  thought  by  him  to  be  necefTary  confequences  conftantly  repel  each  other  ;  for  if  a  fmall  or  weak  mag- 

of  a  general  principle  in  the  conftitution  of  this  globe,  net  A  have  its  pole  brought  near  the  fimilar  pole  of  a 

Thcfe  phenomena  are  indeed  much  more  confpicuous  large  or  ftrong  nugnet  B,  tiiey  arc  often  found  to  at- 

in   loadftones   and   magnets;    and  it  is  therefore  with  traft  when  almoll  toucliing,  although  at  more  confider- 

fuch  tiiat  experiments  are  beft  made  for  learning  their  able  diftances  they  repel  each  other.       But  this  is  not 

various  modifications.  an  exception  to  the  general  propnfition  ;  for  wlien  the 

Bat  there  is  another  circumftance,  befides  the  degree  north  pole  of  A  is  thus  attracted  by  the  north  pole  of 

of  vivacity,  in  which  the  magnctifm  of  common  iron  B>  it  will  be  found,  by  other  trials,  to  have  all  the  qua- 

and  lleel  rcniarkably  differs  from  that  of  a  loadllone  or  lities  of  a  fouth  pole,  while  thus  in  the  neighbourhood 

magnet.     When  a  loadilone  or  magnet  is  fo  fupportcd  ot  the  north  pole  of  B. 

as  to  be  at  liberty  to  take  any  pofition,  it  arranges  it-         The  magnetic  properties  and  phenomena  are  conve- 
felf  in  the  magnetical  direflion,  and  one  dclermineJ  eml  niently  diftinguiflied  into  th<ife  of  force  and  of  pola- 
of  it  fettles  in  the  northern  quarter  ;  and  if  it  be  placed  ritv.     Thofe  ot   the  fir(l  clafs  only  were  known  to  the 
fo  that  tlie  other  end  is  in  that  fituation,  it  does  not  re-  ancients,  and   even  of   them  their  knowledge  was  ex- 
main  there,  but  gradually  turns  round,  and,  after  a  few  tremely  fcanty  and  imperlcifl.     They  may  all  be  claffed 
ofcillations,  the  fame  end  ultimately  fettles  in  the  north,  under  the  following  general  propolitions. 
This   is  diliincftly   feen   in  the  needle  of  the  mariner's         i.  The  fimilar  poles  of  two  magnets  repel  each  other 
compafs,  which  is  jull  a  fmall  magnet  prepared  in  the  with  a  force  decreafing  as  the  diftances  increafe. 
fame  way  with  all  other  magnets.     The  feveral  ends  of        2.  The  diflimilar  poles  of  two  magnets  attraift  each 
loadllones  or  magnets  are  thus  permanently  the  north  other  with  a  force  decreafing  as  the  dillances  increafe. 
or  the  fouth  ends  ;   whereas  we  iaid  that  either  end  of  a         3-  Magnets  ai range  ihemfelves  in  a  certain  determi- 
piece  of  common  iron  being  turned  to  the  northern  nate  pofition  with  refped  to  each  other, 
quarter,  it  finally  fettles  there.  _  The  firft  objea   of  refearch  in  our  fartlier  examina- 

Itis  this  circunift.ince  which  has  rendered  magnetifm  t'on  of  thefe  properties  is  the  relation  which  is  obfer- 

fo  precious  a  dilcovery   to   mankind,  by  furnifiiing  us  ved  to  obtain  between  the  diftances  of  the  ading  poles 

with  the  cornpals,  an  inftrument  by  which  we  learn  the  and  their  force  of  a<ftion.     This  has  accordingly  occu- 

different  quarters  of  the  horizon,  and  which  thus  tells  pied  much  attention  ot  thephilofophers,  and  numberlefs 

the  direftion  of  a  fhip's  couife  through  the  pathlcfs  ocean  experiments  have  been  made  in  order  to  afcertain  the 

(fee    CoMfAss    and  Variation,    Encycl.) ;  and  alfo  law  of  variation,  both  of  the  attraflion  and  the  repul- 

Ihews  us  the  directions  of  the  veins  ancf  workings  in  the  fiou.     A  great  number  of  thefe  have  been  nanated  in 

deepeft  mines.     It  was  natural  therefore  to  call  thofe  the  article  Magnftism   of  the  Encycl.  from  wjiicii  it 

the  north  and  fouth  ends  of  the  mariner's  needle,  or  of  appears  that  it  has  lieen  a  matter  of  great  difficulty,  and 

a  loadflone  or  magnet,     Dr  Gilbert  called  them  the  had  not  been  afceriained  with  certainty  or   precifion 

POLES  of  the  loadftone  or  magnet.       He  had  found  it  when  that  article  was  publifhed.     It  is  obvious,  from 

convenient  for  the  propofld  train  of  his  experiments  to  the  nature  of  the  thing,  tliat  the  determination  is  very 

form  liis  loadllones  into  fpheres,  which  he  called  ter-  difficult,  and  the  invelligation  very  complicated.     We 

RELL^,  from  their  refemlilancc  to  this  globe  ;  in  which  can  only  obferve  the  finiultineous  motion  of  tlie  whole 

cafe  the  north  and  fouth  ends  of  his  loadllones  were  the  magnet ;  yet  we  know  that  there  are  four  feparate  ac- 

poles  of  the  terrellse.      He  theref -re  gave  the  n.inie  p>k  tions  coexifliag  and  contributing  In  different  direiftions, 

to  that  part  of  any   loadftone   or  magnet   which  tlius  and  with  different  forces,  to  the  fenfible  effed.     The 

turned  to  the  north  or  foutti.      The  denomination  was  force  which  we  menfure,  in  any  way  whatever,  is  com- 

adopted  by  all  fubfequent  writers,  and  now  makes  a  pounded  of  four  different  forces,  which  w-e  cannot  fe- 

tcrm  in  the  language  of  magnetifm.  parate  and  nieature  ap:irt ;  for  the  north  pole  of  A  re- 

Alfo,  when   we  approacli  either  end  of  a  piece  of  pels  the  north  pole  of   B,   and  attracts  its  fouth  pole, 

iron  A  to  either  end  of  another  B,  thefe  ends  mutually  while  the  fouth  pole  of  A  exerts  the  oppofite  forces  on 

attraift;  or   if  either  end  of  a  magnet  A  be  brought  the  fame  poles  of  B.     The  attradicn  which  we  obferre 

near  either  end  of  a  piece  of  common  iron,  they  mii-  is  the  excefs  of  two  unequal  attr;iiflions  above  two  un- 

tually  attraift  each  other.     But  if  we  bring  that  end  of  equal  repulfions.     The  fame  might  be  faid  of  an  obfer- 

a  magnet  A  which   turns  to  the  north  near  to  the  y?;///'-  ved  repulfion.     Nay,  the  matter  is  incomparably  more 

lur  end  of  another  magnet  B,  thefe  ends  will  not  attra(ft  complicated  than  this;   becaufe,  for  any  thing  that  we 

each  other,  but,   on  the  contrary,  will  repel.     If  the  know,  every  particle  of  A  ads  on  every  particle  of  B, 

two  magnets  are  made  to  float  on  pieces  of  wood,  and  and  is  aiffed  on  by  it ;  and  the  intenlity  of  thife  adions 

have  their  north  poles  fronting  each  other,  the  magnets  may  be  different  at  the  fame  diftancei,  and  is  certainly 

will  retire  from  each  other ;  and  in  doing  fo,  they  ge-  different  when  the  diftances  are  fo.       Tims  there  is  a 

nerally  turn  round  their  axes,   till  the  north  pole  of  one  combination  of  an  unknown  number  of  aiftions,  each  of 

front  the  fouth  pole  of  the  other,  and  then  they  run  to-  which  is  unknown  individually,  both  in  direfticn  and 

gether.     This  is  a  very  notable  diftinifiion  between  the  intenfity.     The  precife  determination  is   therefore,  in 

magnetifm  of  magnets  and  that  of  common  iron  ;  and  all  probability,  impollible.      By  precife  detern-iivition, 

whenever  we  fee  a  piece  of  iron  fliew  this  permanent  we  mean  the  law  of  mutual  adion  between  two  mag- 

diftiniflion  of  its  ends,  we  muft  confider  it  as  a  magnet,  nctic  particles,  or  that  precife  fundinn  of  the  diftance 

and  conclude  that  it  has  met  with  fome  peculiar  treat-  which  defines  the  intenfity  of  the  force  ;  fo  tliat  niea- 

ment.  furingthe  diftance  of  the  acfling  particles  on  the  axis  of 

It   is  not,  however,  (Iridly  true,  that  the  poles  of  a  curve,  the  ordinates  of  the  curve  may  have  the  pro- 

loadrtones  or  magnets  are  fo  fixed  in  particular  parts  of  portions  of  the  attradions  and  repulfions. 

It 


II 

Magnetic 
FORCE  and 

P0LAR1TY» 


13 

Similar 
poles  re- 
pel, and 
diflimilar 
poles  at- 
trucl.cack 
other. 
14 
The  la\T 
of   attrac- 
tion and  rt- 
pulfion  19 
of  difficult 
invcftlga- 
tioii. 


MAGNETISM. 


It  is  almoft  ncedlefs  to  attempt  anjr  deduflion  of  the 
law  of  variation  from  the  numerous  experiments  which 
have  been  publiflied  by  different  philofophers.  An 
ample  colleftion  of  them  may  be  feen  in  Scarella's  trea- 
tife.  Mr  Mufchenbroek  has  made  a  prodigious  num- 
ber ;  but  all  are  (b  anomalous,  and  exhibit  fuch  diffe- 
rent laws  of  diminution  by  an  incrcafe  of  dilfance,  that 
we  may  be  certain  that  tlie  experiments  have  been  in- 
judicious. Attention  has  net  been  paid  to  the  proper 
objects.  Magnets  cf  moll  improper  Ihapes  have  been 
employed,  and  of  moft  ditfufc  polarity.  No  notice  has 
been  taken  oi  a  circumftance  which,  one  (hould  think, 
ought  to  h  ive  occupied  the  chief  attention  ;  namely, 
the  joint  ^iflion  of  tour  poles,  of  wliich  the  experiment 
exhibits  only  the  complex  rej'ult.  A  very  flight  reflec- 
tion might  have  made  the  enquirer  perceive,  that  the 
attraflions  or  repulfions  are  nut  the  mod  proper  phe- 
nomena for  declaring  the  precife  law  of  variation  ;  be- 
caufe  what  we  obferve  is  only  the  excefs  of  a  fmall  dif- 
ference of  attradions  and  reijulfions  above  another  fmall 
difference.  Mr  Hawkfbee  and  Dr  Brook  Taylor  em- 
ployed a  much  better  method,  by  obferving  the  devia- 
tions from  the  meridian  which  a  magnet  cccafioned  in 
a  compafs  needle  at  different  diftances.  This  is  occa- 
fioned  by  the  diflFerencc  of  the  two  turns  of  the  fame 
forces ;  and  thii  difference  may  be  made  a  hundred 
times  greater  than  the  other.  But  they  employed  mag- 
,^  nets  of  mod  improper  fhapes. 
Judiciouj  We  muft  except  from  this  criticifm  the  experiments 
expcri-  of  Mr  Lambert,  recorded  in  the  Memoirs  of  the  Aca- 
mcnt.  br  demy  of  Berlin  for  1756,  publilhed  in  1758.  This 
b  rt  ""'"  "^^'^  fagacious  pliilofopher  (for  he  highly  merits  that 
name)  placed  a  mariner's  needle  at  various  diftances 
from  a  magnet,  in  the  direiflion  of  its  axi;,  and  obfer- 
ved  the  declination  from  l;ie  magnetic  meridian  produ- 
ced by  the  magnet,  and  the  obliquity  of  the  magnet  to 
the  axis  of  the  needle.  Thus,  was  the  aiftion  of  the 
nugnet  fct  in  oppofition  and  equilibrium  with  the  natu- 
ral polarity  of  the  needle.  But  the  difficulty  was  to 
difcover  in  what  proportion  each  of  thofe  forces  was 
changed  by  their  obliquity  ot  action  on  this  little  lever. 
No  man  excelled  Mr  Lambert  in  addrefs  in  devifing 
methods  of  mathematical  invelfigation.  Heobferved, 
that  when  the  obliquity  of  the  magnet  to  the  axis  of 
the  needle  was  30°,  it  caul'.d  it  to  decline  15".  When 
the  obliquity  was  75",  the  dillance  being  the  fame,  it 
declined  30°.  Call  the  obliquity  0,  and  the  declination 
(/,  and  let  j  be  tliat  fun^lion  of  the  angle  which  is  pro- 
portionable to  the  aflion.  Alfo  let  p  be  the  natural 
polarity  of  the  needle,  and  m  the  force  of  the  isagnet. 
It  is  evident  that 

/)  X  /  1 5  =  '«  X  /,  30 
And  f  :  m  z=  f,  'i,o  :  f,  15;  for  the  ramereafun 

p  i  '"=/.  75  :/>  i° 
Thereforcy^    15  :/30  z=j,  30  :/,  75°. 
But  it  is  Well  known  that 

Sine  15  :  Sine  30  =  Sine  30  :  Sine  75. 
Hence  Mr  Lambert  was  led  to  conjciflure,  that  the  fine 
was  that  fumftion  of  the  angle  which  was  proportional 
to  the  aflion  fif  m-ignctifm  on  a  lever.  But  one  expe- 
riment was  infullicicnt  for  determining  this  point.  He 
made  a  fimilar  comparifon  of  feveral  other  obliquities 
and  declinations  with  ihc  fame  dillaiiccs  of  the  magnet, 
and  alto  with  other  dift.uices;  and  he  put  it  pall  all 
dilpute,  that  his  conje<^ture  was  jull. 


389 


Had  Mr  Lambert's  experiments  terminated  here,  it 
mufl  be  granted  that  he  has  made  a  notable  dlfcovery  in 
the  theory  cfthe  intimate  nature  of  magnetifm.  It  com- 
pletely refutes  all  the  theories  which  pretend  to  explain 
the  action  of  a  magnet  by  the  impulfion  of  a  dream  of 
fluid,  or  by  prelTure  arifing  from  the  motion  of  fuch  a 
llream  :  for  in  this  cafe  the  pretTure  on  the  needle  mufl 
have  diminilhed  in  the  duplicate  ratio  of  the  fine.  The 
direiftive  power  with  the  angle  90  mull  be  4  times 
greater  than  with  the  angle  30°  ;  whereas  it  was  obfer- 
ved  to  be  only  twice  as  great.  Mjgnetilm  does  not 
zQ.  therefore  by  the  impullion  or  preli'ure  of  a  llream  of 
fluid,  but  in  the  manner  of  a  fimple  incitement,  as  we 
conceive  attraftlon  or  repulfion  to  aifl. 

Having  afcertained  the  effedl  cf  obliquity,  Mr  Lam- 
bert proceeded  to  examine  the  effeft  of  dillance  ;  and, 
by  a  mod  ingenious  analyfis  of  his  obfervations,  he  dif- 
covered,  that  if  we  reprefent  the  force  of  the  magnet 
by  f,  and  the  diftance  of  the  neared  pole  of  the  magnet 
from  the  centre  cf  the  needle  by  i,  and  if  a  be  a  conllant 
quantity,  nearly  equal  to  two-thirds  of  the  length  of 
the  needle,  we  have  /  proportional  to  d — a*. 

Mr  Lambert  found  ihli  hold  with  very  great  exael- 
nefs  with  magnets  ten  times  larger,  and  needles  twice 
as  (hort.  But  he  acknowledges,  that  it  gives  a  very 
fingular  refult,  as  if  the  a>aion  of  a  magnet  were  exerted 
from  a  centre  beyond  itfelf.  He  attributes  this  to  its 
true  caufe,  the  dill  great  complication  of  the  refult, 
ariling  from  the  aiSlon  of  the  remote  pole  of  the  mag- 
net. He  therefore  takes  another  method  of  examina- 
tion, which  we  Ihall  underdand  by  and  bye,  when  we 
condder  the  Jiredivs  power  of  a  magnet.  We  have 
mentioned  this  impenect  attempt  chiefly  on  account  cf 
the  unquedionable  manner  in  which  he  has  afcertained 
the  effedl  of  obliquity,  and  the  importance  of  this  de- 
termination. 

We  have  attempted  this  invedigation  in  a  very  fimple 
manner.  We  got  fome  magnets  made,  confilting  of  two 
balls  connefled  by  a  llender  rod.  By  a  very  particular 
mode  of  impregnation,  we  gave  them  a  pretty  good 
magnetifm  ;  and  the  force  of  each  pole  teemed  to  rcfide 
almod  in  the  centre  of  the  b.dl.  This  was  our  obje(fl 
in  giving  them  this  fliape.  It  reduced  the  examination 
both  of  the  attractive  and  cf  the  diredlve  power  to  a 
very  eafy  computati  in.  The  refult  was,  that  the  force 
of  each  pole  varied  in  the  inverfe  duplicate  ratio  of  the 
dldance.  The  error  of  this  hypothel'is  in  no  cafe  a- 
mounted  to  ^\\\\  of  the  whole.  In  computing  lor  tiie 
phenomena  of  the  dlreilive  power,  the  irregularities 
and  deviations  from  this  ratio  were  much  fmaller. 

The  previous  knowledge  of  this  funiffion  would  great- 
ly expedite  and  Ucilitate  our  farther  invefligaticn :  but 
we  mud  content  ourfclves  with  a  very  impcikcl  ap- 
proximation, and  with  arriving  at  the  dcfired  determi- 
nation by  degrees,  and  by  a  very  circuitous  route.  , 

It  is  a  matter  of  experience,  that  when  two  magnets  Attempt 
are  taken,  each  of  which  is  as  nearly  equal  as  pollible  in  to  cx[>bin 
the  ftrcngih  of  both  poles,  then,  if  they  are  placed  with  'l^'  phcno- 
their  axes  in  one  draight  line,  and  the  north  pole  of  ""'"*  *'''•*" 
one  fionting  the  fou;h   pole  of  the  other,  they  attraet  °']-^  j^,J'jJ^" 
each  other  with  a  force  which  diminilhes  as  tl.e  dldance  icdee  of 
increafcs  ;  and  this  variation  of  force  is  regular,  that  this  law. 
is,  without  any  fudden  changes  of  intenfity,  till  it  be- 
comes infsnfible.     No  ir.dance  has  occurred  of  its  break- 
ing fuddcnly  off  when  of  any  fcnfiblc  force,  but  it  ap- 
pears 


39<^ 


M  A  G  N  E  T  I  S  M. 


pe.irs  to  dlminifli  continually  like  gravity.  No  inftance 
cccurs  in  which  altraftion  is  changed  into  repulfion. 

But  it  is,  moreover,  to  be  particularly  remarked, 
that,  having  made  this  obfetvation  with  the  noith  pole 
ot  A  fronting  the  louth  pole  of  B,  if  the  experiment 
be  repeated  with  the  Ibuth  pole  of  A  fronting  the 
noith  pole  of  B,  the  rcfults  will  be  precifcly  the  fame. 
And,  lalUy,  it  is  a  matter  of  unexceptcJ  experience, 
that  the  fenlible  a(5tion  of  A  on  B,  meafured  by  the 
force  which  is  necelFary  for  preventing  the  farther  ap- 
proach of  B,  is  precifcly  ecjual  to  the  aiflion  of  B  on 
A.  This  is  the  cafe,  however  unequal  the  force  of  the 
two  magnets  may  be;  that  is,  alihough  A  may  fup- 
port  ten  pounds  of  iron,  and  B  only  ten  ounces. 

Now,  the  fimplell  view  we  can  take  of  this  experi- 
ment is,  by  fuppoling  the  whole  aftion  of  one  end  or 
pole  of  a  magnet  to  be  exerted  at  one  point  of  it.  This 
will  give  us  tour  actions  ot  A  on  B,  accompanied  by 
as  many  equal  and  oppofite  adfions  of  B  on  A.  It  is 
plain  that  we  may  content  ouifclves  with  the  invelli^a- 
lion  of  one  only  ot  thefe  fets  of  aiSions. 

What  we  obferve  is  the  excels  of  the  attraiftions  of 
the  poles  of  A  for  the  di!liniilar  poles  of  B  above  the 
repullions  of  the  fame  poles  of  A  ior  the  ilmilar  poles 
ot  B.  At  all  diflances  theie  is  fuch  an  excefs.  The 
turn  of  the  attradions  exceeds  the  fum  of  the  rcpuUicns 
competent  to  every  dillance. 

Now  this  will  really  happen,  if  we  fuppofe  that 
the  poles  of  a  magnet  are  of  equal  llrcngth,  and  that 
however  thefe  difl'erent  magnets  ditfer  in  Itrength,  tlicy 
have  the  fame  law  of  diminution  by  an  increafe  of  di- 
llance. The  firll  circumltance  is  a  very  polTible  thing, 
and  the  lall  is  deraonllrated  by  the  obf^-rved  equality 
ot  adion  and  readion.  Every  thing  will  now  appear 
very  plain,  by  reprefenting  (as  we  did  in  Electricity, 
Siippl.  n"  44,  &c.)  the  intenhtiesof  attra<rtion  and  repul- 
fion by  the  ordinates  cf  a  curve,  of  which  the  abfciHa: 
reprcfent  the  diftancesof  the  adling  poles. 

Therefore  let  A  and  B  (fig.  z.)  reprefent  the  two 
magnets,  placed  with  their  tour  poles  S,  N,  s,  n,  in  a 
Itraight  line.  In  the  llraight  line  Oq  take  O  m.  Op, 
O  n,  Oy,  refpeiftively  equal  to  Nj,  N  h,  S  s,  &  11 ;  and 
let  MP5«QJje  a  curve  line,  having  O  q  for  its  axis  and 
aiiymptote  ;  and  let  the  curve,  in  every  part,  be  con- 
vex towards  its  axis.  Then  draw  the  ordinates  m  M, 
/>  P,  «  N,  17  Q,  to  the  curve.  Thefe  ordinates  will  re- 
prefent the  intenfities  of  the  forces  exerted  between  the 
poles  of  the  magnets,  in  fuch  a  manner  as  to  fulfil  all  the 
conditions  that  are  really  obferved :  For  m  M  repre- 
fents  the  attraftion  of  the  north  pole  N  of  the  niagner, 
A  for  the  fouth  pole  s  of  the  magnet  B  ;  />  P  repre- 
fents  the  repulfion  of  N  tor  n;  n  N  reprefents  the  re- 
pulfion cf  S  for  s  ;  and  j  Q^reprefents  the  attraftion 
of  S  tor  n.  The  diftance  between  rit  and  »,  or  between 
p  and  q,  is  equal  to  the  lengih  of  the  magnet  A,  and 
mp,  or  n  q,  is  equal  to  that  of  B.  M  m,  ¥ p,  and  N«, 
Q^y,  are  pairs  uf  equidillant  ordinates.  It  furely  re- 
quiies  only  the  infpeflion  of  the  figure  to  fee  that,  in 
whatever  fituaticn  alung  the  axis  we  place  thoie  pairs 
of  equidillant  ordinates,  the  fum  of  M.m  at»d  Q^q  will 
always  exceed  the  fum  of  P p  and  N  n  ;  that  is,  the  fum 
of  the  attraflions  will  always  exceed  that  of  the  repul- 
fions.  This  will  not  be  the  cafe  if  the  curve,  whofe  or- 
dinates are  proportional  to  the  forces,  have  a  point  Z 
of  contrary  Hexure,    as  is   reprefented  by   the  dotted 


cu'.ve  P'Z(^  For  this  curve,  having  Oq  for  its  af- 
fymptote  (in  order  to  correfpond  wish  forces  which  di- 
minilli  cc.ntinuaUy  by  an  increafe  of  dillance,  but  do  not 
abruptly  ceafe)  mull  have  its  convexity  turned  toward 
this  aiiymptote  in  the  remote  parts.  But  there  will  be 
an  arch  MPZ  between  Z  and  O,  which  is  concave  to- 
ward the  aliymptoie.  In  wliich  cafe,  it  is  puQlble  that 
M  m  +  (^y  Ihall  be  lefs  than  P  />  4-  N  /; ;  and  then 
the  repulliuns  will  exceed  the  attractions ;  which  is  con- 
trary to  the  whole  train  of  obfeivation. 

It  may  be  thought,  that  if  the  repulfion  exerted  be- 
tween two  particles  be  always  lefs  than  the  attradlion 
at  the  fame  dillance,  the  phenomena  will  be  accounted 
for,  although  the  law  of  aiflion  be  i;ot  reprefented  by 
fuch  a  curve  as  has  been  all'unied.  Undoubtedly  they 
will,  while  the  dillimilar  poles  front  each  other.  But 
the  refults  of  fuch  a  fuppofition  will  not  agree  with  the 
I)hcnomena  while  the  nmilar  poles  front  each  other : 
For  it  is  an  uncontradifled  taft,  that  when  two  fine 
hard  magnets,  whofe  poles  are  neatly  or  exaiflly  of 
equal  vigour,  have  their  fimilar  poles  fronting  each 
other,  the  repulfions  fall  very  little  ihort  of  the  attrac- 
tions at  the  fame  dillances  when  their  pcficion  is  chang- 
ed :  When  the  dillances  are  confiderablc,  fcarcely  any 
difT.-rence  can  be  obferved  in  the  beginning  of  the  ex- 
periment. The  difference;',  alfo,  whicli  are  obferved  at 
fmaller  diftances,  are  obferved  to  augment  by  continu- 
ing the  magnets  in  their  places  without  changing  their 
dillances  ;  and  therefore  feem  to  arife  from  fome  change 
produced  by  each  on  the  magnetilm  of  the  other. 
And,  accordingly,  if  we  invert  one  of  the  ma;:;nets,  we 
fhall  find  that  the  attradions  have  been  diminillied  as 
much  as  the  repulfions.  Now,  the  confequtnces  of 
magnetic  repulfion,  being  always  weaker  than  attrac- 
tion, would  be  the  reverie  cf  this.  The  ditFerences 
would  appear  moll  remarkable  in  the  greater  diftances, 
and  magnets  might  be  found  which  repel  at  fmall 
dillances,  and  attrad  at  greater  dillances ;  which  is 
contrary  to  all  obfervation. 

From  all  this  it  follows,  with  fufhcient  evidence  for 
our  prelcnt  purpofe,  that  the  function  of  the  dillance 
which  expreifes  the  law  of  magnetic  adion  muft  be  re- 
prefented by  the  ordinates  cf  a  curve  of  the  hyperbolic 
kind,  referred  to  its  aiiymptote  as  an  axis  ;  and  therefore 
always  convex  toward  this  axis.  We  think  it  alfo  fuf- 
ficiently  clear,  that  theconfequences  which  we  have  de- 
duced from  the  fimple  fuppofition  of  four  adling  points, 
inllead  of  the  combined  adlion  of  every  particle,  may  be 
adipted  with  fafety.  For  they  would  be  jull,  if  there 
were  only  ihofe  four  particles ;  they  would  be  jull  with 
refpefl  to  another  four  particles — therelore  they  would 
be  jull  when  thefe  are  joined  ;  and  lb  on  of  any  nuinber. 
Therefore  the  curve,  whofe  ordinates  cxprefs  the  mean 
aflion  of  each  pole,  as  if  exerted  by  its  centre  of  effort, 
will  have  the  fame  general  form  :  It  will  be  convex 
toward  its  affymptotic  axis. 

■  It  will  greatly  aid  our  conceptions  of  the  combined 
aflioni  of  the  four  magnetic  poles,  if  we  notice  fome  of 
the  primary  properties  of  a  curve  of  this  kind,  limited 
by  no  other  condition.  i7 

Draw  the  chords  MQ,  PN,  MP,  NQ;     Bifefl  them  ^3^'^'^ 
in  B,  D,  E,  F,  and  join  EF.     Draw  the  ordinates  E  e  {^^^^^^^ '" 
F/,  and  BD  b  (cutting  EF  in  C).     Draw  P  u  parallel  from  the 
to  the  axis,  cutting  E  «?  in  «.     Draw  alfo  Q^/  parallel  to  plienome- 
the  axis,  cutting  F/  in  •?■.     Alfo  draw  FfiL  parallel  '"• 

to 


MAGNETISM. 


39 » 


to  the  axis,  anJ  P  o  t  parallel  to  QN  ;  and  draw  PL  /, 
and  P  If  X,  cutting  M  m  in  /  and  x. 

Let  each  ordinate  be  reprelented  by  tlie  letter  at  its 
intcrfeflion  with  the  2xis.  Thus,  the  ordinates  M  ;/; 
and  Oq  ma)'  be  leprefented  by  m  and  q,  &c. 

Becaui'c  MP  is  bifefled  in  E,  M  /  is  double  of  E  i  ; 
M  /  is  double  of  EL  ;  M  .v  is  double  of  E  e.  Alfo,  be- 
caufe  P/  is  parail;!  to  QN,  and  P  «  to  Qj,  we  have 
/  a  =  Ni,  From  thefe  premifes,  it  is  eafy  to  perceive, 
that, 


2 

2. 

Di-^-^". 

2 

„   +   g^P+„ 

3- 

2 

4- 

Mu—  m  — p. 

5- 

u  1  :=  n  —  q. 

6. 

M  /  =  m  — p  —  n—  q. 

n 

v..     "-^f. 

8.  'FJ  = 


9.  M  /  =  w  +p  —  »  +  q. 

m  +  p=  n  +  q 
10.   EL  = • 


CD  = 


12. 


CH  =  "'+/  —  "  +  " 
4 
Thefe  combinations  will  fugged  to  the  attentive  read- 
er the  explanition  of  niiny  modifications  of  tlie  combi. 
ncd  adllon  of  the  four  poles  of  two  magnets.  They 
are  all  comprehended  in  one  propoiition,  which  it  will 
be  convenient  to  render  familiar  to  the  thought ;  name- 
ly, if  two  pairs  of  equidillant  ordinates  betaken,  the 
fum  of  the  two  extremes  exceeds  that  of  the  interme- 
diate ones,  m  +  q  is  greater  than  p  +  ii.  Alfo,  tlie 
dilTerence  between  the  pair  ncareft  to  O  exceeds  the  dif- 
ference between  the  remote  pair. 

Now,  conceiving  thefe  ordinates  to  reprefcnt  the  mu- 
tual alliens  of  the  magnetic  poles,  we  fee  tiiat  their 
tendency  to  or  from  each  other,  or  their  fenfible  atti  ac- 
tions or  repulfions,  are  expreffed  by  »/ +  y — n+p; 
that  is,  by  the  cxcefs  of  the  fum  of  the  adtions  of  the 
nearcft  and  moft  remote  p :ks  above  the  fum  of  the  ac- 
tions of  the  intermediate  diRant  poles.  It  will  alfo  be 
fictiucntly  convenient  to  confider  this  tendency  as  repre- 
fented  by  tn  — p  —  n  —  q  ;  that  is,  by  the  excefs  of 
the  difTetence  of  the  aftions  of  the  nearcll  pole  of  A  on 
the  two  poles  of  B,  above  the  dilTerence  of  the  adions 
of  its  remote  pole  on  the  fame  pcles  cf  B. 

I^et  us  now  confider  feme  of  the  chief  modifications 

of  ihcfc  a(flions. 

jjj  1.  Let  the  diflimllar  poles  front  each  other.     It  is 

Kiplana-      plain  that  m  -^  q  reprcfent  attracff  ioni',  and  that  p -\-  n 

lion  of  tlic   rcprefent  repulfions.     Alfo  ra  -f  y  is  greater  than  p+  n. 

obfcrvcJat- Therefore  the  magnets  will  attrai5l  e.ciiothev.     Tins 

tri<!iinii  of  „.        ■       ,r  ,-  ,  , 

Bigncti       alti action  is  aifo  teprefented  by  tn  — p  —  n  —  q. 

Now  CT  +  y  — p  4-  n  is  evidently  equal  to  M /,  or 
to  twice  E  0,  or  to  twice  BD,  or  to  four  times  CD. 


This  ai-^ion  will  be  increafed, 

1.  By  increafing  the  ftrength  of  either  of  the  map;- 
nets.  The  aflion  of  the  magnets  is  the  combined  ac- 
tion of  each  ading  particle  of  the  one  on  each  afting 
particle  of  the  other  ;  and  it  is  mutual.  Therefore  all 
the  ordinates  will  increafcin  the  ratio  of  the  ftrength  of 
each  magnet,  and  their  funis  and  differences  will  increafe 
in  the  fame  ratio. 

2.  By  diminifhing  the  diftance  between  the  magnets. 
For  this  brings  all  the  ordinates  nearer  to  O,  while  their 
diftances  mp,  p  n,  n  q,  remain  as  before.  In  this  cafe 
it  is  plain,  that  M  a,  the  difference  of  M  m  and  P/, 
will  increafe  fafter  than  /  «  or  N  /',  the  difference  be- 
tween N  n  and  Qj].  Tlierefore  M  t  will  increafe ;  thai 
is,  the  attraftion  will  increafe. 

3.  By  increafing  the  length  of  A^  while  the  diftance 
between  them  remains  the  fame.  For  O  m  remaining 
the  fame,  as  alfo  m p  and  n  y,  while  n  q  is  only  removed 
farther  from  mp,  it  is  plain  M  u  remains  the  fame,  and 
that  N  /'  and  /  u  are  diminiflied  ;  therefore  M  /  mull  in- 
creafe, or  the  attraflion  mufl  increafe. 

4.  By  increafing  the  length  of  B,  the  diftance  be- 
tween  them  remaining  the  fame.  For  this  increafes  mp 
and  nq ;  and  confequeiitly  increafes  M  u  and  t  u.  But 
M«  increafes  more  than  t  u ;  and  therefore  M/  is  in- 
creafed, and  the  attradion  or  tendency  is  increafed. 

All  thefe  confequences  of  our  original  fuppofuion, 
that  the  magnetic  aiflion  may  be  reprefented  by  the  or- 
dinates of  a  curve  every  where  convex  to  an  affymptotic 
axis,  are  ftridly  conformable  to  obfervation. 

If  we  place  the  magnets  with  their  fmiilar  poles  19 
fronting  each  other,  it  is  evident  that  the  ordinates  -'^^'}  °^ 
which  e.'iprefled  attrafli^ns  in  the  former  cafe,  will  now  J-  '"'■''-■P"'* 
exprefs  repulliuns;  and  that  the  forces  with  which  the 
magnets  now  repel  each  other,  aie  equal  to  tliof;  with 
which  tliey  attraiJted  when  at  the  fame  dillances.  When 
the  experiments  are  made  with  good  loadft ones,  or  very 
fine  magnets,  tempered  extremely  hard,  and  having  the 
energy  of  their  pdes  f.nlibly  refiding  in  a  fmall  I'pace 
very  near  the  extiemities,  tlie  refulls  are  alfo  very  near- 
ly conformable  to  this  mathematic.il  theory  ;  but  there 
is  generally  a  weaker  adion.  The  magnets  feldom  re- 
pel as  llroiigly  as  they  altraift  at  the  fame  diftance;  at 
leall  when  thefe  diftances  are  fmall.  If  one  or  both  of 
the  magnets  is  foft,  or  if  one  of  them  be  much  more 
vigorous  than  the  other,  there  are  nbf^rved  much 
greater  deviations  from  this  theory.  The  repulfions  are 
confiileiably  weaker  than  the  attia(5lions  at  the  fame  di- 
ftaiice,  and  the  law  of  vaiiation  becomes  extremely  dif- 
ferent. When  placed  :it  very  confiderable  dillances, 
they  repel.  As  the  magnet  B  is  brought  nearer  to  A, 
the  rcpulfion  increafes,  agreeably  to  the  theory,  but  not 
fo  i.i(i.  Bringing  them  Hill  nearer,  the  repnllion  ceafes 
to  incrcale,  then  gradually  diniinilhes,  and  frequently 
vanilhes  altogether,  before  the  magnets  are  in  cmtaifl: 
and  when  brought  ftill  nearer,  it  is  changed  into  at- 

But  more  careful  obfervation  flicws,  that  this  ano-         20 
maty  does  nrt  invalidate  the  theory.     It  is  found  that  Seeming 
the  vigour  of  the  magnets  is  permanently  changed  by  "«?''•'»» 
this  pioccfs.     The  magnets  ad  on  each  other  in  fucli  °  ^'*"  " 
a  w.:y  as  to  weaken  cacli  other's  magnetifm.     Nay,  it 
frequently  happens,  that  the  weaker  or  the  fofter  ot  the 
two  has  had  its  magn:iifm  changed,  and  that  the  pole 

nearcll 


39^ 


MAGNETISM. 

reared  to  the  other  has  changed  its  nature.  While  prefs  one  half  ot  this  force.  Either  of  thefe  eflimatinns 
they  are  lying  in  contaft,  or  at  luch  a  dillance  that  they  of  this  inoditicatinn  of  the  mutual  aftiou  of  the  mag- 
attraa,  although  their  fimilar  pnles  front  each  other,  it    nets,  will  he  luirici>.nt  for  the  objerts  we  have  in  view. 


is  found  that  the  pole  of  one  of  them  is  really  changed  j 
although  it  may  fometimei  recover  its  former  Ipecies 
again,  but  never  fo  vigoroufly  as  when  the  other  mag- 
net is  removed.  In  ihort,  it  is  obferved,  that  the  mag- 
netifni  is  diminilhed  in  all  experiments  in  which  the 
magnets  repel  each  other,  and  that  it  is  improved  in  all 
e.Npeiiments  in  which  they  attraiil. 

\Vc  have  hitherto  fuppofed  the  magnets  placed  with 


21 
DiRrc- 

TITC  POW- 

EK  explain' 
cU. 


ax 
It>  niea- 
lurc. 


The  directive  power  of  A,  and  the  polarity  of  13,  are         ij 
increafed,  Howin- 

1.  By  increafing  the  (Irength  of  one  or  both  of  the  "cafedand 
magnets.     This  is  evident,  dimmilhed. 

2.  By  diminilhing  the  diftance  of  the  magnets.  For 
this,  by  increafing  the  fum  of  M  m  and  !'/>  more  than 
the  fum  of  N  n  and  Qjf,  mull  increafe  EL  it  M /. 

3.  By  increafing  the  length  ol  A.  For  this,  by  re- 
thcir  axes  in  one  (Iraight  line.  If  they  are  differently  moving  «  and  g  farther  from  m  and  />,  mull  deprefs  the 
placed,  we  car.not  afcertain  by  this  fingle  circumllance    points  L  and  /,  and  incieafe  EL,  or  IL,  or  M /. 

of  the  law  of  magnetic  adion,  whether  they  will  attrad         4.  By  diminilhing  the  lengtli  of  B,  while  the  dillance 

or  repel we  mull  know  fomewhat  more  ot  the  varia-    N/  between  the  magnets  remains  the  fame.     For  this, 

tion  of  force  by  a  change  of  dillance.  by  bringing  />  and  q  nearer  to  m  and  «,  mud  increafe 

If  the  magnet  B  be  not  at  liberty  to  approach  to-  M  m  +  P/>  more  than  N  n  +  Qjr.  Or,  by  bringing 
ward  A,  or  recede  from  it,  but  be  fo  fupported  at  its  E^  and  F/  nearer  to  Mm  and  N  n,  it  mull  increafe 
centre  B  that  it  can  turn  round  it,  it  is  very  plain  that    EL  and  M  /. 

it  will  retain  the  pofition  in  which  it  is  drawn  in  the  fi-  If  the  dillance  N  n  between  the  pole  of  A  and  the 
cure.  For  its  fonth  pole  /  being  more  aliraded  by  N  remote  pole  of  B  remain  the  lame,  the  direftive  force  of 
than  it  is  repe'iled  by  S,  is,  on  the  whole,  atiraded  by  A,  and  polarity  of  B,  are  diminilhed  by  diminilhing 
the  magnet  A  ;  and,  by  this  attradion,  it  would  vibrate  the  length  of  B,  as  is  calily  I'een  from  what  has  been 
like  a  ijcndulum  tliat  is  fupported  at  the  centre  B.  In  juft  now  laid.  It  is  alio  diminilhed,  but  in  a  very  fmall 
like  manner,  its  north  pole  n  is  more  repelled  by  N  degree,  by  diminilliing  the  length  of  B,  when  the  di- 
ihan  it  is  atlrai5led  by  S,  and  is,  on  the  whole,  repel-  fiance  between  the  centres  of  A  and  B  remain  the  fame, 
led.  The  part  B  «  would  therefore  alfo  vibrate  like  a  For,  in  this  cafe,  the  ordinates  1  e  and  K/ retain  their 
pendulum  round  B.  Thus  each  half  of  it  is  urged  into  places ;  but  the  points  m  and  p  approach  to  e  ;  and  this 
the  very  pofition  which  it  now  has  ;  and  if  this  pofition  brings  the  interfeiftion  E  ot  the  ordinate  and  chord 
be  deranged  a  little,  the  attraftion  of  s  B  toward  A,  nearer  to  I,  and  diminilhes  EL,  becaufe  the  point  L  is 
and  the  repullion  of  «  B  from  it,  would  impel  it  toward  not  fo  much  deprelfed  by  the  approach  of  F  to  K  as  E 
the  p.fition  /  B  ».  .        '^  deprelfed. 

This  will  be  very  evident,  if  we  put  the  magnet  B  in-         But  in  all  cafes,  the  ratio  of  the  direflive  power  of        24 
to  the  pofition  j'B;/',  at  right  angles  to  the  line  AB.    A  to  its  attractive  force,  or  of  the  polarity  of  B  to  its  Circum- 
The  pole  /'  and  the  pole  n'  are  t^rged  in  oppofue,  and     tendency  to  A,  is  increafed  by  dlmimfhing  the  length  of  dances  af- 
therefore  confpiring,   dii  edlir  ns  with  equal  lorces,  very     B.    For  it  is  plain,  that  by  diminilhing  mp  and  n  y,  while  ^'"'"K  ^"e 
nearly  at  right  angles  to  ri'  s',  it  the  magnet  B  be  I'mall.     1  e  and  K/'kcep  their  places,  the  point  0  is  railed,  and  uf'th^Vt-" 
In  any  oblique  pofition,  the  forces  will  be  fomewhat    the  point  L  is  deprefled  ;    and  therefore  the  ratio  of  trai9ive 
tinequal,  and  account  mull  be  had  of  the  obliquity  of    EL  to  E  0,  or  of  M  /  to  M /,  is  increated.     We  even  and  direc- 
the  aiflion,  in  order  to  know  the  precife  rotative  mo-    fee  that,  by  diminilhing  the  length  of  B  continually  ''^'=  I'"™- 
mentum  of  the  adlions.  and  without  end,  tlie  ratio  of  M  /  to  M  /  may  be  made  "''" 

Dr  Gilbert  has  given  to  this  modification  of  the  ac-    to  exceed  any  ratio  that  can  be  aihgned. 
tion  of  A  on  B,  the  name  of  vis  disponiiNS  j  which  we         Now,   lince  diminilhing  the  length  of  B  increafes  the         25 
may  tranflate  by  directive  power  or  force.     Alfo,    ratio  of  the  diredive  power  ot  A  to  its  attrailive  power.  The  polari- 
that  modification  of  the  tendency  of  B  to  or  from  A  is    while  increafing  the  length  of  A  increafes  lo:li,  and  alfo  ty^fafmall 
called  by  him  the  verticitas  of  B.     We  might  call    incieafes  the  ratio  of  EL  to  E  0  (as  is  very  e.ilily  feen),  "^^'S"" 
it  the  vtRTiciTY  of  B;  but  we  think  that  the  name    and  lince  this  increafe  may  be  as  great  as  we  pleale,  it  „".^t  while 
POLARITY  is  fufficiently  exprellive  of  the  phenomenon  ;    necelfarily  follows,  that  if  liic  fame  very  fmall  magnet  B  the  attrac- 
and  as  it  has  come  into  general  ufe,  we  fhall  abide  by  it.    be  placed  at  fuch  dillanccs  Irom  a  large  and  llrong  mag-  tion  is  in- 

It  is  not  fo  eafy  to  give  a  general,  and  at  the  fame  time    net  A,  and  from  a  fmaller  and  lefs  vigorous  one  C,  as  f^^flble- 
prccile,  meafuie  of  the  direiElive  power  of  A  and  pola-    to  have  equal  polarities  to  both,  its  tendency  to  A  will 

''  '        '  '  be  lefs  than  its  tendency  to  C.      It  may  even  be  lefs  in 

any  ratio  we    pleale,    by  lufBciently   diminilhing   the 
length  ot  B. 

Dr  Gilbert  obferved  this ;  and  he  exprefles  his  obfer- 
vation  by  faying,  that  the  diredive  power  extends  to 
greater  dillances  than  the  attrac'ling  power.  We  muft 
jull  conclude,  that  the  Uft  becomes  injinftble  at  fmaller 
diftances  than  tiie  firft.  Tliis  will  l)e  found  a  very  im- 
ifig'.  2!),  or  by  twice  EL,'or  by  tour  times  CH.     If'  B    portant  obfervation.     It  may  be  of  ufe  to  keep  in  mind. 


riiy  of  B.  The  magnet  B  niuft  be  confidered  as  a  lever  ; 
and  then  the  force  tending  to  bring  it  into  its  ultimate 
pofition  lis  dep'^nds  both  on  the  diliance  of  its  poles 
from  N  and  S,  and  alfo  on  the  angle  whicli  tlie  axis  ot 
B  makes  with  the  line  AB.  When  the  axis  of  B  co- 
incides with  AB,  the  force  afting  on  its  poles,  tending 
to  kip  them  in  that  fituation,  is  evidently  m  -f- /> — 
~,  and  therefore  may  be  reprefented  by   M  /  (in 


has  the  pofition  ,.'B/,  perpendicular  to  AB,  let  the  or-  that  the  directive  p<.wer  ot  a  magnet  A  on  another  mag- 

dinates  E  e  and  F/  cut  the  curve  on   1  and  K  ;  and  net  B,  is  the  ditference  of  the  fums  of  the  actions  of 

draw  KL  parallel  to  the  axis  (our  figure  caufes  this  line  each  pole  ot  A  on  both  poles  of  B  j  and  the  attradive 

almoft  to  coincide  v.-ith  QL,  and  in  all  important  c  ifes  power  of  A  tor  another  magnet  B,  is  the  difference  of 

it  will  be  nearly  the  fame).     In  this  cafe   IL  will  ex-  the  differences  of  thefe  adions. 


M  A  G  N  E  T  I  S  M. 


It  may  be  alfo  remarked  juft  now,  that  the  dlre<ftive 
force  of  A  always  exceeds  its  attra(fHve  force  by  the 
quantity  2  (/>  —  q).  For  their  difference  may  be  ex- 
prefl'ed  by  /  /,  which  is  equal  to  twice  0  L.  Now  t  e  is 
equal  to  ?/■,  or  to  ^;  and  i  L  is  equal  to  ¥p —  ¥/, 
or  to  P/>  —  Q^  —  F  <?,  or  to  Pp — Qj? — 0  >.  There- 
fore 0  L  =  P/i  —  Q_?,  and  /  /  =  2  (P  />  —  Q^?).  = 

2  (/>  —  ?)• 

By  inlpefling   this  figure  with  attention,  we  obtain 

indications  of  many  interefting  particulars.  If  the 
lengths  of  the  magnets  A  and  B  are  the  fame,  the  point 
n  in  the  axis  of  the  curve  will  coincide  with  />.  As  the 
length  of  A  increafes,  the  part  7;  y  is  removed  farther 
from  the  part  j/i p.  The  line  P  t  becomes  lefs  inclined 
to  the  axis,  and  is  ultimately  parallel  to  it,  when  n  is 
infinitely  remote.  At  this  time  L  falls  on  ir;  fo  that 
the  ultimate  ratio  of  the  attradlion  to  the  polarity  is 
that  of  E  f  to  E  f,  when  the  magnet  A  is  infinitely 
long.  It  is  then  the  ratio  of  the  difierence  of  the  ac- 
tions of  the  nearell  pole  of  A  on  the  two  poles  of  B  to 
the  fum  of  thefe  ai5lions.  Hence  it  follows,  that  when 
A  is  very  great  and  B  very  fmall,  the  polarity  of  B  is 
vaftly  greater  than  its  tendency  to  A.  It  may  have  a 
great  polarity  when  its  tendency  is  infeiifible. 

The  ratio  of  the  polarity  to  the  altraftion  alfo  in- 
creafes by  incrcafing  the  diltance  of  the  magnets  while 
their  dimenfions  continue  the  fame.  This  will  appear, 
by  remarking  that  the  chords  MP  and  NQjnuft  inter- 
fect  in  fome  point  w  ;  and  that  when  the  four  points  ;;/, 
/>,  H,  and  f,  move  off  from  O,  keeping  the  fame  di- 
ftances  from  each  other,  E  0  will  diminilli  fafter  than 
EL,  and  the  ratio  of  EL  to  EO  will  continually  in- 
creafe. 

Therefore  when  a  fmall  magnet  B  is  placed  at  fiich 
a  diftance  from  a  great  magnet  A,  and  from  a  fmaller 
one  C,  as  to  have  equ  il  polarity  to  both,  its  tendency  to 
C  will  exceed  its  tendency  to  A.  For  the  polarities 
being  equal,  it  mull  be  faitherfrom  the  great  magnet ; 
in  which  cafe  the  ratio  of  its  polarity  to  its  attradion  is 
increaled. 

And  this  will  alfo  obtain  if  the  magnets  dlffir  alfo  in 
ftrength.  For,  to  have  equal  polarities,  B  mull  be  Hill 
farther  from  the  great  and  powerful  magnet. 

For  all  thefe  rcafons,  a  large  and  powerful  magnet 

may  exert  a  llrong  directive  power,  while  its  attraiflive 

power  is  infenfible. 

16  ^^'e  have  hitherto  fuppnfed  the  magnet  B  to  be  plac- 

Pcculiari-    ed  in  the  direilion  of  the  axis  of  A,  and  only  at  li- 

ticsof  ob-    berty  to  turn  round  its  centre  B.     Bat  let  its  centre 

tmnsoT'*'  ^^'^  pla<:ed  on  the  centre  of  A,    as   in  fig.  3.  it  mull 

two  mag-    evidently  take  a  pofition  which  may  be  called  fiibcon- 

nets.  trary  to  that  of  A,  the  nortli  p..le  of  B  turning  toward 

the  fouth  pole  of  A,  and  its  fouth  pole  turning  toward 

the  north  pole  of  A. 

The  fame  thing  mud  happen  when  the  centre  of  B 
is  placed  in  B,  any  wherein  the  line  AE  perpendicular 
to  NS.  S  altrafts  n  with  a  force  « /-,  while  N  repels 
n  with  a  force  no,  fomewjiit  Inialler  than  n />.  Thefe 
two  compofc  the  t'orce  nd.  In  like  manner,  the  two 
fi">rces  J  £■  and  jf,  exerted  by  N  and  S  on  the  pole  /, 
compofc  the  force  /  q.  Now  if  the  a\is  ol  the  magntt 
B  be  parallel  to  XS,  but  the  poles  in  a  contiary  pofi- 
tion, and  it  each  niagi.et  be  equally  vigorous  in  both 
poles,  the  magnet  B  will  retain  this  pofition  ;  bee  lul'e 
the  forces  »;  i  and  /  e  arc  cqujl,  as  alfo  the  forces  n  c 
SuppL.  Vol.  II. 


39: 


and  //  Thefe  mud  corapofe  two  forces  >i  d  and  s  y, 
which  are  equal,  and  equally  inclined  to  ;;  j  ;  and  they 
will  therefore  be  in  equilibrio  on  this  lever. 

Let  us  now  place  tjie  centre  of  the  fmall  magnet  in 
C,  neitiier  in  the  axis  of  the  other,  nor  in  the  perpen- 
dicular AE.  Let  its  north  pole  n  point  toward  the 
centre  of  A.  It  cannot  remain  in  this  pofition  ;  fr.r  N 
repels  «  with  a  force  n  c,  while  S  attrads  it  with  a  force 
nb  (fmaller  than  nc,  becaufe  the  dillance  is  greater). 
Thefe  two  compofe  a  force  nd  confideraMy  different 
from  the  direflion  c  n  oi  its  axis.  In  like  manner,  the 
fouth  pole  s  of  the  fmall  magnet  is  aifted  on  by  two 
forces  /  e  and  //,  exerted  by  the  two  poles  oi  A,  which 
compofe  a  force  s  q  neaily  equal  and  parallel  to  n  d,  but 
in  a  nearly  oppolite  dircflinn.  It  is  plain  that  thee 
forces  mull  turn  the  fmall  magnet  round  its  centre  C, 
and  that  it  cannot  rell  but  in  a  pofition  nearly  parallel 
to  lid  or  s f.  Its  pofition  is  better  reprefented  by  fig. 
4.  with  its  fouth  pole  turned  toward  the  north  pole  of 
the  other  magnet,  and  its  north  pole  in  the  of  polae 
diredion. 

What  the  precife  pofition  will  be,  depends  on  that 
funilion  of  the  dillance  which  is  always  proportional 
to  the  intenfity  of  the  aifliim  ;  on  the  force  cf  each  of 
the  poles  of  A,  and  on  the  length  of  the  magnet  B. 
Nay,  even  when  we  know  this  funiffion,  the  probLm  is 
Hill  very  intricate. 

There  are  mcihods  by  which  we  may  approximate        jj 
to  the  function  with  fuccefs.     If  the  magnet  B  be  in-  Meaii>  of 
definitely  fmall,  fo  that  we  may  confiJer  the  aftions  on  acquiring  a 
its  two  poles  as  equal,  the  invelligation  is  greatly  fimpli-  J?"""  "1'^^' 
fied.     For,  in  this  cafe,  each  pole  of  the  fmall  ma'.nc    ,       ^     ° 
15   (fig.  5.)   may  be  conceived  as  coinciding  wuh  Us  tion. 
centre.     Then,  drawing  NB,  SB,  and  takiu'^  Bi  to- 
ward N,  to  repreitnt  the  force  wiih  which  N  attr.icls 
the  fouth  pole  of  B,  and  taking  B  c,  in  SB  produced, 
to  reprefent  the  force  with  which  S  repels  the  lame 
pole,  the  compound  force  a>rting  on  this  pole  is  B  d,  the 
diagonal  of  a  parallelo;;ram  B  b,  d c.     In  like  manner, 
we  mull  take  B  e,  in  N  1^  produced,  and  equal  to  B  i>, 
to  repiefent  the  repulfion  of  N  for  the  noith  pole  of 
B,  and  15/ equal  to  B  1 ,  to  reprefent  die  atlracti  ,n  of 
S  for  this  pole.       The  compound  force  will  be   B  7, 
equal  and  oppofite  to   B  </.     It  follows  evidently  from 
this  invelligation,  that  the  fmall  magnet  will  not  reft  in 
any  pofition  but  i/_^.      In  tliis  fuppolition,  tlieiefute,  of 
extreme  minutencls  of  the  magnet  B,  one  of  the  paral- 
lelogiams  is  fuflicient.     We  may  farther  remark,  that 
we  have  this  approximation  fecurc  againll  any  error 
arifing  from  the  fuppofition  that  all  the  aclion  of  each 
pole  of  B  is  exerted  by  one  point.     Although  we  fup- 
pofe  it  dilTufcd  ever  a  confiderable  portion  of  the  mag- 
net,  flill  the  extreme  minutencls  of  the  whole  makes 
the  action,    even  on  its  e.\treir.c  points,  very  nearly 
equal. 

Hence  may  he  derived  a  conilruclion  for  afcertainincr  o 

the  pofition  of  the  needle,  when  ihe  function  in  of  the  J.aw  of  ac- 
difiance  is  given,  or  for  difcovering  this  function  by  ob-  tion  Invef- 
llrvation  ot   the  pofition  of  the  needle.  tigat-J — 

Let  NS  (fij.  5.  11"  2  )  n  eet  the  dirtflion  of  the  "^oitric 
needle  in  K.     Make  BG  =  BN,  and  draw  NF,  GE,  *■"'"'''• 
SH,  perpendicular  to  BK.     It  is  evident  that  15  h  is  to 
Bf,  or  l/d,  as  the  line  (^(  the  angle  HBS  to  the  fine  of 
KBN.     Therefore,  bccaiifc  BG  and  BN  are  equal,  we 
have  Bi  :  Bf=GE:  NF. 

3  1^  Therefore 


394 


MAGNETISM. 


Therefore  GE  :  NF  =  BS'"     :  BN" 
But  SH  :  GE  =  BS       :  BN 

Therefore  SH  :  NF=  BS'H':  BN"'+' 
And  SK  :  NK=BS»=+■:BN'"^-■ 

If  magnetic  action  be  inverloly  as  the  dilbincc,  we 
"have  SK':  NK  =  BS=  :  BN',  and  B  is  in  the  clrciim- 
i'erence  of  a  circle  which  palTes  through  S  and  N,  and 
has  3K  for  a  tangent,  as  is  plain  by  elementary  geo- 
metry, h'  the  aflion  l>e  invcrftly  as  (he  fqiure  tt  the 
diftance,  we  have  SK  :  MK  =  BS^  :  BN',  and  B  is  in 
the  circumfircnce  of  a  curve  of  more  diHicuU  invcftiga- 
tion.  But,  as  in  the  circle,  the  fum  of  the  angles  BSN 
and  BNS  is  a  ccnlUnt  angle  ;  fo,  in  this  curve,  the  fum 
of  the  cofines  of  thofc  angles  is  a  coiiHant  quantity. 
This  fuggeils  a  very  fimple  contlruiflion  of  the  curve. 
I.et  it  pafs  through  the  point  T  of  the  line  AT,  drawn 
from  the  centre  of  the  magnet,  perpendicular  to  its 
axis.  Defcribe  the  fcmicircle  SPQN,  cutting  ST  and 
NT  in  P  and  Q^  Then,  in  order  to  find  tl-.e  point 
where  any  line  tiB  cuts  the  curve,  let  it  cut  the  feini- 
circle  in  />,  and  apply  the  line  N  7  =  SP  -f  NQj—  S/>, 
and  prrduce  it  till  it  meet  the  line  SB  in  B,  winch  is  a 
point  in  the  curve;  f  t  it  is  evident  that  S/>  and  N  q 
are  the  colincs  of  BSN  and  BNS.  We  hope  to  give, 
by  the  help  of  a  learned  friend,  the  complete  conftruo- 
tion  of  curves  for  every  value  of  m,  in  an  Appendix  to 
this  aiticle.  It  will  fo:m  a  new  and  curious  clafs,  ar- 
ranged by  the  funilions  of  the  angles  at  N  and  S. 

But,  in  the  nie.ui  time,  we  have  determined  the  pofi- 
tion  of  an  indefinitely  fmall  needle,  in  rcfpeifl:  ot  a  mag- 
net of  which  we  may  conceive  the  pol  ir  activity  con- 
centrated in  two  points ;  and  we  may,  on  the  other 
hand,  make  ufe  of  the  obierved  politions  if  fuch  a  needle 
and  m.agnet  for  difcovering  the  value  cf  w.     For,  fince 

SK      SB"'+'    ..     ,  ■    ,.    ,  Log.  SK:NK 

= ,  It  is  plain  that  m  =  - — p    ,,„ — ^,Tp, —  i. 

NK     NB"'+'  Log.  SB  :  NB 

Thus,  in  an  obfervation  which  the  writer  of  this  article 
made  on  a  very  (mall  needle,  and  a  magnet  having  glo- 
bular poles,  and  S,  inches  between  their  centres,  he 
found  SB  =  5  J,  Nt5=:-'r,  SK  =  1 1,49,  and  NK=  3,37. 
This  gives  m  =  1,97,  which  diflers  from  2  only  ~j,ih 
part.  Finding  it  lo  very  near  the  inverfe  duplicate  ra- 
tio of  the  dillance,  a  circle  VUZ  was  defcribed,  the 
circumference  of  whicli  is  tlie  locus  of  SB  :  BN  =  S  ; 
5,333.  When  the  centre  of  the  needle  was  placed  any- 
where in  the  circumference  of  this  circle,  it  fcarcely  de- 
•viated  from  the  point  K,  except  when  fo  far  removed 
from  the  magnet  that  its  natural  polarity  prevailed  over 
the  direflivc  power  of  the  magnet,  or  fo  near  its  middle 
that  the  adliun  of  the  cylindrical  part  became  very  feu- 
f.ble. 

It  is  plain  that  the  length  cf  the  needle  muft  occa- 
fion  feme  deviatif  n  from  the  magnetic  direftion,  by  de- 
ftroying  the  perfeift  equality  of  acftion  on  irs  two  poles. 
He  therclore  employed  three  needles  of  -[,  -f,  and  i  ot^ 
an  inch  in  length  ;  and  by  noticing  the  dilTerences  of 
direction,  he  inferred  what  would  be  the  direftion,  if 
the  forces  on  each  pole  were  precifely  equal.  He  had 
the  pleafure  of  feeing  that  the  deviation  from  the  in- 
Terfe  duplicate  ratio  of  the  dillances  was  Icarcely  per- 
ceptible. 

Mr  I^ambert's  experiments  on  the  diredive  power 
cf  the  magnet,  narrated  in  his  feccnd  diifertation  in  the 
22d  volume  of  the  Memoirs  cf  the  Academy  cf  Berlin, 
are  the  mud  valuable  cf  all  that  are  on  record  ;  and  the 


ingenious  addrefs  with  which  they  are  conduced,  and 
tl'.e  inferences  are  drawn,  would  have  done  credit  to 
Newton  himfclf  We  earneftly  recommend  the  careful 
perufal  of  that  ElFay,  as  the  mofl  inllrudive  of  any  that 
we  have  read.  The  wiiter  of  this  found  himfelf  obli- 
ged to  repeat  all  his  former  experiments,  mentioned 
iibove,  in  Mr  Lambert's  manner,  and  with  his  precau- 
tion of  keeping  the  needle  in  its  natural  pofition  ;  a  cir- 
cumlfance  to  which  he  had  not  fufficiently  attended  be- 
fore. The  new  refults  were  lliU  more  conformable  to 
his  conjeolure  as  to  the  law  of  variation.  Mr  Lambert 
clofes  his  diifertation  with  an  hypothefis,  "  that  the 
force  of  each  tranfverfe  element  of  a  magnet  is  as  its 
dillance  from  the  centre,  and  its  aiflion  on  a  particle  of 
another  magnet  is  inverfely  as  the  fquare  of  the  di- 
llance." On  this  fuppnfition,  he  calculates  the  pofiti- 
on of  a  very  fmall  needle,  and  draws  three  of  the  curves 
to  which  it  Ihould  be  the  tangent.  Thcfe  are  very  ex- 
aiflly  coincident  with  f<ime  that  he  obferved.  We  tried 
this  with  fevcral  magnetic  bars,  and  found  it  very  con- 
formable to  obfervation  in  fome  magnet? ;  but  deviating 
fb  far  in  the  cafe  of  other  magnets,  that  we  are  convinc- 
ed that  there  is  no  rule  for  the  force  of  each  tranfverfe 
element  of  a  magnet,  and  that  the  magnetifm  is  differ- 
ently difpofed  in  different  magnets.  It  was  chiefly  this 
which  induced  us  to  form  the  magnets  employed  in  this 
refearch  tf  two  balls  united  by  a  flender  rod.  Lich- 
tenberg,  in  his  notes  on  Erxleben's  Natural  Philofophy, 
fays,  that  there  is  a  MS.  of  the  celebrated  Tobias 
Mayer  in  the  library  of  the  Academy  of  Gcttingen,  in 
v.hich  he  alfumes  the  hypothefis  abovemenliopLil,  and 
gives  a  conllruction  of  the  magnetic  curves  fouucecl  on 
it,  making  them  a  kind  of  catenaria.  The  interior 
cuives  do  indeed  refemble  the  catenaria,  but  the  exte- 
rior are  totally  unlike.  But  th«re  is  no  occafion  for 
much  aigumeiit  to  convince  us,  that  the  firfl  part  of 
this  hypothefis  is  not  only  gratuitous,  but  unwarranted 
by  any  general  phenomena.  We  know  that  a  magne- 
tical  bar  may  have  its  magnetifm  very  differently  difpo- 
fed ;  for  it  may  have  more  than  two  poles,  and  the  in- 
termediate poles  canricl  have  this  difpolition  of  the  mag- 
netifm. Such  a  difpolition  is  perhaps  poflible;  but  is 
by  no  means  general,  or  even  frequent.  We  are  dif- 
pofed to  think,  that  permanent  magnetifm  mufl  have 
its  intenfity  diminilhing  in  the  very  extremity  of  the 
bar.  The  reader  may  gucfs  at  oui  reafons  from  what 
is  faid  in  ELEcraiciTY,   Sup/)!.  n°  222. 

The  following  very  curious  and  inftruiflive  phenome-        29 
nnn  was  the  firtt  thing  which  greatly  excited  the  curi-  Primarv 
ofity  of  the  writer  c  f  this  article,  and  long  puzzled  him  *"^/y '^q^' 
to  explain  it.     Indeed  it  was  his  endeavours  to  explain  s,'j,ple 
it,  which  gradually  opened  up  to  him  the  theory  of  the  and  com- 
mutualaflion  of  magnets  contained  in  thefe  paragraph?,  pound 
and  firfl  gave  him  occafion  to  admire  the  fagacity  of  <:"""• 
Dr  Gilbert,  and  to  fee  the  conntfling  principle  of  the 
vaft  variety  of  obfervations  and  experiments  which  that 
philofopher  had  made.     It  feems  owing  10  the  want  of 
this  conncifling  principle,  that  a  book  fj  rich  in  fa-fts 
ifiould  be  fo  little  read,  and  that  fo  many  of  Dr  Gil- 
bert's obfervations   have  been  publifhed  by  others  as 
new  difcoveries. 

Amufing  himfelf  in  the  fummer  1758  with  magnetic 
experiments,  two  large  and  flrong  magnets  A  and  B 
(fis;.  G. ),  were  placed  with  their  difilmilar  poles  front- 
ing each  other,  and  about  three  inches  apart.     A  fmall 

needle, 


M  A  G  N  A  T  I  S  M. 


needle,  fupported  on  a  point,  was  placed  between  thenn  at 
D,  and  it  arranged  itfelf  in  the  lame  manner  as  the  great 
magnets.  Happening  to  fet  it  oj  to  a  good  diflance 
on  thj  table,  as  at  F,  he  was  futprifed  to  fee  it  imme- 
diately turn  round  on  iti  pivot,  and  arrange  itfelf  near- 
ly in  the  oppollte  direflion.  Bringing  it  back  to  D 
reftored  it  to  its  former  pofition.  Carrying  it  gradu- 
ally out  along  DF,  perpendicular  to  NS,  he  obierved 
it  to  become  fenfibly  more  feeble,  vibrating  more  flow- 
ly  ;  and  when  in  a  certain  point  E,  it  had  no  polarity 
whatever  towards  A  and  B,  but  retained  any  pofition 
that  was  given  it.  Carrying  it  farther  out,  it  again  ac- 
quired polarity  to  A  and  B,  but  in  the  oppofite  direc- 
tion ;  for  it  now  arranged  itfelf  in  a  pofition  that  was 
parallel  to  NS,  but  its  north  pole  was  next  to  N,  and 
its  fouth  pole  to  S. 

This  fingular  appearance  naturally  excited  his  atten- 
tion. The  line  on  which  the  magnets  A  and  B  were 
placed  had  been  marked  on  the  table,  as  alfo  the  line 
DF  perpendicular  to  the  former.  The  point  E  was 
now  marked  as  an  important  one.  The  experiments 
were  interrupted  by  a  friend  coming  in,  to  whom  fuch 
things  were  no  entertainment.  Next  day,  williing  to 
repeat  them  to  fame  friends,  tlie  magnets  A  and  B 
were  again  laid  on  the  line  on  which  they  had  been  pla- 
ced  the  day  before,  and  the  needle  was  placed  at  E, 
expei5>ing  it  to  b«  neutral.  But  it  was  found  to  have 
a  confidcrable  verticity,  turning  its  north  pole  toward 
the  magnet  B  ;  and  it  required  to  be  taken  farther  out, 
toward  F,  bet'ore  it  bjcame  neutral.  While  ftanding 
there,  f  .mething  chanced  to  joggle  the  magnets  A  and 
B,  and  they  inftantly  rufhed  together.  At  the  fame 
inftant,  the  little  magnet  or  needle  turned  itfelf  brilkly, 
and  arranged  itfelf,  as  it  had  done  the  day  before,  at  F, 
quivering  very  brifkly,  and  thus  fliewlng  great  verticity. 
This  naturally  furprifed  the  beholders  j  and  we  now 
found  that,  by  gradually  withdrawing  the  magnets  A 
and  B  from  each  other,  the  needle  became  weaker — 
then  became  neutral — and  then  turned  round  on  its  pi- 
vot,  and  took  the  contrary  pofition.  It  was  very  amuf- 
ing  to  obferve  how  the  fiinply  fcparating  the  m-ignets  A 
and  B,  or  bringing  them  together,  made  the  needle  af- 
fume  fuch  a  variety  of  pofitioDs  and  degrees  of  vivacity 
in  each. 

The  needle  was  now  put  in  various  fituations,  in  re- 
fpeifl  to  tlic  two  great  magnets :  namely,  oflF  at  a  fide, 
and  not  in  the  perpendicular  DF.  In  thcfe  fituations, 
it  took  an  inconceivable  variety  of  pofitions,  which  could 
not  be  reduced  to  any  rule  ;  and  in  moft  of  them,  it  re. 
quired  only  a  motion  of  one  of  the  great  magnets  for  an 
inch  or  two,  to  make  the  needle  turn  brilkly  round  on 
its  pivot,  and  alfume  a  pofition  nearly  oppofite  to  what 
it  liad  before. 

But  all  this  was  very  puzzling,  and  it  was  not  till  af- 
ter fcvcral  months,  that  the  writer  of  this  article,  hav- 
ing conceited  the  notion  of  tlie  magnetic  curves,  was 
in  a  condition  to  explain  the  phenomeii.i.  With  this 
adiftance,  however,  they  are  very  clear,  and  very  in- 
ilruiflivc. 

Notliiiig  hinders  us  from  fuppofing  the  magnets  A 
and  B  peifcclly  equal  in  every  refpci.t.  Let  NHM, 
NEL,  be  two  magnetic  curves  belonging  to  A  ;  that 
is,  fuch  that  the  needle  arranges  itfelf  along  the  tangent 
of  the  curve.  Tlicn  the  magnet  B  has  two  curves 
SGK,  SEI,  peifei'lly  equal,  and  fimilar  to  the  other 


395 


two.  Let  the  curves  NHM  and  SGK  interfect  in  C 
and  F.  Let  the  curves  NEL  and  SEI  touch  each 
other  in  E. 

'I'lie  needle  being  placed  at  C,  would  arrange  itfelf 
in  the  tangent  of  the  curve  KGS,  by  the  aiftion  of  C 
alone,  having  its  north  pole  turned  toward  the  fouth 
pole  S  of  B.  But,  by  the  aflion  of  A  alone,  it  would 
be  a  tangent  to  the  curve  NPIM,  having  its  north  pole 
turned  away  from  N.  Therefore,  by  the  combined  ac- 
tion of  boih  magnets,  it  will  take  neither  of  thefc  pofi- 
tion;,  but  an  intermediate  one,  nearly  bifefting  the 
angle  formed  by  the  two  curves,  having  its  north  pole 
turned  toward  B. 

But  remove  the  needle  to  F.  Then,  by  the  aftion 
of  the  magnet  A,  it  would  be  a  tangent  to  the  curve 
FM,  liaving  its  north  pole  toward  M.  By  ths  aflion 
of  B,  it  would  be  a  tangent  to  the  curve  KFG,  hav- 
ing its  north  pole  in  the  angle  MFC,  or  turned  to- 
\\-ard  A.  By  their  joint  action,  it  takes  a  pofition 
nearly  bifeifting  the  angle  GFM,  with  its  north  pole 
toward  A. 

Let  the  needle  be  placed  in  E.  Then,  by  the  ac- 
tion of  the  magnet  A,  it  would  be  a  tangent  to  the 
curve  NEL,  wiih  its  noith  pole  pointing  to  F.  But, 
by  the  adion  of  B,  it  will  be  a  tangent  to  SEI,  with 
its  north  pole  pointing  to  D.  Thefe  aflions  being  fup- 
pofed  equal  and  oppofite,  it  will  have  no  verticity,  or 
will  be  neutral,  and  retain  any  pofition  that  is  given 
to  it. 

The  curte  SEI  interfcfls  the  curve  NHM  in  P  and 
Q^  The  fame  reafoning  Ihews,  that  vhen  the  needle 
is  placed  at  P,  it  will  arrange  itfelf  with  its  north  pole 
on  the  angle  SPH  :  but,  when  taken  to  Q,  it  will 
(land  with  its  nonh  pole  in  the  angle  EC^I. 

From  thefe  fafts  and  reafonings  we  ni.ilt  infer,  that, 
for  every  dillance  of  the  magnets  A  and  B,  there  will 
be  a  feries  of  curves,  to  which  tlie  indefinitely  fliort 
needle  will  ahvays  be  a  tangent.  They  will  rife  Ironi 
the  adjoining  poles  on  both  fides,  crolCng  diagonal, 
ly  the  lozenges  formed  by  the  primary  or  simple 
curves,  as  in  fig.  6.  Thei'e  may  be  called  compound 
or  SECONDARV  magnetic  curves.  Moreover,  thefe  fe- 
cond  iry  curves  will  be  of  two  kinds,  according  as  they 
pafs  through  the  Hrll  or  fecond  interftflions  of  the  pri- 
mary curves,  and  the  needle  will  have  oppcfite  pofiiions 
when  placed  on  thoni.  Thefe  two  fets  of  curves  will  be 
feparated  by  a  curve  GEH,  in  the  circumference  of 
which  the  needle  will  be  neutral.  This  curve  palL-s 
through  the  points  where  the  primary  curves  touch  each 
other.  We  may  call  this  the  lux  of  mmralUy  or  inac- 
tivity. 

We  now  fee  diflinclly  the  effufl  of  bringing  the  mag- 
nets A  and  B  nearer  together,  or  feparating  them  far. 
iher  from  each  clher.  By  bringing  ihcni  nearer  to 
each  other,  the  point  E,  which  i^  now  a  p.^int  of  neii- 
tiality,  may  be  found  in  llieyJa/f^/ interfedion  (fucli  as 
F)  of  two  magnetic  curves,  and  the  r.cedle  will  lake  a 
fubcontrary  pofition.  By  drawing  them  farther  trrm 
cacli  other,  E  may  be  in  llie  fi'fi  interfeiftion  if  two 
magnttic  curves,  and  the  needle  will  take  a  pofition  fi- 
milar to  that  of  C. 

If  the  magnets  A  and  B  arc  n 't  placed  fo  a-;  to 

form  a  ftraight  line  with  iheir  four  pole.s,  but  have  their 

axes  making  an  angle  with  each  other,  the  contains  ard 

interfe<ftions  of  tlieir  attending  curves  may  be  veiy  dif- 

3  D  2  ftrci.t 


39^ 


MAGNETISM. 


Secondary 

curvcjof 

rcjiuliiun. 


ferent  from  thofe  now  reprefenteJ  ;  and  the  pofitions  ven  time  by  the  force  of  terreftrlal  magnetifra.  He 
of  tht  nesdle  will  differ  atordingly.  But  it  is  plain,  then  placed  it  on  the  middle  of  a  very  fine  and  large 
from  wli.u  has  been  fnid,  tint  it  we  knew  the  law  ot  m.ignet,  placed  wiih  its  poles  in  the  magnetic  meridian, 
allien,  and  confcquently  the  form  of  die  primary  the  north  pole  pointing  fouth.  In  this  lituation  he 
curves,  we  lliould  always  be  al)le  to  fay  what  will  be  the  counted  the  vibrations  made  in  a  given  time.  He  then 
piifuion  of  the  needle.  Indcod,  the  cunlideiation  of  raifcd  it  up  above  the  cenue  of  the  large  magnet,  till 
the  fimple  curves,  although  it  wM)  tlie  mean  of  fnggell-  tlie  dillance  of  its  poles  from  thole  of  the  great  mag- 
ing  to  the  writer  of  this  ariicle  the  explanation  ot  thofe  net  were  changed  in  a  certain  proportion.  In  this  fitu- 
more  complicated  phenonuni,  ib  by  no  means  necelfary  ation  its  vibrations  were  again  counted.  It  was  tried 
for  this  purpofe.  Having  the  law  of  magnetic  aiftion,  in  the  fame  way  in  a  third  (ituation,  conliderably  more 
ve  mull  know  each  of  the  eight  forces  by  which  the  remote  from  the  great  magnet.  Then,  having  made 
needle  is  alfedted,  both  in  refpcifl  of  diretSion  and  in-  tlie  proper  reduflion  ot  the  forces  correfponding  to  the 
tcnfity  ;  and  are  therefore  able  to  afcertaiii  the  tingle  obliquity  of  their  aftion,  the  force  of  the  poles  of  the 
foice  arifmg  fi  om  their  compolition.  great  magnet  was  computed  Irom  the  number  of  vibra- 
When  tlie  fimilar  poles  of  A  and  B  are  oppofed  to  tions.  To  (late  here  the  circumllances  of  the  experi- 
each  other,  it  is  eafy  to  fee,  that  the  pofition  of  the  nient,  the  necelfary  reduiftions,  .md  the  whole  compu- 
needle  mull  be  extremely  different  from  what  we  have  tations,  would  occupy  feveral  pages,  and  to  an  intcUi- 
hecn  defcribing.  When  placed  anywhere  in  the  line  gent  reader  would  aiifwer  little  purpofe.  Mr  Lambert's 
DF,  between  two  magnets,  wiiofe  north  poles  tront  excellent  dilFertation  in  the  22d  vol.  of  the  JlTim.  de 
each  other  in  N  and  S,  its  north  pole  will  always  point  P Acad.  Jc  Berlin,  will  fhew  the  prolixity  and  intricacy 
away  from  the  middle  point  D.  Tliere  will  be  no  neu-  of  this  inveftigaiion.  Suffice  it  to  fay,  that  thefe  ex- 
tril  point  E.  li  the  needle  be  placed  at  P  or  Q,  its  periments  were  the  mod  conlillent  with  each  other  of 
north  pole  will  be  within  the  angle  EPH,  or  i'QJ^.  any  made  by  the  writer  of  this  article,  with  the  view  of 
This  Dofiiion  of  the  magnets  gives  another  fet  of  fecoii-  afoerlaining  the  law  of  magnetic  adion  ;  and  it  is  chief- 
dary  curves,  which  alfo  crofs  the  primary  curves,  paf-  ly  from  their  refilt  that  he  thinks  himfelf  authorifed  to 
fing  diap-onally  through  the  lozenges  formed  by  their  fay,  with  I'ome  confidence,  that  it  is  inverfely  as  the 
interfeclion.  But  it  is  the  other  diagonal  of  each  lo-  fquare  of  the  dillance.  Thefe  experiments  were  firft 
zenge  which  is  a  chord  to  thofe  lecondary  curves,  made  in  a  rough  way  in  1769  and  1770.  In  1775, 
They  will,  therefore,  have  a  form  totally  different  oblerving  that  Mr  ./Epinus  feemed  to  think  the  adlion 
from  the  former  fpecies.  inverfely  as  the  dillance  (fee  his  Tentam.  Theor.  EhCir. 
The  confideration  of  tills  compounded  magnetifm  is  et  Magii.  §  301.  S:c.),  they  were  npeated  with  very 
important  in  the  fcience,  both  fur  explaining  complex  great  care;  and  to  thefe  were  ad.led  another  fet  of  ex- 
onthiiin-  pljenomcna,  and  for  advancing  our  knowledge  of  the  periments,  made  with  the  fame  magnet  and  the  {^vae. 
veftigation.  ^^^^^  defidefatum,  the  law  of  magnetic  adtion.  It  needle,  placed  not  above  the  magnet,  but  at  one  fide 
ierves  this  purpofe  remarkably.  By  employing  a  veiy  (but  always  in  the  line  through  the  centre,  perpendicu- 
fmall  needle,  the  points  of  neutrality  afcertain  very  near-  lar  to  the  a;!is,  fo  that  the  anions  of  the  two  poles 
ly  where  the  magnetic  curves  have  a  common  tangent,  might  be  e(iual).  I'his  difpofition  evidently  I'lmpllfies 
and  Ihews  the  pofition  of  this  tangent.  By  |-l.icing  the  the  procef?  exceedingly.  The  rel'tilt  of  the  whole  was 
two  magnets  fo  as  to  form  various  angles  with  each  ftiU  more  fatisfai-tory.  This  conclufion  is  alio  confirm- 
other,  we  can,  by  means  of  ti.ele  neutral  points,  know  ed  by  the  experiments  of  Mr  Coul-imb  in  the  Memoirs 
the  polition  of  the  tangent  in  every  point  of  tiic  curve,  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Paris  for  1786  and 
and  thus  can  afcertain  the  form  of  the  curve,  and  the  1787.  It  would  feeni  therefore  to  be  pretty  well  ella 
law  of  aiflion,  with  conliderable  accuracy.  The  wri- 
ter of  this  article  took  this  method  ;  and  the  refult  con- 
firmed him  in  the  opinion,  that  it  was  in  the  inverfe 
duplicate  ratio  of  the  dillances.     The  chief  (perhaps_ 


30 
Remarks 


the  only)  ground  of  error  feemed  to  be  the  difiiculty  ot 
procuring  iarge  .magnets,  having  the  action  of  t  ich  pole 
very  much  concentrated.  Large  magnets  inull  be  em-^ 
ployed.  He  attempted  to  make  fuch,  conuiting  of 
two  fphcrical  balls,  joined  by  a  flender  rod.  But  he 
could  not  give  a  ftrong  magnetifm  to  magnets  of  this 


blllhed.  Another  method,  which  feems  lufceptible  of 
conliderable  accuracy,  Itili  remains  to  be  tried.  It  will 
be  mentioned  in  due  time. 

Such  then  are  the  general  laws  obferved  in  the  mu- 
tual ajftion  of  magnets.  We  think  it  fcarcely  necelfary 
to  enter  into  a  f  irther  detail  of  th„ir  confeqaences,  cor- 
refpi)nding  to  the  innumeiable  varieties  of  pofitions  in 
which  they  may  be  placed  with  refpeifl  to  each  othtr. 
We  are  confident,  that  ilie  fenfib'.e  actions  will  always 
be  found  agreeable  to  the  legitimate  confcquences  of 
form,  and  was  forced  t^o  make  ufe  of  common  bars,  the  the  general  propofitions  which  we  have  ellablifhed  in 
poles  of  which  are  confiderably  diffufed.  This  diffu-  the  preceding  paragraphs.  We  proceed  therefore  to 
lion  of  the  pole  renders  it  very  difficult  to  felecl  with  confider  fome  pliylical  fafts  not  yet  tai<en  notice  of> 
propriety  the  points  from  which  the  dillances  are  to  be  •which  have  great  influence  on  the  phenomena,  and 
ellimated,  in  the  invelligation  of  the  relation  between  greatly  affill  us  in  our  endeavours  to  underltaiid  fome- 
the  forces  and  dillances.  thing  of  their  remote  caufe. 

He  tried   another  method  for  afcertaining   this  fo         Magnetifm,  in  all  its  modifications  of  attraiflion,  re-        .•^t 
much  dellred  lav.-,  which  had  alfo  the  fame  reiult.     Ha-     pulfion,  and  direftion,  is,  in  general,  of  a  temporary  or  Magnctifiii 
ving  made  a  needle  confilling  of  two  balls  joined  by  a     perilliing  nature.     The  bell  loadllones  and  magnets,  '* '^J^j''""" 
flender  rod,  and  having  touched  it  with  great  care,  fo     unlel's  kept  with  care,    and  with   attention  to  certain  J^ffffj"    ^'" 
that  tlie  whole  ftrength  of  its  poles  feemed  very  little     circumftances,  are  obferved  to  diminilh  in  their  power. 
removed  from  the  centies  of  the  balls,  he  counted  the     Natural  loadllones,  and  magnets  made  of  fteel,  temper- 
number  of  horiiiontal  vibrations  which  it  made  in  a  gi-    ed  as  hard  as  pollible,  retain  tl.eir  virtue  with  greateft 

obQjnacf 


MAGNETISM. 


obfllnacy,  and  feldom  lofe  it  altogether,  unlefs  in  fitua- 
tions  which  our  knowledge  of  magnetifm  te<iches  us  to 
be  unfavourable  to  its  durability.     Magnets  of  temper- 
ed fteel,  fuch  as  is  ufed  for  watch-fprings,  are  much 
fcioner  weakened,    part  with  a  greater   proportion  of 
their  force  by  (imple  kecpintj,  and  finally   retain  little 
or  none.     Soft  fteel  and  iron  lofe  their  msgnetifm  al- 
rnolt  as  foon  as  its  producing  caufe  is  removed,  and 
cannot  be  m  ide  to  retain  any  fenfible  portion  ot  it, 
unlefs  their  metallic  ftate  fufier  fome  change. 
I.  Hurt  by       j_  Notliing  tends  {o  much  to  impair  the  power  of  a 
improper     niagnet  as  the  keeping  it  in  an  improper  pofition.      If 
'      its  axis  be  placed  in  the  magnetic  diredion,  but  in  a 
contrary  pofiticu,   that  is,   with   the  north  pole  of  it 
where  the  fouth  pole  tends  to  fettle,  it  will  grow  weak- 
er from  day  to  day  ;  and  unlefs  it  be  a  natural  load- 
Hone,  or    be  of  hard   tempered  fteel,  it   will,  after  no 
very  long  time,  lofe  i.s  power  altogether. 
a.  By  heat;       ^-  This  difllpation  ol   a  ftrong  magnetic   power  is 
cfftas  nf     greatly  promoted  by  heat.     Even  the  heat  of  boiling 
thunder       water  alllfls  it  fcnfibly  ;  and  if  it  be  made  red  hot,  it 
andele(5lri.  i5  entirely   defti05cd.       This   laft   fa^  has  long  been 
"  '■  known.       Dr  Gilbert  tried  it  with  many  degrees  of 

violent  heat,  and  tound  the  confequences  as  now  ftated  ; 
but  having  no  thermometers  in  that  dawn  of  fciencc, 
he  could  not  fay  any  thing  precife.  He  only  obfei  ves, 
that  it  is  dellroyed  by  a  heat  not  fufficient  to  make  it 
vifible  in  a  dark  room.  Mr  Canton  found  even  bailing 
water  to  weaken  it ;  but  on  cooling  again  the  greatelt 
part  was  recovered. 

3.  By  vio-  3.  What  is  more  remarkable,  magnetiim  is  impaired 
lent  treat-  by  uny  rough  ufage.  Dr  Gilbert  found,  that  a  inag- 
mcnt.  jjet  which  he  had  impregnated  very  Itrongly,  was  very 

much  impaired  by  a  lingle  tall  on  the  fioor ;  and  it  has 
been  obferved  fince  his  time,  tint  falling  on  Itoncs,  or 
receiving  any  concullton  which  caufes  the  magnet  to 
ring  or  found,  huits  it  much  more  than  beating  it  with 
any  thing  foft  and  yielding.  Grinding  a  natural  load- 
llotle  with  coaife  plwder^,  to  bring  it  into  (h.ipe,  weak- 
ens it  much;  and  loadrtones  Ihould  therefore  be  reduc- 
ed into  a  fliape  as  little  disFeient  from  their  natural 
form  as  polTiblc  ;  ar.d  this  ihould  be  done  brilkly,  cut- 
ting them  with  the  thin  diftts  of  the  lapidary's  wheel, 
cutting  off  only  what  is  necelFary  for  leaving  their  moft 
aflive  parts  or  poles  as  near  their  extremities  as  we 
can. 

All  thcfe  caufes  of  the  diminution  of  magnetifm  are 
more  operative  if  the  magnet  be  all  the  while  in  an  im- 
proper pofition. 

4.  Brother  4'  -Laftly,  magnetifm  is  impaired  and  deftroyed  by 
Biagneta.      p'acing  the  magnet  near  another  magnet,  with  their  li- 

milar  poles  fronting  eacli  other.  We  have  had  occa- 
fion  to  remark  this  already,  when  mentioning  the  ex- 
periments made  with  magne;s  in  this  jiofition,  for  afcer- 
tdining  the  geneial  laws  or  variations  of  their  repulficn. 
We  there  obferved,  that  mapnets  fo  fituated  always 
weakened  eacji  other,  and  that  a  powerful  magnet  often 
changed  the  fpecies  of  the  ncareft  pole  of  one  lefs 
powerlul.  Tills  change  is  recovered,  in  part  at  Icaft, 
when  it  has  taken  pl.ice  in  a  loadilone  or  a  in^ignet  of 
hard  (loel ;  but  in  fpriiig  tempered  fteel  the  change  is 
generally  permanent,  and  almoft  to  the  full  extent  of 
its  condition  while  the  magnets  are  together.  It  is  to 
be  reuarkcd,  that  this  change  is  gradual ;  aaJ  is  expe- 


297 


dited  by  any  of  the  other  caufes,  particularly  by  heat 

or  by  knocking.  jj 

On  the  other  hand,  magnetifm  is  acquired  by  the  Maguctirm 
fame  means,  when  fome  other  circumftances  are  at-  "^*y  ^'^  ^'-- 
tended  to.  quired, 

1.  A  bar  of  iron,  which  has  long  ftnod  in  the  mag-  i.  By  n  u;^ 
netic  direiftion,    or  nearly  fo,    will  gradually  acquire  ""'cal  p» 
magnetifm,  and  the  ends  will  acquire  the  polarity  cor-  ''"""i 
rcfpondlng  to  their  filuation.     In  this  country,  and  the 

north  of  Europe,  the  old  fpindles  of  turret  vanes,  old 
bars  of  windows,  &c.  acquire  a  fenfible  magnetifm  ; 
their  lower  extremity  becoming  a  north  pole,  and  the 
other  end  a  fouth  pole.  Gilbert  fiy,  that  this  was 
firft  obferved  in  Mantua,  in  the  vane  fpindle  of  the  Au- 
guftine  church — "  Vento  fexa  (fays  he)  di  prompta,  et 
apothecario  cuhLim  conccjfa,  attrahehat  ferrea  ranieiila,  vi 
p.rquam  injigni."  The  upper  bar  of  a  hand  rail  to  a 
ilair  on  tlie  north  fide  of  the  higheft  part  of  the  fteeple 
of  St  Giles's  church  in  Edinburgh  is  very  magnetical ; 
and  the  upper  end  of  it,  wlicre  it  is  lodged  in  the  ftone, 
is  a  vigorous  fouth  pole.  It  is  worth  notice,  tint  the 
parts  of  ftich  old  bars  acquire  the  ftrongeft  magnetifm 
when  their  metallic  ftate  is  changed  by  expofiire  to  the 
air,  becoming  foliated  and  friable.  It  would  be  worth 
while  to  try,  whether  the  aethiops  martiali.-,  produced 
by  fteam  in  the  experiments  for  decompofing  water, 
will  acquire  magnetifm  during  its  produiflion.  The 
pipe  and  the  wires,  which  are  converted  into  the  fliining 
aethiops,  (hould  be  placed  in  the  magnetic  diret^ion. 

2.  It  a  bar  of  fteel  be  long  hammered  while  lying  in  4.  By  ham- 
the  magnetic  direiftion,  it  acquires  a  fenfible  magnetifm  n-erins; 
(See  Dr  Gdbeit's  plate,  rrprefenting  a  blackfmith  ham. 

mering  a  bar  of  iron  in  the  magnetic  direction).  The 
points  of  drills,  efpecially  the  great  ones,  w.hich  are 
urged  by  very  great  prell'ure;  and  broaches,  worked 
by  a  long  lever,  fo  as  to  cut  the  ircn  very  faft,  acquire 
a  ftrong  magnetifm,  and  the  lower  end  always  becomes 
tlie  north  pole  {Pkil.  Trcnif.  xx.  417.).  Even  driving 
a  hard  fteel  punch  into  a  piece  of  iron,  gives  it  magnet- 
ifm by  a  fingle  blow.  In  Ihort,  any  very  violent  fqjeeze 
given  to  a  piece  of  tempered  licL-l  renders  it  magnetic, 
and  its  polarity  corrcfponds  with  its  pofition  during  the 
experiment.  We  can  fcarcely  take  up  a  cutting  or  bor- 
ing tool  in  a  fmith's  (hop  that  is  not  magnetic.il.  Even 
fott  fteel  and  iron  acquire  permanent  magnetifm  in  this 
wav.  Iron  alfo  acquires  it  by  twifting  and  brt-'afcing. 
It  is  therefore  din-.cult  to  procure  [lieces  of  iron  or  fteel 
totally  void  ot  determinate  and  permanent  magnetifm  ; 
and  this  frequently  mirs  the  ex(;eriments  mentioned  in 
the  firft  paragraphs  of  this  article.  The  way  therefore 
to  enfiire  fuccefs  in  thcfe  experiments  is  to  deprive  the 
rods  of  their  accidental  magnetiim,  by  fome  of  the  me- 
thods mentioned  a  little  ago.  Let  them  be  heated  red 
hot,  and  allowed  to  cor]  while  lyirg  in  a  direifliop.  pir- 
pendicular  to  the  magnetic  direiflion  (nearly  E.  N.  E. 
and  W.  S.  W.  in  this  coiiniry). 

3.  As  heat  is  obferved  to  deftroy  magnetifm,  fo  it  3.  By  heat,- 
may  alfo  be  employed  to  induce  it  on  fubllances  that  ing; 
are  fufccptible  of  magnetifm.  Dr  Gilbert  makes  this 
obfervalion  in  m.iny  parts  of  his  work.  He  fays,  that 
the  ores  of  iron  which  are  in  that  particular  metallic 
ftate  which  he  coiilidcrs  as  moft  fufceptible  of  magnet- 
ifm, will  acq  lire  it  by  long  continuance  In  a  red  heat, 
if  l.ud  in  the  magnetic  direiftion,  and  that  their  polatiiy 


398 


MAGNETISM. 


is  conformable  lo  their  pofition,  th:it  end  of  ilic  mafs 
wliich  is  next  the  north  becoming  the  north  pjlc.     He 
ahb  made  many  expciimcnts  on  iron  and  Heel  l);i:s  cx- 
poled  to  lliong  heats  in  the  magnetical  diroiSion.    Sucii 
experiments  have  been  made  fnice  Gilbert's   time   in 
great  number.     Dr  Hocke,  in  16S4,  made  experiments 
on  rods  of  iron  and  Heel  one-filth  ol  an  inch  in  diame- 
ter, and  feven  inches  long.     He  found  them  to  acquire 
pcrnunent  magnetifm  by  expcfurc  to  llrong  heat  in  the 
ni.ignetic  dire(!lion,  and  if  allowed  to  cool  in  that  direc- 
tion.    But  the  magnetifm  thus  acquired  by  (Iccl  rods 
■was  much  ftrongcr,  and  more  permanent,  il  they  weie 
fiiddcnly  quenched  with   cold  water,  fo  as  to  temper 
them  very  hard.     He  lound,  tint  the  end  which  was 
next  to  the  nortli,  or  the  lower  end  of  a  verticil  bar, 
vas  always  its  peimanent  north  pole.     Even  quench- 
ing the  upper  end,  while  the  reft  w.is  fullered  to  cool 
gradually,  became  a  very  fenfible  fouth  pole.    No  mag- 
netifm was  acquired  if  this  operation  was  performed  on 
a  rod  lying  at  right  angles  to  the  magnetical  dire»flion. 
In  thcle  trials  the  polarity  was  always  eftimated  by 
the  a<;lion  on  a  manner's  needle,  and  the  intenlity  of 
the  magnetifm  was  eftimated  by  the  deviation  cauied  in 
this  needle  from  its  natural  pofuion.     Dr  Gilbert  made 
:i  very  rtmatkable  obfervation,  which  has  lince  been  re- 
peated by  Mr  Cavallo,  and  publilhed  in  the  I'hilofophi- 
cal  Tranfdflions  as  a  remarkable  difcovery.     Dr  Gil- 
bert fa)  s,  p.  69.    "  Bacillum  ferrtum,  vaiiJc  ignilum  ap- 
porta  •virforio  (xcito ;  Jlat  verjorium,    nic  ad  tale  ferrum 
convcrt'ttur  :  fed  Jiat'im  ul  primum  de  candor c  aliquant u- 
lum  remiferil,  cmJJuit  ilUco."     In  feveral  other  parts  of 
his  treatife  he  repeats  the  fame  thing  with  different  cir- 
cumftances.     It  appears,  therelore,   iliat  while  iron  is 
red  hot,  it  is  not  llu'ceptiule  of  magnctiim,  and  that  it 
is  during  the  cooling  in  the  magnetic  direiflion  that  it 
acquires  it.     Gilbert  endeavoured  to  mark  the  degree 
of  heat  moft  favourable  tor  this  purpofe  ;  but  being  un- 
provided with  thermometers,  he  could  not  determine 
any  thing  with  precifion.     He  fays,  that  the  vcrforium, 
or  mariner's  needle,  was  moft  deranged  from  its  natural 
pofition  a  little  while  alter  the  bar  of  iron  ceafed  to 
Ihine  in  day-light,  but  was  ftill  pretty  bright  in  a  dark 
room.     Hut  there  are  other  expeiiments  which  we  have 
made,  and  which  will  be  mentioned  by  and  bye  ;  by 
which  it  appear,-,  that  although  a  bright  red  or  a  white 
heat  makes  iron  unfufccptible  ot   magnetifm  while  in 
that  ftate,  it  predifpofes  it  for  becoming  magnetical. 
When  a  bar  ot  Heel  was  made  to  acquire  magnetifm  by 
tempering  it  in  the  magnetical  diredlion,  we  found  that 
the  acquired  magnetitm  was  much  ftronger  when  the 
bar  was  made  firft  of  all  very  hot,  even  although  allow- 
ed to  come  to  its  moft  magnetical  ftate  before  quench- 
ing, than  if  it  had  been  heated  only  to  that  degree  ; 
nay,  we  always  found  it  ftronger  when  it  was  quenched 
when  red  hot.     We  offer  no  explanation  at  prefeut ; 
our  fole  bufinefs  jull  now  being  to  ftate  fafts,  and  to 
generalize  them,  in  the  hopes  of  finding  fome  fa<51  which 
Ihall  contain  all  the  others. 
A.  By  iux-       '\'  ^  '"■'  '""'^  diftinft  acquifitions  and  changes  of  mag- 
tapoCtion     netiini  aie  by  jnxtapofition  toother  magnets  and  to  iron. 
As  the  magnetifm  of  a  loadftone  or  magnet  is  weaken- 
ed by  bringing  its  pole  near  the  nmilar  pole  of  another 
magnet,  it  is  improved  by  bringing  it  near  the  other 
pole  ;  and  it  is  always  improved  by  bringing  it  near  any 
piece  of  iron  or  foft  fteel. 


catcd. 


But  this  ailion,  and  the  mutual  relation  of  magnets 
and  common  iron,  being  the  moft  general,  and  the  moft 
curious  and  inftrudlive  of  all  the  phenomena  of  mag- 
netilm,  they  merit  a  very  particular  conlideration. 

Of  ikc  ctmmunicallon  of  Magnetifm. 

The  whole  may  be  comprehended  in  one  prcpofition,        33 
which  may  be  faid  to  contain  a  complete  theory  of  mag-  Communl- 
netilm.  """^J"  ^"^ 

Fundamental  propofition.  niagnc  am. 

Any  piice  of  iron,  •mhtn  in  the  ndghloHrhcod  of  a  mag- 
net, is  a  magnet,  and  its  polarity  is  fo  difpofed  th^t  the 
magnet  and  it  muutally  atirad  each  other. 

The  phenomena  which  refult  from  this  fundamental 
principle  are  infinitely  various,  and  v.e  muft  content 
outfelves  with  defcribing  a  llraple  cafe  or  two,  which 
will  fulHciently  enable  the  reader  to  explain  every  other. 

Take  a  large  and  ftrong  magnet  NAS  (fig.  7.),  of        34 
which  N  is  the  north,  and  S  the  fouth  pole.     Let  it  be  Attraflivc 
properly  fupported  in  a  horizontal  pofition,   with  its  l'"^^""    . 
poles  free,  and  at  a  diftance  from  iron  or  other  bodies.  ^°"'"''""' 
Take  any  Imall  piece  of  common  iron,  not  exceeding 
two  or  three  inches  in  length,   fuch  as  a  fmall  key. 
Take  alio  another  piece  of  iion,  fuch  as  another  fmaller 
key,  or  a  bit  of  wire  about  the  thicknefs  of  an  ordinary- 
quill. 

1.  Hold  the  key  horizontally,  near  one  of  the  poles, 
(as  ihewn  at  n°  r.),  taking  care  not  to  touch  the  pole 
with  it  ;  and  then  bring  the  other  piece  of  iron  to  the 
other  end  of  the  key  (it  is  indifferent  which  pde  is  thus 
approached  with  the  key,  and  which  end  of  the  key  is 
held  near  the  pole).  The  wire  will  hang  by  the  key, 
and  will  continue  to  hang  by  it,  when  we  gradually 
withdraw  the  key  hoiizontally  from  the  magnet,  till,  at 
a  certain  diftance,  the  wire  will  drop  from  the  key,  be- 
caufe  the  magnetifm  imparted  from  this  diftance  is  too 
weak.  That  this  is  the  fole  reaibn  of  its  dropping, 
will  appear  by  taking  a  ftiorter,  cr  rather  a  flenderer, 
bit  of  wire,  and  touch  the  remote  end  of  the  key  with 
it:  it  will  be  fuppoited,  even  though  we  remove  the 
key  ftill  farther  from  the  magnet. 

2.  Hold  the  key  leloiv  one  of  the  poles,  as  at  n°  2.  or 
3.  and  touch  its  remote  end  with  the  wire.  It  will  be 
fufpended  in  like  manner,  till  we  remove  the  key  too 
far  from  the  magnet. 

3.  Hold  the  key  above  the  poles,  as  at  n°  4.  or  5.  and 
touch  its  adjacent  end  with  the  wire  (taking  care  that 
the  wire  do  not  alfb  touch  the  magnet).  The  wire 
will  ftill  be  fupported  by  the  key,  till  both  are  removed 
too  far  from  the  magnet. 

Thus  it  appears,  that  in  all  thefe  Ctuatinns  the  key 
has  fhewn  the  charaflerilHc  phenomenon  of  magnetifm, 
namely,  attraiftion  for  iron.  In  the  experiment  with 
the  key  held  above  the  pole,  the  wire  is  in  the  fame 
fituation  in  refpeil  to  magnetifm  as  the  key  is  when 
held  below  the  pole ;  but  ilie  a<flions  are  mutual.  As 
the  key  attrafts  the  wire,  fo  the  wire  attrafts  the  key. 

If  the  magnet  be  fuppoited  in  a  vertical  pofition,  as 
in  fig.  8.  the  phenomena  will  be  the  fame  ;  and  when 
the  key  is  held  dirciffly  above  or  direftly  below  the 
pole,  it  will  carry  rather  a  heavier  wire  than  in  the  ho- 
rizontal polnion  of  ihe  magnet  and  key. 

Inftead  of  approaching  the  magnet  with  the  key  and 
wire,  we  may  bring  the  magnet  toward  them,  and  the 
phenomena  will  be  ftill  more  palpable.     Thus,  if  the 

bit 


MAGNETISM. 


3'   . 
Alfo  a  di- 

reflivc 

power. 


16 

Th;  attrac- 
tion of  iron 
is  owinj;  to 
the  difpofi- 
tion  of  Its 


bit  of  wire  be  lying  on  the  tabli-,  and  we  touch  one  end 
of  it  with  the  key,  they  will  Hiew  no  connexion  what- 
ever. While  we  hold  the  key  very  near  one  end  of  the 
wire,  bring  down  the  pole  of  a  magnet  toward  the  key, 
and  we  (hall  then  fee  the  end  of  the  wire  rife  up  and 
Aick  to  the  key,  which  will  now  fupport  it.  In  hke 
manner,  if  we  lay  a  quantity  of  iron  tihngs  on  the  table, 
and  touch  them  with  tlie  key,  in  the  ablence  ot  the 
magnet,  we  find  the  key  totally  inaftlve.  But,  on 
bringing  the  magnet  any  how  near  the  key,  it  imme- 
diately attraifts  the  iron  tilings^  and  gatheis  up  a  heap 
of  them. 

In  the  next  place,  this  vicinity  of  a  magnet  to  a  piece 
of  iron  gi»es  it  a  dirccIHe  power.  Let  NAS  (fig.  <)•) 
be  a  magnet,  and  BC  (n"^  i.)  a  key  held  near  the 
north  pole,  and  in  the  diredliion  of  the  axis.  Bring  a 
very  fniall  mariner's  needle,  fiipported  on  a  iharp  point, 
near  the  end  C  of  the  key  which  is  faitlied  from  N. 
We  iliall  fee  this  needle  immediately  turn  its  fonth  pole 
towards  C,  and  its  north  pole  away  from  C.  Tliis  po- 
fition  of  the  needle  is  indicated  at  c,  by  marking  its 
north  piile  with  a  dart,  and  its  ibuth  with  a  crofs.  Thus 
it  appears  that  the  key  has  got  a  dircif)ive  power  like 
a  magnet,  and  that  the  end  C  is  pei  forming  the  office 
of  a  notth  pole,  attracting  the  foulh  pole  of  the  needle, 
and  repelling  its  north  pole.  It  may  indeed  be  laid, 
that  the  needle  at  c  arranges  itfelf  in  this  manner  by 
the  dircflive  power  of  the  magnet;  for  it  would  take 
the  fame  poluion  ahliough  tlic  key  were  away.  Eut 
if  we  place  the  needle  at  i,  it  will  arrange  itfelf  as  there 
reprefcnted,  (hewing  that  it  is  influenced  by  the  key, 
and  not  (wholly  at  leall)  by  the  magnet.  In  like  man- 
ner, if  we  place  the  needle  at  a,  we  (hall  fee  it  turn  its 
north  pole  toward  B,  nntwitbtlanding  the  aifiion  or  the 
magnet  on  it.  This  afliou  evidently  tends  to  turn  its 
north  pole  quite  another  way;  but  it  is  influenced  by 
B,  and  B  is  performing  the  ofiice  of  a  foutli  pile. 

In  like  manner,  if  we  place  the  key  as  at  n"  2.  we 
fhail  obfervc  the  end  B  attrai.1  the  fonth  pole  of  the 
iieedii  placed  at  a,  and  the  end  C  attraifi  the  north 
pole  of  a  needle  placed  in  i.  In  this  fitu.nion  of  the 
key,  we  fee  that  B  performs  the  office  of  a  north  pole, 
and  C  performs  the  ofiice  of  a  fonth  pole. 

Thus  it  appears  that  the  key  in  both  fituations  has 
become  a  magnet,  pofFtfTcd  of  both  an  atiractive  and  a 
direflive  power.     It  has  acquired  two  poles. 

Laftly,  the  magnctifm  of  the  key  is  fo  difpcfed,  that 
the  tw-o  magnets  NAS  and  BC  nuifl  mutually  attract 
each  other;  for  their  diCIniilar  pol.-s  front  each  other. 
Now,  it  is  a  matter  of  unifurm  and  uncontradi^fted  ob- 
lervation,  that  when  a  piece  of  iron  is  thus  placed  near 
a  magnet,  and  the  difpoi'uicn  of  its  magnetifm  is  thus 
examined  by  means  of  a  marinei's  needle,  the  difpofl- 
tion  is  fuch  that  two  permanent  magnets  with  their 
poles  fo  difpofcd  mult  attrad  each  other.  The  piece  of 
iron,  th«retore,  Ii.iving  the  fame  rii.ignetic  relation  to  the 
magnet  that  a  fimilar  and  (imilarly  difpofcd  magnet  has, 
mull  be  alfeiflcd  in  the  lame  manner.  V/e  cannot,  by 
any  knowledge  yet  contained  in  this  article,  give-any 
prccife  intin^ation  in  what  way  the  polarity  of  the  piece 
of  iri'n  will  be  difpoled.  This  depends  on  its  fhape  as 
much  as  on  its  pofition.  By  dcl'cribing  two  or  thiee 
exampki,  a  notion  is  obvioully  enough  fiiggelled,  which, 
although  extremely  gratuitous,  and  parhaps  erroneous, 


399 


isof  fcrvice,  becaufe  it  has  a  general  analogy  with  the 
obferved  appearances. 

It  one  end  of  a  flender  rod  or  wire  be  held  neai  the 
north  pole  of  the  magnet,  while  the  rod  is  held  in  the 
direiftion  of  the  axis  (like  the  key  in  fig.  7.  n"  i.),  the 
near  end  becomes  a  foutli,  and  the  remote  end  a  north 
pole.  Keeping  this  louth  pole  in  its  place,  and  turn- 
ing the  rod  in  any  diredion  from  tl.ence,  as  from  a 
centre,  the  remote  end  is  always  a  north  pole.  And, 
in  general,  the  end  of  any  obhmg  piece  of  iron  which 
is  neareff  to  the  pole  of  a  magnet  becomes  a  pole  of  the 
oppofite  name,  while  the  remote  end  becomes  a  pole  of 
the  fame  name  with  that  of  the  magnet. 

If  the  iron  rod  be  held  perpendicularly  to  the  axis, 
with  its  middle  very  near  the  north  pule  of  the  magnet, 
the  two  extremitits  of  t!ie  iron  become  north  polej, 
and  the  middle  is  a  fouth  pole. 

If  the  north  pole  of  a  magnet  be  held  perpendicular 
to  the  centre  of  a  round  iron  plate,  and  very  near  it, 
this  plate  w  111  have  a  fouth  pole  in  its  centre,  and  every 
part  of  its  circumference  will  have  the  virtue  of  a  north 
pole. 

If  the  plate  be  (hapcd  with  points  like  a  fUr,  each 
of  thefe  points  will  be  a  very  diflinfl  and  vigorous  north 
pole. 

Something  like  this  will  be  obferved  in  a  piece  of 
iron  of  any  irregular  fliape.  The  part  immediately  ad- 
joining to  tlic  north  pole  of  the  magact  will  have  the 
virtue  of  a  fouth  pole,  and  all  the  remote  protuberances 
will  be  north  poles. 

The  notion  naturally  AiggeRed  by  thefe  appearances 
is,  that  the  virtue  of  a  north  pole  leems  to  reGde  in 
fomething  that  is  moveable,  and  that  is  prolrudsd  by 
the  north  pole  of  the  magnet  toward  the  remote  parts 
of  the  iron  ;  and  is  thus  conilipated  in  all  the  remote 
edges,  points,  and  protuberances,  much  in  the  fame 
manner  as  eleiflricity  is  obferved  to  be  protruded  to  the 
remote  parts  and  protuberances  of  a  conduifting  body 
by  the  pretence  of  an  overcharged  body.  This  notion 
will  greatly  afllfl  the  imagination  ;  and  its  confequences 
very  much  refemble  what  we  obferve. 

As  a  faither  mark  of  tlie  complete  communication  of 
every  magnetic  power  by  mere  vicinity  to  a  magnet,  we 
may  here  obfervc,  that  the  wire  D,  of  tig.  7.  n"  2.  and 
3.  will  fupport  another  wire,  and  tliis  another;  and  fo 
on,  to  a  number  depending  on  the  ftrength  of  the  mag- 
net. The  key  has  therefore  become  a  true  magnet  in 
every  refpeit ;  for  it  induces  complete  magnetifm  on  the 
appended  wire.  Thaflhit  is  not  the  lame  operation  of 
the  great  magnet  (at  leaft  not  wholly  lb),  appears  by 
examining  the  magngtilVn  cf  D  with  the  needle,  which 
will  be  feen  to  be  more  influenced  by  D  than  by  A. 
This  fact  has  been  long  known.  The  ancients  Ip^rak  of 
it  :  They  obfervc,  that  a  loadftone  caules  an  iion  ring 
to  carry  anotlrer  ring,  and  that  a  third  ;  and  fo  on,  till 
the  firing  ot  rings  ajipears  like  a  chain. 

What  lias  now  b:en  fuid  will  explain  a  feeming  ex- 
ception to  the  univcrfality  of  the  propofitinn.  If  the  Exception, 
key  be  held  in  the  fituntic  n  and  pofition  reprelented  by  cxplaincj. 
tig.  10.  the  bit  of  wire  will  not  be  altrafled  by  it ;  and 
we  may  imagine  that  it  has  acquired  no  magiietifm  : 
But  if  we  bung  a  mariner's  needle,  or  a  bit  (>f  wire, 
near  to  its  remote  end  B,  it  will  be  flrongly  attraded, 
aiid  (licw  B  to  be  a  notth  pole.     The  needle  held  near 


37 


400 


MAGNETISM. 


to  C  will  alfo  fhew  C  to  be  a  foutli  pole.  Alfo,  if  held 
near  to  D,  it  will  (liew  D  to  be  a  north  pole.  Now 
the  ends  C,  both  of  the  key  and  of  the  wire,  being 
fouth  pcilcs,  tliey  cannot  altraf^  each  other,  but,  on  the 
contrary,  tticy  will  repel ;  and  theretore  the  wire  will 
not  adhere  to  the  key.  And  if  the  key  of  lig.  17.  n" 
4.  with  ihe  wire  hanging  to  it,  be  gradually  carried  out- 
ward, beyond  the  north  pole  of  the  magnet,  and  then 
brought  down  till  its  lower  end  be  letel  with  the  pole, 
the  wire  will  drop  off. 

There  is,  however,  one  exception  to  the  propofition. 
If  the  key  in  fig.  7.  with  its  appending  wire  D,  be  gra- 
dually carried  from  any  of  the  fuuatinns  2,  3,  4,  or  5, 
toward  the  middle  of  the  magnet,  the  wire  will  drop 
oJT  whenever  it  arrives  very  near  the  middle.  It  we  iup- 
pofe  a  plane  to  pafs  through  the  magnetic  centre  A, 
perpendic\ilar  to  the  axis  (which  plane  ib  very  properly 
called  the  magnetic  equitorial  plane  by  Gilbert),  a  flen- 
der  piece  of  iron,  held  anywhere  in  tliis  plane,  acquires 
no  lenfible  magnetifm.     It  gives  no  indication  ot  any 
polarity,  and  it  is  nol  attralled  hy  the  magnel.      It  is  well 
known,  that  tlie  adivity  of  a  loadllone  or  magnet  re- 
lideschieHy  in  two  parts  of  it,   which  have  been  called 
its  poles ;  and  that  thofe  aic  the  bed  magnets  or  load- 
lloiies  in  which  this  a>aivity  is  leall  dilTufcd  ;  and  that 
a  ceitain  circumt'ercnce  of  every  loadllone  or  magnet  is 
\vh(.lly  inaaive.     When  a  loadllone  or  magnet  of  any 
Ihape  is  laid  among  iron  filings,  it  collefls  them  on  two 
parts  only  of  its  fuiface,  and  between  thefe  there  is  a 
Ipace  all  round,  to  which  no  filings  attach  themfelves. 
We  piefume  th  it  the  reader  already  explains  this  ap- 
pearance to  himfelf.     Many  things  Ihew  a  contrariety 
of  aiflion  of  the  two  poles  of  a  magnet.     We  have  al- 
ready obfet  vcd,  that  the  north  pole  of  a  (Irong  magnet 
will  produce  a  llroiig  northern  jjolarity  in  the  remote 
end  of  a  fmall  Heel  bar;  and,  if  it  be  then  applied  near 
to  that  end  in  the  oppofite  dirciTlion,  it  will  deflroy  this 
polarity,  and  produce  a  fouthern  polarity.     In  what- 
ever thefe  aiftions  may  confift,  there  is  fomething  not 
only  different  but  oppofite.     They  do  not  blend  their 
effeili,  as  the  yellow  and  blue  making  rays  do  in  pro- 
dticing  green.     They  oppofc  each  other,  like  mechani- 
cal prelfures  or  impuKions.     W'e  have  every   mark  of 
mechanical  adion  ;  we  have  local  motion,  though  iin- 
feen,  except  in  tiie  gradual  progrefllon  of  the  magneti- 
cal  faculties  along  tiie  bar  ;  but  we  have  it  diftinetly  in 
the  ultimate  efl'tift,  the  approach  or  recefs  of  the  mag- 
nets :   and  in  thefe  phenomena  we  fee  plainly,  that  the 
forces,  in  produciig  their  etTcds,  at'l  in  oppolite  direc- 
tions. Whatever  the  internal  invilible  motions  may  be, 
they  are  compofed  of  motions  whofe  eqviivalents  are  the 
fame  with  the  equivalents  of  the  uliimate,  external,  fen- 
I'sble  motions  ;  therefore  the  internal  motions  are  oppo- 
fite and  equal  if  the  fenfible  motions  are  fo,  and  con- 
verfely. 

Adopting  this  principle,  therefore,  that  the  actions 
of  the  two  poles  are  not  only  diiferent  but  oppofite,  it 
follows,  that  il  they  are  alfo  equal  and  afl  fimilarly,  each 
muft  fnvcrit  the  adlion  of  the  other  ;  and  that  there 
will  be  a  mechanical  equilibrium — it  may  even  be  called 
a  magnetical  equilibrium.  Therefore  if  every  part  of  a 
ilender  rod,  or  of  a  thin  plate  of  iron,  lie  in  the  plane 
of  the  magnetic  equator,  the  magnetic  ftate  (in  what- 
ever it  may  confift)  cannot  be  prodaced  in  it.  It  will  ex- 
hibit no  magnetifm ;  have  no  polar  faculties  ;  and  we  can 


fee  no  reafon  why  it  (hould  be  atlraiHed  by  the  magnet, 
or  Ihould  attract  iron.  We  mull  not  forget  to  obfcrve 
in  this  place,  that  iron  in  a  lUte  of  incandefcence  ac- 
quires no  magnetifm  by  juxtapc-fition.  We  have  al- 
ready remarked,  that  iron  in  this  flate  does  not  aSeit 
the  magnet.  If  a  bar  of  red  hot  iron  be  fct  near  a  ma- 
riner's needle,  it  does  not  afleS  it  in  the  fmallefl  degree 
till  it  almoft  ccafes  to  appear  red  hot  in  day-light,  as  has 
been  obftrved  by  Dr  Gilbert.  All  actions  that  we 
know  are  accompanied  by  equal  and  oppilitc  re-adions ; 
and  we  fliould  expert,  what  really  happens  in  the  pre- 
fent  cafe,  namely,  that  red  hot  iron  Ihould  not  be  ren- 
dered magnetical  and  attrai51.ible. 

There  is  a  very  remarkable  circumflance  which  ac-        .18 
companies  the  whole  of  this  communication  of  magne-  Magnetifia 
tifm  to  a  piece  of  iron.     It  does  not  impair  the  power  """"^P*"'- 
01  the  magnet ;  but,  on  the  contrary,  improves  it.    1  his  ,nuiiica- 
{nA  was  obferved,  and  particularly  attended  to,  by  l)r  tioii. 
Gilbert.     He  remarks,  that  a  magnet,  in  the  hands  of  a 
judicious   phllofopher,  may  be  made  to  impart  more 
magnetifm  th/in  it  p  iflcfle;  to  e.'ich  of  ten  thoufand  bars 
of  Heel,  and  that  il  will  be  more  vigorous  than  when  the 
operations  began.     A  magnet  (fays  he)  may  be  fpoiled 
by  injudicious  treatment  with  other  magnets,  but  never 
can  touch  a  piece  of  common  iron  without  being  im- 
proved by  it.     He  gives  a  more  direifl  proof.     Let  a 
magnet  carry  as  heavy  a  lump  of  iron  as  pofllble  by  its 
lower  pole.     Bring  a  great  lump  of  iron  clofc  to  its 
upper  pole,  and  it  will  now  carry  more.     Let  it  be 
loaded  with  as  much  as  it  can  carry  while  the  lump  of 
iron  touches  its  upper  pole.     Remove  this  lump,  and 
the  load  will  inftantly  drop  off.     But  the  following  ex- 
periment fliews  this  truth  in  the  mod  convincing  man- 
ner : 

Let  NAS  (fig.  II.)  be  a  magnet,  not  very  large, 
nor  of  extreme  hardnefs.  Let  CD  be  a  ftrong  iron 
wire,  hanging  perpendicularly  from  a  hook  by  a  fhort 
thread  or  loop.  The  magnet,  by  its  action  on  CD, 
renders  D  a  north  pole  and  C  a  fbuth  pole,  and  the 
polarity  of  D's  magnetifm  fits  it  for  being  attrafled. 
Let  it  alTume  the  polition  C  e,  and  let  this  be  very 
carefully  marked.  Now  bring  a  great  bar  of  iron  j  B  o 
near  to  the  other  end  of  the  magnet.  We  (hall  inllant- 
ly  perceive  the  wire  C  e  approach  to  the  f  ;uth  pole  of 
the  magnet,  taking  a  pofition  C/.  Withdraw  the  bar 
of  iron,  and  C/ wdl  fall  back  into  the  pofition  C  e.  As 
we  bring  the  iron  bar  gradually  neaier  to  the  magnet, 
the  wire  will  deviate  farther  from  the  perpendicular, 
and  when  the  bar  B  touches  tlie  magnet  CD,  will  (lart 
u  great  way  forward.  It  is  alfo  farther  to  be  obferved, 
that  the  larger  the  bar  of  iron  is,  the  more  will  CD  de- 
viate from  the  perpendicular. 

Now  this  mull  be  afcribed  to  the  aflion  of  the  bar 
on  the  magnet.  For  if  the  magnet  be  removed,  the 
bar  alone  will  make  no  fenllble  change  on  the  polition 
ot  the  wire.  We  know  that  the  bar  of  iron  becomes 
magnetical  by  the  vicinity  of  the  magnet.  If  we  doubt 
this,  we  need  only  examine  it  by  means  of  a  piece  of 
iron  or  a  mariner's  needle.  This  will  fliew  us  that  s 
has  become  a  fouth,  and  n  a  north  pole.  Here  then 
are  two  magnet>  with  their  difTimilar  poles  fronting  each 
other.  In  conformity  with  the  whole  train  of  magne- 
tical phenomena,  we  mull  conclude  that  they  attract 
each  other,  and  mull  improve  each  other's  magnetifm. 
This  is  a  moll  inipon.-int  circumftance  in  the  theory 

of 


MAGNETISM. 


39 

Therefore 
notJiiiig  is 
transfer 
red. 


40 
Objc(Sions 
■anfwereJ 
l)ya  curious 
faa. 


of  magnetirm.  For  it  Oiews  us,  that,  in  rendsrinji;  a 
piece  of  iron  magnetic,  there  is  no  material  communica- 
tion. There  is  no  indication  of  tlie  transference  of  any 
fub.^ance  refiding  in  the  m2gnet  into  the  piece  of  iron  ; 
nor  is  there  even  any  tr.ansferenee  of  a  power  cs  qua- 
lity. Were  this  the  cafe,  or  if  the  fubllance  or  quality 
which  was  in  A  be  now  transferred  to  B,  it  can  no 
longer  be  in  A  ;  and  therefore  the  phenomena  refulting 
from  its  prefence  and  agency  muft  be  diminifhed.  We 
niuft  fay  that  the  magnet  has  excited  powers  inherent, 
but  dormant,  in  the  iron  ;  or  is,  at  lead,  the  occafion 
of  this  excitement,  by  difturbing,  in  fome  adequate  man- 
ner, the  primitive  condition  of  the  iron.  We  mull  alfo 
fay,  that  the  competency  of  the  magnet  and  of  the  iron 
to  produce  the  phenomena,  is  owing  to  the  fame  cir- 
cumftances  in  both  ;  becaufe  we  fee  nothing  in  the  phe- 
nomena which  authorifes  us  to  make  any  dlflinflion  be- 
tween them.  Whatever  therefore  caufes  one  magnet 
to  attr,\(fl  another,  is  alfo  the  reafon  why  a  piece  of 
iron  in  the  neighbourhood  of  a  magnet  attracts  another 
piece  of  iron  ;  and  we  mulf  fay  that  the  caufe  of  pola- 
rity, or  the  origin  of  the  direiflive  pi)wer,  is  the  fame 
in  both.  Now  we  undcrlland  perteiliy  the  direftive 
power  of  a  magnet,  as  exerted  on  another  magnet.  We 
lee  that  it  arifes  from  a  combination  and  mechanical 
compof.lion  of  attractions  and  repullions.  It  mull  be 
the  fame  in  this  magnetil'in  now  inherent  in  the  iron. 
The  piece  of  iron  dircifls  a  mariner's  needle,  as  a  mag- 
net would  direift  it ;  therefore,  as  there  is  fomething  in 
a  piece  of  iron  which  iiow  attraifts  fnmething  in  another 
piece  of  iron,  fo  there  is  fomething  in  the  lirft  which  re- 
pels fomething  in  the  laft. 

It  may  indeed  be  faid  that  it  is  not  a  piece  of  iron, 
but  a  mariner's  needle,  or  magnet,  that  is  thus  direded 
by  our  in>n  magnetifed  by  vicinity  to  a  magnet.  This 
obje<5Hon  is  completely  removed  by  the  moft  curious  of 
all  the  fads  which  occur  in  this  manner  of  producing 
magnetifm.  Taiie  a  piece  of  common  iron,  falliion  it, 
and  tit  it  up  precifely  like  a  mariner's  needle,  and  care- 
fully avoid  every  treatment  that  can  make  it  magneiical. 
Set  it  on  its  pivot,  and  bring  it  near  the  north  pok  of 
a  magnet,  placing  the  end,  made  like  the  foush  pole  of 
the  needle,  next  to  the  north  pole  of  the  magnet.  In 
ihort,  place  it  by  hand  exH<ftly  as  a  real  mariner's  needle 
would  arrange  itfelf.  It  will  retain  that  polition.  Now 
carry  it  round  the  magnet,  along  the  circumference  of 
a  magnetic  curve,  or  in  any  regular  and  continuous 
route.  Tiiis  piece  of  iron  will,  in  every  fituation,  aflume 
the  very  fame  pcfition  or  attitude  which  the  real  mag. 
netical  needle  would  alfume  if  in  the  fame  place,  and  it 
will  ofcillate  precifely  in  tlie  finie  way. 

Rere  then  it  is  plain,  that  there  is  no  didinftion  of 
power  between  the  magnelifm  of  the  iron  and  of  the  real 
needle.  To  complete  the  pro(»f:  Inllead  of  approaching 
the  magnet  with  tliis  iron  needle,  bring  it  into  the  vi- 
cinity ot  a  piece  of  iron,  which  is  itfelf  magnetical  only 
by  vicinity  to  a  magnet,  it  will  arrange  itftlf  jull  as  the 
real  needle  would  dn,  with  the  f.ile  difT.-rence,  that  it 
does  net  indicate  the  kind  of  polarity  exilling  in  ihc 
extremities  ol  the  iron,  becaufe  either  end  of  it  will  be 
attra>fted  by  them.  And  tliis  circumllance  leads  us  to 
the  confideraiion  of  the  only  dillinaion  between  the 
magnetifm  of  a  loadftone  or  magnet  and  that  of  common 
iron. 

The  magnetifm  of  common  iron  is  momentary,  and 

SuppL.  Vol.  II. 


401 


ii  durable 
and  deter- 
minate. 


therefore  inJilTercnt ;  v.hereas  that  of  a  mapnet  is  per-         4t 

manent  and  determinate.     When  iron  becomes  magne-  M^gn'f'fi" 

tic    in  the    way  now    mentioned,    it  remains  fo  only        ?" " 
■    1      ,  '  ....  ,      ,  ,        .■'   tranfitorT 

while  tlie  magnet  remains  in  its  place  j  and  v;hcn  that  is  andindiflc- 

rtmoved,  tlie  iron  exhibits  no  figns  of  magnetifm.  rent ;  but 
Tlierefore  when  the  north  pole  of  a  magnet  has  produ-  that  of 
ccd  a  fou'.h  pole  in  tlie  nearelt  end  of  an  iron  wire,  and  f^^S"^,", 
a  north  pole  at  its  remote  end,  if  we  turn  the  magnet,  '' 
and  prefent  its  fouth  pole,  the  nearell  end  of  the  wireir.-  " 
ftantly  becomes  a  north  pole,  and  the  other  a  fouth  pole ; ' 
and  this  change  may  be  made  as  often,  and  as  rapidly, 
as  we  pleafe.  This  is  the  reafon  v.-hich  made  us  direcft 
the  experimenter  on  the  iron  needle  to  begin  his  opera- 
tion, by  placing  the  end  marked  for  a  fouth  pole  next 
to  the  nnrth  pule  of  the  magnet.  It  becomes  a  real 
fouth  pcle  in  an  inllant,  and  afts  ^s  fuch  during  its  pe- 
regrination round  the  magnet.  But  in  any  one  of  it.s 
fituatinns,  if  we  turn  it  half  round  with  the  finger,  the 
end  which  formerly  turned  away  from  a  pole  of  the 
magnet,  will  now  turn  as  vigoroully  toward  it.  There- 
fore, in.i:arrying  ilie  iron  needle  round  the  magnet,  we 
diretTed  the  prcgrefs  to  be  made  in  a  crntinuous  line, 
to  avoid  all  chance  of  miftaking  th;  polarities. 

For  all  the  reafons  now  adduced,  we  think  outfelves         4* 

obliged  to  fay,  that  the  magnetifm  produced  en  com-  ^'■*'^'"- 
° .  ,      '  .  ,P.  '  .  T I  s  M  o » 

mon  iron  by  mere  juxtapolition  to  a  magnet,  is  gene-  ijjnuc. 

rated  without  any  communication  of  fubftance  or  faculty,  tion. 

The  power  of  producing  magnetical  phen.mena  is  not 

Jlareclhetween  the  magnet  and  the  iron.     We  Ihallcall 

it   INDUCED   MACNtTISM;    MAGNETISM     BY   INDUCTION. 

We  have  faid  that  induced  magnetifm  of  common 
iron  is  quite  momentary.  Tliis  mull  be  underllood 
with  careful  limitations.  It  is  llricSly  true  only  in  the 
cafe  of  the  fined  and  pureft  foft  iron,  fiee  of  all  knots 
and  hard  veins,  and  therefore  in  its  moft  metallic  ll.ite. 
Iron  is  rarely  found  in  a  (late  fo  very  pure  and  metallic  ; 
and  even  this  iron  will  acquire  permanent  and  determi- 
nate magnetifm  by  induflion,  if  it  has  b;en  twilled  or 
hammered  violently,  although  not  in  the  magnetic  di- 
reiflion  ;  alfo  the  changes  produced  (we  imagine)  on 
the  pureft  iron  by  tlie  aiflion  of  the  atm^fpherc  make  it 
fufceptible  of  fixed  magnetifm.  But  the  magnetifm 
thus  inducible  en  good  iron  is  fcarcely  fenlible,  and  of 
no  duration,  unlefs  it  has  lain  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
a  magnet  for  a  very  long  while. 

Wii  it  has  now  been  faid  of  common  iron,  is  alfo  true 
of  it  when  in  tlic  ftate  of  foft  fteel. 

But  any  degree  of  temper  that  is  given  to  fteel  makes        43 

a  very  important  change  in  this  refpcd.      In  the   firft  Tempered 

place,  it  acquires  magnetifm  more  llowly  by  induiftion  ^''^^  ''^' 

than  an  equal  and  fimilar  piece  of  common  iron,  and  1"'"'    "" 
r      n  •  1    /-         r,-,,      •     ,..Y-  ,-,  r;ible  iiur- 

hnally  acquires  lels.      Ihele  d;ftereiices  are  e.dily  exa-  nctilin. 

mined  by  the  deviations  which  it  caufes  in  the  mariner's 
needle  from  the  m.ignetic  meridian,  and  by  its  attrac- 
tion. 

Wlien  the  inducing  magnet  is  removed,  fome  mag- 
netifm remains  in  the  Iteel  bar,  which  ret.iini  the  pola- 
rity which  it  had  in  tile  ne'ghbourhood  of  the  magnet. 

Steel  tempered  to  the  degree  fit  fir  watch  fp  iiigs 
acquires  a  ftrong  m  ignetifm,  whi:h  it  exiiibits  imme- 
diately on  the  removal  of  the  magnet.  But  it  dillipates 
very  faft  j  and,  in  a  very  few  minutes,  it  is  redu,.cd  t  > 
Icfs  than  one-halt  (■£  its  intcnfny  while  In  c  -ntact  with 
the  magnet,  and  not  two-thirds  of  what  it  was  imme- 
di.4tc'ly  on  removal  from  it.  It  continues  to  difljp ate  for 
3  E  feme 


4©  2 


MAGNETISM. 


fnme  days,  though  the  bar  be  kept  with  care  ;  but  the 
diflipation  diminiflies  fad,  and  it  retains  at  Icnft  onc- 
tliirj  of  its  greatell  power  ior  any  lengtli  of  time,  uii- 
lefs  c:irelef?ly  kept  or  iiijiidicioully  treated. 

Steel  tempered  for  llroiig  cutting  tools,  fuch  as  chifeU, 
punches,  arid  drills  for  metal,  acquires  niagnetifm  lliU 
m.ire  flowly  by  indiKHion,  and  acquires  Icfs  of  it  while 
in  contift  with  the  mapnet ;  but  it  retains  it  more  hrni- 
ly,  and  finally  retains  a  greater  proportion  of  what  it 
had  acquired. 

Steel  made  as  hard  as  pofflble,  Is  much  longer  in  ac- 


mutual  attraiflions  of  the  difllmilar  poles  exceeds  the 
fum  of  the  rcpullions  between  the  fimilar  poles,  and 
tiiat  therefore  the  two  niagiiets  lend  to  each  other. 
This  is  evidently  equivalent  to  fuylng,  that  a  piece  of 
unmagntlic  iron  is  always  attr,i(fted  by  a  magnet.  No 
exception  has  ever  been  obferved  to  this  faft ;  for  Pliny's 
Qory  of  a  Theamedcs,  or  loadllone,  whicli  repels  iron, 
is  allowed  by  all  to  have  been  a  fal)le. 

We  think  ourfelves  authorifed  to  f^y  tliat  this  attrac- 
tio-.i  of  the  loadllone  for  iron,  cr  this  tendency  of  iron 
to  the  loadllone,  is  a  fecondary  phenomenon,  and  is  the 


quiring  all  the  magnetifm  which  fimple  juxtapolition    ^o/T/'cyucntv  of  the  proper  dilpofition  of  tlie  induced  mag 


can  give  to  it.  It  acquires  lefs  than  the  former  ;  but  it 
retains  it  wiih  great  Hrmnefs,  and  finally  retains  a  much 
greater  propoition. 

Such  ores  of  iron  as  are  fufceptible  of  magnetifm, 
are  nearly  like  hard  fled  in  thefe  rcfpefls ;  that  is,  in 
the  lime  necelFary  for  their  greahjl  impregnation,  and 
in  the  durability  of  the  acquired  magnetifm.  They 
differ  exceedingly  in  refpeifl  to  the  degree  of  power 
which  they  can  attain  by  mere  juxtapolition,  and  the 
varieties  feeni  to  depend  on  heterogeneous  mixture. 
We  mud  obferve,  that  few  ores  of  iron  are  fufceptible 
of  magnetilra  in  their  natural  (late.  The  ordinary  ores, 
confilling  of  the  metal  in  the  (late  of  an  oxyd,  and  com- 
bined with  fulphur,  are  not  magnetizable  while  remain- 
ing in  that  llatc.  Moft  ores  require  roalling,  and  a  lort 
cl  cementation,  in  contaifl  with  inflammable  fubllances. 
This  matter  is  not  well  underdood  ;  but  it  would  feeni 
that  complete  metallization  is  farfrom  being  the  mofl  fa- 
vourable condition,  and  that  a  certain  degree  of  oxyda- 
tion,  and  perhaps  fome  otlier  compofition,  yet  unknown, 
make  the  bell  loadllones.  ]3ut  all  this  is  extremely 
obfcure.  Tiie  late  Dr  Gowiu  Kniglit  made  a  compofi- 
tion which  acquired  a  very  llrong  a:id  permanent  mag- 
netifm, but  the  fecret  died  with  him.  Dr  Gilbert 
fpeaks  of  finiilar  tonipofulons,  in  which  fcrrnglr.enus 
clays  were  miredients  ;  but  we  know  nntliing  of  the 
(late  of  the  metal  in  them,  nor  their  mode  of  acquir- 
ing wiagnetlfm. 

It  is  of  peculiar  importance  to  remark  that  the  ac- 
quifition  of  maenetllm  is  gradual  and  i  rotrreQive,  and 
lifin  s  pra-  gradation  is  tlie  more  perceptible  in  proportion 

dull  and      ^^  '^^  ^^^^  '5  cif  a  harder  temper.     When  a  magnet  is 
proffcfTive.  brought  to  one  end  of  a  bar  of  common  iron,  its  remote 
extremity,  unlefs  exceedingly  long,  acquires  its  utmuft 
jnignelilni  immediately.     But  wlien  the  north  pole  of 
a  magnet  is  applied  to  one  end  of  a  bar  of  hard  Reel, 
the  part  in  coiitafl  immediately  becomes  a  fouth   pole, 
and  the  far  end  is  not  yet  affcdled.     We  obferve  a  north 
j)ole  formed  at  fonie  diftance  from  the  contad,  and  be- 
yond tins  a  taint  fouth  pole.     Thefe  gradually  advance 
nlong  the  bar.      The  remote  extremity   becomes  firft  a 
faint  fouth  pole,  and  it  is  not  till  after  a  very  long  while 
^if  ever)   that  it  becomes  a  fimple,    vigorous,    north 
pole.     More  frequently  it  remains  3  diftiifcd  and  feeble 
north  pole  :  nay,  if  the  bar  be  very  Ion?,  it  often  liap- 
pens  that  we  have  a  fucceQlon  of  north  and  fouth  p.des, 
which  never  make  their  way  to  the  far  end  of  t   e  bar. 
This  phenomenon  was  firfl  obferved  (we  think)  by  Dr 
Iron  is  at-    Brook  Tajlrr,  who  gives   an  account  of  his  obferva- 
traacdon-  tions  in  the  Philnfifkical  Tranfa3ior.s,  n"  344. 
|y  bccaufe         From  the  account  we  have  given  of  thele  phenomena 
It  become*  ^f  induced  magneiifin,  it  appears  that  the  temporary 
i^g""'-     niagnetifm  is  always  fo  difpofed  that  the  fum  of  the 


<4 

Indiivllion 


nctifni.  The  proofs  already  given  of  the  compound 
nature  of  this  phenomenon,  namely,  tliat  it  ariles  from 
the  excels  of  two  attra<flions  above  two  repulfions,  need 
(we  imagine)  no  addition.  But  the  f  Uowlng  conlider- 
ations  place  the  matter  beyond  dcubt : 

1.  The  niagnetifm  of  the  two  poles  is  evidently  of  an 
oppofite  natuie;  the  one  repelling  what  the  other  at- 
tracts. It  the  one  altrails  iron,  therefore,  the  other 
fliould  repel  it.  But  each  pole,  by  inducing  a  magne- 
tl(m  oppolite  to  its  own,  on  the  neareft  end  of  the  Iron, 
and  the  fame  with  its  own  on  the  leniote  end,  and  its 
acllon  dlmlnlflilng  with  an  increafe  of  dlllance,  there 
mull  always  be  an  excels  ot  attra<flion,  and  the  iron  mu(l 
be  attraded. 

2.  Each  of  the  magnets  A  and  B,  in  either  of  the 
pofitions  reprefented  in  tig.  ii.  would  alone  attradl  the 
piece  of  common  iron  C.  But  when  placed  together, 
the  fouth  pole  of  A  tends  to  render  the  upper  end  of 
C  a  north  pole  ;  while  the  north  pole  of  B  tends  to 
make  it  a  fouth  pole.  If  their  aiSions  be  nearly  equal, 
the  weight  of  C  cannot  be  fupported  by  the  magnetifm 
induced  by  any  difference  ot  aiflion  that  may  remain. 
While  C  is  hanging  by  B  alone,  let  A  be  gradually 
brooght  near;  It  gradually  dellro;  s  the  afllon  tl  tlie 
north  pole  of  B,  fo  that  C  gradually  lofes  it  magnetifm 
and  polarity,  and  its  weight  prevails. 

3.  Ill  all  thofe  cafes  where  the  induiftlon  of  magnet- 
ifm is  flow,  the  attraiTion  is  weak  in  proportion.  This 
is  particularly  remarked  by  Dr  Gilbeir.  If  we  take 
pieces  of  common  iron,  and  of  llccl  of  different  tempers, 
but  all  of  the  fame  fize  and  form,  we  fhall  find  that  the 
iron  is  much  more  llrongly  attracted  than  any  of  the 
rell,  and  that  the  attraftion  for  each  of  them  is  weaker 
in  proportion  as  they  are  harder.  This  diverfity  is  fo 
accurately  oblerved,  that  when  the  piece  is  thoroughly 
fufceptible  of  magnelifm,  we  can  tell,  with  conliderable 
precKii.n,  what  degree  will  be  ultimately  acquired,  and 
how  much  will  be  finally  retained.  Alfo,  the  attrac- 
tion of  the  magnet  for  any  of  thofc  pieces  ol  Heel  in- 
creafes  exactly  m  proportion  as  their  acquired  magnet- 
ifm increales. 

4.  An  ore  of  iron  incapable  of  acquiring  magnelifm 
is  not  attrafled  by  a  magnet.  But  we  know  that,  by 
cementation  with  charcoal  dud,  they  may  be  rendered 
fufceptible  of  magnetifm.  In  this  date  they  are  attraft- 
ed.  It  is  an  univerfal  fiift,  ihat  any  fiibdance  that  is 
attra>aecl  by  a  magnet  may  be  rendered  magnetlcal,  and 
that  none  elfe  can.  We  have  already  cbferved  that 
red  hot  iron  i^  not  attraifled  ;  nor  does  it  ac<|ulre  any 
directive  power  while  in  ihat  date.  From  all  this  we 
mult  conclude,  that  the  previous  induilion  of  ma-jnetlfm 
is  the  mean  of  the  obferved  cttraftion  f)f  m.igaets  tor 
iron,  and  that  tins  is  not  a  primary  fail  in  magnetifm. 

Thefe 


M  A  G  N 

Thefe  obfervations  alfo  complete  the  proof  that  mag. 
retic  attraifkion  and  lepulfion  are  eqiul  at  the  fame  di- 
ftance,  and  follow  the  fame  law.  Dr  Gilbert  feems  to 
think  that  the  repulfion  is  always  weaker  than  the  at- 
iradion  ;  and  this  is  alnioll  the  only  millake  in  concep- 
tion into  which  that  excellent  philofopher  has  fallen. 
But  it  onlv  requires  a  fair  comparifon  of  fafts  to  con- 
vince a  good  logician,  that  fince,  in  every  cafe,  and  at 
every  diftance,  either  pole  of  a  magnet  attradls  either 
end  of  a  piece  of  common  iron,  it  is  inipoirible  that  one 
of  thefe  forces  can  exceed  liie  other.  It  might  be  fo, 
were  it  not  that  induced  magnetifm  is  durable  in  proper 
fubflances.  And  if  we  lake  magnets  wliicli  have  been 
made  fuch  by  induflion,  and  prelent  them  to  each  otber 
with  their  fimilar  poles  fronting  each  other,  they  never 
fail  to  repel  each  other  at  conllderable  dlftances,  and 
even  at  very  fmall  diftances  for  a  few  moments ;  and  this 
is  the  cal'e  whichever  poles  are  next  each  otlier.  Tliis 
cannot  be  on  any  other  luppofiiion.  C.ifes  would  occur 
of  polarity  without  attr;iftion,  cr  of  attra<flion  with^jut 
polarity.  Such  havo  never  been  feen,  any  more  than 
the  'I'lieamedes,  always  rtpelling  iron. 
46  Let  a  great  number  ot  fmall  obhing  pieces  of  iron  be 

Phcno»ie-  lying  very  near  each  other  on  the  fuiface  ot  quickfilver. 
na  of  iron  luring  a.llrong  magnet  into  the  midll  of  (iicm.  It  im- 
ftrcdsand  ,„t.jjatg]y  render^  them  all  magnetic.il  by  indtiftion. 
'  The  one  nearell  the  north  pole  ot  tlie  magnet  immedi- 
ately turns  one  tnd  toward  it,  and  the  other  end  away 
from  it.  The  fame  effect  is  prodticed  on  the  one  that 
is  juft  beyond  this  neareft  one.  Thus  the  remote  end 
of  the  firft  becomes  a  north  pole,  and  the  nearelt  end 
of  tlie  fecond  becomes  a  fouth  pole.  Thefe,  being 
very  near  each  other,  mull  mutually  attraift.  The  fame 
thing  nijy  be  faid  of  a  third,  a  fourth  ;  and  fo  on.  And 
thuj  it  a|)pear',  that  not  only  ib  magnetifm  induced  on 
them  all,  but  alf  ,  that  the  magnetifm  of  each  is  fo  dif- 
pofed,  that  both  ends  of  it  are  in  a  llate  of  attraftion 
for  the  ends  of  fonie  of  its  neighbors ;  and  that  they 
will  therefoie  iirrange  ihcirifelvei  by  conklcence  in  feme 
particular  manner.  Should  a  parcel  of  them  chance  to 
be  llatiding  with  their  centres  in  a  magnetic  curve,  with 
their  heads  and  points  turned  in  any  ways  whatever, 
the  moment  that  tlie  magnet  is  brought  among  them, 
and  fet  in  the  axis  of  that  magnetic  curve,  the  whole 
pieces  of  this  row  will  inllantly  turn  towards  each  other, 
and  their  ends  will  adhere  together,  if  they  are  near 
enough  ;  othcrwile  they  will  only  point  toward  each 
other,  forming  a  fet  of  tangents  to  the  magnetic  curve, 
reaching  from  one  pule  of  the  magnet  to  the  other. 

Or,  fuppofe  a  vail  number  of  fm.iU  bits  of  iron,  each 
(haped  like  a  grain  of  barley,  a  little  oblong.  Let  them 
be  Icattered  over  the  furface  nf  a  table,  fo  near  each 
other  as  jull  to  have  roum  to  turn  round.  Let  a  mag- 
net be  placed  in  the  midll  ot  them.  They  will  all  have 
magnetifm  induced  on  them  in  an  inllant;  and  fuch  as 
arc  not  already  touching  others,  will  turn  round  (be- 
caufe  they  reft  on  the  table  by  one  point  only),  and 
each  will  turn  its  ends  to  the  ends  ot  its  neighbours  ; 
and  thus  they  will  arrange  themftlves  in  curves,  which 
will  not  differ  greatly  from  true  magnetic  curves  (be- 
caul'e  each  grain  is  very  lh<irt),  ilfiiing  from  one  pole 
of  the  magnet,  and  terminating  in  tlie  other. 

Does  not  this  fuggcll  to  the  rcfliifting  reader  an  ex- 
planation of  that  curious  arrangement  ot  iron  filings 
rouud  a  magnet,  which  has  fo  long  entertained  and 


40J 


E  T  I  S  M. 

puzzled  both  the  philofophcrs  and  the  unlearned,  and 
whicii  has  given  rife  to  the  Cartefian  and  other  theories 
of  magnetiim  i  The  particles  of  iron  filings  are  httle 
ragi  of  foft  iron  torn  off  by  the  file,  and  generally  a 
little  oblong.  Thefe  muj}  have  magnetii'm  induced  on 
them  by  a  magnet,  and,  while  falling  through  the  air 
from  the  hand  that  flrews  them  about  the  magnet,  they 
are  at  perfe<ft  liberty  to  arrange  themfelves  magnetical- 
ly; and  mnjl  therefore  fo  arrange  thcmjdves,  forming  on 
tiie  table  curves,  which  differ  very  litle  indeed  from  the 
true  magnetic  curves.  Suppofe  them  fcattered  about 
the  table  before  the  magnet  is  laid  on  it.  If  we  pat 
the  table  a  little,  fo  as  to  throw  it  into  tremors,  tliis  \i\\\ 
allow  the  particles  to  dance,  and  turn  round  on  thtir 
points  of  fuppoit,  till  they  coalefce  by  their  ends  ia 
the  manner  already  defcribed. 

All  this  is  the  gentiine  and  inevitable  confequence  of 
what  Dr  Gilbert  has  taught  us  of  induced  magnetifra. 
It  mull  be  fo  ;  and  cannot  be  otherwiie.  This  curious 
arrangement  of  iron  filings  round  a  magnet  is  therefore 
not  a  primary  fait,  and  a  foundation  for  a  theory,  but 
the  rclult  of  principles  much  more  general. 

Mod  of  our  readers  know  that  "this  difpofition  of        47 
iron  filings  Jias  given  rife  to  the  cliicf  mechanical  tlieo-  ''■«"|5^' 

ries  which  have  been  propofed  by  ingenious  men  for  the  ""."'/^ '.  *" 
I  r     11     1         1  '       ^.  ones  by  im- 

explanation  of  all  the  phenomena  <  t  magnetilm.     An  puliiou. 
invifible  fluid  has  been  fuppofcd  to  circulate  through 
tlie  p3ies  of  a  magnet,  running  along  its  axi?,  ifTuiug 
from  one  pole,  fbeaming  round  the  magnet,  and  enter- 
ing again  by  the  other  pole.     This  is  thought  to  be  in- 
dicated by  thofe  lines  formed    by   tlie  filings.       The 
llream,  running  alfo  through  ihem,  or  around  them,  ar- 
ranges them  in  the  dire(flion  of  its  motion,  jull  as  we 
obferve  a  ftream  of  water  arrange  the  flote  grafs  and 
weeds.      It  would  require  a  volume  to  detail  the  difi'e- 
rent  manners  in  which  thofe  mechanicians  attempt  to 
account  for  the  attradllon,  repullion,  and  pclatity  of 
magnetic  bodies,  by  the  mechanical  inipulfion  of  iliis 
fluid.     Let  it  fuffice  to  fay,  that  almoll  every  Hep  of 
their  theories  is  in  contradidion  to  tlie  acknowledged 
laws  of  inipulfion.     Nay,  the  whole  attempt  is  againft 
the  firll  rule  of  all  pliilofophical  difcullion,  never  to  ad- 
mit for  an  explanation  of  phenomena  the  agency  of 
any  caule  which  we  do  not  know  to  exift,  and  to  ope- 
rate in  the  very  plienomcnon.     We  know  of  no  fuch 
fluid  ;  and  we  can  demonllrate,  that  the  genuine  ef. 
fefls  of  its  impullion  would  be  totally  unlike  the  phe- 
nomena of  magnetirm.     But   the  proper  refutation  of 
thefe     tlieories    would    fill    volumes.       Let    it    fuffice 
(and  to  every  logician  it  will  abundantly  fuflice)  tore- 
mark,  that  tins  phenomenon  is  but  a  I'econdary   faifl, 
depending  on,    and    lel'uking  from,  principlos   much 
more  general,  viz.  the  induiaion  oi  magnctiim,  and  tlie 
attraiftion  of  diirimilar,  and  rcpuliion  of  fimilar,   poles. 
Tlie  above  explanation  of   the  curious  dilpofuion  of 
iron  filings  round  a  magnet,  occurred  to  the  writer  of 
this  article  while  lludying   nitural  philofophy,  on  tee- 
ing  the  Profelfor  exhibit  Mr  Hentliaw's  beautiful  expe- 
riiiiciit  in  proof  rf  terreltrial  magnetifm*.     He  at  that  •  See  Vx- 
time  imagined  himlelf  the  author,  and  promifed  him-  hivtiok, 
felt  fonie  credit  for  the  thought.     But  having  feen  the  ^'-y-'- 
Phyfwlogia  Nova  ile  Magnele   by  Dr  Gilbert,  he  found  P"  ^"* 
tlial  it  liad  not  elcaped  the  notice  of  that  I'agacious  phi- 
lofopher ;  as  will  appear  paft  difpute  from  the  following 
palfage,  as  well  as  fome  others,  lefs  pointed,  in  that 
3  E  a  work: 


404  MAGNETISM.  

work  .  "  Magnetica  frufta  (that  is,  fubftances  iufcepti-  treraely  fmall  in  proportion  to  its  direftlve  power,  m  -\-  p 
ble  of  magnetifm)  bene  ct  ccnvenienter  intra  vires  pofi-  —  n  ^  q.  And  we  obferve  tli.it  the  accumulation  of 
ta,  nuuuo  coherent.  Fcrramenta,  prcfeine  magnste  j|,g  tiiingb  round  the  poles  of  the  magnet  is  fo  much 
(etiamli  magnetem  non  attingant),  concurrunt,  folicuc    ^jjj  (]ower  as  the  filings  are  finer. 

fe  inutuo  quxrunt,  ct  amplexantur,  et,  conjun(5la,  quad  jj-  ^  paper  be  laid  abore  the  magnet,  and  the  filings  49 
ferruminantiir.  Scobs  ferrea,  vcl  in  pulverem  redafla,  jj^.  fj,rlnkled  on  it,  we  obferve  iheni  to  conftlpate  along  ^^'""'^ 
fiftulis  impofita  chartaceis — fupara  lapidem  meridion-  its  edges,  while  none  remain  immediately  above  its  fub- 
aliter  locata,  vel  propius  tantum  admota,  in  unum  Q^mce;  they  are  all  beyond,  or  on  the  outfide  of  its 
coalefcet  corpus  ;  et  fubito  tam  multa;  partes  concref-  outline,  and  they  are  obl'erved  not  to  be  lying  flat  on  the 
cunt  et  cfinibinantur  ;  ferrumque  aliud  alFcftat  conju-  paper,  bat  to  be  ftanding  oblitiuely  on  one  point.  They 
rat'irum  turnia  etatttaliit,  ac  fi  unum  tantum  et  intc-  move  rC from  the  paper  immediately  above  the  magnet, 
,crum  ellet  ferri  bacillum  ;  dirigiturquc  fupra  l.ipidem  bccaufe  ihey  repel  each  o-.her.  They  ftmd  obliquely 
in  feptemtriones  et  meridiem  Sed  cum  longius  a  mag-  f,,,^,  t],g  jjges  liecaufe  that  is  the  direiflion  of  a  mag- 
nete  removcantur  (tanquim  foluta  rurfus)  fcparaniur,  ^jjij  meridian  at  its  parting  from  the  pole.  If  the 
et  diffluunt  fingula  corpufcula."     IJ.  ii.  c.  23.  magnet  be  at  fome  dillance  below  the  paper,  then  tap- 

Mr  ./Epinus  alfo  had  taken  the  fame  view  of  the  fub-    pjpg  jjig  paper  will  caufe  the  filings  to  move  away  from 
»5jjr     (J  jeft*.     It  is  alfo  very   clearly  conceived  and  exprefTed    the  magnet  laterally.    This  fuigular  and  unexpc<5led  ap- 
by  the  celebrated  David  Gregory,  Savilian  ProfelTor  of    pgar^nce  is  owing  to  tlie  combination  of  gravity  with 
allronomy  in  the  Univerfity  of  Oxford,  in  a   MS.  vo-    jj^g  magnetic  action.    A  particle,  fuch  as  ns  (fig.  13.), 
lume  of  notes  and   commentaries,  written   by   him   in     reds  on  the  paper  by  the  point  n,  which  is  a  temporary 
1693,  on  Newton's   Piindpia,  and  ufed  by  Newton  in    north   pole    (S  being  fuppofed   the  fouth  pole   of  the 
improving  the  fecond  edition.     The  M.  S.  is  now  in  the    magnet).     The  particle  takes  a  pofition  n/ nearer  to 
library    of  the   univerfity    of   Edinburgh.     Gregory's    the  horizon  than  the  pofition  n  0,  which  it  would  take 
vords  are  as  follow  :  "  Mihi  femper  dubium  vifum  eft    jf  \^^  centre  of  gravity  I  were  Aipported.     The  pofition 
rum  ma-'nccica   virtus  mechanicc,  ».  ^.  per  impulfum,    [s  inch,  that  its  wv-ight,  afting  vertically  at  A,  is  in  equi- 
proJucatur.     Minim  eft,  eflluvia,  qujc  terrum  agitare    ijbiio  with  the  magnetic  repulfion  /  d,  exerted  between 
valent,  bracteas  aureas   inlerpojilas  ne  vel   minimum  a    g  .„^j  j_     When  the  paper  is  tapped,  it  is  beaten  down, 
loco  movere.     Lucretii  et  Caitefii  theoriam,  de  fugato    ^^  withdrawn  from  «,  and  the  particle  of  iron  is  left  for 
iiiterniedio  acre,  refutal  expciimentum  infra  aquam  in-    ^  moment  in  tiic  air.     It  therefore  turns  quickly  round 
ftitutum.     Sulci  in  limalurafsrri,  magnfli  in  piano  cujuf-    ^^  ;„  order  to   alfume  a  pofition  parallel  to  no,  and  it 
'.•is   miriiliani  circumpnfta,  iwn  fiiint  ab  effiuviis  fecundum    meets   the   paper,  as    that  rifes  again  after   the  flroke, 
ijlos  canales  motii,  fid  ex  ituL;  quod  ipfa   ramaila,  mag-    ;„  ^  point  farther  removed  fnm  the  magnet,  and  again 
Kttice  excitala,  fffi  fecutidum  longiludinon  el  f.cundiim  po-    Jefcends  by  its  weight  (turning  round  the  newly  fup- 
los  difponunt.     Ex  altera   vcro   parte  cxinde   quod   vis     ported  point  n),  till  it  again  takes  a  pofition  parallel  to 
magnetica,  intervenientetlammaautcalore,interrumpa-    „^^  but  farther  ofl",  as  teprefented  by  the  dotted  line, 
tur,  quod  virgaferrea,  vel  diuturiio  fitu  perpendicu'.ati,    Thus  it  travels  gradually  outwards   from  the  magnet 
vel  in  eo  fitu'frigefcendo,  virtutem  magneticam   a  tel-    appearing  to  be  repelled,  although  it  is  really  attra^led 
lure  acquirat,  ut  n^  s  docet  perfpicaciffimus  Gdbertus.    hy  it.      If  the   magnet  be  held   above  the   paper,  at  a 
Ouod  mallei   fuper  incudem    ii.^u  torti   ad  altcrum  ex-    little  dillance,  the   filings,  when  we  repeatedly  pat  the 
Iremum,  virtutcm  acquirat  magneticam;  quod  it^u  torti    p., per,  gradually  colleft  into  a  heap  under  it.     Tliis  will 
vel  faltem  fortiori  ad  altcrum  extremum  poli  permu-    appear  very  plainly  to  one  who  confiders  the  fituation 
taiuur,    ut  qui    prius   feptemtriones   ref))icieb.'.t    nunc     of  a  particle  in  the  manner  now  explained, 
jiuflrum  relpicit  ;  quod  iiltu  forti  ad  medium,  virtutein         tIic  curve  lines  formed  by  very  fine  filings  approach        so 
illam  piorfus  amittat.   Haec  inquam,  et  fimilia,  meiha-    yj^y  nearly  to  the  form  of  the  primary  curve  which  in-  Filings  ar- 
nicam  ejus  qu.ilitates  orlum  arguunt.     Hugeiiius  pix-    dicates  the  law  of  magnetic  aflion  in  the  way  already  ""ge"! 
icr  giavitatem,  etiam  magneticam,  et  eleftricam  virtu-    explained.     If  the  magnet  be  pl.rced  under  w.iter,  and  '^y*^"""^ 
icm,  aliafque  plurcs  experimento  novit  vires  naturales,    if  fili .^gs  be  fprinkled  copioudy  on  the  furface  of  it  from 
ut  mihi  ipfi  lurravit  hac  eftate  anni  1693.     Quahs  ut    a  gauze  fearce,  held  at  fome  diftance  above  it,  the  refill- 
hxc  forfiian  quod  cymba  papyracea,  prope  la'ua  vdhs    aj,j.e  to  their  motion  through  the   water  gives   them 
aquam,  ciii  innatet,  contiiientis,  pofita,  labrum  viciniili-    time  to  arrange  ihemfelves  magnetically  before   they 
mum  contlnuo,  et  cum  inipetu  petat  (a)."    Nat.  MS.    peach  tlie  bottom,  and  the  lines  become  more  accurate. 
in  Prop.  23.  ii.  Prin.  But  they    were  fo  much  deranged  by  any  method  that 

„  Not  only  the  mere  arrangement  of  the  filings  in  curve    ^^e  could  take  for  rcmovitig  the  water,  and  meafiiring 

Filings  arc  1'""'^=*  follows  of  nccclfity  from  the  ptopeitles  of  induced  them,  that  we  were  difappointed  in  our  expeaations  of 
weakly  at-  magnetifm,  but  all  tlie  fubordinate  circumllances  of  this  obtaining  a  very  near  approximation  to  the  law  of  ac- 
fraficd.       phenomenon  are  included  in  the  fame  explanation.     By     tion. 

continuing  to  tap  the  table,  and  throw  it  into  tremors,         -We  took  notice  of  fome  very  fingular  phenomena  of        ^j 
the  filings  are  obferved  :o  approach  gr.idually,  but  very     g  compafs  needle  in  the  neighbourhood  of  two  magnets,  Alfo  in 
flowly,  to  the  poles  of  the  magnet.      Each  panicle  is  a     ^^^  ^,^  obferved  that,  in  this  cafe  alfo,  the  needle  was  feeondary 
Tcry  fmall  temporary  magnet.     The  attraftive  power    ai^^-ays  a  tangent  to  a  curve  of  another  kind,  and  which  curves, 
of  the  great  magnet,  m — p  — « — q,  is  therefore  ex-    we  called  faondary  and  compound  magnetic  curves.    Thefe 

are 


(a  )  Perhaps  It  may  be  proper  to  obferve,  that  Dr  Gregory  expreffes  his  differing  in  his  opinion  from  Newton 
about  magnetifm.  Newton,  in  this  propofition,  thinks,  th.it  the  law  of  magnetic  a.;iion  approaches  to  the  in- 
Tetfe  triplicate  ratio  of  the  diftances.     Dr  Gregory  invalidates  the  nrgument  ufed  by  Newton. 


MAGNETISM. 


are  produced  in  the  fame  way,  by  flrewing  iron  filings 
round  the  nnagnets.  Many  reprelentations  have  been 
given  of  thefe  curves  by  different  authors,  particularly 
by  Mufchcnbrock,  in  his  EJfa'u  d.e  Ph^ique  ;  and  by  Fufs 
in  the  Comment  Petropolit.  Great  ufe  has  been  made 
of  thefe  arrangements  of  filings  by  two  magnets  in  the 
theories  of  magnetifm  propnfed  by  thofe  who  infift  on 
explaining  all  motion  by  impulle.  When  the  diQimilar 
poles  of  two  magneto  A  and  B  (fig.  14.)  face  each 
other,  the  curves  formed  by  the  filings  confiderably  re- 
femble  thofe  which  furround  a  ftnglc  magnet,  and  give 
the  whole  fomewhac  of  the  appearance  of  a  magnet 
with  very  diffufcd  poles.  The  arranging  fluid,  which 
ftreams  from  one  pole  of  a  magnet,  is  iuppofed  to  meet 
with  no  obflru<ftion  to  its  entry  into  the  adjoining  pole 
of  the  other  magnet,  but,  on  the  contrary,  to  be  impel- 
led into  it  ;  and  therefore  (fay  the  propofers)  it  circu- 
lates round  both  as  one.  magnet,  and  by  its  vortex  brings 
tlie  magnets  together  ;  which  phenomenon  we  call  the 
attradion  of  the  magnets.  But  when  the  finiilar  poles 
front  each  other  ;  fur  example,  the  poles  from  which 
the  arranging  Huid  iilues,  then  the  two  ftreams  meet, 
obllrud  each  other,  accumulate,  and,  by  this  accumu- 
lation, caufe  the  magnets  to  recede  irom  each  other ; 
which  we  call  the  rcpuUkni  of  the  magnets.  This  is  the 
only  explanation  of  this  kind  that  can  make  any  preten- 
lions  to  probability,  or  indeed  that  can  be  conceived. 
For  how  the  free  circulation  in  the  former  cafe  can  bring 
the  two  magnets  together,  no  perf  m  can  form  to  him- 
felf  any  conception.  We  fee  nothing  like  this  produc- 
ed by  any  vortex  that  we  are  acquainted  with.  All 
fuch  vortices  caufe  bodies  to  feparate.  But  even  this 
explanation  of  magnetic  repulfion  is  inadmilFible.  It 
will  not  apply  to  the  repuHinn  of  the  receiving  poles; 
and  the  phenomena  of  the  filings  are  inconliftent  with 
the  notion  ot  accumulation.  The  filings  indeed  accu- 
mulate, and  they  look  not  unlike  two  Itreams  which  op. 
pofe  each  other,  and  detleft  to  the  fides  (S.e  fig  15.)  : 
But,  unfortunately,  by  lapping  the  p.iper  gently,  the 
filings  do  not  move  off  fioni  the  magnets,  but  approach 
them  much  f.-.ller  than  in  any  other  experiment.  The 
phenomenon  receives  a  complete  and  palpable  explana- 
tion from  the  principles  we  have  eltablifhed.  Both  mag- 
nets concur  in  giving  the  fame  polarity  to  every  particle 
of  the  filings.  Thus,  il  the  fronting  poles  are  north  poles, 
each  particle  has  its  neareft  end  made  a  vigorous  fouth 
pole,  and  its  remote  end  a  north  pole ;  and  it  is  therefore 
llrongly  attraiffcd  towards  both  magnets  while  it  is  ar- 
ranged in  the  tangent  tothe  fecondary curve  of  thatclafs, 
which  crolfes  the  others  nearly  at  right  angles. 
5i  Since  it  is  found,  that  tlie  njagnetifm,  evenofnatu- 

Magnets  ral  loadllones  and  h.nrd  fieel,  and  dill  more  thofe  of  Ibf- 
mullaffcd  ter  tempered  ffeel,  are  continually  tending  to  decay; 
and  lince  we  find  that  it  may  be  induced  by  mere  ap- 
proach to  a  magnet ;  and  lince  we  know  that  magnets 
may  oppofe,  each  other  in  pioducing  it — it  is  reafonable 
to  fuppoli:,  that  when  a  piece  of  iron  has  acquired  a 


405 


flight,  though  permanent  magnetifm,  by  the  vicinity  of  a 
magnet,  a  magnet  appliedintheoppofitedirtiftionwiUde- 
ftroy  it,  and  afterwards  produce  the  oppofite  magnetifm. 

Accordingly,  we  may  change  the  poles  of  fuft  mag- 
nets at  pleafure. 

Farther  ;  fince  we  find  that  loadftones  and  hard  tem- 
pered Iteel  bars  are  diftinguiflied  from  foft  ones  only  by 
the  degree  of  obftinacy  with  which  they  retain  their 
prefent  condition,  we  fliould  alfo  expeift  tliathard  mag- 
nets will  even  affecf  each  other.  It  mult  therefore  hap- 
pen, that  a  powerful  magnet  applied  to  a  weak  one,  lb 
that  their  fimilar  poles  are  in  contaiff,  Ihall  weaken,  dc- 
ftroy.  and  even  change  the  the  magnetifm  ot  the  weaker. 
Dr  Knight's  famous  magazine  of  magnets  enabled  him 
to  change  the  poles  of  the  greateft  and  the  flrongeR  na- 
tural loadftone,  or  artificial  magnet,  that  could  be  given 
him,  in  the  fpace  of  one  minute. 

We  now  fee  clearly  the  reafon  why  magnetic  repul- 
fion  is  weaker  than  attraction  at  the  fame  dillance. 
When  magnets  are  placed  with  their  limilar  poles  front- 
ing each  other,  in  order  to  make  trials  of  thtir  repul- 
fion,  they  really  do  weaken  eacli  other  and  are  not  in 
the  fame  magnetical  condition  as  before.  For  fimilar 
reafons,  we  lee  how  experiments  with  magnets  altra<3- 
ing  each  other  rather  improve  them,  and  make  their 
attraftive  powers  appear  greater  than  they  are.  All 
thefe  effeifts  muft  be  moil  rcmaikable  in  foft  magnets, 
efpecially  when  long. 

We  alfo  fee,  that  the  obferved  law  of  attraflion  and 
repulfion  between  two  magr.els  muif  be  different  from 
the  real  law  of  magnetic  action.  For,  in  the  experi- 
ments made  on  attraciinn  at  difierent  dillances,  begin- 
ning with  the  greateft  diftance,  the  magnetifm  is  con- 
tinually increaling,  and  the  attra(f>ion  will  appear  to  in- 
cieafe  in  a  higher  rate  than  the  jull  one  ;  the  contrary 
may  happen,  if  we  begin  with  the  fmaller  diftances. 
The  relults  of  experiments  on  repulliun  muft  be  flill 
more  erroneous  ;  becau.e  it  is  eafier  to  dimiiiilh  any  ac- 
cumulation which  required  an  exertion  to  produce  it, 
than  to  pufii  it  ItiU  farther. 

We  have  now  a  complete  explanation  of  the  remark- 
able fait,  that  the  induflion  of  magnetifm  does  not 
weaken  the  magnet  employed  ;  but,  on  the  contrary, 
improves  it.  The  magnetifm  induced  on  the  iron  c<iufcs 
it  to  a<5t  on  the  magnet  employed  in  the  very  fame  man- 
ner that  a  permanent  magnet  of  the  fame  Ih.ipe,  fize, 
and  ftrength,  would  do.  Nay,  it  will  have  even  a  great- 
er elfeifl ;  for  as  it  improves  the  magnet,  its  own  induc- 
ed nugiietilm  will  improve ;  and  will  therefore  Hill 
farther  improve  the  magnet. 

Hence  it  is,  that,  in  whatever  manner  a  m'ignct 
touches  a  piece  of  iron,  it  improves  by  it.  It  may  be 
hurt  by  a  magnet  in  an  improper  pofition;  but  it  always 
puts  common  iron  into  a  llate  which  increafes  its  own 
magnetilm.  This  has  been  known  as  long  as  m.igne- 
tilm  itfelf ;  and  the  ancients  conceived  the  notion,  that 
the  magnet  fomehow  fed  upon  the  iron  (b). 

Wc 


53 
Attradion 
mull  ap- 
pear to  ex- 
ceed rcpul- 
CuD. 


Si 
The  ob- 
feived  law 
differs  from 
the  true. 


Msgiietiftn 
improves 
by  ii:duc- 
iiig  it  oa 
iron. 


J6- 


(b)  So  Claudian. "  Nam  Icrronuiunt  vit.uii,  ferrique  vigore 

Vtlcitur,  hoc  dulces  cpulas,  hoc  pabula  novit 
Hinc  propiias  reiiovat  vires,  hiiic  lufi  per  artus 
Alpera  fecretum  fervant  alimcnta  vigorem 
Hoc  abfente  peril  trilU  morientia  toipcnt 
Membra  fame,  venal'que  fitis  confumit  apertas." 
Pliny  fays,  "  Sola  hxc   materia  (ferrum)  vires  ab  co  lapide,  accipit  retinetque  longo  tempore,  aliud  apprc- 
hendens  ferrum,  ut  annulorum  catenn  fpc<fictur  interduni,  quod  imperitum  vulgus  ferrum  ajpellui  vivuni. 


4o6  MAGNETISM. 

We  think  that  thcfe  obfcrvations  authorife  us  to  Uy,  moveable  matter.     Tliis  is  nearly  all  that  we  know  of 

that  in  reducing  a  loiidllone  into  a  convenient  Ihape,  as  it ;  and  by  iliefe  faifis  and  notions  we  rouft  judge  of  the 

much  as  pollible  ot'  the  operation  Ihould  be  perlurnied  propriety  and  elTect  oi  all  the  procifles  lor  magnetifiiig 

by  grinding  them  wiih  emery,  in  cavitici  made  in  large  bodies. 

blocics  oi  hammered  iron.     The  niagnctilhi  induce  J  on  The  moft  fimple  method  of  magnetifmg  a  ftcel  bar, 
the  iron  mull  be  I.ivourable  to  the  tor.l'ervation  of  that  is  to  apply    the  noiih  pole  of  a  magnet   to  that  end 
ill  the  loadllone ;   which,  we  are  perfuaded,  is  rapidly  wliich  we  wilh  to  render  a  i()uth  pole.     Attention  to 
ditlipatcd  by  the   tremors   in'.o   which   thi^  very  ehftic  the  effeds  of  this  application  is  very  inltruitive.      Have 
lublUnce  is  thrown  by  the  grinding  with  coarfc  powders  in  readiuefi  u  very  lm;ill  conipals  needle,  turning  on  its 
in  any  mould  but  iron.     We  imagine,  that  the  cutting  pivot.     It  Ihould   not  exceed  half  an  inch  in  length, 
off  lliccs  by   the  lapidaries  wheel  has  tlie  fame  bad  ef-  and  Ihould  be  as  hard  tcnijcred  as  pollible,  and  Urong- 
itSt.  ly  impregnated.     Immediately  afier  the  application  of 
57'            Not  only  will  a  magnet  lift  a  greater  lump  of  iron  the  magnet,  carry  the  needle  along  the  fide  of  the  bar. 
by  its  north  pole,  when  another  lump  is  applied  to  its  If  the  bar  be  long,  and  very  liard,  we  liiuU  obferve  a 
f«uth  pole,  but  it  will  lift  a  gi  eater  piece  of  ii  on  I  roni  an  fouth  polarity  at  the  place  if  contaft  ;  a  north  polarity 
anvil  than  from  a  wooden  table:  for  the  magnet  indu-  at  a  fniall  diltance  Irom  it;  beyond  this  a  weak  fouth 
ces  the  properly  difpofed  polarity,  not  only  in  the  iron  polarity  ;  then  a  weak  and  ilill'ulcd  north  polarity,  &c.  ; 
which  it  lifts,  but  aifo  in  the  anvil,  or  any  piece  of  iron  toward  the  remote  end  the  pohsrity  will  be  found  very 
immediately  beyond  it.     This  is  fo  difpi  fed  as  to  in-  uncertain.     The  fame  thing  may  be  difcovered  by  lay- 
creafe  the  magnetifra  of  the  piece  o(  iron  between  them  ;  ing  a  llill'  paper  on  the  bar,  and  fprint:ling  iron  filings 
and  therefore  to  increafe  th.eir  attraclion.     The  mag-  over  it,  and  then  gently  tapping  the  paper,  to  make 
netifm   induced   on  the  anvil  ii  alio  in  part,  and  per-  them   arrange   tlierafelves  in  curve  lines;  vhich  will 
haps  chiefly,  induced  by  the  intervening  iron.     Thcfe  point  out  the  vaiious  poles,  and  lliew  whether  ihey  are 
experiments  aie  extremely  v.iriabls   in  their  rcfults. —  difiufed  cr  conlUpatcd.    It  is  very  anivifing  and  inliruc- 
ijonietimes  a  fmall  magnet  will  pull  an  iron  wire  from  a  tlve  to  obferve  the   progtefs  of  this  inipitgnalion.     la 
large  and  flrong  one.    Sometimes  this  w  ill  be  done  evtn  a  few  minutes  alter  the  tirll  application  ol  the  magnet, 
by  a  piece  of  unm^gnetic  iron  ;  and  the  refults  appear  we  Ihall  perceive  the  Itate  of  magnetilm  very  fenlibly 
quite  capricious.   But  they  are  accurately  fixed,  depend-  changed.  The  north  pole  will  be  farther  from  the  mag- 
ing  on  the  induced  compound  magnetifm.     Mr  jKpi-  net,  and  will  be  more  dillin<fl ;  the  fouthcrn  polarity  will 
nus  has  Itated  fonie  of  the  more  limple  cafes,  in  which  alio  be  protruded,  and  may  appear  for  a  moment  at  the 
we  can  tell  which  magnet  Ihall  prevail.     But  the  un-  remote  extremity.    The  chatjge  advances  ;  but  the  pro- 
folding  even  cf  thefe  cafes  WL.uld   take  a  great  deal  of  grefs  is  moie  flnw,  and  at  Lift  is  inlenlible.  When  tlie  bar 
room,  and  mult  be  omitted  here.     Belides,  we  are  too  is  not  harder  than  the  temper  of  a  cutting  tool,  the  pro- 
imperfeiSlly  acquainted  with  the  degree  of  magnetifm  cefs  is  loon  over  ;  and  il  the  b.n  is  but  fix  or  eight  inches 
induced  on  the  various  part*  of  an  iron  rod,  and  the  de-  long,  the  remote  end  thews  the  north  polarity  in  a  very 
gree  of  magnetilm  inherent  in  the  variotis  parts  of  the  few  minutes.     When  the  bar  is  very  li.ird,  the  progrefs 
magnets,  to  be  able  to  lay,  v>\\\\  certainty,  even  in  thole  of  impregnation  is  greatly  expedited  b)  linking  it  fo  as 
fimple  cafes,  on  which  fide  the  fuperiority  of  attraftion  to  make  it  found.     If  it  be  fulpended  by  a  Uiing  in  a 
will  remain.  vertical  pofition,  and  the  magnet  applic;d  to  its  lower 
S%.            We  may  now  proceed  to   deduce  from  this  theory  end,  the  llriking  it  with  a  key  will  rnake  it  rii  g  ;   and 
Making  of   (for  fo  it  may  jultly  be  called,   lince  all  is  reduced  to  in  this  way  make  the  pr(>grefs  of  mat/netization  very 
artificial      Q^g  fV^^^  t[,g  procefs  for  communicating  magnetifm  to  quick  :  but  it  does  not  allow  it  to  acquire  all  the  mag- 
bodies  fitted  for  receiving  and  retaining  it;   that  is,  the  netifm  that  can  be  given  it  by  a  very  ftiong  magntt. 
method  of  making  artificial  magnets.     We  Ihall  not  But  this  is  a  bad  way  of  impregnation.  It  is  leldom 
employ  much   time  on  this,  becaufe  the  molt  appro-  that  unilorm  magnetilm,  with  only  two  poles,  and  thofe 
ved   methods   have   been  delivered   at   length   in   the  ol  equal  llrength,  can  be  given.     Even  when  there  are 
article   Magnetism   cf  the   Encyclopedia ;  and  there-  but   two,  the   remote   pole  is  generally  diffufed,  and 
tore  we  Ihall  juft  make  fuch  oljl'ervations  on  them  as  therefore  feeble.     It  is  much  improved  by  employing 
ferve  to  ccnfiim,  or  to  perfeiftthem  by  the  theory.     We  two  magnets,  one  at  each  end.     And  if  the  bar  is  not 
acknowledge,  that  we  do  not  know  the  internal  procefs  more  than  fix  cr  eight  inches  long,  and  good  magnets 
by  whicn  magnetifm  is  induced,  nor  even  in  what  this  are  employed,  the  magnetifm  is  abundantly  regular. 
magnetifm  confifts.     All  that  we  know  is,  that  the  This,  accordingly,  is  praclifed  for  the  impregnation  of 
bringing  the  pole  of  a  magnet  near  to  any  magnetifable  dipping  needles,  which  mull  not  be   touched,  left  we 
matter,  produces  a  magnetifm  of  the  kind  oppofite  to  dilturb  the  centre  of  gravity  of  the  needle.     But  in  all 
that  of  the  pole  empl  >yed.     We  kn.-.w  that  this  is  the  cafes,  this  method  is  tedious,  and  does  not  give  ftrong 
cafe  with  both  piles,  and  that  it  obtains  at  all  the  di-  magnetilm. 

Ilances  where  magnetifm  is  oblcrved.     We  know  that  The  method  which  was  ufually  pradifed  before  we 

the  aiition  ot  one  pole  is  contrary  to  that  of  the  other;  had  obtained  a  pretty  clear  knowledge  of  magnetifm, 

that  is,  it  cmir.teradls  the  other,  prevents  it  from  pro-  was  to  apply  the  pt-le  ol  a  magnet  to  one  end  of  the 

ductng  is  e2'e»!t,  and  dellroys  It  when  already  produced:  bar,  and  pals  it  along  to  the  fther  end,  prelTing  mo- 

and  we  know,  tha:  the  prcduiflion  of  thefe  effeds  re-  derately.  This  was  repeated  feveral  times  on  both  fides 

ienibles  in  its  refult  the  protrufion  of  fomething  fluid  of  the  bsr,  always  bei^inning  the  ftroke  at  the  fame  end 

thioagh  the  pores  of  the  body,  conllipating  it  in  all  re-  as  at  firll,  and,  in   bringing  the  magnet  back  to  that 

mote  parts ;  as  il  the  virtue  of  a  pole  refided  in  this  end,  keeping  it  at  a  diftance  from  the  bar.     The  effect 


inaguets. 


of 


M  A  G  N  E  IM  S  M. 


407 


of  this  operation  wis  to  leave  the  enil  at  which  we  be- 
gan the  Itroke  polled  of  the  polarity  of  the  pole  em- 
ployed. 

A  general  notion  of  the  proccfs  may  be  given  as  fol- 
lows, cibferving,  however,  that  there  occur  very  many 
grtf.it  and  capricious  anomalies.  When  the  north  pole 
N  (fig.  16  )  of  the  magnet  A  is  fet  on  the  end  C  of 
the  ')ar  CBD,  a  fouth  pole  is  produced  at  C,  and  a 
north  pole  at  D,  when  the  length  of  the  bar  is  mode- 
rate. As  the  magnet  advances  flowly  along  the  bar, 
the  fouihern  polarity  at  C  firtt  incrcales,  tlien  diminifhes, 
and  vanillies  entirely  when  N  has  arrived  at  a  certain 
point  a ;  after  which,  a  northern  polarity  appears  at  C, 
and  increafes  during  the  whole  progrefs  of  the  magnet. 
In  the  mean  time,  ihe  northern  polaiity  firll  produced 
at  D  increafes  till  the  magnet  reaches  a  certain  point  e, 
then  diminifhes,  vanifhe^  when  the  magnet  reaches  a 
cerfain  point/;  after  wliich,  a  fouthern  polarity  ap- 
pears at  D,  which  increafes  till  the  magnet  reaches  D. 
Mr  Brugmann,  wjio  firll  attended  minutely  to  tliefe  par- 
ticulars (for  Gilbert  fpeaks  of  them  pointedly),  calls  a 
and  /  polrtli  0/  iiiiJiJfeicn.e,  and  f  the  culminating  point 
of  the  pole  D,  and  i  tlie  culminating  point  of  the  pole 
C.  Hardly  can  any  general  rule  be  given  for  the  fitua- 
tion  of  thefe  points,  nor  even  for  the  order  in  which 
they  (land  ;  fo  great  and  capricious  ate  the  anomalies 
in  an  amazing  feries  of  experiments  narrated  by  Biug- 
mann  and  by  Van  Swindcn.  Repeating  the  operation, 
and  beginning  at  C,  tlie  nottherii  polarity  there  is  wea- 
kened (fometimes  delhoyedj,  then  reflored,  and  conti- 
nually increafed  diiriiy  the  relt  of  the  llrol;e.  The 
fouthern  polarity  at  D  i»  alio  tiift  weakened,  and  fome- 
times dellroyed  ;  then  reltored,  and  finally  augmented. 
The  points  i,  a,  e,f,  change  their  fituations,  and  fre- 
quently their  order. 

Van  S\%inden  has  attempted  to  deduce  fome  general 
laws  from  his  imme.ife  lill  ol  experiments,  avoiding 
every  confideration  ot  a  liypothelis,  or  the  leail  conjec- 
ture by  what  means  ilicl'e  faculties  ate  excted.  But 
though  we  hav;  perufed  his  iiivelligatinn  with  care  and 
candor,  we  mull  utknowUdge,  that  we  have  not  deri- 
ved any  kiiowldgc  which  can  lielp  us  to  predi.ft  the  re- 
fult  of  particular  modes  of  treatment  wiili  any  greater 
precifion  than  is  fuggelled  by  a  fort  ot  comm  n  fenfe, 
aided  (or  pcrhap>  perveited)  by  a  vague  notion,  that 
thefe  energies  rcfide  in  fomething,  wliich  avoids  the 
pole  of  the  fama  name,  carrying  along  with  it  this  di- 
itinrtive  energy  or  polarity.  This  conception  tallies 
periedly  with  thefe  oblervations  of  Biugmann  and  Van 
Swinden  ;  and  admits  ot  all  the  anomalies  in  the  iitua- 
tion  of  Brugmann's  indifferent  and  culminating  points, 
if  we  only  fuppole  that  this  motion  is  obflruifled  by  the 
particles  of  the  bidy.  We  mull  leave  this  to  the  re- 
fleiftion  of  the  reader,  who  will  gutfx  how,  when  the 
magnet  is  between  C  and  i,  this  fubllance,  avoiding  the 
pole  N  of  the  magnet,  efcapes  below  it,  and  goes  to- 
ward the  taithcr  end.  As  the  masjnet  advances,  it 
drives  fome  of  this  back  again,  &c.  &c.  This  is  gra- 
tuitous ;  hut  it  aids  the  lancy,  which,  without  f  imc  con- 
ceptlun  of  this  kind,  has  no  objeiS  of  lleady  contempla- 
tion. We  have  no  thought  when  we  Ipeak  of  the  ge- 
nerating at  C,  or  a,  or  e,  a  faculty  of  fome  kind,  by  the 
exertii  n  of  the  fame  faculty  in  N.  The  conception  is 
too  abftrafted,  and  much  too  complex.  We  mull  con- 
tent ourfelves  with  kaowing,  that  N  produces  a  fouth 


pole  immediately  under  it,  and  a  north  pole  everywhere 
elfe,  or  endeavours  to  do  fo.  It  is  unnecelfary  to  infill 
long-r  on  this  method:  Common  fenfe  fhews  it  to  be 
a  very  injudicious  one. 

This  method  was  greatly  improved  by  beginning  the 
fridion  at  the  centre.  Apply  the  north  pole  at  the 
centre  or  middle  of  the  bar,  and  draw  it  over  the  end 
intended  for  the  fouth  pole.  Having  done  this  feveral 
times  to  one  end  on  both  fides,  turn  the  magnet,  ap- 
plying its  fouth  pole  to  the  middle  of  the  bar,  and  draw- 
ing it  feveral  times  over  the  end  intended  for  the  north 
pole. 

It  was  ftill  more  improved  by  employing  two  mag- 
nets at  once,  placed  as  in  fig.  17.  on  the  middle  B  of 
the  bar,  and  drawing  them  away  from  each  other,  over 
the  ends  of  it,  as  (hewn  by  the  direfling  dart^,  and  re- 
peating this  operation.  It  is  plain  that,  as  far  as  we 
underdand  any  thing  of  tliis  matter,  this  procefs  mud 
be  much  preferable  to  either  of  the  former  two.  The 
magnets  A  and  E  certainly  concur  in  producing  a  pro- 
perly difpoled  magnetifm  on  all  that  lies  be'.wcen  them  ; 
and  therefore  on  the  whole  bar  at  the  end  of  each 
(Iroke.  The  end  C  mull  become  a  north,  and  D  a 
fouth  pole.  Still,  however,  as  the  ftroke  goes  on  to  the 
point  of  inditference,  each  magnet  tends  to  weaken  the 
polarity  ot  the  parts  lituated  beyond  it. 

This  method  ci  ntinued  to  be  piavftifed  till  about  the 
year  1750.  Mr  Canton,  availing  hinifelf  of  the  expe- 
linientb  of  Mr  Mitchell  of  Cambridge,  publillied  his  me- 
thod by  the  double  touch  as  it  is  calkd.  &it  Mondi'y 
Revit'w  for  1 785. 

We  need  not  repeat  what  has  been  detailed   in  the        59 
Encyclopedia,  Magnetism,  p.  440,  &c.  and  (hall  rnl\  Method  of 
make  lonie  oblervations  on  the  peculiar  advantages  of  """'j'"= 
this  procefs,  as  prefcribed  by  Mitchell,  Canton,  and  im- 
proved by  Mr  Antheaunie,  in   his   m<:mou  fur  les  ^i- 
mani  Arlificicls  1766,  v«.hith  was  crowned  by  the  Aca- 
demy ot  Sciences,   i  See  alfo  dilTertations  tn  the  fubjeft 
by  Lc  Main  and  Du  Hamel,    1745). 

There  is  an  evident  propriety  in  the  arrangement  in- 
vented by  Mr  Mitchell,  reprtfented  in  fig.  i8.  The 
magneulm  induced  on  the  two  pieces  ot  loft  iron  AD 
and  BC  is  an  excellent  method  i^T fecunng  every  accef- 
fion  of  magnetifm  to  either  of  the  bar<.  A  good  deal 
depends  on  the  proper  fize  and  length  of  ihcfe  pieces ; 
and  our  ignorance  of  the  interior  procefs  obliges  us  to 
have  recoiirfe  to  experiment  alone  for  afcertaining  this, 
Wiiatever  circumftances  induce  the  ftrongell  magnetifm 
on  thofe  pieces  of  iron,  will  caufe  them  to  produce  the 
greatell  elTeft  on  the  (leel  bars  ;  and  this  will  be  indica- 
ted by  a  greater  attraction.  Therefore  th  it  dillance  will 
be  the  bell  which  enables  two  bjrs  AB  and  DC  to  lift 
the  greatefl  weight  hung  on  the  piece  .■\D  or  BC. 
When  we  impregnated  b.irs  whole  breadtli  was  about 
one-tenth  of  their  length,  and  their  thicknef~  ab.iut  one- 
half  of  their  breadth,  we  (bund,  that  if  AD  was  about 
one-fourth,  or  nearly  one  third,  of  AB,  they  carried 
more  than  if  it  was  either  much  longer  or  much  Ihort- 
er.  Mr  Antheaume's  addition  of  the  two  great  bars  of 
iron  li  and  F  makes  a  ("cnlible  improvement  of  the  if- 
p;nm'n^  of  ilie  impregnation,  when  very  weak  magnets 
are  employed  ;  but  did  not  feem  to  us  to  be  of  any  far- 
ther fetvice  on  the  tabic.  This  is  agreeable  to  any 
theory  which  can  be  ellablilted  by  what  we  have  faiJ 
hitherto. 

The 


4o8 


MAGNETISM. 


The  method  of  emplcyin;;  the  magnets  A  and  E 
(fig.  19.),  prefcribed  by  Mitchell  and  Canton,  is  e.^- 
treir.cly  judicious.  The  meeting  of  th:  dilllmllar  poles 
at  top  increafes  the  niagnetilm  ot'each.  The  two  dil- 
liniiiar  poles  F  and  G,  certainly  tend  to  give  a  regular 
and  proper  magnetiim  to  the  pirt  FG  of  the  bar  which 
lies  between  them  ;  and  this  is  the  cafe  on  wli.itcver 
part  of  the  bar  they  are  placed.  But  each  pole  tends 
to  dertroy  the  prcfcnt  magnetifm  of  what  lies  betw-en 
it  and  the  pole  of  the  bar  on  that  fide.  But  mark — 
they  tend  to  produce  the  delired  magnetifm  on  w!;at 
lies  b'.tweenj  them  with  the  fum  of  their  forces ;  while 
each  tends  to  deilroy  the  magnetifm  of  the  p.irt  with- 
out it  by  the  dijj'crcnce  only  of  tlieir  forces.  Therefore, 
on  the  whole,  as  they  are  moved  to  and  fro  along  the 
b.ir,  and  the  foremoft  one  even  made  to  pafs  over  the 
er.d  of  it  a  little  way,  they  always  add  to  the  magnetifm 
already  acquired.  This  confideration  feems  to  enjoin 
fetling  F  and  G  extremely  near  each  other  ;  for  this 
feems  to  incroafe  the  fum,  and  to  diminidi  the  difference 
of  their  av'>ion.  But  it  may  be  :i  queflion,  Whether 
we  gain  more  by  llrongly  magnetifing  a  very  fmall  part 
during  the  very  fiiort  while  that  the  magnets  pafs  over 
it,  or  by  aiHing  on  more  of  the  bar  at  once,  and  conti- 
nuing a  weaker  adion  for  a  longer  while  on  this  larger 
portion.  Mr  vEpinus  adds  another  confidcration  de- 
pending on  his  notion  of  the  internal  procefs  ;  but  we 
defer  this  to  another  opportunity.  The  iiit^  direction 
I'ecms  to  be,  to  place  tliem  at  the  dillance  which  ena- 
bles them  to  lift  the  greatell  weight.  They  are  then 
undoubtedly  a<fling  with  the  greatefteffetS. 

Mr  Antheaume  direfts  to  place  the  touching  magnets 
as  in  fig.  20.  for  a  reafon  to  lie  mentioned  afterwards. 
Mr  iEpinus  alfo  recommends  it  for  reafons  founded  on 
his  own  hypotliefis.  Wc  mull  Ay,  that,  in  our  trials, 
we  have  found  this  method  very  fenfibly  fuperior,  efpe- 
cially  in  the  Litter  parts  of  the  operation  when  the  re- 
iillance  to  farther  impregnation  becomes  nearly  a  ba- 
lance for  the  accumul.iiing  power  ot  the  magnets  ;  and 
we  conlider  this  as  no  inconfidevable  argument  for  the 
juflice  of  Mr  vEpinus's  hypoihefis. 

The  great  adv.intage  of  this  method  is  the  regularity 
of  the  magnetifm  wnich  it  produces.  We  never  find 
more  than  two  poles ;  and  when  the  bars  are  hard,  and 
of  uniform  texture,  the  polarity  is  very  little  dlfFufed, 
and  feemingly  confined  to  a  very  fmall  fpace  at  the 
very  extremitias  of  the  bar.  This  is  indeed  a  prodi- 
gious advantage  in  point  of  ftrength.  It  is  no  lefs  fo 
in  order  to  fit  the  magnets  for  experiments  on  the  law 
of  magnetic  adion  ;  for  the  latitude  which  the  diffufed 
condition  of  the  poles  gives  in  the  feledtion  of  the  points 
from  which  the  dilfances  are  to  be  computed,  has  hi- 
therto hindered  us  from  pronouncing  on  the  law  of 
magnetic  aiflion  with  the  precilion  of  which  we  think 
it  fully  fufceptible.  This  meth.od  alfo  is  the  only  one 
by  vhich  we  have  been  able  to  impregnate  two  bars 
joined  end  to  end,  confidering  them  as  one  bar.  We 
havefometimes  (though  very  rarely)  fucceeded  in  this ; 
lo  that  when  filings  were  llrewed  over  them,  the  ap- 
pearance could  not  be  dillinguilhed  from  a  fingle  bar. — 
N,  B.  Yet  even  in  this  cale,  in  one  experiment  with 
two  bars  of  fix  inches  long,  treated  as  one,  when  it 
could  not  be  dillinguilhed,  either  by  the  appearance  of 
the  filings,  or  by  going  round  it  very  near  with  a  com- 
pafs  needle,  a  very  fmall  compafs  needle  difcovered  a 


neutral  point,  and  a  revcrfion  of  polaiity  fimilar  to 
fig.  14.  at  F,  (hewing  tliat  it  was  really  a<fiing  as  two 
bars.  Pcihaps  it  mull  always  be  fo  ;  and  this  quellion 
is  of  confiderable  importance  in  the  ellabldhment  of  any 
theory  of  the  internal  procefs. 

It  diferves  remark,  that,  in  order  to  fucceed  in  this 
attempt,  a  very  confiderable  pnfl'uie  is  neccdary.  We 
were  obliged  to  clt-an  the  ends  of  the  bars  very  careful- 
ly, and  to  force  the  frame  of  bars  and  foft  pieces  of  iron 
flrongly  together  by  wedges,  in  the  mnnner  of  a  f  )rm 
of  types.  We  thought  that  wetting  the  ends  of  the 
bars  with  pure  water  aided  the  experiment;  and  wears 
very  certain  that  oil  not  only  greatly  obllrufled  it,  but 
even  fenfibly  impeded  the  common  procefs.  W^e  had 
put  a  fingle  drop  of  oil  on  a  pair  of  bars  which  we  were 
touching  in  the  common  Cantonian  method,  that  the 
magnets  might  be  more  ealily  drawn  along  them;  but 
wc  were  furpiifed  at  finding  that  we  could  not  give  a 
llrong  impregnation.  The  oil  undoubtedly  prevents 
the  clofe  contaifl.  We  found  the  finell  gold  leaf  pro- 
duce the  fame  cfFedl  in  a  great  degree  ;  as  alio  talc,  of 
which  a  fquare  inch  weighed  ^  jth  of  a  grain.  We  do 
not  infer  any  thing  like  obflruflion  to  the  pail'age  of 
fomething  material,  but  rather  afcribe  it  to  mere  di- 
fiance  ;  although  we  are  of  opinion,  that  in  the  impreg- 
nation of  two  contiguous  bars,  fo  that  the  magnetifm 
(whatever  it  is)  is  dxiytoitd  pncifdy  as  in  one  bar,  tliere 
is  a  material  transference.  But  we  Ihall  fpcak  of  tliis 
in  its  due  place. 

It  is  not  unworthy  of  remark,  that  we  found  bars  to 
acquire  more  powerful  magnetifm  when  pretty  well  po- 
liflied  than  when  rough.  But  we  alfo  found,  that  bars 
confiderably  rough  acquired  the  firfl  degrees  of  it  much 
more  expcditioufly  than  thofe  \\'hich  are  fmooth  ;  al- 
though we  never  could  bring  them  to  that  high  degree 
of  magnetifm  that  the  fame  bars  acquired  after  they 
had  been  poliflied.  We  think  it  probable,  that  the 
tremors,  occafioned  by  the  rough  and  harfh  futfaces  of 
the  hard  Ueel,  are  the  caufes  of  this  phenomenon. 

Some  moreobfervations  on  this  method  of  the  double 
touch  will  be  made  afterwards,  w-hen  we  confider  the 
hypothefis  of  Mr  .£pinus :  and  wc  conclude  the  pre- 
fent  fubjefl,  by  attempting  to  explain  feme  puzzling 
appearances  which  frequently  occur  in  making  artificial 
magnets. 

A  bar  touched  by  a  very   llrong  magnet  has  been        60 
faid  by  Mufchenbroek  to  be  impaired  by  going  over  it  Difficulties 
with  a  weaker  magnet.     If  it  had  been  made  as  ftrong,  esplaincJ- 
as  poffible,  the  weaker  magnet,  when  parted  over  it  in 
the  way  pracflifed  by  Mufchenbroek,  rrfad  firjl  deftroy 
part  of  this  magnetifm  ;  and  having  done  fo,  it  is  un- 
able to  ralfe  it  anew  to  the  fame  degree  of  vigour. 

Yet  (fays  Mufchenbroek  with  furprife)  a  large  bar 
of  common  iron  has  greatly  improved  the  magnet.  A 
very  large  piece  of  iron  tniijl  do  this  (efpecially  if  fha- 
ped  like  a  horfertioe,  and  applied  with  both  heels),  if 
the  bar  be  not  already  at  its  maximum. 

It  was  thought  wonderful,  that,  in  the  method  of 
double  touch,  not  only  was  the  magnetifm  of  the  mag- 
nets employed  not  impaired,  but,  beginning  with  two 
magnets,  whofe  power  is  almofl  infeniible,  and  repeat- 
ing the  operations  in  the  preclfe  manner  defcribed  by 
Mitchell  or  Canton,  not  only  the  bars  intended  to  be 
made  magnetlcal,  but  alfo  the  magnets  employed,  may 
be  brought  to  their  highsft  poffible  ftate  of  magnetifm. 

This 


MAGNETISM. 


6i 

Explana- 
tion of  the 
beginning 
of  Saver)', 
Canton, 
and  An- 
thcaume'i 
jiroccfi. 


6z 
Gilbert's 
tcrrcftrial 
DiagnctUro 


This  is  in  evident  conformity  to  the  general  fa <5ls  of  in- 
daced  magnetifm,  and  affords  the  ftrongeft  proof  that 
nothing  is  communicated  in  this  operation,  but  that 
powers  refiding  in  the  b;irs  are  excited,  or  brought  into 
a<5tion.  The  manipulation  merely  gives  occafton  to  this 
action,  as  a  fpark  of  fire  kindles  a  city. 

There  liill  remain  fome  circumftances  of  this  method, 
as  praflifcd  by  Savery,  Canton,  and  Antheaume,  which 
are  extremely  curious  and  important. 

Mr  Savery  had  obferved  a  fniall  bit  of  fteel  acquire 
very  fenfible  magnetifm  by  lying  long  in  contaft  with 
the  lower  end  of  a  great  window  bar.  Telling  this  to 
a  friend,  he  was,  for  the  fir II  time,  infornud  ihat  this 
had  been  long  obferved,  and  ihat  Dr  Gilbert  had  made 
fome  curious  inferences  from  it.  Mr  Savery  wanted 
fome  magnets,  and  was  at  a  diftance  from  town.  Re- 
fleeing,  like  a  philofopher,  on  what  he  had  liejrd  and 
obierved,  he  law  here  a  fource  of  magnetifm  which  he 
could  increafe,  in  the  manner  commonly  praCtifed  in 
making  magnets.  He  placed  the  bar  AB  (fig.  21.) 
10  be  magnelifcd  between  two  great  bars  of  common 
iron  C  and  D,  placing  all  the  three  in  the  magnetical 
diredlion.  He  took  another  bar  EF,  and  put  two  little 
pieces  of  iron,  like  the  armour  of  a  loadllone,  on  its 
ends  ;  and  with  thofe  ends  he  rubbed  the  bar  AB,  rub- 
bing the  upper  halt  of  it  with  the  end  F,  and  the  lower 
with  the  end  E.  The  refult  of  this  was  a  very  briik 
magnetifm  in  a  few  minutes,  which,  by  various  well  de- 
viled alternations,  he  brought  to  its  higheil  degree. 
His  numerous  exjteriments  publillied  in  the  Philofophi- 
cal  Tranfaiflions  in  1746,  contain  much  curious  irifor- 
mation,  highly  deferving  tlie  attention  of  the  philofo- 
phers.  Mr  Canton,  proceeding  on  the  fame  princi- 
ple, that  bars  of  iron,  which  have  been  long  in  a  verti- 
cal pofition,  acquire  an  efficient  magnetifm,  begins  his 
operations  by  placing  his  lleel  bar  on  the  head  of  a 
kitchen  poker,  and  rubs  it  with  the  lower  end  of  a  pair 
of  kitchen  tongs.  Mr  Antheaume  adheres  more  ftricl- 
ly  to  the  inferences  from  the  principle  of  terreftrial 
magnetifm,  and  repeats  precifely  the  previous  difpofi- 
tion  of  things  pradifed  by  Mr  Savery,  placing  his  little 
fteel  bar  AB  (fig.  22.)  between  two  great  bars  C  and 
D  of  common  iron,  and  arranging  the  whole  in  the 
magnetic  direiflion.  Then,  proceeding  moft  judtciouf- 
ly  on  the  fame  principle,  he  gieatly  improves  the  pro- 
cefs,  by  employing  two  bars  EF  and  GH  inr  the 
touch,  holding  thcin  about  an  inch  apart,  inclined  a- 
bout  15"  to  the  bar  AB.  It  is  plain,  that  the  lower  end 
of  each  of  thefe  five  bars  is  a  north  pole,  and  the  upper 
end  a  fouth  pole.  Therefore  the  poles  F  and  G  con- 
cur in  giving  the  proper  magnetifm  to  the  portion  FG 
ot  the  Heel  bar  which  is  between  them  ;  and  by  rub- 
bing it  with  thefe  poles  up  and  down,  overpafling  each 
extremity  about  half  an  inch,  he  mull  foon  give  to  the 
bar  AB  a  regular  magnetifm  ;  weak,  perhap";,  but  to 
be  afterwards  increifed  in  the  Cantonian  method,  on  a 
horizontal  table.  In  this  manner  did  Mr  Antheaurno 
make  magnets  of  very  great  llrcngth  in  1766.  See  his 
Dijjlrlalion  already  quoted. 

Thcfe  obfervations  naturally  bring  us  to  the  Phvsio- 
LociA  Nova  de  Magnet  et  corporibus  Magne- 
Ticis  of  Dr  Gilbert ;  a  difcovery  which  the  fagacious 
Kepler  clalfes  among  the  greateft  in  the  aimals  of 
fcience. 

SupPL.  Vol.  II. 


It  could  not  be  that  a  phenomenon  fo  general,  and 
fo  interelling  and  important  as  the  natural  polarity  of 
magnetic  bodies,  would  be  long  known  without  cxci- 
ting  curiofity  about  iis  caufe.  Accordingly  the  philo- 
fophers  of  the  16th  century  fpeculated  much  about  it, 
and  entertained  a  variety  of  opinion,  if  that  can  be 
called  an  opinion  which  can  hardly  be  faid  to  exprefs  a, 
thought.  We  have  in  Marfigli  Ficino  a  fhort  notice 
of  many  of  thefe  opinions.  Some  maintained  that  the 
needle  was  direded  by  a  certain  point  in  the  heavens, 
as  if  that  were  faying  more  than  that  it  always  pointed 
one  way.  Others,  with  more  appearance  of  reafoninj;, 
afcribed  the  diredion  to  vail  magnetic  rocks.  But  all 
this  was  without  giving  thcmfelves  the  trouble  of  try- 
ing to  afcertain  what  lituation  of  fuch  rocks  would  pro- 
duce the  diredlion  that  is  obierved.  Fracallori  was,  if 
we  millake  not,  the  fii  II  who  thought  this  trouble  at  all 
necelfary  ;  and  he  obfcrves  very  fenfibly,  tliat  if  thofe 
rocks  are  fuppofed  to  be  in  any  place  ye:  vifited  by  na- 
vigators, and  it  they  aft  as  loadllones  do(acircuin(l,ince 
which  he  fays  mull  be  admitted,  if  we  attempt  to  ex- 
plain), the  direiflion  of  the  needle  will  be  very  different 
from  what  we  know  it  to  be.  He  therefore  places  thtm 
in  tlie  inacceQible  polar  regions,  but  not  in  the  very- 
pole.  Norman,  the  difcoverer  of  the  dip  of  the  mari- 
ner's needle,  or  of  the  true  magnetic  diredion,  was  na- 
turally led  by  his  difcovery  to  conceive  the  direding 
caufe  as  placed  in  the  earth  ;  becaufe  the  north  point  of 
the  needle,  in  every  part  of  Europe,  points  very  far  be- 
low the  horizon.  But  although  he  calls  the  treatife  in 
which  he  announces  his  difcovery  the  Nf-iv  Attraa'tve, 
he  does  not  exprefs  himfelf  as  fuppofing  the  needle  to 
be  attraded  by  any  point  within  the  earth,  but  only 
that  it  is  always  diieded  to  that  point. 

It  is  to  Dr  Gilbert  of  Colcheller  that  we  owe  the 
opinion  now  univorlally  admitted,  that  magnetic  pola- 
rity is  a  part  of  the  conllitution  of  this  globe.  Nor- 
man had,  not  long  before,  difcovered,  tliat  if  a  Itecl 
needle  be  very  exadly  balanced  on  a  horizontal  axis, 
like  the  beam  of  a  common  balance,  fo  that  it  would 
retain  any  pofition  given  it,  and  if  it  be  then  touched 
with  a  magnet,  and  placed  on  its  axis  in  the  magnetic 
meridian,  it  is  no  longer  in  eqnilibrio,  but  (at  London) 
the  north  point  of  it  will  dip  72  or  73  degrees  btlow 
the  horizon.  He  did  not,  however,  pulilith  his  difco- 
very till  he  had  obtained  information  how  it  ftood  in 
other  parts  of  the  world.  The  differences  in  the  va- 
riation in  different  places  naturally  fuggefted  the  neccf- 
fity  of  this  to  him.  Being  a  maker  ot  mariners  com- 
pali'es,  and  teacher  of  navigation  in  London,  he  had  the 
fiirell  opportunities  that  could  be  defired,  by  furniftiinij 
dipping  needles  to  fuch  of  the  navigators,  his  fcholars, 
as  he  knew  moll  able  to  give  him  good  information. 
And  the  accounts  which  lie  received  made  his  difco- 
very, when  announced  to  the  world,  a  very  complete 
tiling;  for  the  commanders  of  fhips  engaged  in  long 
voyages,  and  particularly  to  China,  informed  him  that, 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  equator,  his  dipping  needles  re- 
mained parallel  to  the  horizon,  but  that  in  commg  to- 
waid  the  north  pole,  tl.c  n  !tth  end  of  the  needle  was 
deprelied,  and  that  the  h  uth  end  dipped  in  like  man- 
ner at  the  Cape  rf  Good  Hope,  and  in  the  Indian  O- 
cean  ;  that  t!  e  needle  gradually  approached  the  hori- 
/untal  pofition  as  the  lhi;>  approached  the  equator,  buc 
3   1'  that 


409 


4IO 


MAGNETISM. 

lli.it  in  comint;  to  ilie  north  of  it  at  li.uavia,  the  north  and  perfedl  roundnefs  of  this  axis,  that  it  fliall  remain 

point  again  dipped,  and  at  Canton  was  feveral  degrees  in  any  pofition  that  is  given  it.     Add  to  this,  ihat  .t 

below  the  hori/on.  grain  of  dull,  invifiblc  to  tiic  nicert  eye,  getting  under 

On  thefe  autiiorities,  Norman  boldly  f.tid  (hat,  in  the  one  fide  of  tiiis  axis  m^y   be   fuHicicnt  for  making  it 

tqiiatoreal  rc<.'ions,  the  neciUe  was  horizontal,  and  iliat  aliume  another  polititn.     It   mull  alfo   be  a  diflieulc 

either    end    dipped  regulaily  as  it  approichcd  cither  nutter  to  prefeivc  this  delicate  thine,  lb  as  that  no 

pole;  and  that  In  the  poles  of  the  earth,  the  needle  was  change  can  happen  to  it.     Belidts,  all  this  mull  be 

perpendicular  to  the  horizon.     Ho  therefore  anuoun-  performed  on  a  piece  of  tempered  lleel   which  we  are 

eed  this  as  a  difcovery,  not  i  nly  (ingularly  cuiiius,  but  certain  has  no  niagnetfm.     Where  can  this  be  got,  or 

alfo  ol  immenfc  importance  ;  lor  by  means  of  a  dijiping  what  can  infure  us  againll  magnetil'm  ?  Nor  is  there  Icfs 

needle  the  latitude  of  a  thip  at  fea  may  be  found  with-  difficully  in  making  the  ubfcrvatioos  without  great  rilk 

out  feeing  the  fru)  or  liars.  cferrtr.     If  the  needle,  moveable  only  in  a   vertical 

Dr  Gilbert,  comp  iring  this  pnfition  of  the  crmp.ifs  plane,  be  not  fct  in  the  plane  of  a  magnetic  meridian,  it 

needle  with  the  politions  which  ho  had  obferved  fniall  will  always  dip  too  much.     At  I^ondon,  where  the 

needles  alfume  in  his  numerous  experiments  in  rdaticn  magnetic  direiflion  is  inclined  73"  to  the  horizon,  if  it 

to  a  magnet,  as  we  have  deicribed  at  grt.it  length,  was  be  in  a  plane  20°  from  the  magnetic  meridian,  it  will 

naturally  led  to  the  notion  of  the  earth's  being  a  great  (land  alrnod  perpendicular ;  for  it  is  cafy  to  fee,  by  the 

loadllone,  or  as  containing  one,  and  that  this  arranged  mechanical  relolution  of  forces,  that  it  will  take  the  po- 

the  dipping,  or,  in  general,  the  mariner's  needle,  in  the  fiiioir  which  brings  it  noarell  to  the  true  magnetic  di- 

fime  manner  as  he  obferved  a  great  m.ignet  arrange  a  rciftioD.     This,  we  think,  is  confirmed  by  foveral  of 

finall  needle  p  ifod  on  its  pivot.     Ho  theref  ire  compo-  Norman's  and  other  old  obfervations  of  dip.     They  are 


much  greater  than  they  have  been  fince  found  in  the 
fame  places. 

Mr   Daniel   Bernoulli  lias    given  a  very  ingenious        63 
principle,    by  which  we  can  make   a  dipping  needle  Daniel  Bcr- 
which  will  give  a  very  accurate  obfervation  on  Ihore  ;  "P"         P" 
and  being  fo  eafily  executed,  it  deferves  to  be  generally  jj''^""' 
known.     Let  a    dipping  needle  be  made  in  the  bell 


fed  his  Phyfiokgia  Nova  di  Ma^ntli;  et  i/c  Tdlure  m/i^- 
no  JVIaj'tte;  in  which  he  notices  f)  many  points  ol  re- 
lembliiice  to  the  diredtive  power  of  a  iiKiL'tiet,  tint  tlie 
point  foems  no  longer  to  admit  of  any  doubt.  Dr  Gil- 
bert's theory  !r..iy  be  thus  exprcfled  ; 

All  the  phenomena  of  natural  magnetifm  are  analo- 
gous to   what  we  llioulJ   obferve,  if  the  earth   were  a 

great  magnet,  having  its  poles  near  the  poles  of  the  manner  that  can  be  done  by  a  workman  of  tl  e  place 

<  LMtth's  eiiuiior,  the   noith  pole  not  far  fn  m  Callin's  and  balanced  with  fome  care  before  impregnation,  fo 

;Bay,  and  the  fouth  pole  nearly  in  the  opp'  lite  part  of  that  we  may  bj  certain  that  when  touched  it  will  take 

•  the  globe.     A   dipping  needle,  under  the  inlluence  of  neatly  the  true  dip.     Touch  it,  and  obierve  the  dip. 

thisWeat  magnet,   mult  arrange  iti'elf  in  a  plane  which  Defttoy  its  magnetilhi,  and  tllen  alter  its  balance  in  fuch 

jidfe^s  ihrru-rh  the  pole,  of  the  m.ignet,  the  pofition  of  a  manner  that,  without  any  magnetifm,  it  will  arrange 

which   plane  is  indicated  (at  leall  nearly)  by  the  ordi-  itfelf  in  the  inclin.ition  of  the  obfei  ved  dip.    N'^w  touch 

nary  compafs  needle  ;  and  it  will  bo  inclined  to  the  ho-  it  again,  giving  it  the  fame  poles  as  before.      It  is  plain 

rizonfo  much  the  more  as  we  receilc  troin  the  equator  that  it  will  now  approach  exceedingly   near  indeed  ti> 

of  the  great  magnet.  the  true  dip,  becaufe  its  want  ol  pa  fed  equilibrium  de- 

This  opinion  of  Dr  Gilbert  was  not  lcf»  ingenious  ranged  it  but  a  few  degrees  frcnr  the  proper  diiciftion. 

than  important ;  and  if  firmly  eftablilhed,  it  furnilhes  a  If  this  fecond  obfervation  of  the  dip  ih<iuld  differ  feve- 


tomplete  theory  of  all  the  phenomena  cf  m.igneiifm. 
But  obfcrvatini  were  neither  fuificiently  numerous  in 
the  ti<Tie  cf  Dr   Gilbert,  nor   fulBciently   accurate,  to 


ral  degrees  from  the  firil,  by  the  inaccurate  fir II  forma- 
tion of  the  n.'edle,  it  will  be  prop;r  to  repeat  the  ope- 
ration.    Very  rarely  indeed  will  the  third  obfervation 


enable  that  great  genius  to  affign  the  pofition  of  this  of  the  dip  vary  from  the  truth  h.^lf  a  degree, 

great  mas^net,  nor  the  laws  of  its  action.     The  theory  Mr  Bernoulli  make.-,  thi*  limple  contrivance  f.nfwcr 

was  chielly  foui^ded  on  the  phenomena  of  the  dipping  the  purpofe  of  an  univerfal  inftrument  in  the  following 

needles   phonoincna  which  might  have  been  unknown  ingenious  manner.    A  very  light  brafi  graduated  circle 

for  ages,  had  the   firll  notice  of  them  fallen  into  any  EFG  (fig.  23.)  is  fixed  to  one  fide  of  the  needle,  con- 

iither  hands  lh..n  Norman'.-.     Tiiey  ate  not,  like  thoie  centric  with  its  axis,  and  the  whole  is  balanced  ab  nicc- 

lif  variation,  which  might  be  made  by  any  failor.  They  ly  as  pofiible  before  imptegnation.      A  very  ll.;ht  index 

require  for  their  exhibition  a  dipping  needle,  and  the  CD  is  then  fitted  on  the  axis,  fo  as  to  turn  rather  ftilBy 

attention  to  circumliances  which  can  occur  only  to  a  on  it.     This  will  dellioy  the  equilibrium  of  the  needle, 

ni  ithematician.     A  dipping  needle  is  to  this  day,  not-  If  tlie  needle  has  been  made  with  per  lefl  accuracy,  and 

withltanding  all  our  improvements  in  the  arts,  one  of  perfeflly  balanced,   the  addiii  n  of  this  index  wouhl 

the  moll  delicate  and  difliicult  talks  that  an  inftrument  canle  it  always  to  fettle  with  the  index  perpendicular  to 

maker  can  take  in  hand,  and  a  good  one  cannot  be  had  the  horizon,  v^hatever  degree  of  the  circle  it  may  chance 

for  lefs  than  twenty  guineas.     We  are  confident  that  to  point  at.     But  as  this  is  fcarcely  to  be  expeeled,  fet 

fuch  as  e^en  Norman  could  make  were  far  interior  to  the  index   at  various   degrees  of  the  circle,  and  note 

what  are  now  made,  and  qu'te  unfit  for  ufe  at  fea  while  what  inclination  the  uumagnetis  needle  takes  for  each 

the  Ihip  is  under  fail,  although  they  may  be  tolerably  place  of  the  index,  and  record  them  all  in  a  table.    Sup- 

tiaa  for  an  obfervahon  of  tlio  dip  in  any   port  ;  and  pofe,  for  example,  that  when  the  index   is  at  jo,  the 

we  picfume  that  it   was  fuch  oblervuicns  only  that  neeole  inclines  4<j''  from  the  horizon.     If  in  any  plice 

Norman  confided  in.   Our  readers  will  re-idily  conceive  we  obferve  thai  the  needle  (rendered  magnetic  by  lying 

the  dilB'.-uhy  of  poifing  a  needle   with   fuch  a  pcrfert  between  two  llrong  mignetsi,  having  the  index  at  50, 

foincidencs  of  its  centre  of  gravity  and  axis  of  motion,  inclines  ifi° ^  we  may  be  certain  that  this  is  the  dip  at 

^  that 


M  A  G  NM :  T  1  S  M. 


41  l: 


that  place  ;  for  the  reeole  is  net  deranged  by  the  imc- 
netil'm  from  the  pofilion  which  {gravity  alone  would 
give  it.  As  we  generally  know  fometliing  of  the  dip 
Miat  is  to  be  expefted  in  any  place,  we  mull  fet  the  in- 
dex accordingly.  It  ilic  needle  does  not  Ihew  the  e» 
pe£led  dip,  alter  the  pofition  of  the  index,  and  again 
obferve  tlu  dip.  See  whether  this  fecond  pofition  ot 
the  index  and  this  dip  form  a  pair  which  is  in  the  table. 
If  they  do,  we  have  get  the  true  dip.  If  not,  we  muft 
try  another  pofition  of  the  index.  Noticing  whether 
the  agreement  of  this  laft  pair  be  greater  or  lefs  than 
that  of  the  former  pair,  we  learn  whether  to  change 
the  pofition  of  the  index  in  tl;e  fame  direflion  as  before, 
or  in  the  oppofite.  The  writer  of  this  article  has  a  dip- 
ping needle  of  thi;  kind,  made  by  a  perfon  totally  un- 
acquainted with  the  makingof  philofophical  indruments. 
It  has  been  ufed  at  Lsith,  at  Cronftadt  in  RulFia,  at 
Scarborough,  and  at  New  York,  and  the  dip  indicated 
by  ic  did  not  in  any  fingle  trial  differ  i  {  degrees  from 
other  tri  lis,  or  from  the  dip  obferved  by  ihe  iinell  in- 
(Irunients.  He  tried  it  himfelf  in  Lcith  Road>,  in  a 
rough  fea  ;  and  does  not  think  it  inferior,  either  in  cer- 
tainty or  difpatch,  to  a  needle  of  the  moll  elaborate 
conllruiflion.  It  is  worthy  of  its  moll  ingenious  au- 
thor, and  of  the  public  notice,  becaufe  it  can  be  made 
for  a  moderate  e.vpence,  and  therefore  may  be  tlie  means 
of  multiplying  the  obfervaiions  of  the  dip,  which  are 
of  immenfe  confequence  in  the  theory  ot  magnetifm, 
and  for  giving  us  an  accurate  knowledge  of  the  magne- 
tical  ronllitution  of  this  globe. 
,  This  knowledge  is  dill  very  imperfeiS,  owing  to  the 

ODinioiu  wsnt  of  a  very  numerous  cone(5tion  of  obfervations  of 
concerning  the  dip.  They  are  of  more  importance  than  thofe  of 
the  great  the  horizontal  deviations  from  the  meridian.  All  that 
we  can  f ly  if,  that  the  earth  ai5ls  on  the  mariner's  needle 
as  a  great  loadllone  would  do.  But  we  do  not  think 
that  the  appearances  referable  the  effedls  of  wliat  we 
would  call  a  good  loadft one,  having  the  regular  magne- 
tifm of  two  vigorous  poles.  The  dips  of  the  needle  in 
various  parts  of  the  earth  fcem  to  be  fuch  as  would  re- 
fult  from  the  a<flionof  an  extremely  irregular  loadllone, 
liaving  its  poles  exceedingly  ditfufed.  The  increafe  of 
the  dip,  as  we  recede  from  thofe  places  where  the  needle 
is  horizontal,  is  too  rapid  to  agree  with  the  fuppofition 
of  two  poles  of  conftipated  magnetifm,  whether  we  fup- 
pofc  the  magnetic  aflion  in  the  invcrfe  flmple  or  dupli- 
cate ratio  of  the  dillances,  unlcfs  the  great  terrellrial 
magnet  be  of  much  fmaller  dimenfions  than  what  fome 
other  appearances  oblige  us  to  fuppofe.  If  there  be 
four  poles,  as  Dr  Halley  imagined,  it  will  be  next  to 
impofTibie  to  .ifcertain  the  politions  of  the  dipping 
needle.  It  will  be  a  tangent  to  one  of  the  fecondary 
magnetic  curve?,  and  thefe  will  be  of  a  very  intricate 
fpecies.  We  cannot  but  conlider  the  difcovery  of  the 
magnetic  conftitution  of  this  globe  as  a  point  of  very 
great  importance,  both  to  the  philofiplier  and  to  fo- 
ciety.  We  have  confidereil  it  with  fome  care  ;  but  hi- 
therto we  have  not  been  able  to  form  a  lyftematic  view 
of  ilie  appearances  which  gives  us  any  fatiifiiftion. 
Tl;c  well  informed  reader  is  fenfible,  that  the  attempt 
by  means  of  ihe  horizontal  or  variation  needle  n  ex- 
tremely tedious  in  its  application,  and  is  very  unlikely 
10  fucceed  ;  at  the  fame  time  it  mull  be  well  underllood. 
The  two  dlir.Ttations  by  Eulcr,  in  the  13th  and  22d 
volumes  of  the  Memoirs  of  the  Royal  i\cadtmy  at  13cr- 


magnet 

contained 
ill  this 
Klobc> 


lin,  ,-trc  moll  excellent  performance;,  and  give  .1  tiue 
notion  of  the  difficulty  of  the  fuljeiS.     Ytt,  even  in 
thefe,  a  circumftance  is  overlooked,  whicfi,  ftiT  any  thinjj 
we  know  to  the  contrary,  may  have  a  very  great  effefl. 
If  ilie  magnetic  aiis  be  far  removed  from   tlie  axis  of 
revolution, as  far,  for  example,  as  Mr  Chuichman  places 
it,  the  magnetic  meridians  will  be  (generally)  mt;ch  in- 
clined to  the  horircn  ;   and  we  Ihall  err  very  far,  if  we 
fuppofe  (as  in  Euler's  calculus)  that  the  dipping  needle 
will  arrange  itfelt  in  the  vertical  plane,  pafling  througli 
the  dircclion  of  tl;e  hoiizontal  or  vari.iiion  needle  ;  or  if 
we  imagine  that  the  jioles  of  the  great  magnet  arc  in  that 
plane.     We  even  prefume  to  think  that  Mr  Euler's  af- 
fumption  cf  the  place  cf  his  fisflitious  jmles   (namely, 
where  the  needle  is  vertical),  in  order  in  t  btain  a  ma- 
nageable calculus,  is  erroneous.     The  introduftion  of' 
this  circumllance  cf  inclination  of  the  magnetic  meri- 
dians to  the  hori/on,  complicates  the  calculation  10  fjcli 
a  degree  as  to  make  it  almoft  unmanageable,  except  in. 
fome  felefled  fituations.    rortuiiately,  they  are  im.port- 
ant  ones  for  alcertaining  the  places  of  the  poles.     But 
the  invelligaiion  by  the  pofitior.s  cf  the  dipping  needle 
is  incomparably  more  fimple,  and  mcie  likely  to  give 
us  a  knowledge  of  a  multiplicity  of  poles.     The  confi- 
deration  of  the  magnetic  curves  (in  the  fenfe  ufed  in 
the  prefent  article),  teaches  us  that  we  are  n:  t  to  ima- 
gine the  poles  immediately   under  thofe   parts  of  the 
iurface  where  the  needle  Hands  perpendicular  to  the  ho- 
rizon, nor  the  magnetic  equator   to  be  in   thofe  place? 
where  the  needle  is  horizontal ;  a  notion  commonly  and 
plaullbly  entertained.  Unfortunately  our  mod  nnniercus 
obfljrvations  of  the  dip  are  n  ^t  in  places  where  they  arc 
the  mod  indruflive.     A  fi:iics  (hould  be  obtained,  ex- 
tending from  New  Zealand  northward,  acrofs  the  I'aci- 
fic  Ocean   to  Cape   Tairweather  on  the  wed  coad  1  f 
North  America,  and  continued  through  that  part  v{  the 
continent.  Another  feries  fhould  extend  from  the  Cjf  e 
of  Good  Hope,  up  along  the  well  coal!  of  Africa  m 
the  tropic  of  Capricorn  ;  from  thence  acrcfs  the  inte- 
rior ot  Africa  (where  it  would  be  of  great  importance 
to  mark  the  place  of  its  horiz<>nlality)  through  Sicily. 
Italy,  Dalmatia,  the  ead  of  Germanv,  the  Gulph  ot 
Bothnia,   Lapland,  and   the  wed   pomt  r f  Greei.land. 
This  would  be  neaily  a  plane  palling  througli  ilie  pro- 
bable fituatirns  of  the  poles.      Anotlier  feries  Ihoiild  be 
made  at  right  angles  to  this,  forming  a  fmall  circle, 
crolfing  the  other  near  Cape  Fairweather.    This  wi  tild 
pafs  near  Japan,  through  Borneo,  and  the  wed  end  of 
New  Holland  ;  alfo  near  Mexico,  and  a  ("tw  degree; 
wed  of  Eader  Ifland.     In   this   place,  and  at  Borneo, 
the  inclination  of  the  magnetic  plane  to  the  hoiizoii 
would  be  confiderable,  but  we  cannot  find  this  out.      k 
may,  however,   be  difcovered  in  other  points  of  tliis 
circle,  where  the  dip  is  confiderable.     We  have  not 
room  in  this  fhr-rt  account  to  iUudrate  the  advantages 
derived  from  thefe  feriefes ;  but  the  reflefting  reader 
will  be  very  fenfible  of  them,  if  he  only  I'uppofes  ilic 
great  magnet  to  be  accompanied  by  its  magnetic  curves, 
to  which  tlic  needle  is  alwav:  a  tangent.      He  will  then 
fee  that  tlie  lird  (tries  from  New  Zealand  to  Cape  Fair- 
weather,  ard  the  fecond  from  Cape  Fairwealher  round 
the  other  fide  of  ihc  globe,  bein;;  in  one  plane,  and  at 
very  dlflferent  didanccs  from  ilie  magnetic  axis,  mud 
contain  very  induiitive   pnluions  of  the  needl;.      But 
wc  llill  conlefs,  that  when  we  compare  the  dips  already 
;  F  ;  known 


■^rc  >  111, 

ATlOX, 


413 


M  A  G  N  E  T  I  S  M. 


65 

And  con- 
cerning the 
fitu^ioii  of 
iti  pi>lc). 


Ct. 


known  with  the  variations,  they  appear  fo  irreconcile- 
able  with  the  refiilis  of  an  uniform  regular  niagnetifm, 
that  we  deipair  of  fuccefs.  Every  tiling  fcems  to  indi- 
cate a  muUiphcity  of  poles,  or,  what  is  IliU  more  ad- 
vcrfe  to  all  calculation,  an  irregular  magnelifm  with 
Tery  diffufeil  polarity. 

Much  iiillrn'lion  rray  furely  he  cxptiflcd  from  the 
fibfciTaticmsorthe  RulFian  acadcmiciansanj  tiicircleveF, 
who  are  employed  in  Airveying  tliat  valt  empire  ;  yet 
we  do  not  meet  with  a  finglc  i.bfcrvation  of  the  dip  of 
the  needle  in  a'l  the  bygone  publications  of  that  acade- 
my, nor  indeed  .ire  there  many  of  the  variation. 

For  want  of  fuch  information,  philofopliers  are  ex- 
tremely divided  in  their  opinions  of  the  fuuation  of  the 
magnetic  poles  of  this  globe.  Profellbr  Krufft,  in  the 
17th  volume  of  the  Peterfburgh  Commentaries,  places 
the  north  pole  in  lat.  70'  N.  and  long.  23"  W.  from 
London  ;  and  the  fouth  pole  in  lat.  50°  S.  and  long. 
92°  E. 

\^  ilcke  of  Stockholm,  in  his  indication  chart  [Sw.d. 
Mim.  tom.  xix.  p.  218),  places  the  north  pole  in  N. 
Lat.  75",  near  Biffin's  Bay,  in  the  longitude  of  Cali- 
fornia. 'l"he  louth  pole  is  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  in  lat. 
700  S. 

Churchman  places  tlie  north  pole  in  lat.  59°  N.  and 
long.  135°  W.  a  little  way  inland  Irom  Cape  Fairwea- 
ther  ;  and  the  fmlh  pole  in  lat.  59°  S.  long.  165"  E. 
due  fouth  fr'im  New  Zealand. 

A  planiiphcre  by  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Paris 
for  I  786,  places  the  magnetic  equator  fo  as  to  interfeft 
the  earth's  equator  in  long.  75",  and  155°  from  Ferro 
Canal  y  Ifland,  with  an  inclination  of  12  degrees  near- 
ly, making  it  a  great  circle  very  nearly.  But  we  are 
not  informed  on  what  authority  this  is  done  ;  and  it 
does  no;  accord  with  many  oblervations  of  the  dip 
■which  we  have  cnlleded  from  the  voyages  of  fevcral 
Britilh  navigator-,  and  from  fome  voyages  between 
Stockholm  and  Canton.  Mr  Churchman  has  given  a 
feetch  of  a  pl.inilphere  with  lines,  which  may  be  called 
parallels  of  the  dip.  Thnfe  parts  of  each  parallel  that 
have  been  afcertained  by  obfervation  are  marked  by 
dots,  fo  that  we  can  judge  of  his  authority  tor  the 
■whole  conftrudi -n.  Ii  is  but  a  fketch,  but  gives  more 
fynoptical  inform  ttion  than  any  thing  yet  publilbed. 
The  magnetic  equator  cuts  tlie  eartli's  equator  in  long. 
15",  and  195°  E  from  Greenwich,  in  an  angle  of  nearly 
17  degrees.  The  circles  of  magnetic  inclination  are 
rot  parallel,  being  confider^.bly  nearer  to  each  other  on 
the  Ihort  meridian  than  <  n  its  oppofite.  This  circum- 
llance,  being  tounded  on  obfervatiun,  is  one  of  the 
ItrongeR  argumcn's  for  the  exrftcncc  of  a  magnet  of  to- 
lerable regularity,  as  the  caiife  of  all  the  pofitions  of  the 
compafs  needle  j  for  fuch  mujl  be  the  pofitions  of  the 
circles  of  eq':al  dip,  if  the  axis  ot  this  magnet  is  far  re- 
moved from  the  axis  of  rotation,  and  does  not  inter- 
fea  it. 

N)\v,  if  the  fuuation  of  the  poles  be  any  thing  near 
the  average  or  medium  of  thefe  determinations,  and  if 
we  form  all  our  notions  by  analogy,  comparing  the  po- 
fitions of  the  coiiipafs  needle  in  relation  to  the  gieat 
terrefttial  magnet,  v.'ith  the  pofitions  affiimed  by  a  (mall 
needle  in  the  neiglibourhood  of  a  magnet,  we  muft  con- 
clude, that  the  migneiical  conftitution  of  this  globe  has 
little  or  no  referei^.ce  to  its  regular  external  form.  The 
axis  of  the  magnet  is  very  far  removed  from  that  of  the 


globe  (at  leall  1500  miles),  and  is  not  nearly  parallel 
to  it,  nor  in  the  lame  plane.  It  required  the  fagacity 
and  the  fkill  of  a  Euler  to  fubjctft  fuch  anomalous  mag- 
netifm  to  any  rules  of  computation;  .rnd  every  pcrfon 
qualified  to  judge  of  the  fubjeft  mull  allow  his  dilferta- 
tion  ill  the  131I1  volume  of  the  Berlin  Memoirs  to  be  a 
work  of  wonderful  telearch.  It  is  a  very  agreeabl; 
thing  to  fee  fuch  a  conformity  between  the  lines  which 
exprefs  the  regular  magnctilm  of  Euler's  dtifcrtatiun, 
and  the  lines  drawn  by  Dr  Halley  from  obfervation, 
and  which  appeared  to  himfelf  fo  capiicious,  that  he 
defpaiied  (notwitliftanding  his  confummate  fkill  in  geo- 
metry) of  their  ever  being  reduced  to  a  mathematical 
and  precife  iyftem. 

Wiilicut  detraifling  from  the  merit  of  Dr  Gilbert, 
we  may  prefurr.e  to  fay  that  his  notion  of  the  earth's 
being  a  great  magnet  was  not,  in  his  mind,  more  than 
a  fagacious  conjcifure,  foimed  from  a  very  general  and 
even  vague  coniparifon.  Yet  the  comparifon  was  fulfi- 
cicntly  good  to  give  him  great  confidence  in  his  opinion 
that  the  adion  ot  this  great  magnet,  in  perfe(5l  confor- 
mity to  what  we  obferve  in  our  experiments  with  mag- 
nets, is  the  f  lurce  of  all  the  magnetifm  that  we  obferve. 
If  there  was  nothing  elfe  in  proof  of  the  juftnefs  of  his 
theoiy,  it  is  abundantly  proved  by  the  be.iutiful  experi- 
ment of  Mr  Hcnfliaw,  mentioned  in  the  article  Varia- 
tion, Eiicycl.  p.  621.  col.  2.  An  iron  bar  held  nearly 
upright,  attracts  the  fnith  end  of  a  compafs  needle 
with  its  lower  end  ;  and  if  that  end  of  the  bar  be  kept 
in  its  |)lace,  and  the  bar  turned  round  till  it  becomes 
the  upper  end,  the  fouth  point  of  the  needle  immedi- 
ately turns  away  from  it,  and  the  north  end  is  now 
attra(51ed.  Tliis  experiment  may  be  perfeflly  imitated 
with  artificial  magnetifm. 

Having  fupportcd  a  large  magnet  SAN  (fig.  24), 
fo  that  its  ends  are  detached  from  furrounding  bodies, 
place  a  fmall  needle  B  (poifed  on  its  pivot)  about  three 
inches  bel<  w  the  north  pile  N  of  the  magnet,  and  in 
fuch  a  fituatlon  that  its  polarity  to  tlie  magnet  may  be 
very  weak.  Take  now  a  fni.ill  piece  of  common  iron, 
and  held  it  in  the  pofition  npreleiited  at  C.  Its  lower 
end  becomes  a  north  pole,  uttrafling  the  fouth  pole  of 
the  needle.  Keeping  this  in  its  place,  turn  round  the 
piece  of  iron  into  the  pofilioE  D  j  the  ft  uth  pole  of  B 
will  UAW  avoid  it,  and  the  north  pole  will  be  attraiflcd. 
We  direiSed  tlie  needle  to  be  fo  placed,  that  its  polari- 
ty, in  relation  to  ihe  magnet,  may  he  weak.  If  it  be 
ftrong,  it  may  ad  on  the  entl  of  C  or  D  like  a  magnet, 
and  counteract  the  magnetiini  induced  on  C  or  I)  by 
vicinity  to  A. 

An  anonymous  writer  in  tlie  Philofophical  Tranfac- 
tions,  N"  177.  Vol.  XV.  lelates  feveral  obfervations 
made  during  a  voyage  to  the  Eall  Indies,  which  are  quite 
conformable  to  this.  A  tew  leagues  northwefl  from 
the  illHud  Afcenfion,  the  fouth  point  of  the  compafs 
needle  hardly  iliewed  any  tendency  to  cr  from  the  lower 
end  of  an  iron  bar.  It  fecmed  rather  to  avoid  the  up- 
per end  ;  it  was  not  in  the  leaft  afTcfled  by  the  middle 
of  the  bar  ;  but  when  the  bar  was  laid  horizont.il,  in 
the  magnetic  diredl:on,  its  two  ends  afFcifled  the  diffi- 
milar  ends  of  the  compais  needle  very  ftrongly ;  but 
when  horizontal,  and  lying  at  right  angles  to  the  mag- 
netic diredlicii,  its  polarity  was  altogether  indiiTeient. 

As  the  other  phenomena  of  induced  artificial  mag- 
netifm have  the  iarae  refemblance  to  tlie  phenomena  of 

natural 


67 
Confirma- 
tions of  Ur 
Gilbert's 
phyfiolegy. 


MAGNETISM. 


natural  magnetifm,  a  bar  which  has  remained  long  in 
thevicinityof  a  magnet  acquires magnetirm( permanent) 
in  the  fame  way,  and  modified  by  the  fame  circumRan- 
ces,  as  in  natural  magnetifm.  Hammering  a  bit  of  com- 
mon iron  in  tlie  immediate  vicinity  of  a  magnet,  gives 
it  very  good  magnetifm.  Eipofing  a  red  hot  bar  to 
cool  in  the  neighboufhood  of  a  magnet  has  the  fame  cf- 
fe&.  Alio  quenching  it  fuddenly  has  tiie  fame  elFeit. 
Quenching  a  fmsU  red  hot  fteel  bar  between  two  mag- 
nets, was  found  by  us  to  communicate  a  much  ftronger 
matjnetifni  than  we  could  give  it  by  any  other  method. 
Its  form  indeed  was  very  unfavourable  for  the  ordinary 
method  of  touching  ;  for  it  confilled  of  two  little  fpheres 
conneded  by  a  flender  rod,  and  could  fcarcely  be  im- 
pregn:ited  in  any  other  way  than  by  placing  it  for  a 
very  long  while  between  magnets.  In  all  thefe  experi- 
ments, the  polarity  acquired  is  precifely  fimilar  to  that 
acquired  by  the  fame  treatment  in  relation  to  this  fup- 
poled  great  terrclbi.il  magnet.  In  (hort,  in  whatever 
manner  we  purfue  tliis  analogy  in  our  experiments,  we 
find  the  refemblance  moll  pei  teift  in  the  phenomena. 

We  cannot  but  think,  therefore,  that  this  new  phy- 
fiology  of  the  magnet  by  l)r  Gilbert  is  well  eftablilh.d  ; 
and  we  think  ourfelves  authoriled  to  alfume  it  as  a  pro- 
pofuiou  fully  demonllrated,  that  the  earth  is  a  great 
magnet,  or  contains  a  great  magnet,  the  agency  of  which 
produces  the  direction  of  the  magnetic  needle,  and  all 
the  magnetifm  which  iron  acquires  by  long  continuance 
in  a  proper  pofition.  It  is  this  which  made  us  fay,  in 
the  beginning  of  this  a:  tide,  that  attra.Sion  and  pola- 
rity wtre  not  confined  to  magnets,  but  were  properties 
belonging  to  al!  iron  in  its  metallic  ftate.  We  nov/  fee 
the  rcafon  why  any  piece  ot  iron  brought  very  near 
to  another  piece  will  attraiS  it — both  become  magneti- 
cal,  in  confequence  of  the  agency  of  the  great  magnet ; 
and  their  magnetifm  is  fo  difpofed,  that  their  mutual 
attra<5tions  exceed  their  repulfions.  Alio,  why  an  iron 
rod,  placed  nearly  in  the  magnetical  diredion,  will  fi- 
nally arrange  itlelf  in  that  direction.  Alio,  why  the 
terrellrial  polaiity  of  common  iron  is  indifferent,  and 
either  end  of  the  rod  will  fettle  in  the  north,  if  it  have 
nearly  that  polition  at  firft.  The  magnetifm  induced 
by  mere  momentary  pofition  is  (o  feeble  as  to  yield  to 
any  artificial  magnetifm.  As  a  moment  was  fulhcient 
lor  injparting  it,  a  moment  fufnces  for  deflroying  it ; 
and  anutlier  mi  ment  will  impart  the  oppofite  mignet- 
ifni.  But  artificial  magnetifm  requires  more  force  for 
its  produflinn,  and  fonie  c-f  it  remains  when  the  pro- 
duci^'g  caufe  is  removed,  a. id  it  does  not  yield  at  once 
to  the  contrary  magnetilm.  That  there  is  no  farther 
difference  appears  from  this,  that  long  continued  poli- 
tion givei  determined  and  permanent  magnetifm,  and 
that  it  is  dcllroyed  by  an  equally  ling  continuance  in 
the  contrary  poiUion.  It  ftcms  to  be  very  generally 
true,  that  a  magnet  will  carry  miire  by  its  north  ih.m 
by  its  foulh  pole.  It  Ihould  be  fo  in  this  part  of  the 
woild,  becaul'e  the  tcrrellrial  magnetifm  induced  on  the 
iron  conlpircs  with  the  magnetifm  induced  by  the  north 
pole  of  a  magnet,  but  counteracts  the  magnetifm  induc- 
ed by  the  fouth  pole. 

The  propriety  of  Mr  Savery's,  Mr  Canton'r,  and 
Mr  Antheaume's  procelTcs  for  beginning  the  impreg- 
nation of  hard  ftetl  bars  is  now  plain,  and  ilic  fpcriiT 
cfTcdl  of  the  two  great  bars  (it  common  ir.  n  m  the  pro- 
pofed  method  of  Mr  Aniheaume.     AVc  cannot  but  take 


413 


this  opportunity  of  paying  the  proper  ti'Ibute  of  praife 
to  the  ingenuity  of  Mr  Savery.  Every  cireumllance 
of  his  procefs  was  felefted  in  confequence  of  an  accu- 
rate conception  of  magnetifm,  and  the  combination  of 
this  fcience  with  Dr  Gilbert's  theory.  His  procefs  is 
the  fame  with  Antheaume's  in  every  refpeft,  excejit  the 
cireumllance  of  the  double  touch  borrowed  from  Mit- 
chell and  Canton.  Thefe  obfervations  do  not  detraifl 
from  the  difcernmsnt  of  Mitchell  and  Canton,  who  faw 
in  thole  experiments  what  had  efcaped  the  attention  of 
hundreds  of  readers. 

But  there  occurs  an  objeaion  to  this  theory  of  Dr  68 
Gilbert,  wliich  was  urged  againft  it  with  great  force.  Stfminjr 
We  obferve  no  tendency  in  the  magnet  or  compafs  j''|f'^'^" 
needle  toward  this  fuppofed  magnet.  An  iron  or  lleel  f,.o^7hc 
bar  is  not  found  to  increafe  its  tendency  downwards,  want  of 
that  is,  is  not  fenlibly  heavier,  when  its  fouth  pole  is  up-  fcnfiblc  at-, 
permofl  in  this  part  of  the  world.  A  needle  fet  aHoat  traaion. 
on  a  piece  of  cork  ai  ranges  itfelf  quickly  in  the  proper 
direction  ;  but  if  continued  ever  fo  long  afloat,  it  has 
never  been  obferved  to  approach  the  north  fide  of  the 
velfel.  This  is  quite  unlike  what  we  obferve  in  the 
mutual  aetions  of  magnets,  or  the  a.5lion  of  magnets  on 
iron.  This  obje>.ti(pn  appears  to  hive  given  Dr  Gilbert 
fome  concern;  and  he  mentions  many  experiments  which 
have  been  tried  on  purpofe  to  difcoverfome  niagneiical 
tendency.  He  guts  rid  of  it  as  well  as  he  can,  by  fly- 
ing, that  the  diredive  power  of  a  magnet  extends  much 
farther  than  its  attrai5tive  power.  He  confirms  this  by 
feveral  experiments.  But  Dr  Gilbert  had  not  ftudied 
the  (Imultaneous  aclions  of  the  f  lur  poles,  nor  exphined, 
by  the  principles  of  compound  motion,  how  thefe  pro- 
duced all  the  poffible  poluions  of  the  needle.  Indeed, 
the  compofition  of  mechanical  forces  was  by  ni  means 
familiar  with  philofophers  at  the  end  of  tlie  i6th  cen- 
tury. We  fee  it  now  very  difliniflly.  The  polarity  of 
the  needle,  or  the  force  with  which  it  turns  itfelf  into 
the  magnctical  pofition,  depends  on  the  difference  be- 
tween tlieyi.mj  of  the  anions  of  each  pole  of  the  mag- 
net on  botii  the  poles  of  the  needle ;  whereas  its  ten- 
dency towards  the  magnet  depends  on  the  difference 
of  the  c/^rcwf/ of  thofe  atftions  (fee  n"  22,  25.).  The 
firll  may  thus  be  very  great  when  the  other  is  almoll 
infenfible.  We  fee,  that  coarle  iron  filings  heap  about 
the  magnet  very  fill,  and  that  very  fine  filings  approach 
it  very  llowly.  Now,  the  largell  magnet  that  we  can 
employ,  when  compared  with  the  great  m  igr.et  in  the 
earth,  is  but  as  a  particle  of  the  finell  filings  that  can  be 
conceived.  This  furely  diniiiiilhes  e.vceedingly,  if  it 
does  not  entirely  annihilate  the  objciflion :  but  as  we 
liave  heard  it  urged  by  many  as  an  improbable  thing, 
that  a  long  ni.ignet,  kept  aHuat  for  many  months 
{which  has  been  done)  fhall  not  lliwthe  ^J <;///// ten- 
dency towards  the  pnle  of  the  terrelirial  m.igi.er,  we 
th  nk  it  del'erves  to  be  con:i-itred  wi:h  accuracy,  and 
the  qucllion  decided  in  a  way  which  will  admit  of 
no  doubt. 

Let  the  very  fmall  magnet  C  ^fig.  35.)  be  placed        69 
near  a  great  magnet  A,   and  then  near  a  ima'der  mag-  Thisc.nn- 
net  B,   in  fuch  a  manner  that  its  polarity  to  both  fhall  l'l"'-"'y  »n- 
be  the  fame  ;    and  then  let  us  determine  tlie  proportion  '"*'''■''' 
between  the  attraclions  of  A  and  B  for  the  fmall  mag. 
net  C. 

Thi.-  will  evidently  dtpeud  on  the  law  of  magnetic 
ailion.  I'or  greater  limplicity  of  invciligation,  we  fhall 

COUlCUtL 


4'4- 


MAGNETISM. 


content  ourfelves  with  fuppofing  the  aftion  to  be  iii- 
verfsly  as  the  iliftance. 

Let  AN,  =  AS,  =  a  ;  BN  =  i ;  Cn  =  c,  AC  =  d, 
BC  =  J' ;  and  let  the  abloUite  iorce  ot  A  be  to  that  ot 
B  at  the  fame  dillance  as  m  to  i . 

The  mHsnctic  aition  being  Uippofed  proportional  to 


we  have, 

I .  Adlion  of  AN  onC  s- 


d—a  — 


AN  on  C  nrr- 


AS  on  C  /  = 


AS  on  C  n  = 


d — a  4-  e 
m 

it  -J-  a  — c 
m 


J.  The  whole  a£l!on  =" 


%m  a  c  i 


fore  when  the  needle,  when  placed  near  a  magnet,  vi- 
bratcs  by  its  polarity  as  faft  as  it  does  by  njtural  mag. 
netifm,  its  tendency  toward  that  magnet  mud  be  aho- 
getlicr  inlenliblc  ;  tor  the  dilproportion  is  incomparably 
greater  than  that  ot"  i  to  1000,  in  the  largcft  magnets 
with  which  wc  can  make  experiments.  Obferve  alio, 
that  we  have  taken  the  cafe  where  the  attiadions  are 
the  llrongcft,  viz.  when  ilie  magnet  C  is  placed  in  the 
axis  of  A  or  B.  In  ihe  oblique  pofitions,  tangents  to 
the  magnetic  curves,  tlic  attradions  arc  I'mallcr,  almoll 
in  any  ratio. 

We  took  the  invcrfe  ratio  of  the  diftances  for  the 
law  of  aftion,  only  becaufc  the  analyfis  was  very  fimplc. 
It  Is  very  evident,  that  the  difproportion  will  be  Itill 
more  rcmarkalile  it  the  a(flion  be  inverfcly  as  thefquare 
of  the  diltanic. 

The  obje(5lion  therefore  to  the  origin  of  llie  polarity 
of  the  corapal's  needle,  and  of  all  otlier  m.igiiets,  name- 
ly, the  aiftion  of  a  great  magnet  contained  in  the  earth, 
appears  plainly  to  be  of  no  force.     We  rather  thinlc  that 


6.  Iff 
whole  aflion  of  A  is  very  nearly  = 


7.  And  the  tendency  of  C  to 


a^ — a 

ib,  in  like  manner, 


The  direaive  powers  of  A  and  B  are  at  their  maxi- 
mum ftate  when  C  is  placed  with  its  aiis  at  right  an- 
gles to  the  lines  AC  or  BC.      In  which  cafe  we  have, 

8.  The  diredlive  power  of  A: 


II.  <f  = 


12.  / 


d' — a  +  c  '      X  d^ — ^ — c 
be  very  fmall  in  comparifon  with  a  or  b,  the    the  want  of  all  fenfible  atlraftion,  where  there  is  a  briflc 

polarity,  i»  a  proof  of  the  juftnefs  of  the  conjeifture  ; 
for  if  the  compafs  needle  were  arranged  by  tlie  aftion 
of  magnetic  rocks,  or  even  extenfive  (Irata,  near  tlic  fur- 
face  of  the  earth,  the  attradioiis  would  bear  a  greater 
proportion  to  the  polarities.  We  have  even  obl'erved 
this.  A  confiderable  mafs  of  magnetic  ftratum  was 
found  to  derange  the  needle  of  a  furveyor's  theodolite 
at  a  confiderable  diftance  all  around  (about  140  yards). 
The  writer  placed  the  needle  on  a  thin  latli,  which  juft 
floated  it  on  water  in  a  large  wooden  difh,  and  fet  it 
in  a  place  where  it  was  drawn  about  15  degrees  from 
the  magnetic  meridian.  It  was  left  in  that  lituation  a 
whole  night,  well  detended  from  the  wind  by  a  board 
laid  on  the  di(h.  Next  morning  it  was  found  applied 
to  that  I'ide  of  the  dilli  which  was  nearell  to  the  di- 
llurbiiig  rocks.  It  had  moved  about  fix  inches.  This 
was  repealed  three  times,  and  each  time  it  moved  in  the 
fame  direiflion  (nearly),  which  differed  confiderably 
from  the  direflion  of  the  needle  itfdf. 

It  is  now  plain  that  we  may,  with  confidence,  aflume 
Dr  Gilbert's  tlieory  of  tervelfrial  magnetilm  as  fufii- 
ciently  ellablilhed.  And,  fince  we  mull  certainly  call 
that  the  nortli  pole  of  the  great  majnet  wliich  is  fitua- 
ted  in  the  northern  parts  cf  the  earth,  and  fince  thofe 
poles  of  magnets  which  attrafl  each  other  have  oppo- 


The  direftive  power  of  B  - 


4  m  a 
4* 


9.    .  ^._^. 

When  thefe  direaive  powers  arc  made  equal,  by  pla- 
cing C  at  the   proper  dillances   from   A   and   B,  we 

have,  ^         ^        1       /» 

10.  J^  m  a  :  ^  h,  OT  m  a  :  b  -  d' —  a*  :  ^  — i 

And  m  a  ■'' — m  a  b^—b  d'  —  b  a' 
ma  r-b  (d^'—a^)  +  m  a  b^ 
b 


{<''—"!  +  *■'• 


i^)^b'. 


Let  the  attraaions  of  A  and  B  for  the   very  fmall    (itg  polarities,  we  mull  fay,  that  what  we  call  the  north 


magnet  C,  when  its  polarity  to  both  is  the  fame,  be- 
expielfed  by  the  fymbols  «  and  ^.     We  have. 

..,=,?4^if4i.:T4^.  -hich,   by 


-(d'—a^Y 
S{d'—a')c_d^ 


8(.f'- 


-b')c,r  _      _^ 


10.  rs 

J- 


pole  of  a  mariner's  needle,  or  of  any  other  magnet,  has 
the  fouthern  polarity. 

We  may  now  venture  to  go  farther  witl)  I)r  Gilbert,         70 
and  to  fay  that  all  the  magnetilm   whicli    we  obferve,  Tlie  great 
whether  in  nature  or  art,  is  either  the  immediate  or  the  ""gpft  i« 


J' i"    remote  eflFea  ot  the  aaion  of  the  great  magnet.     As 


the  fourcc 
of  all  natu- 


=bd 

'3 


ma  J;  that  is,  ''^'t  l'^"  ^0°"  acquire  a  tranfient  magnctifrn  ;   as  hard  ra|""magne. 

I '     Attr"'of  A  :  attr"  o(  B  =  b  d  :  m  a  J:  bars,  after  long  expofure,  acquire  a  fenfible  and  perma-  tifm. 

A^'  an  example  of  this  comparifon  let  us  fuppofe  the  nent  magnetifm— we  mult  infer,  that  ores  of  iron,  which 
-reat  terrellrial  magnet  to  be  a  thoufand  times  larger  are  in  a  Hate  fit  for  impregnation,  inuft  acquire  a  fen- 
and  ftronger  than  the  magnet  whole  attraaion  we  are  lible  and  permanent  magnetifm,  by  continuing,  for  a  fe- 
comparins;  with  that  of  terrellrial  magnetifm.  Let  us  ries  of  agef,  in  the  bowels  of  the  earth.  And  thus  the 
alfo  fuppofe  the  dillance  from  the  pole  of  the  great  magnetifm  of  loadllones,  which.  iiU  the  dilcovery  of 
net  to  be  fmall,  fo  that  its  attraaion  may  be  con-    the  natural  magnetrfm  acquired  by  polition,   were  the 

fources  of  all  our  magnctical  phenomena,  is  now  pro- 
ved to  be  a  necelfary  confequence  of  the  eiiftence  and 
agency  of  a  great  magnet  contained  in  the  bowels  of 
the  earth- 


mag  r 

fideriUlc.  Let  Us  make</=  t200,  a  being  =  icoo, 
and  b=  I.  Thefe  are  all  very  reafonable  fuppofitions. 
Subltituting  thefe  values  in  the  formula,  we  have  attr" 
of  A  :  atlr^  of  B  =:  1  :  loco  very   nearly;  and  there- 


It 


MAGNETISM. 


It  Ct:m%  to  refult  from  this  theory,  that,  in  thefe 
northern  piits  of  the  world,  that  part  of  every  natural 
■  loadftone  that  is  at  the  extremity  of  the  line  drawn 
through  the  (lone  in  the  mignetic  direction  Ihould  be 
its  pole  ;  and  that  the  loadllone  when  properly  poffed, 
(hould  at  itfelt'  aifume  the  very  pofition  which  it  had  in 
the  mine.  Dr  Gilbert  complains  of  the  inattention  of 
miners  fiuJn  hominum  genus,  tucro  fot'tus  quam  phyjim 
conjukntts)  to  this  important  circumftance.  Once,  how- 
ever, he  had  the  good  i'ortuneto  be  advertifed  of  a  great 
magnetic  niafs  lying  in  its  matrix.  He  repaired  quick- 
ly to  the  mine,  examined  it,  and  marked  its  points 
which  were  in  the  extremities  of  the  magnetic  line. 
When  it  was  detached  from  its  matrix,  he  had  the  plea- 
lure  ot  linding  its  poles  in  the  very  places  heexpcded. 
The  loaddone  was  of  conliderable  fue,  weighing  about 
20  pounds. — Mr  Wilcke  gives  in  the  Swediih  Com- 
inentiries  feveral  inllances  of  the  fame  kind. 

15ut  lliould  this  always  be  tlic  cafe  ?  By  no  means. 
There  are  many  circumltances  wliich  may  give  the  inag- 
i'.e:ifm  of  a  loaddone  a  very  different  direflion.  We 
have  found,  th-it  fimple  juxtapofiticn  to  a  magnet  will 
fomctimes  give  a  fucceUion  of  poles  to  a  long  bar  of 
hard  fteel.  The  fame  thing  may  happen  to  an  extenfive 
vein  of  magnetifable  matter.  The  loaJfione  taken  out 
of  this  vein  may  have  been  placed  like  that  of  a  foft  bar 
placed  in  the  magnetic  line,  if  lying  in  one  part  of  the 
vein  J  if  taken  from  another  part  ot  it,  its  polarity  may 
bt  the  very  rcverfe ;  and  in  another  part  it  may  have 
no  roagnetifm,  although  completely  fitted  for  acquiring 
if.  It  may  have  its  poles  placed  In  a  direction  different 
from  all  thefe,  in  confequence  ot  the  vicinity  of  a  great- 
er kiaJllonc.  As  loadilones  pt  iFclfid  ot  v  gorous  mag- 
netifm  aie  always  found  only  in  fmall  pieces,  anj  in  pie- 
ces ot  Vdrii  us  fizes  and  force,  we  mull  expe-fl  eveiy  po- 
faion  ot  their  poles.  The  only  tiling  that  we  can  ei- 
pecl  by  theory  is,  that  aiijnining  loadllones  will  have 
tlitir  iiiendly  poles  turned  toward  each  cthei,  aid  a 
general  pievalence  ct  or  ter.dency  to  a  polarity  lymme- 
trical  with  that  of  the  eanli.  The  reader  w;ll  find 
fome  more  oblervations  to  this  purpofs  in  the  aiticle 
Vari.vtion,  Eucycl.  p.  623.  as  alio  in  Gilbert's  tieatife, 
U.  III.  c.  2.  p.  121. 

Nor  fhonld  all  ilrata  or  malTes  of  iron  ore  he  magne- 
lical.  We  know  that  none  are  fufceptible  of  induced 
magnetitm,  but  Inch  as  are,  to  a  certain  degree,  in  the 
metallic  lla'e.  Such  ores  are  not  abundant.  Nay, 
ev;n  i.ll  of  I'uch  (Irata  do  not  necelFarily  acquire  mai;ne- 
lifni  by  the  action  of  the  great  m.i^net.  If  their  prin- 
cipal dimcnfions  lie  nearly  perpendicular  to  the  magne- 
tic direflion,  they  will  not  acquire  any  fcnfible  quanti- 
ty. A  (Iraium  ia  thi>  country,  rifmg  aliout  17  degrees 
to  the  N.  N.  W.  will  tc'rfrcelv  acquire  m^fgnetiim.  It 
nay  alto  happen,  that  the  influence  of  the  great  mag- 
net is  cout.tttadcd  by  that  of  fome  exLcnIive  (iratum 
inaccffllblc  to  man,  by  icalonof  us  great  depth. 

Tliu'-  we  lie,  that  xU  the  appe.irances  of  the  otigioal 
niagaetifin  of  loadflonss  are  perttdly  confillcnt  with 
the  notion  that  they  are  eflfeifls  of  one  general  cofmical 
caufe,  tlie  aflion  cf  the  great  magnet  coniained  in  the 
earth,  ar.tl  llat  there  is  no  cccafun  tn  fu|)poie  this  great 
magnet  to  d  ffer,  in  its  conftituiion  or  manner  of  at^ion, 
from  the  fmall  riialfes  ol  fimilar  matter  called  loaJUore. 
The  only  difiiculiy  tiiat  prefcntt,  itfelt  is  ;hc  gieat  (iipc- 
riority  of  magnetic  icrce  obfervable  in  foixis  loadlloncs 


415 


over  other  maffes  of  ores  circumjacent,  which  are  not 
dillinguilhable  by  us  by  any  other  circumftance.  We 
acknowledge  curfelves  unable  to  folve  this  difficulty  ; 
for  the  magnetifm  of  fuch  pieces  is  fometimes  incom- 
parably ilronger  than  what  a  bar  of  iron  acquires  by  po- 
fition ;  yet  this  bar  is  much  more  fufceptible  than  the 
ores  which  are  fit  for  becoming  hiadllrnes.  Perhaps 
there  is  fome  chemical  change  which  obtains  gradually 
in  certain  matTes,  v/hich  aids  the  impregnation,  in  the 
fame  way  that  we  know  that  being  red  hot  dellroys  all 
magnetifm,  whether  in  a  metal  bar  or  in  on  ore.  This 
feems  to  be  confirmed  by  what  we  fee  in  fome  old  iron 
ftanchions,  which  acq\nre  the  (Irongetl  magnetifm  in 
thole  parts  of  their  fubllance  which  are  conibininj; 
thenifelves  with  ingredients  floating  in  the  atmofphere. 
That  part  which  is  cafed  m  the  flone,  and  extVliates 
and  fplits  with  ruft,  being  converted  into  fjmething 
like  wliat  is  called  finery-cinder,  becomes  highly  and 
permanently  magnetic.  Such  peculiarities  as  thefe,  ope- 
rating for  ages,  may  allow  a  degiee  of  mjgnetical  im- 
pregnation (in  whatever  this  may  ccnfift)  to  tale  pl.KC, 
to  which  we  can  fee  no  rcfemblance  in  our  experiments. 
It  would  be  worth  while  to  place  iron  wires  in  a  tube 
in  the  magnetic  diredlion,  which  could  be  kept  of  a 
proper  red  heat,  while  it  is  converted  into  rethiops  l)y 
lleam.  It  is  not  unlikely  thst  it  would  acquire  a  f;n- 
iible  and  permanent  magnetifm  in  this  way.  It  may 
be,  that  the  little  atoms,  as  they  arrange  themfelves  in, 
a  tort  of  cryftaline  or  fynimetncal  form,  may  alio  ar- 
range fo  as  to  favour  magnetifm.  Were  this  tried  in 
the  vicinity  of  a  flrong  magnet,  the  effeft  might  be 
more  remarkable  and  precife.  Perhape,  tOLi,  wliile  iron 
is  precipitated  in  a  metallic  form  from  its  ioliitlons  by 
another  metal,  fomething  of  the  lame  kind  may  hap- 
pen. We  know,  that  proper  ores  of  iron,  expufed  to 
cementation  in  a  low  red  heat,  in  the  magnetic  direc- 
tion,  becomes  magnetic. 

Notice  has  been  taken  in  the  Encycl.  art.  Varia- 
tion, of  the  attempts  of  ingenious  men  to  explain  the 
change  which  is  obferved  in  all  parts  cf  the  gl'be,  on 
the  direflion  of  the  mariner's  needle,  the  gradu.il  change 
of  the  variation.  The  hypothefis  of  Dr  Halley,  that 
the  globe  which  we  inhabit  is  hollow,  and  inclofes  a 
magnetic  nucleus,  moving  round  anoilier  axis,  is  not 
inconfillent  with  any  natural  law,  if  he  did  n'  t  luppofe 
the  interval  filled  up  with  fome  fluid.  The  aftiou  cf 
the  nucleus  and  Ihell  on  the  intervening  fluid  wtnild 
gradually  bring  the  two  to  one  oimmcn  m^  tion  of  ro- 
tation, as  may  be  inferred  iVom  the  reafonings  employ, 
ed  by  Newton  in  iiis  remarks  on  the  Cartelian  v  itices. 

Leaving  tut  this  circurnflance,  thcie  is  only  another 
caufe  which  can  aircifi,  and  mull  affctf,  the  rctatir;,  •^f 
both  ;  nanuly,  the  mutual  aclion  ot  the  magnetic  nu- 
cleus, and  the  mafles  of  magnetic  matter  in  the  fliell. 
If  the  axis  of  rotatii  n  of  this  nucleus  be  difFeicut  from 
the  line  joii>.,g  its  magnetic  pjles,  thefe  poles  will  have 
a  motion  relative  to  the  lliell ;  and  this  moti'in  miy  ea- 
fily  be  conceived  fuch  as  will  produce  ihe  changes  of 
magnetic  direiltion  which  we  oblervc.  It  may  even, 
produce  a  motion  of  ihc  northern  magnetic  p'  le  in  one 
dirtftion,  and  of  tlie  fouthein  pole  in  the  oppofite  di- 
reftion,  and  this  with  the  appearance  of  dilferciit  periods 
of  rotation,  a-  fopprfed  by  Mr  Churchman.  Wc  uiajr- 
heie  oblervc,  by  the  way,  that  the  change  of  magnciic 
diredicn  in  this  country  is  not  nearly  fo  gre.it  as  is, 

iomnacijlj' 


73^ 
Natural 
CLufes  <d 
the  change* 
of  the  mag-, 
nctic  <iiIe^,-^- 
tion. 


4iC> 


MAGNETISM. 


cnmmnnly  imagined.  The  horizontal  needle  lias  (liift- 
ed  its  polition  iibout  35"  at  London  lince  1585  ;  but 
the  point  ot' the  dipping  needle  his  not  ciianged  10". 
We  may  alfo  cbierve,  that  when  the  pole  ot  the  cential 
magnet  changes  its  place,  the  magnetii'm  ot  an  exten- 
iive  (Itatum,  influenced  by  it,  may  fo  alter  its  difpofi- 
lion,  as  to  change  the  polition  of  the  compafs  needle  in 
the  oppofite  direftion  to  that  of  the  change  which  the 
central  magnet  aline  would  induce  on  it. 

But  as  motions  have  not  yet  been  afilgned  to  this  nu- 
cku5,  whicii  quadrate  with  the  obfcrved  politions  of  the 
needle,  and  as  the  very  exillence  ol  it  is  hypothetical, 
it  may  not  be  amifs  to  examine,  whether  futli  a  cliange 
of  variation  may  not  be  explained  by  wliat  we  know  ot 
the  laws  of  magnetifm,  and  ot  the  internal  conllitution 
of  this  earth  ? 

I.  It  is  pretty  certain,  that  the  veins  in  wliich  load- 
flones  are  tound  are  not  parts  of  the  great  magnet.  This 
appears  from  their  having  two  poles  while  in  the  mine, 
and  alfi)  from  the  very  fmall  depth  to  which  man  has 
been  able  to  penetrate.  When  we  compare  the  politions 
of  the  dipping  needle  with  thofe  of  a  i'mall  needle  near 
a  magnet,  we  mud  infer,  that  the  poles  are  very  far  be- 
low the  furfacc. 

Yet  we  know,  that  there  are  magnelifable  ftrata  of 
very  great  extent  occupying  a  very  confiderable  portion 
of  the  external  covering.  Though  their  bulk  and  abfo- 
lute  power  rnay  be  fmall,  when  compared  with  thofe  of 
the  great  magnet,  yet  their  greater  vicinity  to  the  needles 
on  which  obfervalions  are  made,  may  give  them  a  very 
fenfible  influence.  In  this  way  may  a  great  deal  of  the 
obferved  irregularities  of  the  politions  of  the  needle  be 
accounted  for.  In  the  Lagoon  at  Teneriffe,  FeuiUce 
obferved  the  variation  \l°  30'  well  in  1724,  while  at 
the  head  of  the  ifland  it  vras  only  5''.  Tiie  dip  at  the 
Lagoon  was  63"  30',  greatly  furpafllng  what  was  ob- 
ferved in  the  neii;hbour!iood.  Mullcr  found,  in  the 
mountains  of  Bohemia,  great  and  defultory  differences 
of  declination,  amounting  fometimes  to  50*'.  At  Man- 
tua, the  variation  in  1758  was  12°  ;  while  at  Bononia 
and  Brixia  it  was  nearly  18°.  Great  irregularities  were 
tibllrvtd  by  Gotte  in  the  Gulpii  of  Finland,  efpecially 
near  the  illand  of  Sulfari,  among  fome  rocks  :  on  one  of 
thefe,  the  needle  thewed  no  polarity.  Captain  Cook 
snd  Captain  Phipps  obferved  differences  of  10°,  extend- 
ing to  a  confiderable  diftance,  on  the  well  coafts  of 
North  Ameiica.  In  the  neighbourhood  of  the  ifland 
ILlba  in  the  Mediterranean,  the  polition  of  the  needle  is 
greatly  atfefled  by  the  iron  (Irata,  in  which  that  ifland 
fo  much  abounds.  In  this  country,  there  are  alfo  ob- 
ferved fmall  deviations,  which  extend  over  confiderable 
tufts  of  country,  indicating  a  great  extent  of  ftrata 
that  are  weakly  magnetic.  Since  fuch  ftrata  receive 
their  magnetifm  by  induction,  in  a  manner  fimilar  to  a 
bar  of  hard  fteel,  and  lince  we  know  that  this  receives 
it  gradually,  it  may  very  probably  happen,  that  a  long 
feiies  of  years  may  elapfe  before  the  magnetifm  attains 
its  ultimate  difpolition. 

Here,  then,  is  a  neceffary  change  of  the  msgnetic  di- 
reftion  ;  and  although  it  may  be  very  different  in  diffe- 
rent places,  according  to  the  difpofition  and  the  power 
ot  thofe  ftrata,  there  muft  be  a  general  vergency  of  it 
one  way. 

2.  It  isvvell  known  that  all  metals,  and  particularly 
iron,  are  in  a  progi  efs  of  continual  produiSion  and  de- 


metallization.  The  veins  of  metal?,  and  more  particu- 
larly thofe  ot  iron,  are  evidently  of  pofterior  date  to 
that  of  the  rocks  in  which  they  are  lodged.  Chemiftrjr 
teaches  us,  by  the  very  nature  of  the  fubftances  which 
compote  tlicm,  that  they  are  in  a  l^ate  of  continual 
change.  This  is  another  caufe  of  change  in  the  magne- 
tic direflion.  Nay,  we  know  that  fome  of  them  have 
fuddenly  changed  their  fituation  by  earthquakes  and 
volcanoes.  Some  of  the  ftreams  of  lava  from  Vefuvius 
and  iEtna  abound  in  iron.  This  has  greatly  changed 
its  fituation  ;  and  if  the  ftrata  from  which  it  proceeded 
were  magnetical,  the  needle  in  its  neighbourhood  muft 
be  alfedled.  Nay,  lubtenancan  heat  alone  will  effeifl  a 
change,  by  changing  the  magnetilm  of  the  ftrata.  Mr 
Lievog,  royal  aftronomer  at  Belfelledt  in  Iceland,  writes, 
that  the  great  eruption  from  Hecla  in  1783,  changetl 
the  direflion  of  the  needle  nine  degrees  in  the  immedi- 
ate neighbourhood.  This  change  was  produced  at  a 
milt's  dillance  from  the  frozen  lava  ;  and  itdiminiflied 
to  two  degrees  at  the  diftance  of  2  \  miles.  He  could 
not  approach  any  nearer,  on  account  of  the  heat  ftill  re- 
maining in  the  lava,  alter  an  interval  of  1 4  months. 

All  thefe  caufes  of  change  in  the  diredlion  of  the 
maiiner's  needle  muft  be  partial  and  irregular.  But 
there  is  another  caufe,  which  is  cofmical  and  univerfal. 
Dr  Hallcy's  fuppofition  of  four  poles,  or,  at  leaft,  the 
fuppolition  of  irregular  and  diffufed  poles,  feems  the 
only  thing  that  will  agree  with  the  obl'ervations  of  de- 
clination. We  know  that  all  magnetifm  of  this  kind 
(that  is,  difpofed  in  this  manner)  has  a  natural  tendency 
to  change.  The  two  northern  poles  may  have  the  fame 
or  oppolite  polarities.  If  they  are  the  fame,  their  ac- 
tion on  each  other  tends  todiminifh  the  general  magne- 
tifm, and  to  caufe  the  centre  of  effort  to  approach  the 
centre  of  tlie  magnet.  If  they  have  oppolite  polarities, 
the  contrary  etfeft  will  be  produced.  The  general  mag- 
netifm of  each  will  increaie,  and  the  pole  (or  its  centre 
of  effort)  will  approach  to  the  furface.  In  either  of 
thefe  cafes,  the  compound  magnetifm  of  the  whole  may- 
change  exceedingly,  by  a  change  by  no  means  confider- 
able in  the  magnetifm  of  each  pair  of  poles.  It  is  difH- 
cult  to  fubjedl  this  to  calculation  ;  but  the  reader  may- 
have  very  convincing  proof  of  it,  by  taking  a  ftrong 
and  a  weaker  magnet  of  the  fame  length,  and  one  of 
them,  at  leaft,  ot  fteel  not  harder  than  fpring  temper. 
Lay  them  acrofs  each  other  like  an  acute  letter  X  ; 
and  then  place  a  compafs  needle,  fo  that  its  plane  of  ro- 
tation may  be  perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  the  X. 
Note  exaiftly  the  pofition  in  which  the  needle  fettles. 
In  a  ttw  minutes  after,  it  will  be  found  to  change  con- 
fiderably,  although  no  remarkable  change  has  yet  hap- 
pened to  the  magnets  tliemfelves. 

—  IWiW 

Wr.  flatter  ourfelves,  that  our  readers  will  grant  that 
the  preceding  pages  contain  what  mty  juftly  be  called 
a  theory  of  magnetifm,  in  as  much  as  we  have  been  able 
to  include  every  phenomenon  in  one  general  faft,  the 
indudion  of  magnetifm  ;  and  have  given  fuch  a  de- 
fcription  of  that  faft  and  its  modific.itions,  that  we  can 
accurately  predict  what  will  be  the  appearances  of  mag- 
nets and  iron  put  into  any  defired  fituation  with  refpetft 
to  each  other.  If  our  notions  of  philofophical  difqui- 
fition  (delivered  in  aiticle  Philosophy,  Encycl.)  be 
juft,  we  have  explained  the  fubordinate  phenomena,  or 
have  given  a  theory  of  magnetifm. 

But 


74 
Specula- 
tions about 
the  origin 
of  magne- 
tifm.    Hjr- 
p'ottiefis  of 
.Xpinua. 


MAGNETISM. 

But  it  is  not  eafy  to  fatisfy  human  curiofity.     Men  that  men,  who  have  a  reputation  to  lofc,  nioiilj  ever 

have  even  inveftigated,  or  fought  for  caufei  of  llie  per-  hazard  fuch  crude  and  iinniecliaiiic;il  dreams  btf(re  ihe 

feverance  of  matter  in  iis  preftnt  condition.     We  have  public  eye.    Tiie  mind  of  man  cannot  conceive  the  pol"- 

liot  been  contented  with  Newton's  theory   of  llie  celef-  iibihty  of  their  formation  ;  and  if  they  are  really  form- 

tial  motions,  and  liave  fouglit  for  the  caufe  of  that  mu-  ed,  the  efFe(fts  fhould  be  the  very  oppofite  of  thofe  that 

tunl  tendency  which  he  called  gravitation,  and  ol  which  are  obferved  :  the  llream  Ihould  mo\e  thofe  bodies  leaft 

all  the  motions  are  particular  inftances.  which  afford  ready  channels  for  its  pallij^e.     If  a  rag 

Philofophers  have  been  no  lefs  inquifitive  after  what  of  iron  filings  be  arranged  by  the  impulfion  of  fuch  a 
jnay  be  the  caufe  of  that  mutual  attrat'lion  of  the  diUi-  llream,  it  fnould  be  carried  along  by  it  ;  and  if  it  is  h/i- 
ITiilar  poles,  and  the  repullion  of  the  fimilar  poles,  and  pelUd  toward  one  end  of  the  magnet,  it  fhouid  be  ini- 
that  faculty  of  mutual  impregnation,  or  excitement,  pelledy'rom  the  other  end.  Since  we  now  knou-,  that 
which  lb  remarkably  diftinguiih  iron,  in  its  various  ftates,  each  particle  of  filings  is  a  momentary  magnet,  we  mule 
from  all  other  fubftances.  The  adion  of  bodies  on  each  allow  a  fimilar  llrearn  whirling  round  each.  Is  that  an 
other  at  a  diltance,  has  appeared  to  them  an  abl'urdity,  explanation  which  exceeds  all  power  of  conception  ? 
and  all  have  had  recourfe  to  fome  material  intermedium.  But  has  it  ever  been  ihewn,  that  there  is  any  impul- 
The  phenomenon  of  the  arrangement  of  iron  filings  is  lion  at  all  in  thefc  phenomena  ?  Wiiere  is  the  impeilinj; 
extremely  curious,  and  naturally  engages  the  attention,  fubdance  ?  The  only  argument  ever  oflered  for  iis  ex- 
It  is  hardly  pothble  to  look  at  it  without  the  thought  ifleuce  i>,  that  we  are  refolvtd  that  the  phenomena  of 
arifing  in  the  mind  of  a  fiream  ilfuing  from  one  pole  of  magnetifm  fliall  be  produced  by  impulfion,  and  the  ar. 
the  magnet,  moving  round  it,  entering  by  the  other  pole,  rangement  of  iron  filings  looks  fomewhat  like  a  fiream. 
and  aLjain  iffuing  from  the  furmer  outlet.   Accordingly,  But  enough  of  this.     We  trufl  that  we  have  fhewn  the 


417 


this  notion  has  been  entertained  from  the  eailiefl  times, 
and  different  fpeculatifls  have  had  different  ways  of  con- 
ceiving how  this  (tream  operated  the  etfcds  which  we 
obferve. 


way  in  which  this   arrangement  obtains  in  the  cleaieit 
manner.     Every  particle   becomes  magnetic  by  induc- 
tion.    This  is  a  faft,  which  fets  all  realcining  at  defi- 
ance.    The  polarity  of  each   rag  is  fo  difpofed,  that 
The  fimpleA  and  mofl  obvious  was  jufl  to  make  it    their  adjoining  ends  turn  to  eacli  other.     This  is  ano- 
ad  like  any  other  Ifream  of  fluid  matter,  by  impulfion.     ther  uncontrovertible  facf.    And  thei'e  two  fads  cuolain 
Impulfion  is  the  thing  aimed  at  by  all  the  fpeculatills.    the  whole.  The  arrangement  of  iron  tilings,  therefore,  is 
They  have  a  notion,  that  we  conceive  this  way  of  com-    a  fecondary  fad,  depending  on  principle^  more  general : 
municating  motion  with  intuitive  clearnefs,  and  that  a    and  therefore  cannot,  confiftently  «ith  jufl  logic,  be  af- 
thiiig  is  fully  explained  when  it  can  be  fhewn  that  it  is    fumed  as  the  foundati(  n  of  a  theory, 
acile  of  impulfion.     We  have  confidered  the  authority         Had  magnetifm  exhibited  no  phenomena  befides  the 
of  thele  explanations  in  the  ailicle  Impulsion  of  this    attradion  and  repullion  of  magnets,  it  is  likelv  that  we 
Supplement,  and  need  not  repeat  our  reafons  tor  refufing    Ihould  not  have  proceeded  very  tar  in  our  theories,  and 
it  any  pre-eminence.     But  even  wlien   we  have  fhewn    would  have  contented  ourfelves    with  reducing  thefe 
tlie  phenomena  to  be  cafes  of  impulfion  by  fuch  a  fiream,    phenomena  to  their  mofl  general  laws.     But  the  com- 
the  greatefl  difTiculty,  the  molt  curious  and  the  moll    munication  of  magnetifm  leems  a  gieat  mylUry.    Tlie 
embarrafTing,  is  to  afcei  tain  the  fources  of  this  impuifive     fimple  approachof  a  magnet  ce^nimunicates  theie  powers 
motion  of  the  fluid — How,  and  from  what  caufe  docs  it    to  a  piece  of  iron  ;  and  this  without  any  diminution  of 
begin  ?  What  forces  bend  it  in  curves  round  the  magnet  ?    its  own  powers.  On  the  contrary,  beginning  with  mag- 
Thole  philofophers,  whofe  principle  obliges  them  to  ex-    nets  which  have  hardly  any  fentible  power,  we  can,  by 
plain  gravitation  alfo  by  impulfe,  mufl  have  another    a  proper  alternation  of  the  manipuLti  ins,  communicate 
ftreani  to  impel  this  into  its  curves.     Admg  by  impul-    the  flrongeft  magnetifm  to  as  many  hard  fleel  bars  as 
fion,  this  magnetic  ftream  mult  lofe  a  quantity  of  mo-    we  pleafe  ;  and  the  original  magnets  fhall  be  brought 
tion  equal  to  what  it  communicates.     What  is  to  re-    to  their  highefl  degree  of  magnetifm.     We  liave  no 
Aore  this  ?  What  direds  it  in  a  particular  courfe  thro'     notion  of  powers  or  faculties,  but  as  qualities  of  fome 
the  magnet !   And  what  is  it  that  can  totally  alter  that    fubllances  in  which  they  are  inherent.     Yet  here  is  no 
courfe — in  a  moment — in  all  the  phenomena  of  induced    appearance  of  f'omeihing  abllr.ided  from  one  body,  and 
magnetifm?    How    does    it    impel?    Lucretius,  cither    communicated  to,  or  fhared  with  another.     The  pro- 
of himf  If,  or  fpcaking  after  the  Greek  philofophers,    cefs  is  like  kindling  a  great  fire  by  a  hmpL*  fpark  ;  here 
makes  it  impel,  not  the  iron,  but  the  furrouiiding  air,     is  no  communication,  but  only  odajhn  given  to  the  ci- 
fweeping  it  out  of  the  way  ;  and  thus  giving  occafion    ertion  of  powers  inherent  in  the  combuliible  matttr.  It 
for  the  turrounding  air  to  rufh  around  the  magnet,  and    appears  probable,  that  the  cafe  is  the  fame  in  magne- 
to hurry  the  bits  of  iron  toward  it.     There  is,  perhaps,    ti:m  ;  and  that  all  ihat  is  performed  in  making  a  magnet 
more  ingenious  refinement  in  this  thought  than  in  any    is  the  excitement  of  powers  already  in  the  fleel,  or  the 
of  the  impuifive  theories  adopted  fince  Jiis  day  by  Dcs     giving  occafion  for  llieir  exertion  ;  as  burning  the  thread 
Cartes,  Euler,  arid  other  great  piiilofophers :   But  it  is     whicli  ties  togeilier  the  t«o  ends  of  a  bjw,  allnws  it  to 
fagacioufly  remarked  by  D.  Gregory,  in  his  MS.  notes    unbend.     This   notion  did  not   efcape   the  lagacity  of 
on   Newton,  that  this  theory  of  Lucretius  falls  to  the     Dr  Gilbert ;  and  he  is  at  much  pains  to  Ihcw,  that  the 
ground;  becaule  the  experiments  fuccced  jiill  as  well     cou'to   magnrl'ua  is  a  quality   inherent   in  all    m.ignctical 
under  water  as  in  the  air.     As  to  the  explanations,  or     bodies,  and  only  requires  the  proper  circum.lancc  for  its 
defciiptions,  of  the  canals  and  their  dock  gates,  open-    exertion.     He  is  not  very  Ibttunate  in  his  attempts  to 
ing  in  one  diredion,  and  Ihutting  in  the  other,  conllruc-    explain  bow  it  is  developed    by  the  viciiiit .  of  a  instr- 
tions  that  are  changed  in  an  iullant  in  a  bar  of  iron,  by    net,  and  how   this  faculty,  or  adual  eie  tion  of  this 
changing  the  podiion  of  the  magnet,  we  only  wondtr    power,    becomes   permanent    in   one    bod),    while   io 
SuppL.  Vol.  II.  3  Q  ai.o  htr 


4iS 


74 

liypclhil'ij 
of  ^piiiu^ 


MAGNETISM. 


another  it  rei]uires  the  conftint  prcfence  of  tlie  mag- 
net. 

It  is  to  MriEpinus,  of  the  Imperial  Academy  of  St 
Petersburg:,  that  we  are  indebted  fcr  the  firft  really 
philcfophical  attempt  to  explain  all  thele  mylleries. 
We  mentioned,  in  the  article  El£ctricity,  Sappl.  the 
circurnllancc  which  luggcllcd  the  tird  hint  of  this  the- 
ory to  ^pinui,  viz.  iho  refcmblance  between  tlie  at- 
tractions and  rcpullions  of  the  tourmaline  and  of  a  mag- 
net. A  ni;iterial  caufe  of  the  elcjlric  piienomcna  had 
lung  been  thouglit  familiar  to  the  philoibphers.  They 
l.nd  attributed  tliem  to  a  fluid  wiiich  they  called  an  elec- 
tric fl  lid,  and  wiiich  tliey  conceived  to  be  Ihared  among 
bodies  ill  dirf'erent  proportions,  and  to  be  transferable 
from  rne  to  another.  Dr  Franklin's  theory  cf  the  Ley- 
den  phi^l,  whidi  led  him  to  think  that  thefaculty  of  pro- 
ducing the  ekflrical  plienomtna  depended  on  the  defi- 
ciency as  well  as  the  redundancy  o!  this  fluid,  ccmbin. 
ed  with  the  phenomena  of  induced  eleflricity,  fuggefl- 
ed  toiEpinus  a  very  perfpicuous  method  of  ftating  the 
analogy  of  the  tourmaline  and  tlie  magnet;  which  he 
publilhcd  in  1758  in  a  paper  read  to  the  academy. 

Reflefting  more  deeply  on  thefe  things,  Mr  ^pinus 
came  by  degrees  to  perceive  the  perfcft  fimilarity  be- 
tween all  the  piienomcna  of  eledricitj-  by  polition  and 
thofe  of  inagnetifni  ;  and  tliis  led  him  to  account  for 
them  in  the  fame  manner.  As  the  phenomena  of  the 
l,eyden  phial,  explained  in  Fianklin's  manner,  fliews 
that  a  body  may  appear  eledrical  all  over,  by  having  lefs 
than  its  natural  quantity  of  the  cleflric  fluid,  as  well  as 
by  liaving  more,  it  feemed  to  follow,  that  it  may  alfo 
be  fo  in  refpeft  to  different  parts  of  the  fame  body ; 
and  therefore  a  body  may  become  eleifiritied  in  cppo- 
fite  wavs  at  its  two  extremities,  merely  by  abllracling 
the  fluid  from  one  end,  and  condeiifing  it  in  the  other  ; 
and  thus  may  be  explained  the  phenomena  of  induced 
electricity,  where  nothing  appears  to  have  been  commu- 
nicated ttrm  one  body  to  the  other.  If  this  be  the  cafe, 
the  two  ends  of  a  l)ody  rendered  eleiftric  by  induction 
ihould  exhibit  the  fame  diltiniftions  of  phenomena  that 
are  exhibited  by  bodies  wholly  redundant  and  wholly 
deficient.  The  redundant  ends  (hnuld  repel  each  other  ; 
fo  (liould  the  deficient  ends  ;  and  a  redundant  part 
ihould  afraiS  a  deficient.  All  thefe  refuks  of  tlie  con- 
jecture tally  ex.iiftly  with  obfervaiion,  and  give  a  high 
degree  of  probability  to  the  conjeiflure.  The  liniiianty 
{.t  ihefe  phenomena  to  the  attractions  of  the  diilimilar 
poks  ijf  a  magnet,  and  the  repulfunsot  the  fimilar  poles, 
is  fo  ftriking,  th.it  the  fame  mode  of  explanation  forces 
ilftlf  on  the  mind,  and  led  Mr  ^Epinus  to  think,  that 
the  faculty  of  producing  the  mignetical  phenomena  be- 
longed to  a  niJgnetical  fluid,  reUding  in  all  bodies  fuf- 
ceplible  of  magnetifm  ;  and  that  tiie  exertion  of  this  fa- 
culty required  nothing  but  the  abllraiflion  of  the  fluid 
from  one  end  of  the  magnetic  bar,  and  its  conflipation  in 
the  other.  And  this  conjeiSure  was  confirmed  by  obferv- 
ing,  that  in  the  induction  of  magnetil'ni  on  a  piece  of 
iron,  the  power  of  ihe  magnet  is  no:  diminithed. 

All  liiefe  circumftances  kd  Mr  jEpinus  to  frame  the 
following  hypothefis  : 

1.  There  exifts  a  fubllance  in  all  magnetic  bodies, 
which  may  be  called  the  magnetic  fluid  ;  the  particles 
cf  which  repel  each  other  with  a  furce  decreafing  as  the 
dillance  increafes. 

2.  The  particles  of  magnetic  fluid  attiadl,  and  are 


attraifled  by  the  particles  of  iron,  with  a  force  that  va- 
ries according  to  the  fame  law. 

3.  The  particles  of  iron  repel  each  other  according  to 
the  fame  law. 

4.  The  m.ignetic  fluid  moves,  without  any  confide- 
rable  obftruciion,  through  the  pores  of  iron  and  foft 
ileel  ;  but  is  more  and  more  obftruded  in  its  motion  as 
the  Ileel  is  tempered  harder  ;  and  in  hard  tempered  ftcel, 
and  in  the  ores  of  iron,  it  is  moved  with  the  greatell 
difficulty. 

In  confequence  of  this  fuppofed  attra^ion  for  iron, 
the  fluid  may  be  contained  in  it  in  a  certain  determinate 
quantity.  This  quantity  will  be  fuch,  that  the  accumula- 
ted attraction  of  a  panicle  for  all  the  iron  balances,  or  is 
equal  to,  therepulfion  of  all  the  fluid  which  tlie  iron  con- 
tains. The  quantity  of  fluid  competent  to  a  particle  of 
iron  is  fuppol'ed  to  be  fuch,  that  the  repulfion  exerted 
between  it  and  the  fluid  compttent  to  another  particle 
of  iron  is  alfo  equal  to  its  attrndtion  for  that  particle  of 
iron  :  And  therefore  the  attra<51ion  between  the  fluid  in 
an  iron  bar  A  for  the  iron  of  another  bar  li,  is  juft  equal 
to  its  repulfion  for  the  fluid  in  B  ;  it  is  alfo  equal  to  the 
repulfion  of  the  iron  in  A  for  the  iron  in  B.  Tliis 
quantity  of  fluid  refiding  in  the  iron  may  be  called  its 

NATURAL   QUANTITY. 

In  confequence  of  the  mobility  through  tlie  pores 
of  the  iron,  the  magnetic  fluid  may  be  abllraifled 
from  one  end  of  a  bar,  and  condenfed  in  the  other,  by 
the  agency  of  a  proper  external  force.  But  this  is  a 
violent  ftate.  The  mutual  repulfion  of  the  particles  of 
condenfed  fluid,  and  the  attraflion  of  the  iron  which  it 
has  quitted,  tend  to  produce  a  more  uniform  dilhibu- 
tion.  If  we  refled  on  the  law  of  aiflion,  we  (hall  clear- 
ly perceive,  that  fomewhat  of  this  tendency  muft  ob- 
tain in  every  Hate  of  condenfation  and  raiefadion,  and 
that  there  can  be  a  perfeil  equilibrium  only  when  the 
fluid  is  diffufed  with  perfed  uniformity.  This,  there- 
fore, may  be  called  the  natural  state  of  the  iron. 

If  the  refinance  oppofed  by  the  iron  to  the  motion  of 
the  magnetic  fluid  be  like  that  of  perfert  fluids  to  the 
inotion  of  folid  bodies,  ariling  entiiely  from  the  com- 
munication of  motion,  there  is  no  tendency  to  uniform 
diflTufion  fo  weak  as  not  to  overcome  fuch  reuftance,  and 
finally  to  produce  this  uniknm  diftribution.  But  (as 
is  more  probable)  it  the  obftruftion  refembles  that  of  a 
clammy  fluid,  or  of  a  foft  plailic  body  like  clay,  feme 
of  the  accumulation,  produced  by  tlie  agency  oi  an  ex- 
ternal force,  may  rema'n  vrhen  the  lotce  is  removed  ; 
the  diffiifion  will  ceafe  whenever  the  equalifing  force  is 
jull  in  equilibrlo  with  the  obllrodion. 

All  the  preceding  circumllances  of  the  hypothefis 
are  fo  perleifHy  analogous  to  the  hypothefis  of  Mr  jE- 
pinus  for  explaining  the  eleiSrical  phenomena,  which  is 
given  in  detail  in  the  article  Electricity  of  this  Sup- 
plement, that  it  would  be  fuperfluous  to  enter  into  a  mi- 
nute difculTion  of  their  immediate  refults.  We  there- 
fore beg  the  reader  to  perufe  that  part  of  the  article 
Eleftricity  where  the  elements  ot  jEpinus's  hypothefis 
are  delivered,  and  the  phenomena  of  induced  electricity 
explained  (viz.  from  n°  11.  to  60.  inclufive),  and  to 
fuppofe  the  difcourle  to  relate  to  the  magnctical  i^a\6. 
Let  N,  S,  «,  /,  be  confidered  as  the  overcharged  and 
undercharged  p.iits  of  a  m,ignetical  body,  or  the  poles 
of  a  magnet,  and  ol  iron  rendered  magneiical  by  induc- 
tion.    We  fliall  confine  our  obfervaiions  in  this  place 

to 


MAGNETISM. 


fit! 


to  ihofe  circumftances  in  >^h!ch  the  mechanical  pheno- 
mena of  magnetifm  arehmited  by  thecircumllance,  ihac 
magnets  ;ilways  contain  thtirnatural  quantity  ol  liuid  ; 
fo  iliat  iheir  adion  on  Iron,  and  on  each  other,  depends 
entirely  on  its  unequable  diftribution  ;  as  is  the  cale 
willi  induced  el.<5tricity. 
-5  Let  the  magnet  NAS    (fig.  26.),  having   its  north 

Magiictifin  pole  NA  overcharged,  be  fet  near  to  the  bar  n  B  j  of 
how  iiidu-  common  iron,  and  let  iheir  axes  form  one  ftraight  line, 
ccd  on  iron  ■p'jjg,^  ^35  jj,  (),j  jafe  of  eleftrics)  the  overcharged  pole 
by  juxtaro-  ^^^  ^^^  ^^  ^j^^  ^,^^  g  ^^j^  ^^  means  of  the  redundant 
fluid  which  it  contains.  For  that  portion  of  its  fluid, 
which  is  juft  fufficient  for  faturating  the  iion,  will  repel 
the  fluid  in  B,  juft  as  much  as  tiie  iron  in  NA  attraifts 
it ;  and  therefore  the  fluid  in  B  fullains  no  change  from 
this  portion  of  the  fluid  in  NA.  In  like  manner,  tiie 
pole  SA  afls  on  B  only  in  confequence  of  the  iron  in 
SA,  which  is  not  faturated  or  attended  by  its  equiva- 
lent fluid. 

If  the  fluid  in  B  is  immoveable,  even  (he  redundant 
fluid  in  NA,  and  redundant  iron  in  SA,  will  pro- 
duce no  fcnfibh  etFeft  on  it :  For  every  particle  of  iron 
in  B  is  accompanied  by  as  much  fluid  as  will  balance, 
by  its  repullions  and  attra(51ions,  the  attraiflions  and  re- 
pullions  of  the  equidiftant  particle  of  iron.  But  as  the 
magnetical  fluid  in  I»  is  fuppofed  to  be  eafily  moveable, 
it  will  be  repelled  by  the  ledundaiit  fluid  in  AN  toward 
the  remote  extremity  «,  till  ilie  redllance  that  it  meets 
with,  joined  to  its  o\sn  tendency  to  uniform  difFuiion, 
juft  balances  the  repultion  of  AN.  This  tendency  to 
uniform  difiufion  obt.tins  ai  foon  as  any  fluid  quits  its 
place  ;  as  has  been  fuflicienily  explained  in  the  Supple- 
meiitiry  article  Electricity,  n"  iCi.  17.  &c. 

But,  at  the  fame  time,  the  redundant  iron  in  AS  at- 
traifls  the  fluid  in  B,  and  would  abftracft  it  from  B  n, 
and  condenfe  it   into  B  /.     This  attraction  oppofes  the 
repulfion   now  mentioned.     But,  becaufe  AS  is  more 
remote   fri  m  every  point  of  B   than  AN  is  from   the 
fame  point,  the  repuUions  of  the  redundant  fluid  in  AN 
will  prevail  ;  and,  on  the  whole,  fluid  will  be  propelled 
toward  n,  and  will  be  rarefied  on  the  part  B  s.     But  as 
to  what  will  be  the  law  of  diftribution,   both  in  the  re- 
dundant and  deficient  parts  of  B,  it  is  plain  that  no- 
thing can  be  faid  with  precifion.     This  muft  depend  on 
the  dilhibution  of  the  fluid  in  the  magnet  NAS.     The 
more  diffufed  that  we  fuppnfe  the  redundant  fluid  and 
matter  in  the  magnet,  the  farther  removed  will  the  cen- 
tres of  effort  of  its  poles  be  from  their  extremities ;  the 
fmaller  will  be  the  action  of  AN  and  AS,  the  fm.iller 
will  be  their  difference   of  aflion  ;  and  therefore   the 
fmaller  will  be  the  condenfaticn  in  B  «,  and  the  rarc- 
faftion  in  Y>  s.     Hence  we  leirn,  in  the  outfet  of  this 
attempt  to  explanation,  that  the  a(5tion  of  a  magnet  will 
be  fo  much  the  greater  as  its  poles  are  more  concentra- 
ted.    This  is  agreeable  to  obfcrvation,  and  gives  fume 
credit  to  the   hypi>lhc(ls.     We  can  ju(l  fee,  in  a  very 
general  manner,  that  tlie  fluid  will  be  rarer  than  its  na- 
tural flate  in  /,  and  denfer  in  n  ;  and  that  the  change 
of  dtnlity  is  gradual,  and  that   the  dcnflty  may  be  le. 
prelented  by  the  orJinates  of  fonie  line  c  b  d  ^fig.  27), 
while  the  natural  denlity  is  reprcfentcd  by  the  ordinates 
to  the  line  C  bY),   parallel  to  j  n.     There  will  be  fi.mc 
point  B  of  the  iron  bir,  where  the  fluid  will  hi   of  its 
natural  denlity,  and  the  ordinate  B  b  will  meet  the  line 
cbd'xa.  the  pomt  of  its  interfct^ion  with  CD. 


All  this  aftion  is  internal  and  imperceptible.  Let 
us  inquire  what  will  be  the  fajib.'e  external  aflion. 
There  is  a  fuperiority  of  attraftion  towards  the  magnet : 
For  flnce  the  m.agneiic  adiou  is  fuppofed  to  diminiih 
continually  by  an  increafe  of  diftance,  the  curve,  whofe 
ordinates  reprcfent  the  forces,  has  its  convexity  toward 
the  axis.  Alfo,  the  force  of  the  poles  AN,  AS  are 
equal  at  equal  diftinces:  For,  by  the  hypothefis,  the 
attraflinn  and  repulfion  of  an  individual  particle  are 
equal  at  equal  dillances  ;  and  the  condenfa'.ion  in  AN 
is  equal  to  the  deficiency  in  AS,  by  the  fame  hype  the- 
fts ;  becaufe  NAS  ftill  contains  its  natural  quantity  of 
fluid.  Therefore  the  aftion  of  both  [loles  may  be  ex- 
preffed  i)y  the  ordinates  of  the  f.ime  curve,  and  they  will 
difier  only  by  rcafon  of  their  diftances.  We  may  there- 
fore ex,  icfs  the  anions  by  the  four  ordinates  M  ;/;,  Py, 
Nn,  (^7,  ol  fig.  2.;  of  which  the  piopeny  (deduced 
fiom  the  fuigle  ciicumilance  vi  its  being  convex  to- 
ward the  axis)  is,  thut  M  7n  -f.  Qjj  is  greater  than  P/> 
-f  N  It.  There  is  therefore  a  furplus  of  attraflion.  It 
is  only  this  furplus  that  is  perceived.  The  fluid,  move- 
able in  B,  but  retained  by  it  fo  as  not  to  be  allowed  to 
efcape,  is  prelFed  towards  its  remote  end  n  by  the  ei- 
cefsP/- — i^q  of  the  repulfion  of  the  redundant  fluid 
in  AN,  above  the  attradion  of  the  redundant  iron  in 
A&.  This  excefs  on  evei  y  panicle  of  the  fluid  is  tranf- 
mitted,  by  the  common  laws  ot  hydroftaiics,  to  the 
ftratum  immediately  incumbent  on  the  extremity  n,  and 
B  is  thus  prefled  away  from  A.  But  every  particle  of 
the  folid  matter  in  B  is  attracted  towards  A  by  the  ex- 
cefs  Mm  —  N/;  of  the  attradion  of  the  redundant 
fluid  in  AN  above  the  repulfion  of  the  redtindant  iron 
■"  AS  ;  and  this  excefs  is  greater  tliat  the  other;  for 
w  -<-  y  is  greater  than  />  4-  n. 

The  piece  of  common  iron  n  B/  is  therefore  attraft- 
ed,  in  confequence  of  the  fluid  in  it  having  lieen  pro- 
pelled towards  its  remote  extremity,  and  diftiibutcd  in 
a  manner  fomewhat  refembling  its  diftribution  in  NAS. 
Now,  in  this  hypothefib,  magnetifm  is  held  to  depend 
entirely  on  the  diftribution  of  the  fluid.  B  has  there- 
fore become  a  magnet,  has  magnetifm  induced  on  it, 
and,  only  in  confequence  of  this  induvftion,  is  .atracled 
by  A. 

Had  we  fuppofed  the  deficient,  or  fotith  pole  of  A, 
to  have  been  neareft  to  B,  the  redundjr.t  matter  in  AN 
would  have  attrafled  the  moveable  fluid  in  B  more  than 
the  remoter  redundant  fluid  in  AS  repels  it ;  and,  on 
this  account,  the  magnetic  fluid  wouKi  have  been  con- 
ftipated  in  B  s,  and  rarefied  in  B  n.     It  would,  in  this 
cafe  alfo,  have  been  diftributed  in  a  manner  finnlar  to 
its  fituation  in  the  magnet.     And  B  would  therefore 
have  been  a  momentary  magnet,  having  its  redundant 
pole  fronting  the  deficient  or  diflimilar  pole  of  A.     It 
is  plain,  that  there  would  be  the  fame  furplus  of  attrac- 
tion in  this  as  in  the  former  inftance,  and  B  would  (on 
the  whole)  be  attrafled  in  confequence,  and  only  i:i  con- 
fequence, ol  havin;;  had  a  properly  difp.)fed  magnetifm 
induced  on  it  by  juxtapofition.     'I  he   ienlible  attrac- 
tion, in  this  cafe,  is  a  confequence  of  the  diftribution  now 
defcribed  ;  bccauf;,  (ince  the  fluid   coniiipated  in  tlie 
end  next  to  A  cannot  quit  B,  the  tendency  of  this  fluid 
toward  A  muft  pi  els  the  i'oliil  matter  of  B  in  this  di- 
reaion   (by  hydioftatical  laws)   more  than  this  folid 
matter  is  repelled  in  the  oppolitc  dire^ion. 

Thus  it  appears,  that  the  hypothefis  tallies  ptecifely 
3  G  2  with 


419 


420 


MAGNETISM. 

wiih  die  iridudlion  of  magnetifm.     We  do  not  call  this  terwards ;  at  prefent,  the  hyfoihefit  is,  that  it  does  not 

an  explanation  of  the  phenomenon  ;  fur  the  fad  is,  that  tl'cape. 

it  ii  tlie  hypothcfis  lluc  is  explained  by  the   phcnomc-         If  the  key  and  wire  have  the  pofition  fig.  lo.  n"  i. 

):nn  :  'i'hat  is,  if  any  pi;rfon  be  told  tliat  induced  mag-  the  fluid  is  expelled  from  the   parts  in  contaft,  and  is 

neiifm  is  produced  by  the  a<flion  of  a  fluid,  in  conle-  condenfed  in  the  remote  ends.     So  far  from  attrafting 

quence  of  its  liLuation  being  changed,  he  will  find,  that  each  other,  the  key   and  wire  mull  repel.     They  are 

ill  order  to  agree   with  the  attraction  of  diffimilar,  and  temporary  magnets,  having  their  finiilar  poles  fronting 

the  repulfion  of  fimilar   polts,  he  mull  accommodate  each  otlier.     They  mud  repel  each  other,  if  prefented 

the  fluid  to  the   phsnomena,  by  giving   it  the   proper-  in  a  fimilar  manner  to  the  fouth  pole  of  the  magnet, 
tiei  afli^ncd  to  it  by  j^Epinus.  If  they  be  prefented  as  in   n"  2.   fig.  to.  where  the 

But  die  agreement  with  this  fimplefl  pofllble  cafe  of  adions  ot  both  poles  of  the  magnet  are  equal,  the  Hate 

the  moll  fimple  example  of  induced  magnciifm,  is  not  of  the  fluid  in  them  will  not  be  affefted.     The  redun- 

enough  to  make  us  adept  the  hypothcfis'as  adequate  to  dant  pole  of  the  magnet  repels  the  moveable   fluid  in 

liypoUiefn    ji^g  explanation  of  all   tlie  magnetic  phenomena.      We  '  ■•'•  •'--  '•—        '  •'—  -- -'  -'--  ' 

with  A  vaft  ^^^^  confront  the  hypothefis  with  a  variety  of  obfeiva 

variety  of  ^      whether  til-,  coincidence  will  be  without 

exception. 

When   ihe  key  CD,  i«  fig.  8.  is  brought  below  the 
conllipited  norih  pole  N  oi  the  magnet  SAN,  its  own 


76 
Couformi 
ty  uf  the 


phcnomc' 
na. 


3Ut 


We  both  the  key  and  the  wire  toward  the  upper  end^  ;  but 
the  deficient  pole  afls  equally  on  it  in  the  oppofite  di- 
reiftion.  It  therefore  remains  uniformly  dillnbuted 
through  their  fubllance  ;  and  therefore  they  can  exhi- 
bit no  appearance  of  magnetifm. 

But  il   the  key   and  wire  be  prefented  to  tiie  /am: 


moveable  flu'd  ia  propelled  from  C  towards  li,  and  is  part  ot  the  magnet,  but  in  another  poliiion,  as  (hewn 

ilifpoied  in  CB  nearly  alter  the  fame  manner  as  in  SAN.  in  fig.  8.  n"  3.  the  fluid  of  the   key   will   be   abftrafled 

Theiefore  the  redundant  fluid  in  the  lower  end  of  the  from  C,  and   condenfed   in  B,  by   the  joint   aclinn  of 

key  lepels  the   iiiOv;a;  le  fluid   in   the  wire   BD  more  both  poles  of  the  magnet.    The  lame  tiling  will  liappen 

than  the  redundant  matter  in  the  upper  end  C  attracts  in  the  wire  BD.     Here,  theretore,  we  iiave  two  mag. 

it  •   and   thus  the  fluid  is   rarefied  in  the  upper  end   of  nets,  with  their  drflimilar  poles  touching.   They  will  at- 

the  wiie  BD,  and  condenled  m  its  lower  end  D.     CB  traft  each  other  ftrongly  ;  and  if  earned  giadually  to- 

and  BD  therefore  are  two  temporary  magnets,  having  ward  the  upper  or  lower  end  ol  the  ma,;net,  they  will 

iheirdifljniilar  poles  in  contaift,  or  nearefl  to  each  other,  feparale  belore  the  point  li  arrives  abiealt  of  N  or  S. 

This  is  all  that   is  required  for  their  attradion.     This  For  fimilar  reafons,  ti:e  pieces  of  iron  pitfen:ed  to  the 

tSciX  is  promoted  by  the  a>flion  of  N  on  the  wire  BD,  middle  of  the  magnet,  as  in  fig.  10.  will  have  one  fide 

alfo  propelling  the  fluid  toward  D  ;  and  thus  incrtaling  a  weak  north   pole,  and  the  other  fide  a  weak  fouth 

the  mutual  attraction  of  CB  and  BD.     In  like  man-  pole;  but  this  will  not  be  confpicuous,  unlefs  the  pieces 

ner,  when  the  key  CB  is  held  above  the  magnet,  the  be  broad. 

moveable  fluid  in  it  is  more  attraifled  by  the  redundant  This  experiment  fliews,  in  a  very  perlpicuous  man- 
matter  in  SA  than  it  is  repelled  by  the  more  remote  ner,  the  competency  of  the  hypothelis  to  tlie  explana- 
redundant  fluid  in  AN.  The  fame  thing  happens  to  tion  of  tlie  phenomena.  Wlien  the  fliid  is  not  moved, 
the  fluid  in  the  wire  BD.  Tlietefore  CB  and  BD  magnetifm  is  not  induced,  even  on  the  moll  fufcej^tible 
jnull   aitrad   eacli   other  ;  and   the  key  will  carry   the  fubllance. 

wire,  although  the  magnet  is  below  it,  and  alfo  atcia&s        Wlien  a  piece  of  iron  A  (fig.  10),  nearly  as  large  as 

it.     This  Angularity   proceeds  fiom  the  almoft  perfecfl  the  magnet  can  carry,  hangs  at  either  pole,  a  hr'^e  piece 

mobility  of  the  fluid  in  the  two  pieces  of  common  iron,  ot  iron  B,  brought  r.ear  to  the  pole  on  the  other  fide, 

which  tenders  their  poles  extremely  conftipated  ;  where-  fliould  caufe  it  immediately  to  fall.      If  S  be  the  defi- 

as  the  liardnefs  required  for  the  fixed  magnetifm  ot  the  cient  pole,  it  caufes  the  fluid  in  A  to  afcend  to  ihe  top, 

niaenet  prevents  this  complete  conllipation  and  rare-  and  A  is  aitrafted  :  bu',  tor  the  fame  reafon,  it  c  lufes 

faction.     This  can  be  ftriiftly  demonllrated  in  the  cafe  the  fluid  in  B  to  accumulate  in  its  lower  end.      This 

of  flender  rods  of  iron;  but  we  can  fhew,  and  expe-  redundant  fluid  mull  cvidenily   conntera<fl  the   redun- 

lience  confirms  it,  that  in  other  cafes,  depending  on  the  dant  matter  in  S,  in  the  induftion  of  the  magnetic  Hale 

fhape  and  the  temper  of  the  pieces,  the  wire  will  not  on  A.     Being  more  remote  from  A  than  S  is,  it  can- 
adhere  to  the  key,  but  to  the  magnet.  not  wholly  prevent  the  accumulation  in  the  upper  end 

In  the  various  fitualions  and  poGtions  of  the  key  and  on  A  ;  but  it  renders  it  fo  trifling,  that  the  remaining 
wire  reprefenied  in  fig.  7.  the  aiflions  of  fome  of  tlie  attradlion  thence  arifing  cannot  lu]  port  the  weight  of 
poles  on  the  moveable  fluid  in  the  iron  are  oblique  in     A.     This  is  a  very  inltruiflive  expeiiment 


regard  to  the  length  of  the  pieces ;  but,  lince  the  move- 
able matter  is  fuppofed  to  be  a  fluid,  it  will  ftiU  be  pro- 
pelled along  the  pieces,  notwithftanding  their  obliquity, 
in  the  fame  manner  as  gravity  makes  water  occupy  the 
lower  end  of  a  pipe  lying  obliquely.     If  indeed  the 


But  if,  on  the  contrary,  we  bring  a  large  piece  of 
iron  C  below  the  heavy  key  A,  this  piece  C  will  have 
its  fluid  accumulated  in  its  upper  end,  both  by  the  ac- 
tion of  A  on  It,  and  by  the  action  of  the  magnet.  The 
atlraftion  of  the  magnet  for  A  Ihould  therefore  be  aug- 


magnetic  fluid  coulJ  efcape  from  the  iron  without  any  mented  ;  and  a  mignet  Ihould  carry  a  heavier  lump  of 

obflruflion  by  the  prcpulfion  of  the  magnet,  it  couM  iron  when  a  great  lump  is  beyond  it.     And  it  is  clear 

produce  no  attraftion,    or  fenfible  motion,  any  more  (we  think),  for  fimilar  reafons,  that  the  magnetifm  of 

than  light  does  in  a  tranfparent  body.  What  is  demon-  the    magnet  itfeli  in  fig.   11.   ihould  be  increaied  by 

ftrated  of  the  eleflric  fluid  in  the  Supplemental  article  bringing  a  great  lump  of  iron  near  its  oppofite  pole  : 

Electricity,  n°  133.  is  equally  true  here.     Why  the  for  the  magnet  differs  from  common  iron  only  in  the 

fluid  does  not  efcape  when  it  is  fo  perfciflly  moveable,  degree  of  the  mobility  of  its  fluid. 

is  a  qusftion  cf  anathei  kind,  aad  will  be  confidered  af-  When  a  compafs  needle  is  placed  oppofite  to  the  re- 

dundanc 


M  A  G  N 

dnndant  pole  N  of  a  magnet  AN  (fig.  28.),  it  arranges 
itfelf  magnetically.  If  a  piece  of  common  iron  be  now 
prelented  laterally  to  the  near  point  of  the  needle,  the 
redundant  niaiter  in  the  adjoining  parts  of  the  needle 
and  the  nor.  (hould  make  them  repel  ;  but  if  prefented 
to  the  remote  end,  the  redundant  matter  in  the  iron 
fhould  attrait  the  redundant  fluid  in  that  end  of  the 
needle,  and  that  end  (hould  turn  toward  the  iron. 

A  parcel  of  (lender  iron  wires,  carried  by  the  pole  of 
a  magnet,  as  in  fig.  29-  (hould  avoid  each  other.  If  N 
be  the  redundant  pcle,  the  fluid  in  each  wire  «ill  be 
driven  to  the  remote  end,  where  it  muil  repel  the  fimi- 
larly  iituated  fluid  of  its  neighbour.  The  Came  exter- 
nal appearance  mufl  be  exhibited  by  pieces  of  wiie  hang- 
ing at  the  deficient  pole  of  the  magnet. 

The  redundant  pole  of  a  magnet  A  (fig.  30.)  being 
held  vertically  above  the  centre  of  two  pieces  nf  com- 
mon iion,  moveable  round  a  (lender  pin,  renders  the 
middle  of  each  deficient,  and  their  extremities  redun- 
dant; therefore  they  (hould  repel  each  other,  and  fpread 
out.  The  lame  efl'ed  (hould  be  produced  by  the  un- 
der charged  pole  of  A. 

The  redundant  pole  of  a  magnet  A  being  applied  to 
one  branch  of  the  piece  of  forked  iron  NCS  (fig.  31.), 
fhould  drive  the  fluid  into  its  remote  parts  C,  and  then 
the  branch  NC  lliould  be  able  to  induce  the  magnetic 
ftate  on  a  bit  of  iron  D.  But  if  the  deficient  pole  S 
of  another  magnet  B  be  applied  to  ihe  other  branch, 
thefe  two  aflinns  (hould  counter.i(fl  each  other  at  C, 
and  the  iron  Ihnnld  remain  indilferent,  and  fall. — Yet 
tlie  magnet  B  alone  would  equally  caufe  C  to  carry  the 
piece  ot  iron. 

It  IS  fuiely  unnecefTiry  to  demonftrate,  that  the  con- 
fequence  of  this  hypothelis  mult  be,  that  when  a  mag- 
net puts  any  pi;ce  of  iron  into  the  magnetic  ftate,  its 
own  magneti(m  is  improved.  For  the  induced  magne- 
tifm  o(  the  iron  is  always  lb  dllpofed  as  tn  give  the  fluid 
in  the  magnet  a  greater  conllipation  where  already  con- 
denfed,  and  to  a:ll'-difl  mote  fluid  from  the  parts  alrea- 
dy deficient.  If  roHgncilfm  be  produced  by  fuch  a 
fluid,  a  magnet  muil  always  improve  by  lying  any  how 
among  pieces  ot  iron. 

But  the  cafe  may  be  very  d^flperent  when  magnet'  are 
kept  in  each  others  neighl)i>iiihoo  I.  When  the  overch  ir- 
ged  poles  of  two  magnets  are  placed  (Von'i  .g  each  o- 
ther,  the  redundant  fluid  in  e.ich  repels  ihat  in  ihe  uher 
more  than  it  attraiffs  the  lemoter  reJundant  iron  The 
magnets  mull  therefore  repel  each  other  Msifeover, 
in  rendcting  them  magnetical,  the  repulfi  in  of  redun- 
dant fluid,  or  the  attraiSion  of  redundant  matter  o(  fome 
other  magnet,  had  been  employed  ;  and  when  the  mag- 
net was  removed,  forae  of  the  conftlp.cted  fluid  over- 
came the  obftruftion  to  its  uniform  diffufio",  and  efca- 
ped  into  the  deficient  pole  ;  what  remains  is  withheld 
by  the  obrtrucfli.  n,  and  the  rell'iring  forces  are  juft  in 
eqiiilibrio  with  this  obllruflion.  If  wc  now  add  to 
them  the  repullion  of  redundant  fluid,  directed  t  iward 
the  deficient  pole,  I'ome  mote  i^f  the  co:;lVipated  fluid 
mud  be  driven  that  way,  and  tie  magnet  muH  be  weak- 
ened. Nay,  it  may  be  de(\royel,  and  even  revcrfed, 
if  one  of  the  magnets  be  very  poweiful.  and  have  its 
own  niagnetifm  very  fixed  ;  that  is,  if  its  iluid  be  very 
redundant,  and  meet  with  very  great  oblhticlinn  to  its 
motion.  Hence  it  alfo  iTiould  follow,  that  the  repul- 
fion  obfcrved  between  two  magotU  (hould  be  weaker 


421 


?7 


E  T  I  S  M. 

at  the  fame  diltance  than  their  attraflion,  and  fhiuld 
follow  a  different  law.  For,  in  the  courfe  of  the  expe- 
riments, the  fituaiion  of  the  fluid  in  the  magnets  is  con- 
tinually changing,  and  approaching  to  a  (late  of  uni- 
form diSufion. 

Let  us  now  examine  into  the  fenfible  effeifl  of  this 
fluid  on  a  magnet  which  cannot  move  from  its  pbce,  ExpUna- 
but  can  turn  on  its  centre  like  a  compafs  needle.     This  ^^°  "'  '"* 
fcarcely  requires  any  difculTion.     We  (hould  only  be  re-    ^^^^  ^„^ 
peating,   with  regard  to  the  redundant  fluid  and  redun-  of  polarity, 
dant  matter,  what  we  formerly  faid  in  regard  of  north 
pole  and  fouth  pole  ;  the  little  magnet  mul^  arrange  it- 
lelr  nearly  in  the  tangent  of  a  magnetic  curve.     But  it 
requires  a  more  minute  invelligation  to  determine  what 
the  fenfible  phenomenon  (hould  be  when  the  fluid  ot  the 
little  magnet  is  perleftly  moveable. 

Suppofc  therefore  a  particle  C  (fig.  32.)  of  magne- 
tic fluid,  at  perfec'l  liberty  to  move  in  every  direftion, 
and  a(5led  on  by  the  redundant  and  deficient  poles  of  a 
magnet  NAS.  The  redundant  iron  in  S  attrafts  C  in 
the  direflion  and  with  the  force  CF,  while  the  redun- 
dant fluid  in  N  repels  it  in  the  direilion  and  with  the 
force  CD.  By  their  joint  action  it  muft  be  urged  in 
the  direction  and  with  the  force  CE,  the  diagonal  (f 
the  parallelogram  CDEF,  which  muft  be  accurately  a 
tangent  to  a  magnetic  curve.  If  this  particle  of  fluid 
belong  to  the  piece  of  iron  n  C  /,  which  lies  in  that  very 
diredion,  it  will  unqueftionably  be  puihcd  towards  the 
extremity  n.  The  fame  muft  happen  to  o  her  parti- 
cles. Hence  it  apnears  that  a  piece  of  common  iron 
in  this  lituation  and  pofition  muft  become  a  magnet,  and 
mull  retain  this  pofition  ;  i  nlv  the  mechanical  energy 
of  the  lever  miy  change  the  equilibrium  of  the  magne- 
tic forces  a  little;  becanfe  when  the  piece  of  irun  nC/ 
has  any  fenfib'e  magnitude,  the  aiflion  on  its  different 
points  will  be  a  litt'e  unequal,  and  may  compofe  dia- 
gonals which  divide  a  little  from  the  tangent. 

Should  the  iron  needle  chance  not  to  have  the  exaft 
pofition,  but  not  deviate  very  far  from  it,  it  is  alio 
cleai  that  the  fluid,  not  being  ;;ble  to  efcape,  will  prefs 
on  the  fide  toward  which  it  i>  impelled  ;  and  thus  will 
caufe  the  needle  to  turn  on  its  pivot,  and  finally  arrange 
itfelf  in  magnetical  and  mechanical  equilibrium,  devii- 
ting  fo  much  the  lefs  from  a  tangent  to  a  magnetic 
curve  as  the  piece  of  iron  is  fm^Ucr.  Any  piece  of 
common  iron,  held  in  the  neighbourhood  of  a  magnet, 
will  become  more  overcharged  at  one  end  and  under- 
charged at  the  other,  in  prop Ttion  as  th::  pofition  of  its 
length  comes  nearer  to  the  tangent  of  a  magnetic  curve. 
A  (lender  wire  held  perpendicular  to  thi;  pofition,  that 
is,  perpendicular  to  the  curve,  (hould  not  acquire  any 
fenfibli;  magnetifm,  cither  attraftive  or  dircdive.  ?8 

We  (urely  need  not  now  emjloy  many  words  to  Hxplma- 
fhew  that  a  parcel  of  irnn  filings,  ftrewcd  round  a  mag-  "°" 
net,  (hould  arrange  themfelvcs  in  the  primary  magnetic  formed  by 
curves,  or  that  when  ftrcwed  round  two  magnets  tliey  iron  fiUngi 
(hould  fiirm  the  fecondary  or  compofite  curves.  79 

Let  us  now  cnquiemore  particularly  into  the  modi-  Erplnm- 
fications  of  this  accumulation  of  macnetic  fluid  which  """  " 
may  rehilt  Irom  the  n.mire  ot  the  piece  of  iron,  as  it  1^  ^^  „f  p^. 
pvit  into  the  magnetic  ftate.      The  propelling  force  of  manf nt 
A  afts  againft  the  mutual  repulfion  of  the  particles  of  magnctlfni^ 
fluid  in  B,  and  alfo  againft  the  obllru-Sion  to  its  motion  ^'^  "f  '" 
through  the  pores  o\  li.      'I'he  greater  this  rhftru<flion, 


E»- 


the  (mailer  will  be  the  accuiDulation  which  fufiices,  in 


different 
a»id  dcicr- 


conjundior.  ougnetL'b 


42fi 


MAGNETISM. 


conjunflion  with  the  obllrudion  and  the  attraflion  of 
the  ileferted  iron,  to  balance  the  propullive  force  of  tlie 
rediindant  fluid  in  the  overcharged  pole  of  A.  This 
circumllance  tlicrelore  mull  limit  the  iiccumulition  that 
can  be  produced  in  a  given  time.  Thertfore  the  mag- 
iietifm  produced  on  foft  Heel  or  iron  Ihould  be  greater 
than  that  produced  in  hard  ftcel  at  the  fame  diltance. 
Hence  the  great  advantai^e  of  foft  poles,  or  of  armour, 
or  of  ciippiiijr,  to  a  loadllone,  or  to  a  bundle  of  hard 
bars.  The  beA  form  and  dimeulions  of  this  armour  is 
certainly  determinable  by  mathematical  principles,  if 
we  knew  the  law  of  magnetical  aiHinn,  and  the  difpofi- 
tion  of  the  magnetifm  in  our  loadllone;  but  thefe  are 
too  impeife-ftly  known  in  all  cafes  tor  us  to  jiretend  to 
give  any  exact  rules.  We  mull  decide  expcriinciually 
by  making  the  caps  large  at  firft,  and  reducing  them  till 
we  find  the  loadflone  carry  leis  ;  then  make  them  a 
finall  matter  larger.  The  chief  tilings  to  be  minded  arc 
the  purity,  the  uniformity,  and  the  loltnefs  ot  the  iron, 
and  the  dofell  pollible  contaft. 

If  the  obllruilion  rcfemble  that  to  motion  through  a 
clammy  iluid,  the  final  accumulation  in  hard  ileel  may 
be  nearly  equal  to  that  in  iron,  but  will  require  much 
longer  time.  Alfo,  becaufe  fuch  obftrudion  to  the  mo- 
tion of  the  fluid  will  nearly  balance  the  propelling  force 
in  p.irts  that  arc  far  removed  irom  tlie  magnet,  the  ac- 
cumulation will  begin  thereabouts,  while  the  bar  beyond 
is  not  yet  affedted.  A  redundant  pole  will  be  formed 
in  that  place.  This  will  operate  on  what  is  mmed'iauly 
beyond  it,  driving  tiie  fluid  farther  on,  and  occafioning 
another  accumulation  at  a  fmall  dillance.  This  may 
produce  a  fimilar  etled  in  a  Hill  fmaller  degree  farther 
on.  Thus  the  Heel  bar  will  have  the  fluid  alternately 
condenfed  and  rarefied,  and  contain  alternate  north  and 
fouth  poles.  This  Hate  of  diftribution  will  not  be  per- 
manent ;  fluid  will  be  gradually  changing  its  place  ; 
thefe  poles  will  gradually  advance  along  the  bar,  the  re- 
moter poles  becoming  gradually  more  difFule  and  faint ; 
and  it  will  not  be  till  after  a  very  long  time  that  a  re- 
gular magnetifm  with  two  poles  will  be  produced.  To 
ftatc  mathematically  the  procedure  ot  this  niechanifm 
■would  require  many  pages.  Yet  it  may  be  done  in 
fonie  limple  cafes,  as  Newton  has  llated  the  procefs  of 
aerial  undulation.  But  we  cannot  enter  upon  the  talk 
in  this  limited  difiertation.  What  is  faid  in  the  Supple- 
mentary article  Electricity  {n°  217,  218.)  on  the 
diftribution  of  the  eleflric  fluid  in  an  imperiedi  infula- 
tor,  will  affift  the  reader  to  form  a  notion  of  the  Itate 
of  magnetifm  during  its  induclion.  That  fuch  alterna- 
tions proceed  from  fuch  mechanifm,  we  have  futficient 
proof  in  the  intlances  mentioned  in  the  former  part  of 
this  article.  The  wave,  or  curl,  produced  on  the 
furface  of  a  clammy  fluid,  is  a  phenomenon  of  the  fame 
kind,  and  owing  to  fimilar  caufes. 

When  the  magnet  which  has  produced  all  thefe  chan- 
ges is  removed,  it  is  evident  that  a  part  of  this  accu- 
mulation will  be  undone  again.  The  repulfion  of  the 
condenfed  fluid,  and  the  attraftion  of  the  deferted  iron, 
will  bring  back  fome  of  the  fluid.  But  it  is  very  evi- 
dent, that  a  part  of  the  accumulation  will  remain,  by 
jeafon  of  the  obdrucflion  to  its  motion  in  returning: 
and  this  remainder  muft  be  fo  much  the  greater  as  the 
obllruflion  to  the  change  of  fuuation  is  greater.  In 
Ihort,  we  cannot  doubt  but  that  the  magnetifm  which 


remains  will  be  greater  in  hard  than  in  fpring  tempered 
(tecl. 

Thus  have  we  traced  the  hypothefis  In  a  great  variety       .'° 

of  circumllances  and  (iiuationb,  and  pointed  out  what     * '""^  " 
Inould  be  tlie  eitcinal  appearance  in  each.     We  did  ^f,,  f^^ 
not,  in  each  inllance,  mention  the  perfecfl  coincidence  m:iking 
ot  thefe  confequences  with  what  is  really  obferved,  but  magneti. 
left  it  to   the  recoUciffion  of  the  reader.     The  coinci» 
dence  is  indeed  fo  complete,  that  it  feems  hardly  pof. 
fible  to  rcfufe  granting  that  nature  operates  in  this  or 
fome  very  fimilar  manner.     We  get  fome  confidence  in 
the  conjeiilure,  and  may  even  proceed  to  explain  com- 
plicated phenomena  by  this  hypothetical  theory.      We 
might  proceed  to  fhew,  that  the  efFedls  of  all  the  me- 
thods praiftifed  by  the  artills  in  making  artificial  mag- 
nets are  eafy  confequences  of  the  hypoihclis  ;  but  this 
is  hardly  necelfary.    We  lliall  jull  mention  fome  fafts  in 
thole  proccHes  which  have  puzzled  the  naturalifts. 

1.  A  ftrong  magnet  is  known  to  communicate  the 
greateft  magnetil'm  to  a  bar  of  hard  Heel ;  but  Mufchen- 
broek  frequently  found,  that  a  weak  magnet  would 
communicate  more  to  a  foft  than  to  a  hard  bar. 

Exfthtnat'wn.  When  the  magnet  is  (Irong  enough  to 
impregnate  both  as  highly  as  they  are  capable  of,  the 
hard  bar  mull  be  the  llrongell  ;  but  if  it  can  fatiirate 
neither,  the  fpring-tenipered  bar  mufl  be  left  the  moft 
magnetical. 

2.  A  llrong  magnet  has  fometimes  communicated  no 
higher  magnetifm  than  a  weaker  one  ;  both  have  been 
able  to  faturate  the  bar. 

3.  A  weak  magnet  has  often  impaired  a  ftrong  one 
by  limply  pafling  along  it  two  or  three  times ;  but  a 
piece  of  iron  always  improves  a  magnet  by  the  fame 
treatment. 

Explanation^  When  the  north  pole  of  a  weak  but 
hard  magnet  is  fet  on  the  north  pole  of  a  llrong  one,  ic 
mud  certainly  repel  part  of  the  fluid  towards  the  other 
end,  and  thus  it  mull  weaken  the  magnet.  When  it  is 
carried  forward,  it  cannot  repel  this  back  again,  becaufe 
it  is  not  of  itfelf  fuppofed  capable  of  making  the  mag- 
net fo  ftrong.  But  the  end  of  a  piece  of  iron,  always 
acquiring  a  magnetifm  opp  fite  to  that  of  the  part 
which  it  touches,  muft  increafe  the  accumulation  o£ 
fluid  where  it  is  already  condenfed,  and  mull  expel  more 
from  thofe  parts  which  are  already  deficient. 

4.  All  the  parts  of  the  procefs  of  the  double  touch,  as 
praftifed  by  Melfrs  Mitchell  and  Canton,  are  ealily  ex- 
plained by  this  hypothefis.  A  particle  of  fluid  p  (fig. 
33.),  fituated  in  the  middle  between  the  two  magnets, 
is  repelled  in  the  direflion/if  by  the  redundant  pole  of 
the  magnet  AN,  whofe  centre  of  efl;ort  is  fuppofed  to 
be  at  C.  It  is  attrafted  with  an  equal  force  in  the  di- 
reftion  p  d  toward  the  centre  of  effort  of  the  deficient 
pole  of  AS.  By  thefe  combined  aflions  it  is  impelled 
in  the  direftion  />/.  Now  it  is  plain  that,  although  by 
increafing  the  diftance  between  N  and  S,  the  forces 
with  which  thefe  poles  aifl  on  p  are  diminilhed,  yet  the 
compound  force  ^/ may  increafe  by  the  diminution  of 

the  angle  dp  e.  If  the  a<5lion  is  as  -p,  pf  will  be  great- 

elt  when  — ,    /  -   is  a  maximum,  or  (nearly)  wlien 

Sin.  •  Jpf  X  Cof.  dpf\%  a  maximum  :  but  this  depends 

on 


MAGNETISM. 


Si 
Probabi  li- 
ty  of  the 
exiftence 
of  a  mag- 
netlcal 
£uiJ. 


on  the  place  of  the  centre  of  effort.  We  can,  however, 
gather  from  this  obfervation,  that  the  nearer  we  fup- 
pofe  the  centres  of  effort  of  the  poles  N  and  S  to  the 
extremities  of  the  magnets,  the  nearer  mull  they  be  pla- 
ced to  eacli  other.  But  we  mud  alfo  attend  to  another 
circunillance;  that  by  bringing  the  pole^,  nearer  toge- 
ther, although  we  produce  a  greater  a(5lion  on  the  in- 
tervening fluid,  this  action  is  exerted  on  a  fmaller  quan- 
tity of  it,  and  therefore  a  lefs  effe<ft  may  be  produced. 
This  makes  a  wider  pofiticn  preferable ;  but  we  have 
too  imperfe<5t  a  Icnowledge  of  the  circumftances  to  be 
able  to  determine  this  with  accuracy.  The  unfa- 
vourable aftion  on  the  fluid  beyond  the  magnets  mull 
alfo  be  confidered.  Yet  all  this  may  be  alcertained  with 
precifion  in  fome  very  fimple  inftances,  and  the  deter- 
mination might  be  of  fervice,  if  we  had  not  a  better 
method,  independent  of  all  hypothefes  or  theory  ;  name- 
ly, to  place  the  magnets  at  the  dillance  where  they  are 
ohjtriied  to  lift  tiie  heaviefl  bar  of  iron  ;  then  we  are 
certain  that  their  action  is  moll  favourable,  all  circum- 
fiances  being  combined. 

We  alfo  fee  a  fufficient  reafon  for  preferring  the  po- 
rtion of  the  magnets  employed  by  Mr  Antheaume 
(and  before  him  by  Mr  Servington  Savery),  in  his  pro- 
cefs  for  making  artificial  magnets.  The  form  of  the 
parallelogram  dp  ef\%  then  much  more  favourable,  the 
diagonal  />/ being  much  longer. 

We  alfo  fee,  ni  general,  that,  by  the  method  of 
double  touch,  a  much  greater  acctmiulation  of  fluid 
may  be  produced  than  by  any  other  known  procefs. 

And,  ladly,  fince  no  appearances  indicate  any  diffe- 
rence between  natural  and  artificial  magnetifm,  this  hy- 
pothefis  is  equally  applicable  to  the  explanation  of  the 
phenomena  ot  natural  magnetifm  ;  fuch  as  the  pofition 
of  the  horizontal,  and  oi  the  dipping  needle,  and  the 
impregnation  of  natural  loaddones. 

Having  fuch  a  body  of  evidence  for  the  aptitude  of 
lliis  Jiypothefis  for  the  explanation  of  phenumena,  it 
will  furely  be  agreeable  to  meet  with  any  circumfiances 
which  render  the  hypothecs  itfelf  more  probable.  Thefe 
are  not  wanting  ;  although  it  muft  be  acknowledged 
that  nothing  has  yet  appeared,  befides  the  phenomena 
of  Bwgnetiini,  to  give  us  any  indication  of  the  exiftence 
of  fuel)  a  fluid  ;  but  there  are  many  particulars  in  their 
appearance  which  greatly  refcmble  the  mechanical  pro- 
perties of  a  fluid. 

Heating  a  rod  of  iron,  and  allowing  it  to  cool  in  a 
pofition  perpendicular  to  the  magnetic  direiflion,  de- 
ftroys  its  m.igneiifm.  lion  is  expanded  by  heat.  If 
the  particles  of  the  magnetic  fluid  are  retained  between 
thofe  of  the  iron,  notwiilillanding  the  forces  which  tend 
to  diflul'e  them  uniformly,  they  may  thus  efcape  from 
between  thefcrrugineous  pai  tides  which  withheld  them. 
For  fimilar  reafons,  magnetifm  lliould  be  acquired  by 
heating  a  bar  and  letting  it  cool  in  the  magnetic  di- 
retSion.  But,  bi-fides  this  evident  mechanical  opporlu- 
nily  of  motion,  the  union  of  fire  (or  whatever  name 
the  nenlogills  may  choole  to  give  to  the  caufe  of  ex- 
panfion  and  of  heat)  with  the  particles  of  iron  may  to- 
tally change  the  aiEtion  of  ihofe  particles  en  the  parti- 
cles ot  fluid  in  immediate  contad  with  them  ;  nay,  it 
may  even  change  tlie  fenlible  law  oi  adion  between 
magnet  and  magnet.  Of  this  no  one  can  doubt  wlio 
undcrltands  the  a;ipllcatian  of  mathematical  fcience  to 
ccrpufculur  attraction  (See    Boscovich,    Stiff'-)     A 


423 


change  may  be  produced-in  the  aflion  between  m:?gnets 
without  any  remarkable  change  happening  in  the  ac- 
tions within  the  magnet,  and  it  may  be  jull  the  reverfe. 
I'he  union  of  fire  with  tlie  magnetic  fluid  may  iiicreafe 
the  mutual  repulfion  of  its  parts,  as  it  does  in  all  atrial 
fluids  or  gafes.  Tliis  alone  would  produce  a  diiripati(m 
of  fome  magnetifm.  It  may  iocrcafe  the  attraiflion  (at 
infenfible  diltances)  between  the  fluid  and  the  iron,  as  it 
does  in  numberlefs  cafes  in  chemlftry. 

It  is  well  known  that  violently  knocking  or  hammer-  gj 
ing  a  magnet  weakens  its  force,  and  that  hammering  a  Fanhtr 
piece  of  iron  in  the  magnetic  direciion  will  give  it  fome  grounds 
magnetifm.  By  this  treatment  the  parts  of  the  iron  "'^ ''"•''"^^" 
are  put  into  a  tremulous  motion,  alternately  approach- 
ing and  receding  from  each  other.  In  the  inilanis  of 
their  recefi,  tlie  pent-up  panicles  of  the  fluid  may  make 
their  efcape.  A  quantity  of  fmall  fhot  m^y  be  uni- 
formly mixed  with  a  quantity  of  wheat,  and  will  re- 
main fo  for  ever,  if  nothing  difturb  the  veil'el ;  but  con- 
tinue to  tap  it  fmartly  with  a  flick  for  a  long  time,  and 
the  grains  of  fmall  (hot  will  efcape  from  tlieir  confine- 
ments, and  will  all  go  to  the  bottom.  We  may  con- 
ceive the  particles  ot  magnetic  fluid  to  be  affeded  in 
the  fame  way.  The  fame  effeifl  is  produced  by  grind- 
ing or  filing  magnets  and  loadflones.  The  latter  are 
frequently  made  woithlefs  by  grinding  them  into  tl>e 
proper  fliape.  This  (hould  be  avoided  as  much  as  pof- 
fible,  and  it  fhould  always  be  done  in  moulds  made  of 
fofc  iron  and  very  maflive  ;  but  this  will  not  always  pre- 
vent the  dilCpation  ofjlrong  magnetifm.  As  a  farther 
reafon  for  afligning  this  caufe  for  the  diillpation  in  fuch 
cafes,  it  mull  be  obferved  (Mufchenbroek  tikts  notice 
of  it),  that  a  magnet  or  loadllone  may  be  ground  at  its 
neutral  point  without  much  d<image.  But  we  had  the 
following  mod  dillinifl  example  of  the  procefs.  A  very 
fine  artificial  magnet  was  fufpended  by  a  thread,  with 
its  fouth  pole  down.  A  perlon  was  employed  to  knock 
it  incelfantly  with  a  piece  of  pebble,  in  fuch  a  manner 
as  to  make  it  ring  very  clearly,  being  extremely  hard 
and  elaftic.  Its  magnetifm  was  examined  from  time  to 
time  with  a  very  fm„ll  compafs  needle.  In  three  quar- 
ters of  an  hour,  its  magnetifm  was  not  only  deftroyed, 
but  the  lower  end  fhevved  figns  of  a  north  pole.  The 
fame  m  ;gnet  was  again  touched,  and  made  as  flrong  as 
before,  and  was  then  wotmd  about  very  tight  with 
wetted  whipcord,  leaving  a  fmall  part  bare  in  the  mid- 
dle. It  w.is  again  knocked  with  the  pebble,  but  c.^uld  no 
longer  ring.  At  the  end  of  three  quarters  of  an  hour 
its  magnetifm  was  fllU  vigorous,  and  was  not  near  gone 
alter  two  hours  and  a  quarter.  We  difcharged  a  Ley- 
den  jar  (coated  with  gold  leaf)  in  tiie  fame  way.  It 
Hood  on  the  top  of  an  axis  ;  and  while  this  was  turned 
round,  the  edge  w.is  rubbed  with  a  very  dry  cork  filled 
with  rofm,  and  faftci-.ed  to  the  end  of  a  glafs  rod.  This 
made  tlie  jar  found  like  the  glafs  of  a  liarmonica.  One 
of  them  was  Iplit  in  this  operation. 

A  fmall  bar  of  Heel  was  heated  red  hot  and  temper- 
ed hard  between  two  llrong  magnets  lying  in  fliallow 
boxes  filled  with  water,  and  v/as  more  Itrongly  impreg- 
nated in  this  way  than  in  any  other  that  we  could  tliiuk 
of  for  a  bar  of  that  Ihape.  It  has  not  yet  been  alcer- 
tained in  wliat  temperature  it  is  moft  fufceptible  of  mas- 
nelifm,  but  it  was  confiderably  hotter  than  to  be  jull 
vifible  in  a  dark  place.  It  is  ro  objection  to  our  way 
of  conceiving  m.ignctlfm,  that  the  fluid  is  in:inoveable 

or 


4-4 


MAGNETISM. 


83 

WTiy  mag' 
nets  have 
always 
more  than 
■"    pole. 


or  ina>aive  when  the  iron  is  red  hot.  Either  of  thcfe, 
or  bolh  of  them,  may  refult  from  Uie  union  witi>  the 
caufe  of  heat.  Evtn  a  particular  degree  of  expanfion 
may  fo  charge  the  law  ci|  ;ifli<  n  as  to  make  it  iwtnove- 
able  ;  or  ilie  union  with  caloric  m.iy  render  it  i>.ai!?;Ti? at 
all  lenfibie  dillances.  Wc  cannot  but  think,  that  fome 
very  inllruifiive  fafls  might  be  obtained  by  experiments 
made  on  iron  in  the  moment  of  its  produ^ilion,  and 
changes  in  various  chemical  procelfcs.  All  niagnetifm 
is  gone  when  it  is  united  wiih  fulphur  and  aifenic  in  the 
greaiell  number  of  ores  ;  and  when  it  is  in  the  ftate  of 
an  ochre,  rull,  aihiops,  or  folution  in  acids  ;  and  when 
united  with  allringentfubllances,  fuch  as  galls.  When, 
and  in  what  (late,  does  it  become  magnetic  ?  And 
whence  comes  the  fluid  oi  iEpinus  ?  It  were  worth 
while  to  try,  whether  magnets  have  any  influence  in 
the  formation  or  cryftallization  of  the  martial  falts ; 
and  what  will  be  their  effetfl  on  iron  when  precipitated 
Irom  its  folutior.6  by  another  metal,  &:c.  &c. 

There  remains  one  remarkable  laiit  to  be  taken  no- 
tice of,  which,  in  one  point  of  view,  is  a  confirmation 
of  the  hypotheiis,  but  in  another  prefents  confiderable 
diiEculties.  It  is  well  known,  that  no  magnet  has  ever 
been  feen  which  has  but  one  pole  ;  that  is,  on  the  hy- 
pothelis  of  ^pinus,  which  is  wholly  redundant,  or 
w  holly  deficient.  If  all  magnetifm  be  either  the  imme- 
diate or  the  remote  etfeft  of  the  great  magnet  contain- 
ed in  the  earth,  and  if  it  be  produced  by  indudion, 
without  any  communication  of  lubdance,  but  only  by 
changing  the  difpoluion  of  the  fluid  already  in  the  iron, 
we  never  fliould  fee  a  mugnet  with  only  one  pole.  It 
rnuft  be  owned,  that  we  never  can  make  fuch  a  magnet 
by  any  of  the  procefles  hitherto  delcribed  ;  but  theex- 
iltence  of  fuch  does  not  feem  impoflible.  Suppofing  a 
magnet  of  the  moft  regular  magneiifm,  having  only 
two  poles ;  and  that  we  cut  it  through  at  the  neutral 
point,  or  that  we  cut  or  break  off  any  part  of  it — the 
ia<5t  is,  (for  the  experiment  has  been  tried  ever  lince 
men  began  to  fpeculate  about  magnetilrn),  tint  each 
jiart  becomes  an  ordinary  magnet,  with  two  poles,  one 
of  which  is  of  the  fame  kind  as  before  the  feparatlon. 
The  queftion  now  is.  What  fhoulJ  happen  according  to 
the  theory  maintained  by  ^pinus  : — Tentam.  Thior. 
Eletl.  et  Magmii/mi,  p.  1 04,   &c. 

Let  NAb  (hg.  34.)  be  a  magnet,  cf  which  N  is 
the  overcharged  pole.  Let  the  ordinates  of  the  curve 
DAE  exprefb  the  difference  between  the  natural  denfi- 
ty  of  the  fluid,  in  a  ftate  of  uniform  diffufion,  and  its 
denlity  as  it  is  really  difpofed  in  the  magnet.  The 
area/i  n  ND  will  there  exprefs  the  quantity  of  redun- 
dant fluid  in  the  part  n  N,  and  the  area  q  ES  m  expref- 
Ics  the  fluid  wanting  in  the  part  S  m.  The  interfe(5lion 
A  marks  that  part  of  the  magnet  where  the  fluid  is  of 
its  natural  denfity.  Suppole  the  pan  N  n  to  be  fepa- 
rated  from  the  reft,  containing  the  redundant  fluid 
ND  p  n.  The  tendency  of  this  fluid  to  efcape  from  the 
iron  with  whiih  it  is  conne(5ted  will  be  greater  (Mr 
./Epiuus  thinks)  than  before  ;  becaul'c  ics  tendency  to 
quit  the  magnet  formerly  was  reprell'ed  by  the  attrac- 
tions of  the  redundant  matter  contained  in  AS.  This 
is  certainly  true  ot  the  extremity  N  ;  nay,  perhaps  of 
all  the  old  external  furface.  Fluid  will  therefore  efcape. 
iSuppole  that  fo  much  has  quitted  the  iron  that  the 
point  n  has  the  fluid  of  its  natural  denfity,  as  is  repre- 
lented  iu  n°  3.  there  is  ftill  a  force  operating  atn,  tend- 


84 


ing  toefcipc,  anfing  from  tlie  rfpiilfion  of  all  the  re- 
dundant fluid  n  DN.  If  tiiis  be  fufficient  for  overcom- 
ing the  obftrudion,  it  will  really  efcape,  and  the  iron 
will  be  lelt  in  the  ftate  reprelented  by  11°  4.  with  an 
overcharged  part/N,  and  an  undercharged  part/n. 

In  like  manner,  the  tendency  of  the  magnetic  fluid 
furrounding  the  magnet  tu  enter  into  its  deficient  pole, 
will  be  greater  when  it  is  feparated  from  the  other,  not 
being  checked  by  the  repullion  of  the  redundant  fluid 
in  that  other. 

Mr  iEpinus  relates  fome  experiments  which  he  mada 
on  this  fubjed.  The  general  refult  of  them  was,  that 
the  moment  the  parts  were  feparated,  each  had  two 
poles,  and  that  the  neutral  point  of  each  magnet  was 
much  nearer  to  the  place  of  their  former  union  than  to 
their  other  ends.  In  a  quarter  of  an  hour  afterward, 
the  neutral  points  had  advanced  nearer  to  their  middle, 
and  continued  to  do  fo,  by  very  fniall  ileps,  for  fome 
hours,  and  fometimes  days,  and  finally  were  ftationary 
in  their  middles. 

We  acknowledge,  that  this  reafoning  docs  not  alto- 
gether latisfy  us,  and  that  the  gradual  progrefs  of  the  ^'.Vj^on. 
neutral  point  toward  the  middle  of  each  piece,  although  jng. 
agreeable  to  what  Ihould  lefult  from  an  efcape  of  fluid, 
is  not  a  proof  of  it.  We  know  already,  that  the  in- 
duiflion  of  magnetifm  is  a  progrelfive  tiling  ;  and  we 
ftiuuld  have  expedcd  this  chanj^e  of  the  fitualionof  the 
neutral  point,  whatever  be  the  nature  of  magnetifm. 
There  is  fomething  fimilar  to  this,  and  perhaps  equal- 
ly puzzling,  in  the  immediate  recovery  of  magnetifm 
which  has  been  weakened  by  heat;  it  is  partly  reco- 
vercd  on  cooling. 

But  our  chief  difficulty  is  this :  At  the  point  A 
(fig.  34.)  every  thing  is  in  equilibrium  before  the  frac- 
ture. The  particle  A  is  repelled  by  the  redundant 
fluid  in  AN,  and  attrafted  by  the  redundant  matter  in 
AS  ,  yet  it  does  not  move,  for  the  magnetifm  is  fup- 
pofed  to  have  permanency.  Therefore  the  obftruiftion 
at  A  cannot  be  overcome  by  the  united  rcpuliion  of 
AN  and  attraiflion  of  AS.  Nor  can  the  obftrudioii 
at  N  be  overcome  by  the  difference  of  thefe  two  forces. 
Now  fuppofe  AS  annihilated.  The  change  made  on 
the  ftate  of  things  at  A  is  furely  greater  than  that  at 
N,  becaule  the  force  abftraiftcd  is  greater,  the  diftance 
being  lefs.  It  does  not  clearly  appear,  therefore,  that 
the  removal  of  AS  fhould  occafion  an  efflux  at  N.  This, 
however  is  not  imp  ffible  ;  becaufe  the  fluiil  may  be  fo 
difpofed,  by  great  conftipation  near  N,  and  no  great 
excefs  of  denfity  near  A,  that  a  fmaller  change  at  N 
may  produce  an  efflux  there.  But  fiirely  the  tendency 
to  efcape  at  A  muft  now  be  diminiflied,  inftead  of  be- 
ing greater  after  the  fraiffure.  And  if  any  efcape  from 
N,  this  will  ftill  more  diminilh  that  tendency  to  efcape 
from  A.  It  does  not  therefore  appear  a  clear  cinfe- 
quence  of  the  general  theory,  that  the  conftipated  fluid 
Ih  uld  efcape  ;  and  m  >re  particul  11  ly,  that  A  Ihould 
become  deficient.  And  with  refpedf  to  the  entry  of 
fluid  into  the  other  fragment,  and  its  becoming  (over- 
charged St  ?/i,  the  reafoning  feem^  ftill  hf's  convincing. 
The  Iteps  of  the  phyfical  prorefs  in  the  two  p;'ris  of 
the  original  magnet  are  by  no  means  convertible  or 
counterparts  of  each  other.  There  is  nothing  in  the 
part  AS  to  refemble  the  force  of  repuliion  really  exert- 
ing itfelf  in  the  correfponding  point  of  AN.  There 
would  be,  if  there  were  a  particle  of  fluid  in  that  place  ; 

but 


MAGNETISM. 


425 


but  there  is  not,  Tlie  tendency  therefore  of  external  terfeflion  of  the  fcconilary  curves,  fne  wing  that  the  bars 
fluid  to  enter  there,  does  not  rcfcmble  the  tendency  of  were  really  two  magnets,  and  not  one. 
the  internal  fluid  to  expand  and  diffipate.  It  is  true,  On  the  other  hand,  when  a  piece  is  broken  fff  frorri 
indeed,  the  dil'courfe  fhould  be  confined  to  points  of  a  magnet,  the  fucceflion  and  elafiic  tremor  into  which 
the  furface.  But  the  internal  motion  mud  alio  be  con-  the  parts  are  thrown,  and  even  the  bending  previous  to 
fidered  ;  and  the  great  objcdion  alv.ays  remains,  name-  the  fraifhire,  may  give  opportunity  to  a  diflipaiion, 
ly,  that  the  obftiuiflion  at  A  (n°  i.)  or  at  n  (n"  3.)  which  could  not  other  wife  happen.  The  parts  ihculd 
is  fufficient  to  prevent  the  palTage  of  a  particle  of  fluid  be  feparated  by  coirolion  in  an  acid,  and  the  gradual 
from  the  pole  AN  into  the  pole  AS,  when  urged  by  change  ofmagnetil'm  fhc  uld  be  carefully  noted.  The 
the  repulfion  of  the  fluid  in  the  one  and  the  attra<51iou  writer  of  this  article  has  made  fonie  experiments  of  this 
of  the  iron  in  the  other;  and  yet  will  not  prevent  the  nature,  the  refults  of  whicli  prtfent  (ome  curious  obfer- 
efcape  of  a  particle  v.hen  one  of  thofe  caufe^  of  motion  vations :  but  they  are  not  yet  brought  to  a  concluficn 
is  removed.      Add  to  this,  that  the  whole  hypothefis     that  is  fit  to  be  Isid  bifjrc  tlie  public. 

alfumes  as  a  principle,  that  the  rellllance  to  efcape  from         Mr  Prevot  of  Geneva,  in  a  dill'^rtation  on  the  origin        *> 
any    point   is  greater   than   the  obftruflion  to  motion    of  magnetic  forces,  endeavours  to  give  a  theory  which  ^ij""','" 
through  the  poies.     This  is  readily  granted;  foi  how-    obviates  the  only  difficulty  in  that  of  iEpinus  ;  but  it  " 
ever  great  we  fuppofe  the  attr;i(51ion,  in  the  limits  of    is  incomparably  more  complex,  employing  two  fluids, 
phyfical  contact,  it  will  be  no  obftru<51ion  to  motion    which  by  their  union  conipofe  a  third,  which  he  calls 
through   the    pores,  becaufe  the  particle  is  equally  af-    combined  fluid.     There  is  much  ingenuity,  and  evea 
fefted  by  the  oppofite  fides  of  the  pores ;  whereas,  in    mathematical  addrefs,  in  adjufting  the  relative  pr(>per- 
cjuitting  the  body  altogether,  there  is  nothing  beyond    ties  of  thofe  fluids.     But  fonie  ot  them  are  palpably  in- 
the  body  to  counierad  the  attraflion  by  which  it  is  re-    comp^itible ;    ex.  gr.   ihe  particles  of  each  attraci  each 
tained.  other,   but  thofe  of  the  other  kind  moll  llrongly  ;   yet 

There  feems  fomething  wanting  to  accommodate  this  they  are  both  elaftic  like  air.  This  is  fuie'.y  incon- 
beautiful  hypothefis  of  Mr  ^pinus  to  this  remarkable  ceivable. — Granting  this,  however,  he  fuits  his  dif- 
phenomcnon  ;  and  the  coincidence  is  otberwife  fo  com-  ferent  attra<fiion5,  fo  that  a  llrong  elcilive  attraction  of 
plete,  that  we  are  almoll  obliged  to  conclude  that  it  is  the  combined  fluid  for  iron  deccinpofcs  part  of  the  fla- 
merely  a  deficiency,  ariling  trom  our  not  having  a  fuf-  id  in  the  iron,  and  each  of  its  ingredients  occupies  op- 
ficient  knowledge  of  the  law  of  magnetic  aflion.  This  pofite  ends  of  the  bar  :  then  will  the  bars  approach  or 
is  quite  fufficient  :  For  it  may  be  ftriifily  demonftrated,  recede,  according  as  the  near  ends  contain  a  dilTerent 
that  if  the  m.ignetic  adion  decreafes  in  higher  ratio  or  the  fame  ingredient.  All  this  is  operated  without 
than  that  of  the  fquares  of  the  diflances,  the  permanen-    repulfion. 

cy  of  the  fluid  in  any  particular  difpofition  has  fcarcely  But  the  whole  of  this  is  mere  accommodation,  like 
any  dependence  on  the  particles  at  any  fenfible  diftancc,  ^pinus's,  but  fo  much  more  complex,  that  it  re- 
and  is  affecfted  only  by  the  var'hUiotii  of  its  denfity  (See  quires  very  intenfe  contemplation  to  toUow  the  author 
Electricity,  Suppl.w°  217.  for  a  cafe  fomevvhat  fi-  through  the  confequcnces.  Add  to  this,  that  his  attrac- 
niilar).  Therefore,  if  the  fluid  be  fo  difpofed,  that  its  tions  are  operated  by  another  fluid,  infinitely  more  fubtle 
denfity  may  be  reprefented  by  the  ordinates  of  fuch  a  than  either  of  thofe  already  mentioned,  every  particle 
curve  as  is  drawn  in  fig.  34.  having  its  two  extremities  of  thefe  being,  as  it  v/ere,  a  world  in  comparilon  of 
concave  toward  the  axis,  and  a  point  of  contrary  flex-  thofe  of  the  other.  In  Ihort,  he  adopts  all  the  cxtra- 
tire  at  A,  the  tendency  to  efcape  at  A  will  be  the  great-  vagant  fuppofitions  of  Le  Sage  cf  Gcnev.i,  and  every 
eft  poflTible  ;  and  when  the  magnet  is  broken  at  A  thing  is  ultimately  impulfion.  Nor  is  ihe  contrivance 
(n°  I.),  or  when  the  fluid  has  taken  the  arrangement  re-  for  obviating  the  difficulty  (fo  often  mentioned)  at  all 
prefented  by  n°  3.  it  cannot  flop  there,  and  miij}  become  clear  and  convincing  ;  and  it  is  equally  gratuitous  with 
deficient  in  that  part.  Now,  it  mutl  be  acknowledged,  the  reft.  We  cannot  think  this  hypothefis  at  all  inti- 
that  we  are  not  abfolutely  certain  that  the  magnetic    tied  to  the  name  of  f.x^/.j;w//a/;. 

aifiion  is  in  the  precife  inverfe  duplicate  ratio  of  the  di-        This  mull;  ferve  for  an  acct  unt  of  the  hypothefis  of        td 
ftance.     All  that  we  are  certain  of  is,  that  it  is  much    iEpinus.     The  philofophical  reader  will  fee,  that  how-  Rcnurkt 
nearer  to  it  than  to  either  the  ii'.verfe  fimple  or  inverfe    ever  exactly  it    may  tnlly  with  every  phenoii'.cncn,  it  ""  hypo- 
triplicate  ratio.     We  own  ourfelves  rather  difpol'ed  to    cannot  be  called  an  explanation  of  the  pheniniena  ;  be-  " 
afcribe  the  prefent  difficulty   to  our  ignorance  of  fome    caufe  it  is  the  phenomena  which  expl.iin  the  h)pothe- 
circumftance,  purely  mathematical,  overlooked,  or  mif-    fis,  or  give  us  the  cliaracf^ers  of  the  magnetic  fiaid,  if 
taken,  than  to  think  a  coiijeiflure  unfounded,  which  tal-    fuch  fluid  exills.     But  wc  are  not  obliged  to  admit  this 
lies  fo  accurately  with  fuch  a  variety  of  phenomena.         exiUcnce,  as   we  admit   tint  to  be  the  true  decyphe- 
We  may  here  obferve,  that  we  are  not  altogether  fa-    ring   of   a   letter    which   makes  (enfe  cf  ir.     In  tliat 
tisfied  with  ./Epinus's  form  of  the  experiment.     He  did    cjfe  we  know  bulh  parts  of  ilie  fubjecl — tile  chara>5lers 
not  break  a  magnet ;  he  fet  two  fieel  bars  end  to  end,    and  tiie  founds ;  but  are  ignorant  which  corrcfponds  to 
•and  touched  them  as  one  bar,  making  the  magneiifrn    which.     Did  we  fee  a  fiiiid  abftradled  ironi  one  part 
pfrfedllv  regular  ;  he  then  feparated  them,  and  found    of  a  bar  and  conflipated  in  anmher,  and  perceire  the 
that  each  had  tv.'o   poles.     But  was  he  certain  that,    abllr.iiilion  and  conltipition  always  accompanied  by  the 
when  joined,  they  made  but  one  magnet?    We  luve    orferved  attiaflions  and  repullions,  the  rules  c  f  philo- 
fomctimes  fuccccded  in  doing  this,  as  we  tliought,  by    fophical  difcuffion,  nay,  the  conftitntion  of  our  owq 
the  curves  ot   iron  filings ;  but   on  putting  the  needle    mind,  would  oblige  us  to  atllgn  the  one  as  the  cai'fe  or 
with  which  we  were  examining  their  polaiity  into  pro-    occafion  of  the  other.     But  this  important  circumllance 


per  fituations,  we  fomeiimcs  found  it  in  the  fccond  in-    is  wanting  iu  the  prcfcnt  cafe.     Wc  think, 


SuppL.  Vol.  II. 


3  H 


hov.ever, 
that 


A'-(i 


MAGNETISM. 


The  pre- 
ceding the- 
ory it  not  : 
hjrpotheCs. 


that  it  nKrits  a  ctofe  attention  ;  and  we  entertain  great 
liopes  of  its  being  one  day  completed,  by  including  this 
lingle  exception. 

At  tlic  lame  time,  it  mnfl  be  owned,  that  it  gives  no 
extenfion  of  knowledge  ;  for  it  can  have  no  greater  ex- 
tenliou  than  the  phen'<mena  on  which  it  is  toiinded,  and 
cannot,  without  rilk  of  error,  be  applied  to  an  untried 
cafe,  of  a  kind  dilliniilar  in  its  nature  to  the  phenomena 
on  which  it  is  founded.  We  doubt  not  but  that  its  in- 
genious author  would  have  faid,  that  a  bit  brol<en  off 
from  the  north  pole  of  a  magnet  would  be  wholly  a 
north  pole,  if  he  had  not  known  that  the  fad  was 
other«  ife. 

But  this  hypothefi;  greatly  aids  the  imagination  in 
concei  iug  the  piocefs  of  the  m  ignetical  phenomena. 
The  more  we  lludy  ihem,  the  more  do  they  appear  to 
refenible  the  protrulion  of  a  Huid  tluough  the  p.irts  of 
an  oblhuvliiig  l)iidy.  It  proceeds  gradually.  It  mjy 
be,  as  it  were,  overd  Mie,  and  regorges  when  the  propel- 
ling caule  is  removed.  The  motion  is  aided  by  what 
we  know  to  aid  other  (ibllruiJled  motions.  As  a  Huid 
would  be  conftipated  in  all  protuberances,  fo  the  facul- 
ty of  producing  the  phenomena  is  greater  in  all  foch  I'l- 
tuatior.  ,  &c.  &•.  This,  joined  to  the  impollibility  of 
Ipeaking,  witli  clearnef'i  of  conception,  of  the  propaga- 
tion of  powers  without  the  protrufion  of  fomeihing  in 
which  they  inhere,  gives  it  a  hold  of  the  imagination 
which  is  not  cafily  Iliaken  off. 

To  fay  that  nothing  is  explained  when  the  attrac- 
tion of  the  fluid  is  not  expliined,  and  that  this  is  the 
main  quefli:)n,  gives  us  little  concern.  AVe  offer  no  ex- 
planation of  tliis  atlraiflion,  more  than  of  the  attraction 
of  gravity.  There  is  nothing  contrary  to  the  laws  of 
human  intellect,  noiiiiiig  inconfillent  with  the  rules  of 
reafoning,  in  faying,  that  tilings  are  f)  conftituted, 
that  when  two  particles  are  together,  they  feparate, 
although  we  are  ignorant  of  the  immediate  caufe  of 
their  f;paration.  Thofe  who  think  that  all  motion  is 
performed  by  impuHion,  and  who  explain  magnetifni 
by  a  ftream  of  Huid  circulating  round  the  magnet, 
nvjft  have  another  fluid  to  impel  this  i^aid  into  its  cur- 
vi'incal  path  ;  for  they  infift,  that  the  planets  are  fo 
imjjelied.  Then  they  mud  hive  a  third  fluid  to  de- 
Jlj>ft  the  vertical  iiuitions  of  the  fecond,  and  fo  on  with- 
out end.  This  is  evident,  and  it  is  abfard.  Bat  we 
hi\e  faid  emugh  in  tlie  article  Impulsion,  Supf>l.  to 
Jhew  th.it  all  hypolhefes  framed  on  purpofc  to  explain  ac- 
tion (•  lUjLiiii  by  inipnllion  are  illogical  ;  beciufe  im- 
pulliir.i  requires  exphination  as  much  as  the  other,  and 
neitiier  the  one  nor  the  other  will  ever  be  refolved  into 
any  thing  but  the  fiat  of  the  AUwife  Author  of  the 
univeife. 

We  conclude  with  defiring  the  reader  to  remark,  that 
the  explanation  which  we  have  given  o'  the  magnetical 
phenomena  is  independent  of  the  liypothefis  of  jEpi- 
nus,  or  any  h)  pnthef;s  whatever.  We  luve  nariated  a 
variety  of  very  di(linguilh,ible  f  iff-,  and  have  marked 
their  dillinft  on^.  We  have  bewi  ab'e  to  reduce  them 
to  geneial  clafi'es ;  and  even  to  groupe  thofe  clad'es  into 
others  Ihll  more  generil;  and  at  laft,  to  point  out 
one  whicli  is  difcoverable  in  tlieni  all.  This  is  giving 
a  philoff.pl.ical  theory,  in  the  llriflell  fcnfe  of  the  word  ; 
bccaufe  we  Uicw,  in  every  cafe,  the  modification  of 
the  general  fail  which  allots  it  this  or  that  particular 
place  in  the  clafljfication.     Thus  we  have  Ihewn  that 


the  polarity  or  direi5live  power  of  magnets  is  d^ly^mtv- 
dification  of  the  general  faiS  of  attraflion  and  repulfion. 
Dr  Cilberi's  theory  of  terreflruil  magnetifm  is  indeed  a 
hypothefis,  and  ve  en  unced  it  as  fucli-  It  only  claims 
probability,  and  we  apprehend  that  a  very  high  degree 
of  credit  will  be  given  lo  it. 

We  hope  that  many  of  our  readers  will  have  their 
curiofity  excited  by  the  account  we  have  given  ot  .Aipi- 
nns's  theory.  To  fuch  we  earnellly  recommend  the  fe- 
rious  perufal  of  his  b<'Ok  Tenlamen  Thtorix  EleBricitalit 
el  Magncl'ifmi,  yluH  F.  ALpino,  Pelropoll,  1759.  Van 
Swinden  has  included  a  very  good  abllraifl  of  it  in  his 
2d  volume  Sur  I'EUflric'ni,  written  by  ProfeiTor  Stcig- 
lehner  of  Ratifbon  or  Ingolftadt.  The  mathematic  il 
part  is  greatly  fimplified,  and  tlie  whole  is  prefenied  in 
a  very  clear  and  accurate  manner.  Mr  Van  Kwiuden  is 
a  profefi'ed  foe  to  all  hypothcfes ;  but  he  !<  not  mode- 
rate, and  we  wifii  that  we  could  fay  that  he  is  candid. 
He  attacks  every  thing  ;  and  tafees  the  opportunity  of 
every  analogy  pointed  out  by  jEpinus  between  magne- 
tifm and  eleiflricity  to  repeat  the  firll  fentence  of  his 
dilFertation,  namely,  that  magnetifm  and  electricity  are 
not  the  fame  ;  a  thing  that  iEpinus  alfo  maintains.  But 
he  even  charges  jEpinus  with  a  millake  in  his  funda- 
mental equations,  which  invalidates  his  whole  theory. 
He  fays  that  iEpinus  has  omitted  one  of  the  acfling 
forces  affumed  in  his  hypotlielis.  This  is  a  moft  ground- 
lefs  charge :  and  we  own  that  we  cannot  conceive  how 
Van  Swinden  could  fall  into  fuch  a  mirtake.  We  are 
unwilling  to  call  it  intenticnal,  for  the  mere  purpofe  of 
raifing  a  man  of  ftraw  to  knock  liini  down  again. 
Abbe  Hai-iy  of  the  French  Academy  has  alfo  publilhed 
an  abridgment  of  iEpinus's  theory,  with  many  excellent 
remarks,  tending  to  clear  the  theory  of  the  only  defeft 
that  has  been  found  in  it.  This  work  was  much  ap- 
proved of,  and  recommended  by  the  Academy.  We 
have  not  had  the  good  fortune  to  fee  a  copy  of  it. 

The  reailer  cannot  but  have  remarked  the  clofe  analo-  S8 
gy  between  the  magnetical  phenomena  andihofeof  indu-  Analogy  of 
ced  ele<5lric!ty  ;  indeed,  all  the  phenomena  of  attracftion  migiietifm 
and  repulfion  arc  the  fame  in  both.  Tlie  mechanical  "!'  "'™''" 
compofition  of  thofe  aiflions  produces  a  dirc'ftive  power 
and  a  polarity,  in  electrical  as  well  as  in  magnetical  bo- 
dies.  We  can  make  an  electric -1  needle  which  will  ar- 
range itfelf,  with  refpeifl  to  the  overcharged  and  under- 
charged ends  of  a  body  eleflritied  by  mere  pofiiion,  jull 
as  a  conipafs  needh  is  arranged  by  a  magnet.  We  can 
touch  a  liick  or  Jealing  wax  ui  the  manner  of  the  double 
touch,  fb  as  to  give  it  poles  of  confidcrable  force  and 
durability.  As  a  red  hot  Heel  bar  acquires  permanent 
poles  by  quenching  it  near  a  magnet,  fo  melted  wax 
acquires  them  by  freezing  in  the  neighbourhood  of  a 
pofitive  and  negative  elecTric.  Some  have  inferred  a 
famenefs  of  origin  of  thefe  two  fpecies  of  powers  from 
thofe  various  circumflances  of  refemblance  ;  but  the 
original  ciufes  feem  to  be  difliuft  on  many  accounts. 
Ele(flricity  is  common  to  all  bodies.  The  caufe  of 
magnetifm  can  operate  only  on  iron.  Although  lights 
ning  or  an  eleftrical  fliock  gives  polarity  to  a  needle, 
we  need  not  infer  the  identity  of  the  ciufe,  becaufe  the 
polarity  which  it  gives  ia  always  the  fame  with  that  gi- 
ven by  great  heat ;  and  there  is  always  intenfe  lieat  in 
this  operation.  The  phenomenon  which  looks  the  moft 
like  an  indication  of  identity  of  the  origin  of  eledirlcity 
and  magnetifm  is  the  diredion  of  the  rays  of  the  aurora 

borealis— 


MALJXF.TISM  ,    Pl^ATIi    XXXIV. 


M  \l.\l'  1  ISM    I'l    VI        ':\XV; 


3N..5. 


MAGNETISM. 


8? 
They  are 
not,  how- 


borealls — they  converge  te  the  fame  point  of  the  hea- 
vens to  which  the  elevated  pole  of  the  dipping  needle 
diredts  itfelf.  But  this  is  by  no  means  a  fufficient  foun- 
dation for  eRablilliing  a  fimenefs.  Ele<3ricity  and 
magnetifni  may,  however,  be  icl.utd  by  means  of  fome 
powers  liitherto  unknown.  But  we  are  decidedly  of 
opinion,  that  the  elsflrlc  and  magnetic  fluid  are  totally 
different,  although  their  mechaiiical  aiflions  are  fo  like 
that  there  is  haidly  a  phenomenon  in  the  one  which  has 
not  an  exad  counterpart  in  the  other.  But  we  fee 
them  both  operating,  with  all  their  marks  of  diftinc- 
ticn,  in  the  fame  body  ;  foi  iron  and  loadftones  may  be 
eledlritied,  like  any  other  body,  and  their  magnetifm 
fuffers  no  change  or  modification.  We  can  fet  thefe 
two  toices  in  i>ppofition  or  compofition,  juft  as  we  can 
oppofe  or  compound  gravity  with  either.  While  the 
iion  filings  are  arranging  themfelves  round  a  magnet, 
the  mechanical  aflion  ot  eleiftricity  may  be  employed 
either  to  promote  or  hinder  the  airangement.  'I'hey  are 
therefore  diftindl  powers,  inherent  in  different  fubjefts. 

But  there  are  abundance  of  other  phenomena  which 
fhcw  this  diverfity.  There  is  nothing  in  magnetifm  like 
a  body  overcharged  or  undercharged  in  Mo.  There  is 
T.i,''^/  '  nothing  which  indicates  the  prefence  of  the  fluid  to  the 
caufc.  other  lenfes — nothing  like  the  ipark,  the  fnap,  the  vi- 

lible  diffipation  ;  becaufe  the  magnetic  tluid  enters  into 
no  union  with  air,  or  any  thing  but  iron.  There  is  no- 
thing refemblingthat  inconceivably  rapid  motion  which 
we  ke  in  elcAricity  ;  the  quickell  motion  oi  magnetilm 
feems  inferior  (even  beyond  comparifon)  with  the  llow- 
ell  motion  along  any  elefltic  conductor.  Therefore 
there  is  no  pofljbility  of  difch.irging  a  magnet  as  we 
difcharge  a  coated  plate.  Indeed,  the  refemblance  be- 
tween a  magnet  and  a  coated  plate  of  glafs  is  exceed- 
ingly flight.  The  only  refemblance  is  between  the 
magnet  and  an  inconceivably  thin  ftratum  of  the  glafs, 
which  llratum  is  p  jfitive  in  one  fide  and  negative  in  the 
other.  The  only  perfeft  refemblance  is  between  the 
induced  magnetifm  of  common  iron,  and  the  induced 
eleiflricity  ot  a  conduflor. 

The  loUowing  feem  the  mofl  inftruftive  dilfertations 
on  magnetifm,  either  as  valuable  colledlions  of  obferva- 
tions,  or  as  judicious  realbnings  from  them,  or  as  the 
fpeculations  of  eminent  or  ingenious  men  concerning 
the  nature  of  magnetifm. 

Gilbertus  de  Magncte,  Lond.  1600,  fol. 

.^pini  Tentamen  Theorix  Magn.  et  Eleflr. 

Eberhard's  Tentam.  Theor.  Magnetifmi,    1720. 

Differtalions  fur  I'ainianr,  p.ir  du  Fay,    1728. 

Mufchenbroek  Dilfcrt.  Phyfico  Experimentalis  de 
Magnete. 

Pieces  qui  ont  emportcle  prix  del'Acad.  des  Sciences 
a  Paris  fur  la  meilleure  conllruflion  dcs  Bouffoles  de  de- 
clination.     Recueil  dcs  pieces  couroun^es,  torn.  v. 

Euleri  opufcula,  torn.  iii.  contineiis  Theoriam  Mag- 
netis,   Berlin,   1751. 

iEpini  Oratio  Academica,   lyjii. 

jiipini  item  Comment.  Petrop.  nov.  torn.  x. 

Anton.  Brugmanni  tentam.  Phil,  de  materia  Magne- 
lica,  Prancqucrx,   1765. 

There  is  a  German  tr,(iiflation  of  this  work  by  Ei- 
fenbach,  witli  many  very  valuable  additions. 

Scarella  de  Magnete,  2  torn.  fol. 

Vaa  Swinden  Teiicamina  Magnetica,  4to. 


Van  Swinden  fur  I'Analogie  entre  les  phcnomcae; 
Eledtriques  et  Magneiiques,   3  tom.  8vo. 

Differtation    fur    les    Aimans    artificiellcs  par  An- 
theaume. 

Experiences  fur  les  Aimans  arlificielles  par  Nicholas, 
Fufs,   17S2. 

Effai  far  I'Origine  des  Forces  Magnetiques  par  Mr 
Prevoft. 

Sur  les  Aimans  artificielles  par  Rivoir,  Paris  1752. 

Dilfertatio  de  Magnetlfmo  par  Sam.  lUingenlliet  et 
Jo.  Brander,  Holm.  1752. 

Defcriptioa  des  Courants  Magnetiques,  Strafbourg, 
'753- 

Traite  de  I'Aiman  par  Balance,  Amft.  16.S7. 

Befides  thefe  original  works,  we  have  feveral  dilferta- 
tions on  magnetical  vortices  by  Des  Cartes,  BeincuUi, 
Euler,  Du  Tour,  Sic.  publilhed  in  the  coUtdions  of  the 
woiks  of  thnfe  au;hors,  and  many  dilfertations  in  the 
memoirs  of  different  academies ;  and  there  are  many 
popular  treatlfes  by  the  traders  in  experimental  philo. 
fophy  in  London  and  P.iris.  Dr  Gown  Knight,  the 
perfon  in  Europe  who  was  mofl  eminently  Ikilhd  in  the 
knowledge  ol  the  phenomena,  alfo  publilhed  a  differta- 
tion intuled,  j4ri  atlemfit  lo  explain  the  Phenomena  of 
Natun  ly  fwo  principles,  AuraP.ton  and  RepulJIon, 
Loud.  1748,  4to,  in  which  he  lias  included  a  it.eory 
of  magnetifm.  It  is  a  very  curious  work,  and  Ihould 
be  fludied  by  all  thofe  who  have  rccourfe  without  fcruple 
to  the  agency  ot  invilible  fluids,  when  they  are  tired  of 
patient  thinking.  Tliey  would  there  fee  what  thought 
and  combination  are  neceffary  before  an  invifible  fluid 
can  be  really  fitted  lor  performing  any  oflice  we  choofe 
to  affign  it.  And  they  will  get  real  inllrucllon  as  to 
what  fervices  we  may  expect  <f  fuch  agents,  and  from 
what  talks  they  muft  be  excluded.  The  Doflor's  theory 
of  magnetifm  is  very  unlike  the  reft  of  the  performance  ; 
for  he  does  njt  avail  himfelf  ol  the  valt  apparatus  of 
propolitions  which  he  had  ellablilhed,  and  adopts  with- 
out any  nice  adjullment  the  moft  common  notions  of 
an  impullive  vortex.  Biith  the  produclion  and  m  iinte- 
nance  of  this  vortex,  and  its  mode  ot  operation,  are  ir- 
reconcileable  with  the  acknowledged  laws  of  impullion. 

Si  quid  ncaijli  rcSius  ijlii,  candidus  impctli—Ji  iion — 
his  ulere  mecum . 


437 


A  P  P  E  N  D  I  X. 

We  have  been  favoured  with  the  following  inveflig.i-  inTcfliw- 
tion  ol  the  curves,  to  which  a  needle  of  indefinite  mi-  tion  of  iht 
nutenefs  will  be  a  tangent,  by  Mr  Piayfair,  Profelfor  of  magncik 
Mathematics  in  the  Univerfity  of  Edinb,.:rgh.  curve. 

Two  magnetical  pole;  being  given  in  pofition,  the 
force  of  each  of  which  is  fuppofed  to  be  as  tlie  mth 
power  of  the  diftancc  from  it  reciprocally,  it  is  required 
to  find  a  curve,  in  any  point  (i  which  a  needle  (indefi- 
nitely fhort)  being  placed,  its  direction,  when  at  lell, 
may  be  a  tangent  to  the  curve  ? 

I.  Let  A  and  B  (rig.  35.)  be  the  poles  of  a  macnet, 
C  any  puint  in  the  curve  required  ;  then  we  mav  fup. 
pofe  the  one  of  thefe  poles  to  ,i.;t  on  the  needle  only  by 
repulfion,  and  the  other  only  by  attra^ion,  and  the  di- 
re^ion  of  the  needle,  when  at  fell,  will  be  the  diagonal 
3  H  2  of 


A2S 


MAGNETISM. 


cT  a  parallelogram,  the  fiJes  of  which  reprefent  thefe 
forces.     Tlierefore,  having  joined  AC  and  BC,  let  AD 

be  drawn  parallel  to  BC,  and  make  — —  :  -— ^  :  :  AC 

:  AD  ;  jr>in  CD,  then  CDF  will  tnuch  the  curve  in  C. 

2.  Hence  an  expreflion  for  AF  may  be  obtained. 

AC"'+' 
For,  by  the  conrtru<Sion,  AD  =  — 


:  AD 

we  have  AF  = 


,  and  fince  BC 
liC" 
:  BF:  FA,  and  BC  — AD  :  AD  :  :  AB  :  AF, 
AB_x  AC"+' 
BC 


"+'— AC'"^' 
3.  A  fiiixionary  exprelFion  tor  AF  may  alfo  be  found 
in  terms  of  the  angles  CAB,  ABC.  In  CF  take  the 
indefiniteU  fin.iU  part  CH,  diaw  AH,  BH,  and  from 
C  draw  CL  perpendicular  to  AH  and  CK  to  BH. 
Draw  jlfo  BC  and  AM  at  right  angles  to  FH.  Let 
the  angles  CAB  =  <p,  and  CBA  =  4;  then  CAH 
=  9,  and  CBH  =  —  4  ;  alfo  CL  =  AC  x  ^,  and  CK 
=.-  —  BC  X  4.      Now  HC  :  CL  :  :  AC  :  AM  = 

AC=   X    »  ,r        .L.r. r..-,.rr_  BC'xi 


HC 
Therefore   fince 
AC»  X  i       BC 


X  4- 

and  for  the  fame  reafon  BC  = 
AF  :  FB  :  :  AM 


HC 
BC,   AF  :  FB 


X  J. 


HC 
fin.  4» 

—  a  <t  Cm 


HC 
<?  —  fin.  qj^  4 

4'- 


and  AF:  AB  ::  fin.  4^  <p:  — 
wherefore  if  AB  =  a,  AF  = 


4  fin.  <?'  +  «  fin.  4* 

4.  If  this  value  of  AF  be  put  equal  to  that  already 
found,  a  fliixionary  equation  will  be  obtained,  by  the 
intent al ion  of  which  tlie  curve  may  be  conftruft- 
AB  X  AC^t' 


ed.     Becaufe  AF  = 


AC  = 


n  fin. 


and  fince 


fin 


fin.  ^<f  +  4) 
a  fin.  4'"t' 


fin.  l<?  +  4) 
have  by  fubftitulion  AF  = 

—  ._JL.'.l!.']li! .     Hence,  fin.  ♦=  X  4  iin-  4"+'  + 

4  fin.  I?'  +  »  fin.  4- 

i  fin.  4'"1-J  =  — fin.  4'   X  <pfin. -f-'t"  +  ^  fin.  4"  +  -, 

•and  therefore  4  fin.  4  """'  =  —  f  fin.  .f"-'  ;  and  alfo, 

/4  fin.  4'"-'  +y~9  fin.  f  "'-'  =  C. 

5.  Thefe   fluents  are   eafily  found  when   m   is  any 

whole  pofitive  number. 

if  m  z=  I,  we  have  4  -|-  <?  =  0. 


m  =  2, 
m  =  3, 
m  =  4, 


Alfo 


4  fin.  4  +  ■1'  ''"^-  <?  =  "• 
4  fin.  4'  +  <p  fin.  <?.'=:  a. 
4  fin.  4^  +  9  fin.  <p'  =  0,  Sec. 

Therefore,  &c. 
9  +  4  =  C. 
cof.  <f  =  cof,  4  =  C. 
—  fin.  2  <f-|-2  9 — lin.  24  +  24— C. 
cof.  3  <p — 9  cof.  <f +cof.  3  4 — 9 


if  >«  r=  I, 

9it  z=  2, 

m  =  3, 

m  =  4, 

cof.  4  =  C,  fee.  &c. 

The  firll  of  the  above  equations  belongs  to  a  fegment 
of  a  circle  defcribed  upon  AB,  which  therefore  would 
be  the  curve  required  if  the  magnetical  force  were  in- 
verfely  as  the  dirtances. 

If  the  magnetical  force  be  inverfely  as  the  fquare  of 
the  diftance,  that  is,  if  m  :=  2,  cof.  t  +  cof.  4  is  equal 
to  a  conflant  quantity.     Hence  if,  befide  the  points  A 


and  B,  any  other  point  be  given  in  the  curve,  the 
whole  may  be  deftribcd.  For  inltance,  let  the  point 
E  (fig.  36.)  be  given  in  the  curve,  and  in  the  line  DE 
which  bife^s  AB  at  right  angles.  Defcribe  from  the 
centre  A  a  circle  through  E,  vi/..  QER  ;  then  AD 
being  (he  coline  of  DAE  to  the  radius  .-VE,  the  fum  of 
the  colines  ot  <?  X  4  ^*''"  he  everywhere  (to  the  fume 
radius)  =  2  AD  =  AB.  Therefore  to  find  E',  the 
point  in  which  any  other  line  AN,  making  a  given  angle 
with  AB,  meets  the  curve,  draw  from  N,  the  point  in 
wliich  It  meets  the  circumference  of  the  circle  QliR, 
NO,  perpendicular  to  AB,  f.>  that  AO  may  be  the  co- 
line  ot  NAO,  and  fiom  O  toward  A  take  OP  =  AB, 
then  AP  will  be  the  cofine  of  the  angle  ABE';  fo 
t-j  find  BE',  draw  PQ^perpendicular  to  AP,  meeting 
the  circle  in  Qj  j'.ln  A(^,  and  draw  BE'  parallel  to 
AQ__,  meeting  AE'  in  E',  tlie  point  E'  is  in  the  curve. 
In  tliis  way  the  other  points  of  the  curve  may  be 
found. 

Tlie  curve  will  paCs  through  B,  and  will  cut  AB  at 
an  angle  of  which  the  coline  =  RB.  If  then  E  be 
fuch,  that  AE  =  AB,  the  curve  will  cut  AB  at  right 
angles.  If  E"  be  more  remote  from  A,  the  curve  will 
make  with  AB  an  obiufe  angle  toward  D;  in  other 
cafes  it  will  make  with  it  an  acute  angle. 

A  condruiJtinn  fomewhat  more  expeditious  may  be 
had  by  deJ'cribing  the  leniiciicle  AFB,  cutting  AE  in 
F,  and  AE'  in  N,  and  delcribing  a  circle  round  A, 
with  the  dillance  AL  =:  2  AF,  cutting  .AE'  in  i.  If 
AG  be  applied  in  the  feniicircle  AFB=Ni,  AG 
muft  cut  AN  in  a  point  E'  of  the  curve,  becaufe  AN 
-}-  BG  =  2  AF,  and  AN  and  GB  are  coJines  of  the 
angles  at  A  and  B. 

As  the  lines  AN  and  BG  may  be  applied  either 
above  or  below  AB,  there  is  another  fituation  of  their 
interfe.ftion  E'.  Thus  An  being  applied  above,  and 
B^  below,  the  interfeifliou  is  in  c'.  The  curve  has  a 
branch  extending  below  A  ;  and  if  D  1^  be  made  =  DE, 
and  B  If  be  drawn,  it  will  be  an  alfymptote  to  this 
branch.  There  is  a  finiilar  branch  below  B.  But  thefe 
portions  of  the  curve  evidently  Ibppol'e  an  oppofite  di- 
rei5lion  of  one  of  the  two  ni.ignetic  forces,  and  there- 
fore have  no  connexion  with  the  pofition  of  the  needle. 

We  omitted  the  infeitingin  its  proper  place,  n"  65.  Additionto 
a  hypothefis  of  the  cekbratLd  aftronomer  Tobias  Mayer  n°  65. 
of  Gottingen,  by  which  the  diredlim  of  the  mariner's 
needle  in  all  parts  ot  the  earth  may  be  determined.  He 
fuppofes  that  the  earth  ctintains  a  very  powerful  mag- 
net of  inconfiderable  dimenllons,  which  ariaiiges  the 
needle  according  to  the  known  laws  of  niaenetifm. 
The  centre  of  this  magnet  was  dillant  from  the  centre 
of  the  earth  about  480  Englilh  miles  in  1756,  and  a 
line  joining  thefe  centres  interfered  the  earth's  furface 
in  a  point  lituated  in  17"  N.  Lat.  and  183"  E.  Long, 
from  London.  The  axis  ot  the  magnet  is  perpendicu- 
1  ir  to  this  line,  and  the  plane  in  vvhicJi  it  lies  is  inclined 
about  11°  to  the  plane  ot  the  meridian,  the  north  end 
of  the  axis  lying  on  the  eait  fide  of  that  meridian. 
From  thefe  data,  it  will  be  found  that  the  axis  of  this 
magnet  cuts  the  fisrface  of  the  earth  about  the  middle 
of  the  eallern  Ihure  of  B^fhn's  Bay,  and  in  another 
point  about  800  miles  S.  S.  W.  of  the  fouthern  point  of 
New  Zealand.  Profelfor  Lichtenberg  of  Gottingen, 
who  gives  this  extrad  from  the  manufcript,  fays,  that 

the 


MAGNETISM. 


Adilition  to 
n°.  64. 


the  hypothefis  is  accompanied  by  a  condderable  lift  of 
Tariations  and  dips  calculated  by  it,  and  compared  with 
obfervation',  and  that  the  agreement  is  very  rcmnrk- 
able.  He  gives  indeed  a  dozen  inftances  in  very  diffe- 
rent regionb  of  the  eartli.  But  we  fulpeft  that  there  is 
fome  error  or  defcdl  in  the  data  given  by  him,  becaufe 
the  annual  changes,  which  he  alfo  gives,  are  fuch  as  are 
incoiififtent  with  the  data,  and  even  with  each  other. 
He  fays,  that  the  diltance  from  the  centre  increafes 
about  four  miles  annually,  and  that  licnce  arifcs  an  an- 
nual diminution  of  8  minutes  in  the  latitude  and  14  in 
the  longitude  of  tliat  point  where  the  ftrait;ht  line  join- 
ing the  centres  meets  (he  furface.  It  can  have  no  fuch 
confcquence.  He  fays  alfo,  that  the  above  mentioned 
inclination  1  f  the  planes  increafes  8  minutes  annually. 
The  compound  force  of  the  magnet  is  faid  to  be  as  the 
fquare  root  ot  tlie  dillance  inverfely.  We  are  at  a  lofs 
to  unclerlland  the  meaning  of  this  circumllance  ;  becaufe 
Mayer's  hypiuheiis  concerning  th^  law  ot  magnetic  ac- 
tion is  exceedingly  ditferent,  as  rel.ued  by  Mr  Lichten- 
berg  from  ihe  (amc  m.iiuifcript.  But  it  was  our  duty 
to  communicate  this  notice,  though  imperrcifl,  of  the 
fpeculations  of  this  celebrated  mathematician.  See 
Extiben't  Elim.  of  Nat.  Phil,  publilhed  by  Lichten- 
berg  1784,  p.  645. 

Addition  to  n°  64. 

Let  HZOF  (fig.  37.)  be  the  plane  of  a  magnetic 
meridian,  H  »' O  the  pl.ine  of  tiie  horizon,  and  NS  the 
poficion  of  the  magnetic  needle  in  any  place,  when  it  is 


at  liberty  to  fettle  in  the  true  magnetic  direftion.  The 
angle  HON  is  the  inclination  or  dip  of  the  needle.  Let 
Z  n  F  be  a  vertical  circle,  in  which  a  well  cor.llrucfled 
dipping  needle  can  freely  play  up  and  down.  This 
needle  cannot  place  itfelf  in  the  magnetic  direction,  be- 
caufe it  ean  only  move  in  a  vertical  plane.  Its  north 
point  is  impelled  in  the  diredion  no,  and  its  fouth 
point  in  the  direiflion  s p,  both  of  which  are  parallel  to 
NS.  By  the  laws  of  mechanical  equilibrium,  it  cannot 
reft,  except  in  fuch  a  pofition  that  the  forces  no  and  sp 
are  in  a  plane  perpendicular  to  the  plane  Z  n  F.  In 
any  other  polition,  there  would  be  a  force  impelling  the 
needle  toward  that  fide  on  which  n  0  makes  an  acute 
angle  with  the  tangent  rtit  of  the  vertical  circle. 
Tiierefore  the  fphcrical  triangle  N  n  F  is  right  angleJ 
in  /;,  and  Cof.  NF  n  :  R  =  Tan.  n  F  :  Tan.  NF,  = 
Tan.  HN  :  Tan.  n'  n.  Theretore 
Tan.  HN 


429 


Tan.  n  nz=  ■ 


=  Tan.  HN  x  Sec.  H  n' . 


Cof.  H«" 

Therefore,  in  any  place,  the  real  inclination  of  the  mag- 
netical  dirciftion  to  the  horizon  is  different  from  what 
is  pointed  out  by  a  dipping  needle  when  it  is  in  a  plane 
which  declines  from  the  magnetic  meridian  ;  and  the 
tangent  cf  the  obieived  dip  cf  the  needle  exceeds  that 
of  the  inclination  of  the  magnetic  direftion  in  the  pro- 
portion of  radius  to  the  coiine  of  the  deviation  HC  «', 
or  the  proportion  of  the  fecant  of  this  angle  to  the  ra- 
dius. If  tiierefore  the  dipping  needle  play  in  a  mag- 
netic eaft  and  welt  circle,  it  will  Hand  perpendicular  to 
the  horizon. 


MAI 

MAGUANA,  St  John  of,  a  canton  and  town  on 
the  S.  fide  of  the  ifljnd  of  St  Djmingo,  is  fituated  on 
the  left  fide  of  the  river  Neybe.  The  capital  of  the 
ancient  Indian  kingdom  of  Maguana,  ftood  where  the 
town  St  John  of  Maguana  is  lituated.  The  nncieiit 
capital  dil'appeared  with  the  untl<i  lunate  prince  Anaco- 
aiia.  This  canton  was  pillaged  by  the  Eiiglilh  priva- 
teers, in  1543.  In  I/64  the  diftri(5l  of  the  new  parifb 
contained  3600  peribns,  of  whom  300  were  capable  of 
bearing  arms.  Its  pojjulation  amounts  now  to  more 
than  5000  fouls. — Morse. 

MAHACKAM.'\CK,  a  river  which  falls  into  the 
Delaware  from  tile  N.  E.  at  the  N.  W.  corner  of  the 
State  of  New-Jsrfey. — W. 

MAHONE  BAY,  on  the  coaft  of  Nova-Scotia,  is 
feparated  from  Margatst's  bay  by  the  promontory  on 
wliich  is  the  high  land  of  Afpc.tagoen. — ib. 

MAHONING,  a  townlhip  on  Sufquehannah  river, 
in  Pcnnfylvanii. — ib. 

MA  MONO  Y,  a  tovvnfliip  on  Sufquehannsh  river, 
in    Pennfylvaiiia. — ib. 

MAIDENHEAD,  a  fmall  neat  village  in  Hunter- 
don county,  New  jL-rfey,  having  a  Prefbyterian  chutch, 
hall  way  between  Princeton  andTrciron,  on  the  prc.it 
polkroad  from  New- York  to  Phllad;lphia  ;  fix  miles 
from  each.  The  townfhip  of  Maidenhead  contains 
1032  inhihirant>,  including  160  llaves. — ib. 

M.AIDSTOI-E,  a  towntbip  in  EHex  county,  in  Ver- 
monr,  on  Coune..'tic«i  river,  containing  125  inh.ibit- 
ants . — a. 


MAI 
MAINE,  District  of,  belonging  to  MafTachufetts, 
is  fituated  between  lat.  43°  and  48-'  15'  north,  and 
between  long.  64"  53'  and  70°  39'  weft  ;  bounded' 
north  by  Lower-Canada,  eaft  by  the  piovince  of  Xcw~ 
Brunfwick,  foulh  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  weft  by  New- 
Hampfliire.  The  Diftiiifl  of  Maine  is  in  length,  oa 
an  average,  200  miles,  and  its  average  breadth  200 
miles  :  containing  40,000  fquare  miles,  or  25,6co.ooo.- 
acres.  It  is  divided  into  5  cc  unties,  viz.  York,  Cum- 
berland, Lincoln,  Hancock,  and  WaiTiirgton  ;  thefe 
are  iubdiviJed  into  near  200  incorporated  tcwnlhips 
and  plantations ;  inhabited  by  96,540  free  people.  The 
cliief  towns  are  Portlanil  the  metropolis  of  ih.e  Diftriift 
of  Maine,  York,  Pownalborouph  and  Wifcalfet.  Hal- 
lowell,  Bath,  Waldoborcugh,  Penobfcot,  and  Machi- 
as.  The  laft  m-.-ntioned  is  the  only  incorporated  town 
in  Walhington  county,  tlie  other  fettlements  being 
only  plantations.  The  chief  rivers  aie  Penobfcot, 
K::nnebcck,  Saco,  Androfcoggin,  St  Croix,  ^c.  bs- 
fides  a  vaft  number  if  fmall  rivers.  The  moft  noted 
lakes  are  Moofelicad,  Scoodic,  Sebacook,  and  Umba- 
gog.  The  chief  bays  arc  thofe  of  Cafco,  Penobfcot, 
M.chia.',  Saco,  and  Palfimaquoddy.  The  moft  re- 
markable capes  .nre  the  fe  of  Nedd'ck,  Porpoifc,  Eliz.i- 
bcth,  Small  Puint,  Pemaquid,  and  Petit  M.inan.  The 
Dillrid  of  Maine,  though  an  elevated  tract  ot  county, 
cannot  be  called  mountainous.  A  great  propoitica 
of  the  lands  are  arable  and  excecdmgly  fertile,  parti- 
cularly between  Pern 'bfcot  and  Kenncbeck  livevs.  On 
fomc  paits  of  the  fta-coaft,  the  lands  arc  but  inJi.Ter-. 

SBt.. 


Maine. 


MAL  C430]  MAL 

ent.  The  lands  in  iliis  Diftriifl  may  be  confidered  in  Cod,  in  M.iirachufett;,  about  8  miles  S.  by  W.  N. 
three  divirioiis:  xhcfirjl  c(.mprehendi:ig  the  tradl  lying  lit.  41"  33',  W.  lor.i;.  from  Greenwich  70°  3'. — ib. 
E.  of  I'enobfcot  river,  of  about  4,500,000  acres  ;  the  MALAMIUTO,  a  town  in  ihe  provii  ce  oi  Cartha- 
feconj,  and  bell  tract,  of  about  4,000,000  acres,  lyiiij;  pena,  in  Terra  Fiini.i,  about  60  miles  ealterly  of  Car- 
betwecn  Penobfcot  and  Kennebeck  rivers;  the  third,  tiugena,  and  on  liie  W.  iidc  of  the  liver  Magdalena. 
fiill  fettled  and  nioft  populoos  at  prcfeni,  well  ol  Ken-    — ib. 

iiebeck  liver,  containing  alfo  about  4,000,000  acres.  MALDEN,  a  town  in  Middlefcx  county,  Maflachu- 
The  foil  of  this  country,  in  general,  w.iere  it  is  pro-  fetts,  on  the  e.illcrn  poll-road,  4  miL-s  north  of  Uofton, 
perly  ti;ti.d  to  receive  the  feed,  appears  to  be  very  containing  1.033  inhabitants.  It  is  conneded  with 
friendly  to  the  growth  of  wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  Charlcftown  by  a  biidge  over  Myflic  river,  built  ia 
peas,  lienip,  and  fla.t,  as  well  as  lor  the  produiflion  of    1787. — ib. 

•aimod  all  kinds  of  culinary  roots  and  plant<,  and  lor  MALDONADO,  a  bay  in  the  river  La  Plata,  eaft- 
Englifh  grafs  j  and  alfo  for  Indian  corn,  efpccially  if  ward  ol  Uuenos  Ayrcs,  in  S.  America,  and  9  leagues 
the   feed  be    procured   from  a  more  northern  climate,    from  Cape  SaiUa  Maria. — ib. 

Hops  are  the  fpontaneous  growth  of  this  country  ;  and  MALESHERBES  (Clirillian  William  de  Lamoig- 
it  alfo  uncommonly  good  lor  grazing,  and  large  lloeks  nDn)  was  born  December  the  6th  1721.  At  the  age 
of  neat  c^ittle  mav  be  fed  botli  funimcr  and  winter.  The  of  24  he  became  a  counfellor  of  Parliament,  and  fix 
natural  growth  of  this  Diftri(fl  ccnfills  of  white  pine  and  years  afterwards  chief  prefident  of  the  cour  des  aides. 
fpruce  trees  in  large  quantities,  fuitable  for  m.ills.  He  remained  in  that  important  fituafion  during  a  pe- 
riod ot  25  years,  and  difplayed  on  many  occafions 
proofs  of  rttmnefs,  eloquence,  and  wildom. 

When  the  prince  of  Ccnde  was  fent  by  the  king  in 
1768  to  filence  the  magillrai.es  v.  lio  oppofed  the  taxes. 


boards,  and  fliingles ;  mapl;,  beech,  white  and  grey 
oak,  and  yellow  birch.  'I'lie  low  lands  produce  fir, 
vhicli  is  neither  fit  for  timber  nor  fuel,  but  yields  a  bal- 
fam  ih.it  is  highly  prized.    Alraoll  the  whole  coall  N. 


E.  oi  Portl.ind  is  lined  with  ifliiids,  among  which  vel-  Malefherbes  leplied  to  him,  "  Truth,  Sir,  mull  indeed 
fels  may  generally  anchor  wiili  fafety.  The  principal  be  formidable,  lince  fo  many  efforts  are  made  to  pre- 
ciports  of  this  country  are  various  kinds  of  lumber,  as  rent  its  approach  to  the  throne."  About  the  fame  time 
pine  boards,  Ihip  timber,  and  every  Ipecies  ol  fplit  that  he  became  prefident  of  the  cour  des  aides,  he  was 
lumber  manula^ftured  frcjm  pine  and  oak  ;  thefe  are  ex-  appointed  by  his  father,  then  chancellor  of  France,  fu- 
ported  from  the  various  ports  in  immenfe  quantities,  perintendant  ol  the  prefs ;  an  office  ol  the  greateft  im- 
A  fpirit  ol  improvement  is  increafing  here.  A  charter  portance,  of  which  the  principles  which  Maleflierbes  had 
lor  a  college  has  been  granted  by  the  legidature,  and  imbibed  Irom  D'Alembert  rendered  him  very  ill  quali- 
live  academies  incorporated  and  endowed  with  hand-  fied  to  difcharge  tlie  duties.  He  was  what  the  French 
fonie  grants  of  public  lands.  Town  fchools  are  gene-  called  ■».  fhilofopher  ;  a  term  with  them  of  the  fame  im- 
rally  maintained  in  moll  cif  the  towns.  The  Common-  port  with  a  naturalifl,  who  openly  denies  revealed  re- 
wealth  ot  Milfachiifetts  polfefs  befveen  eight  and  nine  ligion,  and  has  no  adequate  notions  ot  the  moral  attri- 
million  acres  in  this  Dillriifl,  independent  of  what  they  butes  of  God.  The  confequence  was,  that  when  the 
have  Ibid  or  contrai^led  to  fell,  which  brings  into  the  authois  of  impious  and  immoral  hooks  were  brought 
ireafury  the  neat  fum  of  £i(n)fio^  :  8  :  7  currency  ;  before  him  in  his  otlicial  capacity  to  undergo  examina- 
;ind  betides  about  two  million  acres  between  St  Croix  tion,  he  appeared  to  them  as  adviling,  ailifting,  and  pro- 
and  Palfamaquoddy  in  dil'pute  between  the  U.  Slates  teifling  them,  againll  that  very  power  which  was  veftcd 
and  the  Britilh  nation.  Exclufive  of  the  lands  fold,  in  h.imfelf;  and  they  were  commonly  difmiffed  with 
about  385,000  acres  have  been  granted  for  the  encou-  this  fenlelefs  obfervation,  that  all  books  of  whatever 
ragement  of  literature  and  other  ufeful  and  humane  tendency  fliould  be  conlidered  merely  as  objeds  of  coni- 
purpofes.  Attempts  were  made  to  fettle  this  country  merce.  Had  it  not  been  for  the  proteifting  intiuence  of 
as  early  as  1607,  o"  t^^  ^^ ■  '"Je  of  Kennebeck  river  ;  Malelherbes,  ilie  Encyclvpcdie,  of  which  the  publication 
but  they  proved  unfuccefsful,  and  were  not  repeated  was  frequently  fulpended  (fee  Diderot  in  this  Supple- 
till  between  1620  and  1630.  In  1635,  the  wellern  mf«^),  would  probably  have  been  altogether  fuppielfed  ; 
part  ot  it  was  granted  to  Ferdinando  Gorges,  by  the  and  the  works  of  Routleau  and  Raynal,  which  i'o  power- 
Plymouth  Company,  and  he  firll  inllituted  government  fully  contributed  to  that  revolution  in  which  he  was 
in  this  province.  In  1652,  this  province  came  under  overwhelmed,  would  certainly  not  have  fpread  fo  rapid- 
the  jurifdl(5lion  of  Malfacliufetts,  and  was,  by  charter,  ly  over  the  kingdom  of  Fiance.  It  was  he,  faid  D'A- 
incorporated  with  it,  in  1 69 1.  It  has  lince  increafed  lembert,  \s\\<i  broke  the Jlmckks  of  literature. 
to  upwards  of  100,000  inhabitants,  and  will,  it  is  ex-  In  vain  will  it  be  replied,  that  he  left  tlie  fame  liber- 
peded,  fhortly  be  eredled  into  a  feparate  State ib.  ty  to  the  religious  as  to  the  impious  writers ;  for  that 

MAIRE,  Le,  a  ftrait  between  Terra  del  Fuego  and  was  not  always  llriiflly  true.     The  Abbe  Barruel  has 

Staten-Ifland,  in  S.  America. — ib.  brought  the  tetlimony  of  D'Alembert  himfelf  to  prove, 

M  AISY,  Cape,  is  the  eafternmoft  point  of  the  ifland  that  it  was  much  againll  his  will  that  Malelherbes  fuf- 

of  Cuba. — ih.  fered  works  refuting  the  fophifters  to  appear;  and,  as 

M.AJABAGADUCE,  in  the  Diftrift  of  Maine,  at  he  very  properly  obferves,  what  a  minilter  allows  with 

the  ra.  uih  of  Penobfcot  river,  on  the  eall  fule. — ib.  relud^iiice,  he  finds  abundant  means  of  preventing. 

M.-\KEFIELD,    Upper   and   Lower,  townthips    in  In  1775  he  refigned  the  c.lice  of  chief  prefident  of 

liuck's  county,  Ponnfylvania. — il.  the  cour  des  aides,  and  was  appointed  miniller  and  fe- 

MALABAR,  Cape,  or  Satidy  Point,  a  narrow  flrip  cretary  of  (late  in  the  place  (>f  La  Vrilliere.      Thus 

of  land  projeiSing  out  from  the  fouth-eaft  part  of  Cape  placed  in  the  centre  of  a  frivolous  yet  brilliant  court, 

Malelherbes 


M     A     L 


[     431     ] 


M     A     L 


Male-  Maleflierbes  did  not  in  the  lead  deviate  from  his  former 
flicrbei.  fimpllcity  of  life  and  manners  ;  but,  in  lieu  of  comply- 
'"""^'"^^  ing  with  the  eftablilhed  etiquette  which  required  ma- 
gilirates,  when  they  became  minillers  of  (late,  to  ex- 
change their  fable  habit  and  head  drefs  for  a  coloured 
fuit,  bag-wig,  and  fword,  he  retained  his  black  coat 
and  magilleriiil  pauh  !  This  is  recorded  by  a  panegy- 
rlft  to  his  lionoiir ;  but  we  perceive  not  the  honour 
which  it  reflcifls  on  him.  It  furely  requires  no  great 
powers  of  abllra>flion  to  difcover,  that  a  coloured  coat, 
bag-wig,  and  fword,  are  not  in  themfclves  more  frivo- 
lous or  contrary  to  nature,  than  a  black  coat  and  eiior- 
mous  peruke;  and  if  the  manners  of  a  country  have 
appropriated  thefe  different  dreffes  to  different  ftations 
in  life,  the  individual  muft  be  afluated  by  a  very  ab- 
furd  kind  of  pride,  who  fets  up  his  own  caprice  againft 
the  public  opinion. 

As,  when  inverted  with  the  power  to  reftrain  within 
jurt  limits  the  freedom  of  the  prefs,  it  was  his  chief  aim 
to  encourage  and  estenil  that  freedom  ;  lb,  v^hen  raifed 
to  an  oflice  which  gave  him  the  unlimited  power  of  if- 
fuing /if//r«  ck  cachit,  it  was  their  total  fupprelTion  that 
became  the  earlieft  objeiS  of  his  vioji  urilent  zeal.  Till 
that  lime  letlres  dc  cachit,  being  ci  nlidered  as  a  part  of 
the  general  police,  as  well  as  of  the  royal  prerogative, 
were  ilFued  not  only  at  the  will  of  the  minifter,  but 
even  at  the  pleafure  of  a  common  clerk,  or  perfors  ftill 
more  inlignificant.  M.ilefiierbes  began  by  relinqnifhing 
himfelf  this  abhird  and  iniquitous  privilege.  He  dele- 
gated the  right  to  a  kind  of  tribunal,  compofed  of  the 
moll  upright  magillrates,  whole  opinion  was  to  be  una- 
nimous,  and  founded  upon  open  and  well  ertablifhed 
fa<Ss.  He  had  but  one  mere  objcfl  to  attain,  and  that 
was  to  fubflitute  a  I'^gal  tribunal  in  tlie  place  of  that 
which  he  had  ellabliflied  ;  and  this  object  he  was  upon 
the  point  of  accomplifh'ng,  wlien  the  intrigues  of  the 
court  procured  the  diimiflion  of  Turgot  ;  and  Malefher- 
bes,  in  cinfequence,  religned  on  the  12th  of  May 
1776.  For  this  part  of  his  conduifl  he  is  intitled  to 
praiie,  which  we  feel  not  ourfelves  inclined  to  with- 
hold from  his  memory.  Even  M.  Barruel  admits,  that 
he  had  many  moral  virtues,  and  that  he  difplaycd  real 
benevolence  when  alleviating  the  rigours  of  impiifon- 
ment,  and  remedying  the  abufe  of  lettres  dc  cachet ;  but 
France,  fays  he,  iTiall  neverlhelefs  demand  of  him  her 
temples  that  have  bctn  deflroycd  ;  for  it  was  he  who, 
above  all  other  minill^rs,  abul'od  his  authority  to  eila- 
blifh  in  thai  kingdcni  the  reign  of  inip-.ety. 

Afitr  this  epoch  he  undertook  Icveral  journeys  into 
di(F;rent  p.'.rts  of  France,  Holland,  and  S'.vif/erland, 
where  he  collcifted  with  zeal  and  taftc  objeiftN  ot  every 
kind  interertirg  to  :irts  and  fcicncc;.  As  he  travelled 
with  the  fmiplieity  and  economy  of  a  man  of  letters, 
who  had  emerged  from  obfcurity  for  the  purpofe  of 
making  nblisrvalions  and  acquiring  knowledge,  he  by 
tliat  means  was  enabled  to  rel'erve  his  fortune  for  im- 
portant occafions,  in  which  it  might  procure  hini  in- 
formation on  intending  fubjci^s.  He  travelled  flowly, 
and  lreqiietitl>  on  foot,  tha'  hi'  obfervations  might  be 
the  more  miaute;  and  employed  part  of  his  ti;:ie  in 
fuilabl)  arranging  them.  Title  (ibfervati>  iis  formed  a 
valuable  collei^lion  of  intcrefting  matter  relative  to  the 
arts  and  Icicnces,  but  which  has  1>:en  ahnull  totally  dc- 
flroyed  by  the  fury  ot"  rcvolutionifls,  who  have  doae  as 


Mate- 
Dicrbci. 


much  prejudice  to  the  interefts  of  fcience  as  of  huma- 
nity. 

Returning  from  his  travels,  Malefherbes  for  feveral  ^^'^  ^ 
years  enjoyed  a  philofophic  leifure,  which  he  well  knew 
how  to  direfl  to  ufeful  and  important  objeiSs.  The 
two  treatifes  which  he  compofed  in  the  years  1785  and 
1786  on  the  civil  (fate  of  the  proteftants  in  France  are 
well  known.  Tlie  law  which  he  propofed  in  thefe,  was 
only  preparatory  to  a  more  extenlive  reform  ;  and  thefe 
treatifes  were  to  have  been  followed  up  Ijy  another 
work,  the  plan  of  which  he  had  already  laiJ  down, when 
affairs  growing  too  diilicult  to  be  managed  by  tho:e 
who  held  the  reins  of  government,  they  v.'ere  ccmpelled 
to  call  him  to  their  council?.  They  did  not,  however,, 
allign  him  the  direc'fion  of  any  department,  and  intro. 
duced  )iim  merely  (as  fnbiequent  events  have  Ikewn)  to 
cover  their  tranf.iiflions  under  a  popular  name,  and  pafs 
them  on  the  world  as  adls  in  which  he  had  taken  pirt. 
Malefherbes  accepted  their  overtures  mer;ly  to  fatibfy 
the  difire  he  felt  to  reveal  fbme  ufeful  truths  ;  but  i: 
was  not  for  that  purpofe  that  they  had  invited  him  to 
their  councils,  i'liofe  who  prilided  at  them  took  um- 
brage at  his  lirfl  efforts  to  call  their  attention  to  the 
voice  of  truth  and  wifdom  ;  and  fucceeded  fo  well  in 
their  oppolition,  that  he  was  reduced  to  the  neceffity  of 
deiivcrmg  in  v/riting  the  counfel  which  he  wilh:d  to  of- 
fer. Such  was  the  origin  of  two  treatifes  relative  to 
the  calamities  of  France,  and  the  means  of  lepairing 
them.  He  tranfmicted  thefe  treatifes  to  the  king,  who 
never  read  them  ;  ror  was  he  ever  able  to  obtain  a  pri- 
vate audience  although  a  minifter  of  (late. 

Such  i<  the  account  of  his  lail  conduct  in  office 
which  is  given  by  his  friends  ;  and  as  we  have  not  read 
Ijis  treatifes  on  the  calamities  of  France,  we  have  no 
right  to  controvert  it.  Frcin  his  krown  principle?, 
fiowever,  we  are  intitled  to  conclude,  that  his  pi  ins  ot 
reformation  were  (imilar  to  thofe  of  Nickar,  the  ofT- 
fpiing  rather  of  a  head  teeming  wiih  vifi  mary  '.heoties, 
than  of  the  enlightened  mind  of  a  praftical  llatefman,. 
or  the  corrupt  heart  of  a  Jac(  bin  confpirator. 

Perceiving  the  inutility  of  his  endeavours,  difgurted 
with  what  he  thought  the  repeated  errors  of  tlie  go- 
vernment, and  deprived  of  every  means  of  expoling 
them,  or  preventing  their  fatal  effi;ifls ;  after  frequent  fo- 
licitatioU',  he  at  length  obtained  leave  to  retire,  lie 
repaired  to  his  ellate  at  Malcnicibes,  and  from  that  mo- 
iiicnt  entirely  devoted  his  time  to  thofe  occupations 
that  had  ever  I'ormed  the  chief  plsafure  of  his  life.  He 
palled  tiie  evenings  and  a  great  part  of  the  night  in 
reading  and  lUidy. 

In  this  tranquil  llate  he  was  paQjng  the  evei.ing  of 
his  days  amidrt  his  woi^di  and  fields,  when  the  horrors 
of  the  Revolution  brought  him  again  to  Paris.  During 
the  whole  of  its  progrefs,  he  had  his  eyes  c<.nrtantly  fix- 
ed on  his  unhaipy  fovcrcign,  and,  fubduing  his  natural 
fondnefs  of  retirement,   went  regularly  to  court  every 
Sunday,  to  give  him  prools  ol  his  relpeil  and  attach- 
ment.    He  impofcd  it  as  a  duty  on  him(elf  to  give  the 
ininillers  regular  intnrmation  ot  the  def;gns  of  the  regi- 
cide facTion  *  ;  and  when  ic  was  deternnned  to  biing  '  Srrtmihl 
the  king   to  trial,  he  vnlur.tarily  oflcred  to  be  the  de-  Mimmii, 
fender  of  his  m.ilkr,  in  his  memorable  letcr  of  tlie  i  i;h  ■»"'  '"• 
of  Dectmocr  179^,  that  eternal  inonunieni  of  his  loy- '■"''IV  3^- 
ally  and  aff.-flion..    His  odcr  was  accepted  ;  and  he 

Ijleactd. 


M     A     L 


[     432     ] 


M     A     L 


fhcrbcs 


•  Chryi 
ij8— 196. 


pleaded  ihi  cnufe  of  the  mon.irch  with  a  n.ren;u,th  of  ar- 
gument that  nothing  could  have  refilled  hut  the  blood- 
ihirlly  minds  of  a  den  of  Jacobins.  "  What  French- 
nun  (f.iys  a  valuable  writer),  what  virtuous  man,  ff  any 
country,  can  ever  forget  that  affcfling  fccne,  when  the 
refpefl.ible  old  ra.m,  penctralini;,  for  the  lirll  time,  in- 
t )  the  prifon  of  tlie  Temple,  nielted  into  tears,  on  find- 
inj;  hinifelf  prelfed  in  the  arms  of  his  king  ;  and  that 
(till  more  affcfting  fccne,  when,  cntrufted  with  the  mod 
agoni/ins;  commiltion  iliat  a  fulijccfl  could  pollibly  have 
to  his  fovereign,  he  threw  liimfeif  at  the  feet  of  the  in- 
nocent viflim,  while,  fuffocated  witli  liis  fobs,  his  voice, 
till  re-animated  by  the  courage  of  the  virtuous  Louis, 
was  inadequate  to  announce  the  lata!  fentence  of  deatli*. 

Having  difcharged  this  painful  and  hazardous  duty 
he  once  more  returned  to  his  country  refidence,  and  re- 
fumed  his  tranquil  courfe  of  life.  But  this  tranquillity 
was  of  fhort  duration.  About  a  twelvemonth  after- 
wards, in  the  month  cf  December  1793,  three  worthy 
members  of  the  Rcvolutioniry  Committee  of  Paris  came 
to  rcfide  with  him,  his  fon  in-law,  and  his  daughter, 
and  apprehended  the  two  latter  as  ciiminals.  Left 
alone  with  his  grandchildren,  Malellierbes  endeavoured 
to  confole  the  rell  of  liis  unfortunate  family  with  the 
liopes  which  hchimfelf  was  far  from  entertaining,  when, 
the  next  day,  the  new  formed  guards  arrived  to  appre- 
hend him,  and  the  whole  of  his  family,  even  the  young- 
eft  inftnts.  This  circumftance  I'pread  a  general  con- 
fternation  throughout  the  whole  department ;  for  there 
was  hardly  a  man  in  France,  a  few  ex-jeluits  excepted, 
who  did  not  revere  the  mild  virtues  of  the  laft  friend  of 
tlie  unfortunate  king. 

In  this  Calamity  Malelherbes  prefervcd  the  undlfturb- 
ed  equanimity  of  virtue.  His  affability  and  good  hu- 
mour never  forfook  him,  and  his  converfation  was  as 
ufual ;  fo  that  to  have  beheld  him  (without  noticing  his 
wretched  guards),  it  feemed  that  he  was  travelling  tor 
his  pleafure  with  his  neighbours  and  friends.  He  was 
conduced  the  fame  night  to  the  prifon  of  the  Madelo- 
uette  with  his  grandfun  Louis  Lepelletier,  at  the  fame 
lime  that  his  other  grandchildren  were  feparated  into 
different  prifons.  This  feparation  proving  extremely 
afflicling  to  him,  he  earneftly  folicited  againll  it ;  and  at 
length,  on  his  repeated  entreaties,  they  all  met  together 
once  more  at  Port  Libre.  They  remained  there  but  a 
ifiort  period.  The  fon-in-law  of  Maleflierbes,  the  vir- 
tuous Lepelletier  Rafambo,  the  firit  of  them  who  was 
arrefted,  was  ordered  into  another  prifon,  and  facrificed 
a  few  days  after.  Malefherbes  himfelf,  his  daughter, 
his  grand-daughter,  and  her  liulband,  were  foon  after 
all  brought  to  the  gullotine.  They  approached  it 
with  fortitude  and  lerenity.  It  was  then  that  his 
daughter  addreffcd  thefe  pathetic  words  to  Mademoi- 
felle  Sonibreui',  who  had  faved  the  life  of  htr  own  fa- 
ther on  tlie  2d  of  September  :  "  You  have  had  the  ex- 
alted honour  to  preferve  your  fither — I  have,  at  leaft, 
the  confolation  to  die  with  mine." 

Maleflierbes,  (lill  the  lame,  even  to  his  lafl  moments 
exhibited  to  his  relations  an  example  of  fortitude.  He 
conveifed  with  the  perfons  that  were  near  him  without 
beflowing  the  leaft  attention  on  the  brutalitiea  of  the 
wretches  who  tied  his  hands.     As  he  was  leaving  the 


M»Igaf- 

zary, 
Malphag- 

hiuo. 


prifon  to  afcend  the  fatal  cart,  he  flurr.bled  againft  a 
ftone,  and  made  a  falfe  ftep.  "See  (faid  hefmiling), 
how  bad  an  omen  !  A  Roman  in  my  fituaiion  would 
have  been  fent  back  again."  He  palled  through  Pa- 
ris, afcended  the  fcaffold,  andfubmitted  to  death  with 
the  fame  unlhakcn  courage.  He  died  at  the  age  of 
72  years,  4  months,  and  15  days.  He  had  only  two 
daughters,  and  the  fon  of  one  cf  them  alone  remains  to 
fucceed .  From  this  account  of  Malelherbcs'b  behaviour 
at  his  laft  moments,  we  are  inclined  to  believe  that  his 
intentions  were  better  than  fome  parts  ol  his  prai^ical 
conduct  ;  and  we  know,  that  having  difpelled  the  vain 
illufions  of  pliilofojihifin,  he  acknowledged  his  paft  er- 
rors ;  exclaiming,  in  the  accents  of  grief,  "  That  falfe 
philofophy  (to  which  I  cunfcfs  I  was  myfclf  a  dupe) 
iias  plunged  us  into  the  gulph  of  deftruiflion,  and,  by 
an  inconceivable  magic,  has  fafcinated  the  eyes  of  the 
nation,  and  made  us  facrifice  reality  to  a  mere  phantom. 
For  the  fimple  w>.rds  political  liberty,  France  has  loft 
x.\\il  facial  freedom  which  (he  poffelfed  in  every  rerpe(5f, 
in  a  higher  degree,  than  any  oiher  nation  !  How  tiuly 
great  did  the  king  appear  in  his  laft  moments !  All 
their  efforts  to  degrade  him  were  vain  ;  his  unfliakea 
virtue  triumphed  over  their  wickcdnefs.  It  is  true,  then, 
that  religion  alone  transfufes  fufficient  courage  into  the 
mind  of  man,  to  enable  him  to  fupport,  with  fo  much  ,  „ 
dignity,  luch  dreadful  trials.'  f  Mcmch,, 

MALGUZZ A  RY,    in    the    language    of  Bengal,  chap.  40. 
payment  of  revenue  ;   the  revenue  itfelt. 

MALPHAGHINO  (John),  otherwife  called  John 
de  Ravenna,  from  the  place  of  his  birth,  was  born  in  the 
year  1352,  of  a  family  dillinguilhed  neither  by  riches 
nor  nobility.  His  father,  however,  committed  him  to 
the  care  of  Donatus  the  grammarian,  an  intimate  friend 
of  Petrarch,  who  at  th:it  time  taught  the  Latin  tongue 
with  great  applaufe  at  Venice.  Donatus  thought  he  dif- 
covered  fuch  happy  difpofitions  in  young  Malphaghir.o, 
that  he  recommended  him  to  Petrarch,  not  only  as  an 
excellent  affillant  to  facilitate  his  labours,  by  reading  or 
tranfcribing  for  him,  but  as  a  youth  of  the  moft  pro- 
mifing  talents,  and  worthy  of  being  formed  under  the 
infpedtion  of  the  greateft  man  ot  the  fourteenth  century. 

It  appears  from  fome  of  Petrarch's  letters,  for  it  is 
from  thefe  chiefly  we  can  obtain  information  refpe<5ling 
John  de  Ravenna,  that  he  fully  anfwered  the  expeda- 
lions  formed  of  him  ;  and  that  he  even  gained  the  fa- 
vour and  affe(5lion  of  his  patron  fo  much,  that  he  loved 
him  and  treated  him  as  if  he  had  been  his  own  fon.  In 
a  letter  to  John  de  Certaldo  (a),  Petrarch  highly  ex- 
tols him,  not  only  for  his  genius  and  talents,  but  alfo 
for  his  prudent  and  virtuous  conduft.  "  He  poffcffes 
(fays  he)  what  is  very  rare  in  our  times,  a  great  turn 
for  poetry,  and  a  noble  defire  to  become  acquainted 
with  every  ufeful  and  ornamental  part  of  knowledge. 
He  is  favoured  by  the  Mufes,  and  already  attempts 
verfes  cf  his  own  ;  from  which  one  can  foretel,  that,  if 
his  life  be  fpared,  and  if  he  goes  on  as  hitherto,  fome- 
thing  great  may  be  expeifled  from  him." 

Not  long,  however,  after  this  panegyric  was  written, 
young  Malphaghino  conceived  an  infuperable  defire  to 
fee  the  world  ;  and,  not«ithftanciing  all  Petrarch's  re- 
monftrances,  perlifted  in  his  refolution  of  quitting  him. 

Petrarch's 


(a)  Better  known  under  ilie  name  of  Boccaccio  or  Boccace,     Certaldo  was  the  place  of  hit  birth. 


M     A     L 


[     433     ] 


M     A     L 


{ktalphag.  Petrarch's  paternal  care  and  regard  for  his  pupil  appear, 
hino.  on  this  occafion,  in  the  naoft  favourable  Hght,  as  may 
^^"^'"^^  be  feen  in  his  letters  to  Donatus ;  and  his  whole  beha- 
viour, though  the  young  man  infifted  on  leaving  him, 
without  alTigning  a  fufficient  reafon  for  his  precipitate 
and  ungrateful  conduft,  does  as  much  honour  to  his 
head  as  to  his  lieart. 

The  precipitation  with  which  John  de  Ravenna  car- 
ried his  plan  into  execution  was  not  likely  to  make  it 
anfwer  his  expeflations.  He  departed  without  taking 
with  him  letters  of  recommendation  which  Petrarch  of- 
fered him  to  his  friends.  He,  however,  piirfued  his 
journey  over  the  Appenines,  amidll  continual  rain,  gi- 
ving out  that  he  had  been  difmilTed  by  Petrarch  ;  but, 
though  he  experienced  fiom  many  a  compaffion  to 
which  he  was  not  entitled  by  his  conduiTt,  he  now  began 
to  awaken  from  his  dream.  He  proceeded  therefore  to 
Pifa,  in  order  to  procure  a  veilel  to  carry  him  back  to- 
wards Pavia  ;  but  being  difappointed,  while  his  money 
wafted  »s  much  as  his  patience  decreafed,  he  fuddenly 
refolved  to  travel  back  ac^ofs  the  Appenines.  When 
he  defceiidcd  into  the  Ligurian  plains,  he  attempted 
to  wade  through  a  river  in  the  diftrid  of  Parma,  which 
was  much  fwelled  by  the  rains  ;  and  being  carried  by 
the  force  of  the  ftream  into  a  whirpool,  he  would  have 
loll  his  life,  had  he  not  been  faved  by  fome  people  wlio 
were  accidentally  paffing  that  way.  After  efcaping 
this  danger,  he  arrived,  pennylefs  and  familhed,  at  the 
houfe  of  his  former  patron,  who  happened  then  not  to 
be  at  home  ;  but  he  was  received  and  kindly  entertain- 
ed by  his  fervants  till  their  mafter  returned. 

Petrarch,  by  his  intreaties  and  paternal  admonitions, 
retained  the  young  man  at  his  houfe  for  about  a  year, 
and  prevented  him  from  engaging  in  any  more  romantic 
adventures ;  but,  at  the  end  of  that  period,  his  defire 
for  rambling  again  returned,  and  as  Petrarch  found 
that  all  attempts  to  check  him  would  be  fruitlefs,  he 
gave  him  letters  of  recommendation  to  two  of  his 
friends,  Hugo  de  St  Severino  and  Francifcus  Brunus, 
at  Rome.  To  the  former  of  thefe,  Petrarch  fays, 
"  This  youth  of  rare  talents,  but  ftill  a  youth,  after 
propofing  to  himfelf  various  plans,  has  at  length  embra- 
ced the  nobled  ;  and  as  he  once  travelled,  he  is  now  de- 
firous  of  doing  fo  again,  in  order  to  gratify  his  ihirft  of 
knowledge.  He  has,  in  particular,  a  ftrong  inclination 
for  the  Greek  language  ;  and  entertains  a  wifh  which 
Cato  firft  conceived  in  his  old  age.  This  wlih  I  have 
'  endeavoured  lor  fome  years  to  fubdue  ;  fometimes  by 
intreaties,  at  other  times  by  admonition  ;  fometimes  by 
repreL'nting  how  much  he  is  ftill  deficient  in  the  Ro- 
man language  ;  ard  i'oriictimes  by  laying  before  him  the 
difliculties  which  mull  attend  him  in  his  journey,  efpe- 
cially  as  he  once  before  left  me,  and  by  want  was  ob- 
liged to  return.  As  long  as  that  unfortunate  excurlion 
was  frefh  in  his  memory  he  remained  quiet,  and  gave 
me  hopes  that  his  relllcfs  Ij.lrit  could  be  overcome  and 
relhalncd.  But  now,  fince  the  remembrance  of  his 
misfortunes  is  almoft  obliterated,  he  again  fighs  after 
the  world  ;  andean  be  retained  neither  by  force  nor 
pcrfuafion.     lixcitcd  by  a  dcfire  which  betrays   more 

SuppL.  Vol.  H. 


ardour  than  prudence,  he  is  refolved  to  Isavehis  country,  Malphag 
friends,  and  relations,  h's  aged  father,  and  me  whom  *"""■ 
he  loved  as  a  father,  and  whofe  company  he  preferred 
to  a  refidence  at  home,  and  to  haften  to  you  whom  he 
knows  only  by  name.  This  precipitation  even  has  an 
appearance  of  prudence.  The  young  man  firft  wilhed 
to  vifit  Conftantlnople ;  but  when  I  told  him  that 
Greece,  at  prefent,  is  as  poor  as  it  was  formerly  rich  in 
learning,  he  gave  credit  to  my  aifertion,  and  at  any  rate 
altered  his  plan,  which  he  could  not  carry  into  execu- 
tion. He  is  now  dcfirous  oi  traverfing  Cakbria,  and 
the  whole  coaft  of  Italy,  diftinguiftied  formerly  liy  tlie 
name  of  Magna  Graccia,  becaufe  I  once  told  him  that 
there  were  in  that  quarter  feveral  men  well  (Trilled  in  tlie 
Greek  language,  particularly  a  monk,  Barlaam,  and  one 
Leo,  or  Leontius,  with  whom  I  was  intimately  acquaint- 
ed, and  of  whom  the  firft  had  been  fome  time  my  fcho- 
lar.  In  confequence  ot  this  propofal,  he  begged  mc  to 
give  him  a  recommendatory  letter  to  you,  as  you  have 
conJlderable  influence  in  that  part  of  the  country.  This 
requeft  I  granted,  in  hopes  that  the  young  man,  by  his 
genius  and  talents,  will  afford  you  fatisfadtion  equal  to 
the  fervice  which  you  may  render  to  him."  In  his  let- 
ter to  Brunus,  Petrarch  expitlfes  himfelf  as  follows  r 
"  He  is  a  young  man  who  wilhes  to  fee  the  world  as  I 
formerly  did  ;  but  I  never  refleift  on  it  without  horror. 
He  is  defirous  of  feeing  Rome  ;  and  this  defire  I  cannot 
condemn,  as  I  rnyfclf  have  fo  (  fcen  vifited  that  city,  and 
could  ftill  revifit  it  with  pleafure.  I  ful'pect,  however, 
that  he  will  venture  on  a  more  extenfive  ocean,  and  that 
he  imagines  to  find  a  fortune  where  he  will,  perhaps, 
meet  with  a  fhipwreck.  At  any  rate,  he  is  defirous  he 
fays,  of  putting  his  fortune  to  a  trial.  I  willi  it  may  be 
favourable  ;  ihould  it  be  adverfe,  he  is  ftill  at  liberty  to 
return  to  my  peaceful,  though  fmall,  haven  ;  for  I  hang 
out  a  liglit,  during  the  day  as  well  as  the  night,  to 
guide  ihole  who  quit  me  through  youthful  foll\,  and 
to  enable  them  to  find  their  way  back.  The  ardour 
by  which  he  is  impelled  mull  not  be  afcribed  fo  much 
to  him  as  to  his  age,  and  is  in  itfelf  commendable.  If 
I  am  not  much  deceived,  the  young  man  loves  me  and 
XJrtue  in  general.  He  is  unfteady,  but  niodeft  ;  and  de- 
ferves  that  all  good  men  Ihould  contribute  to  his  pro- 
fperity  as  far  as  they  can." 

From  the  letters  of  Petrarch,  there  is  reafon  to  be- 
lieve, that  John  de  Ravenna  lived  with  him  only  about 
three  years  in  all  ;  and  that  he  had  not  attained  to  the 
full  age  of  manhood  when  he  left  him.  It  appears  alio, 
for  this  circumllance  is  very  obfcure,  that  alter  he  quit- 
ted him,  he  wandered  about  a  C' nfiJeiable  time  before 
he  was  fo  fortunate  as  to  meet  with  a  prote(5tor  and  pa- 
tron, at  whofe  houfe,  as  he  wrote  to  Petrarch,  he  at 
lall  found  a  permanent  afyluni.  How  long  he  remaineil 
with  his  patron,  whom  feme  believe  to  have  been  Car- 
dinal Philip,  and  what  happened  to  him  till  the  deatii 
of  Petrarch  in  13741  and  for  f 'me  years  after,  is  un- 
known. The  literary  monuments  ot  the  fourteenth  and 
fiftienth  centuries  fay  nothuig  fai  ther  cf  him  till  his  ap. 
pearance  at  Padua;  where,  according  to  the  teilimony 
of  Sicco  (b),  one  of  the  moll  celebrated  of  liis  fchol.'r^, 
3   I  he 


(b)  Adolcfcens  tum  ego  poetas,  et  inftituta  Tullii  audiebam.  Legebat  tunchac  in  civitate  Padua,  liieraruiii 
nutrice,  'Johannes  Ravennas  vir  et  famftimonia  morun),  et  lludio  -fto  excellcns,  aique  fi  poteft  fine  invidia,  dici  ce- 
teris, qui  magiftri  artis  hujus  in  terra  Italia  ufquam  degerent  et  doftiffimi  habercntur,  quantum  rtcordari  vidcor. 


M     A     L 


[     434     ] 


M     A     L 


M.:lphag-  he  notcnljr  taught  the  Roman  Eloquence,  but  alfo  the 
hiao.  fcience  of  moral  philofcphy,  with  fuch  fuccofs  and  ap- 
pl.iuli:,  and  improved  his  Icholars  fo  much  by  his  life  and 
example,  that,  according  to  univerf.il  opinion,  he  tar  ex- 
celled all  the  profelTors  of  thufe  fciences  who  had  ever 
before  appeared.  That  ho  was  here  of  confiderable  ler- 
vicc  in  revivinj;  the  lludy  of  the  Latin  language,  and  of 
the  works  of  the  ancient  Romans,  was  acknowledged  by 
all  his  fcholars,  and  is  conlirmed  by  the  following  telli- 
mony  of  Blondus  (c). 

"  About  the  fame  period,  Ravenna  produced  that 
learned  grammarian  antl  rhetorician  Joh.uines,  of  whom 
Leonardus  Areiinus  ufed  to  fay,  that  he  tirll  intrudu- 
ced  into  I'.aly,  after  a  Ir.ng  peiiod  of  baibarilm,  liie 
Audy  of  the  Latin  language  and  eloqncnce,  nowfo  flou- 
rilhing  ;  a  circumitance  which  dcfctves  to  be  enlarged 
on  in  the  prtfent  work.  Thole  well  acquainted  with 
Roman  literature  know,  iliat  after  the  periods  of  Am- 
brofe,  Jcrom,  and  Augulline,  there  were  none,  orveiy 
few,  who  wrote  with  any  elegance,  niilefs  we  add  to 
thefe  g(-od  writers,  St  Gregory,  the  venerable  Bede, 
and  St  Bernard.  Francis  Petrarch  was  thefiill  who, 
•with  mi:th  genius,  and  llill  greater  care,  rec.dled  from 
the  dull  the  true  art  of  pcetiy  and  of  eloquence.  He 
did  liH  attain  to  the  tl>:>uers  of  Ciceronian  elc<iiience, 
with  which  many  are  adorned  in  the  prefent  century  ; 
but  this  was  owing  rather  to  a  want  of  books  than  of 
talents.  Thougli  he  biuifted  of  having  found  at  Ver- 
celli  Cicero's  letters  to  Lentulus,  he  was  unacquainted 
with  the  liooks  of  that  great  Roman  D:  Oratorc,  Q^in- 
tilian's  luftilutes,  the  Orator,  the  Brutui,  and  other 
writings  ol  Cicero,  John  dc  Ravenna  was  known  to 
Petrarch  both  in  his  youth  and  in  his  old  age.  He 
was  not  more  converfint  with  the  ancients  than  Pe- 
farch  ;  anil,  as  fir  as  I  know,  left  no  works  behind 
him.  By  his  excellent  genius,  however,  and,  as  Leo- 
nardus Aretinus  fays,  by  the  particular  d;fpenfation  of 
God,  he  was  the  preceptrr  of  this  I^eonardus,  of  Pe- 
trtis  Paulus  Vergerius,  of  Annebonus  de  Padua,  of  Ro- 
bert R'  Gi,  of  James  Argc'i  of  Ilorence,  of  Poggius 
and  G'larinoot  Verona,  of  V^iftorinus,  Sicco,  and  other 
men  of  lei's  note,  whom  he  incited  to  the  lludy  oi  bet- 
ter knowledge,  and  to  imitate  Cicero,  it  he  could  not 
ibrm  them  or  inllruci  them  completely. 

"  .About  the  fame  time,  Manuel  Chryfoloras,  a  man 
as  virtuous  as  learned,  came  from  Conilantinople  to  Ita- 
ly, and  indru>:led  in  the  Greek  language,  partly  at  Ve- 
nice and  partly  at  Florence  and  Rome,  all  the  before 
mentioned  fcholars  of  Jolm  de  Ravenna.  After  he  had 
continued  this  inllruftion  for  fome  years,  thofe  unac- 
quainted with  the  Greek  language,  and  the  ancient 
Greek  writer',  were  confidered  in  Italy  as  more  igno- 
rant than  ihofe  unacquainted  with  the  Latin.  A  great 
ni:-.ny  young  men  and  you.hs  were  inflamed  with  an  en- 
thuliallic  delire  fnr  the  works  of  the  ancient  Greeks 
and  Romans.  At  the  time  of  the  council  of  Conllance, 
in  the  beginning  of  the  fifteenth  century,  many  of  my 
coutitrymen  endeavoured,  byfearching  the  neighbour- 


ing cities  and  convents,  todifcover  fome  of  tlie  Roman  Malphagt 
manufcripts  which  had  been  loll.  Poggias  firll  difco-  *'"">• 
vered  a  complete  copy  of  Quintilian,  whicli  was  foon 
foil- wed  by  the  letters  of  Cicero  to  Atticus.  As  our 
youth  applied  to  the  ftudy  of  tliefc  works  with  the 
utmolt  diligence,  that  celebrated  grammarian  and  rhe- 
torician Calparinus  de  Bergamo,  opened  a  fchool  at 
Venice,  I'upcrior  to  the  former,  and  in  which  yjung  per- 
fons  weic  encouraged  to  Ihidy  the  ancient  languages 
and  writers.  About  the  fame  time  fiourilhed  Petrus 
Piulus  Vergerus,  Leonardus  Aretinus,  Rcjbert  Roffi, 
James  Anueli,  Poggius,  and  Nicolaus  de  Medici,  v/liom 
Aretin  had  long  inltiuiSed.  Guarinus  alfo  had  begun 
to  inftnii^l  many  at  Venice,  and  Viiftorinus  at  Mantua, 
when  Philip  III.  Duke  of  Milan,  recalled  Calparinus 
ashis  luhjeCl,  from  Venice  to  Paoua  and  Milan.  The 
increallng  lludy  of  ancient  literature  was  much  promo- 
ted by  Gerard  Landriano  bifhop  of  Lodi,  difcovering 
under  fome  ruins  an  old  copy  ot  Cicero,  written  in  cha- 
rjiflers  fcarcely  legible,  which,  among  otlier  rhetoiical 
writings  of  that  great  Roman,  contained  the  whole 
bookj  Dc  Oratorc,  with  his  Brutus  and  Orator.  This 
faved  Calpaiinus  the  trouble  ol  fupplying  the  books  of 
Cicero  £);?  Orntorc,  as  he  had  attempted  to  fupply  the 
works  ot  Quntilian.  As  no  one  was  found  in  all  Mi- 
lan who  could  read  this  old  manufcript  of  Cicero,  an 
ingenious  young  man  ot  Verona,  named  Cafmus,  was 
fo  fortunate  a«  fiift  to  tranfcribe  the  books  Z)t'  Oralarc, 
and  to  fill  all  Italy  with  copies  of  a  work  v»!iich  v/as 
univerlally  foUEht  for  with  the  utmcft  avidity.  I  n.y- 
felf,  in  my  youth,  when  I  went  to  Milan  on  the  buli- 
nefs  of  my  native  city,  iranfcribed,  with  as  much  ar- 
dour as  fpeed,  the  Brulus  of  Cicero,  and  fent  copies  of 
my  tranfcripti' n  to  Guarinus  at  Verona,  and  to  Leo- 
nard Juftiniani  at  Venice;  by  which  means  this  work 
was  foon  difperfed  all  over  Italy.  By  thefe  new  works 
eloquence  acquired  new  fire  ;  and  hence  it  happen--,  that 
in  our  age  people  fpeak  and  write  better  than  in  the 
time  of  Petrarch.  The  iludy  of  the  Greek  language, 
belides  the  abundance  of  new  and  ufetul  knowledge 
which  It  difclofed,  was  attended  with  this  great  advan- 
tage, that  many  attempted  to  tranilate  Greek  works 
inli,  Latin,  and  thereby  improved  their  ftyle  much  more 
than  they  could  have  done  without  that  praiftlce.  Af- 
ter this  period,  fchools  for  teaching  the  ancient  langua- 
ges increafed  in  It.ily,  and  flourilhed  more  and  moie. 
Mofl  c.'.ies  had  fchocls  of  this  kind  ;  and  it  gives  one 
]ilcafure  to  obferve,  that  the  fcholars  excelled  their  ma- 
ilers, not  only  when  they  left  them,  but  even  while  they 
were  under  their  tuitlcn.  Of  the  fcholars  ot  John  de 
Ravenna,  two  of  the  oldeft,  Guai  inns  and  Victorinus, 
the  former  at  Venice,  and  t)je  latter  at  Mantua,  Vero- 
na,  Florence,  and  Ferrara,  irilliu(5ted  animmenfe  num- 
ber of  pupils  ;  and  among  thefe,  the  Princes  of  Ferrara 
and  Mantua.  George  of  Trebifonde,  when  he  ledtared 
at  Rome,  had  for  his  auditors,  befides  Italians,  many 
French,  Spaniards,  and  Germans,  amorg  whom  fome- 
times  there  were  men  of  rank  and  eminence.     F'rancifc 

cus 


rmni'.tm  judlcio  proeferendus.  Hoc  namque  a  prasceptore  non  eloquentia  modo,  quam  ex  ord'ne  legerit,  fed  mores 
etiam,  ac  quidam  bene  honefteque  Vivendi  ratio  cum  docTiina  turn  exemplis  difcebatur. — S'icco  Pakntonus,  Ap. 
Meliu',  1.  c.  p.  139. 

(c)  Blondi  Flavii  Forliviecfis  Italia  illuftrata.     Das,  1559.  ftl.  p.  346. 


M»Iphag- 
hino, 

Mile. 


M     A     L  [    435     J  M     y\     L 

ens  Philelphus,  who  had  been  taught  at  Con[lantiiiop)e    making,  together  witli  fome  valuable  obfeivations  on 
hy  Chryloloras  himfelf,  inftrufled  a  great  many  young     malt  by  Mr  Richardfon  of  Hull.     In  a  late  edition  of 

men  and  youths  in  the  Greek  and  Latin  languages  at  this  latter  gentleman's  Thnretic  Hints  on  I!r.<wing,  we 

.Venice,  Florence,  Siena,  Bologna,   and,  lall  of  all,  at  are  told,  that  Mr  Edward  Rigby  of  Norwich  is  oiopi- 

Milan."     In  the  above  quotation,  the  Ihare  which  John  nion,  that  the  mere  exficcation  of  corn  is  not  the  only 

de  Ravenna  had  in  reviling  and  diffufing  a  knowledge,  objed  obtainable  by  drying  it  on  the  kiln,  but  that  fonie 

not  only  of  the  Roman,  but  alfo  of  the  Grecian  litera-  portion  of  the  faccharuni  of  nnk  is   the  tStSt  of  th.»t 

ture,  is  fo  clearly  reprefented,  that  no  farther  teftimony  procefs.     "  The  operation  of  kiln  drying  the  malt  (fays 

is  ncce/fary  to  eftablilh  his  claim  to  celebrity.  Mr  Rigby)  is  as  follows  : — The  grain   is  fpread  thick 

After  John  de  Ravenna  had  taught  at  Padua,  he  re-  upon  a  floor  made  of  flat  bricks  (tiles),  ox  iron  plates, 

moved  for  the  like  purpofe  to  Florence  ;  where,  as  ap-  which  are  full  of  perforations;   immediately  under  this 

pears,  he  inftru(f^ed  young  people  for  fome  time,  with-  floor  is  the  oven  or  furnace,  in  which  is  a  large  fire 

out   being  exprefsly  invited  by  the  government,  and  made  of  f(?<^/v,  cinders,  or,  in  fome  places,  billet  wood  ; 

without  being  publicly  paid  for  his  labours.     In  the  a  current  of  air,  at  the  mouth  of  the  furnace,  k;eps  up 

beginning  of  his  refidence  at  Florence,  hefeemsto  have  the  combuftion  of  tiie  coak;,  and  the  air  which  is  phlo- 

Leen  recommended  by  Colucius  to  the  learned  Charles  gifticated  by  their  burning,  and  which,  in  a  common 

de  Malatefta.     "  There  lives  here  at  prefent  (fays  Co-  fire  place,  rifes  up  the  chimney,  palfes,  in  this  inllance, 

lucius,  in  one  of  his  letters)   a  teacher  of  great  merit,  through  the  apertures  in   the  floor,  and  penetrates  the 

John    de    Ravenna. — He  is   (continues  he  J  of  mature  whole  ftratum  of  malt  before  it  can  pafs  into  the  e)iter- 

age  ;  irreproachable  in  his  manners,  and  fo  difpofed  in  nal  air.     Under  thefe  circumllances,  it  is  evident,  that 

general,  that  if  you  receive  him,  as  I  hope  and  wifh,  the  interftices  of  the  malt  mull  be  filled  with  phlogiltic 

among  the  number  of  your  intimate  friends,  you  will  air:   and  as  the  grain  ufually  remains  in  this  fitualion 

find  him  an  agreeable  and  incomparable  afllllant  to  you  about  two  days,  it  is  obvious,  that  if  it  have  the  power 

in  your  labours  and  lludies.     What  can  be  more  defi-  of  abforbing  phlogiflon,  it  certainly  muft  do  it  when 

rable  to  you  than  to  pofleis  a  man  who  will  lucubrate  fo  long  in  conta(Jt  with   it.     Atid  that  the  malt  does 


Malt. 


and  labour  for  you  ?  and  who,  in  a  lliort  time,  can  com 
municate  to  you  what  you  could  not  obtain  by  your 
own  exertions  without  great  difficulty.  I  do  not  know 
whether  you  will  find  his  like  in  all  Italy  :  and  I  there- 
fore wifli,  that,  if  you  confide  in  my  judgment,  you  will 
receive  Ji^lin  de  Ravenna  in  the  room  ot  your  late  learn- 
ed friend  James  de  Alegretti."  It  is  not  known  whe- 
ther John  de  Ravenna  went  to  refide  with  Malatefta  or 
not.  It  if,  however,  certain,  that  tlie  former,  in  1397 
(the  fame  year  in  which  Manuel  Chryibloras  came  to 


really  imbibe  fome  of  this  principle,  is  not  only  probabld 
on  the  general  ground  of  the  truth  of  the  preceding 
theory,  but,  I  believe,  it  will  be  found,  that  the  phlo- 
gifticated  air  which  lifcs  from  the  burning  fubftances 
underneath,  is  correaed  in  palling  through  the  malt ; 
for  without  its  being  meliorated  by  this  or  fome  other 
caufe,  it  i^  evident  that  the  air  in  the  kiln-chamber, 
more  efpecially  the  lower  ftrata  of  it,  maft  be  noxious, 
and  probably  even  fo  much  fo  as  to  be  unfit  for  relpira- 
tion  and  combuftion.     But  fo  far  from  this  being  the 


Florence),  was  invited   thither  by  the  magiftrates  of    cafe,  I  am  informed,  that  workmen  will  lie  and  lleep 

that  city,  with  the  promife  ol  an  annual  falary,  to  in-  '  "  

ftroifl  young  people  in  the  Roman  language  and  elo- 
quence :  that  John  de  Ravenna,  at  the  period  when  he 
entered  into  this  honourable  engagement,  was  45  years 
of  age  ;  and  that  the  fcholars  of  John  de  Ravenna  were, 
at  the  fame  time,  fcholars  of  Chryloloras.  Saluratus 
Colucius,  in  all  probability,  was  the  caufe  of  this  invita- 
tion, as  he  was  acquainted  with  the  fervices  of  John 
de  Ravenna,  and  knew  how  to  appreciate  them.  "  We 
know  (fays  he,  in  one  of  his  letters  to  John  de  Raven- 
na), and  all  who  refpecl  you  know  alfo,  that  none  of 
the  rrwderns,  or  even  ancients,  approached  fo  near  to 
Cicero  as  you  ;  and  that  to  the  moft  wonderful  beauty 
and  powers  of  fpeech,  you  join  thedeepelt  knowledge." 
John  de  R^venna,  like  Chryfoloras,  and  moft  of  the 
teachers  of  the  Greek  and  Roman  Languages  in  the  be- 
ginning of  the  fifteenth  century,  was,  no  doubt,  engaged 
at  firlt  only  for  a  few  years ;  when  thefe  were  el.ipfed, 
the  engagement  was  renewed,  perhaps  for  the  lall  time, 
in  141  2,  and  he  was  bound,  bcfides  teaching  the  Ro- 
m.<n  eloquence,  to  read  publicly,  jnd  explain  in  the  ca- 
tliedral,  on  I'eftivals,  the  poems  of  Dante.  John  de  Ra- 
venna did  not  fng  Jurvive  the  ab  ive  renewal  of  his  en- 
gagement ;  lor  an  anonymous  writer,  who,  in  1430,  fi- 
nillied  yl  Giiiile  to  I^ttlcr-'wi  ilinp,  according  to  the  Priii- 
cifLs  of  Jul H  <!f  Ra\i<;nna,"  fpeaks  of  hi>  preceptor  as 


many  hours  on  the  malt  in  this  (ituation  without  fuffcr- 
ing  any  inconvenience.  And  after  mentioning  this,  it 
is  fcarcely  neceflary  to  add,  that  I  find  alf^,  by  experi- 
mcnt,  that  a  candle  will  burn  jjerfeiftly  well  in  the  air 
which  is  immediately  on  the  fuiface  of  the  malt. 

"  Weie  heat  alone  fufficient  for  the  purpofe  of  com- 
pleting the  operation  of  malting,  it  certainly  might  be 
applied  in  a  much  more  cheap  way  than  is  at  i)rel(fnt 
done  ;  for  the  floor  on  which  the  grain  is  laid  might, 
unqueftionably,  be  heated  equally  without  tiieie  being 
perforations  in  it,  as  with  them.  In  which  cafe,  one 
kind  of  fuel  would  be  as  good  as  another  ;  and,  confe- 
quently,  tlie  prefent  expence  of  previoully  burning  the 
coals,  to  convert  them  into  coaks  or  cinders,  might  be 
faved. 

"  But,  admitting  that  the  applicition  cf  plilogifton 
to  the  malt,  as  well  as  heat,  is  requifite  in  (his  opera- 
tion, the  necedity  cf  ihefc  perforations  becomes  evident, 
and  alfo  the  propriety  ol  previoufly  burning  the  coals 
in  fuch  a  way,  that  all  the  water,  and  thofe  o-hsr  hete- 
rogeneous particles  which  compole  fmoke  and  fool,  may- 
be dillipated  ;  for  thefe,  merely  as  fuch,  would  obri- 
oufly  contribute  little  to  the  phbgiftiraiion  of  the  malt, 
and  would  evidently  impart  fome  offenfive  flivour,  if 
not  I'lnie  obnoxious  qu.ility  to  it. 

"  Reafoning  from  llie  abf^ve  premifes  (Mr  Rigby 
concludes),  it  would  fecm,  that  as  all  the  farinaceous 


of  a  man  not  then  in  exiftence. 

MALT.     See  BatwiNG  (Encyc!.),  where  a  full  ac-    parts  of  the  barley  rtrc  feldom  dilfolved  in  brewing,  and 
!i  of  olr  Robert  Murray's  method  of  malt-    the  grains  which  are  left  have  ufually  the  difpofition  to 

3  I   2  become 


count  is  given  1 


M     A    M 


[    43<5     ] 


MAM 


become  four,  thereby  manifefting  fome  of  the  acid  prin- 
ciple to  bo  ftill  ex  fting  in  them,  it  is  not  improbable 
but  Ibme  further  laccharlne  matter  might  be  obtained 
from  the  grain  by  another  expofure  to  phlogifticated 
•.lir,  or,  in  other  words,  by  being  once  more  laid  on  the 
kiln." 

This  is  in  Jced  fci  far  from  being  improbable,  that  we 
thinlc  it  mull  infallibly  be  the  cafe.  Sugar,  it  is  well 
known,  confilis  of  oxygen,  hydrogen,  and  carbon  (lee 
Chemistry  in  this  Supplement,  n°  466.) ;  but  from  the 
difpolition  of  the  grains  to  become  (our,  it  is  plain,  that 
after  the  procel's  of  brcwmg  they  ftill  retain  much  oxy- 
gon i  and  the  azotic  g  is,  which  u  here  called  phlogilH- 
cdted  air,  there  is  cvtry  ttafon  to  beliove  contains  both 
hydiog.en  and  carbon.  Tlis-le,  thertfoie,  uniting  with 
the  oxygen  of  the  grains,  mull  make  an  addition  to  the 
faccharine  matter.  1'his  lias,  indeed,  been  found  to  be 
the  fart  by  Mr  Richardfon,  who,  in  confequence  of  Mr 
Righy's  fui^gcllion,  was  induced  to  brew  a  fmall  brew- 
ing  of  malt,  often  quarters  only,  and  (lopping  the  pro- 
cess when,  according  to  his  general  prailice,  one  extra>?l 
was  Hill  due,  he  ordered  the  grains  to  be  laid  upon  one 
of  his  malt  kilns,  and  cindera  to  be  applied  the  lame  as 
lor  drying  of  malr.  This  was  coniinued  for  two  days 
and  a  hill,  when  the  grains,  being  perfeflly  dried,  were 
put  inl<i  f.icks,  and,  when  cold,  returned  again  into  the 
malh  tun.  The  event,  in  fome  meafure,  juIUfied  Mr 
Rij;by's  expectation  ;  f(.r  the  produce  of  lermentable 
matter  w.13  cmilidcrably  more  th.m  he  had  renfon  to 
ccnclude  would  have  been  the  cale,  had  theextraifl  been 
made  in  immediate  fucceil'ion,  as  it  would  have  been  in 
the  ordinary  courle  ot  his  praiftice.  He  attempts,  in- 
deed, to  account  for  it  in  a  way  very  different  from 
rurs  ;  but  though  we  have  tlie  hijiheft  conlidence  in  Mr 
Richardfon  as  an  experienced  brewer,  we  muft  fonie- 
timcs  beg  leave  to  think  for  ourfelves  as  chemilts.  Like 
a  man  of  fenfe,  however,  and  a  man  of  fcience,  he  fays, 
•'  I  am  fo  well  latisfied  with  the  event  of  this  experi- 
ment, that  I  llnll  probably  be  inclined,  on  fome  future 
cccafion,  to  repeat  it,  in  various  (lages  of  the  procefs. 
The  fine  lively  froth  on  the  furface  of  the  wort,  in  the 
undcrback,  added  to  its  tranfparency  and  good  flavour, 
are  circnmliances  which  induce  me  to  thank  Mr  Rigby 
for  the  hint,  which,  it  is  not  improbable,  may  be  .ip- 
pHeJ  to  fome  ufelnl  pnipofe,  in  terrain  fituations  which 
lometimes  occur  in  the  brewing  trade." 

MAMA  K.A.TING,  a  townlhip  in  Ulfter  county, 
Nev/  York,  \V.  of  Montgomery  and  Wallkill,  on  De- 
laware river.  It  contains  1,763  inhabitants,  including 
232  electors,  and  51  (laves. — Morse. 

MAMARONECK,  a  townlhip  in  Weft-Chefter 
county,  New-York,  containing  452  inhabitants,  includ- 
ing 57  (laves.  ]t  is  bounded  fouiherly  by  New  Ro- 
chelle,  and  ea(\erly  by  the  Sound. — \b. 

M/VMARUMI,  a  place  on  the  road  from  Guayaquil 
to  Qa_ito,  in  S.  America,  where  there  is  a  very  beauti- 
ful caicaJe.  The  rock  from  which  the  water  precipi- 
tites  itfclf,  is  nearly  perpendicular,  and  50  fathoms 
high  ;  and  on  both  (ides  edged  v.'ith  lofty  and  fpreading 
trcei.  The  clearnefs  of  the  water  dazzles  the  fight, 
■which  is  delighted,  at  the  fame  time,  with  the  large 
volume  of  water  formed  in  its  fall ;  after  which  it  con- 
tinues its  courfe  in  a  bed,  along  a  fmall  defcent,  and 
is  cro(red  over  by  a  bridge. — \b. 

MAMMALUKES,    Mamalucs,     Mameloua,     or 


Mamlukt,  were  a  dynafty  that  reigned  for  a  confiderable   Miunini- 
time  in  Egypt,  and  of  which  fome  account  has  been      '"kes. 
given  in  that  article  (Encycl.).     A  fuller  account  of 
them  mud,  however,  be  acceptable  to  our  readers,  as, 
lince  the  expedition  of  Buonaparte,  they  have  attrafled 
the  attention  of  all  Europe. 

'I'hey   were  firtt  introduced  into  Egypt,  as  we  have -^"'v""''" 
already  o'jferved,  by  Saladinc,  who,  when  he  had  it  in  ^■"""'^<  "' 
conttrap':ation  to  beliege  Jerulalem,  very  naturally  en-  ^   ■", 
deavoured  to  collect  the  mofl  forcible  means  to  accom-  7>„-j-/,. 
pli(h  fo  dedrable  an  end  ;  and,  in  confequence,  obferving 
that  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  Egypt  were,  from  their 
etfcminate  mode  of  education,  and  the  (juiet  and  tran- 
quil habits  ot  their  lives,  niuch  fitter  for  thofe  occupa- 
tions in  which  they  delighted,  namely,  the  arts,  mer- 
chandize, and  mechanics,  than  military  tadfics  and  mili- 
tary toil,  he  refolved,  as  little  as  poQible,  to  employ  or 
depend  upon  them. 

This  relblution  ftimulating  him  to  procure  a  hardier 
race  of  foldiers,  he  therefore  coriimilTloned  agents  to 
treat  with  the  Circafhans,  by  the  Lake  of  Mjeotis,  near 
Taurica  Cherlbne("as,  whence,  about  the  year  1176, 
they  purchafed  more  than  a  lhou(and  (laves.  Men  inu- 
red to  hard(hi|'),  nurtured  in  the  lap  of  toil  and  danger, 
and  bred  Irom  their  infancy  to  war,  which  was  to  them 
rather  an  inftiudl  than  a  fcience,  as  tlie  continual  incur- 
fions  of  the  Tartars  rendered  felf-defence,  in  their  fi- 
tuation,  ablulu'.ely  necelTary. 

Thefe  (laves  S.ilddlne  trained  to  military  difcipline, 
and,  at  the  l.ime  time  that  he  made  them  renounce 
Chrillianity,  had  tliem  inllrueted  in  the  M  ihometm  re- 
ligion ;  and  although  he  prohibited  them  from  marry- 
ing, he  allowed  them  an  unbounded  licence  w'ith  refpeft 
to  defultory  gallantry.  What  progrefs  they  made  in 
the  do(ftrine5  of  the  Alcoran,  whether  the  tenets  of 
that  facred  volume  effedu.illy  eradicated  all  their  li.  (I 
principles,  is  uncertain;  but  it  is  ceitain,  that  in  time 
they  became  excellent  folJiers,  and  that  the  military- 
glory  of  Saladine,  which  was  feebly  fupp.irted  by  the 
native  Egyptians,  expanded  in  the  hands  of  the  Mame- 
loucs,  who  cx'.ended  their  conqut  lis  on  every  (ide,  un- 
til, pervading  the  Holy  Land,  they  entered  in  the  plain 
of  Alkelon. 

Thele  Mameloucs,  who  were  continually  adding  to 
their  numbers,  in  procefs  of  time  became  naturalized 
to  the  country;  and,  as  it  has  been  obferved,  they  ex- 
celled the  Egyptians  in  (lr£ni;th  of  body,  in  military 
dil'cipline,  in  their  (kill  in  horf.:man(hip,  and  in  courage  ; 
lo  they,  l)y  the  liberality  of  their  generals,  and  the  plun- 
der ot  cities  and  provinces,  al("o  excelled  them  in  wealth. 
In  taiS,  their  mode  of  education  fitted  them  for  the 
moft  dangerous  and  adventurous  enterprii'es,  and,  from 
being  the  flaves,  enabled  them  in  time  to  become  the 
mailers  of  even  the  Turks,  by  whom  they  had  original- 
ly been  purchafed. 

vVfter  the  death  ofSiladine,  wlio  left  the  kingdom 
to  his  brother,  they  rofe  to  ftill  greater  importance  than 
they  had  acquired  during  his  reign,  and  continued,  if 
not  ablblutely  to  govern,  yet,  like  the  Rnman  foldiers 
in  the  time  of  Pcrtlnax,  Alexander,  and  Valerian,  to 
awe  the  monarch. 

fhis  influence  continued  through  the  reigns  of  five 
fuccellive  Caliphs,  until  that  of  Melachfila,  the  lad  of 
the  pollerity  of  Saladine,  who  being  at  war  with  the 
Arriltians,  and  at  the  fame  time,  wilhing  to  reprefs  the 

enormous 


M     A     M 


C    437     ] 


M     A     M 


Mammi-  enormous  power  of  the  Mameloucs,  purchafed  flayes 
Imkes.      from  all  the  furrcunding  countries,  whom,  in  imitation 

^^'^^'^^  of  his  anceftor,  he  armed  and  appointed  to  defend  his 
dominions.  The  event  of  this  mealure  was  exadly 
what  might  have  been  expected.  Mulachfala  was,  in 
confequcnce  of  a  confpiracy  betwixt  his  ne%v  and  his  old 
foldiers,  (Iain  ;  and  Turquemenus,  the  leader  ot  this,  mu- 
tiny and  rebellion,  hailed  by  the  title  of  Great  Sultan 
of  E.?ypt.  With  him  began  tlie  government  of  the 
Mameloucs,  about  the  year  1250;  which  had  the  next 
year  gathered  fuch  ftrengih,  that  it  was  tliought  necelia- 
ry,  in  order  to  reprels  ihofe  exuberances  to  which  new 
formed  governmenis  are  liable,  and  bring  it  nearer  to  a 
fyftem,  to  caul'e  the  following  articles,  in  the  form  of  a 
charter,  to  be  fubfcribed  to  by  their  princip.il  leaders, 
as  an  ;>«  ot  the  whole  people  : — "  lit,  Tliat  the  Sul- 
tan (liould  becholenfrom  the  body  of  M  inieloiics:  2Jly, 
That  none  Ihould  be  admitted  in'.o  the  order  tliat  were 
by  birth  either  Jews  or  Turks,  but  only  Chrillian  cap- 
tives ;  3dly,  That  the  native  Egyptians  Ihould  not  be 
permitted  to  ule,  or  have,  any  weapons,  except  the  in- 
Itruments  of  agriculture." 

Turquemenus  as  is  frequently  the  practice  with  thofe 
that  expeiience  a  fudden  elevation,  endeavouied  to  kick 
down  the  ladder  by  wliich  he  had  been  raifed ;  or,  in 
other  words,  his  carriage  was  fo  haughty  and  dildainful 
to  his  former  companions,  that  he  was  by  them,  or  ra- 
ther by  one  of  tlieni  njmed  Ciotho,  fuddenly  ll.iin  ;  for 
which  the  murderer  was  rev.'arded  with  his  fceptre. 
After  him  fucceedcd  a  long  race  of  princes,  many  of 
whom  were  as  eminent  for  their  talents  as  for  their  va- 
lour ;  among  whom,  the  name  ot  Caitbeius  has  been 
tranlmilted  to  us  as  that  of  the  greatell  ftatefman  and 
general  of  hi^  age  ;  but,  as  every  one  who  confidcrs  the 
niiiterials  of  which  the  government  was  conipofed,  muft 
rather  wonder  tliat  it  exilled  folong,  than  that  it  ihuuld, 
through  almoll  the  wh'  Ic  courle  ot  its  operation,  be 
expofcd  to  all  the  various  evils  and  diftreifcs  ariliug 
from  a  long  tram  of  fedition  and  tuniult>,  fo  he  mult 
lament  tliat  it  Ihould  expire  in  the  reign  of  one  of  their 
wilelt  and  belt  inonarchs  :  yet  it  is  fome  cmif  l.ilion  to 
reflect,  that  Cam|  Ion,  the  lall  Sultan  of  the  M^me- 
kiucs,  was  ma  murdered  by  his  o'ujn  fuhjeSIs,  but  having 
lor  many  years  governed  the  kingdonib  of  Egypt,  Ju- 
dea,  and  Syria,  in  a  manner  that  has  exciied  the  piaife 
of  tlie  hilloric  (len,  he,  oppretied  with  age  and  diieafe, 
and  encumbered  with  his  ainmur,  funk  upon  the  lield 
of  battle,  and,  wit  :  his  lall  breath,  yielded  the  viiftory 
to  the  fortunate  Sehm. 

Witli  this  monarch,  who  expired  January  20,  1516, 
ended  the  government  of  tlie  Mameloucs,  after  it  had 
continued  276  years  ;  lor  although  an  attempt  was 
mide  by  Tomumby  to  get  hi tnfelf  declared  Suit  in,  in 
•which  attempt  he  adually  fucceeJcd  fo  fir  as  to  be  in- 
velled  witlj  the  title,  yet  he  was  foon  after  defeated  by 
the  viiflorious  Selim.  He  was  then  torfaken  by  his 
troops,  taken  and  executed  ;  while  the  Mamel  uc>,  bro- 
ken and  difpeiUd,  it  was  the  policy  of  Sei'tn  to  rally, 
and,  by  ofi'eis  too  templing  to  be  by  them  i-'iufed,  en- 
gage in  his  fcrvice.  The  ule  of  thcfe  foUli.rs  foon  be- 
came (ufKcienily  apparent  to  the  'I'urkilh  Emperors,  to 
ftin:ul, lie  ihein  to  augment  their  number,  enlarge  iheir 
fphtic  ('faction,  and  combine  them  clnl'cr  to  the  Hate, 
by  the  allowance  of  (liU  greater  privileges  and  advanta- 
ges than  they  bad  before  enjoyed.. 


Tlie  Beys  were  ordained  to  be  cliofen  from  among  Mamma 
them  ;  and  the  Partia,  or  chief  governor  for  the  Porte,  if^iljSL 
was  to  Ihare  his  power  with  thofe  Beys,  and  even  to 
continue  in  office  no  longer  than  fhould  be  agreeable  to 
their  colleAive  will.  At  tirft  the  power  cf  the  Pafha 
was  very  extenfive  ;  but,  by  the  intrigues  and  ambi- 
tion oi  the  Beys,  it  has  been  reduced  almoft  to  a  cy- 
pher. It  was  rather  of  a  civil  than  military  nature.  He 
was  always  prelident  cf  the  Divan,  which  was  held  in 
the  callle  where  he  refided.  But  that  council  now  com- 
monly meets  in  the  palace  of  one  of  the  chief  Beys,  ex- 
cept when  a  firman  or  mandate  is  received  froniConftan- 
tinople,  when  the  Beys  are  fummoned  to  the  callle,  to 
hear  the  commands  of  the  Porte.  The  few  who  attend, 
as  foon  as  the  reading  is  finifhed  anl'wer,  as  is  ufual, 
"  Efmami  "j.-a  taana"  "  We  have  heard,  and  we  obey." 
On  leaving  the  caltle,  their  general  voice  is  "  Ej'mana 
lua  aTrfnia,"  We  have  iicard,  and  Ihall  difobey." 

In  the  year  lyyi,  Salah  Aga,  a  flavc  of  Marad  Bey, 
was  dejiuted  from  the  government  of  Egypt  to  nego- 
ciate  their  peace  with  the  Porte.  He  carried  prefents 
of  hcrfes,  rich  fluffs,  &c.  A  fpontaneous  tribute,  which 
the  Porte  was  in  no  condition  to  enforce,  implied  obli- 
g.itiun  on  the  pat  t  of  the  latter.  He  was  well  received, 
and  afterwards  was  appiinted  IVaquil  es  Sultan,  agent 
or  attorney  to  the  Sultan  in  Cairo.  It  is  probable, 
tliis  office  was  given  liim  to  incline  him  to  fecond  the 
efforts  of  the  Court  in  difuniting  the  Beys  ;  but  it  was 
ineffci.tual.  Thel'e  had  foimerly  experienced  the  evils 
ot  divilion,  and  now  were  united  liy  common  interefl, 
grown  rich,  and  well  provided  with  ilaves  ;  fo  that  no 
tribute  has  fince  that  time  found  its  way  to  Conllanti- 
nople. 

The  Mameloucs  remain,  as  they  have  ever  been,  mi- 
litary flaves,  importedfrom  Georgia,  Circaffia,  andMin-i 
grelia.  A  few  have  been  prifoners,  taken  from  the 
Auftrians  and  Ruffians,  who  have  exchanged  their  reli- 
gion for  an  eilablilliment.  The  Beys  give  general  or- 
ders to  their  agents  at  Conllantinople,  to  purchafe  a 
certain  number  every  year  ;  and  many  are  brought  to 
Egypt  by  private  mei chants  on  fpeculation.  When 
the  lupply  proves  infufficient,  or  many  h  ive  been  ex- 
pended, blnck  (laves  from  the  interior  of  Africa  are  fub- 
lliiuted,  a'nd,  if  found  docile,  are  armed  and  accoutred 
like  the  relt. 

Particular  attention  is  paid  to  the  education  of  thefe 
favoured  llave--.  They  are  inllrucfeJ  in  every  exercife 
of  agility  or  (Ireigth,  and  are,  in  general,  dillingiiilhed 
by  the  grace  and  beauty  of  their  perfons.  Tiie  grati- 
tude of  the  difciples  is  equal  to  the  favour  of  their  ma- 
ilers, whom  they  never  quit  in  the  hour  ot  danger.  If 
they  have  a  dilpolition  for  leirning,  they  are  taught  the 
ufe  of  letters,  and  fome  ot  them  arc  excelleiu  Icribes  ; 
but  the  greater  part  neither  can  read  nor  write.' A 
flriking  example  oi  whicli  deficiency  is  obfervable  in 
Murad  Bey  himfelf. 

The  inferior  Mameloucs  conftantly  appear  in  the  mi- 
litary drefs,  and  are  c.immonly  armed  with  a  pair  of 
p'Uolf,  a  fabre,  and  a  dagger.  They  wear  a  peculiar 
cap  of  a  green. Ih  hue,  around  which  is  wreathed  a  tur- 
ban. The  relief  their  drefs  refembles  that  of  other 
Mohamedan  citizens,  and  is  rellriifled  to  no  particular 
colour;  but  another  fingularily  is  thcit  large  drawers 
of  thick  Venetian  cloth,  of  acrin)fon  colour,  to  which 
MS  attached  their  flippers  of  icd  leather.     On  horfc- 


MAM 


C    438    ] 


MAN 


Man. 


■Mamma-  back  they  add  to  their  arms  a  pair  of  large  horfe  pi-    vernors  within  his  diftrifV,  putting  into  it  fome  flave  of  M»mn«- 

lukc».  (lols  and  the  dubbus  or  battle  ;ixe.  In  battle,  many  his  own,  who  is  compelled  to  render  an  account  of  the  lukes, 
^-^'"^"^^  of  tliem  wear  an  open  lielniel,  and  the  ancient  ring  ar-  receipts,  of  which  a  great  part  palFcs  to  fapport  the 
inour  of  interwoven  links  ot  fteel,  worn  under  part  of  grandeur  of  his  mailer.  An  opulent  Bey  may  have 
their  drefs,  and  thus  concealed.  Thefe  are  dear  ;  fonic-  Jrom  600  to  1000  purl'es  annually  ;  the  revenue  ot  Mu- 
limes  colling  500  piallres,  or  about  L.  40.  Some  of  rad  Bey  more  than  doubles  that  fum.  The  inferior 
them  are  made  at  Conllantinoplc,  others  in  Perfia.  Beys  may  have  300  purlcs,  or  L.  15,000. 
Their  hcifesareof  the  fincll  Arabianbreed,andareoften  Every  Bey  hts  111  judgment  on  cales  of  equity. 
purch.UcJ  at  three  or  four  purfes,  L.  150  to  L.  200  Thefe  prrfoniges  are  very  obfervant  of  their  refpe(5live 
Iterlm".  juiifdidions  ;  and  no  Bey  will  inipi  ifon  a  man  liberated 

Til  °y  have  no  pay,  as  they  est  at  n  table  in  the  houfe  by  another.  Though  fomeiinies  too  impetuous,  they 
of  their  mailer  the  Bey,  Calhet',  or  other  oliicer.  Any  neverthelefs  difplay  great  acutenefs  and  knowledge  o€ 
military  officer  may  puichal'e  a  (lave,  who  becomes,  ipjo  charaflers.  This  government,  at  L-all,  p..irc(feb  every 
/j<So,  a  Mimeluuc.  The  name,  from  ma/d,  to  poirds,  advantage  of  publicity,  a>  every  B;y  is  a  magillrate. 
implies  merely  a  pcrfon  who  is  the  proptity  of  another.  MAN,  has  been  coiilidcred  in  a  gieat  number  of  par- 
Atter  a  pri'pcr  education,  the  candidate  thus  conllitu-  ticulars  under  the  title  Man  (Encycl.J  ;  but  a  reference 
ted  a  Mameiouc,  receives  a  prcfcnt  of  a  hotfe  and  arms  was  made  from  that  article  to  the  article  Farieties  of 
from  his  niafter,  togetlier  with  a  fuit  of  clo'hes  ;  which  the  Huvian  Species,  which  was,  after  all,  omitted  entirely, 
is  renewed  every  year  in  the  month  Ramadan.  The  Perhaps  enough  has  been  faid  on  the  varieties  ot  the 
eenerolity  of  their  maflers,  and  rewards  or  extortions  human  fpecies  in  the  articles  Complexion  and  Ne- 
from  others,  afford  them  fupplies  of  money,  either  for  gro  (Encycl.J  ;  but  as  intidcl  ignorance  is  perpetually 
avarice  or  debauchery.  Some  of  them,  admitted  tope-  pretending,  that  the  diminutive  Icelanders,  the  ugly 
culiar  favour  by  the  Beys,  as  chafnadars,  or  piirfe-bear-  lilquimatix,  the  woolly-headed  Negro,  and  the  copper- 
ers,  Sec.  acquire  great  wealth.  They  are  rather  gay  coloured  American,  could  not  have  delcended  from  one 
and  thoughtlefs  than  infolent,  fond  of  fhow,  and  un-  origin.il  pair  either  of  European  comple.tionor  of  Hin- 
principled  in  their  means  of  acquiring  ic.  They  feldom  djo  fymmetry — it  may  not  be  improper,  in  this  place,  to 
mairy  till  they  acquire  fome  olfice.  Ihew  the  weaknefs  ct  this  popular  objeclion  tn  the  Mo- 

Though  born  of  Chrillian  parents,  they  feem  highly    laic  hillory  of  the  origin  ot  man.     This  has  been  done 
fatisfied'^v.ith    their  condition,  which  they  have   been    in  fo  fatisfadlory  a  manner  by  Profell'or    Blumenbach, 
known  to  refufe  to  exchange  for  freedom.       The  ma-     that  we  have  nothing  to  do  but  lay  his  obl'ervations  be- 
iority  are  regarded  by   the  Arabs  as  little  ftriifl  in  the    fore  our  readers,  convinced,  as  we  are,  that  they  are  in- 
principles  or  duties  ot  Mohamedifm.       It  is  worthy  of    telligible  to  every  capacity,  and  that   they    will   carry 
remark,  that  thoujh   the  Mameloucs,  in  general,  be    convidion  to  all  who  are  not  the  flaves  of  prejudice, 
ftrong  and  perlbnable  men,  yet  the  few  who  marry  very         "  Some  late  writers  on  natural  hiftory  (lays  the  Pro-  Phil-  Mag^ 
feldom  iiave  children.     As  the  fon,  even  of  a  Bey,  is    feffor)  feem  doubtlul  whether  the  numerous  diltincl  ■*'"'• '''• 
not  honoured  with  any  particular  contideration,  the  wo-     races  of  men  ought  to  be  conlidered  as  mere  varieties.,  P"  " 
men,  perhaps,  procure  abortions.     Of  eighteen  Beys,     which  have  arifen  from  degeneration,  or  as  fo  many  Ipe- 
with  whofe  hillory  Mr  Browne  was  well  acquainted,    cies  altogether  different.     The  caufe  of  this  feems  chief- 
two  only  had  any  children  living.  ly  to  be,   that  they  took  too  narrow  a  view  in  their  re- 
Hardy,  capable  of  every  fatigue,  of  undaunted  cou-    fearches ;  felecfled,  perhaps,  two  races  the  mod  different 
race,  and  eminent  (kill  in  horfemanfhip  and  the  ufe  of    from  each  other  pofllble,  and,  overlooking   the  inter- 
the  fabre,  the  Mameloucs  may  be  regarded  as  by  far    mediate  races  that  formed  the  conneftlng  links  between 
the  bell  troops  in  the  Eaft.     But  in  a  regular  battle,     them,  compared  thelie  two  together  ;    or,  they   fixed 
condufled   by   manoeuvres,  and  large  or  rapid  move-    their  attention  too  much  on  man,  without  examining 
mcnts,  they  are  equally  int'eiior  to  European  troops.         other  fpecies  of  animals,  and  comparing  their  varieties 
Being  diftinguilhed  by  favouritifm  or  merit,  the  Ma-    and  degeneration  with  thofeof  the  human  fpecies.  The 
melouc   becomes  a  Cafhef,  and  in  time  a  Bey.      The    firft  fault  is,  when  one,  for  example,  places  together  a 
chief  caufe  of  preference  arifes  from  political  adherence    Senegal  negro  and  an  European  Adonis,  and  at  the 
to  fome  powerful  leader.  fame  time  forgets  that  there  is  not  one  of  the  bodily 
The  government  of  Cairo,    and  Egypt,  in  general,     differences  of  thefe  two  beings,  whether  hair,  colour, 
is  vcfted  in  24  Beys  ;  each  of  v;honi  is  nominally  chofen    features,  &c.   which   does  not  gradually  run  into  the 
by  the  remaining  23,  but,  in  faft,  appointed  by  one  of    fame  thing  of  the   other,  by  fuch  a  variety  of  fhades, 
tlie  moft  powerful.     The  Yenk-tchery,  Aga,  and  feve-    that  no  phyfiologift   or  naturalift  is  able  to  eftablidi  a 
ral  other  officers,  are  enumerated  among  the  24  Beys.        certain  boundary  between  ihofe  gradations,  and  confe- 

Befides  being  governors  of  certain  dilf  riifls  of  Egypt,  quently  between  the  extremes  themfelves. 
feveral  of  the  Beys  receive  other  dignities  from  the  "  The  fecond  fault  is,  when  people  reafon  as  if  man 
Porte :  Such  are  the  Shech  el  Bellad  or  governor  of  were  the  only  organifed  being  in  nature,  and  confider 
the  city;  the  Defterdar,  or  accountant-general;  the  the  varieties  in  his  fpecies  to  be  ftrange  and  problemati- 
Emir  el  Hadj,  or  leader  of  the  facred  caravan  ;  and  the  cal,  without  reflefting  that  all  thefe  varieties  are  not 
EniT  esSaid,  or  governor  «f  the  Upper  Egypt.  Thefe  more  rtrikingor  more  uncommon  than  thofe  with  which 
two  lad  oftices  are  annual.  Thefe  officers  have  alfo  re-  fo  many  thoufands  of  other  fpecies  of  organifed  beings 
venues  allotted  them  by  the  Porte,  ill  defined,  and  li-  degenerate,  as  it  were,  before  our  eyes." 
able  to  much  abufe.  As  what  we  havefaid  under  thearlicles  Complexion 

Of  the  other  Beys,  each  appoints  all  officers  and  go-    and  Nsgro  may  be  fufficient  to  warn  mankind  againfl 

the 


284- 


MAN  [    439    ]  MAN 

Mm.      the  firft  error,  and  at  the  fame  time  to  refute  it,  we  lia-  Iiave  thought  proper,  on  account  of  thefe  vaiieties  in 

^'^'"^'^  ilen  to  refute  the  fecond  by  our  author's  cotnparifon  be-  the  human  race,  to  admit  more  than  one  fpecief. 

tween  the  human  race  and  that  cf  fwine.  "  With  regard  to  (tature,  the  Patagonians,  as  is  well 
"  More  reafons  (fays  he)  than  one  have  induced  me  known,  have  aff>)rdcd  the  greatelt  employment  to  an- 
te make  clioice  of  fwine  for  this  coroparifon  ;  btft,  in  thropologifts.    The  romantic  tales,  however,  cf  the  old 


M^n. 


particular,  becaule  ihey  have  a  great  fimilarity,  in  many 
refpefls,  to  man  ;  not,  however,  in  the  form  of  their 
entrails,  as  people  formerly  believed,  and  therefore  ftu- 
died  the  anatomy  of  the  human  body  purpofely  in 
fwine  ;  fo  that,  even  in  the  lall  century,  a  celebrated 
difpute,  which  arofe  between  the  phyficians  of  Heidel- 
berg and  thofe  cf  Durlach,  refpecfing  the  pofition  of 
the  heart  in  m.in,  was  determined,  in  confequence  of  or- 
ders from  government,  by  infpecfing  a  low,  to  the  great 
triumph  of  the  pirty  which  really  was  in  the  wrong. 
Nor  is  it  becaufe  in  the  time  of  Galen,  according  to  le- 
peated  ajfcriions,  human  flelh  was  faid  to  have  a  talle 
peifeflly  limilar  to  that  of  fwine  ;  nor  becaufe  the  fat, 
and  the  tanned  hides  of  both,  are  very  like  to  each 
other  ;  but  becaufe  both,  in  regard  to  the  economy  of 
their  bodily  llruifture,  taken  on  the  whole,  fhew  unex- 
pefledly,  on  ihe  tirft  view,  as  well  as  on  clofer  examina- 
tion, a  very  (Iriking  finiilitude. 

"  Both,  for  example,  are  domeftic  animals ;  both  om- 
nlvorii  ;  l)0th  are  dilpcrled  throughout  all  the  four  quar- 
ters of  the  world;  and  both  coiifequently  are  expofed, 
in  numerous  ways,  to  the  principal  caufes  of  degenera- 
tion arifing  from  climate,  mode  of  life,  nnutiliiment, 
&c.  ;  both,  for  the  fame  reafon,  are  fubjedl  to  many 
difeafes,  and,  what  is  particularly  worthy  of  remaik,  to 
difeafes  rarely  found  among  other  animals  than  men  and 
fwine,  fuch  as  the  Hone  in  the  bladder  ;  or  to  difeafes 
eiclufively  peculiar  to  thefe  two,  fuch  as  the  worms 
found  in  m;afled  iwine. 

"  Another  reafon  (continues  he)  why  I  have  made 
choice  of  fwine  for  the  prelent  compiirifn  i>,  becaui'e 
the  degeneration  and  defccnc  from  the  original  race 
are  far  more  certain  in  lliefe  animals,  and  can  be  bet- 
ter traced,  than  in  the  varieties  of  other  domclllc  ani- 
rnals.  For  no  naturalill,  I  l)e!ieve,  has  carried  his  foep- 
ticilm  fo  f^r  as  to  doubt  the  defceut  of  the  domeftic 
fwine  from  tlie  wild  boar;  which  is  fo  much  the  more 
evident,  as  it  is  well  kn')wn  that  wild  pigs,  when  caught, 
may  be  eafily  rendered  as  tame  and  familiar  as  domeftic 
fwine  :  and  the  contrary  alio  is  the  cafe  ;  tor  if  the  lat- 
ter by  any  accident  gel  into  the  woods,  they  as  rradily 
beci^me  wild  again  ;  fo  that  ihere  are  inftances  of  fuch 
animals  being  lli -t  f  u  w:ld  fwine  ;  and  it  lias  not  been 
till  they  were  opened,  and  fc  iind  call  rated,  that  peciple 
were  led  to  a  difcovery  of  iheir  oiigin,  and  how,  and  at 
what  time,  they  ran  away.  It  is  well  afccrtaincd,  that, 
before  the  difcovery  ot  Ameiica  by  the  Spaniards, 
Avine  were  unknown  in  th.it  qu  irter  ol  the  woild,  and 
that  they  were  afterwards  canied  thither  from  Europe. 
All  the  varieties,  therefore,  thiough  which  this  animal 
has  fmce  degenerdted,  brlong,  with  the  original  JEuro- 
pean  race,  to  one  and  ihc  fame  Ipecies  ;  and  fincc  no 
bodily  difference  i.s  found  in  the  human  race,  as  will 
prcfently  appear,  either  in  regard  to  ftaturc,  colour,  the 
form  of  the  cranium.  &v.  which  is  not  obferved  in  the 
fame  proportion  among  the  fwine  race,  while  no  one, 
on  that  account,  ever  doubts  that  all  liie.'e  diffeicnc 
kinds  aie  merely  varieties  th.it  have  arifen  from  degene- 
ration through  the  influci.ce  of  climate,  &C.  this  cora- 


travellers,  who  give  to  thefe  inhabitants  ot  the  fouthern 
extremity  of  America  a  ftature  of  ten  feet  and  more, 
are  fcarcely  worth  notice;  and  even  the  more  niodefl 
relations  of  later  Englifli  navigators,  who  make  their 
height  from  fix  to  feven  feet,  have  been  doubted  b'.' 
other  travellers,  who,  on  the  fame  coalt,  fought  for  fuch 
children  of  Enoch  in  vain.  But  we  ihall  admit  etery 
thing  faid  of  the  extraordinary  fi/e  of  thefe  Patagonians 
by  Byron,  Wallis,  and  Carteret;  the  fuft  of  wlicm  af- 
figns  to  their  chief,  and  ieveral  of  his  attendants,  :» 
height  cf  rot  leis  than  feven  feet,  ,-xs  far  as  could  be  de- 
teimincd  by  the  eye;  the  fecond,  Vs'ho  affcrts  that  he 
adhially  meafured  them,  gives  to  the  greater  part  of 
them  from  5  feet  10  inches  to  6  feer  ;  to  fome  6  feet 
5  inclies ,  and  6  feet  6  ;  but  to  the  tallelf,  6  feet  7  inch- 
es :  and  this  account  is  confirmed  by  the  lall-mentioncd 
of  the  above  ciicumnavigators.  Now,  allowing  this  to 
be  the  c^fe,  it  is  not  near  fuch  an  exceis  of  ftature  as 
that  obferved  in  many  parts  of  America  among  the 
fwine,  originally  carried  thither  from  Europe  ;  and  of 
thefe  I  fliall  mention  in  particuLir  ihofe  of  Cuba,  which 
are  more  than  double  the  fize  of  the  original  ftock  in. 
Europe. 

"  The  natives  of  Guinea,  Madagafcar,  New  Holland,. 
New  Guinea,  &c.  are  black  ;  many  American  tribes 
are  leddilh  brown,  and  the  Europeans  are  white.  An 
equal  difference  is  obferved  among  fwine  in  dilFerent 
cnur.tries.  In  Piedmont,  for  example,  ihey  are  black. 
When  I  paffed  (f^tys  our  author)  through  that  country,, 
during  the  great  fair  tor  fwine  at  Salenge,  I  did  not 
fee  a  finale  one  of  any  other  cohjur.  In  Bavaria,  they 
are  reddilh  bown  ;  in  Normandy,  they  are  all  while. 
"  Human  hair  is,  indeed,  fomewh.-it  different  from. 
fwines  briiUes  ;  yet,  in  the  piefent  point  of  view,  they 
may  be  compared  with  each  oth^r.  Fair  hair  is  foft, 
and  ot  a  lilky  texture  ;  b!;:ck  hair  is  co.irfer,  and  among 
feveral  tribes,  fuch  as  the  Aljyifiniaus,  Negroes,  and  the 
inhdbitHnts  of  New  Hollind,  it  is  woolly,  and  moft  fo 
among  the  Hottentots.  In  the  like  manner,  among  the 
white  fwine  in  Noiraandy,  as  I  wiis  aifured  by  an  in- 
compar.<bIe  obleiver,  Sulzer  of  Ronneburg,  tlie  hair 
on  the  whole  body  is  longer  and  fofter  than  ainon"  o- 
ther  fwine  ;  and  even  the  brililes  on  the  back  are  very 
little  diflerent,  but  1  e  flat,  and  are  only  longer  L'lan  the 
hair  on  the  (ther  parts  of  the  body.  They  cannot,, 
therefore,  be  employed  by  the  btufh  m..kers.  The  dif- 
ference between  the  hair  ot  the  wild  boar  and  the  do- 
mcltic  fwini.-,  particularly  inregaid  to  the  f  fter  part 
between  the  firong  brinks,  is,  as  is  well  known,  llill, 
greater. 

"  The  whole  diff..'rence  between  the  cranium  cf  a 
Negro  and  that  of  an  European,  is  n.  t  in  ihe  le.ift  de- 
gree greater  tlian  tliat  equ.illy  llriking  difference  which- 
exifls  between  the  cranium  of  liie  wild  bo.ir  and  ihat  ot 
the  diroeftic  fwine.  Tfiofc  who  h.ive  not  obferved  this 
in  the  animals  tlicmfelves,  need  only  to  call  their  eye 
on  the  figure  which  Daubtntoii  has  given  of  both. 

"  I  Ih.tll  pals  over  (lay^  our  aiulior  Ids  national 
varieties  which  may  be  found  among  fwine  as  well  as. 


parifon,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  will  lilcDce  ihofe  fce^tics  who    among  men,  and  only  racnticn,  that  1  have  been  allured 


MAN 


[     440     ] 


MAN 


Manallin,  by  Mr  Sulzer,  tliat  the  peculiarity  cf  having  the  bone 
of  the  lej;  remaik;ibl/  lonj;,  as  is  the  cafe  among  the 
Hindoos,  has  been  remarked  with  regard  to  the  fwine 
in  Niirni.indy.  '  They  Hand  very  long  on  their  hind 
legs  (fays  he,  in  one  of  his  letters)  ;  their  back,  there- 
fore, is  higliell  at  tlie  rump,  forming  a  kind  of  inclined 
pline  ;  and  the  head  proceeds  in  the  fame  direiftion, 
io  that  the  fnout  is  not  fir  from  the  ground.'  I  fliall 
here  add,  that  the  fwine,  in  fome  countries,  have  dej^e- 
nerated  into  races  which  in  fingul.'.rity  far  exceed  every 
thing  that  has  been  found  ftrange  in  bodily  variety 
among  the  human  race.  Swine  with  folid  hools 
were  known  to  the  ancients,  and  large  herds  of 
them  are  found  in  Hungary,  Sweden,  &c.  In  the 
like  manner,  the  European  Swine,  firfl  carried  by 
the  Spaniards,  in  1509,  to  the  illand  of  Cuba,  at  that 
time  celebrated  for  its  pearl  fi(hery,  degenerated  into 
a  monllrous  race,  with  hoofs  which  were  half  a  I'pan 
in  length." 

From  tliefe  f.tQ^,  our  author  concludes,  that  it  is  ab- 
furd  to  allow  t!ie  vaft  variety  of  fwine  to  have  defcend- 
ed  from  one  oiiginal  pair,  and  to  contend  that  the  va- 
rieties of  men  arc  fo  many  diltiiiit  I'pecies. 

MANALLIN,  a  townlhip  in  York  county,  Penn- 
fylvania. — Morse. 

MANCA,  a  town  of  Weft-Florida,  on  the  E.  bank 
of  tlie  Miffillippi,  at  the  mouth  of  Hona  Chitto  river. 
—ib. 

MANCENILLA,  a  large  bay  on  the  N.  fide  of  the 
idand  of  St  Domingo  ;  about  4,000  fathoms  long  from 
W.  to  E.  and  2,800  broad  from  N.  to  S.  The  S.  E. 
part  of  the  bay  is  very  wide,  and  affords  excellent  an- 
chorage, even  for  vcftl-ls  of  the  firll  fize.  Li  other  parts 
it  is  too  Ihallow.  The  river  M.dfacre,  which  was  the 
point  of  feparaiion  of  the  French  and  Spanilh  colonies 
on  the  N.  of  the  ifland,  runs  a  N.  courfe,  towards  its 
mouth  N.  W.  and  enters  the  eaftern  part  of  the  bay. 
The  bay  of  Mancenilla,  though  a  very  fine  one,  is  not 
fo  ufelul  as  it  might  be,  if  its  bottom  were  well  known. 
There  are  fevcral  Ihallows  in  it,  owing  to  the  overflow- 
ings ot  the  Maffiicre,  wliich  rolls  into  it,  wood,  fand, 
and  ftones,  in  great  quantities,  fo  that  it  feems  necefla- 
ry  to  found  the  bay  annually,  after  they  are  over.  In 
general,  it  is  prudent,  on  entering,  to  keep  clofer  to 
the  point  of  Ycaque,  than  to  the  S.  fide  of  the  bay  ; 
becaufe  the  fandy  point  has  no  rocks.  The  bottom  of 
the  bay  is  muddy.  The  river  Malfacre  is,  during  a 
league,  from  5  to  12  feet  deep,  and  pretty  wide;  but 
its  bed  is  often  lull  ot  the  wood  which  the  current  brings 
down.  It  fwarms  with  fifh  ;  and  here  are  found  thole 
enormous  mullets  which  are  the  pride  of  the  table  at 
Cape  Francois.  In  the  times  of  the  floods,  thefe  fi(h 
are  driven  towards  the  bay,  where  negroes,  well  prac- 
tiled  in  the  buhnefs,  filh  for  them.  Fiftiing  in  the  bay 
is  difficult  enough,  on  account  of  the  drifted  wood  ; 
but  the  negroes  are  good  divers,  and  are  often  obliged 
to  go  to  the  bottom  and  difengage  the  feine  ;  but  when 
it  gets  near  the  beach,  it  is  a  fingular  and  ftriking 
Ipectacle,  to  fee  the  negroes,  the  fifh,  and  the  alliga- 
tors, all  flouncing  about  in  the  water  together.  The 
negroes  kill  the  alligators,  knock  out  their  teeth,  and 
fell  them  to  make  curals,  the  garniture  of  which  ferves 
to  mark  the  degree  of  luxury  or  pride  of  thofe  who 
hang  them  to  the  necks  of  their  children.     The  plenty 


of  fidi  often  attrafls  fhips  of  war  to  this  bay.  The 
mouth  of  Malfacre  river  lies  in  N.  lat.  19°  44',  W. 
long,  from  Paris  74°  9'. — ib. 

MANCHAC,  a  town  on  the  Midiffippi,  two  miles 
below  the  Indian  town  of  Alabama.  The  banks 
of  the  river  at  Manchac,  though  frequently  overflowed 
by  the  vernal  inundations,  are  50  feet  perpendicular 
height  above  the  futface  of  the  water  ;  and  the  river, 
at  its  lowell  ebb,  is  not  lefs  than  40  fathoms  deep,  and 
nearly  a  mile  in  width.  The  Spanilh  fortrefs  on  the 
point  of  land  below  the  Ibbei villi,  clofe  by  tiie  banks 
of  the  river,  has  a  communication  with  Manchac,  by  a 
flender,  narrow,  wooden  bridge,  acrofs  the  channel  of 
Ibberville,  and  not  a  bow-(hot  from  the  habitations  of 
Manchac. — ib. 

MANCHESTER,  a  fmall  fi(hing-town,  fituated  on 
the  fea-coaft  between  Cape  Anne  and  Beverly,  in  ElTex 
county,  MafTachufetts.  The  fifhery  is  carried  on  from 
this  port  chiefly  in  tlie  velfels,  and  for  the  account  of 
the  merchants  in  Boll. in,  and  other  places.  The  town- 
fliip  lies  S.  E.  of  Wenham,  and  30  miles  N.  E.  of  Bof- 
ton.  Ic  was  incorporated  in  1645,  and  contains  965 
inhabitants. — ib. 

Manchester,  a  poll-town  of  Vermont,  in  Benning- 
ton county,  on  Batteukill.  It  is  22  miles  N.  by  E.  of 
Bennington,  and  59  N.  E.  of  Albany  in  New- York. 
This  townlhip  contaiub  1276  inhabitants.  In  the  S. 
part  of  the  town,  in  a  hill  a  little  W.  of  the  Battenkill, 
is  a  deep  ftrntum  of  friable  calcareous  earth,  of  the 
whitenefi  of  chalk  ;  and  apparently  compofed  of  fhells, 
which  requires  but  little  burning  to  produce  good  lime. 
— ib. 

Manchester,  a  townlhip  in  York  county,  Pennfyl- 
vania. — ib. 

Manchester,  a  fmall  town  of  Virginia,  fituated  on 
the  S.  fide  of  James  river,  oppofite  to  Richmond,  with 
which  it  is  conneifled  by  a  bridge.  In  1781  this  town 
fufFered  much  during  Arnold's  deftruftive  expedition. 
—ib. 

Manchester,  a  town  of  Nova-Scotia,  10  leagues 
N.  W.  of  Cape  Canlb.  It  contained  250  families  in 
1783.—/*. 

Manchester  House,  one  of  the  Hudfon  Bay  Com- 
pany's fadories,  lies  100  miles  W.  of  Hudfon's  Houfe, 
and  75  S  E.  of  Buckingham  Houfe.  It  (lands  on  the 
S.  W.  fide  of  Safkafhawan  ri»er,  in  the  N.  W.  part  of 
N.  America.  N.  lat.  53°  14'  18",  W.  long.  109°  20'. 
—ib. 

MANCORA,  a  place  on  the  road  from  Guayaquil 
to  Truxilla,  in  Peru,  fituated  on  the  fea-coaft. 
Through  it,  during  winter,  runs  a  rivulet  of  frefh  wa- 
ter, to  the  great  relief  of  the  mules  '.hat  travel  this  way. 
In  fummer,  the  little  remaining  in  its  channel  is  fo 
brackifti,  as  to  be  hardly  toler?ble. — ib. 

MANDING,  a  large  ftate  in  the  interior  of  Africa, 
cf  which  the  only  fatisfaftory  account  that  we  have 
is  by  Mr  Park,  who,  for  feveral  months,  was  hofpita- 
bly  entertained  in  Kamalia,  one  of  its  towns,  fituated 
in  12°  40*  N.  Lat.  and  6"  40'  W.  Long.  The  go- 
vernment of  Manding  appeared  to  our  author  to  be  a 
fort  of  republic,  or  rather  an  oligarchy.  Every  town 
is  indeed  governed  by  a  chief  magiftrate  called  Manfu, 
which  ufually  fignifies  king  ;  but  the  chief  power  of  the 
ftate,  in  the  laft  refort,  is  lodged  in  the  affembly  of  thefe 

manfas 


Manchic, 

II 
Mamling. 


MAN 


[     44^     ] 


MAN 


Mandiiig.  manfas  (a).  The  cafe,  however,  is  dlfForent  in  other 
^'^'^''^-^  countries,  which  are  occupied  by  penpL-  who  have  emi- 
grated from  Manding;  for  in  all  the  Mandingo  flates 
near  the  Gambia,  the  government  is  monarchical, 
though  the  power  of  the  fovereign  is  by  no  means  un- 
limited. 

As  Mr  Park's  ronte  was  confined  to  a  trad  of  coun- 
try, bnunded  nearly  by  the  12th  and  15th  parallels  of 
latitude,  the  climate  throtigliout  the  whole  was  nearly 
the  fame  as  that  of  Manding,  and  extremely  hot :  Yet, 
where  tlie  countiy  afcended  into  hills,  he  found  it  com- 
paratively cool  and  pleafant ;  thougli  none  of  the  dif- 
triifls  which  he  traveried  could  be  called  mountainous. 
About  the  middle  of  June,  the  hot  and  fultry  atmof- 
phere  is  agitated  by  vi'ilent  gufts  of  wind  (called  torna- 
does), accompanied  with  thunder  and  rain.  Thefe  uftier 
in  what  is  denominated  the-  rainy  feafon  ;  which  conti- 
nues until  '.he  month  of  November.  During  this  time, 
the  diurnal  rains  are  very  heavy  ;  and  the  prevailing 
winds  are  from  the  fouth-well.  The  termination  of  the 
rainy  kafon  is  likewife  attended  with  violent  tornadoes ; 
after  which  the  wind  Ihilts  to  the  north-eall,  and  conti- 
nues to  bloviT  from  that  quarter  during  the  reft  of  the 
year. 

When  the  wind  fets  in  from  the  north-eaft,  it  pro- 
duces a  wonde;ful  change  in  the  face  of  the  country. 
The  grafs  foon  becomes  dry  and  withered  ;  the  rivers 
fubfide  very  rapidly,  and  many  of  the  trees  (hed  their 
leaves.  About  this  period  is  commonly  felt  the  l-ar- 
matlan,  a  dry  and  parching  wind,  blowing  froin  the 
nortiieaft,  and  accompanied  by  a  thick  fmoky  haze; 
through  which  the  fun  appears  of  a  dull  red  colour. 
This  wind,  in  palling  over  the  great  delert  of  Sahara, 
acquires  a  very  (Irong  atttadion  for  humidity,  and 
parches  up  every  thing  expofed  to  its  current.  It  is, 
however,  reckoned  very  falutary,  particularly  to  Euro- 
peans, who  generally  recover  their  health  during  its  con- 
tinuance. 'I'he  truth  of  this  our  author  experienced 
both  at  Kamalia  and  Pil'ania,  when  he  had  been  brought 
to  the  very  brink  of  the  grave  by  ficknefs. 

Whenever  the  grafs  is  lulRciently  dry,  the  negroes 
fet  it  on  fire  ;  but  in  Ludamar,  and  other  Moorilh 
countries,  this  praiflice  is  not  allowed  ;  for  it  is  upon 
the  withered  ftubble  that  the  Moois  feed  their  cattle 
until  the  return  of  the  tains.  The  burning  of  the  grais 
in  Manding  exhibits  a  fcene  of  terrific  grandeur.  •'  lu 
the  middle  of  the  night  (fays  Mr  Park),  1  could  fee  the 
plains  and  mountains,  as  far  as  my  eye  cc  uld  reach,  va- 
riegated with  lines  of  fire  ;  and  the  light  reflccled  on 
the  (ky,  made  the  heavens  appear  in  a  blaze.  In  the 
day  time,  pillars  of  fmuke  weie  feen  in  every  direiftion  ; 
while  the  birds  of  prey  were  ob/erved  hovering  round 
the  contiigration,  and  pouncing  down  upou  the  fnakes, 
lizards,  and  other  reptiles,  which  attempted  to  efcape 
from  the  flames."  'J'his  annual  burning  is  f.ion  followed 
by  a  ficlh  and  fweet  verdure,  and  the  country  is  there- 
by rendered  more  healthful  and  pleafant. 

Though  many  fpecics  of  the  edible  roots,  which 
grow  in  tiie  Weft   India  illaods,  are  found  in  Africa, 

SuP>'L.  Vol.  II. 


yet  our  traveller  never  faw,  in  any  part  of  his  journey,  Miudiuj. 
either  the  fugar-cane,  the  coffee,  or  the  cocoa-lree;  nor  ^•^^-'^'^■-^ 
could  he  learn,  on  ir.quiry,  that  they  were  known  to 
the  natives.  The  pice-apple,  and  the  thoufand  other 
delicious  fruits  which  the  induftry  of  civilized  man  (im- 
proving the  bounties  of  nature),  has  brought  to  (o  great 
perfeftion  in  the  tropical  climates  of  America,  are  here 
equally  unknown.  He  obferved,  indeed,  a  f;w  orange 
and  banana  trees,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Gambia  ;  but 
whether  they  were  indigenous,  or  were  formerly  planted 
there  by  fome  of  the  white  traders,  he  could  not  pt  li- 
tively  learn. 

Concerning  property  in  the  foil,  it  appeared  to  Mr 
Park,  that  the  lands  in  native  woods  were  conlidered  as 
belonging  to  the  king,  or  (where  the  government  wa< 
not  monarchical)  to  the  ftate.  When  any  individual 
ot  tree  condition  had  tlie  means  of  cultivating  more 
land  than  he  aclually  poffelfed,  he  applied  to  the  chief 
man  of  the  dillridt,  who  allowed  him  an  extenlion  of 
territory,  on  condition  of  forfeiture  it  the  lands  were  not 
brought  into  cultivation  by  a  given  period.  The  con- 
dition being  iultilled,  the  foil  became  veiled  in  the  pof- 
fetfor  ;  and,  for  aught  that  appeared,  dclcenued  to  his 
heirs. 

The  Mandingoes  are  a  very  gentle  race  of  people ; 
cheertul  in  their  difpolitions,  inquifitive,  credulous, 
limple,  and  tond  ot  tlatlery.  The  men  are  commonly 
above  the  middle  fize,  well  lliaped,  ftrong,  and  capable 
ot  enduring  great  labour  ;  the  women  are  good  natured, 
fprighcly,  and  agreeable.  Tiie  drefs  of  both  fexes  is 
compofed  of  cotton  cloth  of  their  own  manufadure; 
that  of  the  men  is  a  loofe  frock,  not  unlike  a  iurplice, 
with  drawers  which  reach  halt' way  down  the  leg  ;  and 
they  wear  landals  on  their  feet,  and  white  cotton  caps 
on  their  heads.  The  women's  diet's  confuls  of  two  pieces 
of  cloth,  each  of  wnich  is  about  lix  feet  long  and  three 
broad  ;  one  of  thel'e  they  wrap  round  the  waift,  which, 
hanging  down  to  the  ancles,  anfwers  the  puipofs  of  a 
petticoat ;  the  other  is  thrown  negligently  over  the  bo. 
Ibm  and  IhoulJers.  B.uh  men  and  women  ami>ng  the 
Mandingoes  teem  to  have  an  invincible  jnopenfity  to 
commit  depredations  on  the  property  of  unpiotcv'led 
ftrangers  ;  whilft  fuch  is  the  good  nature  of  thofe  poor 
heathens,  that  they  will  readily  fympathife  in  the  fuffer- 
ings,  relieve  the  diltrelfes,  and  contrioute  to  the  perfcnal 
falety,  of  the  very  tlrangers  whom  they  are  bent  upon 
plundering. 

Among  the  Mandingoes,  the  parental  and  filial  affec- 
tion is  remarkably  tfrong  between  the  mother  and  her 
child  ;  but  not  to  between  the  father  and  his  ciiildren. 
This,  as  Mr  Park  obt'erves,  is  ealily  accounted  lor.  Tne 
lyltem  of  polygamy,  while  it  weakens  ilie  father's  at- 
tachment, by  dividing  It  anic,ng  ih.- children  of  ditL-ret.t 
wives,  concentrates  all  tlie  mothei's  jealous  tenderncfs 
to  one  point,  the  protc<flion  oi  her  own  offspring.  He 
perceived,  with  great  fatisfaaloii  too,  that  the  m  iternal 
folicitude  extended,  not  iiiily  to  tl>j  growth  and  Itcuii- 
ty  of  the  peitbn,  but  alio,  in  a  certain  degree,  t  >  the 
improvement  of  the  mind  of  the  inf.int ;  for  one  cf  the 
3    I'i-  lirll 


(a)  Mr  Park,  for  the  moft  part,  writes  with  remarkable  perfplculty  ;  but  we  are  not  Aire  tliat  here  we  have 
not  midaken  hfs  meaning.  He  fays,  that  the  cfcief  power  of  the  llate  is  lodged  in  the  airembly  of  that  '-.vLcle 
ioly;  but  we  think,  tiiat  by  the  wlul:  body  muft  be  meant  the  body  of  MjiiJ'js,  otherwife  the  government 
cculd  not  be  called  an  oligartliy. 


M     A     N 


[     442     ] 


MAN 


ManJ-.iif;.  fii  ll  lelFons,  in  wliicli  the  M.indingo  women  inftruiS  their 
'^^''^"'-^  chilJrili,  is  tl.t  praclhe  of  truth. 

The  Mandingo  won.en  luckle  their  children  until 
they  are  able  10  walk  ol  themlelves.  Three  years  nur- 
fin-'-  is  not  uncommon;  and  during  this  ptiiod,  the 
hulband  devotes  his  whole  attention  to  liis  other  wives. 
To  thii  praitice  it  is  owing,  that  llie  family  of  each 
wife  is  fvilJom  very  nuir.eious.  Few  women  have  more 
than  live  or  fix  chilJttn.  As  ioon  as  an  int.mt  is  able 
to  walk,  it  is  pcuiiltted  to  run  about  with  gr^at  free- 
dom. The  motlier  is  not  over  folicitous  to  preierve  it 
from  lli'^ht  lalh,  and  oi!i;r  trilling  accidents.  A  little 
practice  foon  enabks  .1  child  to  take  care  of  itl'ell,  and 
expel  itnce  aits  the  pait  ol  a  r.uili:.  As  they  advance 
in  lite,'  the  girls  are  taiiglt  to  fpin  cotton,  and  10  beat 
corn,  anil  are  miluicied  in  odier  domedic  duiies  ;  and 
the  bo)  i  are  eni^l.Tyed  in  the  labours  of  ilie  lisld.  Botli 
fexes,  vvhe.her  Bulhreens  or  Kafir:-,  on  attaining  the  age 
of  puberty,  are  cireumcifed.  i'liis  painiul  operation  is 
not  confidcred  by  the  Kufirs  fo  much  in  the  liglu  of  a 
religious  ceieniouy,  as  a  niiltcr  (f  convenience  aur!  uti- 
lity. Thsy  have,  indeed,  a  fuperllitiuus  notion,  that  it 
contiibiices  to  render  the  mainage  date  proliHc. 

V/iieii  a  yuung  man  t;ikes  a  tincy  to  a  young;  E;irl, 
and  willies  to  rnnrry  her,  ic  is  by  no  means  conlideied 
as  necLifary  that  he  Ihould  make  an  overture  to  the  girl 
herleit.  I'iie  hrit  object  is  to  agiee  with  the  parents, 
concerning  the  rccompence  to  be  given  them  for  the 
lots  01  the  company  and  ftrvices  of  their  daughter.  The 
value  of  two  Haves  is  a  common  price,  unlefs  die  girl  is 
thought  very  handfome  ;  in  whicli  eaie,  the  parents  will 
i.iife  ihcir  demand  Very  confiderably.  It  the  lover  is 
rich  enough,  and  willing  to  give  the  fum  demanded,  he 
then  communicates  his  wilhe-,  to  the  danifel :  but  her 
cunftnt  is  by  no  means  neceifary  to  the  match  ;  for  if 
the  paients  agree  to  it,  and  eat  alc.v  LoHn-nuts,  which 
are  pielented  t)y  the  fuitor  as  an  earnell  of  the  bargain, 
the  young  lady  mult  either  have  the  man  of  their  choice, 
or  continue  luimanied,  tor  Ihe  c.uinot  afterwards  be  gi- 
v;n  to  anothei.  If  the  parents  ihoulJ  attempt  it,  tlifi 
lover  IS  then  .nit.horiied,  by  the  laws  of  the  country,  tn 
li:i^e  iipcn  the  girl  as  his  flave.  At  the  cclcbratir.ii  of 
a  ni.irnagc,  no  religious  ceremony  leenis  to  be  practifed. 
A  lekiS  number  of  people  are  indeed  invited  to  the 
wedding,  and  feaftcd  ;  but  confunimation  confiitutes  the 
marriage  ;  tor  towards  the  morning,  the  new  married 
cjuplc  are  always  diliurbed  by  the  women,  who  af- 
femble  to  infpeil  the  nuptial  Iheet  {according  to  the 
riianiiers  of  the  ancient  Hebrews,  as  recorded  in  Sciip- 
t'.ire),  and  dance  round  it.  This  ceremony  is  thought 
iiidili-viilably  necelTavy  ;  nor  is  the  marriage  coniidered 
as  valid  witiiout  it. 

The  I'vi  iiidingoes,  and  indeed  all  the  negro  Rates,  whe- 
ther M.ihoniedan  or  Pagan,  alluw  a  plurality  of  wives. 
The  conlequence  is,  that  the  wives  tretiuenily  quarrel 
among  ihtnilelves.  When  this  happens,  the  hulband 
decides  between  them  ;  and  fomelimcs  finds  it  neceifary 
to  adminultr  a  little  corporal  challifcment  before  tran- 
qiiilily  can  be  reltored.  13ut  it  any  one  ot  the  ladies 
complains  to  the  chief  of  the  town,  that  her  hufband  has 
niijuiiiy  punished  her,  and  fhewn  an  undue  partiality  to 
Jbiiie  other  of  his  wives,  the  affair  is  brought  to  a  pub- 
lic trial.  Ill  ihele  palavers,  huwever,  which  are  con- 
4ilAed  chiefly  by  man  led  men,  our  author  was  infornx- 


ed,  that  the  complaint  of  ths  wife  is  not  always  conii-  Mandrnj; 
dered  in  a  very  ferious  light ;  and  the  complainant  her-  ^'^~^^~^^^ 
fell'  is  fometimes  convitfted  of  Ibile  and  contention,  and 
left  with.iut  remedy.  1[  Ihe  murmurs  at  the  decilioii 
of  the  court,  the  magic  roi!  of  Mumbo  JumLo  foon  puts 
an  end  to  the  bufinefs.  Sec  Mumbo  [u.miio  in  this  Suppl. 
A  child,  among  them,  is  named  when  it  is  feven  or 
eight  days  old.  'I'iie  ceremony  commences  by  (having 
the  infant's  head  ;  and  a  oilh  called  >li^a,  made  of  pound- 
ed corn  and  four  milk,  l>  prepared  for  the  guells.  If 
the  parents  are  rich,  a  Ihc^p  or  a  guat  is  commonly  ad- 
ded. Tiiis  tcall  is  called  iling  ko(,n  he^  "  the  child's 
heaii  Ihaving."  During  Mr  Park's  Itay  at  Kimaiia, 
he  was  pieleiit  at  lour  ditleient  lealls  of  this  kind,  and 
the  f.icmony  was  the  fiiiie  111  each,  whether  the  child 
belonged  to  a  Bullireeu  or  a  Karir.  I'he  fchodlmailer, 
wild  (jrtii.ia;ed  as  priell  on  ihofe  occalions,  and  who  is 
neceliar  ly  a  Bufhreeii,  lirfl  laid  a  long  prayer  over  the 
d.'^a ;  duiing  which,  every  perlou  preiVnt  took  hold  of 
the  btirn  ol  the  calabalii  with  his  right  hand.  After 
this,  the  fchoolaialfer  took  the  child  in  his  arms,  and 
laid  a  fecond  prayer;  in  which  he  rep-atedly  ft^licited 
the  blelhng  of  God  upon  the  child,  and  upon  a!l  the 
company.  When  this  prayer  was  ended,  he  vvliifpeied 
a  tew  fentences  in  the  child's  ear,  and  fpit  three  times 
in  its  face  ;  after  which  he  pronounced  its  name  aloud, 
and  returned  the  infant  to  the  mother.  This  part  of  the 
ceremony  being  ended,  the  father  of  the  cliild  divided 
the  (/.-^.-j  into  a  number  ot  balls,  one  of  which  he  diUri- 
buted  to  every  perfon  prefent.  And  inquiry  wib  ihen 
made,  if  any  peifon  in  the  town  was  dangeroully  I'n.!,  ; 
it  being  ufual,  in  inch  cafes,  to  fend  the  party  a  large 
portion  ot  [he  ik^a,  which  is  thought  to  poflcfs  great 
medical  virtues. 

The  M  indingoes  have  no  artificial  method  of  divi- 
ding tim:f.     They  calculate  the  yeais  by  the  number  of 
rainy  feafms.     They  portion  the   year   into  tnoons,  and 
reckon  the  days  by  fo  many  f:tns.     T;;e  day  they   di- 
vide iiit  >  morning,  mid  d.iv,  and  evening  ;  and  fnrth.er 
fubdivide  it,  when  iicceifaiy,  by  pointing  to  the  fun'j 
place  in  the  heavens.     Our  author  frequently  inquired 
ot  fome  of  them,  what  became  of  ihe  fun  during  the: 
night,  and   whether  we  Ihould  fee  the  fame  l"un,  or  n 
ditiereiu  one,  in   the   morning  ?   But   that   fubje(!t   ap- 
peared to  them   as  pLiced  beyond  ihe  reach  tit  human 
invelbgation ;  they   had  never  indulged  a  conjecture, 
nor  formed  any  hypothelis,  about   tlie  matter.     The 
rnoon,  by  varying  her  form,  has  more  attrafted  their 
attention.     On  tne  firil  appearance  of  the  new  moon, 
which  they  look  upon  ti>  be  newly  created,  the  P.igaa 
natives,  as  well  as  M.ihomedan>,  fay  a  Ihort  prayer  ;  and 
this  feems  to  be  the  only   vilible  adoration  which  the 
Kafirs  oflxr  up  to  the  Supreme  Being.     This  prayer  is 
pruiioiuiced  in  a  whifper ;  the  party  holding  up  his  hanJs 
before  his  face  :  its  purport  is  to  return  thanks  to  God 
for  his  kindnslb  through  thee:,iltence  i,f  thepaft  moon, 
and  to  folicit  a  continuation  of  his  favour  duiing  thac 
of  the   new  one.     At  the  conclulion,   they   fpit  upon 
their  hands,  and  rub  them  over  tii:ir  tacc».     Great  at- 
tention is  paid  to  the  changes  ot   this  luminary  in  its 
monthly  courfe  ;  and  it  is  thought  very  unlucky  to  be- 
gin a  journey,  or  any  other  work  or  confequence,  in 
the  lall  quarter.     An  eclipfe,  whether  of  the  fun  or 
moon,  is  luppofed  to  be  eifjcled  by  witchcraft.     The 

ftars 


MAN 


[     443     ] 


M     A     N 


Mandiiig.  flars  are  very  little  regarded;  and  the  whole  Rudy  of 
^■'^"^'^•'-^  adronomy  appears  to  them  as  a  iifekls  purfuit,  and  at- 
tended to  by  luch  psrfons  only  as  deal  in  magic. 

Their  notions  of  geography  are  equally  puerile.  They 
imagine  that  the  wurd  is  an  extended  plain,  theteimi- 
nalion  cf  which  no  eye  has  difcovered;  it  being,  they 
fay,  overhung  with  clouds  and  darknefs.  They  defcribe 
the  fea  as  a  large  liveT  ot  fait  water,  on  the  farther 
fliore  of  which  is  iituated  a  country  called  TobauLo  doo  ; 
*'  the  land  ol  the  white  people."  At  a  dill;uice  from 
Tobaubo  doo,  they  defcribc  another  country,  wiiich 
they  allege  is  inhabited  by  cannibals  of  gigantic  fize, 
called  Koomi. 

Mr  Park  fays  he  has  converfed  vvitli  all  ranks  and 
conditions  of  negroes  on  the  fubjeifl  ct  their  faith,  and 
that  he  can  pronounce,  without  the  linallcll  (hadow  of 
doubt,  that  the  belief  of  one  God,  and  of  a  future  (late 
of  reward  and  punilhment,  is  entire  and  univerlal  among 
them.  It  is  remaikable,  however,  that,  except  on  the 
appearance  of  a  new  moon,  as  belore  i  elated,  (he  Pagan 
natives  do  not  think  it  necellary  to  offer  up  pr.iyers  and 
fupplications  to  the  Almighty.  They  reprcfent  the 
Deity,  indeed,  as  the  creator  andpreferver  of  all  things  ; 
but  in  general  ihey  conlider  him  as  a  being  fu  lemote, 
and  ot  lo  exalted  a  nature,  that  it  is  idle  to  imagine  the 
feeble  fuppliciitions  of  wretched  mortals  can  reverfe  the 
decrees,  and  change  the  purpofes,  of  unerring  wifdom. 
The  concerns  ol  tins  world,  they  believe,  are  committed 
by  the  Almighty  to  the  fuperintcndance  and  diredion 
of  fubordinate  fpirits,  over  whom  tliey  fuppofe  that  cer- 
tai.i  magical  ceremonies  have  great  influence.  A  white 
fowl,  fuipended  to  the  branch  of  a  particular  tree,  a 
fnake's  head,  or  a  lew  handluls  of  Iruit,  are  offerings 
which  ignorance  and  fuperilition  frequently  prefent,  to 
deprecate  the  wrath,  or  to  conciliate  the  favour,  of  thcfe 
tutelary  agents. 

The  Mandingoes  feldom  attain  extreme  old  age.  At 
forty,  moll  of  them  become  grey  haired,  and  covered 
with  wrinkles ;  and  but  few  of  them  furvive  the  age  of 
fifty-five,  or  fixly.  Yet  their  difeafes  appeared  but 
few  ;  fevers  and  Huxes  being  the  moll  common,  and  the 
mod  fatal.  For  thefc  they  generally  apply  Japhies,  i.  e. 
charms,  to  different  paits  of  the  body;  though  fome- 
tiines,  on  the  hill  attaci^  of  a  fever,  the  patient  is,  with 
great  fucccfs,  placed  in  a  fort  of  vapour  bath.  The 
other  difeafes  which  prevail  among  the  negroes,  are  the 
yaiL's,  the  elcphant'iafis,  and  a  Itprofy  of  the  very  worll 
kind,  together  with  tlie  Gulma  -worm,  which  tliey  at- 
tribute to  bad  water. 

When  a  perfon  of  confequence  dies,  the  relations  and 
neighbours  meet  together,  and  manifell  their  forrow  by 
loud  and  dilnial  bowlings.  A  bullock  or  goat  is  killed 
for  fuch  perfons  as  come  to  allill  at  the  funeral ;  which 
generally  takes  place  in  the  evening  of  the  lame  day  on 
which  the  party  died.  The  negroci  have  no  appropriate 
burial  places,  and  frequently  dig  the  grave  in  the  floor 
of  the  dtceafcd's  hut,  or  in  the  Ihade  of  a  favourite 
tree.  The  body  is  dreli'ed  in  white  cott'^n,  and  wrap- 
ped up  in  a  mat.  It  i»  c.irried  to  tlie  grave,  in  the  dulk 
of  the  evening,  by  the  relations.  If  the  grave  is  with- 
out the  walK  of  the  town,  a  number  of  prickly  bulhes 
are  laid  upon  it,  to  prevent  the  wolves  from  digging  up 
the  body  ;  but  cur  iiuthor  never  oblervcd  that  any  Hone 
was  placed  over  the  grave  as  a  monument  or  memorial. 


ManUcini. 


With  rtfpeifl  to  employment,  the  men  ctililvale  the   MaiiJing, 
ground,  or  catch  filh  in  large  rivers ;  while  the  women  II 

manufadure  cotton  cloth.  It  is  only  the  Ipinniug  and 
the  dying,  however,  that  are  performed  by  the  women  ; 
for  the  web,  which  is  feldom  more  than  four  inches 
broad,  is  wove  by  the  men  in  a  loom  made  exaftly  upon 
the  fame  principle  as  that  of  Europe.  As  the  arts  of 
weaving,  dyeing,  fewing,  Sec.  may  eafily  be  acquired, 
thofe  who  exercife  them  are  not  confidered  in  Africa  as 
following  any  particular  profeffion  ;  for  almoll  erery 
flave  can  weave,  and  every  boy  can  few.  The  only  ar- 
tiils  which  are  diftinflly  acknowledged  as  fuch  by  the 
negroes,  and  who  value  themlelves  on  exei  cifr.ig  appro- 
priate and  peculiar  trades  are  the  manufaflurers  »i 
leather  and  of  iron.  The  fiill  of  thefc  are  called  K.ir- 
rattkea  (or  as  the  word  is  fometimes  pronounced  Gaun- 
gay).  They  are  to  be  found  in  almoll  every  town,  and 
they  frequently  travel  through  the  country  in  the  exer- 
cife of  their  calling.  They  tan  and  drefs  leather  with 
very  great  expedition,  by  lleeping  the  hide  firll  in  ;t 
mixtuie  cf  wood  alhes  and  water,  until  it  parts  with  the 
hair  ;  and  afterwards  by  uling  the  paunded  leaves  of  a 
tree,  called  _^09,  as  an  allringent. 

The  manufaflurers  in  iron  are  net  fo  numerous  as 
tlie  KarrankcJs  ;  but  they  appear  to  have  lluJied  tlieir 
bulinefs  with  equal  diligence.  The  negroes  on  the 
coalt  being  cheaply  fupplied  with  iron  f.-om  the  Eu- 
ropean traders,  never  attempt  the  manufafturing  i  f  this 
article  themfelves  ;  but  in  the  inland  parts,  the  n  itives 
Imelt  this  ul'elul  metal  in  fuch  qii  intities,  as  not  only  lo 
fupply  themlelves  from  it  with  all  necellary  weapons  and 
inllruments,  but  even  to  m:ike  it  an  article  of  commerce 
with  fome  of  the  neighbouring  Hates.  During  our  au- 
thor's  Hay  at  Kamalia,  there  was  a  fmelting  furnace  at 
a  lliort  diftance  from  the  hut  where  he  lodged,  and  the 
owner  and  his  workmen  made  no  fecret  about  the  man- 
ner of  conducing  the  operation  ;  and  readily  allowed 
him  to  examine  the  furnace,  and  allill  them  in  breaking 
the  iron-ftone.  The  jirocefs  it  is  needlefs  to  defcribe  ; 
though  it  be  proper  lo  obferve,  that  the  ni afs  of  metal 
obtained  by  it  was  rather  ll;cl  than  iron.  Moll  of  the 
African  blackfmiths  are  acquainted  alfo  with  the  me- 
thod  of  fmelting  gold,  iu  which  proccfs  they  ufe  an  al- 
kaline fait,  obtained  from  a  ley  of  burn:  coin-llalks  eva- 
porated to  drynefs.  They  likewife  draw  the  gold  into 
wire,  and  foim  it  into  a  variety  of  ornament--,  tome  of 
which  are  executed  with  a  great  deal  of  talle  and  in- 
genuity. 

The  reader  will  obferve,  that  in  tlie  extrafls  whicli 
we  have  made  from  Mr  Park's  interelling  travels,  tlie 
terms  African  and  Negro  are  frequently  ufed  as  if  :-.ll 
Alricans  and  Negroes  \iere  Mindin.;ocs.  The  rcalVii 
is,  that  the  Mandingoes  were  not  only  the  moll  mimcr- 
ous  tribe  which  he  vilited,  but  were  alf  ■  fpread  over  all 
that  traft  f  f  ctuatry  which  he  traveifcd. 

MANGEEA,  an  ifland  of  the  S.  Seas,  vifited  by 
C::ptain  Cook  in  the  beginning  cf  his  lall  voyage.  The 
coall  IS  guarded  by  a  reef  ol  coral  rocks,  .igaird  wliicli 
a  heavy  furf  is  continually  i)reaking.  The  ifland  is 
about  15  miles  in  circumlerence.  The  inhabitants  ap- 
pear of  a  warlike  dilpolition.  S.  lat.  21''  27',  W.  long. 
1 5 8"^  '1' .—  Mnne. 

MANHEIM,  a  town  of  Pennfylv:uiia,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Lancaller.     It  contains  about  60  houfjs,  and  a 
3    Iv  2  Dutch 


MAN 


[     444     ] 


MAN 


Mamfuld. 


Maniana,  Dutch  church.  Glafs  works  were  ercdled  here  previous 
to  the  revolution,  but  they  are  fallen  to  decay.  It  is 
1 1  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Lancafler,  and  77  W.  by  N.  of 
Phiiadelphi.i. — Alio  the  name  of  a  town  in  Lincoln 
couiuv,  Maine.  There  is  another  of  the  fame  name 
in  York  county,  Penr.iylvani.i. — Hi. 

MANI.ANA,  a  fmall  negro  kingdom  lying  between 
12°  and  14°  North  Lat.  and  between  thi  meridian  of 
Gre:nwich  and  l"  and  30'  Well  Long.  Its  inhabi- 
tants, as  Mr  Park  was  informed  by  a  variety  of  people 
in  many  different  kingdom-,  are  remarkable  for  cruelty 
and  lerocity  ;  carrying  tlieir  refencmcnt  to  their  enemies 
fo  far  as  never  to  give  quarter,  and  even  indulging  tliem- 
felvcs  with  banquets  of  human  flelh.  Hence  the  inha- 
bitants of  B.imbarra,  who  carried  on  with  them  a  long 
and  bloody  war,  and  mull  o(  courfe  be  well  i>.fcertained 
of  the  fad,  called  them  Ala  Jummulo,  which  fignifies 
men-eaters. 

MANICOUAGAN,  or  lilacl  Rhfr,  rifes  from  a 
like  of  i-s  name,  in  Lowjr  Canada  ;  runs  a  foutheni 
courfe,  and  falls  into  the  St  Lawrence  S5  miles  N. 
L.  ofTadoufac. — Morse. 

MANIEL,  or  rather  Bahoruco,  mountains  in  the 
idandof  HifpaniolaorSt  Domingo,  20  miles  in  ciicum- 
ference,  and  almoll  inaccelhble.  They  have  been  for 
fio  years  pall  the  phce  of  refuge  of  the  fugitive  Spanilh 
and  French  negroes.  Thefe  biigands  have  as  yet  al- 
ways defied  their  purfuers.  The  foil  of  thefe  moun- 
tains is  fertile,  the  air  temperate,  and  the  llreams  in 
them,  abound  with  gold  dull. — ib. 

MANILLON,  a  townlhip  in  Fayette  county,  Penn- 
fylvania. — ib. 

MANITOUALIN,  a  dufter  of  illands  near  the 
northern  Ihoie  of  Lake  Huron,  conlidered  as  facred  by 
the  Indians. — ib. 

MANLIUS,  a  townftip  in  Onondago  county,  New- 
Yoik,  incorporated  in  1794,  and  is  th^  feat  of  the 
county  courts.  It  is  well  watered  by  Butternut, 
Limellone,  and  Chittenengo  creeks,  which  \inite  at  the 
N.  F,.  corner  of  the  town  ;  and  the  llream,  alluming 
the  latter  name,  runs  nortli  to  Oneida  lake,  which  is 
JO  n)iies  northerly  of  the  ceiitre  of  the  town.  It  com- 
j.rehcnds  that  part  of  t!ie  Onondago  relervation  bound- 
ed foudietly  by  the  GeneiDe  road,  and  welleily  by 
Onondago  cieek  and  t);e  Salt  lake.  Of  its  inhabitants 
<j6  are  eleilors,  according  to  the  State  cenfus  of  1796. 
—ih. 

MANMIC.  Indian  villages  on  the  Picaway  fork  of 
the  Ivlanmic,  or  Miami  of  the  lake,  and  St  Mary's  ri- 
ver.— ib. 

MAMNINGTON,  a  townflilp  in  Salem  county, 
Ncw-Jevlcy  — ib. 

MANOR,  a  townfiiip  in  Laucafler  county,  Penn- 
fylvani^. — ib. 

MANSFL,  an  idand  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Hudfon's 
hay,  between  Southampton  ifland  and  the  coafl  of 
Labrador.     N.  lat.  62"  38'. 

MANSFIELD,  a  townlhip  in  Sulfex  county,  New- 
Jerfey,  containing  1482  inhabitants,  including  35  flaves. 
It  is  fr.uated  on  Mulconecunk  river,  about  7  miles 
Ib'ith-ealterly  of  Oxford,  and  as  far  northerly  oi  Green- 
wich.— ib. 

MANSFIELD,  a  townOiip  in  Briltol  county,  Maf- 
£tchufstts,  liluated  30  nfles  fouiherly  of  Bollon.     It 


was  incorporated  in  1770,  and  contains  983   inhabit- Mansfield 


Manure. 


ants. — ib. 

Mansfield,  a  townlhip  in  Chittenden  county,  Ver- 
mont, betw>;cn  La  Moille  and  Onion  rivers,  about  7 
mileb  dillance  from  each,  and  113  miles  N.  by  E.  of 
Bennington. — ib. 

M.iNSFiELD,  atownthip  in  Burlington  county,  New- 
Jerfey,  on  the  S.  fide  of  Black's  creek,  conflfting  of 
19,000  acres,  of  an  excellent  foil,  noted  for  its  fine 
paftures  and  large  dairies.  It  is  8  miles  W  by  N.  of 
Burlington,  and  12  S.  by  E.  of  Trenton.  The  inha- 
bitants are  nu  Illy  Friends. — ib. 

Mansfield,  a  townlhip  in  Windham  county,  Con- 
nedlicut,  about  30  miles  north  of  New-London,  and 
as  far  call  of  Hartford. — ib. 

MANTA,  a  bay  of  Guayaquil,  in  South-America, 
formerly  famous  for  a  confiderable  pearl  filhery  ;  but  it 
has  been   t'jtally  difccntioued  for   fome  years.     There 
is  alfo  a  point  ot  this  name  on  the  coall  near  it.     'I'he 
bay  has  its  name  liom  the  great  numbers  of  large  lilh, 
called   manias,  the   catching  of  which  is  the  common 
enjiiloyment  of  the  inhabitants.     The   method  of  car- 
r\  ing  on  this  filhery  is  as  follows  :  they  throw  into  the 
water  a  log  of  wood,  about  18  feet  long,  and  near  a 
foot  in  diam.-ter  ;  on  one  end  they  place  their  net,  and 
on  the  other  an  Indian  Hands  in  an  ereift  polition,  and 
with  a  fingle  oar  rows  his  tottering  bark  to  the  dillance 
of  half  a   league   from  the  ihore,  where  he  (hoots   his 
net ;  another   Indian  follows   on   a    iimilar  log,  takes 
hold  of  the  rope  fattened  to    one  end  ot   the  net,  and 
when  fully  extended,  tliey  both  mike  towards  the  land, 
hauling  the  net  after  them.     It  is  aftonilhing  to  obferve 
with  what  agility  the  Indians  maintain  an  equilibrium 
on   thefe   round  logs,    notivithllanding   tlie    continual 
agitations  ot  thefea,  and  their  being  1. bilged  to  mind  the 
oar  and  the  net  at  the  fame.     Tliey  are  indeed  excellent 
fwimrners.  ;  fo  that  if  they  flip  off  they  are  immediate- 
ly on  the  log  again,  and  in  their  former  pnfition. — ib. 
MANURE  15  fo   eifential   to   agriculture,   that  the 
want  of  it,  or  an  improper  njanner  of  uling  it,  is  the 
piincipal  caufe  of  the  llerdity  of  a  country.     We  have 
therefore  treated  of  manures  and  their  a(5lion  at  fome 
length   in    the   article  Agriculture  in  the   Encyclo- 
paiiia  ;   but  as   the   theoretical   part  ot  that  diiquifition 
relts  in  a  great  meaiure   on  the  dodtrine  of  phlogifton, 
which  is  now  expl  ided,  it  may  ni:t  be  improper  to  re- 
fume  the  Aibjeifl  here.      Experience  h-'Wever  bting,  af- 
ter all,  the  only  guide  whicli  the  farmer  can  fafely  and 
confidently  follow,  inllead  of  amufing  our  leaders  with 
theories  of  our  own,  we  (hall  lay  belore  them  tlie  obfer- 
vations  of  a  man  who  feems  to  have  united  theory  with 
praflice. 

"  The  ufe  of  manures  (fays  M.  Parmentier*;  has  *  Memoir. ■ 
been  known  in  all  ages,  but  we  are  yet  far  from  having  °/'*'  ^'y\' 
any  clear  and  precife  ideas  of  the  nature  of  the  juices    °;",^^,/^' 
which  are  dellined  for  the  nnurilhnient  of  vegetables, '^^„'j/  '' 
and  of  the  manner  in  whicli  they  are  tranfmitted  to  their 
organs.     The  writers  on  agriculture,  who  have  endea- 
voured to  explain  thefe  matterr-,  perceiving  falts  in  moll 
plants,  were  perfuaded  that  thefe  falts,  by  the  help  of 
water  and  heat,  palled,  in  a  faline  form,  through  the 
vegetable  filter.     Thele  fitll  philofophers  did  not  hefi- 
tate  to  conlider  every  thing   that  has  been  done  by  the 
induftry  of  man,  to  improve  the  nature  of  land,  and  its 

produftionsj 


MAN 


C     445     ] 


MAN 


Manure,  produdlions,  as  merely  forming  refervoirs  of  thefe  f.ilts, 
'^•^"''^^■^  which  ihey  conlidered  as  the  principle  of  fertiliiy.  This 
opinion  wa  (o  well  ertablillied  among  the  improvers  of 
land,  that,  to  this  d:iy,  n):iny  of  tliem  h^ve  no  objedl  in 
view,  in  their  operations,  but  to  difen?age  falts ;  and, 
when  they  attempt  to  explain  certain  phencimena  which 
take  place  in  their  fields  or  orchards,  they  talk  confi- 
dently  about  the  nitre  of  the  air,  of  ram,  of  fnonu,  of 


are  no  fooner  fet  free  from  one  error  than  we  f.dl  into  Mii;urc. 
another  not  lefs  extraordinary.  The  furpriiing  efl'tfls  ^■^'"~>^^*-' 
of  vegetation  brought  about  by  tlie  overflowing  of  wa- 
ter, and  in  the  neiglibourhood  of  fait  marfhes,  and  the 
infinite  number  of  inhaling  capillary  tubes  obfcrved  up- 
on the  furface  of  ver;etables,  led  to  an  opinion  tlia:  the 
air  and  water,  abfirbed  by  the  roots  and  leaves  of 
plants,  were  only  vehicles  loaded  with  faline  matter, 


Jew,    and  fogs  ;    of   \.\\z  falts  of  the  earth,    of  dung,   of    analogous  to  the  vegetables  nouiiihed  by  them 


marie,  of  lime,  of  chalk,  tkc.  and  make  ufe  of  thole  vague 
terms,  oil,  fulphur,  fphit,  &c.  which  ought  hencefor- 
ward to  be  banilhed  from  our  elementary  books  on 
agriculiurc. 

"  Among  the  authors  who  have  attacked,  and  com- 
bated wich  molt  fuccefs,  the  opinion  that  the  fiuitful- 
ncfs  of  Toils,  and  the  aliment  of  vcget.ibles,  rende  in  fa- 
line  fubllaiices,  mull  be  reckcMied  Eller  and  VValleriui. 
Thefe  philolophers  examined,  by  every  means  which 
chemillry  at  thai  time  could  furnilli,  the  various  kinds 
of  earth  proper  lor  cultiv.ttion,  and  alfo  chofe  fubllances 
which  have  always  beeo  coniidered  as  the  moll  power- 
ful manures,  without  being  able  to  obtain,  from  any  of 
them,  any  thing  more  lli.m  mere  atoms  of  fak. 

"  Animated  with  the  fame  zeal,  and  taking  advan- 
tage ot  the  inltructions  tound  in  their  writings,  I  thought 
it  neceliary  to  determine,  by  e.\perience,  whether,  as  h.is 
been  alferted,  there  re.iUy  exill  neutral  falts  in  earths  ; 
and  alio,  wiiethcr  thofe  canhs  are  more  fertile  in  pio- 
poition  to  liie  quantity  of  fueh  falts  they  contain. 
With  this  view,  I  lixiviated,  by  means  of  dillilled  water, 
many  fpecies  of  cullivaicd  earths,  taken  in  various  flates, 
from  Irelli  earth  to  that  which  had  been  inipoverilhed 
by  the  giowth  of  leveral  crops  ;  I  alfo  tried  dunn,  redu- 
ced moie  or  lefs  into  the  llaie  of  mould  ;  and  likewife 
the  mill  atlive  manures,  fuch  as  the  offal  uf  animal  ful)- 
llances  rotted  by  putreta>5tii-n  ;  but  in  none  of  thel'e, 
h»)vvever  carefully  analyzed,  weie  found  any  falts  in  a 
free  Itate.  They  contain  indeed  the  materials  pioper 
for  forming  falts,  bu;  it  tliey  contain  any  ready  formed, 
it  is  merely  by  accident. 

"  The  refcarches  of  Kraft,  and  thofe  of  Allien,  were 
notaiteniied  with  dilleieiu  refults.  Having  f  ^wn  fume 
oats  in  alhes,  not  lixiviated,  and  in  fand  Itrongly  im- 
pregnated with  potalh  and  with  faltpeire,  and  having 
found  th;il  the  oits  did  not  giow,  they  concluded  that 
neutral  falls,  and  alkalies,  not  only  retarded  the  growtli 
of  vegetables,  but  that  they  ablolutely  prevcnied  it.  It 
is  well  known  that  in  Egypt  there  are  dillriifls  where 
the  earth  is  entire. y  coveied  with  feaf.ilt,  and  thefe  di- 
ftricls  aie  i]uiie  barren.  It  is  probably  owing  to  this 
propcity  ol  fea-talt,  that  the  Romans  were  accullomed 
to  fcalter  large  quantities  ot  it  over  field»  where  any 
great  crime  had  been  commitcd,  and  ol  whicli  ihey 
willied  to  perpetuate  the  remimbrance,  by  rendering 
the  |iait  batien  for  a  certain  time. 

"  The  idea  that  (alls  had  great  influence  in  vegeta- 
tion, ought  to  have  been  greatly  weakened  by  the  fol- 
lowing limple  reH  <ft  on.  Siippoling  that  filts  exilled 
in  gaiden  mouUl,  they  would  be  very  foon  dilf  Ived  by 
the  rain,  and  carii-d  .iway,  towards  the  lower  llrata  of 
the  earth,  to  a  depth  to  wiii.;h  the  longelt  roots  wou'd 
not  reach.  ln.l.:ed  the  famous  experiment  of  Vanhtl- 
niont  would  have  been  fuflicient  in  ha\c  delboyed  the 
above  opinion,  if  it  did  not  generally  happen  tliut  wc 


"  To  the  experiment  of  Vanhelmont,  which  was  re- 
peated by  many  accurate  obfervers,  fucceeded  thofe  of 
modem  philof  pliers ;  from  which  it  clearly  appeared, 
that  plants  could  giow,  and  produce  fruit,  in  the  air  of 
tlie  atmofphere,  and  in  diftiUed  water,  alfo  in  pure  fand, 
in  })owdered  glafs,  in  wet  mofs  or  fponge,  in  the  cavity 
of  flclhy  roots,  S:c.  and  that  plants  which  had  nothing 
but  the  above  mentioned  lluids  for  their  noiirilhmeat, 
gave,  when  fubrnitted  to  chemical  analyfis,  the  fsme 
produels  as  thole  which  had  undergone  their  procefs  of 
vegetation  in  a  l(.il  perieflly  well  manured.  It  was  alfo 
obierved,  that  the  moll  biiren  fjils  were  rendered  fer- 
tile when  they  were  properly  lupplied  with  v.ater  by 
canals  ;  and  the  eliicacy  of  irrigation  was  repeatedly 
evinced  in  diffeicnt  ways  :  from  thefe  obfervations  was 
formed  the  tollowing  fyllem,  that  water  rifes  in  plants 
in  the  form  of  vapour,  as  in  dillillation  ;  that  air  in- 
troduces itfelf  into  their  pores  ;  and  that,  if  falts  contri- 
bute to  the  fruitt'ulnefs  of  foils,  it  is  only  in  conlequence 
of  their  containing  the  two  lluids  above-mentioned  in 
great  abundance." 

Our  authjr,  after  making  many  experiments  upon 
various  foils  and  filts,  and  after  attending  minutely  to 
the  procefs  of  vegetation,  thinks  himfelf  warranted  to 
maintain,  •'  that  (aline  fubllances  have  no  fenfible  effedls. 
in  promoting  vegetation,  except  inafmuch  as  they  are 
of  a  deliquefcent  nature,  have  an  earthy  bails  eafily  de- 
compi  fed,  and  are  ufed  only  in  fmall  quantity.  In  thofe 
circumllances  they  have  tlie  power  of  attrafling,  from 
the  immeafe  refervoir  of  the  atmofphere,  the  vapours 
which  circulate  in  it;  thefe  vapours  they  retain,  along 
with  the  moillure  that  is  produced  from  rain,  fnov.', 
dew,  fog,  &c.  which  moillure  they  prevent  from  run- 
ning  together  in  a  mafs,  or  from  bemg  loH,  eitlicr  by 
exhaling  into  the  air  of  the  atmofphere,  or  by  fiheiing 
itfelt  thiough  the  infeiior  (Irata  of  the  earth,  and  there- 
by leaving  the  roots  of  vegetables  dry  ;  they  dillribute 
that  moillure  uniformly,  and  trani'mit  it,  in  a  Hate  of 
great  diviiion,  to  tlie  orifices  of  the  tubes  d;ftincd  to 
carry  it  into  tlie  texture  of  the  pl.mt,  where  it  is  after- 
wards to  undergo  the  laws  of  allimilation.  As  every 
kind  ot  vegetable  manure  polfeliis  a  vifcous  kind  cf 
moillure,  it  tiiereby  pai  takes  of  the  property  of  deli- 
quefcent falts.  In  lliort,  the  preparation  of  land  lor 
vegetation  has  no  other  objecl  in  view  but  to  divide  the 
earthy  particles,  to  f  .ften  them,  and  to  give  ihem  a 
form  capable  of  producing  the  above  mentioned  clTtels. 
It  is  fuilicient,  therefore,  that  water,  by  its  mixture 
with  the  e  irih  .ind  the  manure,  be  divided,  and  fpreid 
out  lo  as  to  be  applied  only  by  its  fuifiCv*,  and  that  it 
keep  the  root  ot  the  plant  aKva\s  wet,  without  drown- 
ing it,  in  order  to  become  tl.e  elfeniial  principle  o{  ve- 
getation. But  as  pl.ints  whitli  giow  in  tlie  Ih.ide,  even 
in  the  bell  foil,  are  we.ikly,  and  as  the  grea'cv  part  of 
thoic  which  are  made  to  tjrow  in  a  plate  that  is  per- 


MAN 


[     446     ] 


MAN 


Manure,  fcflly  Jark  neltlier  give  fruit  nor  flowers,  it  cannot  be 
^■^"^■'^'■^  denied  th.ic  the  influence  of  ilie  fun  is  of  ^reit  impoit- 
ance  in  vegetable  economy." 

Such  was  ihe  opinion  which  our  author  give  of  the 
rnanner  in  which  fahs  ai5l  in  vegei.uion,  at  a  time  wlien 
it  was  not  known  tliat  nir  and  wa'cr  (which  had  been 
fo  long  confidered  as  elements),  far  fioni  being  limple 
Jubilances,  are  capable  ot  being  dccompofed  by  a  great 
variety  of  operations  both  of  nature  and  art;  and  no- 
thing was  wanting  to  complete  his  theory,  but  to  know 
that  air  and  water  aifl  their  part  in  vegetation  only  in 
a  flate  of  decompofition  ;  and  that  if  earth  well  manur- 
ed is  a  better  matrix  than  watc:  itfclf,  it  is  bccaufe  fucli 
earth  has  the  power  of  converting  the  water  into  gales 
which  are  eafily  abforbed,  and  which,  while  their  .ib- 
forplion  takes  place,  communicate  to  the  plants  a  mo- 
tion and  heat  which  they  received  when  taking  the 
form  of  gas,  and  which  th^  lofe  v.hen  they  en'.er  again 
into  combination  ;  whence  it  is  natural  to  conclude, 
that  this  motion  and  this  heat  n)ufl  neceflarily  dcvcKipe 
llitmftlves  in  feeds,  and  maintain  the  vital  aition  in 
plants. 

What  is  a  vegetable,  confidcred  chemically,  accord- 
ing to  t!ie  prefent  ftate  of  our  knowledge  ?  It  is,  fay 
the  chemilts,  a  compound  of  hydrogen,  oxygen,  and 
carbon,  the  proportions  of  which  vary  according  to  the 
agents  which  have  concurred  to  its  developemenr,  and 
according  to  the  matrix  which  received  and  affimilated 
them,  in  order  to  create  thofe  combinations  which  aie 
varied  to  infinity,  by  their  forms  and  properties,  and 
known  by  the  generic  terms  of  fait,  oil,  and  mucilage. 
It  appears,  tlierefore,  needlefs  to  feek  thcfe  combina- 
lions  in  the  different  fubftances  which  are  ufed  lor  ma- 
nure, when  we  wifh  to  deteimine  the  nature  of  them, 
and  explain  their  manner  cl  ai!ft;ng  in  vegetation  ;  be- 
caui'e,  fuppoling  it  true  that  thcle  lalts,  thefe  oils,  or 
thefe  mucilages,  exift  in  their  combined  Hate,  nothing 
but  their  conllituent  elements,  namely,  hydrogen,  oxy- 
gen, and  carbon,  can  pollibly  have  any  aflion. 

The  iuperiority  of  animal  fubllances,  as  manures, 
and  the  remarkable  luxuriance  ul  thofe  plants  which  are 
watered  with  putrid  water,  prove  incontellibly,  that  the 
putrid  llate  is  favourable  to  vegetation,  and  tiiat  every 
lubftance  which  is  liable  to  enter,  to  a  certain  degree, 
into  that  ftate,  contributes  very  powerfully  thereto. 
The  moft  aerated  waters  are,  in  this  cafe,  the  moll  be- 
neficial. It  is  obferved  that  rain,  particularly  in  ftormy 
weather,  quickens  vegetation  fo  much,  that  the  garden- 
ers in  thi  neighbourhood  oi  Paris  are  often  obliged  to 
drench  their  plants  with  water  taken  from  their  wells, 
which,  in  confequence  of  its  rawnels,  or  its  want  of  air, 
retards  the  vegetation  of  the  plants  ;  either  becaufe  it 
precipitates  the  meteorifed  or  electrified  water,  or  be- 
caufe, by  being  mixed  with  the  other  water,  it  dimi- 
nilhes  its  fertilizing  quality  ;  whereas,  in  fummer,  this 
lame  well-water,  by  bei)ig  expofed  to  the  fun  for  fome 
da)S,  acquires  a  fmell  like  that  of  Hale  eggs,  lofes  its 
rawnefs,  and  becomes  very  fit  for  accelerating  vegeta- 
tion. An  atom  of  vegetable  or  animal  matter  is,  at 
that  lime,  fufficient  to  bring  about  more  quickly  this 
Hate  of  putrefaiflion  ;  while  thefe  lame  fubllances,  by 
being  employed  in  certain  proportions,  far  from  acling 
as  a  le.iven  on  the  liquids  which  hold  them  in  foliiticn, 
preicivs  thoie  liquids,  or  at  hall  m.ake  them  more  flow 
to  change. 


Salts  and  dung,  therefore,  are  not  merely  decompof-  Mv>i»rf- 
ed  by  the  power  of  vegetation  ;  by  lurnifliing  the  re-  ^-•'~^'''""'*- 
lults  ot  their  decompofition,  they  alio  aft  in  the  manner 
of  leavens,  the  adion  of  which  is  fcarcely  perceptible  in 
cold  or  dry  weather  ;  but  wlicn  tiiey  are  heated  by  the 
fun,  and  fufficiently  penetrated  with  moillure,  they  very 
fion  enter  into  a  fort  of  fermentation,  fuffering  the  va- 
rious gales  with  u^hich  they  are  provided  to  cfcape. 
Thus  manures  may  be  confidered  as  decompofing  inllru- 
ments,  provided  by  nature,  and  prepared  by  art,  to  a<ft 
upon  water  lb  as  to  bring  it  to  a  proper  (fate  of  atte- 
nuation. The  fubflances  which  enter  into  the  compo- 
fition  of  plants  are,  therefore,  nothing  but  produfls  of 
the  decompofition  of  air  and  water,  and  combinations  of 
the  conllituent  principles  of  thefe  two  fluids,  deter- 
mined by  tlie  power  which  prefides  in  the  feed,  and 
whicli  thence  has  palfed  into  the  plant. 

It  is  now  eafy  to  account  for  tiie  effefts  of  charcoal- 
powder,  llraw,  &c.  which  are  made  ufe  of  to  cover 
ground  during  long  droughts  with  undoubted  benefit : 
they  are  mechanical  means  of  preventing  the  diffipation 
ot  muilture,  and  of  determining  it  to  take  the  form  of 
thole  gafeous  Huids  which  have  fuch  powerful  elFefl  in 
vegetation.  As  water  is  compofed  of  hydrogen  and 
oxygen,  it  is  not  furprifing  that,  when  afllllcd  by  the 
influence  of  the  fun,  and  that  of  eleclricity,  it  is  capable 
of  torming,  almoll  by  itfelf,  the  folids  and  fluids  of 
vegetables ;  taking  from  the  atmofphere  the  carbon  it 
flands  in  need  of,  to  give  them  their  moft  effential  cha- 
rafters.  We  fay  their  moft  elTential  charafters  ;  for 
thofe  terrellrial  plants  which  have  grown  in  air  and  wa- 
ter do  not  abound  in  principles,  and  their  offspring, 
wlien  they  have  any,  is  by  no  means  vigorous.  We 
fee  alfo,  that  plants  which  are  naturally  of  an  aquatic 
nature,  have  in  general  but  little  fmell,  becaufe  the  me- 
dium in  which  they  live  and  grow  furnifhes  only  a  fmall 
quantity  of  carbon,  in  proportion  to  llie  hydrogen  and 
oxygen,  which  are  the  conllituent  principles  of  water. 
Tliis  is  the  reafon  why,  in  cold  and  wet  years,  flowers 
are  lefs  odoriferous,  fruit  lets  full  of  flavour,  and  more 
difficult  to  be  preferved.  Tlie  germ  of  their  reproduc- 
tion is  weak  ;  and  they  are,  if  the  exprelTion  may  be 
uled,  in  a  fort  of  dropfy  ;  that  is  to  fay,  they  are  loaded 
with  the  principles  which  conllitute  water,  and  even 
witli  water  itfelf. 

Thefe  obfervalions,  to  which  more  might  be  added, 
may  ferve  to  explain  why  vegetation  is  flow  and  weak 
in  a  loil  which  is  too  much  charged  with  faline  matter, 
while  it  is  rendered  quick  and  vigorous  by  a  fmall  quan- 
tity of  this  fame  matter  ;  and  why  earth,  which  is  per- 
fectly lixiviated,  and  watered,  from  time  to  time,  with 
diltilled  water  only,  is  capable  of  giving  to  bitter  plants 
their  bitternefs,  to  fweet  ones  Uieir  fweetnefs,  to  acid 
ones  their  acidity,  to  aromatic  ones  their  fpicinefs,  and 
to  poifonous  ones  their  deleterious  qualities  ;  in  fhort, 
why  the  inherent  characters  of  plants  are  more  Itrongly 
marked,  in  proportion  as  the  foil  in  which  they  grow 
is  furnifhed  with  natural  or  mechanical  means  to  pro- 
duce a  quantity  of  gas  necelfary  to  the  formation  of  the 
fubllances  on  whicli  thofe  ciiaraclcrs  depend. 

If  a  nitrous  or  marine  plant  can,  even  when  growing 
in  a  foil  deftitute  of  nitre  or  fea-falt,  occ.ifion  the  pro- 
duiSion  of  tiiefe  falts,  it  mull  be  allowed  that  fuch 
plants  would  vegetate  more  ftrongly,  and  contain  more 
of  fuch  falts,  if  they  grew  in  foils  more  abounding  in 

materials 


M     A     N 

Manure.    m;Tterials  proper  to  form  them. 

^'^^^"^^^-^  fpecies  of  fampliire,  glalFwort,  fea  wrack,  &c.  flourilli  on 
the  borders  of  the  fea,  fuch  foils  being  llrongly  impreg- 
nated with  the  fluids  necelf.iry  to  form  the  muriatic 
cas  and  fea  fait  which  enter  into  the  compolition  of 
ihofi  pliints;  while  the  fun  flower,  peiiitory,  &c.  fuc 
ceed  bell  in  earth  which  iv  mixed  with  the  ruins  of  old 
buildings,  in  which  the  mateiiali  for  the  produdion  of 


riitrouj  gas,  and  even  of  nitre  itlcU,  are  very  abundant 
In  fltort,   tlie  organization  of  ihele  plants  is  a  real  ela- 
boratorv  for  forming  the  forementioncd  falts. 

Thole  plants  which,  for  their  vegetation,  require  the 
iTioft  ainUance  from  the  foil  and  manure,  are  very  apt 
to  contiat^  a  d:fagreeable  talle,  if  cither  the  foil  or  ma- 
nure are  capable  of  lupplying  tJis  principles  from  which 
it  is  acquired.  Tlic  cUifs  tilrudynnmiii,  particularly  all 
foits  iii  cabbages  (which  contain  fulphur  ready  form- 
ed), contraci  a  bad  taltc  in  a  foil  compofcd  rf  mud  and 
dung,  becaufe  thefe  fubltances,  as  they  are  decompoied, 
fiirnuh  a  grc.it  quaiuity  of  hepatic  gas,  or  of  fulphutil'ed 
liydrogen  gas;  yet  pl.rnts  of  another  clafs  may  grow  in 
the  fime  i 'il,  elds  by  the  cabbages,  witlioilt  partaking 
even  in  the  fmallell  degree  of  the  bad  taile  of  the  lat- 
ter. The  plants  lall  mtntioned,  when  growing  in  he- 
patic gas,  retain  only  1"  much  rt  it  as  is  fiifticient  for 
ihe  prodoc'lion  <f  the  fubltances  of  which  tiiey  are 
formed  ;  liie  overplus,  which  c(  uld  not  be  alTimilated, 
is  thrown  out  by  the  excretory  velfels,  alter  undergoing 
ihcfc  mudilications  which  the  digeifive  juice»  and  orga- 
nization of  the  plant,  and  the  Hate  of  the  atmofphere, 
have  produced. 

Thus  we  fee  that  thofe  plants  wliich  abound  moll  in 
oily,  f.iline,  and  raucilaginous  principles,  are  generally 
fuc!i  as  require  a  foil  wcil  manured.  Tobacco,  l<>rin- 
ilance,  gives  forty  pounds  of  .tlkalinefalt  or  putalh  from 
every  hundred  Wi.ight  of  alhes  :  thi>  plant  may,  by  be- 
ing buried  in  the  ground,  be  converted  into  a  very 
powcriul  manure;  while  other  plants,  which  thrive  in 
a  middling  foil,  and  appear  as  vigorous,  are,  in  geixral, 
fuch  as  have  not  1j  gre.it  a  quantity  of  principles  in 
their  compofi'.ion,  and  when  tiitown  on  the  dunghill, 
and  left  to  ror,  furmln  very  little  manure.  From  :"iich 
cbfervalions,  it  may  periiaps  not  iie  imp^llib'.e  here.ifter 
to  judge,  by  the  analylis  ot  a  plant,  not  only  whstiier  it 
rcquiies  alaraeor  a  faiall  qn,«ntity  of  manure,  but  like- 
wii'e  what  kind>  of  foil  and  mai.ure  arc  .molt  tic  to  pro- 
mote  its  vegetation  :  wild  plants  alfo  may  ferve  to  Ihew 
the  nature  of  the  fjil  whica  ihcy  feem  moil  to  flouiifh 
ii:. 

Befides  tlie  piiyfical  ai.1ion  of  manure':,  they  have  a 
very  evident  mechanical  aiTtion.  When  mixed  with 
earth,  in  a  ceitain  proportion,  they  not  only  render  it 
more  pernieabie  to  water,  but  the  roots  o!  plants  can, 
with  gi cater  eafe,  acquire  their  proper  lize  and  Icrm  in 
it  :  ill  other  cales,  manures  tend  ir>  unite  lh.it  earth 
•which  is  loo  loofe,  and,  by  rendering  it  moie  tena- 
cious, thev  pr:vf n:  the  water  from  being  loll,  and  the 
roots  frxRi  becoming  dry.  Thofe  manures  wh'ch  are 
called  -warm  are  fuited  to  cold  lands,  not  only  bec;tufe 
they  render  them  lels  c<i.'npa<Jt,  but  alfo  becaufe  tiiey 
lake  oft'  a  part  of  that  nioillure  whicli  fuch  lands  always 
have  in  iro  great  (|Uintity.  Cold  manure<,  on  the 
other  hand,  by  their  vifcid  tjuality,  give  tenacity  to  dry 
and  hot  foils  attraiiing  and  rct.iining,  for  a  longer 
lime,  the  moiliure  wltich  comes  in  their  ^Yay.    The 


Thus,  tlie  different  nature  of  the  foil  mud  therefore  determine  wh;t  kind  Mari<re. 
of  manure  it  llands  in  need  of,  and  alfo  whether  cu'.ti-  ^-^'^''^^^ 
vating  it  by  means  of  oxen  or  by  horfcs  is  prefer- 
able ;  for  the  manures  produced  from  thefe  two  animals 
have  thofe  oppofite  qualities  which  we  have  above  dt- 
fcribed.  By  fuch  obfervations,  we  fhall  perhaps  be 
at>le  to  refolve  a  quellion,  rtfpcffing  which  the  lenti- 
ments  of  cultivators  in  many  parts  of  the  kingdom  are 
much  divided. 

It  cannot,  however,  be  denied,  that  the  earth  is  able 
of  itfelf  to  ferve  as  a  bafis  and  fupport  to  plants,  and 
that  it  has  an  action  more  or  lefs  evident  upon  air,  up- 
on water,  and  upon  dung.  There  is  a  well-known  me- 
thod of  dillinguilhing  clay  from  o:her  earths ;  by  mere- 
ly breathing  upon  it,  a  ItucU  is  immediately  perceived, 
fullicienily  llrong  to  lliew  that  a  decnmpolition  and  frelh 
combination  have  taken  place.  In  fummer,  after  a 
drought  of  fonie  days  continuance,  there  always  ariles 
in  the  fields  a  particular  I'mell  during  a  fliower  ot  r.iin  ; 
and  there  is  no  kind  of  vegetable  manure  which,  when 
mixed  with  earth,  does  not  fend  forth  a  fniell.  This 
proves  that  the  nature  of  the  foil  mult  have  an  influ- 
ence, not  only  upon  air  and  upon  water,  but  alfo  upon 
the  efieil  cf  mar.ures ;  and  that  belore  we  fpeak  ot 
their  power,  we  Ihould  alway-,  fpecify  what  kind  ot  earth 
they  were  applied  to  ;  became  when  manures  and  earth 
are  mixed  K^geihcr,  ilieie  enluesan  aflion  and  reaction 
more  or  lets  tavouiable  to  vegetation. 

Having  esarnineJ  to  what  degree  air  and  water  enter. 


in  iubllance,  into  the  velfcls  of  plan:s,  and  having  fhewn 
that  the  piincipal  adion  of  earth,  of  falts,  and  of  ma- 
nures, ccniills  in  preparing,  elaborating,  and  decompo- 
ling  thefe  two  fluids,  and  in  giving  to  the  produdls  of 
ihcir  decompolition  the  forms  they  require,  to  accora- 
(ililii  the  purp  I'e  of  nature  in  vegetation,  our  author 
makes  fome  obiervations  upon  the  particular  elTesfts  of 
certain  fubflances  uied  for  improving  land,  fuch  as 
marl,  lime,  chalk,  and  wood  alhes  ;  which  are  uiually 
applied  either  to  an  exhaulled  foil,  in  order  to  reilore 
it,  or  to  a  drooping  plant,  with  a  view  to  give  it 
ftrength.  Of  the  efficacy  oi  thefe  fubflances  no  one 
doubt..:,  but  it  does  not  appear  ihat  we  aie  equally 
agreed  refpccluig  their  manner  of  aifting^ 

Mail  ^a  maiuire  whole  eiTctts  arc  well  known,  and 
wlncii  is  found  to  be  of  the  grcatelt  benefit  in  thofe  di- 
flrifis  where  it  can  be  procured  in  lulHcient  quantity) 
is  capable  of  a<5ling  in  the  raiiie  manner  as  the  moll  fer- 
tile toil,  when  the  principles  cf  which  it  is  comp.-^fed, 
namely,  clay,  fand,  calcareous  earth,  and  magr.elian 
earth,  are  jullly  proportioned  to  each  other.  But  it  is 
fomeiimes  compa^  and  tenacious,  becaufe  it  contains  a 
fuperabundanc  portion  of  clay,  and  at  oilier  times  po- 
rous and  triable,  becaufe  it  contains  too  much  fand,  anj 
therefore  i'.  not  in  general  fit  tor  vegetation  by  itfellV 
Thelie  confidetations  tught  always  to  be  our  gufde- 
when  we  me.m  to  empl   y  marl  as  a  manure. 

It  has  been  luppofed  that  to  murl  was  a  fort  of  tech- 
nical exprcfllon,  imtiided  to  dcnrt;  the  bringing  toge- 
tber  or  dividing  the  eaill  y  particles  by  means  of  clay 
or  fand.  It  appeals  t.i  our  a'uhfr,  that  neither  of  the 
above  operaticns  cin  pre  petly  be  ca. led  ?««//'/«»  ;  be- 
caufe, ill  either  cafe,  ail  we  do  is,  to  put  the  foil  it  :o  a 
lituation  to  rccc-ive  .i:.d  to  piobt  bv  the  inline. .ce  cf  tiie 
atmofpliere,  and  tliat  of  the  manures  made  ufe  of.  The 
j'cculiar  priuciflc  of  ir.ul  is,  that  jar:  of  it  whicii,  hke- 


MAN 


C    448    ] 


MAN 


Mantirt.  lime,  aSt%  very  powerfully  upon  ihe  different  aeriform 
'**'"^^*^  fluids,  is  eatily  reduced  10  powder,  effervcfces  with  :i- 
cids,  and  funds  forth  a  quantity  of  air-bubbles  when  wa- 
ter is  poured  upon  it.  Now  this  matter,  which  in  a 
particular  manner  does  the  office  of  manure,  refides 
ricitiier  in  clay  nor  in  fand.  Up'n  the  proportion  of  it 
depends  the  duration  of  the  fertility  it  produces;  con- 
fequently  it  is  of  importance,  when  we  make  ufe  of 
marl,  to  l.now  which  of  its  conllituent  parts  it  contains 
in  the  grcatell  proportion,  otherwife  in  fome  cafes  we 
fhould  only  add  one  common  kind  of  earth  to  another. 
Hence  our  author  infers,  that  for  a  chalky  foil  clay  is 
the  proper  manure,  and  that  in  luch  a  foil  a  clay  bot- 
tom is  of  more  value  than  a  gold  mine. 

"  Wood-afhcf,  as  a  manure,  may  be,  in  fime  refpeifls, 
compared  to  marl ;  at  lead  they  contain  the  fame  earths 
as  tliofe  which  ii;enetally  enter  into  the  compofition  of 
marl,  but  they  contain  a  greater  quantity  of  faline  fub- 
(lances,  proceeding  from  the  vegetables  of  wliich  they 
are  the  refidue,  and  from  the  procefs  made  ufe  of  in 
their  combullion  ;  a  procefs  which  increafes  their  afli- 
vity,  and  ihould  render  us  careful  in  what  manner  and 
lor  what  purpofes  we  employ  them.  Wood-afhes, 
when  fcattcred  over  fields,  at  proper  times  and  in  pro- 
per quantities,  dellroy  weeds,  and  encourage  the  vege- 
tation of  good  plants.  But  do  the  alhe5  produce  tliis 
tffeft  by  a  fort  of  corrofive  power  ?  I  cannot  (fays  our 
author'  think  it  ;  for  in  that  cafe  all  kinds  of  pLints 
would  indifcriminately  l^e  aifted  upon  by  them,  and  to 
a  certain  degree  dellroyed. 

"  Belides,  the  alhes  of  frefh  wood  are  feldom  em- 
ployed until  they  have  been  lixiviated,  in  which  llate 
they  are  deprived  of  their  caulf  ic  principle  ;  tiiofe  allies 
which  are  mnft  commonly  made  ufe  of  for  manure  are 
produced  either  from  wood  that  has  been  floated  in  wa- 
ter, or  from  turf,  or  from  pit-coal,  and  contain  little  or 
no  alkaline  fait. 

"  It  appears  much  more  probable  that  afhes,  when 
laid  upon  ground,  dertroy  the  weeds  by  a  well  known 
effeft,  namely,  by  feizing  with  eagernefs  thit  moillure 
vvliich  fervcd  to  produce  thofe  weeds,  and  which  in  a 
I'uperabundant  quantity  is  neceffary  to  their  cxilfence 
and  fupport.  Whereas  thofe  plants  which  have  a  firm- 
er texture  and  a  longer  root,  which  are  rendered  Ifrong 
by  age  and  by  having  withft ood  the  rigour  of  winter, 
and  which  are  in  fa<fl  the  plants  of  which  the  fields  are 
compoled,  do  not  fufFer  any  danuge  from  the  applica- 
tion of  the  afhes  ;  but,  on  the  contrary,  by  being  freed 
from  the  fuperfluous  weeds  which  ftified  them,  and 
robbed  them  ot  a  part  of  their  fullenance,  they  receive 
a  quantity  of  nourilhment  proportioned  to  their  wants. 
The  Itate  of  relaxation  and  languor  to  which  they  were 
reduced  by  a  fuperabundance  of  water,  leaves  them,  the 
foil  gets  its  proper  con fillence,  and  the  grafs,  corn,  &c. 
acquiiing  the  (trength  and  vigour  which  is  natural  to 
them,  foon  overcome  tlie  mofs,  rullies,  and  other  weeds ; 
thus  a  good  crop,  of  v\hatever  the  field  confillsof,  i^pro- 
duced.  It  is  in  the  above  manner  that  wood  afhes  aft, 
whenever  in  the  fpring  it  is  neceiF.iry  to  apply  them  to 
meadows,  corn  fields,  5cc.  the  plants  of  which  are  (lifl:;d 
mid  weakened  liy  a  luxuriant  vegetation  of  weeds,  the 
lilual  confeqsience  of  mild  and  wet  winters. 

"  When  wnod  allies  produce  an  effeft  difl'erent  from 
what  is  above  defcribed,  it  is  either  becaufe  they  happen 
to  contain  too  much  alkaline  fait,  or  that  they  are  laid 


on  the  ground  in  too  great  quantity,  or  that  the  fields  Manure, 
to  which  they  are  applied  were  not  fufficiently  wet  to  ^-'~^'^' 
reftr.iin  their  iiflion  ;  for  when  they  are  fcattered  upon 
cold  foils,  and  buried  by  the  plough  before  the  time  of 
fowing,  they  arc,  like  lime,  of  great  fervice.  The  lad. 
mentioned  fubftance  is  very  ellicacious  in  other  circum- 
llances  ;  and  there  is  a  well-known  method  of  ufing  it, 
praflifed  i)y  the  Germans,  as  follows :  A  heap  of  lime 
is  formed  by  the  fide  of  a  he.ip  of  poor  earth,  and  wa- 
ter i>  poured  upon  the  lime:  the  earth  is  then  thrown 
over  it,  and  becomes  impregnated  with  the  vapours 
wliich  cfcape  from  the  lime  wlnle  it  is  flaked.  The 
earth,  after  being  thus  aerated,  may  be  feparated ;  and 
although  no  lime  remains  mixed  with  it,  is,  by  the  ope- 
ration jull  defcribed,  rendered  capable  of  giving  a  luxu- 
riant vegetation  to  whatever  plants  may  be  put  into  it. 

"  It  is  pofTible,  therefore,  to  aerate  earth  as  well  as 
fluids  ;  for  this  purpule,  by  mixing  it  with  certain  fub- 
ftances,  during  their  decompofition,  we  mull  attach  to 
it  the  principles  of  which  thofe  fubftances  are  compo- 
fed  ;  from  which  there  refults  a  matter  fo  loaded  with 
gas,  as  to  form  a  more  compound  fubllance,  and  one 
wliich  has  acquired  new  properties.  The  Arabians,  for 
example,  who  lake  great  pains  to  improve  their  land, 
are  acculinmed  to  make  large  pits,  which  they  fill  witli 
animals  whicli  happen  to  die :  thefe  pits  they  after- 
wards cover  with  calcareous  or  clayey  e  irth  ;  and  after 
fome  time  tiiefe  earths,  which  of  themfelves  are  Rerile, 
acquire  the  properties  of  the  richeft  manures. 

"  The  foregoing  obfervations  may  at  lead  be  confi- 
dered  as  proving,  that  thofe  fubftances  which,  when 
employed  frelh  and  in  too  great  quantity,  are  moft  pre- 
judicial to  vegetation,  have,  on  the  contrary,  an  advan- 
tageous elFeft,  when  they  are  previoufiy  made  to  under- 
go a  fermentation;  or  when  they  are  mixed  with  earth 
or  water,  in  a  proportion  adapted  to  the  end  propofed. 
The  grafs  of  fields  in  which  cattle  or  poultry  go  to 
feed,  after  the  firit  or  fecond  crop  of  hay,  appears  to  be 
dried  by  the  urine  and  dung  of  thofe  animals ;  as  if  fire 
had  been  applied  to  it ;  whereas  thefe  lame  cxcremen- 
titious  fubftances,  when  combined  with  earth,  or  dilu- 
ted with  water,  are  capable,  without  any  other  prepa- 
ration of  performing  the  office  of  good  manure. 

"  But  it  animal  fecretions,  when  applied  in  fubftance 
to  plants,  were  capable  ot  afting  upon  them,  as  is  af- 
firmed, in  fuch  a  way  as  to  corrode  or  burn  them,  how 
could  feed  which  has  been  fwallowed,  and  efcaped  the 
aftion  ot  the  digellive  powers,  be  prolific  when  thrown 
out  by  the  animal,  after  having  remained  fo  long  in  its 
dung?  yet  we  often  fee  oats,  fo  circumftanced,  grow 
and  produce  feed.  Is  it  not  more  conlillent  with  ex- 
perience and  obf'ervation  to  fuppofe,  that  thefe  excre- 
mentitious  fubftances,  being  ftill  endowed  with  animal 
heat,  and  with  an  organic  motion,  difTufe  round  plants 
in  vegetation  a  deleterious  principle  or  inflammable  gas, 
which  deltroys  them  ;  for  foon  after  their  application, 
the  foliage  of  the  plant  grows  yellow,  dries  up,  and 
the  plant  withers,  unlefs  there  happens  a  fhower  of  rain 
wiiich  revives  it.  When  thefe  fubftances  are  diluted, 
by  being  mixed  with  water  and  earth,  they  lofe  that 
principle  which  is  io  deftruftive  to  vegetable  life,  and 
an  incipient  fermentation  augments  their  power  as  a 
manure,  fo  that  they  may  be  immediately  made  ufe  of 
without  any  apprehenfion  of  injury  from  their  eff'efts, 

"  It  appears,  therefore,  that  any  operation  upon  ex- 

crementitious 


MAN 


[ 


Maimrt.  crementttious  fubftances,  by  which  they  are  dried  and 
^•^'^^'^'-^  reduced  to  powder,  cannot  be  prjiflifed  without  depri- 
ving thofe  fubliiinces  ot"  a  great  part  of  fucli  of  their 
principles  as  are  e.ifily  evaporated,  and  upon  which 
their  fluidity  depends ;  thefe  principles,  when  diluted 
with  water,  and  contined  by  being  mixed  wiih  earth, 
are  capable  of  increafing  the  produce  ot  the  ioil.  Such 
is  the  way  in  which  the  hufbandnien  in  Flanders  make 
ufe  of  this  kind  of  manure,  in  the  cultivation  of  a  kind 
of  rape  or  cole  feed,  which  is  to  them  a  very  important 
branch  of  agricultural  induftry  and  commerce;  and 
they  never  obferve  that  the  lap  carries  up  any  of  thofe 
principles  which  give  fuch  manure  its  offenlive  fmell  ; 
nor  do  they  obferve,  that  the  fodder  produced  from 
fields  fo  manured,  whether  eaten  frelh  or  dry,  is  difa- 
grecable  to  tluir  cattle.  The  excrements  of  mU  animals 
would  be  injurious  to  plants,  if  applied  too  frelh,  or  in 
too  great  quantity  ;  and  a  gardener  could  not  com- 
mit a  greater  fault,  than  to  put  more  than  a  certain 
quantity  of  them  into  the  water  he  means  to  make  ule 
of  to  water  his  young  plants;  in  (hort,  this  kind  of  ma- 
nure is  to  be  ufed  in  a  very  Iparing  manner ;  and  he  that 
is  too  prodigal  of  it  \\\\\  find,  to  his  coll,  that  excefs, 
even  of  that  which  is  otherwifc  beneficial,  becomes  an 
evil. 

"  It  mufl  certainly  be  allowed,  that  excrementitious 
fubftances  are  a  very  advantageous  manure  ior  cold  ioils, 
and  fuited  to  moll  vegetable  produdions ;  a  long  expe- 
rience of  their  effects  over  a  large  traifl  ot  country,  and 
the  acknowledged  intelligence  of  the  Flemilh  larmers, 
ought  to  be  confidered  as  fufficient  to  overcome  the 
prejudice  that  has  been  railed  againll  this  fort  of  ma- 
nure. Suppollng  that  the  bad  etfeifls  which  have  been 
attributed  to  it,  when  ufed  in  the  Hate  in  which  it 
is  taken  out  of  privies,  &c.  are  not  the  offspring  of  a 
prejudiced  imagination,  they  may  have  arifen  from  its 
having  been  made  ufe  of  at  an  improper  time,  or  in  too 
great  quantity  ;  or  from  its  having  been  applied  to  a  foil 
and  for  the  cultivation  of  plants  to  which  it  was  not 
adapted  ;  for  we  know  that  the  excefs  of  any  kind  of 
manure  changes  the  fmell  and  talle  of  plants,  and  the 
fame  effeifl  is  produced  by  watering  them  too  frequent- 
ly. .Striking  examples  of  this  change  are  feeu  in  the 
lirawberry  and  in  the  violet,  when  fuch  as  have  grown 
in  the  woods  are  compared  to  thole  produced  from 
fome  of  our  over-manured  gardens ;  alio  in  the  lettuce, 
and  fome  other  plants,  when  thofe  railed  for  fale  by  the 
gardeners  about  Paris  are  compared  to  thofe  of  fome 
particular  kitchen  gardens.  In  the  markets  d  fome 
cities,  the  carrots,  turnips,  and  potatoes  of  the  field?, 
are  preferred  to  the  fame  kind  of  roots  cultivated  by 
the  gardeners  (a)  ;  for  though  the  lad  are  of  a  larger 
fize,  they  have  not  fo  good  a  flavour.  Some  vege- 
tables, therefore,  are  like  certain  wild  fpecies  ot  the 
animal  kingdom  ;  they  refill  every  kind  of  culture,  as 
ihofc  animals  refill  every  effort  to  tame  them. 

"  Although  experience  has  taught  the  I'lcm'fli  far- 
mers, that  excrementitious  fubllancos  are  more  aitive  in 
their  n.itural  llatethan  wljcn  dried,  yet  it  cannot  be  de- 
nied that  di  ylng  them,  and  reducing  them  into  powder, 
is  fometimcs  very   advantageous,  bccaulc  in  that  llate 

Sui'Pi..  Vol.   II. 


449     ]  MAN 

they  are  much  lefs  offenfive,  are  eafily  tranfportei  to  Mi»i.rt. 
any  dillance,  and  may  be  ufed  when  mod  convenient  ^•^'~^'"**' 
or  mofl  proper.  In  many  cities  the  inhabitants  pay  to 
have  their  privies  emptied  :  in  other  places,  thole  who 
empty  them  pay  for  their  contents  ;  and  it  would  aflo- 
nilh  any  one  to  be  told  how  great  a  revenue  is  pmduceil 
in  tlie  city  of  Liile  in  Flanders  by  the  fale  of  this  kind 
of  manure.  I  am,  however  (lays  our  author),  far  from 
thinking  that  it  is  right,  in  all  cafes,  to  employ  it  in 
the  above  mentioned  flate  of  concentration  ;  it  would 
be  better,  in  my  opinion,  to  follow  the  example  of  th2 
Flemilh  farmers,  who  ufe  it  the  firll  year  for  the  culti- 
vation oi  plants  for  oil,  or  for  hemp  or  flax  ;  and  the 
fecond  year  for  the  bell  kinds  of  grain  :  tlius  obtaining 
two  crops,  inftead  of  one,  without  any  farther  f  repara- 
tion of  the  land.  What  is  faid  above  may  be  applied 
alfo  to  the  manures  produced  from  the  dung  of  c  ittle, 
poultry,  &c.  (particulaily  to  pigeons  dung,  the  moll 
powerful  manure  of  its  kind),  ail  which,  by  being  dried 
and  powdered  before  they  are  ufed,  lofe  a  great  portion 
of  their  aflivity.  From  thefe  obfervations  anothsr  fa(5l 
may  be  deduced,  namely,  that  manure  fhould  not  bi 
taken  from  the  place  where  it  has  been  thrown  together 
until  the  feafon  of  the  year  and  the  flate  of  the  land  are 
fuch  that  it  may  be  put  into  the  ground  as  foon  as  it  is 
brought  to  it.  In  fome  diftriifls  a  very  injurious  cuflom 
prevails  of  carrying  the  manure  into  the  fields,  and  lea- 
ving it  there  formed  into  fmall  heaps,  expofed  for  fome 
days  to  the  elements ;  during  which  time,  either  the 
fun  and  wind  dry  up  its  natural  moiflure,  leaving  a  mafs 
which  is  much  lei's  adive  ;  or  the  rain  dilfolves  and  car- 
ries away  the  extra>ilive  part  impregnated  with  the  fait. 
This  kind  of  brine,  which  is  the  moll  powerful  part  of 
the  manure,  penetrates  the  eaith  to  a  confidirable  depth, 
and  fhews  (by  the  thick  tut'ls  which  arife  in  thofe  pla- 
ces, and  whicli  produce  more  ftraw  than  grain)  ihac 
manure  ought  to  be  put  into  the  ground  as  foon  as  it  is 
brought  to  it,  becaufe  it  then  pofl'tffcs  its  full  force  and 
effeift,  and  confequently  would  be  then  ufed  to  tlie 
greateft  advantage. 

"  We  have  always  at  hand  the  means  of  compodng, 
from  a  great  variety  of  vegetable  and  animal  fubftances, 
fuch  manures  as",  when  brought  into  a  proper  llate,  and 
mixed  with  land,  contribute  to  its  fertility.  Chemiflry 
alfo  offers  to  us  a  number  of  fubftances,  which,  although 
when  ufed  feparately  they  tend  to  diminilh  the  fertili- 
fing  quality  of  the  earth,  are  yet  capable,  by  being 
combined,  of  forming  excellent  manures  ;  fuch,  for  in- 
llance,  is  that  faponaceous  combination  which  is  produ- 
ced from  a  mixture  of  potalh,  oil,  and  earth.  What  an 
advantage  it  would  be,  if,  inftead  t.-'i  being  fparing  of 
manure,  the  inhabit.mts  of  the  country  would  endea- 
vour to  increafe  the  number  of  thefe  relbutces,  and  to 
render  them  more  beneficial,  by  employing  them  in  a 
more  cffcLlual  manner.  How  many  years  liad  palVed 
before  it  was  known  that  the  rttufe  of  apples  and  pears, 
after  they  are  preifed  (and  whicli  ufed  to  be  thrown  a- 
way  as  ufelefs),  is  capabl;  of  forming  as  valuable  a  ma- 
nure, in  cyder  and  perry  countries,  as  the  refute  of 
grapes  does  in  wine  countries." 

From  what  has  been  oblcrvcd,  our  author  concludes, 
3   L  that 


(a)  Wc  believe  they  are  univerluUy  preferable. 


M     A     O 


[     45 


that  manures  aiT!-,  in  many  circumflances,  like  medi- 
ciaes,  anJ  confequently  that  the  fame  foit  of  manure 
cannot  be  adapted  to  every  Gtuation,  and  every  kind  of 
fo.l ;  we  mull  tlierclore  take  care  to  make  proper  di- 
(lir<aions  between  them.  Whoever  ihall  pretend  that 
any  puticular  kind  of  manure  may  be  ufed,  with  equal 
benef.t,  in  grafs  land,  corn-tields,  vineyard?,  orchards, 
kitchen-girucns,  Sec.  ought  to  be  clatfed  amongft  thofe 
quacks  who  undertake  to  cure  all  perfons  with  the  fame 
remedy,  without  any  regard  to  their  age,  conllitution, 
&c.  It  is  probibly  from  not  having  paid  fufficient  at- 
tention to  the  forementioned  dillin<5tioDS,  that  fome  au- 
thors have  found  fault  with  particular  manures,  while 
others  have  fpoken  too  highly  in  their  favour.  He 
think.;,  however,  and  we  agree  with  him,  that  we  are 
11:11  in  want  of  a  courfe  cf  comparative  experiments  up- 
on the  vaiious  kinds  of  manures,  confidered  according 
to  their  influence  «ith  refpetfl  to  diferenc  foils,  fuua- 
tions,  and  pioduclions.  If  this  part  of  rural  ectmomy 
were  belter  underllood,  we  fhould  perhaps  fee  many 
places  in  a  llate  of  cultivation,  which,  on  account  of  the 
bad  quality  of  their  fo'l,  have  hitherto  refilled  all  our 
endeavours  to  render  them  fertile. 

Perhaps  it  would  not  be  proper  to  difmifs  this  fub- 
je^^  without  noticing  Mr  Middleton's  nbfervations  on 
various  kinds  (f  manure,  which  were  publilhed  in  the 
Tranlai51ions  of  ti:e  Society  of  Arts  for  the  year  1799. 
Tliij  gentleman  agrees  wiih  Mr  Parmentier  in  recom- 
mending the  excrement'tlious  mailer  of  privies  as  the  moll 
powerful  of  all  manures  on  fome  kinds  of  foil  ;  but  he 
dift'ers  from  him,  and  we  believe  from  mod  writers  on 
agriculture,  when  he  afllrms,  that  vKod  njbes,  when 
Jpread  (>n  the  grals  in  February  or  March,  are  of  very 
hitle  fervice,  and  that  the  alhes  of  f!j«/ and  even  of  peat 
are  ol  none  upon  any  kind  of  land.  Me  likewife  affirms 
fovl  to  be  (f  very  liiile  value  as  a  manure,  foapmaL-rs 
lo.ijle  to  be  ot  none,  or  rather  ti)  be  liurtful  ;  and  he 
feems  to  conlider  malt-duj},  including  the  dull  from  the 
m.ili-kilris,  to  be,  after  the  foil  of  privies,  one  of  the 
moll  powerful  manures.  He  affirms,  from  his  own  ex- 
perience, that,  with  refpeifl  to  fettililing  power,  the 
ibil  ot  privies,  compared  with  farm-yaid  dung,  is  in  the 
proportion  of  five  to  one. 

MAOUANA,  one  of  tliat  clufler  of  iflands  in  the 
South  Sea  which  were  difcovered  by  M.  Bougainville, 
and  by  him  named  Navigator's  lllands.  It  wai  vifited 
by  La  Pcroufe  in  1787,  who  defcrlbes  it  as  exceedingly 
rich  in  every  animal  and  vegetable  produiftiim  neceifary 
to  the  i'ullenance  of  man.  The  two  frigates  wh'ch  he 
cnmmandeil  had  no  fooner  approached  the  fhcre  than  he 
difcovertd  at  the  bottom  of  each  creek  a  number  of  vil- 
lages, from  whence  came  iiniumerable  cances,  laden 
vithhogs,  cocoa  nuts,  and  other  fruits,  which  were  pur- 
chvifed  for  glafs  ware.  This  was  in  the  evening  ;  and 
next  morning  the  commerce  was  renewed  in  the  moll 
hiendly  manner.  As  early  as  the  dawn  of  day,  the 
i'.landers  had  furrounded  the  two  frigates  with  200 
canoes  lull  of  different  kinds  of  provifmri,  which  they 
would  exchange  only  for  beads — in  their  eHimation 
idatr.onds  of  the  firll  water.  Axes,  cloth,  and  all  other 
articles  ot  commerce,  they  difdained.  Abounding  in 
ledl  bleifings,  ihey  were  delirous  of  obt.iining  fuper- 
iluiiies  alone. 

Two  beats,  filled  with  empty  cafks,  were  fent  afhore 
foi  tielh  water  ;  and  Peroufe  himfelf  accompanied  them 


o     ]  MAO 

In  his  pinnace.  A  line  of  foldiers  was  polled  between  Mnouauj. 
the  beach  and  the  Indians,  who  amounted  to  about  ^^^"'"^^ 
200,  including  a  great  many  women  and  children.  The 
French  commander  prevailed  upon  them  all  to  fit  down 
under  cocoa  trees,  that  were  not  more  than  eight  toifes 
dillant  from  the  Ihips  boats.  Each  of  them  had  by  him 
fowls,  hogs,  parrots,  plgeouf,  or  fruit,  and  all  wilhed  to 
fell  them  at  once,  which  occalioncd  fome  confufion. 

The  women,  fome  of  whom  were  very  pretty,  offer- 
ed  their  favours,  as  well  as  their  fowls  and  fruit,  to  all 
thofe  who  had  beads  to  give  them  ;  and  foon  tried  to 
pafs  ihrough  the  line  of  foldiers,  who  oppofed  but  a 
feeble  refinance  to  their  attempts.  Europeans  who 
have  made  a  voyage  round  the  world,  efpecially  French- 
men, have  no  arms  to  ward  off  fimilar  attacks.  Ac- 
cordingly the  fair  lavages  found  little  difficulty  in  break- 
ing the  ranks ;  the  men  then  approached  ;  and  the  con- 
fufion was  growing  general;  when  Indians,  who  feem- 
ed  to  be  chiefs,  made  tlieir  appearance  with  llicks  in 
their  hands,  and  rellored  order,  every  one  returning  to 
his  poll,  and  the  traffic  beginning  anew,  to  the  great 
fatisfadion  of  both  buyers  and  fellers. 

While  all  this  was  palfing  with  the  greateft  tranquil- 
lity, and  the  cafks  were  filling  with  water,  Peroufe 
thought  he  might  venture  to  the  diftance  of  2co  yards 
to  vilit  a  charming  village,  fituated  in  the  midll  of  a 
wood,  or  rather  of  an  orcliard,  all  the  trees  of  which 
were  loaded  with  fruit.  Tlie  houfes  were  placed  upon 
the  circuiiitcrence  of  a  circle,  cf  about  150  toifes  in  dia- 
meter, the  interior  forming  a  vail  open  fpacc,  covered 
with  the  moll  beautiful  verdure,  and  Ihaded  by  trees, 
which  kept  the  air  delightfully  cool.  Women,  chiliiren, 
and  old  men,  accompanied  him,  and  invited  him  intn 
their  honfes.  They  fpread  the  finefl  and  frellieft  mats 
upon  a  floor  formed  of  little  chofcn  pebbles,  and  railed 
about  two  feet  above  the  ground,  in  order  to  guard 
againil  humidity.  Pie  went  into  the  handfomell  of 
tliefe  huts,  which  probably  belonged  to  a  chief;  and 
great  was  his  iurprife  to  fee  a  large  cabin  cf  lattice, 
work,  as  well  executed  as  any  of  thcfe  in  the  environs 
of  Paris.  The  bell  atchiteft  could  not  have  given  a 
more  elegant  curve  to  the  extremities  of  the  ellipfis  that 
terminated  the  building  ;  while  a  row  of  pillars,  at  five 
feet  dillance  from  each  other,  formed  a  complete  co- 
lonnade round  the  whole.  I'he  pillars  were  made  of 
trunks  of  trees  very  neatly  wrought,  and  between  them 
were  fine  mats  laid  over  ore  another  with  great  art, 
like  the  I'cales  of  a  fiih,  and  drawing  up  and  down  wltli 
cords,  like  our  Venetian  blinds.  The  rell  of  the  houfe 
was  covered  with  leaves  cf  the  cocoa  palm. 

This  charming  country  combines  the  advantages  of  :i 
foil  fruitful  without  cultuie,  and  of  a  climate  which 
renders  clothing  unnecelfary.  The  trees  that  produce 
the  bread  fruit,  the  cocoa-nut,  the  banana,  the  guava, 
and  the  orange,  hold  out  to  ihefe  fortunate  people  an 
abundance  of  wholefome  food  ;  while  the  fo'vls,  liogs, 
and  dogs,  which  live  upon  the  furplus  of  thcfe  fruits, 
afford  them  an  agreeable  variety  of  viands.  What  coM 
imagination  could  feparate  the  idea  of  happinefs  Irom 
fo  enchanting  a  place  !  But  Maouana  is  not  the  abode 
of  innocence.  No  arms  were  indeed  perceived  ;  but  the 
bodies  of  the  Indians,  covered  over  with  fears,  proved 
that  they  were  often  at  war,  or  elfe  quarrelling  among 
themfelves  ;  while  their  features  announced  a  ferocity 
that  was  not  perceptible  in  the  countenances  of  the 

women. 


MAR  C    451     J 

^rapletoii,  women.    Nature  had,  no  doubt,  (lamped  this  charafler    cept  him. 


on  their  faces,  by  way  of  fhewing,  that  the  half  favage, 
^^^li^^^il^'  living  in  a  ftate  of  anarchy,  is  a  more  mifchievous  ba- 
ing  than  the  mofl  ferocious  of  the  l)rute  creation. 

Of  their  ferocity  and  liieir  treachery,  Peroufe  had 
too  foon  the  moft  complete  evidence.  M.  de  Langle, 
the  fecond  in  command,  went  alhorc  for  fielh  water, 
accompanied  by  futy  Frenchmen,  officers,  failors,  and 
foldiers.  Tliey  were  received  with  an  air  of  good  hu- 
mour by  crowds  of  people  waiting  on  the  beach  with 
immenfc  quantities  of  fruit  and  hogs ;  but  this  calm  was 
of  fhort  duration.       The  Indians  picked  a  quarrel  with 


Marble- 
town. 


M     A     R 

As  the  tide  flows  into  the  lute,  its  water  Maranhao, 
is  fomcwhat  brackifli,  notwithftanding  the  many  rivers 
it  receives.  It  abounds  with  all  forts  of  filh,  fomo  of 
which  are  very  large.  By  the  navigation  of  this  lake,  , 
the  inhabitants  of  Venezuela  carry  on  a  trade  with 
thof;  ot  New  Granada.  The  lake  becomes  narrower, 
towards  the  middle,  where  the  town  is  eredleJ. — ib. 

MARANHAO,  a  fmall  ifland  at  the  mourh  of  the 
noted  rivers  Maracu,  Topocoru,  and  Muny,  on  the  N. 
fide  of  the  province  of  Maranhao,  or  Maranon  in 
Brazil.  The  ifland  is  oblong,  45  miles  in  circuit, 
very  fertile,  and  well   inhabited.      The  French,    vlio 


them,  pelted  them  vith  ftones,  thrown  with  great  dex-    feiztd  on  it  in  1612,  built  a  town  here,  called  St  Lou 

terity  and  with  equal  force  ;  and  it  was  v^iih  difliculty 

that,  of  the  fixty-one,  forty-nine  reached  tlie  (hips,  many 

of  whom  were  feverely  wounded.       ilmong  the  killed 

were  De  Langle,  and  Lamaiion  the  naturalift  (fee  La- 

MANON  in  this  Suppl.).     Peroufe  defcribes  the  men  of 

Maouana  as  of  gigantic  ftalure  and  cf  great  mufcular 

ftrenglh.     See  Nai'igaioks  IJlands  in  this  Siipp!. 


de  Maragnan;  but  it  is  now  in  the  hands  of  i!ie 
Portuguele,  and  is  a  bifliop's  fee.  It  is  very  ftrong, 
and  has  a  Itout  caftle  built  on  a  rock,  towards  the  f;a, 
which  commands  a  very  convenient  harbour.  The 
illand  itlelf  is  very  difhcult  of  accefs,  by  reafon  of  the 
rapidity  of  the  three  rivers  which  form  it:  fo  that  vef- 
fels   mult  wait  for  proper  winds  and  feafons  to  vifit  it. 


MAPLETON,  a  name  given  to  a  pleafiiut  rangeof  Bcfidcs  the  town  mentioned  here,  are  two  fmaller  ones, 

excellent  fatms,   3  miles  caft  of  Princeton,  in  Newjer-  viz.  St  Andero,  on  the   moft   northern   point,  and  S; 

fey. — Morse.  J''g'>>  on  the   fouthern.     The   natives  have   about  27 

MAQLIOIT,  a  bay  of  flioal   waters  in   Cafco-Bay,  hamlets,  each  conlifting  of  four  large  huts,  forming  a 

in  the  IJiltriifl  of  Main,  about  20  miles  north  of  Cape  ftjuare  in  the  middle;  all   being  built  of  large  timber 


Elizabeth,  frequently  nieniioncd  in  the  hiftory  of 
Maine  ;  where  the  Indians  were  ufed  to  land  with  their 
canoes,  and  from  thence  carry  them  to  Ptj.-pfcot  Falls, 
on  Andrcifcoggin  river.  This  was  done  witli  the  toil  of 
only  4  hours  walk.  From  thefe  falls  they  went  down 
into  Kennebeck  river  ;  and  from  thence  c(<ntinucd  their 
route  lip  that  river  to  Wederunfett,  and  thence  over  to 
St  Lawicnce  ;  or  turned  and  went  down  through  Mon- 
feag  bay,  towards  Penobfcot  ;  or  from  tlie  falls  they 
continued  their  progrefs  up  Androfcoggin  river,  be- 
yond the  White   Mountains,  and   over  to  Connefticut 


and  covered  from  top  to  bottom  with  leaves  :  f  >  that; 
each  may  contain  200  or  300  perfons.  Tne  inhabit- 
ants are  ftrong  and  health)',  and  live  to  a  great  age  ; 
bows  and  arrows  .ire  thair  only  weapons,  wiih  which 
they  are  very  dextrous  :  but  they  are  tierce  and  cruel, 
efpecially  to  their  enemies.  'I'he  continent,  3  or  4 
leagues  iVom  the  ifland,  is  iniiabited  by  the  Tapouyta. 
pare,  and  Toupinambois  nations,  who  are  wild  and 
tierce,  and  divided  into  15  or  20  fuch  hamlets,  as  have 
been  defcribed  above.  Contiguous  to  thefe  are  the 
territoiies  of  Cuma  and  Gayeta,  inhabited   by  nearly 


river,  and  from  tlience  to  Lake  Memphremagog,  and    the  fame  fort  of  people.     The  capital,  Maragnan,  has 


down  to  the  limits  of  Canada. — ib. 

MARACAIBO,  Mamcaybo,  or  Maracaya,  a  fmall 
but  rich  city  of  Venezuelo,  a  province  of  Terra  Firma 
in  South-America,  fituated  on  the  weftern  bank  of  the 
lake  of  the  fame  name,  about  18  miles  from  its  mouth 
and  73  S.  W.  of  Coro.  It  is  well  built,  has  fcveral 
(lately  houfes,  very  regular,  and  adorned  with  balco- 
nies, from  which  there  is  a  profpefl  of  the  lake,  which 
lias  the  appearance  of  a  fea.  Here  are  about  4000  in- 
iiabitants,  of  whom  800  are  able  to  bear  arms.  It  has 
.1  governor  fubordinate  to  the  governor  of  Terra  Firma. 
Here  is  a  large  parochial  church,  an  hofpital,  and  4 
convents.  Velfels  from  25  to  30  tons  frequent  this 
port,  with  manutadures  and  merchandize  from  the 
places  near  the  lake,  which  are  afterwards  put  on  board 
Spanilh  (hips  that  come  hither  to  buy  them.  Ships  are 
built  at  Maracaibo,  which  trade  all  over  America,  and 
even  into  Spain,  this  place  being  very  coniniodious 
for  (hip-building.  It  lies  338  miles  eaft  of  Rio  de  la 
Hacha.     N.  lat.  10"  51',  W.  lonp.  70''  x^'.—tb. 

Maracaibo  Lake,  or  rather  Gulf,  a  large  collec- 
tion of  waters,  on  which  the  town  above  mentioned 
is  fituated.  It  is  near  208  miles  long,  and  in  fome  parts, 
50  in  brcadih,  running  from  S.  to  N.  and  emptying 
itfelf  into  the  N.  Sea  ;  the  entrance  of  which  is  well  de- 
fended by  ftrong  forts  ;  but  Sir  Henry  Morgan  palfed 
by  them,  plundered  fcveral  Spanifli  towns  on  the  coaft, 
and  defeated  a  fquaJroii  which  bad  been  fent  to  inter- 


a  harbour  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  St  Mary,  en  the 
Atlantic  ocean  ;  495  miles  N.  W.  of  Cape  St  Roque. 
S.  lat.  2^  27',  W.  long.  44°  36'. — lb. 

MARBLEHEAD,  a  [)oit  of  entry  and  poft-town 
in  Elfe.K  county,  Malfachufetts,  4  miles  S.  E.  of  Sabm, 
19  N.  E.  of  Bolton;  containing  i  Epifcopal  and  3 
Congregational  churches,  and  5,661  inhabitants.  The 
harbour  lies  in  front  ot  the  town  S.  E.  extcnJing  from 
S.  W.  to  N.  E.  about  one  mile  and  a  half  in  Ungth, 
and  hdlf  a  mile  broad.  It  is  formed  by  Marbleliead 
neck  on  the  S.  and  E.  and  is  protcded  by  a  fea  wall 
which,  before  its  late  repairs,  was  in  imminent  dan- 
ger of  giving  way,  to  the  great  detriment.  If  nnc 
ruin  of  the  port.  A  battery  and  citadel  were  eieft- 
ed  here  in  1795,  for  the  defence  of  the  place,  by 
order  of  Congrcfs.  The  bank  tilhcry  employs  the 
principal  attention  of  the  inhabitants,  and  more  is  done 
ot  this  bufincfs,  in  this  place,  than  in  any  other  in  the 
State.  The  exports  ot  llie  year  1 794,  amounted  to 
184,532  dollars.  Marbleliead  was  incorporated  in  1649, 
and  lies  in    N.  lat.  42"  30',  \V.  long.   69"  49'. — il. 

MARBLF.TOWN.  a  townlhip  in  Ulfter  county, 
New-York,  fituated  on  the  W.  fide  cf  Hudfon's  river, 
and  fome  diftance  from  it ;  8  miles  S.  \V.  by  S.  of 
Efopus,  and  near  80  N.  of  New-York  city.  It  con- 
tains 2,190  inhabitants,  including  374  ll.ives.  By  the 
State  cenfus  of  1796,  374  of  tlie  inhabitants  are  elec- 
tors.— ('/;, 

3  L  2  MARCEL- 


Marcellut, 

« 
Miiiaga- 

linte. 


MAR  [    45 

MARCELLUS,  a  military  townfhip  in  Onondago 
county,  New-York,  fituated  on  Skaneatetes  lake,  1 1 
miles  W.  of  Onondago  Caftle.  Marcellus,  as  incor- 
porated in  1794,  comprehends  alio  the  townlbip  of 
Camillus,  part  of  the  Onondago  refervatioii,  and  part 
of  the  refcived  lands  lying  S.  W.  of  the  Salt  Lake. 
In  1796,  65  ot  its  inhabitants  were  ele(5lors. — ib. 

MARCUS  HOOK,  a  town  in  Chefter  county,  Penn- 
fylvania,  on  ihe  weft  fide  of  Delaware  river,  20  miles 
below  Philadelpliia.  It  contains  about  30  families. 
Here  are  iw.i  rows  of  piers,  or  long  wharves,  to  de- 
fend vtli"cl>  fiom  the  driving  of  ice  in  winter. — ib. 

MAKECH/\l'X,  Cape,  fornib  the  N.  E.  fide  of  the 
bay  of  Jacniel,  in  the  ifland  of  Si  Domingo.  N.  lat. 
18°  iS'.— I*. 

MARECHITES /n</;a»/  inhabit  the  banks  of  the 
river  St  John,  and  aioiind  PalTamaqnoddy  bay.  They 
are  edimated  at  140  fighting  men. — ib. 

MAKGALLAWAY,  a  river  which  rifes  in  the 
Dillrict  01  Maine,  and  erodes  the  New-Hamplhire  line 
betc.een  Lake  Umbagog  and  a  mountain  on  the  north, 
and  runs  iiiuth  weltward  to  Amarifcoggin  river.  Its 
mouth  is  10  rods  wide. — ib. 

MARGARET'S  Boy,  Si,  a  port  en  the  fouth  coaft 
of  NovaScotia,  between  Profpeft  Harbour  and  Ma- 
hone  Bay  ;  from  which  laft  it  is  feparaled  by  a  pm- 
inontory,  on  which  is  the  high  land  (i'  Aipotagoen. — ib. 

Margaret's  IJlanJs,  in  tlie  N.  Pacilic  ocean,  were 
difcovered  by  Capt.  James  Magce,  in  the  (liip  Marga- 
ret, of  Bollon,  in  liis  voyage  from  Kamlchatka  in 
1780.  Their  latitude  is  24"  40'  N.  long.  141"  12'  E. 
—ib. 

MARGARETTSVILLE,  a  village  in  Waftiington 
county,  Maryland,  about  to  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Eliza- 
beth-'lown  and  6  N.  E.  of  William's  Port. — /*. 

MARGOT,  the  river  and  heights  of  Margot  are  on 
ihc  E.  fide  of  the  Miirilllppi.  The  river  has  a  wellerly 
courfe,  and  is  faid  to  be  navigable  for  batteaux  a  num- 
ber oi  miles.  The  ground  below  its  junftion  wiih  the 
MlTiirippi,  in  lat.  35<'  28'  N.  affordi  a  commanding, 
airy,  plcafant,  and  extenfive  fituation  for  fettkments  ; 
the  foil  is  remarkably  fertile.  About  3  miles  below 
this,  the  French  built  Alfuniption  Fort  in  1736,  when 
at  war  with  tlie  Chickafaws,  but  the  year  after  it  was 
demolilhed,  when  a  peace  was  concluded.  It  is  70 
miles  from  the  river  St  Francis,  and  104  from  the 
Chickafaw  river. — ib. 

Margot  Port,  a  maritime  village  on  the  N.  fide  of 
the  iiland  of  St  Domingo,  in  19°  4S'  N.  lat.  9  leagues 
weftward  of  Cape  Francois. — ib. 

MARIA,  Ccfe  Santa,  is  the  northern  cape  at  the 
mouth  of  La  Plata  river,  in  S.  America  ;  9  leagues 
from  the  bay  of  Maldonade,  and  20  from  Montevideo, 
a  bay  fo  called  from  a  mountain  which  overlooks  it. 
—}b. 

MARIA  SANTA,  a  town  of  the  audience  of  Pa- 
nama, in  S.  America.  It  was  built  by  the  Spaniards 
foon  after  thev  dil'covered  ihe  gold  mines  in  its  neigh- 
bourhood.    N.  lat.  7"^  43',  W.  Ions;.  78°  12'. 

MARIAGALANTL,  one  of  the  Caribbce  Iflands 
in  the  Atlantic  ocean  ;  fo  called  from  the  lliip's  name 
in  which  Columbus  difcovered  it,  in  1493.  It  is  oi  an 
tliipiical  figure,  4^  leagues  from  N.  to  S.  and  3  from 
£,  to  W.     It  lies  5  ot  6  leagues  S.  cafterly  of  Cuada- 


2     ]  MAR 

loupe,  above  half  its  furface  is  barren  mountains. 
There  are  only  two  parifhes,  the  principal  at  the  fouth 
defended  by  a  fort  called  Balfctcrre.  It  is  indifferently 
watered,  but  produces  8oo,ooolb.  ot  coflFee,  ioo,ooolb. 
cotton,  and  i,ooo,ooolb.  of  fugar.  The  French  plant- 
ed a  colony  here  in  1648.  It  was  taken  by  the  En- 
glilli  in  1692,  but  the  French  foon  fettled  there  again, 
and  (tiUpoifefs  it.  N.  lat.  15"  53',  W.  long.  6i»  6'.— ;i. 

MARIANNA,  was  the  name  given  to  the  diftrift 
granted  by  the  Plymouth  Council  to  Captain  John  Ma- 
fon  in  1621.  It  extended  trnni  the  river  Naiimkeag, 
now  Salem,  round  Cape  Ann,  to  Merrimack  river, 
and  from  the  fea  to  the  heads  of  thefe  rivers,  with  the 
ilLuids  lying  within  3  miles  of  the  coall. — ib. 

MARIE,  Cape  Dame,  the  weftcrnmoll  point  of  the 
ifland  of  St  Domingo,  which,  with  Cape  St  Nicholas, 
forms  the  entrance  of  the  bay  of  Leogane.  N.  lat.  18"? 
38',  W.  long,  from  Paris  76°  51'.  The  town  of  tliis 
n.ime,  (ituated  on  the  cape,  is  on  the  north-welfernmoft 
part  ol  the  fouth  peninfula  ;  8  leagues  wetl  of  Jeremie, 
and  60  weft  ot  Port  au  Prince.  The  towns  and  villa- 
ges, along  the  north  coaft  of  the  peninfula,  and  in  the 
bay  or  bite  of  Leoganc,  between  the  cape  and  Port  au 
Prince,  are  Petit  Trou,  Anl'e  a  Veau,  Maragoane, 
Petite  Goave,  Grand  Goave,  &c. 

Marie,  Straits  cf,  conneft  Lakes  Superior  and 
Huron,  which  will  permit  boats  to  pafs,  but  not  lar- 
ger velfels.  Near  the  upper  end  of  thefe  llraits,  which 
are  40  miles  long,  is  a  rapid,  which  (though  it  is  iitl- 
poflible  for  canoes  to  alcend)  may  be  navigated  by 
boats  without  danger,  when  conduced  by  able  pilots. 
The  ftraits  afford  one  of  the  moft  pleafing  profpefts 
in  the  world  :  on  the  leit,  leading  to  lake  Superior, 
may  be  feen  many  beautiful  little  iflands  that  extend  a 
confideiable  way  before  you  ;  and  on  the  right  an 
agreeable  fuccefllon  of  fmall  points  of  land,  which 
projcifl  a  little  way  into  the  water,  and  contribute  with 
the  iflands  to  render  it  delightful. — ib. 

MARIEL,  Port,  a  harbour  on  the  north  fide  of  the 
ifland  of  Cuba,  which  will  admit  frigates  of  30  guns. 
—ib. 

MARIETTA,  a  poft-town  and  fettlement  of  the 
N.  W.  Territory,  fituated  on  the  Ohio  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Mnfklngum.  The  Campus  Mattius  in  this  town 
is  an  elevated  public  fquare,  fcuinded  by  the  Ohio 
Coinpany,  in  the  year  1788.  The  fortification  is  all 
ol  hewn  timber,  and  for  appearance,  convenience,  and 
defence,  of  fuperior  excellence.  It  is  more  than  30 
feet  above  the  high  banks  ot  the  Muikingum,  and  only 
159  yards  dillant  from  that  river,  with  a  beautiful 
natural  glacis  in  front.  The  town  confills  of  i,doo 
houfe-lots  of  90  by  180  feet  ;  the  fpacious  ftreets  inter- 
feft  each  other  at  right  angles,  and  there  are  necefl'ary 
fquares  referved  for  ufe,  pleafure,  and  ornament. 
There  are  but  few  houfes  yet  ere<51ed.  It  is  19  miles 
above  Bel-Pre,  86  fomh-wcft  of  Wheeling,  146  fouth- 
well  of  Pittfburg,  240  nortlieall  of  Lexington  in  Ken- 
tucky, and  46c  W.  by  S.  of  Philadelphia.  The  mouth 
of  Mufkingum  river  lies  in  lat.  39°  34',  long.  82''  9'. 
—ib. 

MARK'S,  St,  a  town  of  E.  Florida,  at  the  head  of 
the  bay  of  Apalachy  ;  t8o  miles  wefl  of  St  Auguftine, 
and  105  from  the  Alachua  Savannah.  N.  lat.  30°  12', 
W.  long.  85"  45'.— i<5. 

Mark,. 


MAR 


C    453     ] 


MAR 


Mark, 

II 
Marlbo- 
rough. 


Mark,  Si,  a  jurifdiaion  in  the  weft  part  of  the  ifland 
of  St  Domingo,  containing  4  paridies.  Its  exports,  (hip- 
ped fr.m  the  town  of  its  name,  from  Jan.  1,  1789,  to 
Dec.  31,  of  the  fame  year,  were  3,065,0471b.  white 
fugar,  7,931,7101b.  brown  fupar,  7,041,8521b.  coffte, 
3,250,8901b.  cotton,  349,8191b.  inciigo,  and  various 
articles  to  the  value  ot  2,250^  livres :  the  total  value 
of  duties  on  exportation  1 16,974  dollars  4  cents.  The 
town  of  St  Mark  lies  at  the  head  of  a  bay  of  its  name, 
^vhich  is  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  or  Bite  of  Leogane. 
The  bay  is  formed  by  Cape  St  Mark  on  the  fouth,  and 
Morne  au  Diable  on  the  north.  This  town,  although 
fniall,  is  reckoned  the  pleafanteft  in  the  ifland.  Its 
commerce  is  confidcrable.  It  owes  a  great  deal  of  its 
embellilhnients  to  tiie  attention  of  M.  de  Marbois  dur- 
ing his  adniinillratlon.  It  is  23  leagues  well  ot  Hinche, 
19-  north-welt  of  Port  au  Prince,  14  fouth  by  well  of 
I^es  Gonaives,  30  fouth  of  Port  de  Paix,  and  26i 
foiith-well  of  Cape  Francois.  N.  hit.  19'  5',  W.  lorg. 
75°  lo'.— ;■*. 

MARLBOROUGH,  a  county  in  the  northeafl 
corner  ot  Cheraws  dillrict,  on  the  Gie^t  Ptdee  river, 
S.  Carolina,  25  miles  1  ^ng,  and  19  bro  id. — il>. 

Marlborough,  New,  a  townlhip  in  Ccrklliire  coun- 
ty, Malfachufetts,  containing  1,550  inh^biiants..  It 
was  incorporated  in  1759,  and  i:,  135  miles  weft  by 
fouth  of  Bofton. — ib. 

Marldorovgh,  an  ancient  and  wealthy  townlliip 
in  Middltfex  county,  Malfachufetts,  (the  Okommalidnnjit 
of  the  Indians)  was  incorpi  rated  in  1660,  and  contains 
1,554  inhabitants.  It  is  38  miles  well  of  Bollnn.  A 
mode  of  manufa<5luring  Spanilh  brown,  from  a  kind 
of  earth  or  loam,  laid  to  releinb'.e  bed  ore,  though  not 
impregnated  with  particles  of  iron,  has  lately  been  dif- 
covereJ  in  tliis  town  by  an  ingenions  gentleman.  He 
conltruifled  an  air  iurnace,  at  a  trivial  expenle  ;  and  in 
the  year  1794,  could  calcine  and  prepare  for  the  mill 
a  ton  in  24  hours,  6  days  in  fucceilion,  without  great 
expenie  of  wood.  Connoiifeurs  in  paints  acknowledge 
it  is  good.  His  firft  attempts  in  making  fpruce  yellow 
vrere  likewife  Mattering. — ib. 

Marlborough,  a  townfhip  in  Windham  county, 
Vermont,  having  Newtane  on  the  north,  Halifax 
fouth,  Brattleborough  call,  and  Wilmington  on  the 
Weil.     It  contains  629  inhabitants. — lb. 

Marlborough,  a  poll-town  in  Chcfliire  county, 
Newllamplhire,  lix  niiles  from  Kcene,  20  north  (i 
AVinchendon,  and  26  trom  Alhburnhain  in  Mafiaehu- 
fctts.  It  was  incorporated  in  1776,  and  contains  786 
inhabitants. — ib. 

Marldorough,  Nfw,  a  townfliip  in  Ulfler  county, 
New-York,  on  the  well  fide  of  Hudfon's  river,  north 
of  Newburgh.  It  contains  2,241  inhabitants;  of 
whom  339  are  ele<5tors,  and  58  flives. — ib. 

Marlborough,  the  nanii;  o\  three  townfliips  in 
Peiinlylvaiiia,  the  one  in  Montgomery  county,  and 
Eall  .iiid  Well  Marlborough  in  Cliellcr  county. — ib. 

Marlborough,  Loiui-r,  a  town  of  M.iryland,  litu- 
ated  in  Calvert  county  on  the  enll  fide  of  P.ituxent  ri- 
ver, 24  miles  foutlieafl  of  Wafhington  city.  It  con- 
tains about  60  houfes,  and  a  warchoufe  for  the  infpec- 
tion  if  tobacco.  The  river  is  navigable  for  Ihips  of 
burden  tor  fome  miles  above  the  town. — ib. 

Marlhoroi'Gh,  Uf<pcr,  the  chief  town  of  Piincc 
George's  county,    Maryland.     It  is   fituated  on  the 


fouth-weft  fide  of  Hatavifit,  one  of  the  two  principal    Marlow, 
brandies  of  Patuxei.t  river.      It  contains  about   120         II    . 
houfes,  a  court-hcufc,  and  a  warchoufe  for  the  infpec  ^^^il^J-l^I/ 
tion  of  tobacco.     It  is   47   miles  S.  S.  W.  of   Balti- 
more, and  about  15   eafterly  of  the  city  of  Wafiiing- 
lon. — ib. 

MARLOW,  a  townfnip  in  Chefiiirc  county,  New- 
Hamplhire,  fettled  in  1761.  It  contains  313  inhabi- 
tants.— ib. 

Marmosets,  a  harbour  in  the  ifland  of  St  Do- 
mingo, which  may  receive  merchantmen,  but  the  en- 
trance of  it  is  rendered  dillicult  by  the  breakers.  It 
lies  between  Cape  Rouge  and  Grand  Port  Berl.agnc. 
—ib. 

MARQUES,  a  cape  on  the  coaft  of  Old-Mexico, 
or  N;w-Si)ain,  in  the  South  Sea. — 'b. 

MAIISHFIELD,  a  townlhip  in  Plymouth  county, 
Maifichiifetti,  bounded  S.  by  Duxborough,  and  36 
miles  S.  E.  of  Bollon.  It  w.is  incorporated  in  1640, 
and  contains  1269  inhabitants. — ib. 

Marsh  FIELD,  a  tov/r.lhip  in  Caledonia  county,  in 
Vermont;  adjoining  to  Calais  on  the  N.  W.  and  Pea- 
chum  N.  E. — il. 

MARSHPEE,  by  feveral  wi iters  called  Majhp:', 
an  ancient  Indian  town  in  Barnllable  county,  Malfa- 
chul'etts,  containing  308  inhabitants.  There  is  Rill  an 
Indian  church  here,  but  not  more  than  40  or  50  per- 
f'lis  are  pure  Indians.  The  whole  conlifts  of  about 
8q  families,  principally  of  a  mixed  race,  being  280 
fouls  in  all.  They  have  greatly  decreafed  fince  1693, 
when  there  were  214  adults,  befides  (Iragglers  in  the 
plantation  and  places  adjacent ;  under  the  care  of  Mr 
R'lwhind  Cotton,  minifter  of  Sandwich. — ib. 

MARSHY  HOPE,  the  north-wellern  branch  of 
Nanticoke  river  in  Maryland.  Federallburgh  liss  on 
the  E.  lidc,   13  or  14  mihi  from  its  mouth. — ('/■. 

MARTHA  BRAE,  in  Jamaica  a  fmall  town  hav- 
ing  a  harbour,  7  leagues  W.  of  Moiitcgo  Point.  It  is 
frequented  only  by  fuch  velfcls  as  are  particularly  dcf- 
tined  for  this  place.  There  is  a  bar  with  16  or  17 
feet  water  in  going  in  ;  and  the  palfage  in  coming  out 
between  the  Triangle  Rocks  is  not  more  than  60  feet 
wide  with  6j  or  7  lathoms  water. — ib. 

MARTHA,  St,  a  city  in  the  province  of  the  fame 
name,  in  Tcrra-lirma,  Soutli  America,  with  a  harbour 
on  the  N.  Sea,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Giiayra  ;  about 
124  miles  N.  E.  of  Carthagena.  It  is  the  refidcnce  of, 
a  governor  and  billiop.  The  houfes  are  built  with 
canes,  and  are  very  neat.  Its  haibour  is  large,  con- 
venient, and  fate,  and  the  environs  agreeable  and  fer- 
tile. At  prefent  it  contains  about  3010  inli.ibitants, 
who  carry  on  an  extenfive  rich  trade,  and  make  great 
quantities  of  cottons,  (luffs,  &c.  with  earthen  ware, 
which  is  much  efleeme  J.  It  has  a  valuable  pearl  lilhe- 
ry,  in  which  great  numbers  of  (laves  are  employed, 
whole  dexterity  in  diving  for  the  oyllers  is  very  extra- 
ordinary ;  fome  of  whom  will  remain  for  a  quarter  of 
an  hour  under  water,  and  will  rile  with  a  balkct  full. 
N.  lat.  I  I-'  26',  W.  long.  7^"  59'.—'*. 

MARTHA'S  V1NEYARI>,  an  ifl.mJ  belonging 
to  Duke's  county,  Malfachufetts,  called  by  the  Indians 
Nope,  or  Ciipatvocl,  is  litu.itcd  between  40"^  17',  and 
41"  29'  N.  lat.  and  between  70"  22'  and  70"  50'  W. 
long,  about  21  miles  long  and  6  broad,  and  lies  a  lit- 
tle to  the   W.   of   Nantucket.      Martha's    Vineyard, 

Chaba^xuiddick.,. 


M     A     K 


[     454     ] 


MAR 


M  irtiiif- 
biirgh. 


Mirtick,  ChibaquiJJick,  Nom.in's  Illand,  and  the  Elizabsth 
Iflands,  wlikli  conlain  about  16,500  acres  of  valuable 
land,  conflitutc  Duke's  couniy,  containing  3,265  while 
r  inhabitants,  and  between  400  and  500  Indians  and 
nuilnttoes ;  wl.o  JUblill  by  agticiihure  and  fifhing. 
Cattle  and  lliccp  arc  railed  hero  in  great  numbers ;  and 
lye,  corn  and  oats  are  the  chief  produce  of  the  illand. 
White  pipe-cliy,  aud  yellow  and  red  oclire  are  found 
in  Manila'!.  Vineyard.  The  lavages  of  war  were  fe- 
vertly  ttlt  in  this  induQrious  fpot.  In  September, 
1778,  the  Britilh  made  a  requilition  of  their  militia 
arms,  300  oxen,  and  20CO  (hecp,  which  were  deliver- 
td  up. — ib. 

MARTICK,  a  towndtip  in  Lancader  county,  Penn- 
fylvania. — !!>. 

MARTIN,  a  county  of  Halifax  didria,  N.  Caro- 
lina,  adjoining  Tyrrel,  Halifax,  Bertie,  and  Pitt  coun- 
ties. It  contains  6,080  inhabitants,  of  whom  1,889 
are  ilives. — ii. 

M.ARTIN'S,  S;,  one  of  the  noithcrnmoft  of  the 
Caiibbee  illands  ;  lituated  in  the  Atlantic  oce.in,  be- 
tween Anguilla  on  the  north,  from  whence  it  is  diftant 
a  league  and  a  half,  and  St  Bartholomew  on  the  fouth- 
eall,  15  miles.  It  is  about  15  leagues  in  circumfer- 
ence, with  commodious  bays  and  roads  on  the  N.  W. 
lide.  Here  are  good  falt-pits,  and  lakes  of  fait  water, 
which  run  a  great  way  within  the  land  ;  but  has  no 
frclh  water  but  what  falls  from  the  clouds,  and  is  fav- 
ed  by  the  inhabitantb  in  ciflerns.  The  fait  lakes  abound 
in  good  filh,  particularly  turtle  ;  and  llie  fait  water 
pods  are  frequented  by  vaft  numbers  cf  birds.  In  the 
woods  are  wild  hogs,  turtle-doves,  and  parrots  innu- 
merable. Here  are  ieveral  trees  producing  gums; 
;tnd  plenty  of  the  candle-tree,  fplinters  ot  which,  when 
dry  and  lighted,  emit  a  very  Iragrant  fmell.  Its  to- 
bacco,   the  chief  commodity  cultivated,    is  reckoned 


MARTINVILLE,  a  poft-town,  and  the  capital  of 
Guilford  county,  in  N.  Carolina,  is  agreeably  fituated 
on  the  cafl  fide  ot  BufFaloe  creek,  a  branch  of  Haw 
river,  and  contains  about  40  houfcs,  a  court-lwufe  and  v 
gaol.  It  lies  N.  E.  of  Bell's  Mill,  at  the  head  of 
Deep  river;  48  miles  nortli-weft  of  Hllllboiough  ;  27 
cart  of  Salem;  50  north-eall  of  Salifbury;  151  well 
by  fouth  of  Halifax,  and  500  foutii-weft  of  Philadel- 
phia.    N.  lat.  36"^  5',  W.  long.  79"  43'. 

It  was  near  this  town  tliat  General  Greene  and  Lord 
Cornwallis  engaged  in  one  of  the  be  ft  fought  aftions 
in  the  late  war,  on  the  15th  of  March,  1781  :  and  al- 
though the  Americans  were  driven  off  the  field,  the 
Britilh  ftiflered  lb  great  lofs,  that  they  could  not  pur- 
fue  the  vi(flory.  The  greateft  part  of  the  country  in 
which  the  acftlon  happened,  was  a  wildernefs,  with  a 
few  cleared  fields  intcrfjierfcd.  The  American  army, 
when  the  atflion  commenced,  was  polled  on  a  rifing 
ground  about  a  mile  and  a  half  from  Guilford  court- 
houfe. — ;i. 

MARYLAND  POINT,  is  formed  by  a  bend  in 
Patowmac  river,  W.  of  Port  Tobacco. — ii. 

MARY,  Si,  a  port  on  the  fouth  fide  of  the  Bay  of 
Fundy — ii- 

Maky,  Cape  S/,  is  the  motl  fouthern  promontory  of 
Brazil,  in  South-America. — ii. 

Mary,  CaJ>e  St,  the  point  of  land  which  forms  the 
northern  fide  of  the  mouth  of  La  Plata  river  in  Para- 
guay or  La  Plata,  in  South-America.  S.  lat  ^^°  14', 
W.  long.  ^^^  32'.— /i. 

Mary,  Cape  St,  forms  the  foutheaftern  head  land 
at  the  mouth  of  Placentia  Bay,  Newfoundland  Ifland. 
—ii. 

MARY'S  RIVER,  St,  a  branch  of  the  Miami, 
which  empties  into  Lake  Erie. — ii, 

Mary's    River,  St,   forms  a  part  of  tlie  fouthern 


the  bell  in  the  Caribbee  illands.  Tlie  Spaniards  aban-  boundary  line  of  the  United  States.  It  in  part  divides 
doned  this  ifland  in  1650,  and  blew  up  a  fort  which  Georgia  from  Eall-Florida,  and  is  very  crooked,  with 
they  had  erected.     The  Erencli  and  Dutch  afterwards    a  wide  open  marlh  on  each  fide,  from  its  mouth  up- 


fhared  the  ifland  between  them.  But  in  1689,  were 
attacked  and  plundered  by  Sir  Timothy  Thornhill,  and 
in  July,  1744,  were  driven  out  by  the  Biitilli  forces, 
and  did  not  leturn  till  after  the  peace  of  1763.  They 
now   enjoy    about    35,000   acres,    out   of   the    55,000 


which  the  whole  illand  contains.  The  two  colonies  noka  or  Ekanfanoga  fwamp,  which  extends  fouthward- 
breed  poultry  and  (heep,  which  they  fell  to  the  other  ly  into  Eall-Florida.  It  is  thought  to  be  what  is  cal- 
illands.  They  alio  cultivate  a  little  cotton  and  coffee,  led  May  river,  difcovered  by  John  Ribalt,  in  1562.  Be- 
About  20  years  ago  the  French  part  contained  400  tween  this,  and  Nalfau  river,  lies  the  low  even  coaft  C'f 
white  families,  and   10,000  Haves.     The  Dutch  part  Amelia  I'.land.     The  harbours  of  both  rivers  are  fpa- 


no  more  than  60  families,  and  about  200  flaves.  N. 
lat.  18''  6',  \V.  long.  62°  30'.—/*. 

MARTINSBOROUGH,  a  town  of  N.  Carolina, 
fituated  on  the  S.  fide  of  Tar  river,  and  20  miles 
above  Walliington. — ii. 

MARTINSBURG,  a  poft-town  of  Virginia,  and 
capital  rf  Berkeley  county,  fituated  about  8  miles 
fouth  of  the  Patowmac,  in  the  midft  of  a  fertile  and 
well  cultivated  country,  and  25  miles  from  the  mine- 
ral fprings  at  Bath.  It  contains  upwards  of  70  houfes, 
a  court-lioule,  giol,  and  Epifcopal  church;  and  con- 
tiguous to  the  town  is  one  lor  Preibyterians.  It  is  10 
miles  from  Shepherdftov.'n,  30  from  Pittfylvania  court- 
houfe,  25  from  Rocky  Mount  or  Franklin  court-houfe, 
22  N.  E.  of  Winchelter,  88  N.  N.  W.  of  Alexandria, 
and  244  from  Philadelphia. — ii. 


M»rtin- 
villt, 

i 
Mity't. 


wards  30  miles,  where  the  marfh  is  terminated  by 
thick  woods.  It  is  nearly  ftraight  for  30  miles  far- 
ther, up  to  ylllens,  an  Indian  trader  at  the  head  of 
navigation  ;  where  it  is  like  a  dead  creek,  4  fathoms 
deep,  and  10  rods  wide.     It  rifes  in  the  great  Okafo- 


cious,  but  St  Mary's  is  the  fafeft.  It  has  9  feet  of 
water  at  low  fj'ring  tides.  It  runs  a  courfe  of  150 
miles,  and  enters  the  ocean  between  the  points  of 
Amelia  and  Talbert's  ifl.ands,  in  lat.  30"  44'  and  is 
navigable  for  veffels  of  conliderable  burden  for  90 
miles.  Its  banks  afford  immenfe  quantities  of  fine  tim- 
ber, fuited  to  the  Weft- India  market.  Along  this  ri- 
ver, every  4  or  5  miles,  are  bluffs  convenient  for  vef- 
fels  to  haul  to  and  load. — ih. 

Mary's,  St,  a  poll-town  and  port  of  entry  of  Geor- 
gia, fituated  on  St  Mary's  river,  a  few  miles  from  its 
mouth.  It  is  a  fmall  place,  and  lias  little  trade.  It 
is  129  miles  fouth  of  Savannah.  N.  lat.  30"  45',  W. 
long.  79"   12'. — ib. 

Mary's,  St,  a  county  of  Maryland  on  the  peninfula 
between  Patowmac  and  Paiuxent  rivers,  39  miles  in 

length. 


MAS 


C     455     ] 


M     A     S 


Mafon. 


Mifeomy,  length,  and  15  in  breadth.     It  contains  15,544  inhabi- 
tants ;  of  wlionn  6,985  arc  flaves. — ii. 

MASCOMY,  a  conliderable  pond  in  New-Hamp- 
ihire,  in  the  fouth-wcdern  part  ot"  Grafton  county, 
lying  partly  in  Lebanon  and  partly  in  EnSeld  town- 
Ihips.  This  pond  is  from  30  to  40  fathoms  deep. 
The  furrounding  land  bears  evident  marks,  that  the 
furface  of  this  pond  was  once  30  or  40  feet  higher 
than  its  prefent  level.  By  what  caufe  the  alteration 
was  made,  and  at  what  time,  is  unknown  ;  but  ap- 
pearances indicate  a  iudden  rupture,  there  being  no 
fign  of  any  margin  between  its  former  and  prefent 
height.  About  a  mile  diftant  from  its  outlet,  there 
is  a  declivity  of  rock«,  40  feet  higher  than  the  flteam, 
as  it  now  runs.  By  the  (ituAtidU  of  thefe  rocks,  it  ap- 
pears that  they  were  once  a  tall,  over  which  the  water 
riovved  ;  but  it  has  now  made  for  itfelf  a  very  deep 
channel,  tlirough  folid  earth,  nearly  a  mile  in  length, 
where  it  fcems  confined  for  iuturity. — //'. 

MASCAUTENS,  an  Indian  nation  who  inhabit  on 
Lake  Michigan,  and  between  that  and  the  Millillippi. 
The  number  i,f  warrior?,  4C0. — Hi. 

MASON  (the  Rev.  William)  was  a  man  of  fuch 
eminence  both  as  a  poet  and  as  a  fcholar,  that  a  more 
p.uticuhr  account  of  his  life  and  of  his  (ludics  Ihould  be 
publilhod  than  our  fcanty  materials  enable  us  to  give. 
He  was  born  at  Hull,  where  his  father  polfeifed  the  vi- 
carage ot  St  Trinity  ;  but  where  he  received  his  fchool 
education  we  have  not  been  able  to  learn.     At  the  pro- 


former  as  the  moft  perfedl ;  and  Johnfon,  wbofe  ct  itical  Mafon. 
judgment  will  not  be  rafhly  queilioned,  feems  to  have  ^•^^^'^ 
been  of  the  fame  opinion.  Johnfon's  partiality  to  Ox- 
ford, as  is  well  known,  made  him  embrace  every  oppor- 
tunity of  turning  injo  ridicule  Cambridge  men  and  Cam- 
bridge poems  ;  but  while  he  boafled  of  having  fpent 
hours  in  burlefquing  Caradacns  for  the  amufement  of 
his  Oxford  friends,  he  confelTcd  that  Elfiida  was  too 
beautiful  to  be  hurt  by  ridicule.  The  voice  of  the 
public,  however,  feems  to  give  the  preference  to  the 
latter,  and  to  confider  it  as  (landing,  like  Drydcn's  ce- 
lebrated ode,  without  a  rival.  In  both  are  fentiments 
and  expredions  which  would  do  honour  to  the  genius  cf 
Shakefpeare;  andCara(5>acus,  in  theGreekverfion  of  Mr 
Glafs  would  not  have  dlfgraced  sn  Athenian  theatre. 

Befides  his  two  tragedies,  Mr  Mafin  publlfbed  many- 
other  poeni'--.  His  Enghfh  Garden  is  univtrfally  read 
and  admired,  being  unqueftionably  the  fineft  pcem  cf 
the  kind  that  has  appeared  fince  the  days  cf  Thonifon  ; 
though  fome  have  affefted  to  confider  it  as  treating  the 
fubjea  rather  with  profeffional  (kill  than  with  poetical 
genius.  That  there  are  in  it  a  lev  prnfaic  exprellions 
we  (hall  not  controvert  ;  for  fuch  feem  infeparable  from 
didaftic  poetry  ;  but,  taken  as  a  whole,  where  rii.dl  we 
find  its  equal }  His  elegies  pirticularly  that  en  the 
death  of  his  wife,  anti  that  on  the  demife  of  Lady  Co- 
ventry, have  been  generally  lead  and  extolled,  ihougli 
not  more  than  they  deferve,  as  fuperior  in  cladic  ele- 
gance to  any  thing  of  the  kind  in  the  Engliih  tongue. 


per  time  he  was  admitted  into  St  J  ihn's  College,  Cam-    and  exprelllng  a  manlinefs  and  tendernefs  cif  the  padie 


briilge  ;  uhere  he  took  the  degrees  of  15.  A.  and  M.  A. 
and  in  1747.  he  obtained  a  lellowlhip  in  Pc'mbroke 
H.dl.  It  was  there  that  he  contraifted  an  intimate 
fiiecdlhip  Vf'v.h  Gray  the  poet,  and  with  Mr  Hurd,  now 
Bi/hnp  ot  \Vorcellcr.  When  the  loimer  of  thefe  oen- 
tkmen  died,  Mt  Maion  tonk  upon  l.inifelf  the  office  of 
editor  of  his  works  and  gnaidian  ot  his  lame  ;  and  upon 
the  promotion  of  the  latter  to  the  fee  of  Litchfield  and 
Coventry,  he  exprelfed  hisfalisfaclion  in  fome  beautiful 
verfes,  which  we  read  at  the  time,  but  do  not  recolle(fl 
where. 

In  1754  he  entered  into  holy  orders,  and  wa^  pa- 
tronized by  the  then  Earl  of  Holdernefs,  who  obtained 
for  him  the  appoiutnienl  cf  chaplain  to  the  king,  and 
prcfented  him  with  the  valuable  rt<flory  of  Alton  in 
Yorklhirc.  He  was  fome  time  afterwards  made  precen- 
tor of  York  Cathedral,  when  he  publillu-d  a  fniall  vo- 
lume of  Ciiurcli  niulic,  vvlncli  has  ahernatcly  met  with 
oppoiiiion  and  appliufe.  In  our  opinion  fomt  cf  his 
anthems  are  unrivalled. 

It  was  natural  U)r  the  preccntorof  a  cathedral  church, 
who  was  likewile  a  poet,  to  turn  his  attention  to  facred 
mufic  ;  and  Mal()n  had  been  a  poet  from  his  early  years. 
His  Elfri.la  and    Cirailacus,    two     traa;edies   on    the 


tic,  rarely  found  in  the  moft  poliflicd  elegies  of  Roman 
writers.  The  fplendor  of  genius,  and  accuracy  of  judg- 
ment, confpicuous  in  his  dramas,  are  equ  illy  diiplayed 
in  his  charaftcr  as  a  lyric  writer.  His  quarry  was  bold 
and  impetuous,  and  he  never  fwept  the  ground  with  an 
ignominious  fiight.  In  his  Sappho  and  Phaon  he  has 
happily  imitated  the  flyle  of  Dryden  and  Mttadafio  ; 
and  at  his  death  he  was  employed  on  a  poem  in  which 
he  propofed  to  mcafure  liis  (Irengtli  with  Dryden. 

We  have  rcafon  to  believe  that  this  ingenious  man 
was  not  only  a  poet  and  a  mulical  performer,  but  tho 
inventor  of  the  falliionable  inftrument  the  Piano  Forte. 
We  cannot  indeed  at  prefent  bring  evidence  of  tf.ij 
fact  ;  but  we  have  inlliluted  fuch  inquiries  as,  we  hope, 
Ihall  enable  us  to  afceitain  the  lru;h  under  the;  article 
PiAno  Forte. 

Poetry  and  mulic,  and  the  duties  of  his  office,  might 
be  fuppofed  to  have  employed  all  his  time  ;  but,  unfor- 
tunately, he  caught  the  alai  in  which  in  i  769  was  fprcaii 
over  the  nation  by  the  expulfi  n  of  Mr  Wilkes  frcm 
theHoufeot  Commons,  and  immediately  inrolledhim- 
felf  among  die  fupporters  of  the  Bill  of  Rid-is.  The 
decifion  of  the  Houfe,  which  pronounced  Mr  Luttcral 
duly  eleifted  in  oppofition  to  Mv  Wilkes,  lis  C'  nlidered 


Giecian  model,  were  both  publifiied  before  the  year    as  a  grofs   violation  of  the   rights  of  the  people;  and 

though  he  furcly  did  not  approve  of  the  conduft  of  the 
exiled  mcnibtr,  he  joined  with  other  freeholders  in 
Yoi  klliire  in  a  petition  to  the  king  that  he  would  dif- 
folve  the  parliament. 

Being  now  leagued  with  llie  oppofition,  he  joined  in 
fome  violent  clarnouis  for  a  parliamentary  retoim.  In 
the  year  1779,   when  the  city   of   L<  ndon,  and  fome 


1757.  Thefe  two  diamas,  in  the  opinion  of  Dr 
Hurd,  do  honour  to  modern  poetry,  and  arc,  accord- 
ing to  him,  a  fuRicient  proof  of  the  propriety  of  re- 
viving the  chorus  on  the  Briiilli  llagc.  In  this  fenti- 
ment  lew  critics,  we  believe,  will  agree  with  his  Lord- 
Ihip  ;  but  the  tragedies  have  certainly  great  merit,  and 
tranfctud   perhai>s  cvtry  poem  of  the  lame  calk  in  our 


own  or  any  oil-.cr  modern  tongue.  In  the  firll,  the  oihcr  cimnicicial  towns,  agreed  to  prefent  il.cir  peli- 
language  is  elegant  and  Iweet ;  in  tl:c  latter,  it  is  daring  tions  to  parliament  for  a  more  economical  expenditure 
and  fublime.    The  auihtr  himfelf  always  confidcred  the    C'l  the  public  monev,  and  a  more  equal  rcprefenuiiicn 

of 


M     A    S 


C    456    ] 


MAS 


Mafon.     of  the  people,  Mr  Mafon  came  forward,  and  took  an  fricndlliips  ;  and  he  may  be  confidered  as  a  man  who     Mafon, 

-^~''''"*^  adive  pan  in  promoling  thcfe  defigns,  as  one  who  was  merits  to  be  ranked  with  the  ablellfupporters  of  Britilh          H 

convinced  of  their  importance  and  neceffity.       When  hbcriy  and  Brililh  morals.                                                    v»,^^-^^>Ij 

the  county  of  Vork  alfeinbled,  on  the  30th  of  Decern-  MASON,  a  county  of  Kentucky,  on  the  fouthern 

btr  17-9,  and  refolved  un;ininioully,  "lliat  a  committee  fide  of  Ohio  river.     It  contains  2,267  inhabitants,  of 

of  coMtfpondcncc  fliould  be  appointed,  for  the  clVcc-  whom  2cS  are  flaves. — Morse. 

tually  promoting  the  objefl  of  the  petition  then  agreed  Mason,  a  townfliip  in  Hillftjorough  county.  New. 

to,  andalfo  to  piepareaplan  of  (T/'uf/.j/it'W  to  fuppoitthat  Hampihire,  on  the  Maii'achufetts  line,  about  70  miles 

laudable  reform,  and  fuch  other  meafures  as  may  con-  weft  if  Portfmoutb,  and  50   N.   W.   of  Bollon.     It 

duce  to  reftore  the  yj-fi-i/om  c/'/arAuracn/,"  he  was  clio-  was  incorporated  in    1768,  and  contains  922  inhabi- 


fen  upon  the  committee,  and  was  confultcd  with,  or  al- 
lifted  in  drawing  up  thole  varioushigh-fpiritedrefolutions 
and  addreffes  to  the  public,  for  which  the  Yorklhiie  com- 
mittee was  fo  celebrated;  and  wliich  was  aftci wards  gc- 


tunts. — ib. 

TRtE-MASONRY,  is  a  fubje>.'l  which,  after  the  co- 
pious detail  given  in  the  EmydopjcJia  of  its  lodges,  and 
wardens,  and  grand  mailers,  we  flioidd  not  have  refu- 


nerally  adopted  by  the  olheralfociattd  bcdies  of  reform-  med  in  this  place,  but  to  warn  cur  countrymen  againft 

trs.     This   part  of  his  conduct  is  furely  entitled  to  no  the  pernicious   fuperflruflures    which  have  been  raifed 

praife.    Thinking  as  we  do  of  the  parliamentary  reform-  by  the  French  and  Germans  on  t!ie   finiple  i)llem  of 

ers,  we  caiin.i  but  regret  that  a  man  of  Mr  M  ifon's  ta-  Britilh  mafunry. 

lentsand  virtues  Ihould  have  embarked  in  their  dange-         Much  falfehood  is  current  refpeding  the  origin  and 

rous  purfuits;  and  though  we  perceived  lel's  hazard  in  antiquity  of  the  malnnic  alfociations.      That  the  Dio- 

thofepurfuitsthan  we  do,  we  Ihould  ftill  conliJer  themas  nyfiacs  of  Alia  Minor  were  a  fociety  of  architedi  and 

luifuilable  to  the  charaaer  of  a  clergyman.    Ourauthor,  engineeis,   who  had  the  exclufive  privilege  of  building 

however,  was  of  a  diflerent  opinion.     In  reply  to  a  cen-  temples,  lladia,  and  theatres,  under  the  myfteriuus  tu- 

fure   paifed    by  a  dignified  clergyman  on  the   political  telage  of  Bacchus,  feems  to  be  unquellionable.     "  We 

condud  of  hinifelf  and  fome  ot  his  reverend  bretliren,  are  alio  certain,  that  there  was  afimilar  trading  alTocia- 

he  publilhed,  without  his  name  indeed,  a  fpirited  de-  lion  during  the  dark  ages  in  Chriftian  Europe,   which 

fence  of  their  proceedings   and  defigns  in  fome  of  the  monopolized  the  building  of  gieat  churches  and  caftles, 

country  papers.     The  York  committee,  too,  at  its  next  and  enjoyed  many  privileges  under  the  patronage  of  the 

meetin'j;,    refolved,    "  that  a  Proteftant,    by  entering  various fovereigns.     Circumftances  (fays  Dr  Robifon), 

into  hofy  orders,  does  not  abandon  his  civil  rights  ;"  which  it  would  be   tedious  to  enumerate  and  difcufs, 

they  alio  rtfolved,  "  that  the  thanks  of  the  committee  continued  this  affociation  longer  in  Britain  than  on  the 

be  given  to  thofe  icverend  gentlemen  who,  thus  prefer-  continent ;"  but  thei  e  is  no  good  evidence,  that,  ante- 

rin"  the  public  good  to  their  own  private  emoluments,  rior  to  tlie  year  1648,  any  man  fought  admillu  n  into  it, 

have  Hood  forth  the  firm  friends  to  the  trueinterefts  of  who  was  not  either  a  builder  by  profeffion,  or  at  leali 

their  country."  fkilled  in  the  fcience  of  architedure.       At  that  period, 

Mr  M.ifun,  however,  Ihciwed,  by  his  fubfequent  cor.-  indeed,  Mr  Aliimole,  the  famous  antiquary  (fee  Ash- 

dua,  that  however  earsellly  he  might  wilh  for  what  he  moli:,  EmyclJ,  was  admitted  into  a  lodge  at  Warring- 

doubtlefs  confidered  as  an  expedient  reform  in  the  com-  ton,  together  with  his  tather-in-law  Colonel  Mainwar- 

mons  hou-fe  of  Parliament,  he  was  firmly  attached  to  the  ing  ;  and  thefe  are  the  firft  dift'nd  and  unequivocal  in- 

Britilliconftitution.    He  was  indeed  a  whig;  but  he  was  ftances  that  we  have  in  Britain  cf  men  unconnefled 


a  whig  of  the  old  fchool.  In  the  beginning  of  179 
when  the  reformers  had  betrayed  the  principles  of 
French  democrates,  he  deferled  them,  and  ranged  him- 
felf  under  the  banners  of  the  fervants  of  the  crown ;  and 
for  thiscondufl,  uliicli  was  certainly  confiftent,  he  has 
been  plentifully  traduced  by  our  Jacobin  journallfts  as 
an  alarmill,  who  not  only  deferted  his  old  friends,  but 


with  the  operative  malons  being  received  into  their  my- 
fterious  fraternity.  The  fecrecy,  however,  of  the  lodg- 
es,  made  them  fit  places  for  the  meetings  of  the  royalifts; 
and  accordingly  many  royalifts  became  free-mafons. 
"  Nay,  the  ritual  of  the  matter's  degree  feems  to  have 
been  formed,  or  perhaps  twifted  from  its  original  infti- 
tution,  fo  as  to  give  an  opportunity  of  founding  the 


afcribed  to  them  a  certain  degree  of  guilt  and  political    political  principles  of  the  candidate,  and  of  the  whole 

brethren  prefent.  For  it  bears  fo  eafy  an  adaption  to 
the  death  of  the  king,  to  the  overturning  of  the  vene- 
rable conliitution  of  the  Englilli  government  of  three 


depravity. 

The  death  of  this  great  and  gnoJ  man,  which  hap- 
pened in  April  1797,  was  occafioned  neither  by  age 
nor  by  inveterate  d;fcafe.  As  he  was  ftepping  into  his 
chariot,  his  f_-ot  Hipped,  and  his  Ihln  grazed  againft  the 
Hep.     This  accident  had  taken  I'hice  leveral  days  before 


orders  by  a  mean  democracy,  and  its  re-eilablifhment  by 
the  elForts  cf  the  loyalills,  that  this  would  ftart  into 
every  perfon's  mind  during  the  ceremonial,  and  could 


he  paid  the  proper   attention  to  it ;  and  on  April  the    hardly  fail  to  Ihew,  by  the  countenances  and  behaviour 
3d  a  mortification  enfued,  which,  in  the  fpaceof  forty-    of  ^e  brethren,  how  they  were  afFeaed." 


eight  hours,  put  a  period  10  his  lite 

That  he  was  a  fcliolar  and  a  poet  of  high  eminence 
is  unlverfally  acknowledged  ;  and  we  are  alfured,  that 
his  polUiumnus  works,  when  pubhllied,  will  not  detraA 
from  hii  living  fame.  In  private  lite,  though  he  atfeft- 
ed  perhaps  too  much  the  faftidious  manners  of  Mr 
Gray,  whole  genius  he  clllmated  with  a  degree  of  en- 
thufufm  amounting  alniotl  to  idolatry,  his  charaSer 


This  fuppofition  receives  much  countenance  from  the 
well  known  fai."l,  that  "  Charles  II.  was  made  a  mafon, 
and  frequented  the  lodges.  It  is  not  unlik;ly,  thatbe- 
fides  the  amufement  of  a  vacant  hour,  which  was  al- 
ways agreeable  to  him,  he  had  pleafure  in  meeting  with 
his  loyal  friends,  and  in  the  occupations  t-f  the  lodge, 
which  recalled  to  bis  m'nd  their  attachmentand  fervicej. 
His  brother  and  fucceiior  Jjmes  II.  was  cf  a  more  feri 


was  ditlinguilhed  by  philanthropy  and  the  moft  fervid    ous  and  manly  cuft  ol  mind,  and  had  little  pleafure  in 

the 


MAS 


[  457  : 


MAS 


Mafonrf.  the  frivolous  ceremonies  of  mafonry.  He  did  not  fre- 
^-^"^^*-'  quent  the  lodges.  But,  by  this  time,  they  were  the 
refort  of  many  perfons  who  were  not  of  the  profcllion, 
cr  members  ot  ihe  trading  corporation.  This  circum- 
ftance,  in  all  probabiHty,  p'.oduced  the  denominations 
oifiee  and  accepted  malons.  A  perfon  who  has  the  pri- 
vilege of  working  at  any  incorporated  trade.  Is  faid  to 
be  zfreevian  of  tliat  trade.  Otliers  were  accepud  as 
brethren,  and  admitted  to  a  kind  ol  honorary  freedom  ; 
as  is  tlie  cafe  in  many  other  trades  and  incorporations, 
without  having  (as  far  as  we  can  learn  for  certain)  a 
legal  title  to  earn  a  livelihood  by  the  exercife  of  it." 

It  was  not  till  fome  years  alter  this  period  that  tlie 
lodges  made  open  profcffion  of  the  cultivation  of  gene- 
ral benevolence,  and  th.*t  the  grand  aim  of  the  fraternity 
was  tJ  enforce  the  exercife  of  all  the  focial  virtues. 
The  eftablifhment  of  a  fund  for  the  relief  of  unfortu- 
nate brethren  did  not  take  pUce  till  tiie  very  end  of  the 
1 7th  century  ;  and  we  may  prefume,  that  it  was  brought 
about  by  the  warm  recimmendatiins  i)t  fome  benevolent 
members,  wlio  would  naturally  eulorce  it  by  addiclies 
to  their  adembled  brethren.  Hence  the  probable  origin 
of  thofe  phil.inthropic  difcourfes,  which  are  occafionally 
delivered  in  the  lodges  by  one  of  the  brethren  as  an 
cfhcial  tafk. 

The  boalled  philanthropy  of  mafons  ferves,  however, 
another  puipofe.  The  inquifitive  are  always  pr)ing 
and  teaming,  ejger  to  difcover  the  fecrets  of  their  neigh- 
bours ;  and  hence  the  brethren  are  iriduced  to  fay,  that 
nniverfal  beneficence  is  the  great  aim  ot  the  order,  for 
it  is  the  only  point  on  which  tliey  are  at  libeity  to 
fpeak.  I'hey  lorget,  tliat  univerf.il  beneficence  and 
philanthropy  are  inconfiltent  with  the  exclufive  and  mo- 
nopjlizing  fpirit  of  an  alfociation,  which  not  only  con- 
fines it  j  benevolence  to  its  own  members  (hke  any  other 
charitable  alfociation),  but  hoards  up  in  its  bofom  in- 
ellimable  fecrets,  whofe  natural  tendency,  they  fay,  is 
to  form  the  heart  to  this  generous  and  kind  conduil, 
and  infpire  us  with  love  to  all  mankind.  The  profane 
world  cannot  fee  the  beneficence  of  concealing  from  pu- 
blic view  a  principle  or  a  motive  which  fo  powerfully  in- 
duces a  mafon  to  be  good  and  kind.  Tlie  brother  fays, 
that  publicity  would  rob  it  of  its  force  ;  and  we  muft 
take  him  at  liis  word  :  and  ourcuriofity  ii  fo  much  the 
more  excited,  to  learn  what  are  tlie  fecrets  which  have 
fi)  fingular  a  quality,  for  they  mull  be  totally  unlike 
the  principles  of  fcience,  which  produce  their  efl'eiffs 
only  when  made  public. 

Tiom  this  account  of  mafonry,  it  would  appear  to 
have  been  at  firll  a  loyal  atfociali  n,  and  as  fuch  it  was 
carried  over  fiom  England  to  the  c  ntinent ;  for  all  tiie 
mafons  abro.id  prolels  to  have  icceived  their  mylleries 
from  Great  Britain.  It  was  firll  tr.infported  into  France 
by  the  zealous  adherents  of  King  J  ime^,  who,  togetiier 
■with  their  unfortunate  mailer,  took  refuge  in  that  coun- 
try ;  and  it  was  cultivated  by  the  I'lcuch  in  a  manner 
fuited  to  tlie  taile  and  habits  of  that  liighly  pnlilhed 
and  frivolous  people.  To  the  three  flmple  Britifli  de- 
grees «i apprentice,  fillow-criij't,  and  majUr,  they  gradu- 
ally added  degices  innumerable,  all  decorated  w  ill)  liars 
and  ril)bcns;  and  into  their  lodges  they  inlidduccj  the 
impieties  and  feditious  dniffrines  of  Voltaire  and  the 
other  philofophills.  Indeed,  If  tlie  account  wliich  the 
Able  Barruel  gives  of  mafonry  be jull,  it  mull  be  ad- 
mitted, that  even  the  fecrets  of  the  molf  ancient  lodges, 

SuPFL.  Vol.  II. 


though  in  one  fenfe  harmlefs  and  juft,  are  fo  cxprcfleJ,  Maf.mry. 
that  they  may  be  calily  twifted  to  very  dangerous  pur-  ^'^'"^•^ 
pofes.  This  auihor  was  advanced  by  a  few  friends  to 
the  degree  of  mailer,  without  being  obliged  to  take  the 
oath  ol  fecrecy  ;  and  being  furnifhcd  with  the  figns,  he 
got  admifijon  into  a  lodge,  v  here  he  heard  the  fecret 
legularly  communicated,  with  all  the  ordinary  forms, 
to  an  apprentice.  "  It  would  be  ufelefs,  fays  he,  to  de- 
fcribe  the  ccremoniaU  and  triaU  on  fuch  occallons  ;  for 
in  the  firll  degrees,  they  are  nothing  more  than  the  play 
of  children.  'Ihe  grand  objed  was  the  communication  of 
the  famous  fecret,  when  tlie  candidate  was  ordered  to 
approach  nearer  to  the  venerable.  At  that  moment, 
the  brethren,  who  had  been  armed  with  fwords  fcr  the 
occalion,  drawing  up  in  two  lines,  held  their  fwords 
elevated,  leaning  the  points  towards  each  other,  and 
formed  what  in  inafbnry  is  called  the  aic/>  ofjleil.  The 
candidate  pafl'ed  under  ihis  aich  to  a  foit  of  a^tar  eleva- 
ted on  two  fleps,  at  the  faithell  end  of  the  lodge.  The 
mafter,  feated  in  an  arm  chair,  or  a  fort  of  throne,  be- 
hind tliii  altar,  pronounced  a  long  difcourfe  on  the  invi- 
olability of  the  Iccrct  wliich  was  to  be  imparted,  and  on 
the  danger  of  breaking  the  oath  which  the  candidate 
was  going  to  take,  lie  pointed  to  the  naked  fwords, 
which  were  always  ready  to  pierce  the  breail  of  the 
traitor;  and  declared  to  him  that  it  was  imju'lTible  to 
efcape  their  vengeance.  The  candid.ite  then  fwore, 
"  that  rather  than  betray  the  fecret,  he  confented  to 
have  his  head  cut  off,  his  heart  and  entrails  torn  out, 
and  his  allies  cafl  before  the  winds."  Having  taken 
the  oath,  the  matler  faid  the  following  words  to  him  ; 
"  My  dear  brother,  the  ferret  of  mafonry  conlifls  in 
thefe  words,  eqi'ALIty  and  liberty;  all  met:  are  equal 
and  free  ;  all  men  are  brclhreii."  I'he  mailer  did  not 
utter  another  f) liable,  and  eveiy  body  embraced  the  new 
brother  equal  and  free.  The  lodge  broke  up,  and  we 
gayly  adjourned  to  a  mafonic  repaft." 

In  the  Britilh  lodges,  the  author  admits,  that  no 
other  interpretation  is  given  to  this  famous  fecret,  than 
that,  as  all  m.en  are  children  of  one  common  parent, 
and  creatures  of  the  fame  God,  they  are  in  duty  bound 
to  love  and  help  each  other  as  brethren  ;  but  he  con- 
tends, that  in  France  it  was  differently  interpreted  ; 
and  he  fupports  his  opinion  by  the  following  arguments : 

On  the  lith  of  Augufl  1792,  Louis  XV^I.  was  car. 
ried  a  prifbner  to  the  tower  of  the  temple,  fo  called  be- 
caufe  it  formerly  belonged  to  the  knights  templars. 
On  that  day,  the  rebel  alfembly  decreed,  that  to  the 
date  of  lihcrly  the  date  of  equality  fliould  be  added  in 
future  in  all  public  ails ;  and  the  decree  itfelf  was  da- 
ted the  fourth  year  of  liberty,  the  firll  year  and  firfl  day 
of  equality.  It  was  on  tliat  day,  for  the  firll  time,  that 
the  fecret  of  frec-mafonry  was  made  public  ;  that  fe- 
cret fo  dear  to  ihem,  and  which  they  preferved  with  all 
the  lolemnity  of  the  moll  inviolable  oaih.  At  the  read- 
ing of  this  famous  decree,  they  exclaimed,  "  We  have 
at  length  fucceeded,  and  France  is  no  other  than  an  im- 
nicnfe  lodge.  The  whole  French  people  are  tree  ma- 
tons,  and  the  whole  univerfe  will  toon  follow  their  ex- 
ample." 

"  I  witnclTed  (fiys  our  author)  this  cnthufiafin  ;  I 
heard  the  converlations  to  which  it  gave  rife  ;  I  faw 
mafon?,  til!  tlicn  the  moll  referved,  who  freely  and  open- 
ly declared,  •  Yes,  at  length  the  grand  objeifl  of  Iree- 
niafoory  is  accomplitlied,  EQi'ALirY  and  liberty  ;  all 
3   M  men 


MAS 


C    458    ] 


MAS 


Mafiinry.  tHcn  art  equal  and  Irothcrs  ;  all  men  are  free.  That  was 
^■^'"^"^^  the  whole  fubftance  ot"  our  doflrine,  the  objeft  of  our 
widies,  thi  -U'LoU  of  our  grand  fecret  !" 

This  is  a  very  llrious  charge  againft  the  original  fe- 
cret  of  mafonry,  as  it  was  undcrltood  in  France  ;  and 
though  the  author  does  not  bring  it  dire<flly  againft  the 
fame  fecret  as  undcrftoed  in  biitain,  he  yet  feems  to 
fay,  that  in  a// lodges,  the  following  queftion  is  put  to 
the  candidate  before  he  is  cntrulled  with  any  fecret :  — 
"  Brother,  arc  you  difpofed  to  execute  all  the  orders  of 
the  grand-mafter,  though  you  were  to  receive  contrary 
orders  from  a  king,  an  emperor,  or  any  other  fovcreign 
whatever?"  And  as  the  brother  is  obliged  to  promife 
this  unlimited  obedience,  it  is  eafy  to  conceive  how  much 
atraiteioub  conlpiracy  may  be  promcted  by  means  of 
malon  1  dgcs.  The  allegorical  (lory  which  is  told  at  the 
conferring  of  the  degree  of  matter,  is  capable  of  vaiious 
and  even  contrary  interpretatii'ns  ;  for  though  in  this 
country  it  was  originally  rendered  fubfervient  to  the 
purpoies  of  the  royalilh,  in  the  occult  lodges  on  the 
continent  it  has  been  made  the  vehicle  of  trealon  and 
impiety. 

When  the  degree  of  maflcr-irafon  is  to  be  conferred, 
the  lodge  is  hung  round  with  black.  In  the  middle  is 
a  coflin  covered  with  a  pall,  the  brethren  (landing  round 
it  in  attitudes  denoting  forrow  and  revenge.  When  the 
rew  adept  is  admitted,  the  mailer  relates  to  him  the 
following  hillory  or  fable  : 

*'  Adoniram  prefidcd  over  the  payment  of  the  work- 
men who  were  building  the  temple  by  Solomon's  or- 
ders. They  were  three  thoufand  workmen.  That  each 
one  might  receive  his  due,  Adoniram  divided  them  into 
three  clalfes,  apprentices,  tellow-cr.ifts,  and  maflers. 
He  entrufted  each  clafs  with  a  word,  lign?,  and  a  gripe, 
by  which  they  might  be  recogniled.  Each  clafs  was 
to  preferve  the  greateft  fecrecy  as  to  thefe  figns  and 
words.  Three  ot  the  fellow-crafts,  wilhing  to  know 
the  word,  and  by  that  means  obtain  the  falary,  of 
mailer,  hid  themfelves  in  the  temple,  and  eacli  poded 
himfelf  at  a  different  gate.  At  the  ufual  time  when 
Adoniram  came  to  Ihiit  the  gates  of  the  temple,  the 
firft  of  the  three  met  him,  and  demanded  the  word  of 
the  maflers  ;  Adoniram  retufed  to  give  it,  and  received 
a  violent  blow  wiih  a  flick  on  his  head.  He  flies  to 
another  gate,  is  met,  challenged,  and  treated  in  a  limilar 
manner  by  the  fecond  :  flying  to  the  third  door,  he  is 
killed  by  the  fellov/-craft  poded  there,  on  his  refullng 
to  betray  the  word.  Hisa(ratrins  buried  him  under  a  heap 
of  rubbifli,  and  marked  the  fpot  with  a  branch  of  acacia. 

"  Adoniram's  abfencc  gave  great  unealinefs  to  Solo- 
mon and  the  mailers.  He  is  fought  for  everywhere  :  at 
length  one  of  the  mailers  difcovers  the  corpfe,  and,  ta- 
king it  by  the  finger,  the  finger  parted  from  the  hand  ; 
he  took  it  by  the  wrift,  and  it  parted  from  the  arm  ; 
when  the  mader,  in  adonilhment,  cried  out,  Mac  Benac ; 
which  the  craft  interprets  by  "  thejlefl]  parts  from  the 
bones." 

"  Left  Adoniram  fiiould  have  revealed  the  word,  the 
mafters  convened  and  agreed  to  change  it,  and  to  fub- 
ftitute  the  words  Mac  lier.ac  ;  facred  words,  that  free- 
jnafoas  dare  not  pronounce  out  of  the  lodges,  and  there 


each  only  pronounces  one  fy liable,  leaving  hisneighbour  Mafonry. 
to  pronounce  the  other."  v^'-v'>w^ 

The  hiftory  finiflied,  the  adept  is  informed,  that  the 
objefl  of  the  degree  he  has  ju(t  received  is  to  recover 
the  word  loft  by  the  death  of  Adoniram,  and  to  re- 
venge  this  martyr  of  the  niafonic  fecrecy.  The  gener- 
ality of  mafons,  looking  upon  this  hiftory  as  no  more 
than  a  fable,  and  the  ceremonies  as  puerile,  give  them- 
felves very  little  trouble  to  fearch  farther  into  thefe 
myfteries. 

Thefe  fports,  however,  alTume  a  more  ferious  afpeil 
when  we  arrive  at  the  degree  of  ele>.'t  (Ehi.J  This  de- 
gree is  fubdivided  into  two  parts ;  the  tird  has  the  re- 
venging of  Adoniram  for  its  objeiS,  the  other  to  recover 
the  word,  or  rather  the  facred  dodlrlne  which  it  ex- 
prelTed,  and  which  has  been  loll. 

In  this  degree  of  eleft,  all  the  brethren  appear  drelTed 
in  black,  wearing  a  breaft-piece  on  the  left  fide,  on 
which  is  embroidered  a  death's  head,  a  bone,  and  a 
poignard,  encircled  by  the  motto  of  Conquer  or  die.  The 
fame  motto  is  embroidered  on  a  ribband  which  thef 
wear  in  faltier.  Every  thing  breathes  death  and  re- 
venge. The  candidate  is  led  into  the  lodge  blindfolded, 
with  bloody  gloves  on  his  hands.  An  adept  with  a 
poignard  in  his  hand  threatens  to  run  him  through  the 
heart  for  the  crime  with  which  he  is  accufed  After  va- 
rious frights,  he  obtains  his  life,  on  condition  that  he 
will  revenge  the  father  of  mafonry  in  the  death  of  his 
alfadln.  He  is  Ihevvn  to  a  dark  cavern.  He  is  to  pe- 
netrate into  it;  and  they  call  to  him,  Strike  all  that 
(hall  oppofe  you  ;  enter,  defend  yourfelf,  and  avenge 
our  mader  ;  at  that  price  you  fhall  receive  the  det^ree 
of  eleft.  A  poignard  in  his  right  hand,  a  lamp  in  his 
left,  he  proceeds  ;  a  pliantom  oppofes  his  pa/Tage  ;  he 
hears  the  fame  voice  repeat.  Strike,  avenge  Hiram, 
there  is  his  afl'aflin.  He  ftrikes,  and  the  blood  flows. — 
Stiike  off  his  head,  the  voice  repeats ;  and  the  head  of 
the  corpfe  is  lying  at  his  feet.  He  feizes  it  by  the  hair 
(a),  and  triumphantly  carries  it  back  as  a  proof  of  his 
victory  ;  fhows  it  to  each  of  the  brethren,  and  is  judged 
worthy  of  the  new  degree. 

Our  author  fays,  that  he  has  queftioned  divers  ma- 
fons wheth.  r  this  apprentieediip  to  ferocity  and  murder 
had  never  given  them  the  idea,  that  the  head  to  be  cut 
off  was  that  of  kings  ;  but  they  all  aflirmed  that  fuch 
an  idea  had  never  occurred  to  them  till  the  French  re- 
volution had  convinced  them  of  the  {aSX.  Ac  this  in- 
deed ve  are  not  furpriled.  The  affallin  of  Hiram  is 
no  where  ("aid  to  liave  been  a  kins; ;  and  why  fhnuld  the 
young  ele<5l  have  fuppofed,  that  when  ftabbina;  that  af« 
fafiin,  he  was  training  to  be  a  regicide  ?  The  cere- 
mony, however,  i^  certainly  ferocious  in  the  highed  de- 
gree, and  obvioufly  calculated  to  reconcile  the  mafons 
of  the  occult  lodges  to  the  praiffice  of  afraifinaiirin  at  the 
command  of  their  (uperiors;  and  when  it  is  remembered, 
that  they  are  bound  to  pay  obedience  to  thole  unfsen  fii- 
periors  even  againft  their  lawful  fovereigns,  the  atrocities 
of  the  revolution  would  naturally  make  them  interpret 
this  (hocking  ceremony  as  it  is  interpreted  by  the  Abbe. 

It  was  the  fame  with  refpecfl  to  the  religious  prrt  of 
this  degree,  where  the  adept  is  at  once  pontiff  and  fa- 

crificer 


(a)  The  reader  may  eafily  conceive  that  this  corpfe  is  no  more  than  a  mannikin  containing  bladders  full  of  blood. 


MAS 


[    459    ] 


MAS 


Mafonr^  crificer  with  the  reft  of  the  brethren.  Veiled  in  the 
^■^'"'^'"*^  ornaments  of  the  priefthood,  they  oflfcr  bread  and  wine, 
according  to  the  order  oi  Melchifedec.  'I'he  fecret  ob- 
je<5l  of  this  ceremony  is  to  re-eftablifti  reh'glous  equa- 
lity, and  to  exhibit  all  men  equally  priefts  and  pontiffs, 
to  recal  the  brethren  to  natural  religion,  and  to  per- 
fu^de  them  that  the  religion  of  Mofes  and  cf  Chrift  had 
violated  religious  equality  and  liberty  by  the  diftincSion 
of  priefts  and  Uiiy.  It  was  the  revolution  again  which 
opened  the  eyes  of  many  of  the  adepts,  who  then  owned 
that  they  had  been  dupes  to  this  impiety,  as  they  had 
been  to  the  regicide  effay  in  the  former  part. 

Our  author  treats  the  fraternity  of  the  occult  lodges 
through  the  higher  degrees  of  Scotch  mafonry,  thofe 
of  the  Roficrucians,  and  tliat  of  the  knights  Kadofch  ; 
and  fums  up  his  account  in  the  ibllnwing  terms : 

"  In  the  two  firft  degrees,  that  is  to  fay,  in  ihofe  of 
apprentice  .ind  feUoiu  craft,  the  feci  begins  by  throwing 
out  its  equality  and  liberty.  After  that,  it  occupies 
the  attention  of  its  novices  with  puerile  games  of  frater- 
nity or  mafouic  repafts ;  but  it  already  trains  irs  adepts 
to  the  profoundeft  fecrecy  by  the  moft  frightful  oaths. 

"  In  that  of  majltr,  it  relates  the  allegorical  hiftory 
of  Adoniram,  who  is  to  be  avenged  ;  and  of  the  iword, 
which  is  to  be  recovered. 

"  In  the  degree  of  ele8,  it  trains  the  adepts  to  ven- 
gcance,  without  pointing  out  the  perfon  on  whom  it  is 
to  fall.  It  carries  them  back  to  the  time  of  the  pa- 
triarchs, when,  according  to  them,  men  knew  no  reli- 
gion but  that  of  nature,  and  when  every  body  was 
equally  prieft  and  pontiff.  But  it  had  not  as  yet  de- 
clared that  all  religion  revealed  lince  the  time  of  the 
patriarchs  was  to  be  thrown  afide. 

"  This  lift  myrtcry  is  only  developed  in  the  Scotch 
degrees.  There  the  brethren  are  declared  free  :  The 
word  (o  long  fought  for  is,  Deifm;  it  is  the  worlhip  of 
Jehovah,  fuch  as  was  known  to  the  philofophers  of  na- 
ture. The  tiue  mafon  becomes  the  pontiff  of  Jeho- 
vah ;  and  fuch  is  the  grand  myftery  by  which  he  is  ex- 
tricated from  that  darknefs  in  which  the  prophane  are 
involved. 

"  In  the  degree  Rofa  Crucit,  he  who  wrefted  tlie 
•word,  who  deftroyed  the  worlhip  of  Jehovah,  is  Chrift 
himfelf,  the  author  of  Chriftianity  ;  and  it  is  on  the  Gof- 
pcl  and  on  the  Son  of  Man  that  the  adept  is  to  avenge 
the  brethren,  the  pnnlitfs  of  Jehovah. 

"  At  length,  on  his  reception  as  Kadofch,  he  learns 
that  the  aliailln  of  ^idciiiram  is  the  king,  who  is  to  be 
killed  to  avenge  the  grand  m.ifter  MoUy,  and  the  order 
of  the  maCons  fuccellors  of  the  knights  templars.  The 
religion  which  is  to  be  dellroyed  to  recover  the  ivord, 
or  the  true  dodrine,  is  the  religion  of  Chrift,  founded 
on  revelation.  This  word  in  its  full  extent  is  equality 
and  liberty,  to  be  eftablilhed  by  the  total  overthrow  of 
the  altar  and  the  throne. 

"  .Such  are  the  incipient  degrees,  the  procefs,  and 
the  whole  fyftem  of  mafonry  ;  it  is  thus  that  the  feft, 
by  its  gradual  explanation  of  its  twofold  principle  of 
equality  and  liberty,  of  its  allegory  of  the  founder  of 
mafonry  to  be  avenged,  r«f  the  word  to  be  recovered, 
leading  the  adepts  from  fecret  to  fecret,  at  length  ini- 
tiates  them  into  the  whole  Jacobinical  code  of  revolu- 
tion." 

If  this  account  of  mafmry  be  not  greatly  exagger- 
ated, what  are  we  to  think  of  thofe  men  among  cur- 


felves,  who,  fince  the  publication  of  the  Abbe  Barruel's 
book  and  Dr  Robifon's,  have  difplayed  a  zeal  for  the 
propagation  of  their  myfteries,  by  which  they  fcemed 
not  to  be  formerly  adnated,  and  to  wiiich  the  import- 
ance of  the  bufiucfs  that,  by  their  own  account,  is 
tranfifled  in  the  lodges,  cannot  be  thought  to  bear  an 
adequate  proportion  ?  It  is  not  enough  to  fay  that  Brj. 
tilh  mafonry  is  harmlcfs,  and  that  the  eq-jality  and  li- 
berty taught  in  our  lodges  are  the  equality  and  liberty 
taught  in  the  bible.  Without  direftly  queftioning  this 
alTertion,  we  only  beg  leave  to  put  cur  countrymen  in 
remembrance,  that  Fiench  and  German  mafonry,  as  it 
was  derived  from  Britain,  muft  have  been  originally  as- 
harmlefs  as  our  own  ;  and  to  call  iheir  attention  to  the 
munftrous  fuperftruiflures  of  impiety  and  rebellion  which 
in  thefe  countries  have  been  raifed  upon  our  foundation. 
Have  there  been  no  fymptoms  of  fedition  and  irreligion 
among  us,  fince  the  conim«ncement  of  the  French  re- 
volution, that  we  fhould  be  io  confident  that  the  equa- 
lity and  liberty  of  our  lodges  will  never  degenerate  into 
the  equality  and  hberty  of  the  French  Jacobins  ?  This 
cannot  be  faid  ;  for  it  has  been  pro»  cJ,  that  there  are 
feveral  occult  lodges  in  Britain  ;  and  what  fecurity  have 
we,  or  what  iecurity  can  we  receive,  that  their  number 
will  not  increafe  ?  The  legillature  indeed  has  lately  laid 
fome  falutary  reftraints  on  the  meetings  of  mafons ;  but 
fuch  is  the  nature  of  thefe  meetings,  that  nothing  can  ef- 
feiftually  fecure  us  againft  tlie  introduflicn  of  the  higher 
myfteries,  but  the  voluntary  ihutting  up  for  a  time  of 
all  lodges.  This  has  been  done  by  the  honeft  mafons 
in  Germany;  and  why  may  it  not  be  done  by  the  ma- 
fons in  Britain!'  The  fund  for  the  relief  of  poor  breth. 
ren  may  furely  be  managed  wi.hout  fecrecy  ;  the  figns 
and  giipe  may  be  communicated  witliout  the  luord,  or 
exafting  a  promife  of  implicit  obedience  ;  and  the  relin- 
quilhing  of  the  joys  of  a  focial  hour  would  be  no  great 
facrifice  to  the  peace  of  a  country. 

But   is    Brililh    mafonry  really  fo   harmlefs   as  the 
younger  mafons  wifh  us  to  believe  ?  The  writer  of  thefe 
refle<^ions  was    never   initiated   in   its   myfteries,    and 
therefore  cannot,  from  his  own  knowledge,  lay  what  is 
their  tendency  ;  but  he  has  no  hefitation  to  aflirm,  be- 
caule  he  believes  himfelf  able  to  demonftrate,  that  it  is 
grofsly  immoral  to  prumife  implicit  obedience  to  un- 
known fuperiors,  or  to  fwear  that  one  will  keep  invio- 
late a  fecret,  to  the  nature  of  which  he  is  an  abfolute 
ftranger.     He  liopcs,  indeed,  and  is  inclined  to  believe, 
that,  in  the  decent  lodges  of  Britain,  the  candidate  is 
aft'ured,  before  he  is  required  to  take  the  oath,  that  the 
fecret  to  be  communicated,  and  the  obedience  which  he 
is  to  pay,  militate  in  no  refpeft  againft  the  civil  govern- 
ment or  the  religion  of  his  country  ;  but  ftill  if  the  fe- 
cret contain  information  of  value,  it  is,  in  his  opinion, 
fintul  to  keep  it  a  fecret ;  and  he  cannot  conceive  upon 
W'hat  principle  a  na;iveof  Britain  can  promife  unlimit- 
ed oliedience  to  any  human  being.     The  myfteries  of 
mall')nry  muft  relate  to  fomething  which  is  either  im- 
portant and  laudable ;  frivolous,  though  innocent;  or 
dangerous  and  immoral.     To  confine  to  a  feft  any  in- 
formation which  is  laudable  and  important,  is  furely 
nrt  to  3(51  the  part  of  genuine  philanthropilh  ;  to  ad- 
miniller  the  moft  tremendous  o^ths  in  the  midft  of  fri- 
volous amufements,  is  to  violate  one  of  the  moft  facred 
precepts  of  our  holy  religion  ;  and,  as  no  man  will  pre- 
tend to  vindicate  dangerous  and  immoral  myfteries,  ma- 
3  M  2  fonry 


Mifimry. 


MAS 


C     460     ] 


MAT 


u 

MafTiilan. 


Mafquc    foiiry  appears,  in  every  point  in  which  it  can  be  placed, 
Pacoua,     an  aflbciation  which  no  good  Chriftian  will  think  him- 
felf  at  liberty  to  encourage. 

MASQl^E  PACONA,  a  jurifdiaion  of  Charcas, 
in  Peru,  extending  above  30  leagues.  Its  air  is  hot, 
but  not  too  great  for  vines.  The  city  of  the  fame 
name,  where  the  bifhop  of  Santa  Ciuz  de  la  Sierra  re- 
fides,  is  very  thinly  inhabited  ;  but  there  are  in  other 
parts  of  the  jurifdidion,  feveral  populous  towns.  It 
produces  all  kinds  of  grain  and  fruits  ;  honey  and  wax 
conrtitute  a  principal  part  of  its  trade. — Morse. 

MASQl'ES,  or  Cl.ilqucs  and  Mu/</uej,  a  jurifdiaion 


MASEY'S-TOVVN,  in  the  N.  W.  Territory,  ftands    U^cy\ 
on  the  northern  bank  of  Ohio  river,  between  the  rivers  II 

Little  Miami  and  Sciota i6.  J^l^J^Xi^ 

MASSY'S    CROSS     ROADS,    in   Kent  county, '"'^^^ 
M.iiyland,  is  N.  E.  of  New  Market,  S.  E.  of  George. 
Town,  and  S.  by  W.  of  Salfafras-Town,  a  little  more 
than  5  miles  from  each. — ili. 

MAST  Buy,  on  the  north  fide  of  the  ifland  of  Ja- 
maica, in  the  N.  \V.  part.  It  is  eaftward  of  Montego 
Bay,  and  near  the  (hclf  of  rocks  that  lies  from  the 
ihore,  called  Catlin's  Cliffs. — ib. 

MASTICK  Gut,  on  the  S.  W.  fide  of  the  ifland  of 


of  Cafco,  in  Peru,  which  begins  about  7  or  8  leagues    St  Chriftopher's  in  the  Wejl-Indies,  is^  between  Moline' 
from  Cafco,  extending  about  30  in  length. — ib. 

MASS.'^C,  a  fort  built  by  the  French,  on  the  north- 
veftern  fide  of  the  Ohio,  about  1  i  miles  below  the 
inouth  of  Tennelfee  river.  Its  remains  (land  on  a 
high  bank,  in  a  healthy  agreeable  fituation. — ii. 

MASSACHUSETTS,  Fort,  Bands  on  the  north- 
weltern  corner  of  the  State  ol  its  name,  in  N.  laC.  42° 
41-30'';  19  miles  N.  E.  by  N.  of  Pittsfield,  and  20 
due  E  of  Lanfingburgh  city,  in  New-York  State. — ii. 
Massachusetts  Sound,  on  the  N.  W.  C"aft  of 
North-America,  is  filuatcd  on  the  fouthern  fide  ot  the 
Quadras  Illes,  and  IcaJs  from  the  W,  into  Nootka 
Sound  along  the  N.  fide  of  Kendrick's  Ifland,  whofe 
eaftern  fide  form  ,  with  Point  Breakfaft,  the  mouth  of 
Nootka  Sound. — ib. 

MASSACRE  River  paffes  out  of  the  Straits  of 
Magellan  S.  W.  into  the  fuppofed  channel  ot  St  Bar- 
baia,  which  cuts  through  the  ifland  of  Teira  del 
Fuego,  through  which,  we  are  inibrmcd,  Capt.  Mare- 
anille  of  Marfeilles  palTed  in  1713  into  the  South  Paci- 
fic Ocean. — ib. 

Massacre  River,  on  the  N.  fide  of  the  Ifland  of 
St  Domingo,  falls  into  the  bay  of  Manctntlla. — ib. 

Massacre,  a  fmall  ifl.md  on  the  coaft  of  Welf-Flo- 
rida,  2  miles  to  the  eallward  of  Horn  Ifland;  10  miles 
from  the  main  land,  all  the  way  acrofs  there  ib  fiom 
2  to  3  fathoms ;  except  the  fnoal  called  La  Grand  Ba- 
lure,  which  (Iretches  a  league  liom  the  main  land, 
with  2  or  3  feet  water  on  it,  and  in  fonie  places  not  fo 
much.  Behind  it  is  a  large  bay  called  L'Ance  de  la 
Grand  Bature,  8  miles  E.  of  Pafcagoula  bluff. — ib. 

MASSAFUERO,  an  Ifland  in  the  S.  Pacific  Ocean, 
called  by  the  Spaniards  the  LelTer  Juan  Fcrnandes,  22 
leagues  W.  by  S.  of  the  Greater  Juan  Fernandes.  It 
has  always  been  reprefented  by  the  Spaniards  as  a  bar- 
ren rock,  without  wood,  water  or  provifions.  But 
Lord  Anion  found  this  to  be  a  political  falfity,  aifert- 
ed  to  prevent  hoflile  vedcls  from  touching  there. 
There  is  anchorage  on  the  N.  lide  in  deep  water, 
where  a  fingle  Ihip  may  be  flieltered  clofe  under  the 
ftiore,  but  is  expofed  to  all  winds  except  the  fouth. 
According  to  Capt.  Magee  of  the  (Lip  Jeffcrfon,  it  is 
38  leagues  to  the  welUvard  of  Juan  Fernandes,  and  in 


Gut  on  the  N.  W.  and  Godwin's  Gut  on  the  fouth- 
eall. — ib. 

MASTIGON,  a  river  which  runs  weftward  into 
lake  Michigan  about  11  miles  north  r.f  La  Grande 
Riviere.     It  is  150  yards  wide  at  its  mouth. — ib. 

MASUAH   (See  Massuah,  Encycl.)  is  m  latitude 
15"  3S'  5"  north,  and  in  longitude  39"  36'  30"  call  of 
Greenwich.     On  the  22d  of  September  1769  Mr  Bruce 
found  the  variation  of  the  needle  at  Mafuah  to  be  12''    • 
48'  welt. 

MATA,  Point,  on  the  northern  fide  of  the  ifland 
of  Cuba,  and  9  leagues  N.  W.  of  Cape  Maify. — Morse^ 
MATACA,  or  Mantaca,  is  a  commodious  bay  on 
the  N.  coall  of  the  ifland  of  Cuba,  where  tlie  galleons 
ufually  come  to  take  in  Irelb  water  on  their  return  to 
Spain,  about  12  leagues  trom  the  Havannah.  It  ap- 
pears to  be  the  fame  as  Matanze,  in  lit.  23''  12'  N. 
long.  81"  16'  W.  Peter  Heyn  took  a  great  part  of  a 
rich  fleet  of  Spanifli  galleons  here  in  1627. — ib, 

MATALl,  A  province  of  S  America,  towards  the 
river  Amazon,  between  the  mouth  of  Madeira  and 
Tapaifa  riv;.rs. — ib. 

MATANCA,  or  Manancet,  a  fliort  and  broad  river 
of  E.  Floiida  which  falls  into  the  ocean  fouth  of  St 
Auguftine. — ib. 

MA  TANCHEL,  a  fea-port  on  the  weft  coaft  of 
New  Mexico,  about  20  leagues  to  the  N.  E.  of  the 
rocks  of  Pon'eque,  over  which,  in  clear  weather,  may 
be  feen  a  very  high  hill,  with  a  break  on  the  top,  cal- 
led the  hill  of  Xilifco,  and  may  be  feen  8  cir  9  leagues, 
from  the  port. — ib. 

MATANE,  a  river  of  Canada,  in  N.  America,  the 
mouth  ot  which  is  capable  of  admitting  vclfels  of  200 
tons  burden.     All  this  coaft,  efpecially  near  this  river, 
for  20  leagues,  abounds  in  cod,   which  might  employ 
500  Ihallops  or  filhing  fmacks  at  a  lime.     The  ffli  is 
veiy  fine,  and  fit  for  exportation  to  the  Straits.  Spain, 
and  the  Levant.     Gieat  numbers  of  whales  have  been 
alU>  feen  floating  upon  the  water,  which  may  be  llruck 
with  a  harp"on,  and  prove  a  very  valuable  fifliery. — ib, 
M.ATANZAS,    or  Matance,    a  large   bay   on   the 
north  fide  ot  the  ifland  of  Cuba,   14  leagues  fouth-eaft 
cf  the   Havannah,  but  fome  accounts  fay   20  leagues, 
about  33°  30'  S.  lat.  and  Sa*'  W.  long,  from  Green-    From  Cape  Quibanico  to  this  bay  the  cuaft  is  weft- 
•wich. — lb.  north--.',  eft — ib. 

My\SSANUTEN'S  River,  a  weftern  branch  of  the  MATAVIA  Bay,  or  Port  Royal  Buy,  is  fituated 
Shenandoah. — ib.  wi.hin  Point  Venub  near  the  north  part  "f  the  ifland  of 

MASSEDAN  Bay,  on  the  N.  Pacific  Ocean,  and  Olaheite,  but  open  to  the  north-well,  and  in  th:  louth 
W.  coaft  of  Mexico,  is  fituated  between  Acapulco  and  Pacific  Ocean.  The  eaft  fide  (jf  the  bay  has  good 
Aquacara,  a  port  near  the  cape  of  California,  where  anchorage  in  14  and  16  fathoms.  S.  lat.  17°  29',  VV. 
Sir  Thomas  Cavendilh  lay  ajfter  he  had  paffed  the  long.  149°  3c',  and  the  variation  cf  the  compafs  3" 
Suaits  of  Magellan. — ib,  34'  eaft, — lb, 

MATCH- 


Matcha- 

dock, 

II 
Matthewi. 


MAT  [46 

MATCHADOCK  Bay,  in  the  eafternmoft  part  of 
Lake  Huron. — ib. 

MATH  ANON  Port,  in  the  foutheaft  part  of  the 
ifland  of  Cuba,  is  one  of  thofe  ports  on  that  coaft 
whirh  afford  good  anchorage  for  (hips,  but  with- 
out itny  ufe  for  want  of  them.  It  is  between  Cape 
Cruz  aiid  Cape  Maizi,  at  the  eaft  end  of  the  ifland. 
—tb 

MATHEWS,  Fort,  (lands  on  the  ealtern  fide  of 
Oconee  river,  in  the  S.  weKern  part  ot  Frankhn  coun- 
ty,   Georgia. — ib. 

Mathews,  a  county  of  Virginia,  bounded  W.  by 
Gloucclti.r,  from  which  it  was  taken  fmce  1790;  ly- 
ing on  'he  W.  fhore  of  the  bay  of  Chefape;^k.  It  is 
about   18  miles  in  length  and  6  in  breadth. — ib. 

M-\TICALOC  River,  on  the  W.  coail  of  New 
Mexico,  is  7  leagues  from  Cataha  Strand,  or  the  port 
of  Sanfonate.  It  is  much  espofed  to  northerly  winds, 
and  is  known  by  feme  fmall  but  high  hills  that  are  op- 
pofite  to  it.  There  is  another  large  river  to  the  well- 
ward  of  it,  about  4  league?,  which  has  2  falh^ms  upon 
the  bar  ;  and  from  ihcnce  to  the  bar  of  E(fapa  it  is  15 
leagues. — ib. 

MATILDA,  a  village  of  Virginia  fituated  on  the 
foulh-well  bank  of  Patowmac  river,  above  Walhington 
city,  and  near  the  Great  Falls. — ib. 

MATIN ICUS  IJl^nds,  on  the  coaft  of  Maine. 
When  you  pafs  to  the  well  of  thefe  ifl.inds,  the  main 
pafl'age  from  the  fea  to  Penobfcot  Bay  lies  about  north 
by  well.  Matinicus  lies  north  lat.  43*  56',  weft  long. 
68"  20'. — ib. 

MATMAI,  or  Matsumai,  is  the  largeft  of  the  Ku- 
rile  ilLinds  ;  and  if  it  be  not  independent,  is  tributary 
to  Japan.  The  capital  town  of  the  fame  name,  Mat- 
mai,  is  fituated  on  the  fea-(hore,  on  the  foulh-well  fide. 
It  was  built  and  is  inhabited  by  the  Japanele.  It  is  a 
fortified  place,  lurni(hed  with  artillery,  and  defended  by 
a  numerous  gairifon.  The  illand  ot  Matmai  is  the  place 
of  exile  (or  perlons  of  dillinLtion  at  Japan:  it  is  fepa- 
rated  from  that  empire  by  only  a  narrow  channel,  but 
which  is  confidered  as  dangerous,  becaufe  ihe  capes, 
which  projedl  on  both  fides,  render  the  navigation  dif- 
ficult. The  people  are  f.iid  to  be  fenfible  to  liicnd- 
fhip,  hofpitible,  generous,   and  humane. 

MATTA  DE  BRAZIL,  a  town  in  the  captain- 
fliip  of  Pernambuco,  in  Brazil ;  about  9  leagues  from 
OlinJa.  It  is  very  populous;  and  quaiuiiies  of  Bra- 
zil aie  lent  from  this  country  to  Europe. — Morse. 

MATT  A  PONY,  a  navij'.able  liver  of  Viiginia, 
which  rifes  in  Spoiiiylvania  county,  and  running  a  S. 
E.  cuurl'e,  j.'ins  Pamunky  river,  below  the  ti-wn  of 
De  la  War,  and  together  form  York  river.  This  river 
will  admit  loaded  floats  to  Downei's  bridge,  70  miles 
above  its  mouth. — ib. 

MATTES,  on  the  eaft  coaft  of  SouthAmcrica,  in 
the  fouth  A'lantic  Ocean,  is  in  lat.  45°  5'  fouth,  and 
long.  64°  25'  well  — ib. 

MATTHEO  IJLnJ,  St,  or  St  Matthew't  IJland, 
in  the  S.  Atlantic  Ocean.     S.  lat    1°  24'. — ib. 

MATTHEWS  Buy,  Si,  in  the  Guif  of  Mexico, 
on  the  W.  (hore  of  Campeacliy  Gu'.f,  is  more  il.an  100 
leagues  to  the  N.  of  rumbez. — ib. 

^IATTHEWs,  St,  or  Miiideo  Buy,  on  ihe  coaft  of 
Peru,  on  the  N.  Pacific  Ocean,  is  6  ie.ipuos  to  the  N. 
E.  by  E.  from  Point  Galera,  and  5  or  6  le.igucs  S.  S. 


I       ] 


MAY 


W.  from  the  river  St  Jago,  between  which  there  is  an- 
chorange  all  the  way,  if  (hips  keep  at  leaft  in  6  fathoms 
water.  It  is  all  high  land  with  hollow  red  crags,  and 
feveral  points  run  out,  forming  good  retreats  for  (hips 
driven  in  by  hard  fqualls  and  flaws  from  the  hills,  and 
by  the  feas  running  high,  which  often  happen. — ib. 

MAUGERVILLE,  a  townlhip  in  Sunbury  county, 
province  of  New  Brunfwick,  fituated  on  St  John's  ri- 
ver, oppofite  St  Annes,  and  30  miles  above  Belifle. 
—ib. 

MAUREPAS,  an  ifland  on  the  north  eaft  coaft  of 
Lake  Superior,  and  north-eaft  of  Ponchartrain  ifland. 
—ib. 

Maurepas,  a  lake  in  W.  Florida,  which  communi- 
cates well  ward  with  MifTiffippi  river,  through  the  Gut 
of  Ibberville,  and  eaftward  with  Lake  Ponchartrain. 
It  is  10  miles  long,  7  broad,  and  hai  10  or  12  feet 
water  in  it.  The  country  lound  it  is  low,  and  covered 
with  cyprefs,  live-oak,  myrtle,  &c.  Two  creeks  fall 
into  this  lake,  one  from  the  north  fide,  called  Natta- 
banie,  the  other  from  the  peninfula  of  Oi leans.  From 
the  Ibberville  at  its  junflicn  with  Maurepas  to  the 
river  Amit  is  39  miles,  and  from  thence,  fillowing 
the  Ibberville,  to  the  MilTilllppi  at  the  W.  fide  of  the 
peninfula  of  Orleans,  21  miles.  From  the  Ibberville 
acrofs  the  lake,  it  is  7  miles  to  the  palfage  leading  to 
Ponchartrain.  The  length  of  this  palTage  is  7  miles, 
and  only  300  yards  in  width,  whicli  is  divided  into 
two  branches  by  an  iflind  that  extends  from  Maurepas 
to  about  the  diftance  of  a  mile  from  Ponchartrain. 
The  fcuth  channel  is  the  deepeft  and  fhortell.  The 
palFage  thence  through  Lake  Ponchartrain,  to  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  is  above  50  miles. — ib. 

Maurepas  IJlund,  on  the  coaft  of  Cape  Breton, 
the  fame  as  the  IJJc  Madaotc ib. 

MAURICE  Bay,  on  the  W.  fide  of  Cape  Farewell 
Ifland,  or  S.  extremity  of  E.  Greenland,  and  the  prin- 
cipal harbour  of  that  fea  — ib. 

Maurice,  Port,  on  the  E.  coaft  of  Terra  del  Fuego 
Ifland,  is  on  the  W.  (hore  of  Le  Maire  Stiaits,  between 
that  ifland  and  Stamen  Land  on  the  E.  and  N.  of  the 
bay  of  Good  Succefs.  It  is  a  fmall  cove,  having  an- 
chorage before  it  in  124  fathoms,  about  half  a  mile 
from  the  (Lore,  over  coral  rocks. — ib. 

Maurice  River,  the  name  of  a  place  in  Cumber- 
land county,  New-Jerfey. — ib. 

Maurice  River,  in  fome  maps  called  corruptly 
Morris,  rifes  in  Gloucefter  county,  Ne;v.Jerl'ey,  and 
runs  louthwardly  about  40  miles,  and  empties  into 
Delaware  Bay;  is  navig.ible  for  velfcls  of  100  tons 
20  miles,  and  for  fmall  cratt  confiderably  further. — ib. 

MAXANTALLA  IJhnd,  is  near  the  port  of  Ma- 
tanchel  on  the  W.  coaft  of  New-Mexico,  and  en  the 
Ni  rth  Pacific  ocean. — ib. 

May,  Capt,  the  moll  foutherly  point  of  land  of  the 
Stale  of  Newjcrfey,  and  the  N.  point  (1  the  entrance 
into  Delaware  Bay  and  river,  in  lat-  39",  and  1  >ng. 
74"  56'  W.  The  time  of  high  water  on  fpring  tide 
clays,  is  a  quarter  belorc  nine  o'clock. — ib. 

MAY  POINT,  on  ihe  S.  fide  of  Ncw-Foundland 
Ifland,  a  point  of  the  peninfula  between  Fortune  and 
Placcntia  B.iys. — ib. 

MAYAGUANA,  one  cf  the  Bahama  iflands  in  the 
Weft-Indies,  and  ihs  fame  with  M.iranella,  and  in  lat. 
22"  51'  N.  aiihc  N  point,  and  long.  72°  57'  W. — ib. 

MAYFIELD, 


T.Iauger- 
viUe, 


M     A    Y 


[     462     ] 


M     E     A 


Mayfiitd,       MAYFIELD,  a  cowndiip  ill  Montgomery  county, 

II         New-York,  adjoining  Broadabin  on  the  wedward,  ta- 

^^^2[J!!^[^  ken  trom  Caughnawaga,  and  incorporated  in  1793.  In 

1796,  126  of  its  inhabitants  were  qualified  elevflots. — ii. 

MAY'S  I. id,  in  Malbn  county,  Kentucky,  a  fait 
fpring  on  a  branch  of  Licking  river,  9  miles  S.  S.  W. 
of  Walhington,  on  the  fouth  bank  of  the  Ohio,  and  15 
northerly  of  the  Blue  Licks. — ii. 

MAYNAS,  a  government,  formerly  the  eaftern 
limit  of  the  jurifdiflion  uf  Quito  in  Peru,  and  joining 
on  the  call  to  the  goveinn)eiit!>  of  Quixos  and  Jaen  de 
Bracamcros.  In  its  territory  are  the  fources  of  thofe 
rivers  which,  after  traverfmg  a  vail  extent,  form,  by 
their  confluence,  the  famous  river  of  th;  Ama/ons.  It 
is  fcparatcd  from  the  podelllons  of  the  Portuguefe,  by 
the  famous  line  of  demarcation,  or  the  boundary  of 
thofe  countries  belonging  to  Spain  snd  Portugal.  Its 
capital  is  San  Francifco  de  Borja,  the  rtfiJence  of  the 
fiiovernor,  but  the  Superior  relides  at  Santiago  de  la 
Laguna.  There  are  feveral  mifllons  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Maynas,  and  diocefe  of  Qiiito,  particularly  12 
on  the  river  Napo,  and  24  on  the  Maranon  or  Ama- 
zon ;  many  of  them  are  boih  large  and  populous. — il/. 

MAYO  R-'jrr,  on  theeaftlliore  of  the  Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia, and  well  coaft  of  New-Bifcay,  in  the  province 
of  that  name,  foims  a  fpacious  bay  at  its  mouth,  in 
lat.  27"  40'  N.  and  long.  114"  W. — ii. 

MAYORGA  (Martin  de).  See  Don  Martin,  &c. 
in  this  Sappl. 

MAYOW  (John),  whofe  difcoveries  in  chemiftry 
have  aftoniihed  the  fcientific  part  of  ihe  public,  defcend- 
ed,  fays  Wood,  from  a  genteel  family  living  at  Bree  in 
the  county  of  Carnival/.  His  father  was  probably  a 
younger  fon,  bred  to  bufmefs ;  for  our  author  was  born 
in  Fleet-llreet,  London,  in  the  parilh  of  St  Dunftan's  in 
the  Weft.  At  what  fchool  he  received  the  rudiments  of 
his  education,  a  circumftance  which  the  biographers  of 
men  eminent  in  the  republic  of  letters  Ihould  never  omit, 
we  have  not  been  able  to  learn  ;  but  on  the  271]!  (f 
September  1661,  when  he  had  juft  completed  his  i6th 
year,  he  was  admitted  a  fcholar  of  Wadham  college,  Ox- 
ford. Some  time  afterwards,  on  the  recommendation 
of  Henry  Coventry,  Efq;  one  of  the  fecretaries  of  ftate, 
he  was  chofen  probationer  fellow  of  All  fouls  college. 
As  Wood  informs  us  that  he  had  here  a  LegijTs  phici, 
an  expreffion  by  which  we  underftand  a  law-tellowfhip, 
it  is  not  wonderful  that  he  took  his  degrees  in  the  civil 
law,  though  phyfic  and  the  phyfical  fciences  were  the 
favourite  objeds  of  his  lludy.  He  was  indeed  an  emi- 
nent phylician,  practifjng  both  in  London  and  in  Bath, 
but  in  the  latter  city  chiefly  in  the  fummer  months,  till 
the  year  1679,  ^^hcn  he  died,  fome  time  during  the 
mon'.h  of  September,  in  the  houfe  of  an  apothecary  in 
Yorkflrcet,  Cnvetit  Garden,  and  was  buried  in  the 
church  of  that  parilh.  He  had  been  married,  fays  Wood, 
a  little  before  his  death,  not  altogether  to  hi-,  content ; 
and  inJeed  he  muil  have  been  very  dilcontented,  if  he 
chofe  to  die  in  the  houle  of  a  friend  rather  than  in  his 
own.  He  publiflied,  "  Tractatus  qulnque  medico  phy- 
fici,  I.  De  talnitro  ;  2.  De  refpiratione  ;  3.  De  refpira- 
tione  foetus  in  utero  et  ovn  ;  4.  De  motu  mufculari  et 
fpiritibus  ammalibus ;  5.  De  Rachitide."  Thefe  were 
publilhed  together  in  8vo  at  Oxford,  in  1674;  but 
there  is  an  edition  of  two  of  them,  "  De  refpiratione," 


and  "  De  Rachitide,"  publifhed  together  at  Leyden  in 
1671. 

Tnc  fame  of  this  author  has  been  lately  revived  and 
extended  by  Dr  Beddoes,  who  publifhed,  in  1790, 
"  Cliemical  Experiments  and  Opinions,  extrafted  from 
a  work  publilhed  in  the  laft  century,"  8vo  ;  in  which  he 
gives  to  Mayow  the  highell  credit  as  a  chemift,  and 
afcribes  to  him  fome  ot  the  gr^ateft  modern  difcoveries 
refpeCling  air,  giving  many  extrafls  from  the  three  firft 
of  his  treatifes.  His  chief  difcovery  was,  that  oxygea 
gas,  to  wliich  he  gave  the  name  of  Jin  air,  exifts  in  the 
nitrous  acid,  and  in  the  atmofphere  ;  which  he  proved 
by  fuch  decilive  experiments,  as  to  render  it  irnpoflible 
to  explain  liow  Boyle  and  Hales  could  avoid  availing 
themfelves,  in  their  refearchcs  into  air,  of  fo  capital  a 
difcovery.  Mayow  alfo  relates  his  manner  of  puffing 
aeriform  fluids  under  water,  frcm  velfel  to  velfel,  which 
is  generally  believed  to  b«  a  new  ait.  He  did  not  col- 
leil  dephlogiflicared  air  in  velfels,  and  transfer  it  from 
one  jar  to  another,  but  he  proved  its  exiftence  by  find- 
ing fubflances  that  wc  uld  burn  in  vacuo,  and  in  water 
when  mi.xed  with  nitre;  ind  after  animals  had  breath- 
ed and  died  in  velfels  filled  with  atmofpheric  air,  or  af- 
ter fire  had  been  extinguifhed  in  them,  there  was  a  re- 
liduum  which  was  the  part  of  the  air  unfit  for  refpira- 
tion,  and  for  fupporting  fire;  and  he  further  (hewed, 
that  nitrous  acid  cannot  be  formed,  but  by  expofing  the 
fubftances  that  generate  it  to  the  atmofphere.  Mayow 
was  undoubtedly  no  common  man,  efpecially  fince,  if 
the  above  dates  are  right,  he  was  only  34  at  the  time 
of  his  death.  But  he  was  not  fo  unknown  as  Dr  Bed- 
does  fuppofed  ;  for  fince  the  repetition  of  the  fame  dif- 
covery by  Pi  iellley  and  Scheele,  reference  has  frequent- 
ly been  made  by  Chemilis  to  Mjyow  as  the  original 
inventor  ;  thus  allowing  to  him  a  fpecies  of  merit,  to 
which  he  has  perhaps  but  a  doubtful  claim,  and  which, 
if  that  claim  be  well  founded,  mull  certainly  be  fhared 
between  him  and  Dr  Hooke.  See  Hooke  in  this 
Supplement. 

MA  YZI,  the  eaftern  cape  of  the  ifland  of  Cuba,  and 
the  weftern  point  of  the  windward  paflage.  N.  lat. 
20°  19'  30",  W.  long,  frcm  Paris  76°  40'  30''. 
— Morie. 

MAZALTAN,  a  province  of  Mexico,  or  New 
Spain.  It  is  well  watered  by  the  Alvarado,  which 
difch^rges  itfelf  by  3  navigable  mouths,  at  30  miles 
diftance  from  \'era  Cruz. — ib. 

MEADOWS,  a  Imall  river  which  falls  into  Cafco 
Bay.  in  the  Diftridl  of  Maine. — ib. 

MEADS,    a   place  fituated  on   a   fork   of   French 
Cieek;  a  branch  of  the  Alleghany,  in  Pennfylvania. 
N.  lat.  41°    36',  and   about  23   miles  N.  W.   of  Fort 
Franklin,  at  the  morrth  of  the  creek. — ib. 
'  MEAN,  in  general.      See  Eneycl. 

Arithmetieal  Mean,  is  half  the  firm  of  the  extremes. 
So  4  is  an  arithmetical  mean  between  2  and  6,  or  be- 
tween 3  and  5,  or  between  I  and  7  ;   alfo  an  arithme« 

tical  mean  between  a  and  b  is     "*"   ,  or  4  "  +  4  ^• 

2 

Gometrical  Mf.au,  commonly  called  a  mean  propor- 
tional, is  the  iquare  root  of  the  prodiifl  of  the  two  ex- 
tremes ;  fo  that,  to  find  a  mean  priportional  between 
two  given  extremes,  multiply  thefe  together,  and  ex- 
trai5l  the  fquare  root  of  the  produ(5l.  Thus,  a  mean  pro- 
portional 


M     E     C 


[     463     ] 


M     E     C 


Menfure,   portional  between  i  and  9,  is  V^  i  X  9  =  V'9=  3  :  ^ 
MedLics.  n>«an  between  2  and  44  is  •/  2  X  4t  =  -/  9  =  3  ''^'o ; 
'^■^~''"^>^  the  mean  between  4  and  6  is  V/4X  6=  v''4>  ^^id  the 
rnean  between  a  and  i  is  V  u  I/. 

Harmonical  Mean.  See  Harmonical  PxorOKliON, 
Encycl. 

MtiAN  anil  Extreme  Proportion,  or  Extreme  and  Mean 
Proportion,  is  wlien  a  line  or  any  quantity  is  fo  divided 
that  the  Icfs  part  is  to  the  greater,  as  the  greater  is  to 
tlie  wliole. 

Mean  Anomaly  of  a  Planet,  is  an  angle  which  is  al- 
ways propoitional  to  the  time  of  the  planet's  motion 
from  the  aphelion  or  perihelion,  or  proportional  to  the 
area  defcribed  by  the  radius  vcftor  ;  that  is,  as  the 
whole  periodic  time  in  one  revolution  of  llie  planet,  is 
to  the  time  pad  the  aphelion  or  perihelion,  fo  is  360° 
to  the  mean  anomaly.     See  Anomaly,  Encycl. 

Mean  Conjundion  or  Oppofition,  is  when  the  mean 
place  of  the  fun  is  in  conjunction,  or  oppolition,  with 
the  mean  place  of  the  moon  in  the  ecliptic. 

Mean  Dijlance  of  a  Planet  from  the  Sun,  is  an  arith- 
metical mean  between  the  planet's  greaiell  and  leall  di- 
Itanccs. 

Mein  Motion,  is  that  by  which  a  planet  is  fuppofed 
to  move  equably  in  its  orbit;  and  it  is  always  propor- 
tional to  the  time. 

Mean  Time,  or  Equal  Time,  is  that  which  is  mea- 
fured  by  an  equable  motion,  as  a  clock  ;  as  dillinguifh- 
edfrcm  apparent  time,  ariling  from  the  unequal  motion 
of  the  earth  or  fun. 

Universal  or  Perpetual  MEASURE,  is  a  kind 
of  meafure  un.iltcrable  by  time  or  place,  to  wliich  the 
meafuies  of  ditforent  ages  and  nations  might  be  re- 
duced, and  by  which  they  may  be  compared  and  efti- 
mated.  Such  a  meafure  would  be  very  ufeful  if  it  could 
be  attained  ;  fince,  being  ufed  at  all  times,  and  in  all 
places,  a  great  deal  of  coniufion  and  error  would  be 
avoided. 

It  has  been  attempted,  at  different  times  and  in  diffe- 
rent countries,  more  elpecially  by  the  French,  who, 
fince  the  commencement  ot  their  revolutionary  govern- 
ment, have  labfAired  hard  to  obtrude  their  innovations 
in  arts  and  fcience,  as  well  as  in  politics,  upon  all  na- 
tions. Propofrils,  however,  have  been  made  by  fobcrer 
men  for  a  llaud.ird  both  ot  weights  and  of  meafurci.  fiir 
all  nations  :  and  fome  of  the  ni(  II  rational  ot  theft  fiial 
be  noticed  under  the  word  Weights  in  this  Supple. 
ment. 

MECATINA,  Great,  Point  cf,  on  the  fouih  coaft 
of  Labrador,  and  the  north  Ih.ire  of  the  Gull  of  St 
Lawrence,  in  N.  America.  N.lat.  50"  42',  W.  long. 
59"  13'. — Morse, 

MECATINA  Iflan.-l,  Little,  m  the  fame  roaft  and 
fiiote,  lies  foulh-well  of  Gieat  Mecatina.  N.  lat.  50° 
36  .—»i. 

MECH.A.NICS.— Our  readers  will  recollea  that 
ID  the  article  1'hvsics.  Encycl.  we  pri'pofed  to  diflin- 
guilh  b)  the  term  Aiechanical  Phihfopky  th.rt  part  of 
natural  fcience  which  treats  ot  'he  local  minions  of  bo- 
jdics  and  the  caufcsof  thofe  phenomena.  And,  although 
all  the  charges  which  we  obferve  in  material  nature  are 
accompanied  by  local  motion,  and,  when  com|'lciely  ex- 
plained, aie  the  effects  (perhaps  very  remote)  ot  thol'e 
powers  of  mailer  which  wc  call  thoving  f^rc.s,  and  of 


thofe  alone,  yet,  in  many  cafes,  this  local  motion  is  not  Mcchani( 
obfcrved,  and  we  only  perceive  certain  ultimate  refults  ^«-^^'"> 
ot  thofe  changes  ot  place.  Thia  is  the  cafe  (for  ex- 
ample) in  the  folution  of  a  grain  cf  filver  in  a  phial  of 
aquafortis.  In  tlie  beginning  of  the  experiment,  the 
particles  of  filvcr  are  contained  in  a  fmall  fpace  at  the 
bottom  of  the  phial ;  but  they  are  finally  raifed  from 
the  bottom,  and  uniformly  diifcmir.ated  over  the  whole 
fluid.  If  we  fix  our  attention  fteaddy  on  one  particle, 
and  trace  it  in  its  whole  progref«,  we  contemplate  no- 
thing but  a  particle  of  matter  atflcd  on  by  moving  for- 
ces, and  yielding  to  their  aftion.  Could  we  ftate,  fr 
every  fttuatit.n  of  the  particle,  the  direftion  and  inten- 
fity  of  the  movir.g  force  by  which  it  is  impelled,  we 
could  conftrufl  a  figure,  or  a  formula,  which  would  tell 
us  the  precife  diredion  and  velocity  with  which  it 
changes  its  place,  and  we  could  delineate  its  path,  and 
tell  the  time  when  it  will  arrive  at  that  part  of  the  velTcl 
where  it  finally  reds  in  perfeifl  equilibrium.  Newton 
having  done  all  this  in  the  cafe  ol  bodies  atfled  on  by  the 
moving  force  called  gravity,  has  given  us  a  complete  fy- 
(lem  of  ni'^chanical  aftrononiy.  The  philofopher  who 
fliallbe  as  fortunatein  afcertainingthcpathsand  motions 
ot  the  particles  of  filver,  till  the  end  of  this  experiment, 
will  ellablUh  a  fylUm  of  the  mechanical  folution  ot  fil- 
ver in  aqualortis;  and  the  theorems  and  formulx  which 
chataiflciife  this  particular  moving  force,  or  this  modi- 
fic;ition  of  firce,  dating  the  laws  of  vaiiation  by  a 
change  of  dldance,  will  be  the  complete  theory  of  this 
chemical  faift.  It  is  this  modification  cf  moving  force 
which  is  ufually  (but  mod  vaguely)  called  the  cL'mical 
affinity,  or  the  eletlive  attraClion  of  Jilver  and  aqua- 
Jortis . 

But  alas  !  we  are,  as  yet,  far  from  having  attained 
this  perl'eiSlon  of  chemical  knowledge.  All  that  we 
have  yet  dlfcovered  is,  that  tiie  putting  the  bit  of  filver 
into  the  fplrit  of  fait  will  not  give  occallon  to  the  exer- 
tion of  this  moving  ftrce  ;  and  we  exprefs  this  c  bferva- 
tion,  by  calling  that  unknown  force  (unknown,  btc.iufe 
we  are  Ignorant  of  the  law  of  its  adion)  an  njfmsty,  an 
elcBive  attraflinn.  And  we  have  tbferved  many  fuch 
eleiftlcns,  and  have  been  able  to  clafs  them,  and  to  tell 
on  what  occafions  they  will  or  will  not  be  exerted  ;  and 
this  fcrap  ot  the  complete  theory  becomes  a  mod  valu- 
able acquifition,  and  the  claflification  of  thofe  fcraps  a 
mod  curious,  and  extenfive,  and  important  fcience.  The 
chemical  philofopher  lias  alfo  the  pleafure  of  feeing  gra- 
dual approaches  made  by  ingenious  men  to  the  com- 
plete mechanical  explanation  of  thefe  unfeen  motions 
and  their  caufes,  of  which  he  has  arranged  the  tiltlmatc 
refults. 

The  ordinary  chemid,  however,  and  even  many  mod 
acute  and  penetrating  enquiiers,  do  i  ot  think  ol"  all 
thefe  motions.  Famili^irly  converfant  with  tlie  refults, 
they  conllder  them  as  principles,  and  as  topics  to  re.i- 
fon  from.  They  think  a  chenil;al  phencinenon  fufli- 
ciently  ciplalned,  when  they  have  pointed  out  the  afii- 
nity  under  wliicli  it  is  arranged.  Thus  they  alciibe  the 
propagation  cf  heat  to  the  cxpanfive  nature  of  fire,  and 
imagine  that  they  conceive  clearly  how  the  cffe<f>  is 
produced.  But  it  a  mathematicnl  pkilof<phcr  fliould 
fay,  "  What  is  this  which  you  call  an  expand ve  tluld  ? 
Explain  to  me  didiniSly,  in  what  miinner  this  property 
whicli  you  call  cipanfivene's  operates  in  producing  the 
propagation  of  heat." — Wc  imagine  that  the  chcmift 

wuuld 


M     E     C  C     4f>4    ]  ^-^     ^    ^' 

Mechanic,  would  find  himfclf  put  to  a  ftand.  He  will  thet.,  perhaps  frequently  fee  tkofe  feemingly  different  moving  forces 

"^■^ '  for  the  firft  time    try  to  fo.m  a  dillaift  conception  of  combine    their  influence  on  a  fenfible  reafs  of  tangible 

an  exn  inf.ve  fluid,  and  its  m;inner  of  uperation.   He  will  niatlcr,  giving  it  a  icnhble  local  motion.   Having  torm- 

natnrVuv  think  of  air,  and  will  reflca  on  the  manner  in  eJ  fuch  notions,  we  would  fay  that  we  do  nut  conceive 

which   air  aaually    expands  or  occupies   more  room  ;  either  the  atom  or  the  force  as  being  iriatter,  but  the 

and  he  will  thus  contemplate  local  motion  and  mech.ni-  two  thus  related.     And  we  would  thea  fay,  that  what- 

cal  orelfure       H-  will  tind,  too  late,  that  this  gives  him  ever  objedl  of  contemplation  dues  not  ultimately  lead 

no   aiEllance-  becaufe  the   phenomena  which  he    has  us  to  this  complex  notion  is  immaterial;  meaning  br 

been  accullort^ed  to  explain  by  the  expanfivenefs  of  fluids  the  epithet  nothing  rnore  than  the  negation  of  this  par- 

hive   no   refemblance   whatever  to   what  we  fee  refult  t.cular  charaaer  cf  the  objtft       It  is  tciuivalent  tofay. 

from  the  aflual  expanfion  of  air.     Experience  has  madj  ing,  that  the   phenomenon  does  not  lead  the  mind  to 


forces  Mfchanici. 


him  acquainted  w'ith  many  effects  which  the  air  produ- 
ces during  its  expanlun;  but  they  are  of  a  totally  dil- 
ferent  kind  from  thofe  which  he  thought  that  he  had 
fufliciently  explained  by  the  expanfivenefs  of  tire.  The 
only  refemblance  he  obfervcs  is,  that  tlie  air  and  the 
heat,  which  were  formerly  perceived  only  in  a  fmall 
fpace,  now  appear  in  a  much  larger  fpace.  The  ma- 
thematici.in  n.-w  dtfires  him  to  tell  in  what  manner 
he  conceives  this  expanfivenefs,  or  this  aflual  expanlion 


the  C(  nfideration  of  an  atom  aifluated  by  a  moving 
force  ;  ihat  is,  moved,  or  prevented  fiom  moving,  by 
an  oppofite  predure  or  force. 

Such  is  the  extenfion  which  tlie  difcovetles  of  laft 
century  have  enabled  us  to  give  to  the  ufe  of  the  term 
mechanifm,  mechanical  aflion,  mechanichl  caufe,  &c. 

Tlie  Greeks,  from  whom  we  have  borrowed  the 
term,  gave  it  a  mucli  more  limited  meaning  ;  confining 
it  to  thofe  motions   which   are   jiroduced  by  the  inter- 


of  air  or  eis  The  chemilf  is  then  obliged  to  conlider  veniion  of  machines.  Even  many  of  the  naturalifts  of 
the  air  or  eas  as  conllltin:;  of  atoms  or  particles,  which  the  prefent  day  lin.it  the  teim  to  tliole  motions  which 
muft  be  kept  in  their  prefent  fituation  by  an  external  are  the  ,mm.^,«/.  Cunkquences  of  impulfe,  and  which 
force  the  rrioll  familiar  of  all  to  his  imagination,  name-  are  cafes  ot  lei.lible  motion.  _  Thus  the  chemift  fays, 
ly,  prelfure  ;  and  all  prelfures  areeqaally  fit.  Prellure  that  printers  ink  is  a  iHechaiiical  fluid,  but  that  ink  lor 
is 'a  moving  force,  and  can  only  be  oppofed  to  fuch  an- 
other moving  force  ;  therefore  expanfivenefs  fuppoles, 
that  the  particles  are  under  the  influence  of  fomethmg 
which  would  feparate  them  from  each  other,  if  it  were 
not  oppofed  by  fomething  ptrfealy  of  the  fame  h'tncL       It 


writing  is  a  chemical  fluid 


We  make  no  objeflion  to 
the  diiimiflion,  becaufe  chemiflry  is  really  a  vaft  body 
of  real  and  important  fcience,  although  we  have,  as  yet, 
been  able  to  cljfs  only  very  complicated  phenomena, 
and  are  far  fiom  the  kiiovvlcdge  of  its  elements.     This 


can 

by 

tion 


not  be  oppofed  by  greennefs,  nor  by  loudnefs,  nor  dilln.dion  made  by  the  chemills  is  very  clear,  and  very 
fear  but  only  by  what  is  competent  to  the  produc  proper  to  be  kept  in  view  ;  but  we  flr  uld  be  at  a  lofs 
1   of  motion  •  and  it    may  be  oppofed  by  any  fuch    tor  a  term  to  exprefs  the  analogy  which  i,  perceivable 


natural  power  ;  therefore  by  gravity,  or  by  niagnetilm 
or  eleflricitv,  or  corpufcular  attraflion,  or  by  an  elec- 
tive attraaion.  The  chemift,  being  thus  led  to  the 
contemplation  of  the  phenomenon  in  its  mod  fimple 
ftate,  can  now  judge  with  fome  diftinflnefs,  what  is  the 


betv/een  thefe  fenfible  motiiais  and  the  liidJen  motions 
which  obtain  even  in  the  chen:ical  phenunjena,  luilefs 
we  give  mechanil'm  a  ftill  greater  extenfion  than  the  ef- 
feiflb  of  perculfion  or  impiillion. 

Mechanics,  in  the  ancient  fenfe  of  the  word,  confiders 

The  authors  wlio 


nature  of  thofe   powers  with  which  expanfivenef.  can    only  the  energy  o    .r^^„^,  machines      T 

be  brought  to  cooperate  or  combine.     And  only  now    have  treated  the  lubjea  lyllematically,  have  obierved, 

will  he  be  able  to  fpeculate  on  the  means  for  explaining     that  all  machines  derive  their  efficacy  tn-m  a  few  limple 


the  propagation  of  heat;  and  he  will  perceive,  that  the 
general  laws  of  motion,  and  of  the  action  of  moving 
forces  (doArines  which  we  comprehended  under  the 
title  of  Dynamics,  Suppl.)  mull  be  reforted  to  for  a 
complete  explanation  ot  all  chemical  phenomena.  The 
fame  may  be  faid  of  the  phenomena  perceived  in  the 


forms  and  dilpofitions,  which  may  be  given  to  that 
piece  of  matter  called  tlie  tool,  'Ofynm,  or  machine, 
which  is  inierpofed  between  the  woikman  or  natural  a- 
gent,  and  the  tafk  to  be  performed,  which  is  always 
Icmething  to  be  moved,  in  oppofition  to  refiding  pref- 
fures.     To  thofe  fimple  forms  tiiey  have  given  the  name 


growth  ofvegetables  and  animals.      All  of  them  lead    of  mechanical  powtRs,    fimple    powers,  fimple  ma- 
us  ultimately  to  the  contemplation  of  an  atom,  which     chines. 


IS  cbarafterlfed  by  being  fufceptible  of  local  motion, 
and  req'iires  for  this  purpofe  the  agency  of  what  we 
call  a  moving  force. 

We  would  dillincnifli  this  particular  object  of  our 


The  machine  is  interpofed  for  various  reafrns. 

I.  In  order  to  enable  a  natural  power,  having  a  cer- 
tain determinate  intenfity,  which  cannot  be  increafed, 
to  balance  or  overcome  another  natural  power,  ading 


contemplation  (confining  of  two  conlVitutent  parts,  with  a  greater  intenluy.  For  this  purpofe,  a  piece  ot 
the  atom  and  the  f -rcc,  related,  in  fafl,  to  each  other  folid  matter  is  interpofed,  connefted  in  fuch  a  manner 
by  conftant  c.  i  iunflion)  by  the  term  mechanism.  We  with  firm  fupports,  that  the  piellure  exerted  on  the  im- 
conceive  it  to  be  the  charac^ei  iftic  of  what  we  call  mat-  pelled  point  by  the  power  occalions  the  e-xcitement  of 
TF.R  •  and  we  would  confider  it  as  the  moft  fimple  me-  a  prellure  at  the  working  point,  which  is  equal  or  fu- 
CHANiCAL  phenomenon.  We  are  difpofed  to  think,  perior  to  the  relillance,  anting  irom  the  work,  to  the 
that  this  niovinc  force  is  as  fimple  and  uniform  as  the  motion  ot  that  point  Thus,  it  a  rod  three  feet  long 
atom  to  which  it  is  related  ;  and  we  would  afcribe  the  be  iupported  at  one  foot  from  the  end  to  which  the  re- 
inconceivable  diverfity  of  the  movin^  forces  which  we  fiftance  of  two  pounds  is  applied,  and  if  a  preffure  of 
fee  around  us  to  combinations  of  this  univerfal  force  ex-  one  pound  be  applied  to  the  other  end  of  the  rod,  per- 
erted  by  many  atoms  at  once  ;  and  therefore  modified  pendicular  to  its  length,  the  cohefive  forces  whicn  con- 
bv  this  combination,  in  the  very  fame  manner  as  we  nefl  the  particles  ot  the  rod  will  all  be  excited,  in  cer- 
'  tain 


M    E     C  [    465     ]  M     E    C 

Mcchanict.  tain   proportions,  according  to  their  fituaticn,  arid  tlie  ot"  the  weight,  ihs  otlier  being  c.irricJ  hy  the  hook  to  Meclmikt, 

^■^""'"'^^  fuppoiteil  point  will  be  made  to  prefs  on  its  iupport  as  uhirli  the  Handing  rnpc  is  filtcned.     This  mechanical 

much  as  tliree  pounds  would  prefs  on  it  ;  and  a  prelfure  power  does  not  (as  is  comnr.only  imagined)  derive  i's 

in  the  oppofite  direftion  will  be  excited  at  the  wotl.ing  cfF.cacy  from  the  piilky\  tun  in,e  round  an  axis.     If  it 

point,   equal  to  the  preilurc  of  two  pounds.       The  re-  were  made  fall,  or  if  ihe  tackl';  r(  ]>c   merely  paflid 

iiftance  will  iherefoie  be  balanced,  and  it  will  be  over-  through  a  loop  of  the  rope  which  carries  ihc  vtiehr, 

come   by   increafing  tlie   natural   power  a.5ting  on  the  it  would  ftill  tiquire  only  half  of  the  wei"ht  aifling  on 

long   divifion  of  tlie   rod.     This   is  called  a    leter.  the  running  ro])e  to  bahmce  it.    The  ufe  of  tiie  mc  tion 

Toothed  wheels  and  pinions  are  :i  perpetual  fucccllion  round  an  axis  is  merely  to  avoid  a  very  great  friflion. 

of  levers  in  one  machine  or  mechanical  power.  When  the  two  hanging  parts  of  the  rope  are  not  paral- 

2.  The  natural  power  may  a<fl  with  a  certain  veloci-  lei,  but  inclined  in  any  angle,  the  force  necc/firy  for  ba- 
ty  which  cannot  be  changed,  and  the  work  requires  to  lancing  the  weight  is  to  the  weight  as  ihe  fide  is  to  the 
be  performed  with  a  greater  velocity.  A  machine  is  diagonal  of  the  parallelogram  formed  by  the  Jirefliors 
interpofed,  moveable  round  a  lixcd  fupport,  and  the  of  the  three  ropes.  Varignon  calls  this  the  funicular 
diftances  of  the  impelled  and  working  points  are  taken  machine  or  power.     Our  failors  call  it  the  swicc. 

in  the  proportion  of  the  two  vehicities.       Then  are  we         We  may  employ  the  qunqua  verfim  prefi'ure  of  fluidi- 

certain,  that  when  the  power  afls  with  its  natural  ve-  ty  with  great  elFcdt  as  a  metiiaiiic  power.     'I'hus   in  thi 

locity,  the  working  point  is  moving  with  the  velocity  hydroltatic  bellows  defcribed  by  Giavefande    6  l/L.'-i 

we  defire.  and  by  Defaguilliers,  the  weight  of  a  few  ounces''of 

3.  The  power  may  act  only  in  one  unchangeable  di-  water  is  made  to  raifefeveral  hundied  pounds.  In  like 
reftion,  and  the  refiftance  mull  be  overcome  in  another  manner,  Dr  Wallis  of  Oxford,  by  blowint;  with  a  pipe 
dire<5Hon.  As  when  a  quantity  of  coals  mufl  be  brought  into  a  bladder,  raifed  64  pounds  lying  on  it.  Otto  Gue- 
from  the  bottom  oi  a  pit,  and  we  have  no  power  at  ricke  of  Magdeburgh  made  a  child  balance  and  even 
command  but  the  weight  of  a  quantity  of  water.  We  overcome,  the  pull  exerted  by  the  emperor's  fix  coach 
let  the  water  pull  down  one  end  of  a  lever,  either  im-  horfes,  by  merely  fucking  the  air  from  below  a  pifton. 
mediaiely  or  by  a  rope,  and  we  hang  the  coals  on  the  Mr  Bramah,  ironmonger  in  Piccadilly,  London  has 
other  end,  while  the  middle  point  is  firmly  fupported.  lately  obtained  a  patent  for  a  machine  a^llii"-  on  thij 

This  lever  may  be  made  perpetual,  by  lapping  the  ropes  principle  as  a  prefs.*    A  pifton  of  one  fourth  of  an  inch  .  «.    w 

round  a  cylinder  which  turns  round  an  axis  firmly  (up-  in  diameter,  forces  water  into  a  cylinder  of  12  inches       '*        " 

ported.     Thisisa  FIXED  PULLEY.     We  can  fet  unequal  diameter,  and  by  this  intervention  raifes   the  piQon  of  ia  thit 

powers  in  oppofition,  by  lapping  each  rope   round  a  tlie  cylinder.     A  boy,  afling  wiih   the  fourth   part  of 'V/''- 

different  cylinder,  having  the  fame  axis.  This  is  a  wind-  his  ftrength  on   llie  fmall  pirton  by  means  of  a  lever 

LASS  or  GIN.     All  thefc  forms  derive  their  energy  irom  raifes  42  tons,  or  94,080  libs,  prefling  on  the  "reat  pi. 

the  lever  virtually  contained  in  them.  fton.     Ic  is  very  lurpridng,  that  this  application  of  the 

Any  of  thefe  three  purpoles  may  be  gained  by  the  quaqua  vcrfum  preiTure  of  fluids  has  been  overlooked  for 

interpofition  of  afolid  body  in  another  way.       Inftead  more  than  a  century,  although  the  principle  has  beea 

of  being  fupported  in  one  point,  round  which  it  is  move-  inculcated  and   lectured  on  by  every  iiinerant  teacher 

able,  it  may  be  fupported  by  a  folid  path,  along  which  and  illullrated  by  the  above  mentioned  experiments  of 

it  is  impelled,   and  by  its  fhape  it  thrulls  the  refifting  Gravefande  and  Wallis;    nay,   it  has  been  exprelsly 

body  out  of  its  way.     This  is  the  cafe  with  the  wedge  taught  as  a  mechanic  power  of  great  efficacy  by  the 

when  itisemployedto  fijrceupafwaggingjoift,orprels  Profe/Tor  of  N.itural   Philofophy  at   Edinburgh  every 

things  Qrongly  together.     If  this  wedge  be  lapped  or  feilion  of  the  college  for  thele  twei.ty  yeais  pall,  but 

formed  round  an  axis,  it  becomes  a  screw  or  a  spiral  he  never  thought  of  putting  it  in  pradice.     It  f'orms  a 

WIPER.     This  is  alio  the  operation  of  the  balance  wheel  moll  compendious  machine  of  prodigious  power,  and  it 

of  a  horizontal  or  cylinder  watch.     Tlie  oblique  face  fui(:eptib!e  of  the  greatell  Ibength."  It  the  lame  mul- 

of  the  tooth  is  a  wedge,  which  ihrufts  the  edge  of  the  tiplicatioii  of  power  be  attempted  by  toothed  wheels 

cylinder  out  of  its  way.     The  pallet  of  a  clock  or  watch  pinions,  and  racks,  it  i^  fcarcely  polllble  to  give  (Irength 

is  alio  a  wedge,  afted  on  in  the  oppofitc  direftion.  enough  to  the  teeth  of  the  racks,  and  the^macl.ineW 

Thefe  are  the  diQerent  forms  in  which  a  folid  body  comes  very  cumberfome  and  of  grea:  expence.     But 

is  interpofed  as  a  mechanic  power.  All  arc  reducible  to  Mr  Bram.rh's  machine  may  be  made  abundantly  flront' 

the  lever  and  the  wedge.  in  very  fmdll  compafs.     It  only  requires  vety  accuraie 

But  there  are  other  mechanic  powers  befides  thofe  execution.     We  give  it  all  jiraife  :  but  Mr  Brain.ih  is 

now  mentioned.     The  carmen  have  a  way  of  lowering  millaken  when  he  publillies  it  a«  the  invention  or  difco- 

a  calk  of  liquor  into  a  cellar,  by  palling  a  rope  under  veiy  of  a  new  mechanic  power:  for  it  h  ts   beeu  fami- 

it,  making   the   end   fait    to  fome    Hake   dole    to  the  liar  to  every  Ihidcnt  of  mechanics  and  hydroHatics  ever 

ground,  and  bringing  the  other  end  of  the  rope  round  fince  B  .yL's  lirll   publication   of  his  hydrollatic  para- 

thc  cafk,  and  thus  letting  it  flip  down  in  the  bight  (if  doxes. 

theroje.    In  this  procefs  they  feci  but  half  of  Its  weight,  MECHOACAN,  an   Epifcopal  city  and  capital  of 

the  other  hall  being  fupported  by  the  end  of  the  rope  the  province  o{  ns  name,  lituaied  mi  a  laigc  river,  well 

that   is  falleneil  to  the  flake.     This   is  called  a  par-  floredwith  filli,  near  the  well  tide  of  a  like,  ab  ut  120 

BUCKLE  by  the  fcamen.  A  hanging  pulley  is  quite  the  mile»  well  of  Mexico.     It   is  a  laige   place,  h.iving   a 

fame  with    this    more    arilel»    method.     Tiie    weight  fine  cathedral  and   handfomt  lioulei  belon,;ing  to  rich 

hangs  by  the  axis  of  the  pulley,  anil   each  half  of  the  S,ianMrd.s  who  own  the  iihcr  mines  at  Guanaxoato  or 

hanging  rope  carries  halt  of  the  weight,  and  the  perfon  Guaxafiata. — Morie. 

who  pulls  one  of  them  upwards  a&s  only  againll  half  MECKLENBURG,  a  county  of  Virginia,  bound- 

SutPL.  Vol.  II.  3  N                                     ed 


MED 


C     466     ] 


MED 


burg, 

8 
M:dlci. 


ed   fi.utli  by  \ha  State  ot"  N.  Carolin.i.     It  contains 
1^,733  inhabitant?,  ot"  whom  6,762  are  (laves. — ii. 

Mecklenburg,  a  cininly  ot  ]\'orthC'jiolina,  in 
Salifbury  Jiftrit^,  bounded  iV.iith  by  tlie  State  of  S. 
Carolina.  It  contains  11,395  inhabitants,  of  whom 
1,60;  are  flave";.     Cliief  town,  C!);»ilotte. — 16. 

MECOWDANISH,  a  Like  in  N.  America,  in  49" 
N  lat.— ;i. 

MEDFIELD,  a  tnwnfiiip  in  Norfolk  county,  Maf- 
fachufetts,  20  miles  foutli-wellerly  ol  Boflon.  It  was 
incorporated  in  1650,  and  contains  731  inhabitants. 
— /i. 

MF.DFORD,  a  pleafant,  thriving,  compaft  town 
in  MiJdlel'ex  county,  Mairachulelts,  4  miles  north  <  f 
Bnllon,  fimatcd  on  Myllick  river,  3  miles  from  its 
mouth.  Hero  are  fcveral  diilillcries  and  brick  wcrks 
which  give  employment  to  a  cc  nlidcrible  number  ot 
people.  The  river  is  navigable  for  fmail  vellels  to  this 
place.  The  townlhip  was  incorporated  in  1630,  and 
contains  1,029  inhabitants,  who  are  noted  for  their  in- 
dullry. — ik 

MEDICAL  Jurisprudence.  See  Msdici.va  Fo- 
renfit  in  this  Suppl. 

MEDICI,  is  the  name  of  an  illuftrious  family  in  Flo- 
rence, which  contributed  more  than  perhaps  any  other 
family  whatever  to  the  revival  of  letters  in  Europe.  To 
trace  this  family  from  its  origin,  or  even  to  give  bio- 
graphical (ketches  of  all  the  great  men  whom  it  produ- 
ced, would  occupy  by  far  too  great  a  part  of  our  work  ; 
for,  during  feme  centurie?,  almoll  every  individual  of 
the  houie  of  Medici  was  dillingnillied  amcng  his  con- 
temporaries. That  houfe,  after  having  rendered  itfelf 
memorable  in  the  annals  of  Florence,  tor  oppofing  the 
encroachments  of  the  nobles  on  the  liberties  c-f  the 
people,  had  loft  much  of  its  influence  under  the  arifto- 
cratic  government  of  the  Albizi,  when  it  was  raifed  to 
a  rank  fiiperior  to  what  it  had  ever  held,  by 

Giuvanni  d:  Mf.dsci,  who  was  born  in  the  year  i3f>o. 
This  man  determined  to  rellore  his  family  to  fplendour  ; 
but,  confcioiis  of  his  critical  fituation,  furrcunded  as 
he  was  by  powerful  rivals  and  enemies,  he  atftifled  ra- 
ther a  fecure  privacy  than  a  dangerous  popularity.  E- 
ven  when  raifed  to  the  office  of  gonfalonier,  or  genera- 
lidinio  of  the  republic,  he  carefully  avoided  any  defire 
of  partaking  in  the  magirtracy,  and  feemed  to  be  entirely 
engroiled  by  merchandize,  which  he  extended  from  the 
Eall  throughout  Europe.  This  conduft,  as  on  one 
hand  it  threw  his  enemies  off  their  guard,  on  the  other, 
enabled  him  to  acquire  an  immenfe  fortune,  of  which 
lie  made  a  proper  difpofition  amongft  all  ranks  of 
people. 

Many,  even  of  the  ruling  party,  either  gained  by  his 
liberality,  or  pleafed  with  his  amiable  and  retired  con- 
duft,  propofed  to  the  feignioiy  to  admit  him  into  the 
magiflracy  ;  and  though  the  propofal  met  with  great 
oppofition,  it  was  carried  in  the  affirmative. 

It  was  by  rafhly  declaring  for  the  plebeians  againfl 
the  nibles  that  an  anccllor  of  Giovanni's  had  loft  to 
Ills  family  their  rank  in  the  ftate.  Giovanni,  refulving 
not  to  fpUt  on  the  fame  rock,  continued  to  afTeiff  priva- 
cy and  retirement,  accepting  any  office  in  the  ftate  with 
the  utmoft  appearance  of  reluiflance,  and  never  attend- 
ing at  the  Palazzo,  unlefs  p.articularly  fent  for  by  the 
fetgniory.     Rifing  by  thefe  means  in  the  efteem  of  the 


people,  his  enemies  became,  of  courfe,  unpopular  ;  and  Medici, 
having  obtained  a  decided  fuperiority  over  liis  opp».  "— "^-""^ 
nents,  he  now  ventured  to  procure,  that  lh<.fe  taxes 
which  the  nobles  had  cxadtcd  with  the  utmoft  feverity 
and  partiality  fiom  the  people  alone,  Ihould  be  levied 
upon  the  two  firft  order-,  in  common  with  the  plebei- 
ans :  and  that  a  law  (hould  be  ordained,  by  which  per- 
fonal  property  might  be  taxed. 

The  nobles  feeing,  with  the  deepeft  concern,  their 
confequence  fo  fcnfibly  wounded,  and  their  power  fo 
much  diminiftied,  htld  feveral  conliiltations  in  private 
how  they  niiglit  effcft  his  ruin  ;  but  their  want  ot  una- 
niiiiity  prevented  any  thing  decilive  from  being  carried 
into  execution.  The  people,  alarmed  lor  the  fifety  of 
their  leader  and  patron,  offered  him  the  fovereignty, 
which  his  relations  and  friends  urged  him  to  accept ; 
but  this  hii  prudence  forbad  him  to  take,  as  with  the 
title  of  lord  he  would  have  gained  alfo  that  of  t)rant. 
Thus,  by  his  fmgular  prudence,  he  died  polfeficd  of  all 
the  puwer  of  the  ftate,  with  the  aftcftaticn  of  l-eing  the 
molt  dilintererted  citizen  in  the  commonwealth.  His 
death  happened  in  the  year  142S. 

Giovanni  was  graceful  in  his  perfon,  and  his  afTabili- 
ty  to  all  eftabliflied  his  charai.1er  for  moderation.  His 
extenfive  knowledge  and  pleafantry  made  his  company 
eageily  fought.  As  all  his  acflions  were  placid  and  fe- 
rene,  he  was  not  in  want  of  tiiat  trumpet  of  fedition, 
popular  declamation,  which  he  never  attempted.  Much 
to  his  honour,  his  elevarii  n  was  not  procured  even  by 
the  banilhment  ot  a  fingle  individual ;  a  circumftance 
until  then  unknown  in  Florence,  where  every  new  ad- 
miniftratii  n  was  marked  with  the  ru;n  of  families,  and 
by  fcaiT'ilds  ftained  wah  blood. 

"  The  maxims  (fiys  Mr  Rofcoe)  which,  uniformly 
purfued,  railed  the  houfe  of  Medici  to  the  fplendour 
which  it  afterwards  enjoyed,  are  to  be  found  in  the 
charge  given  by  this  veneratilc  old  man,  on  his  death- 
bed, to  his  two  tons  Cofmo  and  Lorenzo.  «  I  feel 
(faid  he)  that  I  have  lived  the  time  prelcrihed  me.  I 
die  content,  leaving  you,  my  fons,  in  affluence  and  in 
health,  and  in  luch  a  ftation,  that,  whilft  yiu  follow  my 
example,  you  may  live  in  your  native  place  honoured 
and  refpedled.  jN'othing  affords  me  mure  pleafure  than 
the  refledion,  that  my  conduc't  has  given  offence  to  no 
one  ;  but  that,  on  the  contrary,  I  have  endeavoured  to 
fcrve  all  perfons  to  the  bell  of  my  abilities.  I  advife 
you  to  do  the  fame.  With  refpecl  to  the  honours  of 
the  ftate,  if  you  would  live  with  fecurity,  accept  only 
fuch  as  are  bsftowed  on  you  by  the  laws,  and  the  fa- 
vour of  your  (ellow-ci'izens ;  for  it  is  the  exercile  of 
that  power  which  is  obtained  by  violence,  and  not  of 
that  wliich  is  voluntarily  given,  that  occafions  hatred 
and  contention." 

Medici  (Cofmo  de),  the  eldeft  fon  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  in  1389.  During  the  life-time  ot  his  father, 
he  had  engaged  hirnfelt  deeply,  not  only  in  the  exten- 
five commeice  by  which  the  family  had  acquired  its 
wealth,  but  in  the  weightier  matters  of  government. 
When  Giovanni  di-d  he  was  in  the  prime  of  life  ;  and 
though  his  complex  on  was  fwarihy,  he  had  an  agree- 
able perfon,  was  well  made,  ol  a  proper  ftature,  and  In 
converfatlon  united  a  happy  intermixture  of  gravity 
with  occafional  faUIes  of  pleafantry  and  repartee.  His 
conduit  was  uniformly  marked  by  urbanity  and  klnd- 

nsfs 


MED 


C     4^>7     ] 


MED 


Medic!,  nefs  to  the  fuperior  ranks  of  his  fellow-citizens,  and  by 
^■■^~-'~'*^  a  conftant  attcnlion  to  the  interefts  and  the  wants  of 
the  lower  clafs,  whom  he  relieved  with  unbounded  ge- 
nerofiiy.  15y  thele  means  he  acquired  numerous  and 
zealous  partizans  of  every  denomination  ;  but  he  rallicr 
confidered  them  as  pledfijes  for  the  continuance  of  the 
power  which  he  poirtlied,  than  as  inftrumenls  to  be 
employed  in  extending  it  to  the  ruin  and  fubjugation  of 
the  Hate.  An  intcrcliange  of  reciprocal  good  offices 
was  the  only  tie  by  which  the  Florentines  and  the  Me- 
dici were  bound  ;  and  perhaps  the  long  continuance  of 
this  connexion  may  be  attributed  to  the  very  circum- 
Ilaiice  of  its  being  in  the  power  of  either  of  the  parties 
at  any  time  to  have  dilflved  it. 

J5ut  the  piudence  and  moderatiin  of  Cofmo  could 
not  reprefs  the  ambitious  dciigns  of  tholi;  rival  families, 
who  wiflied  10  pofl'ifs  or  to  fliare  his  authority.  In  the 
year  1433,  Rinaldo  de  Albizi,  at  the  head  of  a  power- 
ful party,  cartied  the  appointment  of  t))e  magillracy. 
At  that  time  Cnfmo  had  withdrawn  to  his  feat  in  the 
country,  to  avtid  the  dirturbances  which  he  law  likely 
to  enfue  ;  but  at  the  recjueft  of  hia  friends  he  teiurncd 
to  Florence,  where  he  was  led  to  cxped  fucli  a  union 
of  parties,  as  might  at  leaft  preferve  the  peace  of  the 
city.  No  fooncr  did  he  make  his  appeaiawce  in  the  pa- 
lace, where  bis  prefence  had  been  rcquelled,  on  pre- 
tence of  his  being  intended  to  Ihare  in  the  adminiflra- 
tion  of  the  republic,  than  he  was  feized  upon  by  his  ad- 
verfaries,  and  committed  to  prilbn. 

The  confpirators  were  divided  in  their  opinions  as  to 
the  difpofal  of  their  prifoner.  Molt  of  them  inclined 
to  follow  the  advice  of  Peruzzi,  who  recommended  ta- 
king him  off  by  poifon.  Cofmo,  confined  in  the  Al- 
berzeitiiio,  a  room  in  one  of  the  turrets  of  the  Palazzo, 
could  hear  this  dreadful  confultation,  which  was  deter- 
mining, not  in  what  manner  he  fliould  be  tried,  but  in 
what  manner  he  Ihould  be  put  to  death  ;  and  finding 
that  he  was  to  die  by  an  infufion  of  poifon  fecretly  ad- 
minirtered  to  him,  a  fmall  portion  of  bread  was  the  only 
food  which  he  thought  proper  to  take. 

Cofmo  lived  in  this  manner  four  days  ;  and,  (hut  up 
from  all  his  kindred  and  friends,  he  foon  expefted  to 
be  numbered  with  the  dead  ;  but  here,  as  it  fometimes 
happens,  he  found  relief  where  lead  e.\pefted,  from  the 
man  who  had  been  engaged  to  take  him  off.  Malavol- 
ta,  the  keeper  of  the  prifon,  either  from  compunflion, 
diflatisfaflion,  or  the  youth  and  mi'fortunes  of  the  il- 
luftrious  I'uJferer,  relented ;  and  inftead  of  purfuing  any 
criminal  intentions  againft  the  life  of  Cofmo,  after  up- 
braiding him  with  entertaining  fo  unworthy  an  opinion 
of  him,  declared  that  his  fears  were  entirely  groundlefs. 
To  convince  him  of  tliis,  he  fat  down,  and  partook  of 
every  thing  the  prifoner  chofe  to  eat  of.  The  expref- 
fions  of  gtatituJe,  together  with  his  moft  engaging 
manners,  and  great  promifes,  entirely  won  Malavolra, 
who,  to  ingratiate  himfelf  ftill  farther  in  the  good  opi- 
nion of  Colmo,  invited  Fargaccio,  the  moll  celebrated 
wit  in  Florence,  to  dine  with  him  tlie  next  day,  from 
the  idc.i  that  his  fprightly  mirth  would  contribute  to 
lighten  his  misfortunes. 

In  tlie  mean  time,  his  brother  Lorenzo,  and  liis  cou- 
fin  Avcr.irdo,  having  raifed  aconlidcrablo  body  of  men 
in  Rom:igna  and  other  neighbouring  dillri"s,  snd  be- 
ing joined  by  the  commander  rf  the  troops  of  the  re- 
public, approached  towards  Florence  to  his  lelicf.    The 


apprthenfion,  however,  that  the  life  of  Cofmo  might 
be  endangered,  if  they  fhould  proceed  to  open  violence, 
induced  them  to  aband-in  their  enterprife.  At  lengih 
Rinaldo  and  his  adherents  obtained  a  decree  of  the  ma- 
gillracy, by  which  Cofmo  was  baiii(li<:d  to  I'adna  for 
ten  years,  his  brother  to  Venice  for  five  years ;  and  fe- 
veral  of  tlielr  relations  and  adherents  Iharcd  the  fame 
fate. 

Cofmo  received  this  determination  of  his  judges  with 
a  compnfure  that  gained  him  the  compaffion  and  the  ad- 
miration of  many  of  his  mod  inveterate  enemies.  He 
would  ghdiy  have  left  the  city  purfuant  to  his  fentence  ; 
but  he  was  detained  by  his  enemies  till  thtir  authority 
(lioiild  be  eftabliflied  :  and  it  was  not  till  he  thought  of 
bribing  the  gonfalonier,  and  another  creature  of  Rinal- 
do's,  that  he  was  privately  taken  from  his  confinement, 
and  conducted  out  of  Florence. 

Padua,  to  which  he  was  confined  by  his  fentence, 
was  in  tlie  dominions  of  Venice;  but  before  he  could 
reach  that  place,  he  received  a  deputation  from  the  fe- 
nate,  the  purport  of  w  hich  was  to  condole  with  him  for 
his  mislortunes,  and  to  promifehim  their  proteflionand 
afhllance  in  whatever  he  (hould  defire.  He  experienced 
the  treatment  of  a  prince  rather  than  that  of  an  exile. 
Nc  r  were  that  wife  people  without  good  re  ifons  for  fuch 
a  conduit.  Venice  had  long  regarded  Florence  as  her  ri- 
val in  commerce,  and  hoped,  by  conferring  upon  Cofmo 
the  mofl.  flattering  dillincflions,  to  prevail  upon  him  to  re- 
fide  there  in  future  ;  prudently  fuppofing,  that  the  ma- 
nufaiftories  of  Florence,  and  the  great  commerce  the 
Medici  had  carried  on  throughout  Italy,  and  extended 
far  beyond  it  to  the  wealthieft  kingdoms  in  Europe, 
would  become  their  own  by  enrolling  him  aniongfl.  their 
fubjefts. 

The  readinefs  with  which  Cofmo  had  given  way  to 
the  temporary  clamour  raifed  againft  him,  and  the  rc- 
luflance  which  he  had  fhewn  to  renew  thofe  rencoun- 
ters which  had  fo  often  deluged  the  flrects  of  Florence 
with  blood,  gained  him  new  friends,  even  during  his  ex- 
ile. The  utmoft  exertions  of  his  antagonills  could  not 
long  prevent  the  choice  of  fuch  magillrates  as  were 
known  to  be  attached  to  the  caufe  of  ihc  Medici  ;  and 
no  fooner  did  they  enter  on  their  ofHce,  than  Cofmo 
and  his  brother  were  recalled,  and  Rinaldo  with  his  ad- 
herents were  compelled  to  quit  the  city.  This  event 
took  place  about  a  year  after  the  banifiiment  of  Cjfrao. 

The  fubfequent  conduifl  of  this  great  man  (for  great 
all  allow  him  to  have  been)  has  been  painted  in  diffe- 
rent colours  by  different  writers.  Mr  Noble,  after  Ma- 
chiavel,  compares  his  cruelties  to  hit  fallen  foes  with 
thofe  oi  Sylla  and  Oflavius  to  the  partizans  of  Marius 
and  Cruius  ;  whilll  Rofcoe  reprefents  his  conduc't  as  in 
a  high  degree  amiable  and  generous.  It  appears  to  us 
evident,  from  his  own  words,  that  he  had  cxercifed  fome 
cruelties  on  his  exiled  enemies  ;  fnr  when  one  of  them 
wrote  to  him,  that  "  the  hen  was  hatching,"  he  replied 
"  She  will  have  but  a  bad  time  of  it,  fo  tar  from  her 
neft."  When  fome  otiier  exiles  acquainted  him  that 
"  they  were  not  afleep,"  he  anfweicd,  "  lie  c  u.d  eafily 
believe  that,  lor  he  thought  he  had  fp  liltd  ihe'i  lleep- 
ing."  At  another  time,  fome  rf  the  ritizcuiremotillrat- 
ed  with  him  upon  the  odioufnefs  of  his  conduit  in  ba- 
nilhing  fo  many  perfons ;  telling  him,  "  the  republic 
would  be  extremely  weakened,  and  G.  d  offended,  by 
the  expulfion  of  fo  many  good  and  pious  men  as  he  was 
3  N  J  fend- 


Mcdir 


MED 


[     468     ] 


MED 


Medici,  fending  into  banilhment."  His  anfwer  was,  "  It  would 
'"^'^^'^^  be  better  for  the  republic  to  be  weakened  than  utterly 
ruined ;  that  two  or  three  yards  of  fine  cloth  made 
many  .1  one  look  like  a  good  man  ;  but  that  ftates  w'ere 
not  to  be  governed  or  maintained  by  counting  a  lliing 
of  beads,  and  mumbling  over  a  few  Pater  ivjicrs." 

From  this  time  the  life  of  Cofmo  de  Medici  was  an 
almoll  uninterrupted  ferics  of  profperity.  His  misfor- 
tunes h.'.d  taught  him,  that  the  affectation  of  grandeur 
is  more  dingeroui  in  a  lice  llate  than  ufurpation.  He 
adopted,  therelure,  the  drefs,  behaviour,  and  manners, 
of  a  private  citizen.  His  clothes  were  of  the  fame 
fafliion  and  mateiials  as  the  reft  of  the  Florentines.  In 
the  llrcets  he  walked  alone  and  unguarded.  His  table 
was  iupplled  from  wliat  his  cftate  of  Mugello  produced, 
nor  had  he  one  fervant  more  than  was  abfilutely  necef- 
fary ;  thus  enJeavnuiing  to  unite  the  charaifler  of  a 
prince  with  that  of  a  merchant,  and  a  private  perfon  in 
a  republic. 

Whilft  he  rejefled  all  offices  in  the  magiflracy,  no 
bufmels  was  tranfafted  without  its  being  firll  fettled  at 
Mugello:  nor  did  he  contrail  any  alliances  but  with 
the  fons  and  daughters  of  the  citizens  of  Florence  ;  yet 
all  foieign  princes  and  courts  paid  his  children  tlie  re- 
fped  due  only  to  thofc  of  fovereigns ;  and  the  family 
»)f  Colmo  received  educations  equal  to  thofc  of  the 
greateft  potentates. 

A  proper  judgment  may  be  formed  of  his  immenie 
traffic,  and  the  prodigious  advantages  accruing  from 
it :  For  though  a  private  citizen  of  Florence  only,  yet 
lie  poffeifed  at  one  time  mote  money  than  what  was  in 
all  the  treafuiies  of  the  different  fovereigns  in  Europe. 
When  Allonfo  king  of  Naples  leagued  with  the  Vene- 
tians againft  Florence,  Cofmo  called  in  fuch  inimenfe 
debts  from  thofe  places,  as  dep;ived  them  of  relouices 
for  canyiiig  on  the  war.  During  the  contell  between 
the  houles  of  York  and  Lancaller,  he  turnillied  Ed- 
ward IV.  with  a  fnm  of  money  to  great,  that  it  might 
almoft  be  conliJered  as  the  means  of  fupporting  that 
rnonarcli  on  the  throne. 

In  his  public  and  private  charities,  in  the  number 
and  grandeur  of  the  edifices  he  ereifled,  not  only  in 
Florence,  but  in  the  moll  diftant  parts  of  the  world, 
ai;d  in  the  foundations  which  he  endowed,  lie  feenied  to 
more  than  vie  with  majefty.  He  fupplied  moll  ot  the 
exigencies  of  the  llate  from  his  private  purfe  ;  and  there 
were  lew  citizens  that  had  not  experienced  his  liberali- 
ty, and  many  without  the  lead  application,  particularly 
the  nobles. 

lint  in  nothing  did  his  munificence  produce  fi  much 
good  to  the  world,  or  acquire  fucli  honimr  to  himfelf, 
as  when  it  was  exerted  for  the  pi  omotion  of  fcience,  and 
the  encouragement  of  learned  men  ;  and  upon  nothing 
did  Cofmo  delight  fo  much  to  exert  it.  The  ftudy  of 
the  Greek  language  had  been  introduced  into  Italy  to- 
wards the  latter  part  of  the  preceding  century  ;  but  it 
had  again  fallen  into  negleift.  After  a  fliort  interval, 
an  attempt  was  made  to  revive  it,  by  the  intervention 
of  Ematiuel  Chryfoloras ,  a  noble  Greek,  who  taught 
that  language  at  Florence,  and  other  cities  of  Italy,  a- 
bout  the  beginning  of  the  ijih  centiiry.  His  difciples, 
who  were  numerous  and  refpedable,  kept  the  flame 
alive  till  it  received  new  aid  from  other  learned  Greeks, 
who  v.eie  driven  from  Conftantinople  by  the  dread  of 
the  Turks,  or  by  the  total  oveithrow  of  tlie  Eailern 


Empire.  To  thefe  illuflrious  foreigners,  as  well  at  to  Medici; 
the  learned  Italians,  who  fhortly  became  their  fuccefsful  ^o^""'''^" 
rivals,  even  in  the  knowledge  of  their  national  hiflory 
and  language,  Cofmo  afforded  the  mofl  liberal  fupport 
and  proteifiion.  The  very  liik-s  of  the  works  of  an- 
cient authors,  which  were  bri  ught  to  light  by  his  mu- 
nificence, would  extend  this  article  beyond  its  proper  li- 
mits. Such,  indeed,  was  the  eflimation  in  which  ihefe 
works  were  then  held  in  Italy,  that  a  manuftript  of  the 
hillory  of  Livy,  fent  by  Cofmo  de  Medici  to  Alfonfo 
king  of  Naples,  with  whom  he  was  at  variance,  conci- 
liated the  breach  between  them. 

As  the  natural  difpolition  of  Cofmo  led  him  to  take 
an  aclive  part  in  collcdling  the  remains  of  the  ancient 
Greek  and  Roman  writers,  fo  he  was  enabled  by  his 
wealth,  and  by  his  extenfive  mercantile  intercourfe  with 
different  parts  of  Europe  and  nf  Alia,  to  gratify  a  pallioa 
of  this  kind  beyond  any  other  individual.  To  this  end 
belaid  injunflions  on  all  his  friends  and  correfpondents, 
as  well  as  on  the  millionaries  and  preachers  who  travel- 
led into  the  remotell  countries,  to  fearch  for  and  pro- 
cure ancient  manufciipts,  in  every  language,  and  on 
every  fubjtfl.  The  lituation  of  the  Eaflern  Empire, 
then  falling  into  ruins,  afforded  him  an  opportunity  of 
obtaining  many  ineftimahle  works  in  the  Hebrew, 
Greek,  Chaldaic,  Arabic,  and  other  eaflern  languages. 
From  thefe  beginnings  arofe  the  celebrated  library  of 
the  Medici ;  which,  aflervarious  vicifTitudes  of  fortune, 
and  frequent  and  conliderable  additions,  has  been  pre- 
ferved  to  the  prefent  times  under  the  name  of  the 
Bibiia:heca  Midiceo  Laurcntiana . 

Nor  was  Cofmo  a  mere  colleflor  of  books,  he  was 
himfelf,  even  in  old  age,  a  laborious  ftudent.  Having 
been  flruck  with  the  fublime  fpeculations  of  Plato, 
which  he  had  heard  detailed  in  leftures  by  a  Greek 
monk,  who  had  come  from  Conflantinople  to  the  coun- 
cil of  Florence,  he  detci mined  to  found  an  academy  for 
the  cultivation  (f  that  philofbphy.  For  this  purpnfe  he 
feleded  Marlilio  Ficino,  the  fon  of  his  favourite  phyfi- 
cian,  and  delfined  him,  though  very  young,  to  be  the 
fupport  of  iiis  I'uiure  etlablifhment.  The  education  of 
Ficino  was  entirely  direded  to  the  Platonic  philofophy  ; 
nor  were  the  expeiSations  which  Cofmo  had  formed  of 
him  dilappointed.  The  Florentine  academy  was  feme 
years  afterwards  eflablillied  with  great  credit,  and  was 
the  firll  inllitution  in  Europe  for  the  purfuit  of  fcience, 
detached  from  the  fcholallic  method  then  univerfally 
adopted.  It  is  true,  the  fanciful  dotflrines  ot  Plato  are 
as  remote  from  the  purpol'es  of  life  as  the  fubtleties  of 
Arillotle  ;  but,  by  dividing  the  attention  of  the  learned 
between  them,  the  dogmas  of  the  Stagyrite  were  depri- 
ved of  that  lervile  refpeil  which  had  fo  long  been  paid 
to  them,  and  men  learned  by  degrees  to  think  forthem- 
felves. 

The  foflering  hand  of  Cofmo  was  held  out  to  art  as 
well  as  to  fcience  ;  and  architedlure,  fcnlpture,  and 
painting,  all  flourilhed  under  his  powerful  protedicn. 
The  countenance  fhewn  by  him  to  thefe  arts  was  not 
fuch  as  their  profellurs  generally  receive  from  the  great. 
It  was  not  conceded  as  a  bounty,  nor  received  as  a  fa- 
vour, but  appeared  in  the  friendfhip  and  equality  that 
fublilted  between  the  artilt  and  his  patmn  ;  and  the 
fums  of  money,  which  Cofmo  expended  on  piiftures,  fla- 
tues,  and  public  buildings,  appear  alnioft  inci  edible. 

Cofmo  now  approached  the  peiiod  of  his  mortal  ex- 

iftence: 


MED 


[    469    3 


MED 


Meiid.  iftence  :  but  the  faculties  of  his  mind  remained  unim- 
^-'"'^^^^  paired.  About  twenty  days  before  he  died,  he  Tent  for 
Ficlno,  and  enjoined  him  to  tranflnte  from  the  Greek 
the  Ireaiife  of  Xenocrates  on  death.  Calling  into  his 
chamber  his  wife  and  his  fon  Piero,  he  entered  into  a 
narrative  of  all  his  public  tranfacftions  ;  in  which  he  gave 
a  full  account  of  his  extenlive  mercantile  conneilions, 
and  adverted  to  the  (late  of  his  domeftic  concerns.  To 
Piero  he  reconmiended  a  Ihift  attention  to  the  educa- 
tion of  his  (ons ;  and  requeued,  that  his  funeral  might 
be  conduced  with  as  mudi  privacy  as  polTible.  He 
died  on  the  firft  of  Auguft  14O4.  at  the  age  of  75 
years,  deeply  lamented  by  a  great  majoiity  of  the  citi- 
zens of  Floience.  Their  efteem  and  gratitude  had  in- 
deed been  fully  (hewn  fome  time  before,  when,  by  a 
public  decree,  he  was  honoured  v.'ith  the  title  ni  Pater 
Palrix,^n  appellation  which  was  infcribed  on  his  tomb; 
and  which,  as  it  wis  founded,  fays  Rofcoe,  on  real  me- 
rit, has  ever  lince  been  attached  to  the  name  ot  Cofmo 
de  Medici. 

Medici  (Lorenzo  de),  juftly  ftyled  the  magnificent, 
was  tlie  grandfnn  of  Cofmo,  and  about  16  years  of  age 
when  his  grandfather  died.  His  father  Piero  de  Medi- 
ci, though  polfelFed  of  more  than  ordinary  talent',  as 
well  as  of  a  very  confiderable  (hare  of  worth,  was,  from 
various  circumllances,  little  qualified  to  maintain  the  in- 
Huence  which  his  family  had  gained  in  the  republic  of 
Florence.  From  very  early  life  he  had  been  tortured 
by  the  gout  ;  and  almoft  uninterrupted  pain  had  made 
him  peevifh.  Such  a  difpolition  was  not  calculated  to 
retain  the  affedions  of  the  giddy  Florentines,  or  to  per- 
fuade  republicans  that  they  wore  free,  while  they  lub- 
niitted  to  the  government  of  a  lingle  individual.  All 
this  Cofmo  had  fcirefeen,  and  had  done  what  wifdom 
coidd  do  to  preferve  to  his  family  that  afcendency  in 
the  republic  which  he  had  himfelf  acquired.  He  ex- 
horted Piero  to  beftow  the  utmoll  care  on  the  educa- 
tion of  his  fons,  of  whole  capacity  he  expred'ed  a  high 
opinion  ;  he  recommended  to  him  Diolifalvo  Neroni, 
a  man  whom  he  had  himfelf  raifed  fnmi  obfcurity  to  an 
eminent  rank,  as  a  counfellor,  in  whofe  wifdom  and  fide- 
lity be  mii;ht  place  the  utmoll  conliJence  :  and  to  bind 
the  i;  habitants  of  Florence  to  the  iioufe  of  Medici  by 
the  (trongcft  of  all  ties,  he  had  dillribiiteJ  among  them, 
under  tlie  denomination  of  loans,  inimenfefums,  which 
he  knew  they  would  not  fion  be  able  to  repay. 

Piero  paid  the  utmoft  deference  to  the  dying  injunc- 
tions of  his  lather.  He  had  himfelf  an  ardent  love  ol 
letters  ;  and  under  the  eye  of  the  venerable  Cofmo,  he 
hid  given  his  two  f  ns,  Loren/.o  and  Juliano,  the  bell 
poQible  domertic  education.  In  the  Greek  language, 
in  ctl  ics,  and  in  the  principles  of  the  Arillotelian  plii- 
lofophy,  Lorenzo,  the  cldell,  had  the  advantage  of  the 
precepts  of  the  learned  Argyropylus  (a),  and  in  thofe 
of  the  Platonic  feet  he  was  feduloully  inllruifled  by 
M.irlilio  Ficino  (fee  FiciNUS,  Eiicycl.)  ;  but  tor  his  mod 
valu.iblo  accomplifhments  he  was  not  indebted  to  any 
preceptor.  To  complete  his  education,  however,  ic 
was  judged  expedient  that  he  Ihould  vilit  fome  of  the 
ptincipai  courts  of  Italy  ;  and  very  foon  alter  the  death 


of  his  grandfather,  he  repaired  to  Rome,  Bologna,  Fer-  Medici, 
rara,  Venice,  and  Milan,  where  he  gained  the  efteem  of  '~^"^''^* 
all  whofe  efteem  was  of  value. 

Thus  attentive  was  Piero  to  the  advice  of  his  father 
with  refped  to  the  education  of  his  eldeft  fon  ;  nor  was 
he  lefs  attentive  to  it  in  the  choice  of  his  principal  coun- 
fellor. He  intrufted  the  whole  of  his  affairs  into  the 
hands  of  Neroni,  and  gave  him  Cofmo's  accounts  to 
perufe  and  fettle.  That  ambition,  which  perhaps  had 
lain  lurking  in  this  man's  mind,  was  now  called  forth, 
and  he  bafely  formed  the  fcheme  of  ruining  the  fon  of 
his  patron,  by  building  upon  his  misfortunes  his  own 
future  grandeur.  For  this  purpofe,  he  lamented  the ab.*!)- 
lute  neceftity  there  was  for  an  immediate  call  upon  thofe 
who  were  indebted  to  Piero  as  Cofmo's  reprefentative; 
telling  him,  that  a  delay  might  fuljjei.^  him  to  the  gieat- 
ell  inconveniences.  Piero  confeiued,  though  with  re- 
ludance,  to  liis  fuppofed  friend's  advice.  The  refuk 
was  fuch  as  Neroni  expelled.  Thofe  who  were  friends 
of  the  father  became  enemies  of  the  fon  ;  and  had  not 
Piero  dlfc'vered  the  fnarf,  and  delifted  from  fuch  ri- 
gorous psoceedings,  he  iriight  have  found,  when  too 
late,  that  in  lupporting  the  charaiSer  of  the  merchant, 
he  had  forgotten  that  of  the  ftatefman  ;  for  all  the  ci- 
tizens of  Florence  were  his  debtors. 

Soon  after  this,  an  attempt  was  made  to  afT.ftinate 
Piero,  by  a  powerful  party  wkich  had  always  been  ini- 
mical to  the  hcufe  of  Medici ;  but  it  was  defeated  by 
Lorenzo,  who  difplayed  on  that  occafion  a  fagacity  and 
prompitude  of  mind  wliicli  would  have  done  honour 
to  the  oldeft  ftatefman.  Afewot  the  confpirators  were 
declared  enemies  to  the  ftate,  and  condemned  to  baniHi- 
ment  ;  but  by  far  the  greater  part  of  them  were  par- 
doned on  the  felicitation  of  Lorenzo,  who  declared, 
that  "he  only  knows  how  to  conqner,  who  knows  how 
to  forgive." 

In  the  year  1469  Piero  de  Medici  died  ;  and  Lo- 
renzo  fucceed  to  his  authority  as  if  it  had  been  a  part 
of  his  patrimony,  being  requefted  by  the  principal  in- 
habitants of  Florence,  that  he  would  take  upon  himfelf 
the  adminiftration  ot  the  republic  in  the  fame  manner 
that  his  grandfather  and  father  had  done. 

In  the  month  of  December  1470,  a  league  was  fo- 
lemnly  concluded  between  the  pope,  the  king  of  Naples, 
the  duke  of  Milan,  and  the  Florentines,  againft  Maho- 
met II.  who  had  vowed  not  to  lay  down  his  arms  till 
he  had  abolilhtd  the  religion  of  Chrift,  and  extirpated 
all  his  followers.  The  pope,  however  (Paul  11.),  died 
on  the  26th  of  July  147 1  j  and  Sixtus  IV.  fucceeding 
to  the  chair  of  St  Peter,  Lorenzo  was  deputed  from 
Florence  to  congratulate  him  on  his  elevation.  Two 
more  oppolite  ch^raiflers  can  hardly  lie  conceived  than 
thofe  of  Sixtus  and  Lorenzo.  The  former  was  cruel, 
treacherous,  and  fordid  ;  the  latter  was  merciful,  can- 
did,  and  generous.  Yet  fuch  inflancesof  mutual  good 
will  took  place  between  them  on  this  occafion,  that  Lo- 
renzo, who,  under  the  diredlon  of  his  agents,  had  a 
bank  eftablilhed  at  Rome,  was  formally  invefled  with 
the  ofHcc  of  treafurer  of  the  Holy  Sec. 

Pifa  had  been  under  the  dominion  of  Florence  from 

the 


(a)  This  man  had  fled  fromConftantinople,  when  it  was  taken  by  the  Turks,  to  Florence,  where  he  was  pro- 
tedled  by  Cofmo  ds  Medici. 


MED 


[     470     ] 


MED 


Medici,  the  year  1406,  and  it  had  acquired  fome  celebiitj-  on 
^■''"^^""*^  account  ot  its  academy,  which  had  exilkd  almoll  two 
centuries.  That  academy,  however,  had  fallen  into  de- 
cay ;  and,  in  the  year  1472,  the  Floieiitincs  rciblved 
to  reftore  it  to  its  prilHiie  I'plendour.  Five  citizens, 
of  whom  Lorenr.o  de  Medici  was  one,  were  appointed 
to  fuperintend  the  execution  of  their  jjurpofe  ;  but  Lo- 
renzo, who  was  the  projefior  ot  the  plan,  undertook 
the  chief  nianagcincnt  of  it  ;  and,  in  addition  to  6000 
florins  annually  granted  by  the  Hate,  expended,  in  ef- 
feding  his  purpofe,  a  large  fum  of  money  Irom  his  pri- 
vate fortune.  In  doing  this,  he  only  imitated  the  ex- 
ample of  his  father  and  grandfather  ;  for  in  the  courfe 
of  37  years,  reckoning  irom  the  return  ol  Cofmo  from 
banilhment,  tliis  illultrious  family  had  expended  on 
woiksof  charity  or  jiuhlic  utility  upwards  of  660,000 
florins.  "  Some  perfons  (faid  Lorenzo)  would  perhaps 
be  better  pleafed  to  have  a  part  of  it  in  their  purfe  ; 
but  I  conceive  that  it  has  been  of  great  advantage  to 
the  public,  and  well  laid  out,  and  am  therefore  perfe<ft- 
\y  fatisfied." 

In  the  year  14741  Lorenzo  incurred  the  difpleafure 
of  the  pope  for  oppofing  fome  ot  his  encroaclinients  on 
the  petty  princes  of  Italy  ;  and  the  revenge  planned  by 
Sixtus  was  of  fuch  a  nature  as  would  have  difgraced, 
we  do  not  fay  a  Chriftian  bilhop,  but  the  ruded  favage. 
He  began  by  depriving  Lorenzo  ol  the  office  of  trea- 
furer  of  the  Roman  See,  which  he  gave  to  the  Pazzi,  a 
Florentine  family,  who  as  well  as  the  Medici,  had  a 
public  bank  at  Rome.  By  this  ftep  he  fecured  the  in- 
tereftof  the  Pazzi,  who,  it  is  probable,  were  to  govern 
Florence  under  the  pope,  when  Lorenzo  and  Juliano  de 
Medici  Ihould  be  cut  olF,  and  their  friends  and  adhe- 
rents driven  from  the  republic.  The  principal  agent 
engaged  in  the  undertaking  was  Franfcfco  Salvi.ui  arch- 
bilhop  of  PIfa,  to  which  rank  he  had  lately  been  pro- 
moted by  Sixlus,  in  oppofition  to  the  wilhes  of  the  Me- 
dici. The  other  conlpirators  were  Giacopo  Salviati, 
brother  to  the  archbifliop  ;  Giacopo  Poggio,  one  of  the 
fons  of  the  celebrated  Poggio  Bracciolini  i^fee  Poggi- 
us,  Encycl.);  Barnardo  Bandini,  a  daring  libertine, 
rendered  defperate  by  the  confequence  ot  his  txcefles  ; 
Giovanni  Battilli  Moniefrcco,  who  had  dlllinguifhed 
himfclf  as  general  of  tlie  pope's  armies ;  Antonio  Maf- 
fei,  a  priell  of  Volterra  ;  and  Stephano  de  Bagnona,  one 
of  the  apoilulic  fcribes  ;  with  feveral  others  of  inferior 
note.  The  cardinal  Riario,  then  at  Pifa,  was  likewife 
an  inftrument  in  the  confpiracy  ;  but  he  can  hardly  be 
confidered  as  an  agent,  for  he  was  kept  ignorant  of 
what  was  going  on,  and  enjoined  only  to  obey  whatever 
direflions  he  might  receive  trom  the  archbilhop  of  Pifa. 

The  aflaflination  of  the  illuftrious  youths  was  fixed 
for  Sunday,  April  26.  1478;  the  place  the  cathedral 
of  Florence,  at  the  moment  the  hoft  was  to  be  elevated ; 
and  their  murder  was  to  be  the  fignal  for  feizing  and  ex- 
pelling from  the  walls  of  the  city  all  their  relations  and 
friends.  What  a  tranfadlon  this  for  one  who  prefumed 
to  llyle  himfelf  the  vicar  of  Chrill,  the  common  father 
ol  ChiirteiiJom,  to  patronize  ! 

The  fatal  day  arrived,  and  Lorenzo  was  already  in 


the  church  ;  but  Jtiliano  remained  at  hoine,  occafionct!  M»tlicl. 
by  a  flight  ifidifpofitlon.  The  confpirators,  determining  ""^"""''^ 
not  to  lol'e  one  of  their  viiflims,  went  to  invite,  to  in- 
treat  him,  to  go.  They  embraced  (b),  and  led  him,  by 
a  tender  violence,  to  the  cathedral.  The  fignal  was 
given  by  the  elevation  of  the  confecratcd  wafer  ;  and 
whilll  the  people  fell  upon  their  knees  to  adore,  the 
alfafllns  rofe,  and.  as  was  conceited,  two  ot  them,  Fran- 
cifco  Pazzi  and  Barnardo  Bandini,  fell  upon  Juliano. 
The  latter  diicded  his  pnignard  fo  truly,  that  it  enter- 
ed into  the  bofom  ot  the  unoffending  youth,  and  iie  fell 
mortally  wounded  at  his  feet. 

In  a  moment,  as  muft  be  fuppofed,  all  was  confufion. 
Lorenzo,  alarmed,  put  himfelf  in  a  polUire  oi  defence, 
when,  in  an  inftant,  Antonio  of  Volterra,  and  Stepha- 
no a  prieft,  tlie  dependant  of  the  archbilliop,  who,  upon 
Giovanni  Battilli's  declining  the  infamous  talk,  under- 
took his  deIlru(flion,  ruthed  upon  him  as  their  deltlned 
prey.  The  contcd  continued  fome  time.  Lorenzo  had 
received  a  wound  in  his  neck,  and  feemed  to  cntend 
for  his  life  in  vain  ;  but  a  fervant,  whom  he  had  lately 
relieved  from  pjifon,  infpired  by  gratitude,  heroically 
threw  himfelf  between  his  beloved  lord  and  his  aflaflins 
receiving  in  his  body  thofe  weapons  that  were  aimed  at 
the  breaft  of  Lorenzo.  This  fidelity  faved  him  ;  for 
by  one  vigorous  effort  he  broke  from  Antonio  and  Ste- 
phano, and  with  a  few  friends  rufhcd  into  the  facrifty, 
fhutting  the  doors  behind  them,  which  were  of  brafs. 
Apprelienfions  being  entertained,  that  the  weapon 
which  had  wounded  him  was  poifoned,  a  young  man 
fucked  the  wound,  endangering  his  own  life  to  fave  that 
ot  Lorenzo. 

The  rage  of  the  people  to  fee  one  of  their  favourites 
expiring,  and  the  other  covered  with  blood,  was  inex- 
prefllble.  The  cardinal  Riario  found  it  diflicnlt  to  fave 
his  life  at  that  altar  wliich  he  had  ftained  by  fo  horrid 
a  deed,  and  to  which  he  then  fled  for  proteAion. 

Whilll  this  infamous  i'cene  was  aiSing  in  the  cathe- 
dral, others  of  the  confpirators  were  attempting  to  feize 
the  Palazzo  ;  but  with  no  better  fuccefs.  The  arch- 
bilhop Salviatti,  who  had  undertaken  to  head  them, 
gave  the  magiftrates  fufpicion  by  thofe  violent  emotions 
which  agitated  his  whole  frame.  The  nine  fenators 
who  compofed  the  magillracy,  including  the  gonfalo- 
nier, who  had  been  appointed  by,  and  were,  in  other 
words,  the  privy  council  ot  the  Medici,  immediately  at- 
tacked thole  who  intended  to  have  fiirprifed  them  ;  and 
Salviatti  and  his  followers  had  no  fooner  gained  the  fe- 
cond  floor,  than  they  found  tliemfelves  prifonerf. 

Jacobo  Pazzi  foon  appeal  ed  in  the  flreet,  proclaim- 
ing, with  exultation,  the  murder  ol  Juliano  ;  and  invi- 
ting  the  Florentines  to  free  themlclves  from  the  Medi- 
cean  flavery  ;  but  perceiving  that  he  was  not  joined  by 
the  people,  the  magiftrates  fent  off  100  horfe  to  the  ref- 
ctie  of  Lorenzo.  'J'his  was  the  more  to  be  commended, 
becaufe  they  continued  to  be  alurulted  by  the  confpira- 
tors, who,  finding  their  fituation  defperate,  forced  them- 
felves  to  the  ground  floor,  determining,  if  poffible,  to 
feize  the  Palazzo.  The  magiftrates,  with  their  atten- 
dants, afted  with  fuch  refolution  and  valour,  that  as  of- 
ten 


(b)  The  affaffins  embraced  Juliano,  to  difcover  whether  he  wore  any  fecret  armour,  that  ibey  might  know 
where  to  ftrike  with  the  fureft  aim. 


MED 


C     47»     ] 


MED 


Medici.    ten  as  they  gained  an  entrance,  they  drove  them  back,    tions  which  then  prevailed  of  the  farftity  of  the  pope,     Medi( 
''^^'"^*' icilling  fomeof  the  alTailants  upon  the  fpot,  others  they     and  the  plcntitude  of  his  power,  it  is  needlefs  to  inquire-  '-^""'^ 
threw  out  of  the  windows  upon  the  pavement;  and  to    l>ut  the  reader  will  n't  be  furpriftd  thatthe  prelates,  who 
ftrike  an  awe  into  thofe  ihat  were  without,   they  had  the    made  ufe  of  it,  piid  no  regard  to  the  inrerdifl  of  Slxtiis. 
boldnels  and  viruie  to  hang  the  archbifhop  from  one  of    The  pontilf,  however,  did  not  relax  from  his  purpofe. 
the  windows,  dietfed  as  he  was  in  his  pontifical  robes,    Wiiiilt  he  brandifhed  with  one  hand  the  fpiritual  wea- 
■with  Poggif",   another  of  the  chief  confpirators.     Flo-    pon,  which  the  Fl-'reniines  treated  with  fuch  contempt 
rence  relounded  in  every   part  with  the  exclamation —    in  the  other,  hegr  fped  a  temporal  fword,  which  he  now 
Medici,  Medici !   down  wiih  their  enemies  !  openly,  as  he  had  before  fccretly,  aimed  at  the  bread 

L<  rtnzp  was  liberated  from  that  part  of  the  cathe-    of  Loienzo.       At   his   inQigation  the  king  of  Naples 
dral  to  which  he  had  fled,  and  cnnveyed  home  in  trl-    difpatched  an  er.voy  to  Florence,  to  require  the  citizens 
umph,  wheie  his  weunds  were  attended  to,  and  where    t"  bandh  Lorenzo  from  the  Tufcan  territories,  if  th.ey 
he  found  himfell  lurroundedbyhisrnoll  valuable  (rlends,    would  not  ircur  the  ver.!;,.-ance  both  of  him  and  of  the 
to  whom  he  wa-;  endeared  by  the  fliocking  occurrences    pope.     Thele  threats  produced  not  the  intended  effeifl  • 
of  the  day.       Hi>   partizans  however,  did  not  /pend    *or  the  Florentines  avowed  ihelr  firm  ref  lution  to  fuf. 
their  time  only  in  lamentations  tor  the  death  of  one  of    fer  every  extremity,  rather  than  betray  the  man  whom 
the  bro;hers,  and  exultations  for  the  preleivaiion  of  the    they  confidered  as  guardian  of   the  republx.      War 
other;  they  united  in  purfuing  the  confpirators,  fpa-    therefore  was  commenced  ;  and  the  republic  was  on  the 
ring  none  that  fell  into  their  bauds.     Jacobo  Pazzi  was    point  of  being  ruined,  when  Lorenzo  'aking  advantage 
taken  flyirg  with  his  forces  into  Rotiianij,   and  immc-    of  a  truce,  threw  himfelf,  with  a  refoUnion  not  to  be 
diately  hung.     An  oflicer  of  the  pope';-,  who  cc  mniand-    equalled,  into  the  hands  of  the  king  of  Naples.     He 
cd  a  brigade  under  court  Hirronimo,  had  alone  the  fa-   judged,  peihap,,  that  any  ftipulations  for  his  perfonal 
vour  of  decapitation.       Bandini  fled  piivatcly  to  Pifa,    fafety  would  be  ufelefs  with  a  prince  who  had  fported 
thence  to  Naples,  and,  lattly,  to  Conllantinople  ;    but    wi'-h  honour,  jurtice,  mercy,  and  the  moll  f)lemn  trea- 
Mahomet,  to  oblige  Lorenzo,  feized,  and  ftnt  him  back;    ties.     But,  wtiilll  all  viewed  him  as  a  viiflim  who  had 
and  he  was  hung  out  of  the  fame  window  from  which    devoted  himfelf  to  fave  his  country,  he,  by  perf'uafive 
thearchbifhophad  fufFercd.     An  embaffy  was  tent  from    eloquence,  obtained  of  this  crufty  perfidious  monarch  a 
Florence  to  thank  the  fultan  in  the  name  of  die  republic,    feparate  peace,  and  returned  to  Florence  crowned  with 
Throughout  the  whole  of  this  jnll  but  dreadful  re-    a  luccefs  that  no  one  thought  pi>(rible,  and  where  he 
tribution,  Lorenzo  had  exerted  ail  his  influence  to  re-    ^"*'  received  as  its  tutelar  deity.     The  pope,  however 
ftraiu  the  indignation  of  the  populace.       He  entreated    continued  inflexible,  till  a  delcent  of  the  Turks  upon 
that  they  would   refign  to  the  magitirates  the  i.dk  of    Italy  icitored  him  to  his  f;nfe5,  and  made  him  willing 
afcertaining  and  of  punilhing  the  guilty,  left  the  inno-    to  receive  the  fubmiffion  c(  Florence,  and  reconcile  its 
cent  fhould  be  incaulioufly  involved  in  dellructlon;  and     inhabitants  to  the  church. 

his  appearance  and  admonitions  h. id  an  init  intaneous  ef-  Soon  aftsr  the  termination  of  the  hoftilitics  between 
fe<fl.  By  his  moderation,  and  even  kindnefs  to  the  re-  Sixtus  and  the  republic  of  Florence,  Lorenzo  began  to 
lalivcs  of  the  confpirators,  he  A  ught  to  obliterate  the  unfold  plans  for  I'ecuring  the  peace  of  Italy,  which  con- 
remembrance  of  pali  dillurbances  j  and  by  his  inierfe-  '^r  the  higheft  honour  on  his  political  life.  To  ccun- 
rcncc,  even  the  furvivnrs  of  the  Pazzi  were  lellored  to  terpnife  all  the  jarring  interells  of  the  petty  ftates  of 
their  hoii  ur<.,  of  which  they  had  been  deprived  by  a  de-  which  that  country  was  compofeJ,  to  reflrain  the 
creo  of  the  ftate.  powerful,  fucccur  the  weak,  and  to  unite  the  whole  in 

The  generofity  and  moderation  of  Lorenzo  had  no  0"e  tirrn  body  which  might  be  able,  on  the  one  hard, 
effedf  on  the  temper  of  Sxtut,  who  folemnly  excommu-  luccefsfully  to  oppole  the  formidable  piwer  of  the 
nicated  him,  the  gonfalonrtr,  tl;e  magillrates,  and  their  Turks,  and,  on  the  other,  to  rtpel  th.-  incurfions  of 
immediate  fucctlUrs;  and  i-  the  hu  1  which  he  ill'ucd  the  French  and  Germ.ins,  were  the  important  ends 
on  this  occafion,  he  ftyles  Lorenzo  de  Medici  "  the  which  this  great  man  propoled  to  accomplilb.  But 
child  of  iniquity,  and  the  nuril  ng  of  perdition  !"  Not  before  he  engai,-ed  in  thele  mcm.cntous  underakings,  he 
content  with  this  ebuUi-ion  of 'elcntment,  he  fufprnd^d  had  lurihtr  perfonal  dangers  to  encounter.  By  the  in- 
the  bilhops  and  clcigy  of  the  Florentine  territories  from  Higation  of  Cardinal  Riario,  and  feme  Florentine  exiles, 
the  exercife  of  their  fpiritual  Iuni5li..ns;  thus  laying  the  ""«  Battilla  Fr.ilcobaldi,  with  only  two  aflillant?,  un- 
whole  republic  under  an  interdKl.  'J'his  hi<l  been  a  dertook  to  affalliiiate  him  in  the  church  of  the  Carmelr, 
forniidahle  weapon  in  the  hands  of  his  prcdecelTTs,  who  o"  'he  felfival  of  the  afcenfion  1481  ;  but  the  plot  was 
had,  by  mcan^  of  it,  overawed  the  moft  powerful  mo-  oilcovercd,  the  confpirators  executed,  and  Li  renzo 
narchs;  but  the  general  chtracter  of  Sixtus  was  lb  in-  li<:"ce'orth  feldom  went  abroad  without  being  furround- 
famous,  and   his  piefent  ii.julVice  lb  manilell,  that  by    ed  by  a  number  cf  tried  friends. 

the  exertions  of  the  bilhop  of  Arezzo,  a  convocation  Lorenz.)  was  now  at  liberty  to  profecuts  his  bene- 
was  held  in  the  c  <thcdral  church  of  Florence,  in  which  volent  purpofes ;  and  after  contributing  to  the  expulfion 
Sixiiis  was  acculed  oi  fornicallon  anu  tiJulUry,  with  other  of  the  »  ui  ks  from  Italy,  he  fct  himfelf  in  good  earnell 
infamous  vice-  ;  declared  to  be  the  principal  inlligator  to  lupport  the  wtik  ftatcs  againft  the  encroachments 
of  the  confpiracy  again!!  the  Medici,  and  the  fcntence  of  the  more  poweiful.  This  necefTarily  embroiled  t:  e 
of  excommunication  which  he  had  tulnilnited  afiainll  republic  at  one  time  with  the  pope,  at  another  with 
Lorenzo  and  the  Florentine  m.iglllrates  was  cillcd  in  the  king  of  Naples ;  now  wr.h  the  Vene.ian.-,  and  then 
direft -rrms,  the  "  execr.iblc  malcdi.aion  ot  a  d.mined  with  the  Diike  of  Mian;  but  when  feme  exclaimed 
'yi'^'^t  (malfdULim  mnleaiaionem  diimniilijfimi  judicit)  !  againll  liun   as  being  too  precipitate  in   involving'  the 

How  fuch  language  could  be  reconciled  to  the  no-    republic  in  dangerous  and  expenfive  wars,  he  explained 

to 


MED  [     472     ]  MED 

Medirl.    to  ihem  the  neccllity  of  maintaining  the  balance  of   the  ladies,  the  envy  of  the  men,  and  the  admiration  of    Medici. 

'"•''^''"''*^  power,  if  they  would  pref^rve  the  independence  of  their    botli.     The  fiatefman  of  his  time;   unrivalled  in  chi- 

own  (late  ;  and  fo  completely  had  he  made  himfclf  ma-    valry  ;  one  of  the  moll  eminent  orators  lh.it  the  world 

lleri.f  this  lubjecl  tiiat  he  convinced  the  moll  inciedu-    has  produced.     His  poetic  merit,   willi  his  judgment 

lous  of  the  propriety  of  his  mealnres,  wliich,  in  1488,    in,  and  patronage  of  that  art,  procured  !iim  the  title  of 

introduced  general  tranquillity  into  Italy.  "  Father  of  the  Mules."     In  liberality  to  his  fellow. 

At  this  period,  the  city  of  Florence  was  .-it  its  higheft    citizens,  as  well  as  in  every  other  refpefl,  e.\cept  as  a 

degree  cf  prolperity.     The  vigilance  of  Lorenzo  had     general,  he  exceeded  even  Csefar  iiimfelf;  and  had  not 

fecured  it  i'lom  all  apprelienfions  of  external  attack ;  and    peace  been  his  dear  delight,  his  talents  would  have  made 

his  acknowledged  dilinterellednefs  and  moderation  had    him  a  confummate  commander.     Yet  with  all  thefe  fu- 

almoll  extinguilhed  tiiat  fpirit  of  internal  diifenlion  for    perior  accnmplilhments,    he  did  not  think  it  beneath 

which  it  had  been  fo   long  remarkable.     The  Floren-    liim  to  indulge  in  amiilements  wliich  perfoBs,  lefs  wife, 

tines  gloried  in  their  illulliious  citizen,  and  were  grati-    would  have  thought  an  impeacliment  ot  their   under- 

tied  by  numbering  in  their  body  a  man  who  wielded  in    (landing,  and  he  would  often  feek  pleal'ure  in  his  nur- 

liis  hands  the  fite  of  nations,  and  attrafled  the  refpedt    fcry,  fpending  hours  there  in  all  the  frivolous  pranks  of 

and  admiration  of  all  Europe.  childilli  diverlion.     In  fine,  "  the  gravity  of  his  life,  if 

Yet  amidil  public  affairs  lb  intricate  and  fo  momen-     compared  with  its  levity,  mud  make  him  appear  as  a 

tous,  fucli  was  the  capacity  of  this  man's  mind,  and    cnmpofition  ol  two  different  perfons,  incompatible,  and, 

fuch  his  verfatility  of  genius,  that  for  the  greater  part    as  it  were,  impillible  to  be  joined  with  the  other." 

of  his  life,  he  carried  on  a  commerce  as  extenfive  as  that         Lorenzo,  like  moll  other  great  men,  had  v.ifhed  to 

of  his  grandfather,  wliilfl  he  afforded  dill  greater  en-    fpend  his  lall  years  in  the  tranquillity  cf  retirement. 

couiagement  to  learning  and  learned  men.     Cofmohad    He  therefore  at  an  early  period  wound  up  his  mercan- 

greatly   promoted  the  lludy  of  the  ancient  languages    tile  coacerns,  and  divided  hit  time  between  the  cares  of 

and  ancient  philofophy.     Lorenzo  did  the  fame  thing  :    the  republic  at  Florence,    and  the  cultivation  of  his 

but  he  did  much  more  ;  he  encouraged  the  cultivation    ellates  in  the  country.    He  wifiied  even  to  dived  himfelf 

of  his  own  tongue,  which  had  been  neglefteJ  fince  the    of  all  public  concerns,  and  get  his  fecond  fon  Giovanni 

age  of  Petrarca  ;  and  by  fetting  a  great  example  him-    admitted  into  holy  orders  at  the  age  of  fevcn  years,  that 

felf,  he  produced  u  race  of  Italian  poets,  which  have    he  might  be  fit  lor  ecclefiaftical  preferment  before  he 

hardly  been  furpaffed  in  any  age  or  nati<'n.    To  enume-    ihould  be  deprived  of  tlie  proteflion  of  his  father.    The 

rate  even  the  names  of  the  elegant  fcholars  whom  he  pa-    young  ecclefiaftic,  who  afterwards  made  fuch  a  figure 

tronifed,  would  extend  tiii^  article  far  beyond  its  limits,    as  Leo  X.  was  accordingly  appointed  by  Louis  XI.  of 

In  the  academy  of  Pila,  of  which  mention  has  been  al-    Fiance,   abbot  of  Fonte  Dolac,   belore  he  was  eight 

ready  made,   the  lludies  were  chieHy   confined  to  the    years  of  age  ;  and  by  Innocent  VIII.  a  cardinal,  when 

Latin  language,  and  to  thofe  fciences  of  which  it  was    he  was  little  more  than  thirteen.  This  added  much  to  the 

the  principal  vehicle.     At  Florence  the  Greek  tongue    influenceof  the  family,  not  only  in  the  Tnfcan  dates,  but 

was  taught  under  the  faniflion  of  a  public  inditutlon,    througli  all  Italy  ;  and  Loienzo  having  introduced  his 

either  by  native  Greeks  or  learned  Italians,  whofe  fer-    eldeft  fon  into  public  life,  and  accomplilhed  a  marriage 

vices  were  procured  by  the  diligence  of  Lorenzo  de    between  him  and  the  daughter  of  a  noble  family  at 

Medici,  and  repaid  by  his  bounty.     He  placed  Michael    Rome,  thouglit  he  miaht  commit  the  affairs  of  the  re- 

Angelo  at  the  head  of  an  academy,  which  he  ere<5led    public  in  a  great  meaiure  to  Piero,   and  indulge  his 

for  painting  and  fculpture,  furnilhiug  it  with  the  beft    own  tade  in  the  conveifetion  of  his  learned  friends. 

models  of  antiquity.     He  btillt  and  endowed  a  public    This    dream    of    felicity    however   was    not   realized. 

library,  and  lent  Lafcaris,  of  imperial  defcent,  to  Con-    Early  in  the  year   1492,  he  was  attacked  by  a  difeafe, 

llantinople  more  th.in  once,  to  procure  Greek  manu-    under  wiiich  he  had  long  laboured,  with  fuch  violence, 

fcripts.     I'or  father  Moiiano,  the  orator,  a  monaftery    that  on  the   8th  of  April  he  died  in  the  midd  of  his 

was  built ;  and  Florence  owed  many  of  her  fined  edi-    weeping  Irlends,  after  having  taken  <;f  them,  one  by 

fices  to  him.     Politiano  and  Ficino  were  among  his    one,  an  affe>5lionate  farewell,  and  given  to  his  fon  Plero 

rood  intimate  friends;  and  it  is  not  perhaps  too  much    much   falutary  counfel,   which  he  thought  not  fit  to 

to  fay,  that  he  did  more  for  letters  and  fcience  and  art    follow. 

than  any  other  individual  that  ever  exided.  His  own  The  charafler  of  this  great  and  good  man  is  deve- 
ac(iuirements  in  learning  were  great;  and  his  poetry,  loped  in  the  detail  which  we  have  given  of  his  conduift 
of  which  the  reader  will  find  many  fpecimens  in  the  through  life :  But  it  may  not  be  improper  to  add,  that 
elegant  work  of  Rofcoe,  was  exquifite.  fucli  was  the  love  and  veneration  of  the  citizens  to  him, 

Is  it  lurprifing,  when  we  examine  Lorenzo's  charac-  that  the  phylician,  who  had  attended  him  on  his  death- 
bed, afraid  to  return  to  Florence,  leit  the  houfe  in  a 
date  of  didraflion,  and  plunged  liinifeU"  into  a  well. 
Throughout  the  red  of  Italy  tl'.e  death  of  Lorenzo  was 


ter,  that  all  Italy,  all  Chridendom,  even  the  Maho- 
metans, gave  him  the  mod  flatteiing  marks  of  appro- 
bation, and  drove  \\ho  fiiould  oblii»e  hitn  mod,  by  pre- 


fenting  him  with  whatever  was  rare  and  valuable  ?  His  regarded  as  a  public  calamity  oi  the  mod  alarming 

palace  w.is  cnndanlly  filled  with  men  famous  In  every  kind.     Of  the  arch  which  fupported  the  political  fabric 

elegant,    every  ufelul   fcience,    and  the  neighbouring  of  that  country  he  had  long  been  conlideied  as  the 

princes  flocked  to  it  as  to  the  temple  of  wifdom.     The  centre,  and  hi>  Infi  feemed  to  threaten  the  whole  with 

celebrated  prince  of  Mirandola,  on  his  account,  chofe  immediate  dedruftion.     When  Ferdinand  king  of  Na- 

Florcnce  !■  r  his  refidence,  and  died  there.  pies  was  informed  ot  the  event,  he  exclaimed,  '•  This 

To  a  mi  d  engaging  perfun  was  added  each  grace,  man  has  lived  long  enough  for  his  own  glory,  but  too 

and  every  accomplilhment.     He  was  the  favourite  of  (hort  a  time  for  Italy." 

MEDICINA 


MED 


C     473     ] 


M     K     D 


Medicina.'  MEDICINA  forensis,  is  a  phrsH:  ufid  in  Germany 
'^'^~*'^'*^  to  denote  ihofe  parts  of  anatomical  anJ  phyllological 
knowledge,  which  enable  phyficians  and  furgeons  to 
decide  certain  caufes  as  judges  in  courts  of  jiiftice.  In 
that  country  it  has  long  been  law  and  cultom  (if  we 
iniftake  not,  by  the  Caroline  code  of  Charles  V.)  to  re- 
fer cafis  oi  poifoning,  child  murder,  raps,  prcv,natcy,  im- 
pottncy,  idcotifyn,  &c.  to  the  medical  faculty,  which,  in 
the  univcrfities  and  fome  otlier  great  towns,  is  conllitut- 
ed  into  a  kind  of  court  for  the  trial  of  fuch  queftions.  In 
this  country  there  are  no  fuch  courts  ;  but  in  criminal 
trials  medical  gentlemen  are  often  called  upon  to  de- 
fcribe  the  fymptoms  oi poifonlng,  chtU-murder,  rap:,  &c. 
and  therefore  it  becomes  them  to  obtain  an  accurate 
knowledge  of  thefe  fymptoms,  and  to  rtore  their  me- 
mories with  a  number  ot  minute  facls,  to  which  they 
may  have  occafion  to  appeal  when  giving  their  evi- 
dence. 

The  importance  of  this  fubjetfl  induced  the  profeflbr 
of  the  inftituies  of  phyfic  in  the  univerfity  of  Edinburgh 
to  refolve  lately  to  read  an  annual  courfe  of  leiflures  on 
Medical  Jurisprudence.  This,  we  doubt  not,  will 
prove  a  valuable  coune  ;  for  though  it  is  hardly  con- 
ceivable that,  under  the  head  ttitdical  jurifprudcnce,  any 
k'l'j'xl  dgi  can  be  communicated  which  a  well  educated 
phyfici an  would  not  neceflarily  have  acquired,  without 
attending  fuch  a  coiirfe  ;  yet  it  is  very  obvious,  that  the 
recolle>ftiiin  of  the  young  phyfician  may  receive  great 
liid  from  his  liftening  to  the  well  arranged  lediires  ot  an 
accurate  profellor.  From  thefe  l;flures  he  may  (lore 
Iiis  mind  with  a  co!leilio;i  of  aphnrifnis  wliich  Ihill  be 
always  ready  on  the  day  ot  exaniin.iiion  ;  or  the  Iciffiires 
thenifcKes  njay  b"  delivered  in  qnedions  and  anfwers 
Willi  all  the  t'ornialitics  ot  a  criminal  court. 

We  h;ive  heard  it  obfeived,  that  to  attend  a  courfe 
of  luch  kdures  would  be  of  the  utmofl  advantage  to  all 
who  may  be  called  upon  tofi;rve  as  jurymen  in  criminal 
trials  ;  but  of  ilie  truth  of  this  obfsrvalion  we  are  more 
th'.n  doubtful.  Peiions  who  are  only  /ja^' inllrucfed 
are  always  ccnceited  of  their  own  attainments;  and  men 
not  acqu.iinted  with  anatomy  and  phyfiology  cannot  be 
tiire  than  half  inllruilcd  by  th.e  ableil  C"urfe  pollible  to 
lie  given  of  medical  jurilprudence.  Such  perfons  in- 
deed can  hardly  avoid  m.ilaking  the  fenfe  of  the  pro- 
fclfor's  language,  however  peripicuous  that  language 
may  be.  Of  this  we  had  lately  a  very  Ifriking  iallnnce. 
A  gentkm  m,  by  no  moan';  illiterate,  tliougli  a  flranger 
to  anatomical  and  pliyfiological  fcience,  was  expalia- 
ting  to  the  writer  of  this  article  upon  the  general  im- 
poitance  ot  medical  juiiffirudenrc,  a  cour.'e  of  which, 
he  faid,  lie  had  attended  !■  r  the  fole  purpofe  of  qu.ilily- 
iiig  hinifeif  tor  diirhcging  tile  important  duties  of  a 
juryman.  Upon  being  alkeJ  what  lie  had  learned  ?  he 
leplieil,  that  he  hid  been  taught,  among  other  things 
which  we  thought  fiivoloiis,  to  difceni,  from  the  fymp- 
toms of  han^in^,  whether  the  dead  man  had  been  hang- 
ed by  himjelf  or  by  another.  V«"e  need  not  fiirely  oL- 
li-rve,  that  no  fuch  lelT'O  was  ever  taught  in  any  uni- 
veifily,  or  by  any  medical  Ici'lurer  ;  but  it  is  worthy  of 
confidcration,  whether  Icflures  on  medical  jurilprudence 
may  rot  have  ihe  mod  pernlL-»i'us  cffeifs  on  the  minds 
of  men  f>  little  qualified  as  this  gcnileiiian  to  profit  by 
them.  To  the  regularly  eJucaied  phyfician  and  fur- 
geon  fuch  Iciflures  may  prove  iilcful  ;  to  the  plain  citi- 
zen, not  (killed  in  anatomy  and  phyliology,  they  mufl 
Suj-Pi.  Vol.  II. 


prove  dangerous;  as  their  cnly  tendency  Is  to  m.alre 
him  defplfe  the  evidence  given  before  him  by  the  regu- 
lar phyfician  or  fargeon ;  to  place  implicit  confidence 
in  his  own  fuperficial  knowledge  ;  and  thus  tj  decide 
at  random  on  the  life  or  deatli  of  his  fellow.creature  : 

A  little  learning  is  a  dangerous  thing  ; 
Drink  deep,  or  tafte  not  the  Pierian  (ping. 

MEDINA,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Woolli  in 
Africa,  is  fituated  in  13"  40'  N.  Lat.  and  12°  40'  W. 
Long.  It  is  a  place  of  conliderable  extent,  and  may 
contain  from  800  to  1000  hojfcs.  It  is  fortified  in  the 
common  African  manner,  by  a  furrounding  high  wall 
built  of  clay,  and  an  outward  fence  of  pointed  (lakes 
and  prickly  bufhes  ;  but  the  walls  are  negleifted,  and 
the  outward  fence  has  fuffered  confiderably  from  the 
aflive  hands  of  bufy  hcufewives,  who  pluck  up  the 
flakes  for  fire.<ocd.  Mr  Park  palfed  through  it  on  his 
route  eaflward,  and  was  treated  with  much  kindnefs 
both  by  the  king  and  the  people.  The  good  old  fove- 
reign  warned  him  of  the  dangers  he  was  about  to  en- 
counter, and  endeavoured  to  perfu  ide  l.im  t^i  relinquifli 
all  thoughts  ot  his  journey  eallw  ird  ;  but  when  he  c;-uli 
not  prevail,  he  gave  him  a  guide,  who  co.iduifled  him 
in  latety  to  Konjar,  the  frontier  town  rf  the  kingdom 
towards  Tiondou,  from  which  it  is  fepara'ed  by  an  in- 
tervening wildernefs  of  two  days  journey.  Here  our 
author  was  prelented,  by  way  of  lefrefliment,  with  a  li- 
quor which  tailed  fo  much  like  the  llrong  beer  of  his 
native  country  (and  very  good  beer  too),  as  to  induce 
him  to  inquire  into  its  ompolltion  ;  and  he  learned, 
with  fome  degree  of  furpriit,  that  it  was  actually  made 
from  corn  which  had  been  previcufly  malted,  much  in 
the  lame  manner  as  bailey  is  malted  in  Great  Britain  : 
a  rc'Ot  yielding  a  grateful  bitter  was  ufed  in  lieu  of  hops, 
the  name  of  which  he  fort.ot ;  but  the  corn  which 
yields  the  wort  is  the  hohus  fpicalus  of  botaniits. 

MEDOC  rU,  a  fet'lemeiii  in  New-Brunfwick,  fitu- 
ated on  tlie  Wilt  (ide  of  St  John's  river,  35  miles  above 
St  Amies — Jllorie. 

MEDOROSTA,  a  lake  in  the  north  part  of  the 
Diltrid  of  Maine,  whole  northern  point  is  within  8 
miles  ot  the  Canada  line,  in  lat.  47°  56',  and  long. 
68"  J 2'  \V.  It  gives  rife  to  Spey  river,  which  runs 
S.  S.  E.  into  St  John's  river. — :6. 

MEDUNCOOK,  a  plantation  in  Lincoln  coiintv, 
Dillrii^l  ot  Maine,  230  miles  from  BolK'D,  having  322 
inhabitant*. — il>. 

MEDUSA,  In  addition  to  the  diflcrent  fpccies  of 
this  genus  ot  vermes  defcrilied  in  the  Encs'cloptcdia,  that 
which  Is  repreftntediii  two  dilTereit  attitudes,  fig.  i.  and 
2.  and  which  tlrongly  refembles  a  bagpipe  in  fhape,  may 
be  worthy  of  notice.  It  is  merely  a  white  tranfparent 
veficle,  fuinilhed  with  fever  il  blue  tentic'e;  yellowiili  at 
their  extremity  ;  its  Ivng  tail,  which  is  alio  blue,  ap- 
pears 10  be  compifed  of  a  number  of  (mall  glandulctn 
grains,  H  iiteneei  and  united  together  by  a  gelatinom 
membrane.  The  upper  pait  ot  the  veiicle  exhibits  a 
kind  of  team  with  alternotc  piinilures  of  three  difFo- 
rent  li/cs ;  its  elongated  pan,  winch  miy  be  confid.Teil 
as  the  head  ot  the  animal,  is  terrninaicd  by  a  (Ingie 
tiiink,  the  exterior  edge  rf  which  is  fringed  with  25  or 
26  tentacles,  much  t'raaller  than  ihofe  which  oiii!,inr.te 
fiom  the  inl'eriion  of  its  l.ing  tail,  and  the  number  of 
which  fomeiiniei.  amounts  to  30.  By  means  of  thefo 
3  O  la(l. 


Place 
XXXVI, 


MEL 


C     474     ] 


MEN 


Melete 
cunk. 


Mcdway,  lad,  the  diameter  of  which  it  is  capable  of  increafing  at 
pleafure  by  forcing  in  a  little  of  the  air  from  its  body, 
it  fixed  itfelf  to  the  fide  of  the  vefl"cl,  in  which  it  was 
placed,  in  fuch  a  manner  a«  that  the  extremity  of 
fome  of  its  tentacles  occupied  a  furface  of  two  or 
three  lines  from  its  body.  The  mnll  moveable  part 
of  the  veficle  is  its  elongation,  or  the  head  ot  the  ani- 
mal, as  it  is  by  means  of  this  that  it  performs  its  diffe- 
rent motions.  The  rounded  fubliance,  marked  by  the 
letter  P,  is  fituated  in  the  centre  of  the  l.irger  tentacles, 
which  are  firmly  fixed  to  the  body  o;  the  animal  near 
its  tail ;  and  is  only  an  aliemblage  ot  a  few  minute  gela- 
tinous globules,  fiom  thi  middle  of  which  aiife  other 
larger  gl  bules,  with  a  imall  peduncle,  about  the  middle 
of  which  is  fixed  a  curved  bluilh  coloured  body,  which 
is  reprefented  magnified  in  two  pofiiions  at  R.  Mar- 
tlniere,  the  naturalill,  who  accompanied  Pcroufe  in  his 
voyage  round  the  wi  rid,  met  with  this  animal  in  about 
the  20th  degree  of  lat.  and  lyy"  of  long,  ead  from 
Paris. 

MEDWAY,  a  townfliip  in  Norfolk  county,  Maffa- 
chuktts,  bounded  call  and  fouth  by  Charles  river, 
which  feparates  it  from  Medfield,  and  of  which  it  was 
a  part  until  1713-  It  has  tvio  paiifhes  of  Congregati- 
onahfts,  and  contains  1,035  inhabitants.  It  is  25  miles 
i'outhvveft  of  Bollon,  on  the  middle  poll-road  from 
thence  to  Hartford. — Morse. 

Medway,  or  Mill-way,  a  fettlement  in  Liberty  coun- 
ty, Georgia,  foimed  by  emigrants  from  Dorcheller  in 
iS.  Carolina,  about  the  year  1750,  and  whofe  anceltnrs 
migrated  from  Dorcheller  and  the  vicinity  of  Boilon 
about  the  year  1700.  A  handfome  Congregaiional 
Tiieetinghoufe,  belonging  to  this  fettlement,  was  burnt 
by  the  Britilh  during  the  war,  and  the  fettlement  was 
deftroyed.  It  has  lince  recoveitd,  in  a  confiderable 
degree,  its  former  importance.  Medway  is  30  miles 
fouth  of  Savannah,  and  9  well  ot  Sunbury. — ii. 

MEGAMETER,  a  name  fometimes  given  to  the 
Micrometer,  which  fee,  Encycl. 

MEHALL,  in  the  language  of  Bengal,  a  place  or 
dilliicl. 

M'KESSENSBURG,  a  town  of  Pennfylvania, 
York  county,  on  Tom's  Creek,  40  miles  W.  S.  W.  ot 
York. — Morse. 

MEHERRIN,  a  principal  branch  of  Chowan  river, 
in  N.  Carolina,  which  r:fes  in  Charlotte  county,  Vir- 
ginia, and  running  an  eall  by  fouth  courj'e,  unites  with 
the  Noltaway  about  7  miles  fouth  of  the  Virginia  line. 
—ib 

MELAQUE  PORT,  on  the  weft  coaft  of  New- 
Mexico,  is  to  the  north-weft  of  Port  Natividad,  or  Na- 
tivity, and  near  3  leagues  at  fouth-eaft  iiom  a  row  of 
4  or  5  rocks,  or  naked  iflinds  above  water,  in  the  di- 
reiflion  of  norlh-weft.  This  port  is  land  locked  a- 
gainft  all  winds  from  the  north-weft  to  the  fouth- welt. 
—ib. 

MELA,  or  Mala,  on  the  coaft  of  Peru  in  S.  Ame- 
rica, liei  between  Canette  and  Ch'lca.  It  ii  3  leagues 
fiom  Afia  llland,  whofe  latitude  is  about  13''  6'  6. — ib. 
MELAWASKA,  a  French  fettlement  of  abinit  70 
families,  fecluded  in  a  finyular  manner  trom  the  reft  of 
mankind,  in  the  north-eaftern  part  of  the  Dillnift  ot 
Maine.  Thefe  people  are  R.man  Catholics,  and  .ire 
inJuitriou'!,  humane,  and  hofpitable. — ib. 

MELETECUNK   River,   in    Monmouth   county, 


Mcndozi. 


New-Jerfey,  falls  eaftward   into    Beaver  Dam,  which  Memnron- 
is  at  the  head  of  the  bay  which  is  north  of  Cranberry        '°'^> 
New   Inlet. — ib. 

MEMORONCOK,  a  ftream  a  little  weft  of  Byram 
river.  Dougials  fays  the  partition  line  between  New- 
York  and  Conneflicur,  a<-  fet'lcd  Dec.  i,  1664,  ran 
trom  the  mouth  of  this  river  N.  N.  W.  and  was  the 
ancient  limits  ol  New-York,  until  Nov.  23,  1683,  when 
the  line  was  run  nearly  the  lame  as  it  is  now  fettled. — ib. 
MEMORY  ROCKS,  amongil  the  Bahama  Iflands, 
are  in  lat.    27"  20'  N.  and  long.  79°  40'  W. — ib. 

MEMPHREMAGOG,  a  lake  chiefly  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Can,idi,  40  miles  in  length  from  north  to 
fouth,  and  2  or  3  wide  from  eaft  to  weft.  The  north 
line  of  Vermont  8  ate  palFes  over  the  fouth  part  of  the 
lake  in  45°  N.  lat.  Memphiemagog,  which  has  com- 
munication, by  the  river  St  Francis,  wiih  St  Law- 
rence river,  is  the  rcfervoir  of  3  confiderable  ftreams, 
viz.  Black,  Barton,  and  Clyde  rivers,  which  rife  in 
Vermont.  The  foil  on  its  banks  is  rich,  and  the  coun- 
try round  it  is  level. — ib. 

MEMRAMCOOK  iJ/wr  has  been  recommended  as 
the  nioft  proper  boundary  between  the  province  of 
New-Brunfwick  and  Nova-Scotia.  It  lies  a  little  to  the 
eaftward  of  Peticcodiak,  and  takes  a  north-eafterly  di- 
reiftion. — il. 

MENADOU  Bay,  or  Paiiadou,  is  2  leagues  from 
Port  Balene,  or  Port  Nove,  on  the  coaft  o{  C.tpe  Bre- 
ton liland,  at  the  fouth  part  of  the  gulf  of  St  Law- 
rence, having  the  illand  of  Scatari,  heretofore  called 
Little  Cape  Bieton,  oppofite  to  it. — ib. 

Mli-NDHAM,  a  townlhip  in  Morris  county,  New- 
Jeriey,  3  miles  north-wefterly  of  Veal  town,  and  6  weft 
ot  Mornftown. — ib. 

MENDOCIN,  a  cape  on  the  north  weft  coaft  of 
America,  and  N.  Pacific  ocean.  N.  lat.  42^"  20',  W. 
long.  130"  5'. — ib. 

MENDON,  a  poft-town  in  Worcefter  county,  M.if- 
fachnlets,  37  miles  fouth  weft  of  Boftoii,  .ind  31  no:  th- 
eaft  ot  Pomtret  in  Conntflicut.  This  townftiip,  called 
Shipi'Jlipaiige  by  the  Indians,  was  incorporated  in  1667, 
and  contains  2  Congregational  parithes,  a  fociety  of 
Friends,  and  1555  inhaliitants.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
fou'.h  by  the  State  of  Rhode-Ifland.  It  is  watered  by 
Charles  and  Mill  rivers,  and  other  fniall  ftreams, 
which  ferve  5  grift-mllls,  2  faw-mills,  2  clothier's  works 
and  a  forge.  There  are  3  hi'ils  here,  viz.  Caleb's, 
Wigwam,  and  Mitkee,  from  either  of  which  may  be 
feen,  in  aclerr  day,  the  4  New-England  States. — ib. 

MENDOZA,  ajurififtion  in  Chili,  in  S.  America. 
It  has  a  town  of  the  fame  name,  and  lies  on  the  eaft 
fide  of  the  Cordillera,  about  50  leagues  from  S.inliago, 
in  a  plain  auorned  with  gardens,  veil  fupplicd  with  wa- 
ter by  means  ot  canals.  Thetown  contains  about  100 
families,  half  Spaniards  and  the  other  half  calls,  toge- 
ther with  a  college  founded  by  the  Jc fails,  a  parochial 
church,  and  3  convents.  In  the  jurifdifl  on  .ire  alfo 
the  towns  of  St  Juan  de  la  Fiontera,  fi  uated  on  the 
eaft  of  the  Cordillera,  and  abou'  30  leai/ues  n.  rth  of 
Mendoza  ;  and  St  Louis  de  Loyola,  about  50  eail  of 
Mendoza  ;  tlie  latter  is  veiy  fhia'l,  but  has  a  parifli 
chuich,  a  Dominic.in  conven',  and  a  college  tounded 
by  tlie  Jefuits. — ib. 

Mendoza,  a  river  which  r't-s  in  the  Cordillera  of 
the  Andes  in  S.  America.    Over  this  river  is  a  natural 

bridge 


MEN 


[     475     3 


MEN 


Mcnich- 
lick, 

II 
Meniiiflci. 


bridge  of  rocks,  from  the  vaults  of  which  hang  feveral 
pieces  of  Hone  refembling  fait,  which  congeal  like 
ificles,   as  the  water  drop;  from  the  rock.      I'his  bridge 

broad  enough  fur  3  or  4  carts  to  pafs  a-biealt. 
Near  this  is  another  bridge,  called  the  bridi;e  ot  tlie 
Incas,  betwixt  two  rucks  ;  and  "  fo  very  high  fiom 
the  river,  that  the  ftream,  whxh  runs  with  great  ra- 
pidity, cannot  be  heard." — \b. 

MENICHLICK  Lake,  in  the  north-weft  part  of  N. 
America,  lies  in  lat.  61"  N.  long.  105°  W.  Nurih  of 
this  is  Lake  Dub 'Uiu. — ib. 

MENINSKI  (Francifcus),  a  moft  celebrated  Ger- 
man orientalilt,  was  born  in  Lorraine,  then  fubjeift  to 
the  emperor,  in  the  year  1623  ;  and  for  copioufnefs  of 
lear.  ing,  elegance  of  genius,  ;ind  profound  knowledge 
of  languages,  particularly  tlvjfe  of  the  Eaft,  proved  un- 
doubtedly one  of  the  principal  ornaments  of  the  age  in 
which  he  lived.  He  lludied  at  Rome  under  Giattino. 
When  he  was  about  30,  his  love  of  letters  induced  him 
to  accompany  the  Poliih  ambaflador  to  Coiiltantinople, 
where  he  lludied  the  Turkifh  language  under  Bobovitis 
and  Ahmed,  two  very  fkil.'ul  teachers.  So  fuccefstul 
was  he  in  this  ftudy,  that  wlien  he  had  been  there  only 
two  years,  the  place  of  hrll  interpieter  to  the  Poliili 
embafly  at  the  Porte  was  promifed  to  him.  When  the 
place  became  vacant,  he  was  accordingly  appointed  to 
it,  and  obtained  fo  much  credit  by  his  condudl,  that, 
after  a  time,  he  was  fent  for  into  Poland,  and  again 
fent  out  with  full  powers  as  ambaifador  to  the  Porte. 
For  his  able  execiiiic'n  of  this  office,  he  was  further  ho- 
noured, by  being  n.ituralized  in  Poland  ;  <in  which  occa- 
fion  he  added  the  Polifh  termination  oijli  to  his  family 
name,  which  was  Menin.  Being  defirous  afterwards  to 
extend  his  fphere  of  aftion,  he  went  to  the  court  of  the 
emperor  as  interpreter  of  oriental  languages  in  1661. 
Here  alfo,  as  in  other  inftances,  his  talents  and  beha- 
viour obtained  the  higheft  approbation  ;  on  which  ac- 
count he  was  not  only  fent  as  interpreter  to  feveral  im- 
perial ambaiFadors  at  the  Porte,  but  was  intrufted  in 
many  important  and  confidential  fervices  ;  and,  in  1669, 
having  paid  a  villt  to  the  holy  fepulchre  at  Jerufalem, 
was  made  one  of  the  knights  of  that  order.  Alter  his 
return  to  Vienna  he  was  advanced  to  further  honours ; 
being  made  one  of  the  counlellors  of  war  to  the  empe- 
ror, and  firft  interpreter  of  oriental  languages.  At  Vi- 
enna he  died  at  the  age  of  75,  in  the  year  1698.  His 
great  work,  i.  The  "  Thel'aurus  lingiiarum  orienta- 
liuni,"  was  publilhed  at  Vienna  in  1 680,  in  4  vols  folio  ; 
to  which  was  added,  in  1687,  another  volume,  intitleJ, 
"  Complementum  Thefaiiri  linguarum  orientalium,  feu 
onomallicum  Latino-Turcico-ArabicoPerlicum."  The 
former  volumes  having  become  estremely  fcarcc,  partly 
on  account  of  the  deftruiflion  of  a  great  part  of  tl.e  im- 
preflnn,  in  the  fiege  (f  Vienna  bj  the  Turks  in  1683, 
a  defign  was  formed  fome  time  ago  in  England  of  re- 
printing the  work,  by  a  fociety  of  learned  m:n,  among 
whom  was  Sir  William  Jonc.<;.  But  as  this  undertaking, 
probalilv  on  account  c>l  the  valt  expcnce  which  mull 
have  been  incurred,  did  not  proceed,  tlie  emprefs  queen 
Maria  Therefa,  who  had  heard  of  the  plan,  took  it  up- 
on herfeh,  and  witli  valt  liberality  furnilhed  every  tiling 


necelTary  for  its  completion.  In  confequence  of  this,  it  MciiijifKl, 
was  begun  to  be  fpendidly  republilhed  at  Vienna  in 
I /So,  with  this  title:  "  Francifci  a  Mefgnien  Meninfki 
Lexicon  Arabico-Perlico-Turcicum,  adjedta  ad  fingulas 
voces  et  Phrafes  interpretatione  Latina,  ad  ufitatiorcs, 
etiam  Italica."  Ot  this  edition  only  two  vols  folio  arc 
yet  publilhed,  exiending  no  farther  than  za/,  the  ninth 
letter  ot  the  Arabic  alphabet,  which  is  about  a  third  of 
the  whole.  The  delay  of  the  reR  is  much  to  be  la- 
mented. In  this  edition,  fay  the  editors,  the  Lexicon 
of  Meninfki  may  be  faid  to  be  increafed,  diminillied,  and 
amended.  lucreafed,  becaufe  many  Arabic  and  Perfian 
words  are  added,  from  Wankuli  and  Ferhengi,  the  bell 
Arabic  and  Perfic  lesicographers  whom  the  Eall  has 
produced  ;  and  from  Herbdot  are  inferted  the  names 
ot  kingdoms,  cities,  and  rivers,  as  well  as  phrafes  in 
comni<  n  ufe  among  the  Turks,  &c.  Dimin}/hcd,  be- 
caule  many  ufelefs  lynonyma  are  omitted,  which  rather 
puzzled  than  allilted  the  ihident ;  as  well  as  all  the 
French,  Polilh,  and  Germ<.n  interpretations,  the  Latin 
being  c  nudered  as  lutHcient  for  all  men  of  learning, 
AnundeJ,  with  refpcl  to  innumerable  typographical 
errors;  which,  however,  from  a  work  of  this  nature,  no 
c^rc  can  perhaps  altogether  exclude.  The  other  ^'orks 
of  Meuinlki  weie  occalioned  chiefly  by  a  violent  conteft 
between  liim  and  a  man  named  J.  B.  Podella,  in  which 
much  acrimony  was  employed  on  both  fides.  Thefe 
it  is  hardly  worth  while  to  enumerate,  but  they  may  all 
be  feen  in  the  account  of  his  life  from  which  this  article 
is  taken  (a).  It  Ihould  be  obferved,  however,  that  in 
1674,  Podefta  publilhed  a  book,  intitled,  '«  Prodro- 
mus  novi  hnguarum  orientalium  collegii,  julfu  Aug.  &c. 
erigendi,  in  Univ.  Viennenii ;"  to  which  Meninfki  op- 
pofed,  2.  "  Meninfkii  Antidotum  in  Prodromnm  novi 
ling,  orient.  coUegii,  &c."  4to.  But  fuch  was  the  cre- 
dit of  his  antagonifl  in  the  univerhty,  that  foon  after 
there  came  out  a  decree  in  the  name  of  the  reftor  and 
csnfiftory,  in  which  that  antidote  of  Meninlki's  is  pro- 
fcribed  and  prohibited,  for  fix  fpecific  reafons,  as  im- 
pious and  infamous.  Meninfki  was  defended  againfl 
this  formidable  attack  by  a  friend,  in  a  fniall  trai5l,  in- 
titled,  "  Veritas  defenfa,  feu  juftitia  caufa  Dn.  F.  de 
M.  M.  [Meninfki]  contra  infame  decretum  Univerfita- 
tis  Viennenfis,  Anno  1674,  23  Novembris,  &c.  ab  A- 
mico  luci  expofita,  Anno  1675,"  in  which  this  friend 
expol'es,  article  by  article,  the  falfehood  of  the  decree, 
and  exclaims  flrongly  againll  the  arts  of  Podella.  This 
traa  is  in  the  Britilh  Mufeum.  Podella  was  oriental 
fecretary  to  the  emperor,  and  profelfor  of  thofe  lanyu.i- 
ges  at  Vienna  ;  but  is  defcribed  in  a  very  fatirical  man- 
ner by  the  delender  of  Meninfki.  "  Podell.t,  natur.a 
Semi-Itdlus,  Itatura  nanus,  ca;cutiens,  balbus,  imo  bar- 
dus  repertus,  ahlfqiie  vitiis  ac  llultitiis  plenus,  adeoque 
ad  dilcendas  linguas  orientales  inhabilis."  A  lill  ot"  the 
woiks  of  Podella  is,  however,  given  by  the  late  editors 
of  Meniiilki. 

MENIOLAGOMEKAH,  a  Moravian  fettlement 
E.  of  the  Great  Sw.m.p,  .,t  the  head  of  Lehich  river 
in  Peiir.fylvania,  about  33  milc»  N.  \V.  by  N.  of  Belli- 
Ichein. — Morse. 

MLNOLOPEN,  a   wealthy  and  pleafant  farming 
3  O  2  lettlcmtnf. 


(a)  We  have  taken  this  article  from  the  Biographical  Diaionary  ;  the  editors  of  which  took  it  (roiu  the 
of  Meninfki  prefixed  to  the  new  edition  of  his  great  work. 


hfe 


M     E    R 


C 


Mcrler, 

II 
Merchetti. 


fettlement,  in  Monmouth  county,  New-Jerfey  ;  mak- 
ing a  p.vrt  of  a  rich  glade  of  land,  exte-ding  from  the 


fca,  we  11  ward  to  Delaware  river, 
eali  of  Printeion. — ii. 

MERCER,  a  county  of  Kentucky,  adjoining  Wood 
ford,  Shelby,  and  Madifon  counties 
the  chief  town. — ib 


476    ]  M     Ii     R 

on  the  merchftia  are  to  be  found  in  the  Appendix  to 
vol.  I  ft  oi  Sir  David  Ddlrymple' t  Annals  of  Scotland. 

MERCY,  Capeof  Goil'i,  the  mi.ll  foutherly  point  of 

Cumberland's  liland,  on  the  N.  fide  of  Cumberland's 

Straits,  in  lat.  about  66°  N.  and  has  Cape  Wallinuham 

Harrcdfljurg  is     on  its  N.   E.  and  Exeter  Sourid  on  its   north. — Morse. 

MEREDITH,  Cafe,  ainonj;  the  Falkland  lllands 


It  is  18  miles  fcuth- 


v»l.  jdi. 


MERCERSBOROUGH,  a  village  of  Pennfylvania, 
S.  E.  of  North  Mountain,  and  about  i.^  miles  S.  W. 
of  Cliamberfburg — ib. 

MERCER'S  Creek,  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  illand 
of  Antigua,  in  the  VV.  Indies,  is  a  pretty  deep  inlet  ot 
the  coalt,  the  entrance  to  which  ib  bttwetn  the  iflands 
of  Codrington,  Crumps,  or  Pelican.  Eavicount's  Ifland 
is  a  fm.iU  illand  alio  within  it  towards  the  fouth  Ihore  ; 
and  in  the  iV-uthwcft  part  of  it  is  Farley's  Bay,  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river. — ib. 

MERCHANT'S  Careening  Place,  within  the  har- 
bour  of  Pert- Royal  in  Jamaica,  on  the  N.  tide  of  the 
long  peninful.i.  Along  thisn.irrow  fllpot  beach  is  the 
only  way  to  pafs  by  land  to  Port  Royal,  for  9  (>r  to 
miles,  the  careening  place  being  alniolt  at  midway, 
but  fcmewhat  nearer  to  the  eaft  end  of  the  peninfula. 
~ib. 

MERCHETTA,  or  M^rchf.tta  Mulierum,  is  com- 
monly fuppofed  to  h.ive  been  a  right  which,  during  the 
prevalence  of  the  feudal  fyftem,  the  lord  had  of  palhiig 
the  firft  night  alter  marriage  with  his  female  villain. 
This  opinion  has  been  held  by  the  greater  part  of  our  „,,,,, 

antiquarians  ;  and  we  have  adopted  it  in  our  h.ftoty  of    lat^8^  ,/° '.riM  i  ,!,'  '^'., 

Scotland  pablilhed  \n  ihe  Jiiicyc/opa'Jia.  It  appears, 
however,  to  be  a  miftake.  Tliat  there  was  a  cullorn 
called  lUirchella  mulierum,   which   prevailed  not  only  in 

England,  Scotland,  Wales,  and  the  ifle  of  Guernl'ey, 

but  alfo  on  the  continent,  is  indeed  a  fad  unquellion-_ 

.    able;   but  Mr  A  (lie  has  clearly  proved,  that,  inllead  of 

'being  an  adulterous  connedion,   the  tnercktla  was  a 

compacl  between  the  lord  and  his  valTal  for  the  redemp- 
tion of  an  ojfcnce  committed  by  that  valfd's  unmarried 

daughter.  He  admits,  however,  thai  it  denoted  like- 
wile  a  fine  paid  by  a  fohcihan  or  a  villain  1 1  his  lord, 

ibr  a  licence  to  marry  his  daughter  to  a  free  man  ;  and 

that  if  the  valFal  gave  her  away  without  obtaining  fuch 

a  licence,  he  was  liable  to  pay  a  heavier  fine.     He 

c]uotes  two  authorities  in  fupport  of  his  opinion  frona 

Bra,iton;  f  ne  of  which  we  (liall  tranfcribe,  as  being  a- 

lone  complete  evidence. 

"  Ric.  Bnrre  tenet  unum  mefuagium  et  debet  tellia- 

gium  ilcfjm  curix,  etmerchei,  hoc  m- do,  quod fi  mari- 

taie  valuer  it  fiUum  fuam  cum  quodiim  Iwcro  homim;  extra 

•uillam,  fuciet  paccm  domini  pro  marita^io,  it  ft  earn  mart- 

laverit   alicui  cujlumario    viihe,    nihil   dtbuU  pro  viarita- 

gw." 

"  The  probable  reafon  of  the  cuftom  yfays  Mr  Aftle) 

appears  to  have  been  this.     Perfons  of  low  r.uik,  refi- 


in  the   S.  Alaniic   Ocean,  is   between  Port   Stephen's 
and  Cape  Orlord. — il. 

MEREDI  TH,  a  townfhip  in  Strafford  county,  New- 
Hampll.ire,  lituated  on  the  S.  W.  fide  of  I^ake  Wini- 
pifeogce,  15  miles  N.  of  Gilmantowr,  y  S.  E.  of  Ply- 
mouth, and  7c  N.  W.  cf  Portfmouth.  It  was  incor- 
porated  in  1768.  In  1775  it  contained  259  and  in 
1790,  881  inhabitants.  It  was  fitlt  called  New-Sa- 
lem. — \b. 

MERIDA,  the  capital  of  Yucatan,  in  the  audience 
of  Mexico;  in  N.  America.  It  lies  near  the  N.  lide  of 
the  province,  between  the  gulfs  of  Mexico  and  Hondu- 
ras ;  45  miles  S.  cf  the  Ocean,  and  135  N.  E.  of  the 
city  of  Campeachy.  N.  lat.  21"  38',  W.  long.  90" 
36'.— »i. 

Merida,  a  town  of  New  Granada,  in  S.  Ameri- 
ca, lituated  near  the  limits  which  divide  the  province 
from  Venezuela.  The  foil  round  this  place  abounds 
with  Iruit  ot  all  Ibrts,  and  there  are  gold  mines  near  it. 
It  is  about  54  miles  from  Luke  M.uacaybo,  130  N.  E, 
of  Pampeiuna,  and  260  N.  E.  ot  St  Fe.  The  inhabi- 
tants lend  their  fruit  and  merchandize  to  Truxillo.    N. 

ib. 
MERIDIAN  List,  ;in  aich,  or  p.ri  t  of  the  meridian 
of  the  place,  terminated  each  way  by  the  horizon.  Or, 
a  meridian  line  is  the  interledtion  oi  the  phuie  of  the 
meiidian  of  the  place  with  the  pline  of  the  horizon, 
often  called  a  north-and-fouth  line,  becaufe  its  direiftioa 
is  Irom  north  to  fouth. 

In  the  aiticle  Astronomv  (EncycL),  n°  376  and 
377,  we  have  given  two  methods  of  drawing  a  meridian 
line;  but  it  may  be  proper  to  add,  in  thi>.  place,  the 
tollowing  improvement  of  the  tormer  of  tliele  from  Dr 
Hutton's  Mathemiti:al  Diiftionary.  "  As  it  is  not 
ealy  (fays  the  Doctor)  to  determine  precifely  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  (hadow,  it  will  be  bell  to  make  the  (file 
flat  at  the  top,  and  to  drill  a  Ihiall  hole  through  it,  no- 
ting the  lucid  point  projected  by  it  on  the  feveral  con- 
centric circles,  iniiead  of  marking  the  extremity  of  the 
IhaJow  itlelf  on  thefe  circles." 


We  Ihail  give  another  method  of  drawing  a  meridian 
line  irom  the  f.imc  valuable  dictionary. 

"  Knowing  the  fouth  quarter  pretty  nearly,  obferve 
the  altitude  FE  of  I'ome  itar  on  the  eall  fide  of  it,  and 
not  far  from  the  meridian  HZRN:  then,   keeping  the       Plate 
quadrdut   lirm  on  its  axis,  U'  as  the  plummet  may  Hill  XXXVL 
cut  the  lame  degree,  dneft  it  to  the  wellern  fide  ot  ihe 
meridian,  and  wait  till  you  find  the  (lar  has  the  fame  ai- 


ding on  an  eftate,  were  either   a'cripti  gUke,  or  were  t.tude  a.  before,  -A^fe.     Laftly,  bdeft  the  angle  EC  e, 

fubjecled  to  fome  fpecies  of  fervitude  limihr  to  the  formed  by  tne  inteileawn  ol  the  two  planes  in  which 

efirip:ipLb^.     They  were  bound  to  rcfide  on  the  eftate,  the  quadrant  hah  been  placed  ..t  the  time  of  the  two  ob- 

and  to  perf  )rm  feveral  lervices  to  the  lord.    As  women  ferv.uu  ns,  by  ihe  right  hue  HR,  which  will  be  the  me- 

necelfarily  followed  the  I efidence  of  their  hulbands,  the  ridian  fought."                    _                          ,          rr        ■^ 

confeqnence  was,  that  when  a  woman  of  low  rank  mar-  Magnttical  Mbkidian,  is  a  great  circle  palling  thro' 

ried  a  ftrans^er,  the  lord   was   deprived  of  part  of  his  or  by  the  nugnetical   pt.les  ;   to   which   meridians   the 

live  Hock;  he  therefore  required  a   fine  to  indemnify  m.ignetical  needle  conforms  itfelf.     See  Magnetism, 

him  for  tlie  lofs  of  his  propei  ty."     Further  particulars  Si'ppl.                                                                ,  .^ ,. ,,  , 

'^    '^     '                     •^  ME  RIM, 


MAR 


[     477     ] 


M     E     S 


MERIM,  a  large  lake  in  Paraguay  in  S.  America, 
very  near  ihe  coall  of  ihe  S.  Atlnntic  Ocean,  where  the 
land  is  very  Hat.  Fort  St  M^i^ucl  ftands  at  the  S.  end, 
and  Fort  Mangaveira  at  iti  north-ealtern  extremity. 
There  is  a  very  narrow  lake,  parallel  to  Lake  Mirim 
between  it  and  die  ocean,  and  neaily  as  long.  The 
forts    command    the   extremities  of   the    peninfub.— 

Mone. 

MERIMEG,  or  Maramsg,  a  large  river  ot  Louili- 
ana,  which  ernties  into  the  Mifiinippi,  below  the 
mouth  of  the  Mill'ouri,  and  50  miles  above  the  fettle- 
nient  of  Genivieve.  Fine  meadows  lie  between  this 
and  the  Miflouri. — il. 

MERION,  (Jfper  and  Lexer,  two  townihips  in 
Montgomery  county,   I'ennfylvania. — ib. 

MERO  DISTRICT,  in  the  State  of  Tenneflee,  en 
the  banks  c.l  Cumberland  river.  It  comprehends  the 
counties  cf  D.ividfon,  Sumner,  and  Tenneifee.  In 
1790  it  contained  7,042  inhabitants,  including  1,151 
flaves.  By  the  State  cenfus  of  1 795  there  were  14,390, 
of  which  number  2,466  were  flaves  — ib. 

MERO  POINT,  in  the  S.  Pacific  Ocean  and  coafl 
of  Peru,  between  Cape  Blanco  to  the  S.  W.  and  Tum- 
bez  river  to  the  N.  E.  on  the  S.  E.  fide  of  Guay-quil 
Bay,  in  lat.  3°  40'  S.  The  coaft  at  the  point  ot  Mero 
is  low  and  flat,  but  the  country  within  is  higli  and 
mountainous. — ib. 

MERRIMACK  River,  has  its  courfe  foutherly 
through  the  State  of  New-Hamplliire,  till  it  enters 
Mad'achufetts  ;  it  then  turns  eadeily,  and  paifes  into 
tlie  ocean  at  Newbury  Poit.  This  river  is  foimed  by 
the  confluence  ot  Pemigewaffet  and  Winnipifeogee  ri- 
vers, in  about  lat.  43"  26'.  This  river  is  navigable 
for  veilels  of  burden  about  20  miles  from  its  mouth, 
where  it  is  obltru(5led  by  the  tirft  falls,  or  rapids,  called 
Mitchell's  Eddy,  between  Bradford  and  Haverhill. 
Vail  quantities  of  (hip-timber,  and  various  kinds  of 
lumber  are  brought  down  in  rafts,  fo  conllrufled 
as  to  pafs  all  the  falU  in  the  river  except  thofe  of 
Amulkeaj;  and  Pawtucket.  In  the  fpring  and  fum- 
mer,  confiderable  quantities  cf  falmnn,  fhad  and 
iilewives  are  caught,  which  are  either  ut'ed  as  b.iit  in 
the  c>idfilhery,  or  pickled,  and  (hipped  to  the  Weil-In- 
dies. As  many  as  6  or  7  bridges  have  been  thrown 
over  this  fine  river  at  ditfeient  diftances,  from  New- 
Concord,  downwards  ;  the  mod  eleg;intand  expenfive 
are  the  one  two  miles  above  Newbury-Pi  rt,  and  the 
one  at  JIaverhill.  A  canal  is  now  in  proceCs  to  open 
a  communicatirn  between  the  wateis  ot  the  Merrimack 
at  Chelmsford  and  the  haibour  of  Bolton,  through 
Myllick  river.  The  bur  .icn.fs  the  mouth  of  this  ri- 
ver is  a  very  great  incumbrance  to  navigation,  and  is 
efpecially  teirible  to  (Irangers.  There  are  16  feet  of 
water  upon  it  at  common  tides.  There  are  two  light- 
hou(es  of  wood,  removeable  at  pleafuic,  according  to 
the  (hifting  of  the  bar.  The  light;  now  bear  E.  ■{  N. 
and  W.  i  S.  Biinping  both  the  light  houfes  to  bear 
into  one,  until  you  are  a  breaft  of  the  lower  one,  will 
bring  y^  u  in  over  the  bar  in  the  deepell  water  ;  wliere 
is  .1  bold  ihore  and  good  anchoring  ground.  The  N. 
point  i-.f  Plumb-Ifland  which  forms  the  S.  fide  of  the 
entrance  into  the  river,  lies  in  lat.  42°  47'  40". — ib. 

Merrim,>ck,  a  townlhip  in  HilUbonugh  county, 
New-Hamplliiic,  fituatcd  on  the  fouth  lide  of  Souhe- 
gan  liver,  which  runs  eallward  into  the  Meirimack. 


It  is  55  miles  weflerly  of  Portfmouth,  was  incorporat-  Merriiai. 
ed  in  1746,  and  contains  819  inhabitantr. — ib. 

MERRIMICHI  River  falls  into  the  head  of  a  bay 
cf  that  name  on  the  N.  E.  coalt  of  the  province  of  New- 
Brunfwick.  A  little  above  its  confluence  with  the  bay, 
it  forms  into  two  branches,  and  runs  through  a  fertile 
tract  of  choice  intervale  land  ;  and  tlie  land  is,  in  ge- 
neral, well  cloathed  with,  timber  of  all  kinds.  From 
this  river  there  is  a  communication  with  St  John's,  part- 
ly by  land,  but  principally  by  w  ater  carriage  in  canoes. 
The  falmon  fifuery  is  carried  on  with  fucccfs,  and  the 
cod  filhcry  is  improving  near  the  entrance  of  the  biv. 
—ib. 

MERRY-MEETING  Bay,  in  Strafford  cciinty, 
New-Hanipiiiiie,  is  the  fnuth-eafternnioft  arm  of  Lake 
Winnipifeogee.  Mount  Major  (lands  on  its  weft  lide. 
—ib. 

Merr-y  Meeting  Biiy,  in  the  Didriil  of  Maine,  is 
formed  by  the  jundlion  of  Andiofcc^ggin  and  Kcnne- 
beck  river?,  oppofite  to  the  town  ot  Woolwich,  20 
miles  from  the  lea.  Formerly,  iVonr  this  bay  to  the 
fea,  the  confluent  (Iream  was  called  Sat-aduliick.  The 
lands  here  are  good.  Steven's  river  heads  within  a  mile 
of  the  bay,  and  a  canal  has  lately  l)een  cpentd  which 
unites  thele  waters.  A  company  lias  been  incorporat- 
ed to  build  a  bridge  over  Androfcoggin  river,  at  its  en- 
trance into  the  bay,  to  conneifl  the  towns  of  Brunfwick 
and  Topfhim  ;  the  former  on  its  fouthern  fide,  the 
hitter  on  its  n^  rthern  fide. — ib. 

MERTEQUE,  a  town  in  the  province  of  Hondu- 
ras in  New-Spain,  which  produces  the  cochineal. — ib. 
MESA,  La,  thefoutherninoll  of  4  ides  in  the  Paci- 
fic Ocean,  near  to  each  other,  and  E.  of  the  Sandwich 
liles.     N.  lat.  19",  W.  long.  137"  30'. — ib. 

MESOLABE,  or  Mesolabium,  a  mathematical 
inftrument  invented  by  the  ancients,  for  finding  two 
mean  proportionals  mechanically,  which  they  could  not 
perform  geometrically.  It  conlilts  of  three  parallelo- 
grams, moving  in  a  groove  to  certain  interfedlions.  Its 
figure  is  defcribed  by  Eutocius,  in  his  Commentary  on 
Archimedes.      See  alio  Pappus  lib.  3. 

MESOLoGARiTHM,  a  term  uled  by  Kepler  to  fig- 
nify  the  logaiithms  of  the  co<incs  and  c" tangents. 

MESSASAGUES,  Indians  inhabiting  between 
Lakes  Superior  and  Huron.  They  h.ue  about  1,500 
warriors. — Morse. 

MESSERSBURG,  a  town  in  Franklin  county, 
Pennfvlvanii,  16  rniles  S.  W.  of  Chamberfburg,  and 
168  W.  bv  S.  of  Philadelphia.— ;4. 

MESSILLONES,  or  MuJJe  B.iy,  on  the  coaft  of 
Chili  or  Peru,  in  S.  America,  is  8  leagues  N.  by  E.  of 
Morrenas  bay,  and  5  S.  by  W.  of --Vtacama.  It  is  pro- 
perly wi(hin  the  bay  of  Alacama,  and  is  fo  deep  on  the 
S.  fide  that  there  is  no  foundings ;  but  at  the  entrance 
or  anch(<ring  place  it  is  moderate,  and  (hips  may  ride 
in  15  fathoms  clean  ground,  and  fecurcd  from  mod 
wi'ids  — lb. 

MESPRE  Bay,  LittU,  on  the  N.  E.  pirt  of  New- 
foundl.iud  llland,  f  >uthward  of  St  Julian,  and  N.  by 
W.  of  the  iflands  Gros  and  Belle.— i*. 

MESUCKAMA  Lnh.  in  the  N.  p.irt  of  N.  Ame- 
rica.     N.  lat.  so''  10',  W.  long.  80".— ii. 

MESURA  r.\,  a  Icapoit  of  the  kingdom  rf  Tri- 
poli, in  Africa.  A  cara\  an  proceeds  from  this  placi  to 
Fezzan,  and  other  iniciiur  paits  toward  the  fouth  of 

Africa. 


C    478 

E.  Ion. 


M     E     X 

Africa.     It  is  260  miles  north  of  Mourzook 
15.  5.  N.  lat.  31.  3. 

METALLIC  Iractors. 

METCHIGAMIAS,  a  long  n.<rr  w  lake,  or  rather 
dilatation  <.f  the  northern  branch  ot  the  river  St  Fi.tn- 


] 


M     E     X 


See  Perkinism  in  this 


In  this  country  are   interfperfed   many   fotintains  of    Mexico, 
different   qualities.     Tliere  are   an  infinity   (  f  nitrous,  ^^^■'*'''^" 
fulphiireous,  vitriolic,  and  alluminous  mineral  waters, 
fume  of  which   Iprmg  out  fo  hot,  that  in  a  Ihnrt  tune 
aiy   kind   ot   truit  or  animal  foc  d   is  boiled   in   them. 
I'here    are   alfo    petrifying    waters,   with   which   thty 


cii,  i'l  Lnuifiana,  which  falls  into  the  Millillippi  from    make  little  white,  fniooth  ltnne>,  not  difplealing  to  the 


the  N.   W.  about  4  miles,  above  Kappas  Old  Fort. — 
Morse. 

METHUEN,  the  norih-wefternmoft  townfliip  in 
Elfcx  c.  unty,  Malfachufetts,  fi mated  on  the  N.  bank 
of  Meiriinack  river,  between  Dracut  and  Haverhill. 
It   coiiiains  2  parilhes  and  1,297   inhabitants.     It  was 


tafte  ;  fcrapings  from  which  taken  in  bnith,  or  in  gruel, 
made  of  Indian  corn,  are  molt  powerful  diaphoretics, 
and  are  ufed  with  remarkable  fuccels  in  various  kinds 
of  fevers. 

The  climate   of   this  extenfive   country  is   various. 
The  maritime  parts  are  hot,  and  for  the  mod  part  moid 


incorporated  in  1725.     Hufb.uidry  and  the  cutting  and  and  unhe.ilthy.     Lands,  which  are  very  high,  or  very 

felling  lumber  divide  the  attention  of  the  inhabitants,  near  to  high  mountains,  which  are  perpetually  cover- 

—il).  ed  with  fnow,  are  cold. 

METONIC  Cycle,  called  alfo  the  Golden  Number,  I'he  mountains  of  Mexico  abound  in  ores  of  every 

and  Lunar  Cycle,  or  Cycle  of  the  Moon,  that  which  was  kind  of  metal,  and  a  great  variety  of  foflils.     There  are 

invented  by  Meton  the  Athenian;   being  a  period  of  19  entire  mountains  of  h.adftone,  and  among  others,  one 

years.     See  Cycle,  ^"nrjc/.  »ery  conlideral  le   between  Coiliytlan  and  Chilapan,  in 

MEW  IJlancls,  on  the   coaft  of  the  Spanilli  Main  in  the  country  of  the  Cohuixcas. 

the  Wcft-Iiidies,  between  Cape  Cameron,  and  Cape  Cira-  However  plentiful  and  rich  the  mineral  kingdom  of 

cias  a  Dios,  lie  acrofs  the  entrance  into  the  bay  of  Co-  Mexico  may   be,  the  vegetable  kingdom  is  ftill   more 

tree,  or  Crotoe.     They   are   furronnded   with    rocks,  various  and  abundant.     Dr    Hernandez,  delcribes   in 

and    are  very   dangerous,  efpecially  in   cafe   of  hard  his  natural  hillory,  about  1,200  medicinal  plants,  na- 

gulls,  from  the  N.  and  N.  E. — Morse.  tives  of  that  country.     Thefiuits  of  Mexico  are,  pine- 

MEXICANO  River,  or  Adayes,  in  Louifiana,  has  a  apples,  plums,  dates,  water-melons,  apples,    peaches, 

S.  E.  courle  and  empt'es  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  at  quinces,    apricots,    pears,    pomegranates,    figs,  black- 


Cabo  du  Nord  ;  W  by  S  of  Afcenlion  bay,  and  E. 
by  N.  of  the  mouth  of  Trinity  liver.  On  its  banks 
are  rich  filver  mines  :  Fort  Adayes  Hands  on  its  north- 
eallern  fide,  in  about  lat.  30"  31'  north. — ib. 

MEXICO,  a  townlhip  in  Herkemer  county,  New- 
York,  incorporated  in  1796,  lying  on  Canada  and 
Wood  Creeks,  and  Oneida  Lake. — ib. 

Mexico,  or  New-Spain,  bounded  north  by  un- 
known regions,  eafl  by  Luu  fiana  and  the  gulf  of 
Mexico,  fuuth  by  tlie  IlII  mus  of  Darien,  which  fepa- 
rates  it  from  Terra  Firma  in  South  America,  weft  by 
the  Pacific  Ocean.      Its  length  is  about  2,100  miles,  its 


cherries,  walnuts,  almonds,  olives,  chefnuts,  and 
grapes.  The  cocoa  nut,  vanilla,  chia,  great-pepper, 
tomaii,  the  pepper  of  Tabafco,  and  cotton,  are  very 
common  with  the  Mexicans.  Wheat,  barley,  peas, 
bcaub  and  rice  have  been  fuccefsfully  cultivated  in  this 
country.  Witli  refpeifl  to  plants  which  yield  profita- 
ble refins,  gums,  oils  or  juices,  the  country  of  Mexico 
is  fingularly  fertile.  Of  quadrupeds,  there  have  beeu 
tranfported  into  this  country  horfes,  alfes,  bulls,  fheep, 
goats,  hogs,  dogs  and  cat?,  which  have  all  multiplied. 
Of  the  ancient  quadrupeds,  by  which  is  meant  thofe 
that  irom  lime  immemorial  have  been  in  that  country. 


breadth  1600  ;  li.uaied  between  lat.  9°  and  40''  north,  fume  are  common  to  both  the  continents  of  Europe  and 

and  between   hing.  ^3"    8'  and    125"   8'    weff.     This  America,  fome  peculiar  to  the  new  world,  others  na- 

vafl  country  is  divided  into  Old  Mexico,  which  contains  tives   only  of  the  kingdom  of  Mexico.     The   ancient 

the  audiences  of  Gilicia,  Mexico,  and  Gautimala,  which  quadrupeds  common  to  Mexico  and  the  old  continents, 

are  fubdivided  into  22  provinces  ;  New- Mexico,  divid-  are  lions,  tigers,  wild-cats,  bears,  wolves,  foxes,  the 


ed  into  two  audiences,  Apacheria  and  Sonera  ;  and 
Calijor'nia,  on  the  weit,  a  peninfula.  The  land  is  in 
great  part  abrupt  and  mountainous,  covered  with  thick 
woods,  and  watered  with  large  rivers.  Some  of  thcfe 
run  into  the  Gulf  ot  Mexico,  and  others  into  the  Paci- 
fic Ocean.  Among  the  fir  ft  are  Alvarado,  Coatzacu- 
alco,  and  Tabafco.  Among  the  latter  is  the  river 
Guadalaxara  or  Great  river.  There  are  feveral  lakes 
vhich  do  not  lefs  embellilh  the  country  than  give  conve- 
nience to  the  commerce  of  tlie  people.  The  lakes  of 
Ian 


common  ftags  and  wliite  ftags,  bucks,  wild-goats, 
badgers,  pole-cat.',  weazles,  martins,  fquirrels,  rab- 
bits, hares,  otters  and  rats.  Their  prodigious  number 
ot  birds,  their  variety,  and  many  valuable  qualities, 
have  occalioned  fome  authors  to  obferve,  that  as  Afri- 
ca is  the  country  of  beaiis,  fo  Mexico  is  the  country  of 
birds.  It  is  faid  there  are  200  fpecies  peculiar  to  that 
kingdom. 

The  civil  government  of  Mexico  is  adminiftered  by 
tribunals  called  audiences.     In    thefe  courts,  the  vice- 


Nicaragua,  Chapallan,  and  Pazaquaro,  are  among  the  roy  of  the  king  of  Spain  prefides.  His  employment  is 
largeft.  The  lakes  Tezcuco  and  Ch.ilcn  occupy  a  great  the  greateft  truft  and  power  h^s  Catholic  M  ijelly  has  at 
part  of  the  vale  of  Mexico,  which  is  the  fineft  trad  of  his  ddpofal,  and  is  perhaps  the  richelt  government  en- 
country  in  New-Spain.  The  waters  of  Chalco  are  truUed  to  any  fubjed  in  the  world.  The  viceroy  con- 
fweet,  thofe  of  Tezcuco  are  brackilh.  A  canal  unites  tinues  in  office  three  years.  The  clergy  are  extremely 
them.  The  lower  lake  (Tezcuco J  was  formerly  as  numerous  in  Mexico.  The  priefts,  monks  and  nuns 
much  as  20  miles  long  and  17  broad,  and,  lying  at  of  all  orders  make  a  fifth  of  the  white  inhabitants,  both, 
the  bottom  of  the  vale,  is  the  refervoir  of  all  the  wa-  here  and  in  other  pai  Is  of  Spaniffi  America.  The  em- 
ters  from  the  furrjunding  mountains.  The  city  of  pire  of  Mexico  was  lubdued  by  Cortez  in  1521. — ib. 
Mexico  ftands  on  an  illand  in  this  like.  Mexico,  the  capital  of  the  above  province,  is  the 

old  eft 


M     E     X 


[     479     ] 


M     E     X 


Mexico,     oldeft  city  in  America,  of  which  we  have  any  account ; 

'*^'"^'^^*~'  its  iound.ition  being  d^ted  as  far  back  as  1325.  It  is 
fituated  in  the  charming  vale  of  Mexico,  on  feveral 
frnal!  iflaiids,  in  L.ike  Tetzcucn,  in  N.  Ut.  1^°  26',  and 
103''  35'  W.  long,  from  Ferro.  T'his  vale  is  fur- 
roun-ed  with  lotty  and  verd^mt  mountains,  and  form- 
erly contained  no  lefs  than  40  eminent  cities,  befides 
Till  tf:eb  and  hamlets.  Concerning  the  ancient  popu- 
lation of  this  ciiy  there  are  various  opinions.  The  hif- 
torians  moll  to  be  relied  on  fay,  that  it  was  nearly  nine 
miles  in  circumference  ;  and  contained  upwards  of 
60,000  houfes,  containing  each  from  4  to  10  inhabitants. 
li)  a  late  accurate  enumeration,  made  by  the  magif- 
trates  and  prieft*,  it  appears  that  the  prefent  number 
of  inhabitants  exceeds  200, oco.  The  greateft  curiofity 
in  the  city  of  Mexico,  is  their  floating  gardens.  When 
the  Mexicans,  abou'  the  year  1325,  were  fubdued  by 
the  C'llhuan  and  Tepanecan  nati'nis,  and  confined  to 
the  fmall  iflands  in  the  lake,  having  no  land  to  culti- 
vate, they  were  taught  by  neceffity  to  form  moveable 
gardens,  which  floated  on  the  lake.  Their  conftrudi- 
on  is  very  finiple.  They  take  willows  and  the  roots  of 
mailh  plants,  and  other  materials  whiih  are  light,  and 
twill  them  together,  and  fo  fiimly  unite  them  as  to  form 
a  f  .rt  of  i)lattorm,  which  is  capable  of  fuppoiting  the 
earth  of  the  gardt-n.  Upon  this  foundation  they  l.iy 
the  light  bulhes  wl.'ich  float  on  the  lake,  and  over  them 
fpread  the  mud  and  dirt  which  they  draw  up  from  the 
bott'im  of  the  lake.  Their  r  gular  H^nre  is  quadran- 
gular ;  their  length  and  breadth  vari.  us,  but  general- 
ly about  8  rods  h'Ug  and  3  wide;  and  their  elevation 
from  the  luiface  ot  the  wnier  is  k-fs  than  a  foot.  Thefe 
were  the  fir(t  lipids  that  the  Mexicans  owned,  after  the 
foundation  of  Me.\ico  ;  there  they  firft  cultivated  the 
maize,  great  pepper,  and  otlier  plants  iiecelfary  tor  their 
fupport.  Fn.m  the  mdullry  of  the  people  thefe  iields 
foon  became  numcrou'.-.  At  preient  they  cultivate 
flowers  and  every  fort  of  garden  herbs  upon  them. 
Every  day  ri"  the  year  at  funrife,  innumeiable  veifels 
or  boatr,  1  ailed  with  various  kinds  of  flowers  and 
herbs,  uhich  are  cultivated  in  thefe  gardens,  are  feen 
arriving  by  the  canal,  at  the  great  market-place  of 
Mexico.  All  plants  thrive  in  them  furprifingly  ;  the 
mud  of  the  lake  makes  a  very  rich  fnil,  which  re- 
quires no  water  from  the  clouds.  In  the  liirgell  gar- 
dens there  is  ronimonly  a  little  tree  and  a  little  hut  to 
fhelter  the  cultivator  and  defend  him  from  the  lain  or 
the  fun.  When  the  owner  of  a  garden  or  the  Chinampa 
as  it  is  called,  wiftics  to  change  liis  fituation,  to  get  out 
cf  a  bad  neighbourhood,  or  to  come  n 'arcr  to  his  fa- 
mily, he  gets  into  his  little  boat,  and  by  his  own 
ftiength  alone,  if  the  jiarden  is  Imall,  or  with  tlie  afljll- 
ance  ot  others,  if  it  is  large,  conduiSs  it  wherever  he 
pleafes,  with  the  little  tree  and  hut  upon  it.  That  part 
ot  the  illand  wheie  thefe  floating  gardens  are,  is 
a  place  >  f  delightful  recreatiiMi,  where  the  fenfes  re- 
ceive the  liighefl  poffi'jle  gratitication.  The  buildings^ 
^vi,ich  arc  ot  ll  ne,  are  c(  nvenient,  and  the  public  edi- 
fice^,  efpeci.t!ly  the  churches,  are  magnificent  ;  and  the 
city  his  the  ai  pearance  of  inimenfe  weahh.  The  trade 
of  M;kico  confills  of  3  great  branches,  wliich  extend 
over  the  whole  woild.  It  carries  on  a  traffic  with  Eu- 
rope, I  y  I-a  Ve;,i  Ciiiz,  fituated  on  the  Gull  oi  Mex- 
ico, or  North  Sea;  with  the  Eait-Indie>,  by  Acapulco, 
OS  the   South  iica,  210  milet  S.  W,  of  Mexico  ;  and 


with  South-America,  by  the  fame  port.  Thtfs  two 
fea-ports.  Vera  Cruz  and  Acapulco,  are  admirably  well 
fituated  for  the  commercial  purpofes  to  which  they  are 
applied ib. 

MlIA   Rajah,  the  hij^'hell  title  of  Hindoos. 

MIAMI  River,  Little,  in  the  N.  W.  Territory,  has 
a  fouthweflern  courl'e,  and  empies  into  the  Oliio,  on 
the  eall  fide  cf  the  town  of  Columbia,  20  miles  eall- 
ward  of  the  Great  Miami,  in  a  ftraight  line,  but  27 
taking  in  the  meanders  of  the  Ohio.  It  is  loo  fmall 
for  bttteaux  navigation.  Its  banks  are  good  land, 
and  fo  high  as  to  prevent  in  common  the  overflowing 
of  the  water.  At  the  dillance  of  30  miles  from  the 
Ohio,  the  Miamies  approximate  each  other  within 
eight  miles  and  a  halt.  On  this  river  are  feveral  falt- 
fprings. —  Morse. 

Miami  River,  Great,  or  Great  Mincatiii,  called  alfo 
AJprenict,  or  Rocky  river,  in  the  N.  W.  Territory,  has 
a  S.  by  W.  cr.urfe,  and  empties  into  the  Ohio  Ijy  a 
mou'.h  200  yards  wide,  32^  miles  from  Big  Bones, 
154  miles  from  the  Rapids,  and  604  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Ohio.  It  is  one  of  the  mod  beautiful  ftreams 
in  the  Territory,  and  is  fo  clear  and  tranfparent,  at  its 
higheft  (late,  that  a  pin  may  veiy  plainly  be  feen  at 
its  bottom.  It  has  a  very  flony  channel,  a  fwift 
dream,  but  no  fills.  At  the  Picque  or  Pickawee 
towns,  above  75  miles  from  its  mouth,  it  is  not  above 
30  yards  broad,  yet  loaded  batteaux  can  afcend  50 
miles  higher.  The  portage  from  the  navigable  waters 
of  its  ealtern  branch  to  Sandufky  river  is  9  miles,  and 
from  thofe  of  its  weftern  branch  to  the  Miami  of  the 
Lakes,  only  5  miles.  It  alfo  interlocks  with  the  Sci- 
oto.— ib. 

Miami  of  the  Lakes,  a  navigable  river  of  the  N.  W, 
Tenitoiy,  which  t.ills  into  Lake  Erie,  at  the  S.  W, 
corner  of  the  lake.  A  fouthern  branch  of  this  river 
communicates  with  the  Great  Miami,  by  a  portage  ot 
5  miles.  This  river  is  called  by  fome  writers  Maw- 
mee,  alio  Omee,  and  Manmick — iu. 

Miami,  a  village  on  the  Miami  of  the  Lake  near 
the  Miami  Foit.  Large  canoes  can  come  from  Ouia- 
tanon,  a  fmall  French  fettlement  on  the  W.  fide  of 
the  Wabaih,  197  miles  below  the  Miami  C->rrying- 
|iljce,  which  lall  is  9  miles  from  this  v'llage. — ib. 

MIAMIS,  an  Indian  nation  who  inhabit  on  the 
Miami  river  and  the  fouthern  fide  of  Like  Michigan. 
They  can  raife  about  300  warriors.  In  confcquence 
of  lands  ceded  to  the  United  States  by  the  treaty  of 
Greenville,  Augiill  3d  1795,  government  paid  them 
a  fura  in  hand,  and  engaged  to  pay  to  them  annually, 
torevtr,  to  tlie  v.ilue  of  l,OO0  doil  irs  in  goods. — ib. 

MiAMis  Bay,  at  the  mou.h  of  the  Miami  of  the 
Lakes. — lb. 

MIATA  JJlaml  one  of  the  Society  Iflands,  in  the 
S.  Pacific  ocean.  S.  lit.  17''  52',  W.  long.  148"  6'. 
—ib. 

MICHAEL,  Si,  or  St  Miguel,  a  town  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Qjit  1,  in  Peru,  and  fi'd  to  be  the  firft  town 
the  Spanuiros  buil'  in  that  coun'ry.  It  is  rf  confider- 
ab!e  lizc,  Itawdine;  in  a  Iruitlul  valley,  about  20  leagues 
ft  ni  he  lea.  The  inh^bitams  call  it  Chila.  Another 
town,  called  St  Miguel,  is  iie  fvjcond  city  in  Tucu- 
ma  lia,  20  leagues  from  St  Jago  del  Ellero,  on  the 
ro.id  :o  Cliatc.ira  or  Poioli,  at  the  foot  of  a  range  of 
[u^^cJ  muuntaius,   in  a  well  watered  place,  having 

Uift 


M     I     C 


C     480     ] 


M     I     C 


Michael,  the  river  Q»cbrad.i  on  the  one  fide,  and  feveral  fmall 
llreanis  011  (he  other,  5  or  6  hagins  fiom  it.  The 
coiiiury  produces  all  kinds  of  gram,  plenty  of  grapes, 
cotton  and  flax,  and  yields  excellent  pa^lurage. — ib. 

Michael,  S:,  a  town  of  N.  An. erica,  in  New- 
Spain,  and  in  the  province  of  Mechoacan.  It  is  very 
populous,  and  100  miles  from  Mexico.  N.  lat.  20** 
35',  W.  long.  102"  SS- — '^• 

MiciiAtL's  Bay,  St,  on  tl'.e  E.  fide  of  the  illand  of 
Barbadoes  in  the  Well-Indies;  a  little  N.  of  Foul's 
Bay  ;  N.  E.  of  which  latt  bay  are  Cobler's  Rocks,  in 
the  fhape  of  a  horn  — ib. 

Michael's  Gu/f,  St,  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Panama 
Bay,  is  formed  by  the  outlet  of  St  Maria  and  other 
rivers  tlut  tall  into  it. — ib. 

Michael,  S:,  or  S.'  Miguel  Riitr,  is  alfo  on  the  S. 
coalt  ct  ihe  ilUimus  between  N.  and  S.  America,  and 
on  the  N.  Pacitic  ocean,  and  18  leagues  to  the  \V.  of 
I'ort  Ma:  tin  Lopez,  and  3  E.  cf  Guibahigue.  It  has 
3  fathoms  water  at  flood.  AVithin  the  liver  to  the  N. 
E.  is  the  burning  mountain  ot  St  Miguel,  in  the  midtl 
of  :'.n  open  pl.iin. — ib. 

Michael's  Bay,  St,  in  Terra  Firma,  on  the  S. 
S^a. — ib. 

Michael's,  St,  a  paiilh  in  Chailcl^on  dilhiift,  S. 
Carolin  1. — ib. 

Michael's,  St,  a  town  in  Talbot  county,  Mary- 
land, S  miles  W.  of  Eallon,  and  21  S.  E.  of  Anna- 
polis.— ib. 

Michael,  St,  or  Fond  I'es  Negre,  a  town  on  the  S. 
peninfula  of  St  Domingo  illand,   10  leagues  N.  E.  of 

St  Loul^. — /'/'. 

MICHIGAN  Lale,  in  the  N.  W.  Territory,  is  the 
largelt  and  moll  conliderable  lake,  which  is  wholly 
witiiin  the  United  States,  ana  lies  between  lat.  42°  10' 
and  45O  40'  N.  and  between  84'^  30'  and  87"  30'  W. 
long.  Its  computed  length  is  280  miles  from  north 
to  Icuth  ;  its  breadth  from  60  to  70  miie.e,  and  its  cir- 
cumference neaily  600  miles  ;  and  contains,  according 
to  Mr  Hutchins,  10,368,000  acres.  It  is  navigable 
for  flipping  of  any  burden;  and  communicates  witli 
Lake  Huron,  at  the  north-eallern  part,  ihroui^h  the 
Straits  of  Michilllmakkinak.  The  ftrait  is  6  miles 
brojil,  and  ilie  ioit  of  its  name  Hands  on  an  illand  at 
the  mouth  of  the  ftrait.  In  this  lake  are  feveral  kinds 
of  lilii  ;  particularly  tiout  tf  an  excellent  quality, 
weighing  from  20  to  60  pounds  ;  and  fome  have  been 
taken  in  the  llrait  which  weighed  90  pounds.  On  the 
N.  '.V.  parts  of  this  lake,  the  waters  pulh  through  a 
narrow  llrair,  and  branch  rjut  into  two  bays;  that  to 
the  northward  is  called  Noqnet's  Bay,  the  other  to 
the  fouthward,  Puans,  or  Gretn  Bay,  which  lalt  with 
the  lake,  f^jrins  a  hmg  peninfula,  called  Cape  Town- 
lend,  or  Vermillion  P'int.  About  30  miles  S.  of  Bay 
de  Puans,  is  Lake  Winnebago,  which  communicates 
with  it:  and  a  very  Ihort  portage  interrupts  the  water 
conimuiiTra'.ion,  foutli-weftward  from  Winnebago  Lake 
tiirougb  Fij  riv;r,  then  through  Oulfconlin,  in'o  the 
liver  M  tlilCppi.  Cliicago  livctr,  alfo  at  the  S.  W.  ex- 
tremity of  Lake  Michigan,  turnilhes  a  communication 
interrupted  by  a  lliil  Ihorter  portaae,  wi;h  Illinois  river. 
Lake  Michigan  receives  many  fnnU  rivers  Irom  the 
W.  KTiJ  E.  fome  ijo  and  even  250  yards  broad  at 
their  mcuclis. — 'Ji. 

MICHILLlMAKKlNAi:  Strjiu    conned  Lakes 


Mick- 
mucks. 


Michigan  and  Huron,  in  a  N.  E.  and  S.  W.  courfe.    MIchlHi- 

ib.  makkiiLik, 

MiCHiLLiMAKKiNAK,  an  ifland,  fort,  and  village  on  " 
the  S.  W.  fide  of  the  ftraits  (f  the  fame  name.  The 
fmall  ifie  on  which  the  village,  and  the  fort  conmiand-  v 
ing  the  llra't,  ft  and,  is  W.  N.  W.  cf  White  Wood 
Illand,  in  Like  Huron.  In  addition  to  the  lands 
round  this  po.1  to  which  the  Indian  title  had  been  cs- 
tinguifhed  by  the  French  and  Britilh  goveriiii:ents,  the 
Indians  have  ceded  by  the  treaty  of  Greenville,  a  traft 
of  land  on  the  main,  to  the  north  of  the  iflar.d  on 
which  the  poll  of  Michilliroakkinak  ftands,  to  meafure 
6  miles  on  lakes  Huron  and  Michigan,  and  to  extend 
3  miles  back  from  the  water  of  the  lake  or  ftrait,  and 
alio  De  Bois  Blanc,  or  White  Wood  Idand.  This 
laft  was  the  voluntary  gift  of  the  Chipcwu  nation. 
The  ifland  of  MichiUimakkinak  is  very  barren,  but,  as 
it  is  the  grand  rendezvous  of  the  Indian  traders,  a  con- 
fiderable  trade  is  carried  on  ;  and  its  very  advantage, 
ous  fituation  feems  to  enfure  that  it  will  be,  at  fome 
future  period,  a  place  ot  great  commercial  importance. 
It  is  within  the  line  of  the  United  States,  and  was 
lately  delivered  up  by  the  Fritilli.  It  is  .ibout  200 
miles  N.  N.  W.  from  Detroit,  and  974  N.  W.  of  Phi- 
ladtlphii.     N.  lat.  45-  20',  W.  long.  84"  30'. — ib. 

MiCHiLLiMAKKiNAK,  Little,  A  river  in  the  N.  W. 
Teriitoiy,  which  enters  the  fouth  eaftern  fide  of  Illi- 
nois river,  by  a  mouth  50  yards  wide,  and  has  between 
30  and  40  fmall  iflands  at  its  mouth  ;  which  at  a  dif- 
tance  appear  like  a  fmall  village.  It  runs  a  N.  W. 
courfe,  and  is  navigable  about  90  miles.  On  its  banks 
is  plenty  ot  good  timber,  viz.  red  and  white  cedar, 
pine,  maple,  walnut,  &c.  as  alfo  coal  mines.  Its 
mouth  is  13  miles  below  the  Old  Pioiias  Fort  and  viU 
lage,  on  ihe  oppofite  fide  of  the  river,  at  the  S.  W. 
end  of  Illinois  Lake,  and  195  miles  irom  the  Millillip. 
pi. — ib. 

MICHIPICOTEN,  a  river  which  empties  into 
Lake  Snperiir,  on  the  nnrth-eaft  fuie  of  the  lake.  It 
has  its  fource  not  far  dillant  from  Mo(fe  river,  a  wa- 
ter of  James's  Bay.  It  forms  at  its  mouth  a  bay  of 
its  own  name  ;  and  on  the  \V.  part  of  the  bay,  is  :i 
large  illand  fo  calleii,  clofe  to  the  land,  a  fmall  llrait 
only  feparates  it  from  Otter's  Head  on  'he  noith. — ib. 

MIClilPICOOTON  n.ufe,  in  Upper  Canada,  is 
fiiuated  on  t!ie  E.  lide  of  the  mouth  of  the  above  liver, 
in  lat.  47"  56'  N.  and  belongs  to  the  Hudlbn  Bay 
Company. — ib. 

MiCHISCOUI  is  the  Indian  and  prefent  name  of 
the  molt  northerly  liver  in  Vermont.  It  rifcs  in  Bel- 
videre,  and  runs  nearly  north-eaft  until  it  has  croffed 
into  Canada,  were  it  runs  fonie  dill  incs,  it  turns  W. 
then  f  lutherly,  ro-ent;r5  t)ie  State  1  f  Vermont  in  Hich- 
ford,  and  empties  Into  Lake  Cliamplain,  at  Michif- 
coui  Bay,  at  Highgate.  It  is  navig  d)le  for  the  largeft 
boats  to  the  falls  at  Swantowp,  7  miles  from  it;  mouth. 
Michifcoui,  La  Moelle,  and  Onion  rivers,  are  nearly 
of  the  lame  mas,'ritude — ib. 

MiCHISCOUI  Tuiigue,  or  Bay,  a  long  point  of  linJ 
which  extends  foutheily  into  I^ake  Clnmplain  from 
the  ntTcli-eaft  corner  of  the  State  of  Vermont  on  the 
W.  fide  ot  the  bay  ot  this  name,  and  forms  the  tov.'n- 
(hip  of  Allbuij'. — ij. 

MICriMACKS,  an  Indian  nation  which  Inliabit 
the  country  beiv/een  the  Shaoody  Mountain'!,  and  ilr; 

Gulf 


M     I    D 


[    4S1     ] 


U     I     D 


Gulf  of  St  Lawrence  in  Nova-Scotia,  oppofite  to  St 
J  ilin's  Ifland.  This  nation  convey  tiieir  fentiments  by 
liicroglypliics  marked  on  the  rind  of  the  bircli  and  on 
paper,  which  the  Roman  niiffionaries  perfe(5lly  under- 
ftand.  M^ny  of  them  refide  at  the  heads  of  tlie  rivers, 
in  King's  and  Hants  counties. — ili. 

MICOYA  Bay  is  fituaied  on  the  S.  W.  coaft  of 
Mexico,  or  New-Spain,  on  the  North  Pacific  Ocean. 
In  lome  charts  it  is  laid  down  in  lat.  10"  15'  N.  and 
having  Cape  Blanco  and  Chira  Ifland  for  its  foutli-eall 
limit. — a. 

MICROCOUSTICS,  or  Microphones,  inftru- 
rients contrived  to  magnify  fmall  founds,  asmlcrofcopes 
do  fmall  objeifts. 

MICROCOSMIC  Salt.  See  CHEMisTRV-Zni/^-, 
Suf/)/. 

MIDDLE  BANK,  a  fidiing  ground  in  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean,  which  lies  from  north-eall  to  fouth-weft, 
between  St  Peter's  Bank  and  that  of  Sable  Illand  ; 
and  oppollte  to,  and  S.  E.  of  Cape  Breton  Ifland, 
laid  down  in  fome  charts  between  lat.  44"  32',  and 
45"^  34'  N.  and  between  long.  57°  37',  and  59°  32'. 
— Morsf. 

MIDDLEBOROUGH,  the  Nar/tajka  of  the  anci- 
ent Indians,  a  townlhip  in  Plymouth  county,  Malfa- 
chufclts,  bounded  well  by  Freetown  and  Taunton,  eaft 
by  Carver  and  W.irham,  and  is  40  miles  S.  by  E.  of 
Borton  ;  was  incorporated  in  1669,  and  contains  4,526 
inhabitants.  This  town  was  formerly  thickly  inhabited 
by  Indian  natives,  governed  by  the  noted  lachem  Tif- 
pacan  :  there  are  now  only  30  or  40  louU  remaining, 
who,  to  fupply  their  immediate  necellitits,  make  and 
fell  brooms  and  bifl?;ets.  The  town  is  remarkable  for 
a  large  range  of  ponds,  which  produce  feveral  forts  of 
filh,  and  large  quantities  cf  inn  ore.  The  bottom  of 
Affowamfet  Pond  may  be  faid  to  be  an  eniire  mine  of 
iron  ore.  Men  go  out  with  boats,  and  ufe  inllrunienis 
like  oyller  dredges,  to  get  up  the  oie  from  the  bottom 
of  the  pond.  It  is  n(jw  lb  much  exhaufled,  that  half 
a  ton  is  ihouglit  a  good  day's  work  for  one  man  ;  but 
for  a  number  of  years  one  man  could  take  up  four 
times  the  quantity.  In  an  adjacent  pond  there  is  yet 
great  plenty  at  20  feet  deep,  as  well  as  from  Ihoaler 
water.  Great  quantities  of  nails  are  made  here.  In 
winter,  tlie  farmers  and  young  men  are  employed  in 
this  manutaifture.  Here,  and  at  Milton  in  Norfolk 
county,  tlie  Hrll  rolling  and  flitting  mills  were  ere(;ied 
about  40  years  a^o,  but  were  inipciteift  and  unpioduc- 
tive,  in  compaiifoi  wuh  th.ife  of  the  prelent  time. 
The  prints  of  naked  liands  and  leet  aie  to  be  ieen  on 
feveral  rocks  in  tins  town,  fuppoCed  to  have  been  done 
by  the  Indians.  Thefe  are  probably  fimilar  to  thole 
obftrved  in  the  States  of  Tenneliee  and  Virginia. — ib. 

MIDDLEBOURG  K.y,  a  fmall  iflot' feparatcd 
from  St  M.utiii's  in  the  Well-Indies  on  the  N.  E. — ih. 

MIDDLEBURG,  or  Eooa,  the  moll  fouiherly  of 
all  the  Fiieiidly  Iflands,  in  the  Souili  Pacitic  Ocean; 
and  is  about  10  leagues  in  circuit. — ib. 

MlDDLEBURY,  a  poll-town  of  Vermont,  and 
capital  ot  Adjifon  county.  It  is  33  miles  N.  by  W. 
of  Rutland,  15  from  Vergennes,  and  37  S.  E.  of 
Burlington.  Here  is  a  brewery  \ipnn  a  pretty  large 
Jcale.  Tl,e  tov.'nlliip  lies  on  (he  E.  fide  of  Otter 
Creek,  and  contains  395  inhabitants. — ib. 

MIDDLE  Cole  is  to  the  S.  W.  of  Cape  Anthony, 

Sun-L.  Vol.   II. 


in  Staten  Land,  On  the  (Irait  Le  M aire,  and  the  mod 
wefterly  point  of  that  ifland  ;  at  the  eitremity  of  S. 
America il. 

MIDDLEFIELD,  a  townfliip  in  Hampdiire  coun- 
ty, Maflachuletts,  30  miles  N.  \V.  of  Springfield,  and 
125  miles  welterly  of  Bufton.  Il  was  incorporated  in 
17^3,  and  contains  608  inhabitants. — ib. 

MIDDLEHOOK,  a  village  in  New-Jerfey,  8  miles 
W.  of  Brunfwick,  on  the  crof's  poft-road  from  Brunl- 
wick  to  Fleniington,  and  on  the  N.  bank  of  Rariion 
river. — ib. 

Middle  IJlan.'s,  or  Ihlas  de  en  Medio,  on  the  W. 
coall  of  New-Mexico,  and  are  between  the  ifl.inds  of 
Chira  and  St  Luke.  They  are  in  the  North  I'aciljc 
ocean,  in  lat.  9"  30'  N.  There  is  only  from  6  to  7 
fathoms  from  Chira  to  thefe  iflands,  and  all  vellels 
ihould  keep  nearer  to  them  than  to  the  main. — ib. 

MIDDLE  Latitude,  is  half  the  fum  of  two  given 
latitudes  ;  or  the  arithmetical  mean,  or  the  middle  be- 
tween two  parallels  of  latitude.     Therefore, 

If  tb.e  latitudes  be  of  the  f  inie  name,  either  both  north 
or  both  fouih,  add  the  one  number  to  the  other,  and 
divide  tlic  fum  by  2  ;  the  quotient  is  the  middle  lati- 
tude, which  is  of  the  fame  name  with  die  two  given 
latitudes.     But 

If  the  latitudes  be  of  diff-rent  names,  the  one  north 
and  the  other  louth  ;  fubtrai5l  the  Uls  from  the  greater, 
and  divide  the  remainder  by  2,  fo  Ihall  the  quotient  be 
the  middle  latitude,  ol  the  fame  name  with  the  greater 
of  the  two. 

MIDDLESEX,  a  county  of  MalTachufetts,  bound- 
ed north  by  th.'  State  of  New-H^mplhire,  E.  by  Eifet 
county,  S.  by  Sulfolk,  and  W.  by  Worceller  county. 
Its  figure  is  neatly  equal  to  a  fquare  of  40  miles  on  a 
fide;  its  greatell  length  being  52,  and  its  greatcil 
breadth  42  miles.  It  lias  42  towolhips,  which  contain 
4.2,737  inhabitants.  The  religious  focieties  are  55  of 
Congregationalilts,  6  of  Bapiiils,  and  fome  Prefbyte- 
rians.  It  was  made  a  county  in  1643.  It  is  watered 
by  five  principal  rivers,  Merrimack,  Charles,  Concord, 
Nalhua,  and  Myllick  ;  befides  fmaller  ftrcams.  The 
chief  pjvvns  are  Cnarleftown,  Cambridge,  and  Con- 
cord. Charleflown  is  the  only  fea  port  in  the  county  ; 
Concord  is  the  moll  refptclable  inland  town,  and  Is 
near  the  centre  of  the  count),  being  20  miles  N.  W. 
of  Boflon.  There  are  in  the  county  24  fulling-mills, 
about  70  tan-yards,  4  paper  mills,  2  fnuff-mil'is,  6  dif- 
tillciles,  and  about  20  pot  and  peail  aih  ho'jf;s,  Tiie 
i'ouihcrn  and  northern  fides  of  the  county  are  hilly, 
but  not  mountainous,  few  of  the  lulls  exceeding  100 
feet  in  height,  and  are  covered  with  wood,  or  culii- 
valed  quite  to  their  fummits.  Thi  air  is  generally 
ferene,  and  the  temperature  mild.  The  extreme  vari- 
ation of  Farenheii's  thermometer,  m.iy  be  confidered 
as  ico"  in  a  year  ;  but  it  i»  in  very  few  indances,  that 
in  the  courfe  of  a  year  it  reaches  cither  extreme  :  92" 
may  be  conlidered  as  the  extreme  fu;rimer  heat,  and  5 
or  6'  below  o,  as  that  of  the  winter  cold.  In  the 
winter  of  1796 — 1797,  it  (unk  to  11°  below  o. 
Tile  f>il  is  vaiious,  in  fome  puts  of  rich,  black  loam, 
and  in  others  it  is  I'ght  and  fmdy.  It  produces  the 
limber,  grain  and  fruit  which  are  common  throughout 
the  State,  eiilicr  by  n.Uaral  growth  or  cultivation. 
— Men;. 

Middlesex,    a   maiitime   couuty   of    Conneflicut, 
3   P  bounded 


Mldille- 
ficM, 

II 
MiiUkftt- 


M     I     D 


[     4S2     J 


M     I     D 


Midcllcfex,  bounded  north  by  Hartford  count)-,  fouih  by  Lonp;-  tains  about  300  houfes,  and  carries  on  a  confiderable    Mlddle- 

II          Iflaiid  Sound,  call  by  New-London  county,  and  weil  trade.     Here  the  river  has    10  feet  water  at  lull  tides.      »°""- 

^Jl^i;!^!!:^' by  N-'wHaven.     Its  greateil  length  is  about  30  miles,  N.  lat.  41"   35',  W.  long.   77°  12'.     This  plice  was  ^•''^^^* 

and  its  greateft  breadth   19  miles.      It  is  divided  into  called  Mi:tl,il>eji,:k,   by  the   Indi.iiu,  and  was  fettled  in 

6  townlhip?,  containing  18,855  inhabitant?,  of  whom  1650  or   1651.      Two  miles  from   the  city   is  a  lead 

221    are   flavoi.      Conneflicut    liver   runs   the    whole  mine  which  was   wrouglit  during  the  war,    and   was 

length  of  the  county,  antl  on  tlie  fticams  whicli  flow  produ(^ive  ;  but  it   is   too  expenfive  to  be  worked  ia 

into  it  are  a  number  of  milh.     Middlcton  is  the  chief  time  ot  pc.ice. — ib. 

town. — ib.  MIDDLE  TOWN,  a  towclhip  in  Str;ifford  county, 

MinDi-ESEX,  a  county  of  New- Jerfey,  bounded  north  New-H.iniplliirc  ;    about   40  miles    N     by   N     W.    of 

by  Elllx,  N.  W.  and  W.  by  Sonierfet,   S.  W.  by  Bur-  Portfniouih.     It  was  incorporated  in   1778,  and  con- 

lington,    S.  E.  by  Monmouth,    call  by   R.iriton   Bay  tains  61 7  iuhabitanf;. — ib. 

and  part  of  Staten  illand.     It  contains    15,956  inha-  Middletown.  a  townfliip  in  Rutland  cnuiuy,  Ver- 


bitants,  including  1,318  llares.  From  the  mouth  of 
Rarit'in  river  up  to  Biunfwicl:,  the  '.and  on  both  fides 
is  generally  good,  both  i'or  pallure  and  tillage,  pro- 
ducin-j  confuleiable  quantities  of  every  kind  of  grain 
and  hay.     Chief  town,  New-Biunfwick. — it>. 

MiDULESFx,  a  cmmty  of  Virginia,  on  the  fouih  fide 
of  Rappah.innock  river,  on  Chefapeak  Bay.  It  is 
about  35  miles  in  length,  Hnd  7  in  breadth,  contain- 
ing 41I40  iiihabi:ants,  incl  iding  2,558  flaTCi.  Ur- 
banna  is  the  chief  town. — ib. 

Middlesex,  a  townlhip  in  Cliittendon  county,  Ver- 
mont, on  the  nonh-eall  fide  of  Onion  river.  It  con- 
tains 60  inhabitants. — ;/■. 


moiit.  It  contains  699  inhabitants,  and  is  39  miles 
north  of  Benningti.n  — ib. 

MiODLETOWN,  a  village  on  Long-Ifland,  New- 
Y'lrk  State;  12  miles  from  .Smiditown,  and  13  from 
Bridgehjmpton. — ib. 

MiDDLETowN,  a  tov^ufhip  in  Ulfter  county,  New- 
Ycik,  ere<fted  iriim  Rochelter  and  Wocdftock  in  1789, 
and  contains  1,019  inhabitants,  including  6  fl.ives.  In 
1796  there  were  135  of  the  inhabitants  entitled  to  be 
eleifl   IS. —  :b. 

MiDDLiiTQWN,  a  towndiip  In  Newport  county, 
Rhdde-UIiiul  tiiate,  cntains  840  inhabitiinis,  includ- 
ins;    15   fl>iveb.      In    this  town  which  is  on   the  ifljnd 


Middlesex    Canal   (  Ma(rachulctts)    it    is    e.tpe.'>ed     which  gives  name  to  the  State,  and  about  2  mihs  from 


will  be  if  great  importance  to  the  States  of  MalFachu- 
fetts  and  New-Hamplhire.  It  is  now  opening  at  a  vail 
expenfe  by  an  incorporated  company.  Tiie  delign  is 
to  open  a  water  communicatiim  trom  the  waters  of 
Merrimack  river  at  Chehnsford  to  ttie  harbour  of  Bof 
ton.     The  route  of  the  canal  will  be  foutherly  through 


Newport,  is  the  large  and  curious  cavity  in  the  rocks, 
called  Purgatory  — ib. 

MiDDLETOwN,  a  ftnall  pn(l-town  in  Newcifl^e  county, 
Delaware,  lie~  on  Apoquinimy  Cretk,  2  1  miles  S.  S.  W. 
ot  Vk'ilmlngtiin,  and  49  S.  W.  of  Philadelphia. — ih. 

MiDDLETOWN,   in   Mcnmouh  county,    New  Jerfey, 


the  eaft  parts  of  Chelmsford,  and    Bdlerica,   the  well  a  touiilhip  which  contains  two  places  ot   worlhip,  one 

part  of   Wilmington,    and   the   middle  of    Woburn  ;  for  Baptills  and  one  for  the  Duteh  Reformed  church, 

where  it  comes  to  fome  ponds,  from  which  the  waters  and    3,226   inhabitants,    including   491    {laves.      The 

run  by  Myilick  river  into   Bofton  harbour.     The  dif-  centre  of  the  townlhip  is  50  miles  E    by  N.  of  Tren- 


tance  from  the  Merrimack  to  thefe  ponds  will  be  17 
miles.  The  canal  will,  without  meeting  with  any 
large  hills  or  deep  vallies,  be  llraighter  than  the  coun- 
try road  near  it.  The  dillance  trom  the  Merrimack 
to  Medford,  as  the  canal  will  be  made,  is  27,  and  to 
Bollon,  31  miles.     The  canal  is  to  be  24  feet  wide  at 


ton,  and  30  S.  W.  by  S.  of  New  York  city.  The 
Itght-houie  built  by  the  citizens  of  New-York  on  the 
P'  int  ot  Smdy  Honk,  is  in  this  townlhip.  The  high 
lands  of  Navelink,  are  on  the  fea-coall,  near  Sandy 
Hook.  Ti.ey  are  600  feet  above  the  furface  of  the 
water,  and  are  the  lands  firfl  difcovered  by  mariners 


the  bottom,  and  32  at  the  top,  and  6  feet  deep.      The  on  this  par;  ot   the  coall. — ih. 

boats  are  to  be   12  feet  wide  and  70  feet  long.     The  Middletown   Point,  in  the  above  townfhip,  lies  on 

toll  is  to  be  6  cents  a  mile  for  every  Ion  weight  which  the  S.  W.  Iide  ot  the  bay  within  Sandy  Hook,  9  miles 

ihall  psfs,  belides  pay  for  their  boats  and  labour. — ib.  E.  by  N.  of  Spotfwood,  and  14  north  well  of  Shrewf- 

MIDDLE   STAIES,  one  of  the  Grand  Divilions  bury.     A  polt-ofKce  is  kept  here. — ib. 

rf  the  United  States,  (fo  denominated  in  reference  to  Middletown,  a  flouiilhing  town  in  Dauphin  coun- 

the  northern  and  fouiiiern  States.)  comprehending  the  ty,   Pennlylvania,  lituated  on  the  N.  W.  lide  of  Swa- 

States  of  New-York,  New-JerCey,  Pennfylvanni,  Dela-  tara  creek,    which   empties   into  the  Snfquehanna'.,   2 

ware,  and  the  Territory  N.  W.  of  the  Ohio. — ib.  miles  b;lo\v.      It  contains  a  Gerni.in  church  and  above 

MIDl>LETON,  an  interior  townlhip  in  Ellex  coun-  100  houles,  and  carries  on  a  brifk  trade  with  the  farm- 

ty,  Mall.icluUetts,   28   miles  nottheiiy   of  Bolton.      It  ers  in  the  viciii'.y.      It  is  L-ftim.<ted  that  above  200  000 

was  incorporated  in   1728,   and   contains  6S2   inbabi-  bulhels  of  wheat  are  brought  down  thele  rivers  anniial- 

tants ih.  ly  to  the  landing  place,   2  mile  from  the  town.      Con- 

MiDDLETON,  a  city  and   pofl-town  of  Conneflicut,  tiguous  to  the  town  is  an  excellent  merchant  mill,  fup- 

and  the  capital  of  Middlefex  county,   plealantly  lituat-  plied  with  a  conftant    Iheani,  by  a  canal  cut  trom  the 

ed  on  the  weftern  bank  of  Conneiflicut  river,  31   miles  Svv.itara.      It  is  6  miles  S.  ot  Hummellton,  and  92  W". 

from   its   mouth  at   Saybrook   Bar,   according  to  the  by  N.    of  Pliiladtl^hia.       N.  lat.  40°  12',   W.  long, 

courfe  of  the  river;    14  miles   S.  of  Harttord,   26   N.  76**  44'.       There  aie  aifo  two  other  towidliips  of  this 

by   E.   of  NewHiven,    40  N.  W.  by   W.  of   New-  name  in  the  Slate;    the   one  in  Delaware  county,  the 


London,  and  209  N.  E.  of  Philadelphia.  Its  public 
buildings  are,  a  Congregational  church,  an  Epilcopa- 
lian  church,  a  court-houfe  and  naval-oHke.     It  con- 


other  in  that  of  Cumberlard. — ib. 

Middletown,   in  Frederick  county,   Maryland,  lies 
nearly  8  miles  W.  N.  W.  of  Frcderickftown. — lb 

Middle- 


M     I    L 


[ 


town, 

II 
Milfnrd. 


M1DD1.8TOWW,  in  Dorchedercoiintjr,  Maryland,  is 
abc.ut  5  miles  N.  of  the  CedarLanding Place,  onTranf- 
quaking  Cietk ;  7  vtfieil)-  of  Vienna,  and  bi  N.  W. 
of  Cambridge. — ih. 

MIUSUMMER-Day,  is  held  on  the  24th  of  June, 
theianic  day  as  the:  nativity  of  St  John  the  Baptift  is 
held. 

MIDWAY,  a  village  in  Liberty  cnuiity,  Georgia,  30 
miles  lnuili  of  Savannah,  and  10  miles  N.  W.  of  Sun- 
bury,  lis  inhabitants  are  Congregationalifts,  and  are 
the  defcendants  of  emigiants  from  Dorchcfler  near 
lioftori,  in  New-Englar.d,  vho  migrated  as  early  as 
1 700. — Mors:. 

Midway,  a  towndiip  in  Rutland  county,  Vermont, 
eaft  of  and  adjoining  Rutland. — ib. 

Mil'  FLIN,  a  county  cf  Pcnnlylvania,  furrounded 
by  Lycoming,  Franklin,  Cumberland,  Notthumber- 
land,  D.iuphin,  and  Huntingdon  counties.  It  con- 
tains 1,851  iqnare  mks,  i  184,960  acres,  and  is  di- 
vided into  8  lownihips.  The  miHintains  in  this  coun- 
ty abound  with  iron  ore,  for  the  manufaiSiiring  of 
which,  (everal  forges  have  been  erected.  It  is  well 
watered  by  the  Jiimatta,  and  other  dreams  which  emp- 
ty into  the  Suiquehanuah.  Chief  town,  Lewillown. 
—lb. 

Mifflin,  a  fmall  town  lately  laid  out  in  the  above 
couniy,  on  the  call  (ide  ni  tlie  Janiatta  ;  12  miles  calt 
cf  Lcwidown,  and  138  from  Philadelphia. — ib. 

Mifflin,  Fori,  in  Pennfylvania,  is  (ituated  on  a 
fmall  iflind,  at  the  mouth  of  Schuylkill  river,  about  6 
miles  ibuth  of  Philadelphia. — ib. 

MILFIELD,  in  Grafton  county,  New-Hampfhire, 
fettled  1774. — ib. 

MILFOKD,  a  townihip  in  Mifllin  county,  Penn- 
fylvania.— ib. 

MiLFORD,  a  port-town  of  the  State  of  Delaware, 
pleafantly  fitu.ited  on  the  north  lide  of  Mufpillion  Creek, 
about  12  miles  weft  ot  its  mouth  in  Delaware  Bay,  19 
S.  by  E.  of  Dover,  7  fouth  of  FreJeiIca,  and  95  S. 
by  W.  of  Philadelphia.  It  contains  ne.iily  too  hou- 
fes,  all  built  lince  the  wjr,  except  one.  The  inhabitants 
are  Epifcopalianj,  Quakers  and  Methociih. — ib. 

MiLFORD,  a  town  of  Nortliampton  cuunty,  Penn- 
fylvania, Utely  laid  out  on  the  N.  \V.  fide  ol  the  Dela- 
ware, on  a  lolty  lituation,  at  Well's  Ferry,  120  miles 
above  Philadelphia.  In  front  of  the  town,  which  con- 
tains as  yet  only  a  few  houfes,  the  river  forms  a  cove 
well  fitted  for  (heltering  bo-its  and  lumber  in  ftorms, 
or  frelhes  in  the  river.  A  faw-mill  and  paper-mill 
have  been  eredted  here;  the  latter  belongs  to  Mr  Bld- 
dis,  who  has  difcovercd  the  method  of  making  paper 
and  parte  board,  by  fubllituting  a  large  proportion  of 
faw-dull  in  the  compofition. — ib. 

MiLFORD,  a  pnit  town  of  Conneflicut,  on  Long- 
Iflind  found,  and  in  Ni>v-Haven  county,  13  miles  S. 
W.  of  New- Haven,  and  call  ol  Stratford.  The  mouth 
of  the  creek  on  which  it  (lands  h.is  3  fathoms  water. 
This  town  was  cilled  H^opoiun^e  by  tlie  Indians,  and 
was  fettled  in  1638.  It  contains  an  Epifcopal  churdi, 
atid  2  Congregational  churches. — ib. 

MiLFORD  Haven,  a  deep  biy  on  the  coaft  of  Nova 
Scotia,  to  the  S.  W.  round  the  point  of  the  llrait  of 
Canfn.  It  receives  fcveral  rivers  I'rom  the  N.  W. 
atid  S.  Vf.—tb. 


83      ]  MIL 

MILITARY  7ffw?i/Z-;/-j,  in  the  State  of  Nev.--Yoil:. 
The  legifijf.ire  of  tlie  Stale  granted  ore  miliion  and  a 
half  aci  es  of  land,  as  a  gratuity  to  the  cificers  and  f  >]- 
diers  of  the  line  of  this  State.  This  tiact,  foiming  ihe 
new  county  of  Onondago,  is  bounded  W.  by  the  cart 
fliore  of  the  Seneca  Lake,  and  the  Mjfiachohtts  lands 
in  the  new  county  of  Ontario ;  N.  by  the  part  of  Lake 
Ontario  near  Fort  Ofwego  ;  S.  by  a  ricge  of  the  Alle- 
ghany Mountains  and  the  Pennfylvania  hue  ;  and  E.  by 
the  Tufcarora  Creek  (which  falls  neaily  into  the  mid- 
dle of  the  Oneida  Lake)  and  that  pai  t  of  what  was 
formerly  Montgomery  county,  which  has  been  fettling 
by  the  New-England  people  vety  rafidly  fincc  the 
peace.  This  pleafant  county  is  divided  into  25  town- 
fhips  of  Oo.coo  acres  each,  which  are  af,aiii  fubdivided 
into  100  convenient  farms,  of  600  acres  ;  making  in 
the  whole  2,500  farms.  This  trav-f  is  well  watered  by 
a  multitude  of  fmall  lakes  and  rivers. 

Tiie  referved  lands  embofnmed  in  th's  trafl,  arc  as 
follow:  a  trad  about  171  miles  long,  and  10  broad, 
including  the  northern  part  of  the  lake  Cayuga,  wh'cii 
lie^  in  the  centre  of  it,  to  the  Cayuga  Indians.  The 
Indians  have  a  village  on  each  fide  of  the  lake  ;  .ind 
the  ferry  at  the  north  end  lies  in  lat.  .',2"  54'  14" 
norlli.  Connoga  Caftle  is  about  3  miles  fiutli  of  the 
ferry,  on  the  eilt  fiJe  of  Lake  Cayuga.  The  Onon- 
dago Refervation  is  uniformly  1  i  miles  long,  and  9 
broad  ;  bounded  north  by  the  Public  Refervation,  and 
part  of  the  townfliips  of  Manlius  and  Camillus.  A  ve- 
ry fmall  part  of  the  fniuh  end  of  Salt  L  ike  is  within 
the  Refervation.  The  Salt  Spring,  and  the  Salt  Lake, 
with  a  fmall  portion  of  gr(!und  on  each  fide,  is  referv- 
ed by  the  State;  its  greuell  length  is  6j  miles,  and 
the  greateft  breadth  ol  the  Refervation  34. — ib. 

MILK,  or  MiLKYET,  property  in  Bengal. 

MILLER,  Fori,  is  on  the  E.  fide  of  Hudfon's  ri- 
ver,  41  miles  north  of  Albany,  confifting  (f  rapids  in 
the  river,  and  feveral  mills  thereon.  It  is  fo  called 
from  a  little  mud  fort  formerly  biiilc  there  againft  the 
Indians. — Mone. 

Miller's,  or  Payquagi,  a  rjx'er  of  MalFachufetts, 
which  runs  W.  by  S.  and  falls  into  Connedicut  river, 
between  NorthfielJ  and  Montague.  It  is  a  beautiful 
llream,  though  in  fome  pi. ices  very  rapid.  Its  chief 
fource  is  in  Mononienock  pond  in  Rindge,  New-H.imp- 
(hire,  and  partly  in  Winchendon  ;  the  other  in  Nauk- 
hcag  pond  in  Alhburnham.  Thefe  with  vaiicus 
dreams  unite  in  Winchendon,  and  form  Millet's  river 
—ib. 

Millers,  a  fettlement  in  Kentucky,  on  a  branch  of 
Licking  river,   32  miles  north-eart  of  Le.xington. — ib- 

Miller's-Town,  ill  Northampton  county,  Pennfyl- 
vania,  is  plealantly  fituated  on  a  branch  ol  Lit'le  l.,e- 
higli  liver  ;  26  niile^  S.  \V.  ot  Eallon,  and  47  N.  W. 
bv  N.  of  Philadelphia.  It  contains  about  4c  houfes. 
—ib. 

Miller's  Town,  a  fmall  town  in  Shenandoah  conn- 
ty>  Viiginia,  32  miles  fou'h  of  Wlnchellcr.  Two  or 
three  miles  from  this  place  is  the  naiiow  paf),  firmed 
by  the  Shenandoah  river  on  one  fide,  and  a  fmall  brock 
on  the  other.  It  is  about  a  rod  and  a  half  wide,  and 
2  or  3  long  ;  on  each  fide  is  a  bank  of  about  ico  feet 
liigli ib. 

MILL  JJl.ind,  near  the  N.  W.  end   of  Hudfon's 
3  P  :  Straits  ; 


M     I     L 


C     4«4     ] 


M     I     N 


Straits  ;  N.  N.  W.  of  Nottingham  Idand,  and  S.  by 
E.  of  Cape  C<'mfoi  t,  but  nearer  to  the  latter.  N.  lat. 
64°  ?6'.  W.  long.  80-"  30'. — it. 

MILL  J/Ln,l,  A  I'niall  ill.ind  in  that  branch  of  Chig- 
ne<So  Bay  which  runs,  up  due  north,  whilll  the  Bay  par- 
ticularly fo  called,  runs  in  nonh-ead.  It  is  nearly  due 
wert  4  miles  from  the  nearefl.  point  of  land. — ii. 

MILLS  of  various  kinds  are  defcribcd  in  the  article 
Mechanics  (Ericy<l.)  ;  and  he  who  (hall  lludy  that  ar- 
ticle, together  with  IVater-WoRKs,  and  Machinery, 
in  this  Sujijhmeni,  will  have  a  fuHicitnt  knowledge  of 
the  principles  upon  which  mills  mull  be  conlli  uiSed  inas 
that  they  may  produce  their  prcper  efFeils.  The  fubjed 
is  introduced  into  iliii  (lace  merely  to  put  it  into  the 
power  of  our  countrymen  to  a.iopt,  if  they  (liali  think 
fit,  the  improvements  whicli  have  been  made  in  the  ma- 
chinciy  ol  Hour  mills  in  America. 

The  chicl'  of  tliefe  confift  in  a  new  application  of  the 
fcrew,  and  the  introdudion  of  what  are  called  elevators, 
the  idea  of  which  was  evidently  borrowed  from  the 
chain  pump.  Tiie  fcrew  is  made  by  Ricking  fmall  thin 
pieces  of  board,  about  three  inches  long  and  two  w-ide, 
into  a  cylinder,  fo  as  to  form  the  fpiral  line.  This  fcrew 
is  placed  in  a  horizontal  pofition,  and  by  turning  on  its 
axis  it  forces  wheat  or  flour  from  one  end  of  a  trough 
to  the  other.  For  inllance,  in  the  trough  which  re- 
ceives the  meal  immediately  coming  from  the  (lones,  a 
Icrew  of  this  kind  is  placed,  by  which  the  meal  is  tor- 
ced  on,  to  the  dillance  of  fix  or  eight  feet,  peihaps,  in- 
to a  refervoir  ;  from  thence,  without  any  manual  la- 
bour, it  is  conveyed  to  the  very  top  of  the  mill  by  the 
elevators,  which  confill  of  a  number  ot  fmall  buckets 
of  the  fize  of  tea  cups,  attached  to  a  long  band  that 
goes  round  a  wheel  at  the  top,  and  another  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  mill.  As  the  band  revolves  round  the 
■wheels,  thefe  buckets  dip  into  the  refervoir  of  wheat  or 
flour  below,  and  take  their  loads  up  to  the  top,  where 
they  empty  themfelves  as  they  turn  round  the  upper 
wheel.  The  elevators  are  inclofed  in  fquare  wooden 
tubes,  to  prevent  them  from  catching  in  any  thing,  and 
alfo  to  prevent  dull.  By  means  of  thefe  two  fimple 
contrivances  no  manual  laboui  is  required  from  the  mo- 
ment the  wheat  is  taken  to  the  mill  till  it  is  converted 
into  flour,  and  ready  to  be  packed,  during  the  various 
procelles  of  fcreening,  grinding,  fitting,  &c. 

That  this  is  a  conliderable  improvement  is  obvious ; 
and  we  are  not  without  hopes  that  it  may  be  adopted. 
The  licentioulhefs  of  an  Englifh  mob  has  indeed  perfe- 
cted an  Arkwright,  expelled  the  inventor  of  the  fly- 
Ihuttle  i'rom  his  native  country,  and  by  fuch  conduifl 
prevented  the  re-eredlion  of  the  Albion  mills,  and  the 
general  eftablilhnient  of  faw-mills  through  the  king- 
dom ;  but  their  fovereignty  perliaps  will  not  be  ronl- 
ed  by  fo  eafy  and  fimple  a  contrivance  as  this  to  lef- 
fen  the  quantity  of  manual  labour.  For  an  account  of 
the  Dutch  oil-mill,  which  was  fomehow  omitted  in  its 
proper  place  in  the  Encyclop<i:<lia,  fee  Oil-MUI  in  this 
Supplement. 

MILLSTONE,  a  fouth  branch  of  Rariion  river,  in 
Ncw-Jerfey. — Morie. 


Millstone,  a  pleafant  rural  village,  fituated  on  the  Millftone, 
river  of  its  name,   14  miles  N.  of  Princeton,  in  New-  || 

Jeifey,   containing  the  ieat  of  General  Fielinghuylen, '^^'"'''"^'"'• 
and  formerly  the  county  town  of  Someifet. — it>. 

MILLTOWN,  in  the  State  of  Delaware,  two  miles 
from  Wilmington. — ib. 

MiLLTOWN,  in  Northumberland  county,  Pennfyl- 
vania,  on  the  E.  fide  of  the  W.  branch  of  Sufqueiian- 
nah  river,  cnntaining  ab'  ut  60  houfes,  and  14  miles 
N.  by  W.  of  Sunbury.— ;3. 

MUTTON,  a  townlhip  in  Cliitteiiden  county,  Ver- 
mont, fituated  on  the  call  fide  of  Like  Champlain,  op. 
pofite  to  South  Hern  Ifl.in.l.  It  is  divided  into  nearly- 
equal  paits  by  L.i  Moille  river,  which  empties  into  tlie 
lake  in  Colchcller,  near  the  S.  line  of  Milton.  The 
townlhip  contains  282  iniialMlants. — il/. 

Milton,  the  UnciUa'juiJ[eU,  or  Unquety  of  the  an- 
cient Indians,  a  townlhip  iti  Norfolk  county,  Maflachu- 
fetts  ;  adjoining  to  Dorcluftjr,  from  wliich  it  is  partly 
feparated  by  Naponfet  river,  noted  for  the  excellent 
quality  of  its  water.  It  is  7  miles  S.  of  BoHon,  and 
contains  1039  inhabitants;  3  paper-mills,  and  a  cho- 
colate-mill. It  was  incoporated  in  I  662.  Milton  hill 
affords  one  of  the  fined  profpeds  in  America. — ib. 

Milton,  a  townlhip  in  the  new  county  of  Saratoga 
in  New-York.  By  the  State  cenl'us  of  1796,  there  were 
301  of  the  inhabitants  who  were  electors. — ib. 

MiLTON,  a  military  townlhip  in  Onondago  county, 
New-York,  fituated  on  the  N.  E.  fide  of  Cayuga  Lake, 
near  its  fouthern  extremiry  ;  40  miles  N.  ot  Tioga  ri- 
ver, and  21  S.  by  E.  of  the  ferry  on  the  N.  end  of  Ca- 
yuga Lake.  It  was  incorporated  in  1794.  By  the 
State  cenfus  of  1796,  iSi  of  its  inhabitants  were  elec- 
tors.— ib. 

Milton,  a  fmall  town  in  Albemarle  county,  Virgi- 
nia, fituated  on  the  S.  W.  fide  ot  the  Rivanna,  about 
80  miles  N.  W.  by  \V.  of  Richmond.  It  has  about 
20  houfes  and  a  warehoufe  for  the  infpedion  of  tobac- 
co.— ib. 

MINAS,  Baftn  of,  or  Les  Mines  Bay,  fometimes  al- 
fo called  I.e  Grand  Proye  ;  is  a  gulf  on  the  S.  E.  fide 
of  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  into  which  its  waters  pafs  by  a 
narrow  (Irak,  and  let  up  into  Nova-Scotia  in  an  E.  and 
S.  direiftion.  It  is  about  30  leagues  from  the  entrance 
of  Annapolis,  and  10  from  the  bottom  ot  Bedford  Bay. 
It  is  12  leagues  in  length,  and  three  in  breadth. — ib. 

MiNAs,  or  De  las  Mmas  Hill,  is  the  middlemoit  of 
the  three  hills,  defcribed  as  marks  within  land  for  Bo. 
naventura  Bay  and  river,  on  the  coall  of  Peru,  in  S. 
America  :  thefe  are  S.  of  Panama  Bay,  and  in  N.  lat. 
3"  20',  VV.  long.  75°   \%' .—  ib. 

MINE  AU  FER,  or  Iron  Mines,  on  the  E.  fide  of 
Miffiirippi  river,  is  Gi\  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Chlrkafav/ 
river,  and  15  S.  by  E.  of  the  Ohio.  Here  the  land  is 
nearly  fimilar  in  quality  to  that  bordering  on  'he 
Cliickafaw  river,  interfperfed  with  gradual  rifings  or 
fmall  eminences.  There  was  a  pod  at  this  place,  near 
the  former  S,  boundary  ot  Virginia. — ib. 

MINEHEAD,  a  towndilp  In  Elfex  county,  Ver- 
mont, on  Connedlicut  liver. — ib. 

MINERALOGY 


MINER 

1         T  S  a  fcience,  the  objeft  of  which  is  the  defcription  and 
Defijiition.   J^  arrangement  <  f//,o;^,»/;/V /'Oi/w.  or  minerals ;  orofrt// 
the  bodies  which  belong  to  our  globe,  excepting  animal 
and  vegclabh  I'ubllances. 

ij  a;e  the  publi'.ation  of  the  article  Mineralogy, 
Eiicycl.  Icarccly  a  (ingle  day  has  palled  without  tht  difto- 
vety  oi'lomc  new  nnneralogicallaifl,  or  the  detct^ion  of 
fonieold  and  unfufpefted  error.  Thefe  improvements 
cannot  be  overlooked  in  the  prcfent  Supplement.  But  they 
ate  io  numerous  in  every  part  of  the  icience,  tliat  we 
can  haidly  notice  them  without  giving  a  pretty  com- 
plete view  of  the  prefent  (lute  of  mineralogy.  This 
will  fcarccly  occupy  more  room,  and  mult  be  much 
more  ufetul  as  well  as  entertaining,  than  an  undigeQed 
mafs  of  annotatioiis  and  remarks.  We  undertake  this 
talk  the  mere  readily,  becaufe  in  the  article  Minera- 
logy in  the  EncyJipiedui,  tl'.e  improvements  of  Mr 
Wtrner  and  his  dilciplcs,  to  which  the  fcience  is  indebt- 
ed for  a  great  part  of  its  prefent  accuracy,  have  been 
entirely  overlooked. 
J  The  objeifl  of  mineralogy  is  twofold,      i.  To  (fe/crlie 

01>jc<a.  every  mineral  with  fo  much  accuracy  and  precifion,  that 
it  may  be  eafily  diftinguiihed  from  every  other  mineral ; 
2.  To  arrange  them  into  a  fydem  in  fuch  a  manner  th.it 
every  mineral  may  be  ealily  referred  to  its  proper  place, 
and  that  a  perfon  may  be  able,  meiely  by  the  liclp  ot 
the  fyllem,  to  difcover  the  name  of  any  mineral  what- 
ever. Wlien  thefe  two  objefls  are  accompliflied,  mi- 
Dcfcrlptlon  j^j_.^^]  Hi i<Slv  fo  called,  is  completed.      Rut  were  we 

of  Mine-  ,,      °V  ,•  ...  r     i_     /- •  r  ■  i  i  i 

ygjj  to  Hop  here,  the   utility  ot   the  fcience,  it  it  would  be 

entitled  to  the  name  of  fcience,  could  hardly  be  confi- 
dered  as  very  great.  We  mull  therctore  apply  chemijlry 
to  difcover  the  ingredients  ol  which  minerals  are  com- 
pofed,  and  to  deteft,  if  poUible,  the  laws  which  thefe 
ingredients  have  obferved  in  their  combination.  Thus 
we  Ihall  really  extend  our  knowledge  of  inorganic  na- 
ture, and  be  enabled  to  apply  that  knowledge  to  the 
improvement  of  almoft  every  art  and  manufa^flure. 
3  Mineralogy  naturally  divides  itfclf  into  three  parts. 

DiviCon  of  Thejirjl  treats  of  the  method  of  defcribing  minerals; 

uie  article.  t!ieyr«fl(/,  of  the  method  of  arranging  them  ;  and  the 
tl.ird  exhibits  them  in  a  fyllem  defcribed  and  arranged 
according  to  the  rules  laid  down  in  the  two  fird  parts. 
Thtfe  tlirce  p  .rts  Ihall  be  the  lubjeifls  of  the  following 
chapters;  and  we  fhall  finilTi  the  article  with  a  chapter 
on  the  chemical  analylis  of  minerals. 

Chap.  I.     Of  the  Description  or  MiNER.'iLs. 

Nothing,  at  livft  fight,  appears  eifier  than  to  de- 
fcribe  a  mineral,  and  yet,  in  reality,  it  is  attended  with 
a  great  deal  of  dilliculty.  The  mineralogical  defcrip- 
tions  of  the  ancients  are  fo  loofe  and  inaccurate,  that 
many  of  the  minerals  to  which  they  allude  cannot  be 
afcerlained  ;  and  conlequently  thtii  obfervations,  how- 
ever valuable  in  themlelves,  arc  often,  as  far  as  relpeifls 
tis,  altogether  loll.  It  is  obviou'.,  thai  to  dillinguilh  a 
mineral  trom  every  oth-r,  we  mull  either  mention  fonie 
peculiar  property,  or  a  coUeflion  ot  properties,  which 
exill  together  in  no  other  mineral.      Thefe  properties 


A  L  O  G  Y 

miift  be  defcribed  in  terms  rigidly  .iccurate,  v  Iiicli  con- 
vey precife  ideas  of  the  very  properties  intended,  and 
ot  no  other  properties.  The  Imallell  deviation  from  this 
W(<uld  lead  to  confulion  and  uncertainty.  Now  it  is 
impoffible  to  defcribe  minerals  in  this  manner,  unlefs 
there  be  a  peculiar  term  tor  each  of  their  properties  ; 
and  unlefs  this  term  be  completely  undei  Hood.  Minera- 
logy therefore  mull  have  a  language  of  its  own;  that  is 
to  fay,  it  mufl  have  a  term  to  denote  every  mineralogi- 
cal property,  and  each  of  thefe  terms  mud  be  accurate- 
ly delined.  The  language  of  mineralogy  was  invented 
by  the  celebrated  Weiner  of  Freyberg,  and  firll  made 
known  to  the  world  by  the  publication  of  his  trealife 
on  the  external  chciraclers  of  minerals.  Ol  this  language 
we  (hall  give  a  view  in  the  following  general  deitriplion 
of  the  properties  of  minerals  (a). 

The  properties  of  minerals  may  be  divided  into  two 
clalfes.  \Jl,  Properties  difcovei able  w-ithoiitdeftroying 
the  texture  of  the  mineral ;  2d,  Properties  refulting 
from  the  aiflion  of  other  bodies  on  it.  The  firft  clafs 
has,  by  Werner  and  his  difciple?,  been  called  external 
properties,  and  by  fome  French  writers  phyfical ;  the' 
lecond  clafs  has  been  called  chemical. 

The  external  properties  may  be  arranged  under  the 
following  heads : 

1  Figure.  8  Duiftility. 

2  Surface.  9  Fr.nflure. 

3  Tranfparency.         10  Texture. 

4  Colour.  II  Stiuifture. 

5  Scratch.  12  Fragments 
C)  Lullre.                     13  Feel. 
7  Hardnefs. 

I.  By  FIGURE  is  meant  the  fhape  or  form  which  a 
mineral  is  oblerved  to  have.  The  y^wrf  of  minerals  is 
cxlher  regular,  particular,  or  amorphous.  1.  Minerals 
which  alfume  a  regular  figure  are  faid  to  be  cryllal- 
lized.*  T\\t  fulei  of'acryllal  are  called  faces;  the 
fharp  line  formed  by  the  inclination  of  two  faces  is  call- 
ed an  ed^e  ;  and  the  corner,  or  angle,  formed  by  the 
meeting  ot  feveral  edges  in  one  point,  is  called  a  /olid 
angle,  or  fimply  an  angle.  Thus  a  cube  has  fix  faces, 
twelve  edges,  and  eight  angles.  2.  Some  minerals, 
though  not  cryflalli/.ed,  affecl  dparticular  figure.  Thefe 
particular  figures  are  the  toUowing  :  Globular,  like  a 
globe;  oval,  like  an  oblong  fpheriod  ;  ovate,  like  an 
egg ;  cheefe-Jhaped,  a  very  flattened  fphere ;  almond- 
Jhaped,  like  an  almond  ;  eentlcular,  like  a  double  convex 
lenfe,  compreifed  and  gradually  thinner  towards  the 
edges  ;  cuneiform,  like  a  wedge  ;  nodulous,  having  de- 
prellions  and  protuberances  like  a  potatoe  ;  hotrytiidal, 
like  grapes  clofely  prcli'ed  together  ;  denliform,  longilli 
and  tortuous,  and  thicker  at  the  bottom  than  the  top; 
•wireform,  like  a  wire  ;  capillary,  like  hair,  finer  than 
the  preceding  ;  retiform,  threads  interwoven  like  a  net ; 
dendritic,  like  a  tree,  having  branches  ilfuiug  from  a 
common  Wcm  ;  fhrubform,  branches  not  arifing  from  a 
common  Hem  ;  coraloidal,  branched  like  coral  ;  ftalatli- 
tical,  like  ilicle>;  claval.d,  like  a  club,  long,  and  thicker 
at  one  end  than  another  ;  fifciform,  long  llraight  cylin- 
drical 


485 


Properties 
ofmmcr.iU> 


14  Sciund. 

15  Smell. 

16  Talle. 

External 
Cbaraacrt. 

17  Gravity. 

18  M.ignetilm. 

19  Eleiftricity. 

r  form  which  a 

5 
Figure. 

•  See  Che- 
mistry, 
Part  III. 
ch.  iv. 

Sufft. 


(a)  The  fullefl  account  of  Werner's  external  charaiflers  which  we  have  feen  in  the  Englilh  language,  has 
been  given  by  Dr  Townfon  in  his  Phitofoply  of  Mineralogy.  Wc  have  availed  ourfelves  of  this  book,  in  order 
to  exhibit  fome  ot  the  1  r.elt  improvemcnf:  oi  Werner  and  his  dilViples.  The  reader  may  alio  confult  ll'crner't 
Treati/e,  publilhed  at  Leipfic  in  1774  ;  or  the  French  (ranjjatioa  piiblilhed  at  Dijon  iu  1790.  See  aUb  Rome  Je 
Lijle.     Des  caraaers  c.xliriiur  des  mineraiix.     Aud  JJauy  Jour,  d  bijl,  Nat.  11.  56. 


486 

r.iternal 
Cliari(2cri 


6 
Surfjc:. 


MINERALOGY. 


Chap.  r. 


7 
Tranfjii- 
rcncy. 


9 
Colour. 


drical  bodies,  united  like  a  bundle  of  rods  ;  tultilar,  cy- 
■  lindiical  and  hollow.     3.  When  minerals  have  neither 
a  regular  nor  particular  Ihape,  they  are  laid  to  be  amor- 
phous. 

II.  By  SURFACE  is  meant  the  appearance  of  the  ex- 
ternal lurface  oi  minerals.  The  furfacc  is  either  umven, 
coiTipoled  of  fmall  unequal  clcv.iiions  and  dcprelTioni ; 

Jcahrous,  iiaving  very  fmall  IhaifAnd  rough  elevations, 
more  e.ilily  felt  than  feen  ;  dr.,J},  covered  with  very  mi- 
nute cryilalb  ;  rough,  c<.mpoled  uf  very  minute  blunt  ele- 
vations, eafily  diliinguHbablc  by  the  feel  j  fcaly,  conipo- 
f;d  of  very  minute  thin  fcale  like  leaves ; /moo//i,  free 
from  all  inequality  or  roiighnefs  ;  ffcciilar,  having  a 
fraooth  polilhcd  furface  like  a  mirror :  or  JlreaLed,  Iia- 
ving elevated,  llraight,  and  parallel  lines.  Tliii  lall  clia- 
radcr  is  confined  to  the  furf<ice  of  cryftals.  The  Jr^iis 
are  either  traiifverfe ;  longitudinal ;  alternate,  in  diffe- 
rent directions  on  different  taces  ;  plumofi,  running  from 
a  middle  lib;   or  dccujfuted,  eroding  each  other. 

III.  By  TRANSPARENCY  is  meant  the  proportion  of 
light  which  minerals  are  capable  of  tranlmitling.  They 
are  tranfpareiit  or  pellucid,  when  objefts  can  be  feen  di- 
diniflly  through  them;  d'laphatmu,  when  objeds  are 
feen  thi  lugh  them  imliitinctly  ;  juhliaphanous,  when 
light  pall'es  but  in  fo  fmall  a  quantiiy  that  objefls  can- 
not be  leen  through  them  (b)  ;  opaque,  when  no  light 
is  tranfmittcd. 

When  opaque  minerals  become  tranfparent  in  water, 
they  are  called  hydriphanous.  When  objects  are  feen 
double  through  a  tranlparent  mineral,  it  is  laid  to  refmH 
doubly. 

IV.  The  colours  of  minerals  may  be  reduced  to  eight 
claffes. 

1.   Whites. 
Snow  white.     Pure  white. 

Reddifh  white.     White  with  a  light  tint  of  red. 
Yelluwifh  white.     White  with  a  light  tint  of  yellow. 
Silver  white.    YtUowifh  white  with  a  metallic  lullre, 
Greyilh  white.     White  with  a  light  tint  of  black. 
Greenifh  white.     White  with  a  light  tint  of  green. 
Milk  white.     White  with  a  light  lint  of  blue. 
Tin  white.     Milk  white  of  a  metallic  luftre. 

2.    Greys. 
Bluilh  grey.     Grey  with  a  little  blue. 
Lead  Grey.     Bluilh  grey  with  a  metallic  luftre. 
Pearl  grey.    Light  grey  with  a  flight  mi.\ture  of  vio- 
let blue. 

Dark   grey  with  a  little  blue  and 


Smoke   grey, 
brown. 

Greenifh  grey 
Yellow itli  grey 


Light  grey  tinged  with  green. 
A  light  grey  tinged  with  yellow. 
Steel  grey.     A  dark  grey   with  a  light  tint  of  yel- 
low and  a  metallic  luftre. 

Black  grev.    The  darkeft  grey  with  a  tint  of  yellovy. 

3.   Blacks. 
Greyifli  black.     Black  with  a  little  white. 
BrowniQi  black.     Black  with  a  tint  of  brown. 
Black.     Pure  Black. 

Iron  black.     Pure  black  with  a  fmall  mixture  of 
white  and  a  metallic  lullre. 

Bluifh  black.     Black  with  a  tint  of  blue. 

4.   Blues. 
Indigo  blue.     A  dark  blackifli  blue. 


Pruffian  blue.     The  p'.ireft  blue.  External 

Azure  blue.    A  bright  blue  with  fcarce  a  tint  of  red.  CJiaraiiitrs; 
Smalt  blue.     A  light  blue.  v^~>^^«-' 

Violet  blue.     A  nii-vturc  of  azure  blue  and  carmine. 
Lavender  blue.     Violet  blue  mixed  with  grey. 
Sky  blue.     A  light  blue  with  a  flight  tint  of  green. 

5.  Gre.ns. 

Verdigris  green.     A  bright  green  of  a  bluifh  cift. 

Seagrecn.  A  very  light  green,  a  mixture  of  verdi- 
gris  green  and  grey. 

Beryl  Green.   The  preceding,  but  of  a  yellowilh  caft. 

Emerald  green.     Pure  green. 

Grafs  green.     Puie  green  with  a  tint  of  yellow. 

Apple  green.  A  liglit  green  formed  of  verdigrii 
green  and  white. 

Leek  green.  A  very  dark  grcea  with  a  cad  of 
brown. 

Blackifh  green.  The  darkeft  green,  a  mixture  of 
leek  green  and  black. 

Piltachio  green.  Grafs  green,  yellow  and  a  little 
brown. 

Olive  green.  A  pale  yellowiflj  green  with  a  tint  of 
brown. 

Afparagus  green.  The  lighted  green,  ycllowifh 
with  a  little  brown  and  grey. 

6 .  Tellotus. 

Sulphur  yellow.     A  light  greeniflt  yellow. 
Brafs  yellow.    The  preceding,  with  a  little  lefs  greea 
and  a  metallic  hiftre. 

Lemon  yellow.     Pure  yellow. 
Gold  yellow.     The  preceding  with  a  metallic  luftre. 
Honey  yellow,     A  deep  yellow  with  a  little  reddifh 
brown. 

Wax  yellow.     The  preceding,  but  deeper. 
Pyritaceous,     A  pale  yellow  with  grey. 
Straw  yellow.     A  pale  yellow,  a  mixture  of  fulphur 
yelliw  and  reddifh  grey. 

Wine  yellow.     A  pale  yellow  with  a  tint  of  red. 
Ochie  yellow.     Darker  than  the  preceding,  a  mix- 
ture of  lemnn  yellow  with  a  little  brown. 

Ifabella  yellow.  A  pale  brownifli  yellow,  a  mixture 
of  pale  orange  with  reddilh  brown. 

Orange  yellow.  A  bright  reddilh  yellow,  formed  of 
lemon  yellow  and  red. 

7.   Reds. 
Aurora  red.    A  bright  yellow  red,  a  mixture  of  fear- 
let  and  lemon  yellow. 

Hyacinth  red.  A  high  red  like  the  preceding,  but 
with  a  (hade  of  brown. 

Biick  red  Lighter  than  the  preceding;  a  mixture 
of  aurora  red  and  a  little  brown. 

Scarlet  red,     A  bright  and  high  red  with  fcarce  a 
lint  of  yellow. 
Copper  red, 
lie  lultre. 

Blood  red. 
fcarlet. 

Carmine  red.  Pure  red  verging  towards  a  caft  of  blue. 
Cochineal  red.     A  deep  red;  a  mixture  of  carmine 
with  a  little  blue  and  a  very  little  grey. 

Crimfon  red.     A  deep  red  with  a  tint  of  blue. 
Flelh  red,     A  very  pale  red  of  the  crimf  in  kind, 
Kof«  red,     A  pale  red  of  the  cochineal  kind, 

Peack 


A  light  yellowilh  red  with  the  metal- 
A  deep  red,  a  mixture  of  crimfon  and 


(b)  After  Mr  Kirwan,  we  have  denoted  thefe  three  degrees  of  tranfparencv  by  the  figures  4,  3,  2.     When  a 
mineral  is  fubdiaphanous  only  at  the  edges,  that  is  denoted  by  the  figure  i .    Opacity  is  foraetimes  denoted  by  o. 


Chap.  II. 


MINERALOGY. 


External 
Charaacrs 


Streak. 


LvHrc. 


II 

liardncfs. 


12 
Humility 
and  hrit* 
tlcncfs. 


»3 
fia<iiurc. 


Peach  blolTom  red.  A  very  pale  whitilh  red  of  the 
crimion  kind. 

Moid.  re.  A  dark  d'riy  crimfon  red  ;  a  iiiinture  of 
crinilon  aid  a  little  brown. 

Biuwuilh  red.     A  mixuire  of  blood  red  and  brown. 
8 .    Browns. 

Rcddifli  bro\%n.     A  deep  bioivn  inclining  to  red. 

Clove  biovvn.      A  deep  brown  with  a  lint  if  carmine. 

Yell  w  Ih  brown.  A  lij;ht  brown  verging  towards 
ochre  yellokv. 

Uiiibe:  briiwn.  A  light  brown,  a  mi.xture  of  yel- 
low ilh  brown  and  grey. 

H.iir  brinvn.  Iniermediate  between  yellow  brown 
and  clove  btnwn  with  a  tint  of  grey. 

Tombac  brown.  A  li.^ht  yeliowifli  bro^vn,  cf  a  me- 
tallic Uillie,  formed  ot  gold  yellow  and  leddilli  bruwn. 

Liver  brown.  Adailtbiown;  bl.tckilh  brown  with 
a  tnit  of  green. 

BUckilh  brown.     The  darked  brown, 

Col.iurs,  in  refjiefl  of  intenlity,  are  either  Jijri,  dtrp, 
light.  OT  pule .  Vn  hen  a  colour  caniiut  be  referred  to 
any  of  tlie  preceding,  but  is  a  mixture  of  two,  this  is 
eiprcrtVd,  by  f.tymg,  that  the  prevailing  one  vergn  to- 
waid>  the  otiier,  if  it  has  only  a  fniall  tint  of  it;  Imjfi 
int  '  it,  it  it  has  a  greater. 

V.  By  the  scaATCn  or  streak,  is  meant  the  mark 
left  when  a  mineial  is  I'ciatched  by  any  hard  bed),  as 
the  p^  int  ot  a  knife.  It  is  enhcrjii»i/jr,  of  the  fjmc 
colour  with  the  mineral ;  or  dijimilar,  of  a  dilTerent  co- 
lour. 

VI.  I.usTRE,  is  the  glofj  or  brightnefs  which  ap- 
pears on  the  external  luriace  of  a  miiier.il,  or  on  its  in- 
ternal furlace  when  frefh  broken.  The  tirll  is  called 
€i.Utnal,  the  lecond  tiHerual  luHre.  Lultre  is  either 
common,  lliat  which  molt  minerals  policls  ;  ^yf/ij/,  like 
tliat  of  lilk  1  r  rn.  ther-if  peatl ;  -waxy,  like  th.it  of  uax  ; 
greafy,  like  that  «t  gieale  ;  or  mctuinc,  like  ihat  of  me- 
tals. 

As  to  the  degree,  the  greateft  is  called  fp'endcnt, 
the  next  Ihin'mg,  ihe  third  UuiUjh  ;  and  when  i>nly  a  tew 
fcatteicil  pai  tides  Itnne,  tlie  lullre  is  called  dull  \  c). 

VII.  We  liave  uled  figures  to  denote  tiie  comp  irative 
HAHDNEss  of  bodiei ;  lor  an  explanation  of  which,  we 
rcfei  to  i.e  article  Chemistry,  Vol.  1.  p.  272,  of  this 
SuppU/iifnt. 

VIU.  With  refpei2  10  ductility  and  brittle- 
Ntss,  mineiaU  are  either  malieubU  ;  JtOile,  capjlilc  of 
beinc  cut  witlioiil  breaking,  out  not  malleable  ;  _/?x;.iv 
capable  ot  being  bent,  and  when  bent  retaining  their 
fti  ipc  ;  or  ttajlic,  capable  of  being  bent,  but  re< nvcring 
their  tornicr  inape.  Mineral--  dellitnte  1  f  thelV  pro- 
pci  ties  are  brittle.  Buttle  m'licrals,  witli  rel'peift  to  the 
eafe  wiili  winch  they  may  be  broken,  aie  either  -very 
towih,  lough,  jragilt:,  1  r  very  fni'^ile. 

IX.  liy  FRACTURE  is  nieaot  the  irefh  liirfiice  which 
a  mineral  Oi  plays  when  broken.  It  i>  eitier  ySa/.  with- 
out any  geneial  elevation  or  <lep  etii  ii;  nr  cun  hoital, 
having  wide  extended  roundifli  li'>ll'  ws  aid  gcn'le  ri- 
Angs.  Wiien  theti:  are  n>it  v>ry  evident,  ine  tiiflure 
Jscalle.l^J/ c  nthoid.ilj  when  t.-.ey  aiefmill,  it  is  Call- 
edyniii// conchoiddl  ;  and  when  of  gre.it  exieiit,  grtat 
conchiiidal 

Tile  fra>ilurc  may  alio  be  ewii,  free  from  all  afperi- 


tie-.;  uneven,  having  many  fmall,  ftiarp,  abrupt,  irrecular 
elevations  and  inequalities ;  and  from  the  lize  of  thefe, 
this  fra^ure  is  denominated  coarfe,  fmall,  arjlne  ;  fflin- 
tiry,  having  fmall,  thin,  half  detached,  fh^rp  edged 
fplinteri,  according  to  the  lize  of  which  this  frafture  is 
denominated  courje  <.■•:  fine ;  or  rugged,  having  mai.y 
ytry  mir.ute  (harp  hooks,  more  lenlible  to  me  hand 
than  the  e)e. 

X.  By  TEXTURE  is  meant  the  internal  (Irniflure  or 
difp  iliiion  of  the  matter  of  which  a  mineral  is  compoIeJ, 
wtiich  may  be  dif'cuvered  by  breaking  it.  The  texture  is 
either  comfac'.,  without  any  dilfiiigu  Ihahle  parts,  or  the 
appeal  aiice  of  being  ct  mpoled  ot  Imaller  pai -^ ;  earily, 
compofed  ot  veiy  minute  almo/l  inipeicepuble  rough 
patti  ;  granular,  compofed  ot  Imall  fhapelels  grains; 
guiutijurm,  c  mpoled  ot  fmall  fpheiiial  br  dies  ;  Jilrvus, 
compofej  ot  libies  which  may  be  long,  Jhort,  Jlraigkt, 
trook-d,  pirallet,  dive>gtr.l,Jle'.:aUd,JajLicuat:d.  01  decuf- 
J'a  cd ;  radiated,  c-  ntifling  ol  long  narrow  H  ,tii(]i  lamellrt; 

w  lamellar  ox  /elicited,  condlling   of  fniooth   ccntinued 
fines  covering  eacli  other:  thef;  plates  may  be  either 
Jlruight,  crooked,  or  umluLtlng. 

XI.  The     STRUCTURE     or     COMPOUND    Tf.XTUtJE    is 

the  manner  in  whuh  ihe  parts  tliat  form  the  texture 
aie  aifpoud.  It  is  cichcry/./y,  in  Rraight  layeis  like 
f]  lie  ;  tcjtaciouj,  in  incui  vated  layers  ;  cuncentric,  in  coa- 
centric  layers  ;   or  columnar,  in  columns. 

The  texture  -dudjlruclure  may  at  tirft  view  appear  tJie 
fame  ;  but  in  reality  they  are  very  different.  Thus 
common  Hate  has  often  iheJLtyJlruaure  and  earthy  tex- 
ture. The  texture  of  pitcoal  is  conipaift,  b-jt  its  ttrnc- 
ture  is  often  tlaty. 

XII.  By  FRAGMENTS  is  meant  the  fliapeof  the  pieces 
into  which  a  niineial  breaks  when  ftruek  with  a  ham- 
mer.     They  are  either  cui(c- ;   rhomboiJal ;  ijjedgjlyjped ; 

fplinlcry,  thii,  long,  and  pointed  ;  tabuljr,  thin,  and 
broad,  and  lliarp  at  the  coiners,  as  common  flate;  or 
indeterminate,  without  any  paiticular  ref;ml)lance  to  any 
ottier  bi'dy.  The  edgei  <  f  in  Jeierminate  fragments  arc 
either  veryjbarp,  jharp,  Jl:arfijh,  or  Hunt. 

XIII.  By  the  FhtL  of  minerals  is  me.'.nt  tlic  fenfa- 
tion  which  their  liirtaces  communicate  when  handled. 
The  feel  01  finie  minerals  is  ^rea/fv.   ot  otheis  <■//-_)•,  &c. 

XIV.  S  rme  minerals  when  llruck  give  a  clear 
SOUND,  as  common  tlate  ;  others  a  di*// found. 

The  SMELL,    TASTE,    SPECIFIC    GRAVITY,    and   MAG- 

NETisM  ot  niineial-,   require  no  explanation. 

VVitli  relpeift  to  electricity,  1  me  nuneials  become 
electric  when  heated,  o.liers  when  rubbed,  others  cmnot 
be  lendeied  eledric.  The  eleiffiicity  of  fume  minerals 
upojitive  or  vitrons,  of  others  nfgative  or  rtftnoits. 

A-  lor  the  chemical  properties  of  minerals,  ih'^y 
have  been  already  explained  in  the  article  Chemistry, 
which  ni.ikcs  a  pan  of  this  SuppUmenf.  And  ioT  the 
description  of  the  blow-pipe,  and  the  manner  of  uliiig 
it,  we  refer  the  reader  to  a  ireatife  on  that  tubjei!>  pre- 
fixed  to  the  article  Mineralogy  in  the  Encscloptdta. 

Chap.  II.     Of  the  Arrangement  of  Minerals. 

Minerals  may  be  arranged  two  ways,  according  ta 
their  exteiual  chai-.iflers,  and  according  to  their  chemi- 
cal compofiii.  n.  The  tirit  of  thele  m.thods  has  lieca 
called   all  artifcial  clafiilication  ;   tlie  fecond,  a  natural 

one^ 


487 

■Rxtcrn.!! 
Charade  rs. 


14 
Tc»(ure. 


15 

Strudlurc 


16 
Fragraenta^ 


Feci. 


18 

Sotud.. 


(c)  I'l-.cic  i.iui  degifc^have  bteu  dtuoied  by  Kirwan  by  the  llgures  4,  3,  2,  1,  and  no  luftre  by  o.     Wc  have.- 
tfnitrttcd  him  iu  the  ^relent  article. 


488 


MINERALOGY. 


Chap.  II» 


Artificliil 
SyUcm. 


I? 

Aititichl 
clalTts. 


one.  The  firll  is  indlfpenfably  necelFary  for  the  (lu- 
dent  of  n-aturc  ;  the  feconJ  is  no  lefs  inJifpenfable  lor 
the  proficient  who  means  to  turn  his  knowledge  to  ac- 
count. Without  the  firft,  it  is  impoQiblc  to  dil'cover  tlw 
names  of  minerals  ;  and  without  the  fecond,  we  muft  re- 
main ignorant  of  iheir  ufe. 

Almoft  every  fyfttm  of  mineralogy  hitherto  publifli- 
ed,  at  Icaft  fince  the  appearance  of  Werner's  external 
charaHcrs,  has  attempted  to  combine  thefe  two  arrange- 
ments, and  to  obtain  at  one  and  the  f.irae  time  the  ad- 
vantages peculiar  to  each.  But  no  attempt  of  this 
kind  has  hitherto  Aicceeded.  Whether  this  be  owing 
to  any  thing  impolFible  in  the  undertaking,  or  to  the 
prefcnt  imper{e<;>  (late  of  mineralogy,  as  is  more  pro- 
bable, we  do  not  take  upon  us  to  determine.  But 
furely  the  want  cf  fuccefs,  whicli  has  hitherto  attended 
all  attempts  to  combine  the  two  arrangements,  ought 
to  fuggeli  the  propriety  cf  i'cparating  them.  By  ad- 
hering ftrialy  to  one  language,  the  trouble  of  ftudying 
two  different  fyllems  would  be  entirely  prevented.  They 
would  throw  mutual  light  upon  each  other  :  the  arci- 
ficial  fyllem  would  cn.ible  the  ftudent  to  difcover  the 
names  of  minerals  ;  the  natural  would  enable  him  to  ar- 
range them,  and  to  ftudy  tlieir  properties  and  ufes. 

The  liappy  arrangement  of  Cronlledt,  together  with 
the  fubfcquent  improvements  of  Bergman,  Werner, 
Kirwan,  Hauy,  and  other  celebrated  mineralogifts,  has 
brought  the  na'uni/  fyllem  of  mineralogy  to  a  conlider- 
able  degree  of  perfection.  But  an  artificial  fyflem  is 
Hill  a  dciideratum  ;  for  excepting  Linnaeus,  whofe  fuc- 
cefs was  precluded  by  the  (late  nf  the  Icieiice,  no  one 
has  hitherto  attempted  it.  Though  we  are  very  far 
from  thinking  ourlelves  fufficicntly  qualified  for  under- 
taking fuch  a  talk,  we  (hall  neverthelefs  venture,  in  the 
nejit  chapter,  to  (ketch  out  the  rudiments  of  an  arlilicial 
fydem.  The  attempt,  at  leall,  will  be  laudable,  even 
though  we  Ihould  fail. 

Chap.  III.     Artificiai,  System. 

Minerals  may  be  divided  into  (ix  cla(res: 

1.  Minerals  that  cannot  be  lul'ed  by  the  blow-pipe 
perfi:, 

2.  Minerals  fufible /><■/-/•  by  the  blow-pipe. 

3.  Minerals  fufible  by  the  blow-pipe  />erfe  when  ex- 
pofed  to  the  blue  flame,  but  not  when  expoled  to  the 
yellow  fi.ime. 

4.  Minerals  fufible  />er  fi  by  the  blow-pipe  ;  and 
when  in  fu(ion,  partly  evaporating  in  a  vilible  fmoke. 

5.  Minerals  which  totally  evaporate  before  the  blow- 
pipe. 

6.  Minerals  totally  foluble  in  muriatic  acid  with  ef- 
fervefcence,  the  folution  colourlefs. 

Under  the('e  heads  we  (hall  arrange  the  fubjefts  of 
the  mineral  kingdom. 

Class  I.     INFUSIBLE. 

ORDER  I.   Specific  gravity  from  16  to  12. 

GiNus  I.  Colour  whitilli  iron  grey. 

Species  I.  Native  platinum. 

ORDER  II.  Sp.  gr.  8.5844  to  7.006. 
GtNus  I.  Atir.idled  by  the  magnet. 

Sp.  I.  Native  iron. 
Genus  II.  Not  attracted  by  the  magnet. 
^^-^  S/>.  1.  Native  copper. 

Flexible  and  malleable.     Colour  ufually 
redi 


Sj).  2.   Wolfram.  Arfificial 

Brittle.    Colour  ufually  brown  or  black.     Syilmi.  • 

ORDER  III.  Sp.  gr.  from  6.4509  to  5.8. 

GiNvs  I.   Forms  a  blue  glafs  with  microcofmic 
fait,  which  becomes  colourlefs  in  the  yellow,  but 
recovers  its  colour  in  the  blue  flame. 
Sp.  I.  Tungftat  of  lime. 
Genus  II.  Forms  with  microcofmic  fait  a  per- 
manently coloured  bead. 
Sf.  I.  Sulphuret  of  cobalt. 
ORDER  IV.  Sp.  gr.  fioni  4.S  to  4.5. 
Genus  I.  Tinges  borax  dark  gnen. 

Sp.  I.  Common  magnetic  iron  (lone. 
Genus  IL   Tinges  borax  reddi(h  brown. 
Sp.  I.  Grey  ore  of  nianganefe. 

ORDER  V.  Sp.  gr.  from  4.4165  to  3.092.      Infu- 
lible  with  fixed  alkalies. 
Genus  I.   Hardnefs  20. 

Sp.  1 .  Diamond. 
Genus  II.  Hardnefs  15  to  17.     Caufes  fingle  re- 
fraftion. 

Sp.  I.  Telefia. 
Sp.  2.  Corundum. 
Genus  III.  Hardnefs  13.     Single  refraftion. 
Sp.  I.  Ruby. 

Cryllallizes  in  oflohedrons. 
Genus  IV.  Hardnefs  12.     Single  refrafli on. 

Sp.  1.  Chryfoberyl. 
Genus  V.  Hardnefs  12.   Caufes  double  refradlion. 
Becomes  eledric  when  healed. 
Sp.  I.  Topaz. 
Genus  VI.  Hardnefs  10  to  16.     Double  refrac- 
tion.    Sp.  gr.  4.2  to  4.165. 
Sp.  I.   Zircon. 
Genus  VII.   Hardnefs  6  to  9.     Feels  greafy. 

Sp.  I.  Cyanitc. 
Genus  VIII.   Hardnefs  9  to  10.    I'eel  not  greafy. 
Double  refradion.     Sp.  gr.  3283  to  3.285. 
Sp.  1.   Chry(olite. 
Genus  IX.  Hardnefs  12.     Infufible  with  borax. 
Colour  of    large  malies  black,    of  thin  pieces 
deep  green. 
Sp.  Ceylanite. 

( Phofphat  of  lime.) 

ORDER  VI.  Sp.  gr.  from  2.9S29  to  1.9S7.     Infufi- 
ble  v.-ith  fixed  alkalies. 
Genus  I.   Hardnefs  12. 

Sp.  I.   Emerald. 
Genus  II.   Hardnefs  10. 

Sp.  1.  Jade. 
Genus  III.  Hardnefs  6  to  7. 
paient. 

Sp.  I.   Phofphat  of  lime. 

Before  the  blow-pipe  becomes  furrounded 
with  a  luminous  green  vapour. 
Genus  IV.   Hardnffs  6.     Opaque. 

Sp.  I.   Micarelle. 
Genus  V.  Stains  the  fingers.     Colour  lead  grey. 
Sp.  I.  Plumbago. 

Spanifh  wax  rubbed  with  plumbago  docs 

not  become  eledlric  ;  or  if  it  does,  the 

eleftricity  is  negative.     Streak  lead  grey 

even  on  earthen  ware. 

ORDER  VII.  Sp.  gr.  from  4.7385  to  4.569.   Fufible 

with  fised  alkalies. 

Genus 


Somewhat  tranf- 


Chap.  III. 


M  I  N  E  R  A 


Arti&cial 
Syftcm. 


Genus  I.  Stains  the  fingers.     Colour  lead  grey. 
,  S/>-  I.  Molybdena. 

Spanifh  wax  rubbed  with  molybdena  be- 
comes poficlvely  eleflric.  Streak  on 
earthen  ware  yellowilh  green. 

ORDER  VIII.  Sp.  gr.  from  4.1668  to  2.479.     F"" 
fible  with  fixed  alkalies. 

*  Hardnefs  from  10  to  12. 
Genus  I.  Ufualiy  white.  Cryftals  dodecahedrons. 
Double  refraftion.     Frafture  imperfeiflly  con- 
choidal  or  fplintery.     Brittle. 
S/i.  1.  Quartz. 
Genus  II.   Uliially  dai k  brown.     Fraftiire  per- 
feftly  conchoidal.     Brittle.     Eafily  breaks  into 
fplinters. 
Sp.  I.  Flint. 
Genus  III.  Not  brittle.      Fraiflure  even  or  im- 
perfeftly  conchoidal. 
Sp.  I.  Chalcedony. 
Sp.  2.  Jafper. 
Genus  IV.  Forms  with  potafs  a  violet  glafs,  with 
foda  or  borax  a  brown  glafs,  with  microcofinic 
fait  a  honey  yellow  glafs.     Colour  green.     A- 
morphous. 

Sp.  I.  Chryfoprafium. 
Genus  V.  Tinges  foda  red.     The  colour  difap- 
pears  before  the  blue  flame,  and  returns  befure 
the  yellow  flame. 

Sp.  I.   Oxyd  of  manganefe  and  barytes. 
Sp.  2.   Black  ore  of  manganefe. 
Sj}.  3.  Carbonat  of  manganefe. 

fBrcwn  ore  of  iron.      Red  ore  of  iron.) 
**  HarJnefs  9  to  3. 
Genus  VI.  Flexible  and  elaftic  in  every  diretflion. 

Sp.  I.   Elaftic  quartz. 
Genus  VII.  Emits  white  flakes  before  the  blow- 
pipe. 

Sp.  I.  Blende. 
Genus  VIII.  Becomes  eledlric  when  heated. 

Sp.  I.  Calamine. 
Genus  IX.  Tinges  borax  green.   Blackens  before 
the  blow-pipe. 

Sp.  I .  Mountain  blue. 
Colour  blue. 
Sp.  2.  Green  carbonat  of  copper. 
Colour  green. 
GiNUs  X.  Tinges  borax  green.     Becomes  attra<fiable 
by  the  magnet  by  the  aftion  of  the  blow-pipe. 
.S^.  I.   Brown  iron  ore. 
Colour  brown. 
Sp.  2.   Red  iron  ore. 
Colour  red. 
Genus  XI.  Tinges  borax  fmutty  yellow.       Be- 
comes  brownifli  black  before  the  blow-pipe. 
Sp.  1 .  Carbonat  of  iron. 
Genus  XII.   Feels  greafy. 
Sp.  I.   Steatites. 

( Blaii  ore  of  Manganefe.      Carbonat  of 
manganfe.      Mica.) 

ORDER  IX.  Sp.  gr.  from  2.39  to  1.7. 
Genus  I.  Liiftre  glalfy. 
Sp.  I.  Opal. 
Sp.  2     Hyalite. 
Genus  II.  Lullre  greafy. 
Sp.  I.  P.tchftone. 
SuppL.  V'oi..  II. 


L  O  G  Y. 

Genus  III 
Sp.  1. 

Class  II. 


Luftre  waxy  or  pearly. 

Staurolite. 


FUSIBLE. 


ORDER  I.  Sp.  gr.  f[om  19  to  10. 
Genus  I.  Colour  Yellow. 

Sp.  I.  Native  geld. 
Genus  U.  Colour  white. 

Sp.  I.  Njtive  Silver. 
Genus  III.  Colour  yellowifli  white. 

Sp.  I.  Alloy  of  filver  and  gold. 

ORDER  II.  Sp.  gr.  from  7.786  to  4.5. 
Genus  I.   Flexible  and  malleable. 
Sp.  I.   Suiphuret  of  filver. 
••  Brittle. 
Genus  II.   Tinges  borax  white. 

Sp.  I.  Tinltone. 
Genus  III.  Tinges  borax  green. 


Sp. 

Sp.    2. 

Sp.  3- 
Genus  IV. 


Suiphuret  of  copper. 
Colour  bluifl)  grey. 
Chromat  of  lead. 

Colour  aurora  red. 
Purple  copper  ore. 
Colour  purple. 

Tinges  borax  faint  yellow.     Become* 
bl  ick  when  expoftd  to  ihe  vapour  of  fulphuret 
of  ammonia. 
Sp.  I .  Galena. 

Colour  bluifh  grey.     Luftre  metal- 
lic.    Fragments  cubic. 
Black  lead  ore. 

Colour  black.     Luftre  metallic. 
Lead  ochre. 

Colour  yellow,  grey,  or  red.  Luftre  c. 
Carbonat  of  lead. 

Colour  white.     Luftre  waxy. 
Phofphat  of  lead. 
Ufualiy  green.     Luftre  waxy.     Af- 
ter tulion  by  the  blow-pipe  cry- 
ftallizes  on  cooling. 
Molybdat  of  lead. 
Colour  yellow.    Streak  white.    Luf- 
tre waxy. 

ORDER  III.  Sp.  gr.  from  4.35  to  3. 
*  Hardnefs  14  to  9. 
Melts  without  frothing  into  a  grey  en- 


Sp.  2. 
Sp.l. 
Sp.^. 
Sp.5. 

Sp.  6. 


Genus 
amel. 
Sp. 


Garnet. 

Colour  red. 
Melts  into  a  brownifh  enamel. 
Shoil. 

Colour  black.     Opaque. 

Froths  and  melts  into  a  white  enamel. 
Tourmaline. 

Becomes  ele«flric  by  heat. 
Froths  and  melts  into  a  grecniftj  black 


Genus  II. 

Sp.  1. 

Genus  III 
Sp.  I. 

Genus  IV. 
enamel. 

Sp.  1.  Bafaltine. 
Genus  V.  Froih^.  and  melts  into  a  black  enamel. 
Sp.  I.  Ti.alliie. 

Colovir  dark  green. 
Sp.  2.  Thumerftone. 

Colour  clove  brown. 
••  Hardnefs  5  to  8. 
Genus  VI.  Melt^  in-o  a  traufparcnt  glafs. 

3  Q_  Sp.  I. 


49© 

Artificial 


MINER 

Sp.  I.  Fludt  of  lime. 

Powder  phofphorefces  when  thrown 
on  a  hot  iron. 
Genus  VII.  Melts  into  a  black  glafs. 

S/i.   I.  Hornblende. 
Genus  VIII.  Melts  into  a  black  bead  with  a  fiil- 
phureoiis  fmell,  and  depofits  a  blue  oxyd  on  the 
charcoal. 

Sj>.   I.  Siilphuret  of  tin. 
Genus   IX.  Melts  into  a  brown  glafs.     Tinges 
borax  violet. 

S/>.    1.  Afbeftoid. 

C'>lwur  green. 
Genus  X.  Melts  into  a  browo  (?)  glafs.     When 
fuffd  with   potafs,  and  dillolved  in  water,  the 
folution  becomes  ot  a  fine  orange  yellow. 
Sf.   I.  Chromat  of  iron. 
Genus  XI.  Before  the  blow-pipe  yields  a  bead  of 
copper. 

S^^.   I.   Red  oxyd  of  copper. 
f  Sulphur et  of  copper.) 

ORDER  IV.   Sp.  gr.  frrm  2.94;  to  2.437. 
Genus  I.  Conipofed  ct  fcales. 
Sp.    I.  Talk. 

Feels  greafy.     Spanifli  wax  rubbed 
by  it  becomes  pofuively  eleiflric. 
Genus  II.  Compofcd  of  thin  plates,  ealily  fepa- 
rable  from  each  other. 
Sp.   I.  Mica. 

Plates    flexible    and  elaflic,    may  be 
torn  but  not  broken.    Spanilh  wax 
rubbed  by  it  becomes   negatively 
eleflric. 
Sp.  2.  Stllbite. 

Plates    fomewhat    flexible.       Colour 

pearl   white.     Powder   renders  fy- 

rup  of  violets  green.     Froths  and 

melts  into  an  opaque  white  enamel. 

Sp.   3.  Lcpidolite. 

Colour   violet.     Powder  wliite   with 
a  tint  of  red.     Froths   and   melts 
into  a  white  femitranfparent  ena- 
mel full  of  bubbles. 
Genus  III.  Texture  foliated. 
Sp.    I.   Felfpar. 

Fr.igments    rhomboidal.       Hardnefs 
9  to  10. 
Sp.  2.  Leucite. 

Always  cryftallized.     White.     Pow- 
der renders  fyrup  of  violets  green. 
Hardnefs  8  to  10. 
Sp.  3.  Argentine  felfpar. 

Always  cryllallized.  Two  faces  dead 
white,  two  filvery  white. 
Sp.  4.  Prehnite. 

Colour  green.     Froths  and  melts  into 
a  bruwn  enamel. 
Genus  IV.     Texture  fibrous.     Fibres  eafily  fe- 
paiated. 

Sp.   I.  Albenus. 

Feels  1'.  mewhat  greafy. 
Genus  V.  Texture  llnated. 
Sp.   I.  yEJclite. 

Abforbs  water.     Froths   and  melts 
inu)  a  frothy  mafs. 
CsNus  VI.  Texture  earthy  or  coropadl. 


A  L  O  G  Y. 

sp. 


I. 


Chap.  III. 

Lazulite.  Artificial. 

Froths   and    melts    into  a  yellowifh     •''yfteni. 
black   mafs.      If  previouily   calci- 
ned, gelatinizes  with  acids. 
Sp.   2.  Borat  ot  lime. 

Tinges  the  fljme  grcenilh,  froths  and 
melts  into  a  yellowilh  enamel  gar- 
rilhed  with  fmall  prcjefting  points. 
If  the  blall  be  continued,  thefe 
dart  oiF  in  fparks. 

ORDER  V.  Sp.  gr.  from  2.348100.68. 
Genus   I.   Hardnefs   10. 
Sp.   1.  Obfidian. 

Cvlour  blackirti,  in  thin  pieces  green. 
Genus  II.  Hardnefs  6  to  8. 
Sp.    I.   Zeolite. 

Gelatinizes  with  acids.     Becomes  e- 
leiSric  by  heat. 
Genus  III.  Hardnefs  3  to  4. 

Sp.   I.  Amianthus.  ' 

Feels  greafy.     Texture  fibrous. 
Sp.   2.   Mountain  Cork. 
Elaltic  like  cork. 

Class  III.     FUSIBLE  by  the  BLUE  FLAME, 
INFUSIBLE  BY  THE  YELLOW. 

Genus  I.  Sp.  gr.  from  4.43  104.4. 

Sp.   I.  Sulphat  of  barytes. 
Genus   II.   Sp.  gr.  from  3.96  to  3.51, 

Sp.   1.   Sulphat  of  ftrontites. 
Genus  III.  Sp.  gr.  from  2.31 1  to  2.167. 

Sp.   I.   Sulpliat  of  lime. 

Class  IV.     FUSIBLE,  and  partly  EVAPORA- 
TING. 

ORDER  I.  Sp.  gr.  from  10  to  5. 

Genus   I.  Colour  white  or  grey.  Ludre  metallic. 
Sp.  gr.  9  to  10. 
Native  amalgam. 

'J  inges  gold  white.  Creaks  when  cut. 
Alloy  ot  filver  and  antimony. 
Pi'wder  greyilh  black. 
*  *  Sp.  gr.  fioiu  6.467  to  5.309. 
Sulphjret  of  bilniuth. 
Melts  when  held   to  the  flame  of  a 

c  male. 
Dull  grey  cobalt  ore. 
Streak    bhiilh    grey.      Hardnefs    10. 
Wlien    (truck,    emits    an    arl'enical 
fmell.      Liiftre  icarcely  metallic. 
Genus   II.   C'  1-  ur  red,  at  leall  ot  tiie  ftteak. 
Sp.   I.   Red  filver  ore. 

Bums  with  a  blue  flame. 
.S^.   2.   Hepatic  mer..urial  01  e. 

Does  not  flame,  but  gives  out  mer- 
cury before  the  blow-pipe. 
Genus   III.  Colour  blue. 
Sp.   1.   Blue  lead  ore. 

Bums  with  a  blue  flame  and  fulphu- 
reoub  fmell,  and  leaves  a  button  of 
lead. 
Genus   IV.   Colour  ycllnwifli  green. 

Sp.  1.  Pliofphat  and  arfeniat  ot  lead  combined. 
When  tuied   by   the   blow  pipe,  cry. 
ftallizes  in  cooling. 
Genus  V.  Colour  ufually  that  of  copper.     Sp. 


Sp. 


Sp. 


Sp.  3. 


Sp.  4. 


Chap.  in. 

Artificial 
Syftcm. 


MINERALOGY. 

Class  VI 


gr.  6.60S4  to  6.6481. 

Sj>.   I.  Sulpliuret  of  nickel. 

Exlules  before  the  blow-pipe  an  ar- 
feiiical  I'moke. 

ORDER  ir.   Sp.  gr.  from  4.6  to  3.44. 
Genus   1.  Colour  grey. 

,i^.   I.  Grey  ore  of  aniimnny. 

Burns  with  a  blue  flame,  and  leaves 
a  white  oxyd. 
S/i.  2.  Grey  copper  ore. 

Crackles  before  the  blow-pipe. 
Genus   II.  Colour  yellow. 
Pyrites. 


S^. 


Sp. 


SOLUBLE  WITH  EFFERVESCENCE 
IN  MURIATIC  ACID. 

Genus  I.  Sp.  gr.  from  4.333  to  4.3. 

Sp.    I.  Carbonat  of  barytes. 
Genus  II.  Sp.  gr.  from  3.66  to  3.4. 

Sj>.   I.  Catbonat  of  llromiles. 
Genus  III.  Sp.  gr.  from  2.8  to  i  or  under. 
Sp.   I.  Carbonat  of  lime. 
We  have  purpofely  avoided  giving  names  to  the  claf- 
fes,  orders,  and  genera  ;  becaufe  a  more  careful  exami- 
nation will  doubtlefs  fuggefl  many  improvements  in  the 
arrangement,    and  an   artificial    fyftem    ought  10   be 
brought  to  a  great  degree  of  perfection  before  its  claifes. 


Burns  with  a  blue  flame  and  fulphu-    orders,  and  geneia,  be  finally  fettled. 


reous  fmell,  and  leaves  a  brownilh 

bead. 
Yellow  copper  ore. 
Melts  into  a  black  mafs. 


Class  V.     EVAPORATING. 

ORDER  I.  Sp.gr.  13.6. 
GtNUS  I.   Fluid. 

sp.   I.  Native  mercury. 

ORDER  II.  Sp.  gr.  from  10  to  5.419. 
Genus  I.  Colour  red. 

Sp.    I.  Native  cinnabar. 
Genus  H    Colour  white  or  grey.     Luflre  me- 
tallic. 
Sp.   I.  Native  bifmuth. 

Melts  into  a   white  bead,  and   then 
evaporates    in    a    yellowilh    white 
fmoke.     Sp.  gr.  9  to  9.5. 
Sp.   2.   Native  antimony 

Melts  and  caporates  in  a  grey  fmoke. 
Sp.  gr.  6.6  to  6  8. 
Sp.  3.  Native  arfenic. 

Evapora'es    without    melting, 
gives  out  a  garlic  fmell. 

ORDER  III.  Sp.  gr.  from  4.8  to  3,33. 
Genus  I    C'  I'ur  led. 

Sp.   I.   Red  antimonial  ore. 

Melts  with  a  lulphureous  fmell. 

gr-  4-7- 
Sp.   2.   Realgar. 

Melt    with  a  garlic  fmell.     Sp.  gr 

3-3S4- 
Genus  II.  Colour  yellow. 
Sp.   1.  Oriimeut. 


Sp. 


Class  I.     EARTHS  and  STONES. 

WE  fhall  divide  this  cbfs  into  three  orders.  The  the  minerals  belonging  to  the  firft  order  exhibit  the  fame 
firft  :  rdcr  Ihall  comprtlieiid  all  chemical  com-  homogeneoii':  appearance  to  tiie  eye  as  'f  they  were  fira- 
bin.itions  ot  earths  with  each  otl.er  ;  the  fecond  order,  pic  bodies.  We  Ihall  therefore,  for  want  of  a  better  name, 
ch'Miiicjl  comliinations  of  earths  witli  acids;  and  the  call  the  fit  ll  order  JitHpft ;  the  fecond  order  we  (hall  di- 
third  order,  mechanical  mixtures  ot  earths  or  Itones.  All    lUnguilh  by  the  epithet  of  filme ;  and  the  third  we  fn.iU 

3  QL-  "11 


(d)  C  rpnra  mineralia  in  quatuor  fpecies  dividuntur,  fcilicet  in  hpide<:,  et  in  liqurfKliva,  fulphurea,  ct  files. 
Et  horuai  qiiKd.im  iunt  rarx  fubllanila:  ti  dtbilis  compofitionis,  et  quxJam  foitis  fubllintix,  et  qusedam  duiTit- 
bilia,  ct  qujcdam  non.  ^viccuKa  dc  congelutione  ct  con^lutinatitne  /apidum,  Cap.  3.  Thcatrum  Cliemicun,  t.  ir. 
P-  997' 


We  have  excluded  from  this  arrangement  all  thcfe 
bodies  wliich  in  the  following  fyft.m  are  arranged  un- 
der the  clafs  of  combullibles ;  becaufe  there  can  fcarce- 
ly  be  any  difficulty  in  diftinguilhir.g  them  both  from 


the  other  clalfes  and  from  one  another.     For  fimilar 
reafons  we  have  excluded  the  clafs  of  falts. 

Chap.  IV.     Natural  Systeivi. 

Avicenna,  a  writer  of  the  1  ith  century,  divided  mi- 
nerals into  four  claiTes ;  Rones,  falls,  inriammatjle  bodies, 
and  metals  (d).  Thi.>  divifnn  has  been,  in  fome  mea- 
fure,  followed  by  all  fucceeding  writers.  Lini.xus,  in- 
deed, the  firll  of  the  moderns  who  publiflied  a  lyftein  of 
mineralogy,  beinj;  guided  by  the  external  ch.iraders 
alcne,  divided  minerals  into  three  clafies, /j^'/rr,  minirx, 
foffi.ia  ;  but  Avicenna's  claffes  appear  among  his  orders. 
The  fame  remark  may  be  made  with  refpeft  to  the  fy. 
ftemi  of  Walleriut,  Wclfterdorf,  Cartheufer,  andjufti, 
which  appeared  in  fuccellion  after  the  firll  piililication 
of  Liniixus't  SyfiiKia  Naturec,  in  1736.  At  lall,  in 
I  758,  the  fyliem  of  Cronlledt  appeared.  He  reiiiftated 
the  dalles  of  Avicenna  in  their  place  ;  and  his  fyliem 
was  adopted  by  Bergman,  Kirwan,  Werner,  and  the 
J  moll  celebrated  mineralogill~  who  have  written  fince. 
We  alio  (hall  adf  pt  his  clalfes,  with  .1  few  flight  excep- 
tions ;  becaufe  we  are  not  acqu  linted  with  ai.y  otlier 
divifinn  «hich  is  mtitled  to  a  prel'.  en  e. 

We  (hall  therefore  divide  this  tro.itife  into  four  claffes. 
I.  Stones.     II.  Salts.     III.  Comimili'-les.     IV.  Oies. 

The  fii  ft  clafs  comprehends  all  tiie  mneraK  which 
are  comp^.led  tliieliy  or  entirely  of  earths;  the  fee  'iid, 
all  the  cunibinalions  of  acids  and  alkalies  whieh  orciir 
in  the  mineral  kingdom  :  the  third,  thole  minerals  w  liich 
are  capable  ot  combullion,  and  which  conlill  chiefly  of 
I'ulphur,  carbon,  and  oil ;  the  fouiih,  the  mineral  bo- 
dies which  are  compofed  chiefly  of  metals. 


13 

Naturil 
diffei. 


492 


MINERALOGY. 


call  a^gregatis ;  becaufe  mofl  cf  the  minerals  belonging 
to  it  cinlill  of  vtLuoaf'^mp/eJlonet,  cemented,  as  it  were. 


tcgether. 


Order  I.     SIMPLE  STONES. 


SI 
Cronftedt't 
gcuera 


Improved. 


Cronsi  1-dt  divided  this  order  into  nine  penera,  cor- 
refpnnuinj^  to  nine  earths  ;  one  of  which  he  thought 
compofed  the  ftuiics  ar/ani;cd  under  e^ch  genus.  'I'lie 
names  nl  his  gei.eta  were,  ciilmrex,  filtcet,  granatiiia, 
argil'(]i:i.iCy  mtcatet,  Jluorcs,  ajb(flint,  v,folilhint,  rimgiiejiit. 
All  his  earilis  were  afterwards  toimd  to  be  conip.urid*, 
except  the  fiilt,  fecund,  f.uith,  .ind  nitrh.  Bcrgm.111, 
therefore,  in  lis  Sciai';raphi  i,  firll  publillied  in  17S2, 
reduced  the  nuniber  nf  genera  to  five  ;  wliich  waw  tlie 
niwnber  cf  primitive  earllis  kn(>wn  when  he  wrote.  Since 
that  period  three  n.w  e-.rchs  have  been  difcovered.  Ac- 
cordingly, in  the  la:cll  iylUm'i  of  mineralogy,  the  ge- 
nera belonging  to  this  order  amount  to  eight.  Each 
genus  IS  named  from  an  earth  ;  and  they  are  arranged 
in  the  ncwell  Wernerian  fyllem,  which  we  have  leen, 
as  follows : 


1 .  Jargon  genus. 

2.  Silictou-  genus. 
3,.  Gluciria  genu*. 
4.  Argillaceous  g^nu":. 


5.  Magnefian  genus. 

6.  Calcareous  genus. 

7.  Barytic  genus. 

8.  Strontian  genus. 


»3 
Still  dcfici- 
ciu. 


24 
New  gene- 
ra. 


Mr  Kirwan,  in  his  very  valuable  fyftem  of  mineralo- 
gy,  has  adopted  the  fame  genera.  Under  each  genus 
thofe  llores  arc  placed,  which  are  compi  fed  chielly  of 
the  eaiih  which  gives  a  name  to  the  genus,  or  which 
at  lead  are  fuppefed  to  pofiefs  the  charaders  which  di- 
flinguilh  that  earth. 

A  little  confideration  will  be  fufficlent  to  difcover 
that  there  is  no  na'ural  foundation  f  r  thefe  genera. 
Mod  ftones  are  compofed  of  two,  three,  or  even  four 
ingredients ;  and,  in  many  cafes,  the  proportion  of  two 
or  more  if  thefe  is  nearly  equal.  Now,  under  what 
genus  foever  fuch  minerals  are  arranged,  the  earth  which 
gives  it  a  name  mufl  form  tlie  fmallell  part  ot  their  com- 
pofuion.  Accordingly,  it  has  not  been  fo  much  the 
chemical  com|iofuion,  as  the  <  xternal  charader,  which 
has  guided  the  mineralogift  in  the  dillribution  of  his 
fpecies.  The  genera  cannot  be  faid  properly  to  have 
any  charader  at  all,  nor  the  fpecies  to  be  conneded  by 
any  thing  elfe  than  an  arbitrary  title.  This  defed, 
which  mull  be  apparent  in  the  molt  valuable  fyllems  of 
mineralogy,  feems  to  have  arifen  chiefly  from  an  attempt 
to  combine  together  an  artificial  and  natural  fydem. 
As  we  have  feparated  thefe  two  from  each  other,  it  be- 
comes neccffary  for  us  to  attend  more  accurately  to  the 
natural  diflribution  of  genera  than  has  hitherto  been 
done.  We  have  accordingly  ventured  to  torm  new  ge- 
nera for  this  order,  and  we  have  formed  them  according 
to  the  following  rules. 

The  only  fubllances  which  enter  into  the  minerals 
belonging  to  this  order,  in  fuch  quantity  as  to  deferve 
attention,  are  the  following  : 

Alumina,  Glucina, 

Silica,  Zirconia, 

Magncfia,  Oxyd  of  iron, 

L'me,  Oxyd  of  chromum, 

Barytes,  Potafs. 


Simple 
Stones. 


Clafsl. 

AH  thofe  minerals  which  are  compofed  of  xhz  fa7iit 
ingredients  we  arrange  under  xhefiime  genus.  Accord- 
ing to  this  plan,  there  mud  be  as  many  genera  as  there  '"^  '  ^^ 
are  varieties  ot  combinations  of  the  above  fubllances  ex- 
illing  in  nature.  The  varieties  in  the  proportion  cf  the 
ingredients  conftitute  fpecies.  We  have  not  impofed 
names  ii|)on  our  genera,  but,  in  imitation  if  Bergman,*  *  Ofufe.ij. 
have  denoted  cacli  by  a  f)mb.  1.  This  lymbol  is  com-  *^'" 
pofed  of  the  fiift  le'ter  of  every  fubliance  which  enteis 
in  any  coniidciable  (juantity  into  the  compi>fiiion  of  the 
minerals  arr  .nged  under  the  genus  denoted  by  it.  Thus, 
fuiipole  the  mineials  ot  a  genus  to  be  compokd  ai  a!u- 
miua,  Ji'iica-j  and  oxyd  of  iron,  we  denote  ilie  genus  by 
the  fymbol  (?/(.  Tne  letters  are  arranged  according  to 
the  pr'  portion  of  the  ingredientb  ;  that  which  enters  in 
the  greatell  proportion  being  put  firll,  and  the  others 
in  their  order.  Thus  the  genus  aft  is  compofed  ot  a 
conliderable  proportion  of  alumina,  of  a  fmaller  propor- 
tion ot  filica,  and  contains  lead  of  all  of  iron.  By  this 
contrivance,  (he  fymbol  of  a  genus  contains,  within  the 
compafs  of  a  few  letters,  a  pretty  accurate  defcription 
ot  its  nature  and  character.  Where  the  propoitions  of 
the  ingredients  vary  in  the  fame  genus  fo  much,  that 
the  letters  which  conltitute  its  fymbol  change  their 
place,  we  fubdivide  the  genus  into  parts ;  and  whenever 
the  minerals  belonging  to  any  genus  become  too  nume- 
rous, advantage  may  lie  takenof  thefe  tubdivifions,  and 
each  of  them  may  be  formed  into  a  feparate  genus.  At 
prefent  this  feems  unnecelfary  (e). 

The  following  is  a  view  ot  the  different  genera  be- 
longing to  this  order,  denoted  each  by  its  fymbol.  Every 
genus  is  followed  by  the  fpecies  included  under  it ;  and 
the  whole  are  in  the  order  which  we  mean  to  follow  in 
delcribing  them  : 


I. 

A. 

VI. 

t.    AST. 

Telefia, 

Micarell, 

Corundum, 

Shorl, 

Native  alumina. 

Granatite, 

II. 

AtrfC. 

2. 

SAt. 

Ruby. 

Tourmaline, 

Ill 

.    AIM. 

Argentine  felfpar, 

Ceylanite, 

Mica, 

IV. 

s. 

Talc, 

Quartz, 

Balaltine, 

Eladic  quartz, 

Hornblende, 

Flint, 

Obfidian, 

Opal, 

Petrilite, 

Pitchdone, 

Felfite. 

Chryfoprafium. 

VII. 

SAP. 

V. 

I.    AS. 

Felfpar, 

Topaz, 

Lepidolite, 

Sommite, 

Leuclte. 

Shotlite. 

VIII. 

SAG. 

2.    EA. 

Emerald. 

Rubellite, 

IX.    SAB. 

Hornflate, 

Staurolite. 

Horndone, 

X.  I 

ASL. 

Chalcedony, 

Chryfoberyl. 

Jafper, 

2. 

SAL. 

Tripoli. 

Hyalite, 
jEdelite. 

3.     SAWL. 

(e)  We  need  Iiaidly  remark,  that  the  lall  three  genera  of  Werner  belong  to  the  fecond  order  of  the  firft  clafi 
of  this  trealife. 


Order  I. 


MINERALOGY. 


493 


G.I.   A. 

Tclcfi*. 


3.    S.IWl. 

XV.    SAMLI. 

Zeolite, 

Argillite. 

Stilbite, 

XVI.     SM. 

Analcime. 

KitFeklll, 

4.     SLA. 

Steatites. 

Lizul'ite. 

XVII.     MSI. 

XI.     SALI. 

Ciirjlolite, 

Garner, 

Jade. 

Tiiuincrftcne, 

XVm.  SML. 

Prehnitc, 

Afbeltiis, 

Thallite. 

Afbeftinite. 

XII.     I.    AMS. 

XIX.     I.    SILM. 

Cyanite. 

Pyrnxen, 

2.    MSA. 

Artieftoid. 

Serpentine. 

2.     SMIL. 

XIII.    MSAl. 

Aainolite. 

Potitone, 

XX.    SL. 

Ciilonie. 

Shiftofe  horneftone. 

XIV.     SLAM. 

XXI.     2S. 

Siliceous  fpar. 

Zircon. 

Genus  I.     a. 

SPECIES    I.     Telell.i  (f). 

Oriental  ruby,  fapphire,  and   topaz,   of  mineralogifts. — 

Rubis  d'oricnt  ot  Ue  Lifle. 

Three  ftones,  dillinguilhed  from  each  other  by  their 
colour,  have  Inng  been  held  in  high  eftimation  on  ac- 
count of  their  hardnefs  and  beauty.  Thefe  ftones  were 
Icn  >wn  among  lapidaries  by  the  names  of  ruby,  fappbhe, 
and  topii%,  and  the  epithet  oriental  was  ufually  added,  to 
diltinguilh  thenn  Irom  other  three,  known  by  the  fame 
names  and  the  fame  colours,  but  very  inienor  in  hard- 
nefs  and  beauty.  Mineralogifts  were  accuftomed  to 
conlider  thel'e  ftones  as  three  diftinft  fpecies,  till  Rome 
de  Lifle  oblerved  that  they  agreed  in  the  iorm  of  their 
cryftals,  their  hardnefs,  and  moft  of  their  other  proper- 
ties. Thefe  obfervalions  were  fufficient  to  conftitute 
them  one  fpecies  ;  and  accordingly  they  were  made  one 
fpecies  by  Rome  de  Lidc  hinifelf,  by  Kirwan,  and  fe- 
veral  other  modern  mineralogical  writers.  But  this 
fpecies  was  deftitutt-  of  a  proper  name,  till  Mr  Hauy, 
whole  labours,  dillinguiOied  equally  by  their  ingenuity 
and  accuracy,  have  contiibuted  not  a  little  to  the  pro- 
grefs  of  miner.ilogy,  denominated  it  tehjta,  from  the 
Greek  word  toit.oc,  which  fignifies^^r/fiV. 

The  telefia  is  found  in  the  Eall  Indie?,  efpecially  In 
Pegu  and  the  ifland  of  Ceylon  •■,  and  it  is  molt  common- 
ly cr>  llallized.  The  cryftal-  are  of  no  great  fue  :  Their 
friniiiiv  K  rm,  according  to  Mr  Hauy,  is  a  regular  I'lx- 
fided  prifm,  divifible  in  direflion;.  parallel  both  to  its 
bafes  and  its  fides  ;  and  confequently  givmg  for  the 
form  of  its  primitive  nucleus,  or  ot  its  integrant  molecule, 
an  equilateral  three-fided  pnfm.*  Tlie  moft  ufual  va- 
riety i-  a  dodecahedron,  in  which  the  telefia  appears  un- 
der the  form  of  two  very  long  ftender  lix-fided  pyra- 
mids, joined  bafe  to  bafe.f    The  fiJes  of  thefe  pyramids 


are  ifofceles  trianqles,  having  the  angle  at  their  vertex     .Simple 
22"  54',  and  each  of  thofe   at  the  bafe  78°  4a'  (c).  ^^^2^^ 
The  inclination  of  a  fide  of  one  pyramid!  to  a  coniigu- 
ous  fide  ot  the  other   pyramid  is  139'^  J+'.f      I"  fome  ^  mj.i^i 
fpecimens  the  fummits  of  the  pyramids  are  wanting,  fj  R'jmi  Jt 
that  the  cryftal  has  the  appearance  cf  a  fix-(ided  prifm,  ^-'-p,  "• 
fomev.  hat  thicker  in  tiie  middle  than  towards  t!ie  extre-  ^'■'' 
mities.*   The  three  alternaie  anpks  at  each  extremity  of  *  Fig.  2. 
thi..  priim  area'fo  fomttiines  wanting,  and  a  fmall  trian- 
gular face  inftead  of  them,  which  renders  the  bafes  of  the 
fuppofed  prifm  nine-lided.     The  inclination  rf  each  (<f 
thel'e  fmall  triangles  to  the  bafe  is  122°  iS' J  For  fi'jures  'i,Haii^,Ilii. 
of  thele  cryftals  we  refer  the   reader  to  P>.ijn.e  de  Lifle 
and  Hauy.*  •  Uu. 

The  texture  of  the  telefia  is  foliated,  and  the  joints 
are  parallel  to  the  bafe   of  the   prifm. f      Its  luftie  vh-  f  •^■"'J- 
ries   Irom  3   to  4(H).     Tranfparency   ulually  3  or  4, 
lometimes  only  2.      It  caufes  only  a  lincle  refraajcn. 
Specific  gravity  from  4.  to  4.288.     Hardnefs  from  i  j 
to  17.     It  is  either  colourlcfs,  or  red,  yellow  or  blue. 
Thefe  colours  have  induced  lapidaries  to  divide  the  tc- 
lelia  into  the  three  following  varieties. 
Variety    i.      Red  telefia. 
Oriental  ruby. 

Colour  carmine  red,  fometimes  verging  towards  vio- 
let. Sometimes  various  ci  lours  appear  in  the  fame  ftone, 
as  red  and  white,  red  and  blue,  orange  red.  Hardnels 
17.     Sp.  gr.  4  2S8. 

Variety   2.     Yellow  telefia. 
Orient  jI  topaz.. 

Colour  golden  yellow.  Tianfp.  4.  Hardnefs  15. 
Sp.  gr.  4.0106. 

Variety   3.      Blue  telefia. 
Oriental  fdpphyr . 

Colour  Berlin  blue,  often  lo  very  faint  tliat  tl'.e  ftone 
appears  almoft  colourlefs.    Tranfp.  3,  4,  2.    Hardnefs 
17.     Sp.  gr.   3.991   to  4. 083. J     This  variety  is  xmx.  \  CmiW, 
probably  the  fame  with  the  fapphyr  of  the  ancients.  Nidolfint 
Their  fapphyr  was  diftinguiflied  by  gold-coloured  fpots,  7<>»"'-l"- 
none  of  which  are  to  be  I'een  in  the  fapphyr  of  the  mo-  "' 
derns.ll  ||  Hiir, 

A  fpecimen  of  this  laft  variety,  analyfed  by  Mr  Kla-  T^nphra- 
proth,  was  lound  to  contain  in  100  parts,  /"'■  "'f 


9S.5  alumina, 
1.0  oxyd  of  iron, 
0.5  lime, 


p.  I03. 


100.0  *.  •  BiitrJir, 

The  colouring  matter  of  all  thefe  varieties  is,  accord-  '•  *^- 
ing  to  Bergman's  experiments,  iron,  in  different  ftates 
ot  oxydaiion.     He  found  that  the  topaz  contained   06, 
the  ruby  .1,  and  tlie  fapphyr  .02  of  that  metal  f      But  t  I^'rgaam,. 
when  thefe  experiments  were  made,  the  analyfis  of  flones  ""  5^* 
was  not  arrived  at  a  fufficient   degree  of  perfe<flion  to 
enfure    accuracy        No    conclufion,  therefore,  can  be 
drawn  from  thefe  experiments,  even  though  we  were 
certain  that  they  were  made  upon  the  real  varieties  of 
telefia. 

SPECIES, 


(f)  See  Klrnvan' i  AlineraUgy,  I.  250. — Gmelins  Syjhwa  Natune  of  Linntui,  III.  170. — Romi  de  Li/le's  Cry- 
JlaW.yraphie,    W.  212. — Bergmanni  Opufcula.   II.  72. 

(o)  In  f  me  u.ftjnccs,  tlie  angle  at  the  vertex  is  31°,  thofe  at  the  bafe  74°  30',  and  the  inclination  of  two 
triangles  122"  36'      See  //auy,  ilid. 

(h)  When  the  kindoi  luftre  is  not  fpecified,  as  in  llic  prefcnt  inftance,  the  common  is  always  meant. 


49+ 


26 

Corundum. 


MINERALOGY. 


SPECIES  2.  Corundum  (i). 

Corundum  of  Gmtlin — /Idamiintinc  /par  of  KlaprO'.h 

and    Kirwiiii — Corindun  ot   Hauy — Corivinaum  of 

Woodward. 

This  lloiie,  though  it  appears  to  have  been  known  to 

Mr  Woodward,  may  be  faid  to  have  been  tirfl  dilUn- 

guifhedfrom  olhcr  minerals  by  Dr  Black.       In  1768, 


A  fpecimcn  from  China  of 
84.0  alumini, 
6.5  (ilica, 
7.5  oxyd  of  iron, 


Order  I. 

Simple 
Stoiic'i*' 


•  Garrezi/ 
and  Grt- 
iiill^y  Ni- 
eholfoni 
your.  ii. 
540. 

■}■  Grtvillf, 

Hid. 

\  your  Je 

Mil.  N^ 

xxviii.  262. 

•  Nichtl- 
Jons  your, 

ii.  541. 
t  F'g-  3- 
II  fig-  4. 

\  Di  Btur- 

non. 


•  See  airn 
Hauy  your. 
M  Min.  N» 
xxTiii.  z6:. 


98.0II.  p/5,V.i.  71. 

Notwithflanding  the  quantity  of  filica  and  of  iron 
Mr  Berrv,  a  Ijpidary  in  Edinburgh,  received  a  box  of    which  thefe  analyl'es  exhibit  in  the  corundum,  we  have 
it  from  Dr  Andcrlon  of  Madra-.     Dr  Black  afcertam-    been  induced  to  include  it  m  the  prefent  genius,  on  ac- 
ed,  that  thefe  fpecimens  dilFeied   trom  all  the  Hones    count  ot    the  (Ircng  refemblance  between  it   and  the 
known  10  Europeans;  and,  in  confequence  of  its  hard-    third  variety  of  leklia.       Tiie  (diking  refemblance  be- 
liefs, it  obtained  the  name   of  adamantine  fpar.     Not-    tween  the  cryft.dsol  tdefia  and  coiundum  wdl  appear 
withftanding  this,  it  could  fcarcely  be  faid  to  have  been    evident,    even  from   ll  c  fnpeiricial   defcription   which 
known  to    Emoptan   miner.ilogilts  till  Mr  Greville  of    ue  have  given;   and  iheobfervations  of  De  BMurnon*  •  A'lt/;»^ 
London,  who  has  done  fo  much  to  promote  the  fcience    render  thib  refemblance  ftill  nioi  e  llriking.     It  is  not  im-/"''  7"""": 
of  mineralogy,  obtained  fpecimens  of  it,  in  1784,  from    probable,  therefore,  aj  Mr  Grevdle  and  the  Count  de  '"•  '" 
India,  and  dillributed  them  among  the  moll  eminent    iiournon  have  luggefted,  that  ci'rundum  niay  be  only 
chemifts,  in  order  to  be  analyfed.     Mr  Greville  alio    a  variety  of  telelia,  and  that  the  fctming  difference  in 
learned,  th.it  its  Indiin  name  was  Corundum.       It  is    their  ingredients  is  owing  to  the  im^^uiity  of  ih.  fe  I'pe- 
lound  in  Indoftan,  not  far  trom  the  river  Cavery,  which    cimens  of  corundum  which  have  hitherto  been  brought 
is  fouth  trim  Madras,  in  a  rocky  matrix,  ofconfider-    to  Europe.      Let  not  the  diHeicnce  which  has  been 

found  in  the  primitive  iorm  ot  thele  Ifones  be  ccnfider* 
ed  as  an  iniuperable  objeiStmn,  till  the  iubjed  lias  been 
again  exiniiiied  with  this  precife  objeft  in  view  ;  for  no- 
thing is  ealier  than  to  commit  an  overfightin  fucli  dif- 
ficult examinations. 


able  hardnefs,  partaking  of  the  nature  of  the  (lone  it- 
felf.*  It  occurs  alfo  in  China  ;  and  a  fubl^ance,  not 
tnilike  the  matrix  of  corundum,  has  been  tound  in  Te- 
ree,  one  of  the  welletn  illands  ot  Scotland  f. 

The  corundum  \s  uiually  cryllallized.  It':  primitive 
form,  diicovered  by  Mr  Hauy  f  and  the  Count  de  Bour- 
non,*  is  a  rhomboidal  parallelopiped,  whole  tides  are 
equal  rhombs,  with  angles  ot  86"  and  94°,  according 
to  B">urnon,  or  whofe  diagonals  are  to  each  other  as 
\/  17  to  t^  15,  according  to  Hauy  ;  which  is  veiy  near- 
ly  the  tame  thing  f .  The  moft  common  variety,  for  the 
primitive  form  has  never  yet  been  found,  is  the  regular 
ii;;-lided  piifm,  the  alternate  angles  of  which  are  fome- 
times  wanting  |!,  and  the  triangular  iaces,  which  occupy 
their  place,  aie  inclined  to  the  bafe  at  an  angle  of  122° 
34' J.  Sometimes  the  corundum  is  cryllallized  in  the 
form  of  a  lix-lided  pyramid,  the  apex  of  which  is  gene- 
rally wanting.  For  a  detcription  and  tigure  of  theli:, 
and  all  the  otlier  varieties  ot  corundum  hitherto  obt'er- 
ved,  we  refer  the  reader  to  the  diilertation  of  the  Count 
de  Bournon  on  the  fubjefl.* 

The  texture  of  the  corundum  is  foliated,  and  the  na- 
tural joinrs  are  parallel  to  the  faces  of  the  primitive 
rhoiTiboidal  parallelopiped.  Lullre,  when  in  the  di- 
rection of  the  laraii  je,  3  ;  when  broken  acrofs,  o.  O- 
pake,  except  when  in  very  thin  pieces.     Hardnel's  15. 


27 


SPECIES   3.     Native  alumina  (k). 

This  fubllance  has  been  found  at  Halles  in  S.ixony  Native  ilni 
in  compact  kidney-form  malfes.   Itsconfiftence  isearthy.  luina. 
Lullre  o.   Opaque.   Hardnels  4.   Brittle.   Sp.  gr.  mo- 
derate.    FeeU  foit,  but  meagre.    Adheres  very  llightly 
to  the  tongu;.   S'aiis  very  llightly.   Colour  pure  white. 
Does  not  readily  ditfut'e  itfelt  in  water. 

It  c -nfillsof  pure  a.umina,  mixed  with  afmall  quantity 
of  carbonal  of  lime,  and  Ibmetimes  of  fulphat  oflimef.  t  Schnhtr, 

n  IT  ^^ 

Genus   II.   amc.  G.  II.  amo. 

SPECIES    I     Ruby  (l).  Ruby. 

Spinel  and  bal.fi    Ruby  of  Kirwan — Ruby  of  Hauy 

— Rubis  Jpinelie  ocloedre  of  De  Lifle — Spine. lus  of 

Gnielin. 

This  Hone,  which  comes  from  the  itland  of  Ceylon, 

is  uiually  cryltallized.       The  primitive  form  of  its  cry. 

(lals  is  a  regular   o.:tohedron,  compofed    of  two  f  .ur- 

fided  pyramids  apphed  bale  to  bafe,  each  of  the  tides 

of  which  is  an  equilateral  ti  langle  J  (,  m  ).    In  fome  cales  }  pi".  ft 

two  oppolite  tides  of  the  pyramids  are  broader  than  the 


+  Kljfrcth. 
ticc  alfo 
Mr  Crr- 
■vilU,  Ni- 
cboifoni 
your,  Ui* 
II. 


t  Beitrjge, 

i.  77. 


Sp.  gr.  from  3.710  to  4.180  f.      Colour  grey,  often    other  two  ;  and  fometimes  the  edges  ot  the  oilotieJron 


with  various  liiades  of  blue  and  green. 

According  to   the  anilyfis  of   Klaproth,  the  corun- 
dum ot  India  is  compofed  ot 

89.5     rtlumina, 
5.5     filica, 
125  oxyd  of  iron, 


96.25  X. 


are  wanting,  and  narrow  fnces  in  their  place.  For  fi- 
gures and  defcriptions  of  thefe,  and  other  varieties  of 
thefe  cryll^ls,  we  refer  the  reader  to  Rome  de  Lijle  and 
ihc  JbLe  Ejlner.*  _  *Cr^Jlall.a. 

The  textuie  of  the  ruby  is  foliated.       Its  luQre  is  3.  226.  Eft- 
Tranfp.   3.4.      It  caul'es  a  (ingle  rtfraflion.      Hardnels  ""■'' •''^'''>"•• 
13-     yp-gr-S  57ot '"3625^.     Colour  red  ;  it  deep,  "• 
the  ruby  is  uiually  called  baiajs  ;  if  pale  rofy ,  fpinell.       1  ijX^'^i^ 


th 


The  and  Grt- 


(ij   See    Kiriuau'i     Mweralogy,   I. — Klaproth  in  Btob.     der    Berlin,    VIII.   295.  and  Beitr'dg,;   1.  47  Mr 

Greville  and  ihe  Count  de  Buurnonm  l\vt  Phihfophical  TranfaQicns  1798,  p.  4C3.  '■'^r.d  \t\  A, cholfon'j  Journal, 
II.   540.  and  III.  S-—Mr  Hauy  Jour,  de  Phyf.  XXX.  193.  and  Jour  de  Mm.  N°  XXVIII.  262. 

(k)   Sec  Kiriijan's  Min;ralo^y,  I.  175,  and  Schrebtr    15.  Stuck,   p.  209. 

(l)  See  Kirwa-i's  Min.  I.  253. — Rome  de  L'ljle,  II.  224. — Klaproth  Beoh.  der  Berlin,  III.  336.  and  Beit- 
tra^e,  II.  \.—  VavqucVtn  Ann.  dc  Chim.  XXVII.  3.  and  XXXI.  141. 

(m)  We  thall  afterwards  dillinguilh  this  odohedron  either  by  the  epithet  r^ju/jr  ox  alumini/urm,  becaufe  it  ia 
the  well  known  form  of  cryftals  of  alum. 


viile. 


Clafs  I.  MINERALOGY.  45  - 

larthsand      The  ruby,  according  to  the  analyfis  of  Vauquelin,  is    rious ;  a  circiimftance  which  has  induced  tnineralogifts     Simple 
^J^^SJl,  conipofed  of         86.00  alumina,  to  divide  it  into  numerous  varieties.     Of  thefe  the  fol-     Stones. 

8.50  luagnelia,  lowing  are  the  chief.  ^^-^^^^tm/ 

5. 2 J  chromic  acid.  i.  Puie  colour lefs,  perfeiftly  tranfparent  cryftallized 

quariz,  having  much   the  appejrance  of  artificial  cryf- 


•  jinn,  lie                                     99-75*  '"*'  '   '^"°"'"  hy  the  n:ime  of  rod  iryjlal. 
CiirM.xnwu.      The  ancients  feem  to  have  claffed  this  ftone  dfmong         2.  Quart?,  lefs  tranfparent,  and  with  a  fplintery  frac- 

»i-  ...        their  hyacinths  f.  '"re,  has  ufually   been  dillinguiiheJ    by   the   name  of 

\  Plmii,  1.  quaitx,,   and  feparated  from  rock  cryital.       As  there  is 

*'■'■'■                                         GiNUS    III.    AIM.  no  occifion  fur  this  fepiiralion,  we  have,  in  imitation  (  f 

G.III.Am.                              SPECIES   1.     Ceyianite               _  Mi  Hauy,  chofen  the  word  quartz  for  the_/j!>«^c  name, 
CeyUuitc.        The  mineral  dcnominaied  ctylanie,  from  the  iflnnd  of    comprehending  under  it  all  Uie  varieties. 

Ceylon,   from  which  it  was  brcught  into  Eun  pe,  had         3.  Blood  red  quartz  ;   formerly  calied  fom/i2/7<r//'a />a- 

%CryJlal-      hecn   obfeived  by    Ri-nic  de  Lifle  f  ;  but  was  firlt  de-  aW./,  and  by  Hauy  yricr/z /fHw/Wf.      It  owe^  its  colour 

Icg.m.  180.  fcribed  by  La  Metliene  in  the  Journal  de  Phyhque  for  to  oxyd  of  iron.     Tlie  mineral  known  to  mireralojjills 

Mote  31.     January  1793.  by  the  name  of  _/i';,ff/i/<f,  and  confideicd  by  them  as  a  va- 

It  is  mjlt  commonly  found  in  rounded  maiTes  ;  but  rieiy  of  jajper,  has  been  difcovered  by  Dolomieu  to  be 

fometimes  alfo  cryftall'/.ed.     The  primitive  form  of  its  merely  this  variety  >.t  quartz  in  an  amorphous  (late.*      •  "jour.  A 

cryltals  is  a  regular  oifloiiedron  :   it  commonly  occurs  5.   Yellow  quartz  ;  called  falle  ti-paz.                           Mh,.tff^ 

under  this  form,  but  more  commonly   the  edges  of  the  5.   Rofy  red  (juartz  ;  called  Bohemian  ruby.               ixviii.  255. 

%Hauy,        oilohedron  are  wanting,  and  linall  f.ice>  in  their  placej.  l-"or  a  fuller  enumeration  ot  thefe  varieties,  we  refer 

Jeur.di            The  fradure  of  the  ceylan'te    is   conchoidal.*       lis  the  reader  to  5wi;^r'/    Mincraog^\,   K'.r'wan's   Miner-  f  i.  Sg. 

Mrn.ii       internal  luibe  is  glalfy.     Nearly  opaque,  except  when  a/a^  J,  ana  Guielin's  edition  ofthe  S)ficma  Nat.j-tc  li  \i.  144. 

as""'         '"  ^"f  '^'"  P'^<^<^s-        Hardnefs   12.       Sp.  gr.  from  Linnsus^.  'i'his  lart  writer,  however,  has  arranged fe- ^  iii.  194. 

•/iiii63.   3-7647  t  to  3.793$.       Colour  of  the  mats,  black;  of  veial  r.-.ii.erals  under  quartz  which  do  not  b:long  to  it. 

^  Huuy.       very  thin  pieces,  deep  green.      Powder,  grcemlh  grey.  Pure  quartz  is  tompofed  entirely  of  lilica;   bur  feme 

4  DtfcatiU.    According  to  the  analyfis  of  Defcotils  the  ceyianite  is  ofthe  varieties  of  this  fpecies  are  contaminated  wiili  me- 

compofed  of         6S  alumina,  tallic  oxyds,  and  with  a  fmall  quantity  of  other  earths. 

16  oxyd  of  iron,  ■c\   a-    r^             /    ^ 

I2magnef.a,  ^^.    ^    ^^\^'\^   ^•.    El^^'c  Quartz  (n).                           31 

2  fj[j  °^  This  fingular  Hone  is  moder.itely  elaftic,  and  flexible  E"1'c 

'  in  every  direction.     Texture,  earthy.     Lullre,  o  or  i.^"!^"- 

^gr  Haidnefs,  9.    Biitlle.    tip.  gr.  2.624    Colour,  greylih 

Cbim  -oM.  white.     J'hofphorefces  when  fcraped  with  a  knife  in  the 

J, J."        '                               SPECIES   I.     Quartz  ||.  dark.       The   fpecimen  analyfed  by  Mr  Klaproth  con- 

-o            This  ftone,  whch  is  very  coniini>ii  in  moft  mountain-  tained                    96.5  filica, 

G.  IV.  s.     ons  countries,  is  lomeiimes  cryllallized,  and  f  ,metimes  z,^  alumina, 

Quartz.  ^    amorphous.    The  primitive  fVnii  of  its  cryllals,  accord-  5  oxyd  of  iron, 

I  AWj/iV  jijg  ^,,  j^ji.  jj.n,y^  is  ^  ihomb  iidal  parallelopiped  ;   the  

'angles  of  whole  rhombs  are  93°  22',  and  S6"   38  ;  lb  99-5t                                                         \  BtUragt, 

*  Jour.  Je    that  it  does  not  differ  much  fr.  m  .1  cube.*       The  moft  species   3.      Flint  (o).                               ii.  116. 

Jf/n.  N°     common  variety  is  a  dodecihedmnl;,  compoi'ed  ot  two  Pyromadus — Pierre  a  fu/il — iv/r-.v  of  Hauy.                    ,j 

xxviii.  2J5.  fix.lided  p)  r.imids,  applud  bafe  to  bafe,  wh.ife  fides  are  This  Ifone,  which  lias  become  fo  ne<  ell'ary  in  modern  Flint. 

i'^'S-  <>•      ilxfceles  tri.,ngles,   Ii.iving  the  angle  at  the  vertex  40",  war,  is  found   in  pieces  of  different  fizes,  and  ufually 

and  each  ol  the  angles  at  tiie  bafe  70°  ;  tiie  inclination  of  a  fi;;ure  more  or  lefs  globular,  commonly  among 

of  a  fide  ot  one  pyramid  to  the  contiguous  fide  ot  the  chalk,    and  often  arra-  ged  in  fome  kind  of  order.       In 

other  pyramid  is  104°.     There  isotten  a  fix-fided  prifm  Saxony  it  isfaid  to  have  been  found  cryllallized  inhexa- 

interpofed  between  the  two  pyramid-,  the  fi Jes  ol  which  hedrons,  compofcd  ot  two  low  three-(ided  pyramids  ap- 

U  Fijr.  7.      always  corrcfpind  with  thofe  .f  tlie  pyramids  ||.      For  a  plied  b.ife  to  bafe.*                                                                     •  Gmilmi 

defcripti'>n  and  figure  of  the  other  vaiieties  if  quarz  Its   texture  is   compafl.     Its  frafture,  fmooth  con-  Sy/lerr^ \t. 

cryltals,  and  for  a  demonftration  1  f  the  law  uhuh  they  choidal.     Lullre,  external  o,  the  Itones  being  always ''"'■'• 

have  foil  wed   in  cr)  llailizing,  we  refer  the  reader  to  covered    by  a  white    crull ;     internal    i,    inclining  to  ^  '^^ 

^  CnJIal.      Rome  de  Li/lc  \   -.md  Mr  Hauy  \..  grcafy.      Tranlp.  2;   when  very  thin,  3.     Hardnefs,  10 

ii.  7'-               The  lex-ure  of  quartz  IS  more  or  lefs  0  liated.     Frac-  or    11.       Sp.  gr.  from   2.58102.63.     Colour  varies 

\Min.         ture,  Conchoidal  or  f|iliniery       Its  lullre  varies   from  from   honey   yellow  to  brownifh  black.       Very  br  ttle, 

"'9^^%  '  3  '"  '»  ''"'^  ''■>  tranp.iiency  froni  4  to  I  ;  and  in  (ome  and  fplits  into  iplin'crs  in  evei  y  direiffion.       Two  piccei 

»Uo  Lamr-    -^ '''-S 't  IS  opaquc.     It  caufes  a  di  ubl.  reir  tC^ion.    Hard-  of  flinr  rubbed  fnia    ly  logctlier  pliolphorefc-,  and  emit 

ilerif.your. '^^^''t  from  10  to  11.      Sp.  gr.  frim  2  64  to  2  67,  and  a  peculiar  od   ur.     When  heated  it  decrepitates,  and  be- 

/r  A'.v/:       ill  one  va;ieiy  2.691.     Its  coloiir  is  exceedingly   va-  comes  white  and  opaque.       When  expofed  long  to  the 

tiii.  470.  air 

(n)  Kiriuan'i  /Vf/n.  I  316 — Gerhard  Mem.  Berlin,  1783,  107. — Klaprolh't  Biitrage  2  Band.  ii^.  See  alfo 
Jour.de  Phrf.   XLl.  91. 

(o)  Kirwiin't  Mm.  I.  301 — Dolomieu  Jour,  de  Mia.  N°  XXXfll.  693.  and  Sa.ivet,  ibid.  713.  Thefe  laft 
gentlemen  give  the  only  accuraw  account  of  the  metiiod  of  making  gun  timts. 


■jrg.   Ul. 


496  MINERALOGY 

Earths  and  air  it  often  becomes  covered  with  a  white  cruft.     A 


Clafsl. 


Stones,     fpecimcn  of  flint  analyfed  by  Klaproth  contained 
^'"^^^'^^  98.00  filica, 

.50  lime, 
.25  alumina, 
0.25  oxyd  cT  iron, 
1.00  water. 


t  SiitrSgt,  1 00.  oof 

t.  46.  Another  fpccimen  analyfcd  by  Dolomieu  was  com- 

pofed  ul"         97  filica, 

1  alumina  and  oxyd  of  iron, 

2  water. 


3i 


Opjl. 


iJnur.Jt  loot  ,  , 

Mm.  N"  Tlie  white  cruft  with  which  flint  is  enveloped,  con- 

xTxili.  702.  fifls  of  the  fame  ingredients,  and  alio  a  little  carbonat  of 
lime.  Dolomieu  dilcovered  that  water  is  elFcntial  to 
flint ;  for  wheti  it  ii  feparated  by  heat  the  Hone  loles 

§  liiJ.  its  properties  J'. 

The  manutaclure  of  gun  flints  is  chiefly  confined  to 
two  or  three  departments  in  France.  The  operation 
is  exceedingly  fimple  :  a  good  workman  will  make  a 
1000  flints  in  a  d.iy.  The  whole  art  confifts  in  llriking 
the  (tone  repeatedly  with  a  kind  of  mallet,  and  bringing 
off  at  each  ilroke  a  fplinter,  Iharp  at  one  end  and  thicker 
at  the  other.  Thefe  fplinterb  are  afterwards  fliaped  at 
plealiire,  by  laying  the  line  at  which  it  is  wifhed  they 
lliould  break,  upon  a  Ihatp  iron  inflrument,  and  then 
givii'.g  it  repeatedly  i'mall  bliws  with  a  mallet.  During 
the  whole  operation  the  workman  holds  the  ftone  in  his 

V  liiJ  hand,  or  merely  fupports  it  on  his  knee||. 

SPECIES  4.     Opal  (f). 

This  ftone  is  found  in  many  parts  of  Europe.  It  is 
ufually  amorphou-.  Its  fradture  is  conchoidal,  com- 
monly fome  what  tranfparent.  Hardnefs  from  6  to  10. 
Sp.  gr.  from  1.7  to  2.66.  The  lownefs  of  its  fpecitic 
gravity,  in  (bme  cafes,  is  to  be  afcribed  to  accidental 
cavities  which  the  llone  contains.  Thele  are  fometimes 
filled  with  drops  of  water.  Some  fpecimens  of  opal  liave 
the  property  of  emitting  various  coloured  rays,  with  a 
particular  effulgency,  when  placed  between  the  eye  and 
the  light.  Tlae  opals  which  polFefs  this  property, 
are  dillinguifhed  by  lapidaries  by  the  epithet  oriental; 
and  often  by  mineralogifts  by  the  epithet  nolil'ts.  This 
property  rendered  the  Hone  much  eileemed  by  the  an- 
cients. 

Variety  1.     Opal  edler — Opalus  ncbi/is. 

Luftre  glafl'y,  3.  Tranfp.  3  to  2.  Hardnefs,  6  to  8. 
Colour,  ufnally  light  bluifli  white,  fometimes  yellow  or 
green.  When  heated  it  becomes  opaque,  and  fume- 
times,  is  decompofed  by  the  aftion  ot  the  atmofphere. 
Hence  it  Teems  to  follow,  that  water  enters  eilentially 
into  its  cimpofition.  A  fpecimen  of  this  variety,  ana- 
lyfed  by  Klapioth,  contained 
90  filica, 
10  water. 


^S.!tragt,  ,1°°^ 

ii.  ijj.  Variety  2.      Semi-opal. 

Fr;\flure,  impeifedly  conchoidal.     Luflre,  glaffy  2. 
Tranfp.  2  to  3.     Hardnefs,    7  to  9.     Its  colours  are 


very  various,  greys,  yellows,  reds,  browns,  greens  of     Simple 
diiT.-rent  kinds.  _         vj^^^ 

Specimens  of  this  variety  fometimes  occur  with  rifts : 
thefe  readily  imbibe  water,  and  iherefoie  adhere  to  ihe 
tongue.     Thefe  fpecimens  fometimes  become  tranfpa- 
rent when   (naked  in  water,   by    imbibing   that  fluid.  ^ 
They  aie  then  tailed  hydrophones. 

Variety  l.      Cat's  eye*.  *  Klmam't 

This  variety  cnnies  from  Ceylon,  and  is  feldom  feen  ■^'"■'■^°'" 
by  European  mineralogilh  till  it  has  bsen  poliflied  by  ^J/^^'    ';, 
the  lapidary.      Mr  Klaproth  has  defcribed  a  fpecimen  jq. 
which  he  received  in  its  natural  Hate  fioin  Mr  Greville 
oi  London.      Its  figure  was  nearly  fquirc,   with  lliarp 
edges,  a  rough  fuiface,  and  a  good  deal  ot  brilliancy. 

Its  texture  is  imperfedly  foliated.  Luftre  greafy,  2. 
Tranfp.  3  to  2.  Hardnefs  10.  Sp.  gr.  2.56  to  2.66. 
C  ilciui,  grey;  with  a  tinge  of  green,  yellow  or  white: 
or  brown,  with  a  tinge  of  yellow  or  red.  In  certain 
pofitiuns  it  refleifts  a  fplendid  white,  as  does  the  eye  of 
a  cat ;  hence  the  name  of  this  ftone. 

Two  fpecimens,  analyfed  by  Klaproth,  the  firft  from 
Ceylon,  the  other  irom  Malabar,  were  compofed  of 
95.00  94-50  filica, 

1.75  2.00  alumina, 

1.50  1.50  lime, 

0.25  0.25  oxyd  of  iron. 


98.25t. 


SPECIES  5.     PitchftoneJ. 

Menelites. 


98.5*  y«...5|.  *  BiUr3g,, 

i.  94. 
t  Ibid,  p- 
96. 

This  ftone,  which  occurs  in  different  parts  of  Ger-        j^ 
many,  France,  and  other  countries,  has  obtained  its  Pitchftone. 
name  from  fome  refemblance  which  it  has  been  fuppofed  §-'^"'-  Mi"- 
to  have  to  pitch.    It  is  moft  ufually  in  amorphous  pieces  '' '^'^* 
of  different  fizes  ;  and  it  has  been  found  alfo  cryftalli-  ,j^    „  |. 
zed  in  fix-fided  prifms,  terminated  by  three-fided  py-  1787, f-86. 
ramids. 

Its  texture  is  conchoidal  and  uneven,  and  fometimes 
approaches  the  fplintery.  Luftre  greafy,  from  3  te  1. 
Tianfp.  2  to  1,  fometimes  o.  Hardnefs  8  to  10.  Ex- 
ceedingly brittle ;  it  yields  even  to  the  nail  of  the  fin- 
ger. Sp.  gr.  2.049  to  2.39.  Its  colours  are  numer- 
ous, greyifli  black,  bluifh  grey,  green,  red,  yellow  of 
different  fhades.  Sometimes  feveral  of  thefe  colours 
appear  together  in  the  fame  ftone.  A  fpecimen  of 
pitchftone  from  Mefnil-montant  near  Paris*,  analyfed  •  3^4  •y^ur. 
by  Mr  Klaproth,  contained  ie  Phyf. 

85.5  fihca,  '"i-  ai>- 

1  i.o  air  and  water, 
i.o  alumina, 
.5  iron, 
.5  lime  and  magnefia. 

98-5+  ^S.ltrSg., 

SPECIES  6.     Chryfoprafium  ((i_).  "^  i^ 

This  mineral,  which  is  found  in  different  parts  of  chryfopra- 
Germany,  particularly  near  Kolem'urz  in  Silefia,  is  al-  Cum. 
ways  amorphous.  Its  fraflure  is  either  even  or  inclin- 
ing to  the  fplintery.  Scarcely  any  luftre.  Tranfp.  2 
to  3  Hirdnefs  10  to  12.  Sp.  gr.  2.479.  Colour, 
green.  In  a  heat  of  130°  Wedgewood  it  whitens  and 
becomes  opaque. 

A 


(p]  Kiriucin's  liliri.  I.  289. — Ifauy,  Jour.  iP  H'tjl.  Nat.  II.  9.   Delias.  Nnuv.  Jour,  de  Phyf.  I.  4J. 
((jj  Kir-Man' I  Min.  I. — Lihmann.  Mem.  Berlin.  175J./.  202. — Klaproth  Beitrage,  II.  127. 


Order  J. 


MINERALOGY. 


"•  IJ3- 

G.V.  IAS. 
I'opaz. 


A  fpecimcn  of  iliis  (lone,  analyfed  by  Mr  Klaproth, 
contained  96.16  filici, 

1. 00  ox)d  of  nickel, 
0.83  lime, 
o.oH  alumina, 
0.08  o.xyd  of  iron. 

98.15$ 

Genus  V.   i.  as. 

SPECIES    I.     Topaz  (r). 

Occideiittil  ruby,  topaz,  and  fapphyr. 

The  name  topa'2.  has  been  rellrifled  by  Mr  Hauy  to 
the  Rones  called  by  mineraligilti  occidental  1  uby,  topaz, 
and  fapphyr;  which,  agreeing  in  their  cryftalhzation 
and  mud  of  their  propenies,  were  arranged  under  one 
fpccies  by  Mr  Rome  de  Lille.  The  word  topaz,  deri- 
ved from  an  ifland  in  the  Red  Sea  (s),  wlieie  the  an- 
cients ufed  to  find  topazes,  was  applied  by  them  to  a 
mineral  very  diiferent  from  ours.  One  variety  of  our 
topaz  they  denominated  chryfotite. 

The  topaz  is  found  in  Saxony,  Bohemia,  Siberia, 
and  Brazil,  mixed  with  other  minerals  in  granite  rocks. 

It  is  commonly  cryftallized.  The  primitive  form  ot 
its  cryftals  is  a  prifm  whofe  fides  are  reftangles,  and 
bafes  rhombs,  having  their  greateli  angles  124"  22', 
and  the  integral  molecule  lias  the  fame  form*;  and  the 
height  of  the  prifm  is  n  a  fide  of  the  rhomboidal  bafes 
xxviii,  287.  as  3  to  2\.  The  different  varieties  of  topaz  cryllals  hi- 
t  lig.  8.  therto  obiervcd,  amount  to  6.  Five  of  thefe  are  eight- 
fided  prifms,  terminated  by  four-f:ded  pyramids,  or 
■wedge-duped  fumniits,  or  by  irregular  figures  of  7,  13, 
or  15  fides II;  the  lall  variety  is  a  twelve-fidcd  priim,  ter- 
minated by  fix-fided  pyramids  wanting  the  apex.  For 
an  accuiate  defcription  and  figure  of  thefe  varieties  we 
refer  the  reader  to  Mr  Hauyf . 

The  texture  of  the  topaz  is  foliated.  Its  luftre  is 
from  2  to  4.  Tranfp.  from  2  to  4.  It  caufes  a  double 
refraiflion.  Hardiiefs  1 2  to  14.  Sp.  gr.  from  3.53 11 
to  3.564.  The  Siberian  and  Brazil  topazes,  when 
heated,  become  pofitively  eleiSrified  on  one  fide,  and 
$Hauy,iiiJ.  negatively  on  the  other  j.  It  is  infufible  by  the  blow- 
pipe. The  yellow  topaz  of  Brazil  becomes  red  when 
expofed  to  a  ftrong  heat  in  a  crucible  ;  that  of  Saxony 
becomes  white  by  the  fime  procefs.  Tliis  fljews  us, 
that  the  colouring  matter  of  thefe  two  ftones  is  dif- 
ferent. 

The  colour  of  the  topaz  is  various,  which  has  in- 
duced mineralogifts  to  divide  it  into  the  following  va- 
rieties : 

1.  Red  topaz,  of  a  red  colour  inclining  to  yellow; 
called  Brazilian  or  occidental  ruby. 

2.  Yellow  topaz,  of  a  golden  yellow  colour,  and 
fometimei  alfo  nearly  white  ;  called  occidental  or  Bra-z.il 
topaz.  The  powder  of  this  and  the  following  variety 
caufes  fyrup  of  violets  to  alfume  a  green  colour  ||. 

I  yjuijui-         J.  Saxon  topaz.     It  is  of  a  pale  wine  yellow  colour, 
''/;.7''"r-'''and  fomclimes  greyilh  white. 
«ix.  i6j.        ^"'■'''-  Vol.  II. 


497 


•  U,wy, 
jffjur.  de 
Min.  N 


II  Pig-  9- 


■(■  your,  de 
Min.  Hid. 


It  is  of  a  bluifli  or  pale  green 


It  is  of  a  blue  colour  ;  and 


4.  ^igue  marine, 
colour. 

5.  Occidental  fapphyr. 
fomctimes  white. 

A  fpecimen  of  white  Saxon  topaz,  analyfed  by  Vau 
quelin,  contained  68  alumina, 

31  filica. 

991F 
SPECIES   2.     Sommite. 
This  (lone  was  called  fommite  by  La  Metherie,  from 
the  mountain  Somma,  where  it  was  tirlt  found.     It  is 
ufually  mixed  with  volcanic  produflions.    It  cryllallizes 
in  fix  tided  prifms,  fomctimes  terminated  by  pyramids. 
Colour  white.    Somewhat  tranfparent.    Sp.  gr.  3.2741. 
Infufible  by  the  blow-pipe.     According  to  the  analyfis 
of  Vauquelin,  it  is  compofed  of 
49  alumina, 
46  filica, 
2  lime, 
I  oxyd  of  iron. 


Simple 
Stone?. 


^  your,  de 
Min.  N° 
xiiv.  J. 
37 
Somtcicc. 


98* 

SPECIES 


•  Hid.  M* 
„,       ,.      ,  ixviii.  279. 

3.     Shorhtef.  ^g     ' 

This  (lone,  which  received  its  name  from  Mr  Klap-  ShorUtc. 
roth,  is  generally  i'ound,  in  irregular  oblong  maifes  or  t  Xir-wtni 
columns,  inferttd  in  granite.     Its  texture  is  foliated.  ■''^"'•'•**^- 
Fradure  uneven.  Lu(lie2.  Tranfpaiency  2  to  1.  Hard- 
nefs  9  to   10.     Sp.gr.  3.53.     Colour  greenilh  white, 
or  fulphur  yellow.     Not  altered  by  heat.     According 
to  the  analyiis  of  Klaproth,  it  is  compofed  of 

50  alumina, 

50  filica. 


ICO 

Genus  V.   1.  sa. 
SPECIES  4.      Rubellite  (t). 
Red  Jhorl  of  Siberia. 
This    ftone    is   found  in    Siberia   mixed  with  white 
quartz.     It  is  cryftallized  in  fmall  needles,  which  arc 
grouped  together  and  traverfe  the  quartz  in  various  di- 
reaions.     Texture  fibrous.     Fraflure  even,    inclining 
to  the  conchoidal.     Tranfparency  2  ;  at  the  edges  3. 
Hardnefs  10.     Brittle.     Sp.gr.  3.1.     Colour  crimfon, 
blood  or  peach  red.     By  expofure  to  a  red  heat  it  be- 
comes fnow  white  ;  but  lofes  none  of  its  weight.     It 
tinges  foda  blue,  but  does  not  melt  with  it. 

According  to  the  analyfis  of  Mr   Bindheim,    it  is 
compofed  of         57  filica, 

35  alumina, 
5  oxyds  of  iron  and  manganefe. 

97 
SPECIES  5.     Hornflate  (u). 
Shijlofe  porphyry. 
This  (lone,  which  occurs  in  mountains,  is  generally 
amorphous;   but  fometimes  alfo  in  columns!     Struc- 
3  R  tare 


$9 
G.  V.  2  sx. 

Rubellite 


40 
Hornflatc. 


He 


(r)    Kirivan's   Min.   I.   254.— Pc//.   Mem.   Berlin,    1747,/.  J,6.—Marpraf,  Hid.    1776.  b.   73. 
Tukel.   yla.   Mad.  Nat.   Cur.   IV.   316.  /t/    ^    t  S    J,  I,      P     il 


and   160. — 


(s)  It  got  Its  name  trom  To^ra^a,  to  fed  ;  bccaufe  the  ifland  was  often  fuiroundcd  with  fog,  and  tlicrefore 
difficult  to  lind.     See  Pimn  lb.  37.  c.  8. 

(t)    Kiru-an'j  Min.   I.    288.   liindheim.    Crell'i  ylnnals,    I792,  p.   320. 

(uj  Kir-wan's  Min.  I.  307 — H/iegleb,  Crcll't  Annals,  1787,  1  Band.  302.— Sec  aifo  /?<«//.  Siviml.  N^tur. 
Hijl.  Aufidz!,  p.  207. 


49B 

£arth>  and 
Stones. 


MINERALOGY. 


ciafs  r. 


tureflaiy    Texture  folbtod.  Fr.ifture  uneven  and  fplin-    and  yellow.     Several  colours  often  appear  in  the  fima     Simrlc 
tery  ;  fonietimes  approachini;  the  conchoidal.   Luftre  o.    ma!s.  To  this  variety  belong  many  ot  the  ftones  known  ^^^^^^l:;^ 
Tranfparency   I   or  o.     Haidnefs  about   lo.     Sp.gr.    by  ihi  n.ime  oi  SiOlcJ: pehblft. 


from  2.512  to  2.7.  Colour  iliiFerent  (hades  ol  _^n_)', 
from  njb  to  b'uijj  or  olive gnni.  M-lts  at  145°  Wedge- 
wood  into  an  enamel.  A  fpecimen,  analyfeJ  by  Wedge- 
wood,  contained     73.0  lilica, 

23.9  alumina, 
3.5  iron. 


4t 
llornllouc, 


•  KirtLJn, 

>•  303- 


t  Hcbmtif- 
Jtri  SittHi 

i.  103. 


nil/,  p. 

30J- 

41 
chalcedo- 
ny. 


100.4 
SPECIES  6.     Hornflone  (x). 
Pclrofilix — Ci.ert. 
This  (Irnc,  which  make?,  a  part  of  many  mountain?, 
is  uiually  amorphous ;  but,  as  Mr  Kirwan  inform^  us, 
it  has  been  found  cryilallized  by  Mr  Beyer  on  Schnee- 
berg.     Its  cryililsare  fix  fided  piifms,  fometimes  ter- 
niin,ited  by  pyramids  ;  hexahedrons,  confilliiig  ol  two 
thiee-fided'  pyramids  applied  bafe  to  bale;   and  cubes, 
or  fix-fided  plates.*      Its  texture  is  foliated.      Fr.iifture 
fplinlery,  and  fometimes  conchoidal.    Lulhe  o.  Ti  anf- 
parency  i  to  2.     Tl-.e  cryllals  are  fometimes  opaque. 
H.irdnefs  7  to  9.     Sp.  gr.  2.532  to   2.653.     Colour 
but  hurnlione  occurs  alio  of  the  iol- 


SPECIFS  8.     Jafper{y).  43 

Tliis  (lone  is  an  ingredient  in  the  compofition  of  Jafpcr. 
many  maintains.  It  occurs  ufuiUy  in  large  amorplious 
niaffcs,  and  fometimes  alfo  cryllalli/cd  in  fix-fided  irre- 
gular prifms.  Its  frafliire  is  conchoidal.  Luftre  from 
2  to  o.  Euher  opaque,  or  its  tranfparency  is  i.  Hard- 
nefs  9  to  10.  Sp.  gr.  from  2.5  to  2  82.  Its  colours 
are  various.  When  heated,  it  dees  not  decrepitate.  It 
feems  to  be  compcftd  of  filica  and  alumina,  and  often 
aifo  contains  iron. 

Farieiy  I.     Common  jafper. 
Sp.  gr.  fiom  2.58  to  2.7.     Its  colours  are,  different 
fliades  of  white,  yellow,  red,  brown,  and  green  ;  often 
variegated,  fjiotteJ,  or  veined,  with  feveral  colours. 
Fiir'itty  2.      Egyptian  pebble. 
This  variety  is  i.iiiul  chiefly  in  Egypt.    It  ufuilly  has 
a  fpheroidal  or  Cat  rounded  figure,  and  is  enveloped  in 
a  coaile  rough  ctuft.     It  is  opaque.    Hardnefs  10.    Sp. 
gr.  2.564.     It  is  chiefly  diftinguiftied  by  the  variety  <jf 
colours,  which  always  cxill  in  the  fame  fpecimen,  either 
in  concentric  lliipes  or  layers,  or  in  dots  or  dendrilical 


ulual  dark  blue  

lowing  colours;  grey,  red,  blue,  green,  and  brown  ot    '^,^^^^^^_     Thefe  colours  are,  different  browns  and  yel- 


different  Ihades.f 

According  to  Kirwan,  it  is  conipofed  of 
72  filica, 
22  alumina, 
6  carbonal  of  lime. 


100  J 


SPECIES  7.     Chalcedony. 
This  flone  is  found  abundantly  in  many  countries, 
particularly  in  Iceland  and  the  F.iro  iflands.    It  is  molt 
commonly    amorphous,     ftalaiflitical,    or  in    rounded 


lows,  milk  white,  and  ifabella  green  ;  black  alio  has  been 
obferved  in  dot?. 

Variety'^.  Striped  jafper. 
This  variety  i^;  alfo  diftinguilhed  by  c  ncentric  ftripes 
or  layers  of  ditFerent  colours  :  theie  colours  are,  yellow, 
brownilh  red,  and  green.  It  is  dillinguilhed  Irom  the 
lalt  variety  by  its  occurring  in  large  amorphous  inalfes, 
and  by  its  frafture,  which  is  nearly  e\en. 

SPECIES  9.      Tripoli.  44 

This  mineral  is  found  fometimes  in  an  carlliy  form,  Tripoli, 
but  moie   generally  indurate''.      Its  texture   ib  earthy. 


Somewhat  tranfparent.     Hardnefs  10  to  11.     Sp.  gr. 
2.56  to  2  665.      Not  brittle. 

According  to  Bergman,  the  chalcedony  of  Faroe  is 
compofed  of         84  lilica, 

16  alumina,  mixed  with  iron. 


100 


Does  not  ftain  the  fingers.  Colour  generally  pale  yel- 
lowilh  grey,  alfo  different  kinds  of  yellow,  brown,  and 
white. 

It  contains,  accoiding  to  Haaffe,  90  parts  of  filica, 
7  alumina,  and  3  of  iron.  A  mineral  belonging  to  this 
Ipecies  was  analyfed  by  Klaproth,  and  found  to  con-. 


tam 


66.5     filica, 
7.0    alumina, 
2.5     oxyd  of  iion, 
1 .5     magnefia, 
X.25  lime, 

ly.       air  and  water. 


Variety  1.    Common  chalcedony. 
Frafture  even,  inclining  to  conchoidal.    Tranfparen- 
cy  2  to  3  ;  fometimes  i .     Its  colours  are  various  ;  it  is 
nioft  ccminonly  greyilh,  v/ith  a  tint  of  yellow,  green, 
blue,  or  pe  ul  ;  often  alfo  white,  green,  red,  yellow, 
brown,  black,  or  dotted  with  red.    When  (Iriped  white 
and   black,  or   brown,  alternately,  it  is  called   onyx; 
when  Itripcd  white   and  grey,  it  is   called  chaicedonix. 
Black  or  brown  chalcedony,  when  held  between  the  eye 
and  a  lliong  light,  appears  daik  red. 
Fori  ty  2.     Cornelian. 
Fraflure  conchoidal.     Tranfparency  3  to   i  ;  often    which  former  mineralogifta  conlidered  as  a  variety  of  asi 
cloudy.     Its  colours  aie  various  Ihades  of  red,  brown,    mica.     It  is  found  in  granite.     Its  texture  is  foliated,  Y 

and 


97-75 

Genus  VI.   i.  asi. 
SPECIES    I-     Micarell.*  ^r 

This  name  has  been  given  by  Mr  Kirwan  to  a  ftone  G.  VI.  r. 


Micarell. 

Kirivamt 
Mm  i. 
21 Z. 


(x)    Ktrzvan's    /lf;n.  I.  303. — Baurner  Jour,   de  Phyf.   II.    154.  and  iT/on«c'/,  j^/'i/.  331. — IViegleb.  Crcll's  An- 
rah,   1788,  />.  45  and  135. 

(y)  Kirw.  Min.  I.  309. — Borral  Ilijl.  Natur.  dt  Corfe. — Henkel  A5.  Acad.  Nat.  Curios.  V.  339. 


Order  I. 


MINERALOGY. 


Earths  and  and  it  may  be  fplit  Into  tliln  plates.  Ludre  metallic,  3. 
Stones.      Opaque.    Haiiinefa  6.    Sp.  gr.  2.980.    Colour  brown- 
ilh  black.     At  153"  Weclgewood,  it  melts  into  a  black 
•f-  Kirn.       compad  glafs,  the  fiirl'acc  of  which  is  rcddlfh.f 
iM.  A  ipscimeii  analyi'ed  by  Klaproth  contained 

63.00  alumini, 
29.50  lilica, 
6.75  iron. 


499 


46 

Sh»rl. 
t  UiJ.  i. 
x6j. 


•  lilJ.  i. 
166. 


99.25 

SPECIES  2.     S'uorl.J 

No  word  has  been  uled  by  mineralogifts  with  lefs  li- 
mitation thin  JJ^or/.  It  was  firll  int'oduced  into  mine- 
ralogy by  Cronlledt,  to  denote  any  (lone  ol  a  columnar 
form,  conhdetable  hardnefs,  and  a  fpecilic  gravity  from 
3  to  3.4.  This  defcription  applied  to  a  very  great  num- 
ber cf  (tones.  And  lucceedmg  mineralogilts,  tiiough 
they  mado  the  word  more  definite  in  its  fignihcation,  left 
it  llill  fo  general,  that  imdcr  the  defignation  of JJ.vr/ a.1- 
moll  20  dillindl  fpecies  of  minerals  were  included. 

Mr  Werner  lirlt  defined  the  woxd Jhorl  precifely,  and 
reftrifled  it  to  one  fj  ecies  of  ftoncs.  We  life  the  word 
in  the  fenfe  afligned  by  h'm. 

Shorl  is  found  abundantly  in  mountains,  either  maf- 
five  or  cryllallizcd,  in  three  or  nine-fided  prilms,  often 
terminated  by  tlnee-fided  fummits.     Tlie  fides  of  the 
ciyllals  are  longitudinally  (beaked.     Its  texture  is  (o- 
liated.     Its  fradure  conchnidal.     Lullrc  2.     Opaque. 
Hardnefs   10.     Sp.  gr.  2.92  to  3.212.     Colour  black. 
Streak   grey.     It   docs   not  become   elcftiic   by  lieat. 
When  heated  to  rednefs,  its  colour  becomes  biownifli 
red  ;  and  at  127"  Wedgewood,  it  is  converted   into  a 
browni(h  compaiT;  enamel.*     Accordiilg  to  Wiegleb, 
it  is  compofed  of      41.25  alumina, 
34.16  (ilica, 
20.00  iron, 
5.41  manganefe. 


t  CnWs 
£cttragej   I* 
Bandt:t.   4. 
Utick,  p. 
21. 

47 
Granatitc. 


}  Fig.  10. 
*  Rtme  de 
tijlc,   il. 
435- 


100.82  f 

SPECIES  5.     Granatite. 
Stnurotid:  of   Hauy — Pierre  de   Croix  of  De   L  llr — 
Stauroiithe  of  Lametherie. 

We  have  adopted  from  Mr  Vauquelin  the  term_g-r<j- 
nalite  to  denote  this  (\one,  becaufe  all  the  other  names 
are  ambiguous,  having  been  applied  to  another  m.ineral 
poifefled  of  very  diilerent  properties. 

Granatite  is  found  in  Galicia  in  Spain,  and  Britan- 
ny  in  France.  It  is  always  cryft.dli/.ed  in  a  very  pecu- 
liar form  ;  two  (ix-lided  prii'ms  interfe<5i  each  other,  ei- 
ther at  right  angles  or  obliquely. J  Hence  the  name 
crofijione,  by  which  it  was  known  in  France  and  Spain.* 
Mr  Hauy  has  proved,  in  a  very  ingenious  manner,  that 
the  primitive  form  of  the  granatite  is  a  rectangular 
prifm,  whofe  ba(es  are  rhombs,  with  angles  of  129^" 
and  50I"  ;  and  that  the  height  of  the  prilm  is  to  the 
greater  diagonal  of  a  rhomb  as  i  to  6  ;  and  that  its  in- 
tegrant molecules  are  triangular  prifnis,  fmillar  to  what 
would  be  obtained  by  cutting  the  piimitive  cryilal  in 
two,  by  a  plane  paffing  vertically  tlirough  the  lliorter 


diagonal  of  the  rhomboidal  bafe.  From  this  (lni>niire  sinij,le 
lie  has  demonllrated  the  law  of  the  formatic».i  of  the  Atones, 
crueitorm  varieties.*  The  colour  oi  granatite  is  grey-  •  ^;,„.  j,. 
iih  or  reddifh  brown.  Chint.  vi. 

According  to  the  analyfis  of  Vauquelin,  it  is  com-  '■i^- 
poled  of  47-c'j  alumina, 

30.59  (ilica, 
15.30  oxyd  cf  iron, 
3.00  lime, 


95-95  t 
Genus  VI.  2.     sai. 
SPECIES  4.     Tourmaline  (2). 
This  (lone  was  (irft  made  known  in  Europe  by  fpeci- 
meiis  brought  from   Ceylon;  but  it  is  now  found  fre- 
quently forming  a  part  of  thecompofition  of  mountains. 
It  is  either  in  amorphous  pieces,  or  cryllallizcd  in  three 
or  nine-fided  pr.fms,  with  four-fided  fummits. 

Its  texture  is  toliated  :  Its  Ira^liire  conchoidal,  In- 
tem.il  hilhc  2  to  3.  Tianipaiency  3  to  4  ;  ibmelimes 
only  2  (a).    Cr.uies  only  (ingle  reft aftion.*     Hardiiefs 

9  to  It.     Sp.  gr.  3.05  to  3.155.     Col  ur  brown,  often 

10  dark  that  the  (lone  nppears  black  ;  the  brown  has  al- 
fo  fometimes  a  tint  of  green,  Klue,  red,  or  yellow. 

When  heated  to  200*^  Fahienheit,  it  becnmes  elec- 
tric ;  one  of  t!ie  fummits  ot  the  crylf  il  negatively,  the 
other  potuively.f  It  reddens  when  heated  ;  and  is  lu- 
fible/iirryf  with  inlumefcence  into  a  white  or  grey  ena- 
mel. 

A  fpecimen  of  the  tourmaline  of  Ceylon,  analyfed  by 
Vauquelin,  was  cmipofed  of 
40     lilica, 
39     alumina, 
12     (ixyd  of  iron, 
4     lime, 
2.5  ox)d  of  manganefe. 


+  IhiJ.  in. 

106. 

48 
G.  VI.  2. 

SAI. 

Tourma- 
line. 


*Jaur.  d* 
Min.  N" 
xxviii.  165. 


t  JEfl 


97-5t- 


a-.-,.  XII. 


species  5.     Argentine  felfpar.^  j^-. 

This  (lone  was  difcovered  by  Mr  Dodun  in  the  black 
motmtains  of  L.-.nguedoc.      It  is  either  amorphous,  or  Argentine 
cryllallized  in  ihoniboid.il  tables,  or  fi.'c  or  eight-lided  fclTpar. 
prifms.     Its  texture  is  foliated.     Fragments  redangu- §.'^'>«'"', 
iar.     Laminar  indexible.     Internal  lullre  4.    Tranfpa- '•  •5*7- 
rency  2.     Colour  white  ;  two  oppofite  faces  of  the  cry- 
ftals  are  filver  white,  two  otlicrs  dead  while.     Hardnefs 
of  the   lilvery  lamin.c  6,  of  the  roll  9.     Brittle.     Sp. 
gr.  2.5.      When  the  flame  of  the  bljw-pipe  is  direfled 
againll  the  edges  of  the  cryilal  (lluck  upon  gl.ifs),  it 
eaiily  melts  into  a  clear  compa(5l  glafs  ;  but  when  the 
flame  is  direi^led  againd  the  (aces,  they  prefervc  their 
ludre,  and  tiie  edges  alone  flowly  melt. 

According  to  the  analyiis  of  Dodun,  it  is  compofed 
46  filica, 
36  alumina, 
16  oxyd  ol  iron, 

98 
When  this  ftone  is  expofed  to  the  atmofphcre,  it  is 
3   R  2  apt 


of 


(z)  Kiriu  1  271. — lier^.  II.  iiS.  and  V  402. — Gfrhurd.  Alem.  lierlin.  r 
17^4,  270. — IVii/m  Phil.  Tranf.  XLI.  308. — JEpinus.  Recueil fur  la  Tourmaline, 
phir,  I'Oii/  J.-  ('J.\it.  ft  111  Tourmaline  de  Ceylori  dcmafquei. 

(a)  And  when  black  only  i. 


•7,   p.    14. — Hduy  Mem.    Par- 
dee alio  La  Porterie.     Le  S.ip- 


MINERALOGY. 


50 

Mica. 
U  Kinv.  i. 
a  10 — Gmc 
I'tn^  Nov. 
Com.  Petro- 
fol.  xii. 
J49- 


trig 


+  rig.  12. 

Jour.  Jc 
Min.  N° 
\xviii.  296. 


'IHd. 


apt  to  Jecay:  Its  Tjrface  becomes  iridcfccnt,  :iniiathft 
changes  to  ochre  yellow:  Its  fpecific  gravity  is  2.3  or 
2.212;  anJ  when  breathed  upon,  it  gives  out  an  earthy 
fmell. 

SPECIES  6.     Mica  y. 

This  flonc  fiirms  an  elTential  part  ot  many  mountains, 
and  has  been  long  known  under  the  names  c,{ ^'.ccia  ma- 
rie and  Mitfcovy  ghtfs.  It  confifts  ot'  a  great  number 
of  thin  lamiiiSB  auhering  to  eacli  other  fometimes  of 
a  very  large  lize.  Specimens  have  been  found  in  Si- 
beria nearly  2t  yards  fquare  (b). 

It  is  fonictimcs  crv  ftallized  :  Its  primitive  form  is  a 
redingular  prilm,  whofe  b.ii'es  are  rhombs,  with  angles 
of  1 30°  and  60"  f  :  Its  integrant  molecule  has  the  fame 
form.  Scmelimes  it  occurs  in  re<5langul.ir  prifros,  whofe 
b.ifis  alfo  are  reftargles,  and  fomctimes  aUb  in  lliort  lix- 
fided  prifnis  f  ;  but  it  is  much  more  iVequenily  in  plates 
or  fcales  of  no  determinate  figure  or  dv.s.'* 

Its  texture  is  foliated.  Its  fragments  fiat.  The  la- 
mella flexible,  and  fomewhat  elaftic.  Luftre  metallic, 
from  3  to  4.  Tranfparency  of  the  laminx  3  or  4,  fome- 
times  only  2  (c).  Hardnefs  6.  Very  tough.  Often 
abforbs  water.  Sp.  gr.  from  z.6546  to  2.9342.  Feels 
linooth,  but  not  greafy .  Powder  feels  greafy.  Colour, 
when  pureft,  filvcr  white  or  grey  ;  but  it  occurs  alfo 
yellow,  greenilli,  rcddifh,  brown,  and  black.  Mica  is 
iufible  by  the  blow-pipe  into  a  wliitt,  grey,  green,  or 
black,  enamel  ;  and  this  laft  is  attr^icted  by  the  niag- 
net  (n).  Spanifh  wax  rubbed  by  it  become^  negatively 
eleifliic* 

A  fpecimen  of  mica,  analyfedby  Vauquelin,  contained 
50.00  filici, 
35.00  alumina, 
7.00  o.tyd  of  iron, 
1.35  magnefia, 
1.33  lime, 


1 7W.  302, 


51  - 
Talc. 
■  Kiriv.  i. 
150. — Poll 
JVIrm.  hir'.. 
I746,p.  ("'i 


5  i/jiyt, 
Jour,  tte 
Min.  N' 
Xiviii.  3JI. 


94.68t. 
Mica  has  long  been  employed  as  a  fubditute  for 
glafs.  A  great  quantity  of  it  is  faid  to  be  uled  in  the 
Kuffian  marine  i'or  panes  to  the  cabin  windows  of  (hips ; 
it  is  preferred,  becaufe  it  is  net  fo  liable  as  glafs  to  be 
broken  by  the  agitation  ol  the  (hip. 

SPECIES  7.     Talc ;};. 

This  (lone  has  a  very  llrong  refen)blance  to  mica, 
and  was  long  confidered  as  a  mere  variety  ot  that  mine- 
ral. It  occurs  fometimes  in  fmall  loofe  fcales,  and  fome- 
tiiiies  in  an  induiated  form;  but  it  has  not  hitherto 
been  found  cryftailized. 

Its  texture  is  foliated.  The  lamcUrs  are  flexible,  but 
note'allic  Itsluitre  is  from  2  to  4.  Tranfparency  frr>m 
2  to  4.  Hardnefs  4  to  6.  Sp.  gr.  when  indurated, 
from  2.7  to  2.8.  Feels  greafy.  Colour  moft  common- 
ly wliitilh  or  greenifh.  Spanilh  wax  tubbed  witli  it  be- 
comes prjJhi'Vi'ly  eleif  ric  J . 

Variety  I.     Scaly  talc. 
Talcile  of  Kirw.in. 

This  variety  occurs  under  the  iorni  of  fmall  fcales, 


fcarcely  cohering.     Lnflrc  3  to  4.     Very  light.     Ad- 
heres to  tlie  fingers.     When  rubbed   upon  tlie  ikin,  it  , 
give>;  it  a  glofs.     Colour  white,  with  a  (hade  of  red  or 
green;  fometimes  leek  green. 

Farhty  2.     Common  talc. 
Venetiiin  tah. 
This  variety  often  occurs  in  oblong  nodules.    Lufti  e, 
nearly  metallic,  4.     Tranfparency  2  to  3  ;  wlien  very 
thin  4.     Hardnefs  4  to  5.     Colour  white,  with  a  (hade 
of  green  or  red;  or  apple  green,  verging   towards  (li- 
ver white.     By  tranfmitted  light,  green. 
Vdi'iely  3.      Shifiofc  talc. 
Its  ftruflure  is  fiaty.     Frafture  hackly  and  long  fplin- 
tery.     Eafily  crumbles  wlien   rubbed   In    the  fraiflure. 
External  hUlre  2  to  3  ;  internal,   i  ;  but  f  mctimes,  in 
certain  p'^fitions,  3.  Colour  grey,  with  a  fhade  of  nhite, 
green  or  blue.     Becomes  white  and  fcaly  when  expofed 
to  the  air. 

A  fpecimen  of  common  talc,  analyfed  by  Mr  Chene- 
vix,  contained      48 ;0  tilica, 

37.0  alumina, 
6.0  oxyd  of  iron, 
1.5  magnefia, 
1.5  lime, 
5.0  water, 


Clafs  I. 

Simple 
Stones. 


99.0." 

spiciEs  8.     Bafaltinef. 


n.dl 


'An 
Chim. 

xxviii.  2C0. 

Biifaltic  hornlUnde  of  Werner — y/fl/no/c- of  Hauy — Zil- .^^.  '"''■. 

lerlite   of    Lamctherie — Shorl  prifmati'^ue  hexa^onc  jjo. 

of  SaulFuie. 
This  ftone  is  found  commonly  in  bafallic  rocks ;  hence 
its  name,  which  we  have  borrowed  from  Mr  Kirwan. 
It  is  cryllallized,  eitlicr  ui  rhomboldal  prifros,  or  fix  or 
eight-fidcd  prifms,  termii^ated  by  three-fided  pyramids. 
Its  texture  is frliated.  Its  fraiTture  uneven.  Lullre  3. 
Tranfparency,  when  in  very  thin  pla'ef,  i.  Hardnefs 
from  9  to  10.  Sp.  gr.  3.333.  Colour  black,  dark 
green,  or  yellowifh  green.  Streak  white.  Tranin.its  a 
rcddilh  yellow  light.  Before  the  blow-pipe,  it  melts 
into  a  ereyilh  coloured  enamel,  with  a  tint  ot  yellow  f.  .  .  , . 
A  fpecimen,  feemmgly  of  this  (tone,  analyfed  by  Berg-  iy„,^.  j^ 


man,  contained     58  fiHca, 

27  alumina, 
9  iron, 
4  lime, 
I  magnefia, 


7« 

Min.  N° 
xxviii.  269. 


99+- 


53 
Horn- 


\  Ber^.  iii. 
307. 
SPECIES   9.     Hornblende «[[. 
Amphlbole  of  Hauy  (e). 
This    (lone  enters  into  the  compoiition  of  various  blende, 
mountains.       Irs  texture  is  very  confplcuoufly  foliated,  j,,"^"'  '' 
Fra(5ture  conchoidal.      Fragments    often  ihomboidal. 
Lullre  2.     Opaque.     Hardnefs  5  to  9.     Tough.     Sp. 
gr.  2.922  103.41.     Colour  black,  blackifh  green,  olive 

green. 


(b)  Hijl    General  de  Voyage,  T.  XVIII.  272,  quoted  byHsuy  Jour,  di  Min.  N»  XXVIII.  299. 

(c)  Black  mica  is  often  ne.irly  opaque. 

(d)  Hauy,  ibid.  p.  295.     Bergman,  however,  found  pure  mica  infufible /rr  _/! ;   and  this  has  been  the  cafe 
with  all  the  fpecimens  of  Mulcovy  glafs  which  we  have  tried. 

(e)  We  fufpeift,  that  under  this  name  Mr  Hauy  comprehends /jcr/ alfo. 


Order  I. 


MINERALOGY. 


Earths  and  greett.  Or  leek  green.  Streak  greenifli.  It  neltlier  be- 
btonci.  comes  elciftric  by  friiflion  nor  heat.*  Before  the  b!ow- 
•  Hauy,  pipe  it  melts  into  a  black  glafs.  A  fpecimen  of  black 
Jour.  Je  hornblende,  analyfed  by  Mr  Hermann,  was  compofed  of 
Mi..  N°  37  niica, 

=">''"•  26?-  27  alumina, 

25  iron, 
5  lime, 
3  magneaa, 


blciidc. 


\Biiib.  in  97  t 

jjjjj.'xiy.  SPECIES   10.     Refplendent  Hornblende 

54  There  ure  two  minerals  which  Werner  confiders  as 

RcfiiL-n-      varieties  ol  hornblende,  and  Mr  Kirwan  as  cunlli'-uting 
kl"l,' ,''""'"  "  dillin.n  fpecies.     Tbefe,  till  future  analyfes  decide  the 
point,  we  lliall  pi  ;cc  here  under  the  name  of  refplendent 
hornblende,  the  name  given  them  by  Mr  Kirwan  ;  and 
we  Ihall  dcfciibe  them  feparately. 

FaiL'/y  I.  Labradore  hornblende. 
Texture,  curved  foliated.  Lullre,  in  fome  pofi- 
tions,  o  ;  in  others  metallic,  and  trom  3  to  4.  Opaque. 
Hardnefs  8  to  9.  Sp.  gr.  from  3.35  to  3.434.  Co- 
lour, in  moll  pofitions,  greyilh  black  ;  in  otliers,  it  re- 
fleifls  .1  llrong  iron  grey,  fometinies  mi.\ed  with  copper 
red. 

Variety  2.  Shiller  fpar.* 
Texture  foli.ued.  Luflre  met.iliic,  4.  Tranfpareri- 
cy,  in  thin  pieces,  i.  Hardnefs  8  to  9.  Sp.gr.  2. 8S2. 
Colour  green,  clten  with  a  (hade  of  yellow;  alfogok'en 
vellow.  In  fome  pofitions  ii  refleds  white,  giey,  or 
yellow.  At  141"  Wedgewo-'d,  hardened  into  a  porcelain 
niafs.  A  fpecimen,  analyfed  by  Gmelin,  was  compofed 
of  43.7  filic  1, 

179  alumina, 
23.7  iron. 


•  Kirtv.  i. 
2ZI. 


1 1.2  magnefia. 


f  Berghau" 
kundcy 

I  Band.  p. 
92. 

55 
Obfidi-in. 

II  K'trtv.  i. 
264. 


$  Berg,  ii 
304. 

56 
Pttnlite. 

*   Kirlv.  i 
315- 


57 
Tclfite. 
■^  Kifw. 
316. 


9^-5t- 
It  has  been  found  in  the  Hartz,  (luck  in  a  ferpen- 

tine  rock. 

SPECIES  1 1.  Obfidian  ]|. 
Iceland  a^alc. 
This  (lone  is  found  either  in  detached  ma(res,  or  form- 
ing a  part  of  the  rocks  which  conipofe  many  monniaiiis. 
It  is  ufually  inverted  with  a  grey  or  opaque  crull.  Its 
fraiflure  is  conciioidal-  Its  internal  luftre  3.  Tranf- 
parency  i.  Hardnefs  10.  Sp.  gr.  2.348.  Colour 
black  or  greyilh  black  ;  when  in  very  thin  pieces,  green. 
It  melts  into  an  opaque  grey  mafs.  According  to  Berg- 
man, it  is  compofed  of      69  filica, 

22  alumina. 


100^. 

SPECIES  12.  Petrilite.* 
Cubic  felfpar. 
This  (lone  is  found  \u  the  n'afs  of  mountains.  It 
is  amorphi  us.  Texture  foliated.  Fra(5iure  fplintery. 
Fragments  cubic,  or  inclining  to  that  form  ;  their  faces 
unpi'hdied.  Luftre  2.  Tranl'patency  partly  2,  partly  i. 
Hardnc('s9.  Sp.gr.  3.081.  Colour  reddilh  brown. 
Does  not  melt  at  160°  WedgewcoJ. 

SPECIES   13.     Felfitef. 
Compatl  felfpar. 
This  (lone  alfo  forms  a  paitof  many  mountains,  and 


is  amorphous.  Texture  forr.ewhat  foliated.  Frafiure 
uneven,  approaching  to  the  fplintery.  Lullre  i.  Tranf- 
parcncy  foarce  i.  Hardnefs  y.  Colour  azure  blue, 
and  fomeiimes  brown  and  green.  Streak  white.  Le- 
fore  the  blow-pipe,  whitens  and  becomes  rifty  ;  but  is 
infufible  per  fe. 

Genus  VII.     sap. 

SPECIES    I.      Felfpar  f. 

This  (lone  forms  tie  princip  il  part  of  many  of  the 
higheil  mountains.  It  is  commonly  cryftallized.  Its 
primitive  form,  according  to  De  LilL",  is  a  rectangular 
prii'm,  vvliofe  bafes  are  rhombs,  with  angles  of  65"  and 
1 15^"  f .  Sometimes  the  edges  of  the  prifm  are  wanting, 
and  faces  in  their  pi  ice;  and  fometmcs  this  is  the  cafe 
alf;i  with  the  acute  angles  of  the  rhomb.  For  a  de- 
fcription  and  figure  of  thefo,  ;:nd  other  varieties,  we  re- 
fer the  reader  to  Rome  de  I.'fle,^  Mr  Hauy  f ,  and  Mr 
PimX. 

Its  texture  is  foliated.  Its  crofs  frai5lure  uneven. 
Fragments  rh.'imboidal,  and  commonly  fmooth  and  po- 
lilhed  on  four  fides.  Lullre  of  the  polilhed  faces  often 
3.  Tranfparency  from  3  to  r.  Hardnefs  9  to  10.  Sp. 
gr.  from  2.437  to  2.7.  Gives  a  pecu.iar  od^ur  when 
rubied.  It  is  made  eleiftric  with  great  diflicuhy  by 
friiftion.  Fufible  per  fe  into  a  more  or  Id's  tranfparent 
j;hifs.  When  cryftallized,  it  decrepitates  beloie  ths 
blow-pipe. 

Variety   I.     Pure  Felipar. 
Moon  Jlonc — Adu'.aria. 

This  is  the  puiell  feilpar  hiherto  tVund.  It  occurs 
in  Ceylon  and  Switzeilai.d;  and  was  firit  mentioned  by 
Mr  Sage.  Lullre  nearly  3.  Tranfparcncy  2  to  3. 
Hardiiefs  10.  Sp.gr.  2.559.  Colour  white;  fome- 
tinies with  a  lliade  of  )  ellow,  green,  or  red.  Its  furface 
is  Ibnietimes  iridefcent. 

Variety   2.     Common  Felfpar. 

Luftre  of  the  crofs  fra(?lure  o;  of  the  fraiflure,  in  the 
direelion  of  thi  laminx,  from  3  to  t.  Tranfparency  2 
to  I.  C'liurinoft  commonly  flelh  red;  but  often  bluiOi 
grey,  yellowilh  white,  milk  white,  brownilh  yellow  ;  and 
fometimes  blue,  olive  green,  and  even  bl.ick. 
Variety   3.      Libradore  felfpar. 

This  variety  was  difcovered  on  the  coafl  cf  Labra- 
dore  by  Mr  Wolfe  ;  and  fince  that  time  it  lias  been 
found  in  Europe.  Luftre  z  to  3.  Tranfparency  from 
I  to  3.  Sp.  gr.  from  2.67  to  2.6925.  Colour  grey. 
In  certain  pofui.ins,  fpots  of  it  reHedl  a  blue,  purple, 
red,  or  green  colour. 

Variety  4.     Continuous  felfpar. 

This  variety  mod  probably  belmgs  to  a  ilifTerent  fpe- 
cics  ;  but  as  it  has  not  hitherto  been  analyled,  we  dij 
not  think  ourfelves  at  liberty  to  alter  its  place. 

It  is  found  inlaigemalfis.  Texture  earthy.  Frac- 
ture uneven,  fiinetimes  fplintery.  Lullre  o.  Tranl- 
parency  i.  Hardneis  10.  Sp.  gr.  2.6c(j.  Colour 
reddilh  grey,  reddilh  yellow,  flelh  red. 

A  fpecimen  of  green  tclfpar  from  Sibciia,  analyfed 
by  Vauquclin,  contained 

62. S3  filica, 
17.02  alumina, 
16.00  petals, 
3.00  lime, 
1. 00  oxyd  of  iron.. 


Simple 
Stones. 


58 

G.VII.SAP. 
Felfpar. 
t  Kir-.u. ;. 
jr6.  and 
y«'jr.  de 
Phf.  paf- 
fim. 

t  Fig-  13- 
aiid  14. 


*  CryJIdr. 
ii.  461. 

t  Jl/.w;. 
Fur.  I  78  J, 

P-  2  73- 
\  Sur  de 
2<^oitvcl!e 
CryJIallifa- 
tinn,   &.C.  8 


99.85!!. 


II  Ann.  at 
SPECIES    ic6. 


502 


MINERALOGY. 


ciafs  r. 


Earths  and 
Stuiics. 


SPKC1E5  2.     Lepidolite  (f). 
Lilalile. 

^■^^^"^  This  done  appears  to  have  been  firftobferved  by  the 
I.ep'.dolite.  AbbJ  Poda,  Awd  lohive  been  firfl  defcnbed  by  De 
^Crrtl'syVi-  ]i^.Tn§.  Hitlierto  it  lias  only  been  found  in  Moravia 
nalt,  i79i>  in  Germany,  and  Sudermania  in  Sweden*.  Tliere  it 
','■  ''  is  mlNe.l  with  (rr.inite  in  larire  amorphous  mafles.     It  is 

Am-He  conipoled  cfthin  plates,  eafily  leparatcd,  and  not  unlike 
Chim.ixix.  thole  I  f  niicaf .  Lullre,  pearly  3.  Tranlpaiency  be- 
io3.  tween   i   and  2.     Hardiuis  4  to  5.     Not  eafily  pulvc- 

titiiWrr,  rifed;};.     Sp.  gr.  from   2.8i6||   to  2.854951.     Colour 
i/"^'  NO  r   °^  '''''  '^'''*'  vii'let  blue  ;  of  the  thin  plates,  lilvtry  white, 
jj    ■  ■  Powder  white,   with  a  tint  of  red^.      Before  the  blow- 

I  IbU.  P'l'^'  't  frotlis,  and  nu'lcs  c;di',y  inln  a  white  feniitranfpa- 

II  Klafro'.b.  lent  enamel,  full  of  bubbles.  Diirolves  in  borax  «ith 
^  Hauy.  effervefceiice,  and  commur.icates  no  colour  to  it*.  Ef- 
%Li  Lirvrr,  fi.rverces  flightly  with  foda,  and  melts  into  a  mafs  fpot- 
jiifn  '^°\\  '•'^'■'  ^"''  "^'^'  ^^''''  niicrocofmic  lalt,  it  gives  a  pearl 
210.'  coliiured  globulef . 

•  IIU.  This  ftone  was  firft  called  lilalite  from  its  colour,  that 

t  K/afroii,  of  the  /i/y.      Kl  iproth,  who  dlfcovered  its  component 
Ann.  o'c       parts,  gave  it  the  name  of  UplJoliic  [g). 
It  is  conipofed  of         53  liiica, 

20  alumina, 
18  pot.ifs, 
5  tluat  of  lime, 
3  oxyd  ot  ni.ir.ganefe, 
I  oxyd  (.li  iron. 


Chim.  xxii. 
37- 


J  yauqueti/ty 
Ann.  de 
Ch'tm.  MX. 
105. 

60 
Leucite. 
II  KiriV'  i. 

a8j. 


1 00  J 
SPECIES   3.     Leucite  I 


Vefuvian  of  Kir  wan — Wh'iU  garnet  of  Vefuvius. 

This  none  is  ufually  found  in  volcanic  produiftions, 
and  is  very  abundant  in  the  ncighbmirhood  of  Vefuvius. 
It  \3  always  cryll.iilized.  The  primitive  form  of  its  cry- 
Itah  is  either  a  cube  or  a  rhomboidal  dodecahedron,  and 
its  integrant  molecules  are  tetrahedrons  ;  but  the  varie- 
ties hitherto  obferved  are  all  polyliedrons :  The  moll 
common  has  a  fpheroidal  figure,  and  is  bounded  by  24 
equal  and  hmilar  trapcziodjf;  fometimes  the  faces  are 
12,  18,  36,  54,  and  triangular,  pentagonal,  &;c.  For 
a  defcriptirn  and  figure  of  feveral  of  thefe,  we  refer  the 

'^  Jour.de    reader  to  Mr  Hauy||.     The  cry ftals  vary  from  the  fii;e 

Min.  N°     of  a  pin  head  to  tha.t  of  an  inch. 

2CXV11.  185.  'piig  ttxture  of  the  leucite  is  foliated.  Its  fra<ffure 
fomewhat  conchcidal.  Lullre  3  ;  when  in  a  ftate  of 
decompofition  o.  Tranfparency  3  to  2  ;  when  decom- 
pofing  o.  Ilaidnefs  8  to  10  ;  when  decompufing  5  to  6. 
Sp.  gr.  2.4648.   Colour  white,  or  greyilli  white (h  ).    Its 

,„        ,.    powder  caules  fyrup  of  violets  to  affume  a  green  colour*. 

Ic'r"'!-     '      ^'  '^  compofed,  as  Klaprcth  has  (hewn,  of 
I>jo  54  filica, 

165.  23  alumina, 

22  potafs. 


+  Fig.  15. 


It  was  by  analyfing  this  (lone  that  Klaproth  dlfeo-     Simple 
vered  the  pr.;fence  of  potafs  in  the  miner. il  kingdom  ;     Stoiic5. 
which  is  not  the  leall  important  of  the  numerous  difco- 
verics  of  that  accurate  and  iilulhious  chemill. 

Leucite  is  found  fometimes  in  rocks  winch  have  ne- 
ver been  expofeJ  to  volcanic  fire;  and  Mr  Dolomieu 
has  rendered  it  prob.;blc,  from  the  fubftances  in  which 
it  is  found,  that  the  leucite  of  volcanoes  has  not  been 
formed  by  volcanic  fiie,  but  tliat  it  exifted  previoufly 
in  the  rocks  upon  wliicii  the  volcanoes  have  ailed,  and 
tint  it  was  thrown  out  unaltered  in  fragments  of  ihefe 
rocksj".  §  yo^r.Ji 

Genus  VIII.     sag.  Min.ti'' 

SPECIES    I.     Emerald  (k).  "^^''a  ^^'' 

Tills  ftone  has  hitherto  been  only  fnund  cryflallized.  q  y|'|[ 
The  primitive  l';rm  of  its  cryllals  ii  a  regular  lix-lided  ,ai;.  Eme- 
prifni  ;  and  the  form  of  its  integrant  molecules  is  a  tri-  raid, 
angular  prifm,  whofe  fides  are  i'quarcs,  and  bafes  equila- 
teral triangles*.     The  moll  common  vaiiety  of  its  cry-  •  ^„,^ 
ftals  is  the  regular  fix-fided  prifm,  fometimes  with  the  your-jl 
edges  of  the  prifm,  or  of  the  bafes,  or  the  folid  angles,  M",.  N" 
or  both  wantiugf ,  and  fmall  faces  in  their  placef .     The  "'".  7^- 
fides  of  the  pnlm  are  generally  channelled.  |^'^'  .' 

Its  texture  is  foliated.    Its  tradure  conchoidal.  Luftre  \in"'\\, ' 
ufually  from  3  to  4.    Tranlparency  from  2  to  4.    Caufes  243.' and 
a  double  rtfrafliun.      Hardnefs   12.      Sp.  gr.   2. 65  to  Hauy,ibiJ. 
2.775.     Colour  green.      Becomes  eleflric  by  friL^tion, 
but  not  by  heat.     Its  powder  does  not  ph'ifphorefce 
when  thrown  on  a  hot  ironf .     At   150"   Wedgewood  j.  Hotomiiu, 
it  melts  into  an  opaque  coloured  mafs.     According  to  jmr.  de 
Dolomieu,   it  is  fufible^fryf  by  the  blow-pipej.  .V/m.  N^ 

This  mineral  was  formerly  fubdivided  into  twodiftinft  *^"I-  '9- 
fpecies,  the  emerald,  and  beryl  or  aqua  marina.  Hauy  '  '  ' 
demonllrated,  that  the  emerald  and  beryl  correfponded 
exa<ftly  in  their  (Iruflure  and  properties,  and  Vauquelin 
found  that  they  were  compofed  of  the  fame  ingredients  ; 
henceforth,  therefore,  they  mull  be  confidered  as  va- 
rieties of  the  fame  fpecies. 

The  variety  formerly  called  emerald  varies  in  colour 
from  the  pale  to  the  perfed  green.  When  heated  to 
120°  Wedgewood,  it  becomes  blue,  but  recovers  its  co- 
lour when  cold.  A  fpecimen,  analyfed  by  Vauquelia« 
was  compofed  of 

64.60  filica, 
14.00  alumina, 
13.00  glucina, 
3.50  oxyd  of  chromum, 
2.56  lime, 
2.00  moifture  or  other  volatile  inorredient. 


Ml 


99(') 


99-66 11  ^^^  ^^ 

The  beryl  is  of  a  greyifii  green  colour,  and  fometimes  J;^,-^  ^^i_ 
blue,  yellow,  and  even  white:  fometimes  different  co-  264. 
lours  appear  in  the  fame  ftnneij.     It  is  found  in  Ceylon, 
diftVrent  parts  of  India,  Brazil,  and  efpecially  in  Siberia  Vy'  """"' 
and  Tartary,  where  its  cryflals  are  fometimes  a  foot 


(f)  Kirnu.  I.  208. — Karjlen.  Beob.  dsr  Berlin,  5  Band.  71. — Klaproth  Beitrage,  I.  279.  and  II.  191. 

(g)  Th.it  k,  fciile Jlone,   or  llone  compofed  of  fcales  :   From  Atr;;,,  the  fcale  of  a  f.Jh,  and  Xi6w,  ajiorie. 
(h^   Hence  the  name  leucite,  from  Xfi-ait,   white. 

(1)    S;e  Jour,  de  Mm.  N°  XXVII.    194.  and  201.  and  Klaproth's  Beitrage,   II.  39. 

(k)   Kir.   I.  247.  and  248. — Dolomieu.  Magaziu  Encyclopediquc,  II.    17.  and   145.;  ZXld  jf our.  de  Mi n.  Nf 
XVIIl.    l^.— Klaproth  Behrd-e,   II.    12. 


Order  I. 


M  I  N  E  II  A  L  O  G  Y. 


Earth-,  and  long.     A  fpecimen  of  beryl,  analyfcd  by  VauqueliD; 

bioiici.     contained  6y     lilica, 

*"^~^^^'*^  13      aliiminj, 

16     ghicina, 
I.J  oxyd  ot  iron. 


H  Ann.  it 
Chirti. 

xxviii.  168 
62 

G.  IX.  SAB 

Staurolite. 
•  K,r'.u.  i. 


tFig-I7- 


+  Hnuy, 
^our~  Je 

xxviii.  i2o 


99-5  il 
It  was  by  anal)  ling  this  ftone  that  Vauquelin  difco- 

•  vercd  ihc  curih  whicii  he  called  ^/W/na. 

Genus  IX.    sab. 

spiciES    I.     Staurolite*. 

Andreol'ite  of  Lametherie  and  Hauy — Hyacinihe  blanche 

cruclforme,  var.  9.  ol    Rome  dc  Lile. 

This  ftcme  has  been  found   at  Andrealbeig  in   the 

Hartz.     It  is  cryllallized,  and  the  torm  of  its  cryftals 

has  induced  mineralogills  to  give  it  the  name  of  cr'jfs- 

Jlone.     Its  cryll.ilsf  are  t\TO  four-lided  H.ittcned  prifins, 

terminated   by   ftnr  fided  pyramid?,    inteifcifting  each 

other  at  right  angles :   the  plane  of  interfedion  paiEng 

longitudin;illy  through  the  prifms  (l). 

lis  texture  is  foli.ited.  Its  luftre  waxy,  2.  Tranf- 
parency  from  i  to  3.  Hardnefs  9.  Brittle.  Sp.  gr. 
2.355  to  2.361.  C(lc)urmilk  white.  When  heated 
fluwly,  it  Inks  0.15  or  o  16  parts  of  its  weight,  and  falls 
into  powder.  It  eiFervefces  with  borax  and  microccf- 
rriic  fait,  and  is  reduced  to  a  gieenilli  opjque  niafs.  AVilh 
(oda  it  m.lts  into  a  trothy  white  eriamul.  When  its 
powder  is  throv/n  on  a  hot  coal,  it  emits  a  greenilh 
yellow  lightf . 

A  fpecimen  analyfed  by  Weftrum  was  cooipofed  of 
4.J.  lilica, 
20  alumina, 
20  barytes, 
16  water. 


ICO 


Klaproth  found  the  fame  ingredients,  and  nearly  in 
t  »-•/.-.,     tlie  fame  proporlion4- 

S.  80.  A  variety  ot  lUurulite  has  been  found  only  once, 

which  has  the  ioUowing  peculiarities. 

Its  luftre  is  pearly,  2.  Sp.  gr.  2.361.  Colour 
brownilh  prey.  With  liida  it  melts  into  a  purplilh  and 
yell'wilh  frothy  enanjel.  It  is  compofed,  according  to 
Wellruni,  of         47.5  filica, 

120  alumina, 
io.o  b.irytes, 
16.0  water, 
4.5  oxyds  of  iron  and  mar.ganefe. 


C  X.   ASI, 

Chrylobc- 

•  Kiriv.  i. 
361. 


100. 0 

Genus  X.    i.  asl. 
sPEciF.s    I.     Chryfoberyl*. 

Oriental  chryjolile  of  jewellers — Cyviofhane  of  Hauy. 

Hitherto  tliis  Hone  has  been  found  only  in  Brazil, 
the  iiland  of  Ceylon,  and  as  fome  affirm  near  Nortfchink 
■o  Siberia.  Werner  firll  njade  it  a  dilhn«ft  fpecies,  and 
gave  it  the  name  which  we  have  adopted.  It  is  ulually 
found  in  round  mall'es  about  the  lizc  ol  a  pea,  but  it  is 
fometimes  alio  cryll.dliied.  The  primitive  form  of  its 
cryftals  is  a  four-lided  reftangular  prilm,  whotc  height 


is  to  its  breadth  as  v^3  to  i,  and  to  its  thicknefs  as  \/2 
to  Lf.  The  only  variety  hitherto  obferved  is  an  eight- 
fided  priim,  ternr.inatcd  by  lix-fided  fummitsj;.  T^-o  of 
the  faces  ol  the  prilm  are  hexagons,  two  are  reflangles, 
and  four  trapeziums ;  two  faces  of  t!ie  fummits  are  red- 
aiigles,  and  the  other  A  ur  trapeziums.  Sometimes  two 
ot  the  edges  of  the  prilm  aie  wanting,  and  fmall  faces 
in  their  placef . 

Its  texture  is  foliated.  Lamiiiie  parallel  to  the  faces 
of  the  priim.  Luftre  3  to  4.  Tranfparsncy  3  to  4. 
Cauits  iingle  rcfradiun.  Hardnefsiz.  Sp.  gr.  from 
3.698J  to  3.7961 1|.  Colour  yellowiih  j^ieen,  I'uila  e 
Iparkling.  It  is  infufible  by  the  blow-pipe  per  ft,  and 
with  loda. 

A  fpecimen  of  chryfiberyl,  analyfcd  by   Klaproth, 
was  compofed  of         71.5  alumina, 
iH.o  filicn, 

6.0  lime, 

l.J  oxyd  of  iron. 


Simple 
Stones. 

t  Fig-  IS. 

\  Fig-  ly- 


t  Hjuy, 
'Jour.  Je 
jWn.  N° 
xxi.  5. 

}  fycrnr. 
II   Jiauy. 


97.0J 

Genus  X.  2.  sal. 
SPECIES  2.  Hyalite*. 
This  ftone  is  frequently  found  in  trap.  It  occurs 
in  grains,  filaments, and  rho.iiboidal  malFes.  Texture  fo- 
liated. Fraflure  uneven,  inclining  to  conchcidaL  Luftre 
gl.iiry(M},  2  to  3.  Tranlparency  2  to  3;  fometimes  tho' 
leldom,  it  is  opaque.  Hardnefs  9.  Sp.  gr.  2.1  if. 
Colour  pure  white.  InfjCible  at  150°  Wedgewood  • 
but  it  yields  to  fodaj;.  According  to  Mr  Link,  it  il 
compofed  of  57  fiiicj, 

16  alumina, 
15  lime. 


90  and  a  very  little  iron||. 
Species  3.     ./Edelite*. 
This  (lone  has  hitherto  been  found  only  in  Sweden 
at  Moflcberg  and  ^lidelfors.     From  this  laft  place  Mr 
Kirwan,  who  riift  made  it  a  dillina  fpecies,  has  given 
it  the  name  wliich  we  have  adopt:d.     It  was  hrft  men- 
tioned by  Bergmanf .      Its  form  is  tuberofe  and  knotty. 
Texture  itnaicd  ;  fometimes  refembles  quartz.     Luftre 
from  o  to  I.     Sp.  gr.  2.515  alter  it  has  abforbed  wa- 
ter|.     Colour  light  grey,  often  tinged  red;  all'o  yel- 
lowiih bi  own,  yeliowifh  green  and  green.      Before  the 
blow-pipe  it  intumefces  and  forms  a  frothy  mafs.    Acids 
conveit  it  into  a  jelly^.     A  fpecimen  from  Moircbcrg, 
analyfed  by  Bergman,  ciiUdincd 
69  lilica, 
20  alumina, 
8  lime, 
■;  water. 


«co||  ||q»,/<.  vi.. 

A  fpecimen  from  -A^Jelfors  yielded  to  the  fame  che-  J°'- 
mill  62  iilica, 

18  alumina, 
16  iime, 
4  water. 
»cc^  ^  JiiJ., 

Genus 


§  Bal.Sge, 
i.  lOJ. 

64 

G.  X.  a. 

S.\L. 

Hyalite. 
•  Kiru:  i. 
296. 

\  Kirivan^ 
\JJ. 


II  CrtlfsAn.. 
nail,  1790, 
2  BanJ. 

-lEdclite. 
*  Kiriv,  t. 
276. 

t  0/.!/-.  vi. 

lOI. 

}  See  JC:r- 
«■«•/! 'j  AZin.. 
i.  276. 

§  Berg.  iii. 
227. 


(l)   See    Gil/r.t,   your.  <le  ri'yf.  1793.  P-  '  ^"'^  ^• 

(mJ  Hence  probably  the  name  kjialiie,  which  was  impofed  bj  W^erner  from  "uaxn,  ^/u//,  .and  X(6»(,  ajhnc. 


504 


fed  of 


•  Hjuy, 
Jour.  Jr 
Mix.  N° 
xiv.  86. 


■)■  HauyyibiJ. 
N®  xxviii. 
S76. 


MINERALOGY 

Genus  X.  3.  sawl. 
SPECIES  4.  Zeolite  (n). 
'  This  Hone  was  firll  delcribeil  by  Cronfledt  in  the 
Stockhulm  Tranfaaioiis  for  1756.  It  is  found^  fome- 
times  amor|ihous  and  fomctimts  cryflallizod.  The  pri- 
Riilivc  lorm  of  its  cryftals  is  a  leilangular  priftn,  whofe 
bales  are  l'quare».  The  molt  common  variety  is  a  long 
four- Tided  prifm,  terminated  by  low  tour  fiJed  pyra- 
mids.* 

Its  te-vture  is  (Iriatcd  or  fibrous.  Its  luflrc  is 
filky,  from  3  to  1.  'I'raiifpareney  from  2104;  fomc- 
times  I.  Hardnefs  6  to  8  ;  fonietinies  only  4.  Abforbs 
water.  Sp.  "r.  2.07  to  2.3.  Colour  white,  often  with 
a  Ihade  ot  red  or  yellow;  lometimcs  biici^.red,  green, 
blue.  When  heated,  it  becomes  electric  like  the  tour- 
maline.f  Before  the  blow-pii-e  it  froths  (o),  emits  a 
phofphorefcent  light,  and  mclti  into  a  white  ft-mitranf- 
parent  enamel,  too  loft  to  cut  gla's,  and  foluble  in  acids. 
In  acids  it  dilFolves  llowly  and  partially  without  effer- 
vel'ccnce  ;  and  at  laft,  unlets  the  quantity  of  liquid  be 
too  great,  it  is  convened  into  a  jelly. 

A  fpecimen  of  zeolite  (r),  analyfed  by  Vauquelin, 
contained  53°°  hhea, 

27.00  alumina, 
y.46  lime, 
10.00  water. 


According  to  the  analyfis  of  Vauquelin,  it  Is  comno- 


52.0 


filica, 
17.5  alumina, 
9.0  lime, 
18.5  water. 


ciafs  r. 

Simple 
Stuncs. 


J  UiJ.  N° 
xliv.  576. 

67 
Stilbite. 


•  Hauy, 

Jtur.  * 

Mix.  a^ 

xiv.  86. 


f  Hauy.n.iJ. 
N°  xxviii. 
876. 


§  Vauqutlin 
xxxix.  i6l. 


99.46  J. 

SPECIES  5.  Stilbite. 
This  ftone  was  tirft  formed  into  a  diftlna  fpecies  by 
Mr  Hauy.     Formerly  it  was  conlidered  as  a  variety  of 

zeolite. 

The  primitive  form  of  its  cryftals  is  a  reflangular 
prifm,  whofe  bafes  are  rectangles.  It  cryltallizes  fome- 
times  in  dodecahedions,  confuting  ota  four-fided  prifm 
with  hexagonal  faces,  terminated  by  iour-lided  lummits, 
whole  faces  are  oblique  par.illelograms  ;  fometimes  in 
fix-fided  prifms  two  of  whofe  folid  angles  are  wanting, 
and  a  fmall  triancul.u  face  in  their  place.* 

Its  texture  is  foliated.  The  laminae  are  eafily  fepa- 
rated  from  each  other;  and  ate  fonie«hat  tle.xible. 
Lultre  pearly,  2  or  3  (O-  Hardnefs  interior  to  that 
of  icolite,  which  fcralches  (tilbite.  Brittle.  Sp.  gr. 
I.coQ.f  Colour  pearl  white.  Powder  bright  white, 
fometimes  with  a  Ihade  of  red.  This  powder,  when  ex- 
pofcd  to  the  air,  cakes  and  adheres  as  if  it  had  abforb- 
cd  watsr.  It  caufes  fyrup  of  viclets  to  aflame  a  green 
colour.  When  flilbite  is  heated  in  a  porcelain  crucible, 
it  fwells  up  and  alfumes  the  colour  and  femitranfparen- 
cy  of  b.iked  porcelain.  By  this  procefs  it  lofes  0.185 
of  its  weight.  Before  the  blow-pipe  it  troths  like  bo- 
rax, and  then  melts  into  an  opaque  white  coloured  en- 
,  amel.  J 


97.0  II  I  «'-^-^i64. 

SPECIES  6.  Analcime.  Analcimc 

This  ftone,  which  was  difcovered  by  Mr  Dolomieu, 
is  found  cryltallized  in  the  cavities  of  lava.  It  was  firft 
made  a  diltind  fpecies  by  Mr  Hauy.  Mineralogifts 
had  formerly  conioundcd  it  witii  zeolite. 

The  primitive  form  of  its  cryllals  is  a  cube.  It  is 
fometimes  found  cryltallized  in  cubes,  wliofe  fc.hd  angles 
are  wanting,  and  three  fmall  11  iangular  faces  in  place  of 
each  ;  fometimes  in  polyhedrons  with  24  faces.  It  is  ufu- 
ally  fomewhat  trani'parent.  Hardnefs  about  8;  fcratch- 
es  glafs  flightly.  Sp.  gr.  above  2.  When  rubbed,  it 
acquires  only  a  fmall  degree  of  electricity,  and  with  dif- 
ficulty (r).  Before  the  blow-pipe  it  melts  without 
frothing,  into  a  white  femitranfparcnt  glafs.* 

Genus  X.  4.  sla. 
SPECIES  7.   Lazulite.f 
This  ftone,  which  is  found  chiefly  in  the  northern  278. 
parts  of  Afia,  ha^  been  long  known  to  mineralogifts  by         69 
the  name  cf  iapis  lazuli.     Tliis  term  has  been  contract-  G.  X.  4. 
ed  into  lazulilc  by  Mr  Hauy  ;  an  alteration  which  was  ^^■''^^  '"='^''- 
ceitainly  proper,  and  which  therefore  we  have  adopted.  ."^. 
Lazulite  IS  always  amorphous.    Its  texture  is  earthy,  ig,. 
Its  fradture  uneven.     Luftre  o.     Opaque,  or  nearly  fo. 
Hardnefs  8  to  9.     Sp.gr.   2.76  to   2.945  J.     Colour  ^  Brijfm. 
blue  (s);  often  fpotted  white  from  fpecks  of  quartz, 
and  yellow  from  panicles  of  pyrites. 

It  retains  its  colour  at  100*  Wedgewood  ;  in  a  high- 
er heat  it  intumefces,  and  melts  into  a  yellowifli  black 
niafs.  With  acids  it  eifervefces  a  little,  and  if  previ- 
oully  calcined,  forms  with  them  a  jelly. 

Margraif  publiftied  an  analylis  of  lazulite  in  the  Ber- 
lin Memoirs  for  1758.  His  analyfis  has  fince  been 
confirmed  by  Klaproth,  who  found  a  fpecimen  of  it  to 
contain  46.0  lilica, 

14.5  alumina, 
28.0  carbonat  of  lime, 
6.5  fulphat  if  lime, 
3.0  cxyd  of  iron, 
2.0  water. 


•  Hauy, 
Jour,   de 
Mm.  N° 
xiv.   86. 
and  xxviii. 


1 00.0^ 

Genus  XI.   sali. 
species  I.  Garnet  (t). 


§  Btltragf, 
i.  196. 

70 


This  ftone  is  found  abundantly  in  many  mountains.  ^-  ^^' 
It  is  ufually  cryltallized.     The  primiiive  form  of  its  ^^j_'' 

chryftals 


XX.  4 

(") 
.  (') 

in  zeol 

(O 
442.- 


Kiriu.  I.  2-jS.—GuettarJ,   IV.   e^ .—Biicquet,  Mim.   Sav.  Etrang.  IX.   ^-J 6.— Pel/flier,  Jour,  dc  Phyf 

:o. 

Hence  the  name  ^eoTue,  given  to  this  mineral  by  Cror.ftedt ;  from  fs«,  to  firment,  and  x/Sii?,  ajlonc. 

Dr  Black  w.is  accullomed  to  mention,  in  the  conrfe  of  his  ledures,  that  Dr  Hutton  had  difcovered _/o</a 

ite.     This  difcovery  has  not  hitherto  been  verified  by  any  other  chemical  mincralogift. 

Hence  the  name  given  to  this  mineral  by  Ylt.\i.^,Jiilh'ite,  from  trnxCa,  lojhine. 

Hence  the  name  analcime  given  it  by  Hauy,  from  a»«\x/{,  iveai. 

Hence  the  name  la-iu'.hf,  from  an  Arabian  word  azul,  which  fignifies  Hue. 

Kircu.    I.   258. — Gtrhard,    Difquijisio  ph^:co-chymica   Gratiatorum,   &c. — Pafuinot,    Jour,  de   Phyf.   III. 
•ll'ieglib,  Ann.  de  Chim.  I.  231. 


Order  I. 


MINERALOGY. 


Earths  and  crfftals  is  a  dodecahedron  \vhofc  fides  are  rhombs,  with        Mr  Klaproth  found  a  fpeclmen  of  BuLem'aa  garnet, 

^^^:j^i^  angles  of  yH"  31'  44",  and  120°  28'  16".  The  inchna-    compofcd  of 
tion  cf  ihe  rhomlis  to  each  other  is  120°.     Tliis  dode- 
cahedron may  be  confidered  as  a  four-lided  prifm,  ter- 

•  Fig.  10.    minated  by  four-fided  pyramids.*      It  is  divitible  into 

'  Dc  Li/I.-,    four  par.iUelopipeds,  wliofe  fides  are  thombs ;  and  each 

ji.  jiiand  of  tliefc  may  be  divided  into  four  tetrahedrons,  whofe 

jP,'-        '  fides  are  ifolceles  triangles,  equal  and  fimilar  to  either 

xrii'.  xos.     °^  ^^^  halves  into  which   the   rhomboidal  faces  of  the 
dodecahedron  are  divided  by  their  fliorter  diagonal.  The 

^Haiiy,UiJ.  integrant  molecules  of  garnet  are  fimilar  tetrahedrons. f 


i<=>S 


^o  00  filica, 
28  50  alumina, 
16.50  oxyd  of  iron, 
10.00  magnefia, 
3.50  lime, 
.25  oxyd  of  mangaaefe. 

987511 
sPECiiss  2.  Thiimer(lo:ie.* 


Siirpli; 


t  IliJ. 

P  Ofwfc.  ii 

9- 

§  Hauyf 
your,  Ji 
Mm.  U° 
xxviii 


^  S  metimes  the  edges  ot  ihe  dodecahedron  are  wanting, 

and  fmall  faces  in  their  place  ;  and  fometimes  garnet  is 
cryflaliizfd  in  polyhedrons,  having  24  trapezoidalfaces. 
For  a  delcriplion  and  figure  of  ihefe,  and  other  varie- 
ties of  garnet,  we  refer  to  Rome  cle  Lijle  and  H,iuy.X 

The  texture  of  garnet,  as  Bergman  firft  Ihewed,  is 
foliated. II  Its  fradlure  commonly  conchoidal.  Inter- 
nal lultrc  from  4  to  2.  Tranlparency  from  2  to  4 ; 
fometimes  only  i  or  o.  Caufes  fingle  rcfradion.J 
Hardncfs  from  10  to  14.  Sp.  gr.  3.75  to  4.188.  Co- 
,  lour  ufually  red.  Otten  attra<5ted  by  the  magnet.  Fu- 
'  fible  ffrji  by  the  blow-pipe. 

I'ariity  I.  Oriental  garnet  (u). 
Internal  Uillrc  3  to  4.     Tranfpurcncy  4.     Hardnefs 
13  to  14.     Sp.  gr.  4  to  4.188.     Colour  deep  red,  in- 
clining to  viulet  (x). 

farieiy  2.  Common  garnet. 
Frafture  uneven,  inclining  to  the  conchoidal.  In- 
ternal luftre  2  to  3.  Tranfparency  from  3  to  o.  Hard- 
nefs 10  to  II  ;  fometimes  only  9.  Sp.  gr.  3.75  to  4. 
Colour  commonly  deep  red,  inclining  to  violet ;  fome- 
times verging  towards  black  or  olive  ;  fometimes  leek 
green,  brown,  yellnw. 

Variity  3.  Amorphoos  garnet. 
Struiflure  flaty.     Lullre   2.     Tianfparcncy  2   to   i. 
Hardnefs  1 1  to   12.     Sp.  gr.  3  89.     Colour  brownilli 
or  bl.ickifh  red.     Found  in  Sweden,  Switzerland,  and 
tlie  Eall  Indies. 

A  fpecimen  of  oriental  garnet,  analyfed  by  Klaprotli, 
contained  35-75  fdica, 

27.25  alumina, 
36.00  oxyd  of  iron, 
0.25  oxyd  of  manganefe. 

•  Billrag,,  99  25  * 

ii.  a6.  A  fpecimen  of  red  garnet,  analyfed  by  Vauquelin, 

contained  52.0  filica, 

20.0  alumina, 
17.G  oxyd  of  iron, 
7.7  lime. 

•  J,ur.  Jc  96.7  t 

Min.  N°         A  fpecimen  of  black  garnet  yielded  to  the  fame  che- 
iliv.  5TS-    mift  43    filica, 

16  alumina, 

20  lime, 

16  oxyd  of  iron, 
4  moillure. 


}  ■»'■'/•  573. 


Sup  PL.  Vol.  II. 


99 1- 


1  Hc'lratt, 
ii.  21. 

71 
Thu:i:i.r- 
ftor.e. 
*  Ktr-A-.  i. 
273— /><•/- 
lelur,  "J cur. 
.'•<  Pl~f. 
xxvi.  66. 
+  D:  Lj/!r, 


TamHts  of  Lametherie — A:;imt;  of  Hany. 

This  (lone  was  Hr(l  dcfcribcd  by  Mr  Schreber,  who 
found  it  near  B.ilir.e  d'Auris  in  Dauphir.c,  anJ  gave  it 
the  name  ci/horl  vioif.]-  It  was  afterwards  found  near 
Thum  in  Saxnny,  in  confcquence  of  which  \Verner 
called  it  thmiierjfone. 

It  is  fometimes  amorphous  ;  but  more  commonly 
cryllallized.  Tlie  primitive  form  of  its  cryllals  is  a 
rectangular  prifm,  whole  bafes  are  parallelograms  with 
angles  of  101°  32'  and  78"  :S'.J;  The  moil  ufiial  va- 
riety i«  a  flat  rhomboid.il  parallclopiped,  with  two  of 
its  oppofitc  edges  wanting,  and  a  fmall  face  in  place  of 
each. J  The  faces  of  the  parallelopiped  are  generally 
ftreaked  longitudinally. 

The  texture  oi  thumerllonc  is  foliated.  Its  frailure 
conchoidal.  Luftre  2.  l'rai;fpaiency,  when  cryllalli- 
zed, 3  to  4 ;  when  amorphous,  2  to  i .  Caufes  fimplc 
retraction  ||  Hardnefs  10  to  9.  Sp.  gr.  3.2956.  C.)- 
lour  clove  brown  ;  fometimes  inclining  to  red,  green, 
grey,  fiolet,  or  black.  Before  the  blow.pipe  i:  froths 
Irke  zeolite,  and  melts  into  a  hard  black  enamel.  With 
borax  it  exhibits  the  fame  plienomen  1,  or  even  when 
the  llone  is  fimply  heated  at  the  end  of  a  pincer.^ 

A  fpecimen  of  tlmmcrftone,  analyfed  by  Klapreth, 
contained  52.7   filica, 

25.6  alumina, 
9.4  lime, 

9.6  oxyd   of  iron  with  a  trace  of 
•^—     manganefe. 

97-3* 
A  fpecimen,  analyled  by  Vauquelin,  contained 
44  filica, 

18  alumina, 

19  lime, 

14  oxyd  of  iron, 
4  oxyd  of  manganefe. 

99  \  t  J'^r.  A 

Xdin,  ihiJ. 

SPECIES  3.  Prehn'te  (v).  -2 

Though  this  llone  had  been  mentioned  by  Sage,f  Prihnite. 
Rome  de  Lille,*  and  other  niineralogilh,  Wetner  was  \  ^fimr.  I. 
the  firft  who  properly  dillinguilhed  it  from  other  mine-  \^q  ,,  ,, 
rals,  and   made   it  a  dillin^l   fpcci:s.     The  fpecimen  ;;    '^^    '' 
which  he  examined   was   brought  from    the   Cape  of 
Good  Hope  by  Colonel  Prehn  ;  hence  the  name  preb- 
nitc,  by  wjiich  he  diilinguifhed  it.     It  was  found  near 
Dumbarton  by   Mr  Grotchef  ;  and  fince  that  time  it  t-^""-"'- 
has  been  obfervcd  in  otlier  parts  of  Scotland.  ChimX.iii. 

3  S  It 


y»tir.  c> 

Mil.  N» 
xrcviii.  164. 
§  Fit'.  "• 
§  D,  up, 
ibid. 


II  Haujythid, 


^  fauijyitimf 
Jlur.  de 

Jl/i-i.  NO 
xxiii.  I. 


•  Scilragt, 
ii.  izj. 


(u)  Tliis  feems  to  be  the  carbuncle  («5fa; )  of  Theophrallus,  and  the  carluncului  garamantkus  of  other  ancient 
writtTf.      See  IliU's  Thco[>kr.illus  ttfi  /,i5f.»,   p.  74  and  77. 

(x)  Hence,  according  to  many,  the  WAmz  gurnet  (in  L.'M\ngrjnatas),  from  the  refcmblance  of  the  (lone  in  co- 
lour to  the  blolfoms  of  the  pomegranate. 

(y)  A'/Vw.  I.  2-]i,.—HaJJ!nfratx.y  Jour,  de  Phyf.  ^iXyill.  ■i>l.—Sage,  iUJ.  XXXIV.  446 — Kta^rotb,  Beob. 
der  Berlin,  z  Band.  211.     Awi  /Inn.  dt  Ckiin.  I.  201. 


MINERALOGY. 


It  is  both  amcrphous  and  cryftvillized.  The  cryftals 
are  in  groups,  and  confuled  :  iliey  i'eem  to  be  four- 
i  Hauy,  fiJed  prifiTii  with  dihcdnilfummiii:};.  Sometimes  Uiey 
Jtjr.Je  ate  irrtgular  lix-fidcj  plates,  and  I'umetimeb  tl.it  rhom- 
Miii.  M°     boidal  parallelopipeds. 

xxvm.  277.       lis  textuie  is  foliated.     Fradure  uneven.      Internal 
lu lire  pearly,  I'carcely  2.     Tranfparcncy  3  to  2.    Ilard- 
H /{aiy,ii:t/.  n^k  9  to    10.      Brittle.      Sp.  gr.   2.6969]].     Coluur 
apple  green,  or  greenilh  grey.     Before  the  bluw-pipe  it 
lioilis  more  violently  than  zeolite,  and  mtlts  into  a 
lirown  enamel.     A  fpecimen  of  prehnite,  analyfed  by 
Klaproth,  was  conipofcd  of 
43.83  filica, 
30.33  alumina, 
18.33  hme, 
5.66  DA  yd  of  iron, 
1 .16  air  and  water. 


5  Ann*  t 
Cbim.  U 

ao8. 


1  Hid.  and 

xxxii.  8l. 

73 
Thallite. 

•  CnJlalJo^. 
ii.  401. 


your,  de 
Mm.  N" 
xxviii.  271. 
<)  Fig.  23. 
4  Ro^:r  d; 
Lip,  ih'ul. 
and  Huuyj 
your,  de 
Min.  N= 
MI.  4IJ. 


(!  ffliKv,  aiid 

Jhf.tiUi, 

ibid. 


99-3 '  5" 
Whereas  Mr  Hailentratz  found  in  another  fpecimen 
50.0  filica, 
20.4  alumina, 
23.3  lime, 
4.9  iron, 
.9  water, 
.5  magnefia. 


101 


•OH 


spEcits   4.     Tiiallite. 
Cicen  Jlyirl  of  Dauphiiio  of  De  Lille  * — Delph'mlte  of 
Sauffiiie. 
This  (lore  is  found  in  the  filfures  of  mountains  ;  and 
hitherto  only  in  Dauphir.c  and  on  Chamouni  in  the  Alp->. 
It  ii  fometimes  amorphous,  and  fometimes  crylValli- 
zed.     The  primitive  form  of  its  cryllals  is  a  rectangu- 
lar prifm,  whole  bafts  are  rhombs  with  angles  of  1 14'' 
37',  ai'.d  65"  23' f.     '1  he  mort  ufnal  variety  is  an  elon- 
gated four-lided  prifm  (often  flattened),  termin.ited  by 
four-lided  incomplete  pyramids  §  ;  fometimes  it  occurs 
in  regul.ir  li.\-fidcd  piiims  |.       Tlie  ciyftalsate  often 
very  llender. 

Its  texture  appears  fibrous.  Luftre  inc<»nfider- 
able.  'I'ranlparcpcy  2  to  3,  fometimes  4;  fcimetimes 
nearly  opaque.  Caufes  lingle  retraftion.  Hardnels  9 
to  10.  Brittle.  Kp.  gr.  3.4529  to  3  46.  Colour 
dark  green  (z).  Powder  white  or  yellowiih  green,  and 
f»iels  dry.  It  does  not  become  elcflric  by  heat.  Be- 
tore  the  blow-pipe,  froths  and  melts  into  a  black  flag. 
With  boiax  melts  into  a  green  bead  ]]. 

A  fpecimen  of  tiiallite,  analyfed  by  Mr  Defcotils, 
contained  37     tilica, 

27     aluiTiina, 
17     oxyd  of  iron, 
14     lime, 
1-5  oxyd  of  nianganefe. 


GeNUS'XII.     I.    AMS. 

SPECIES   I.  Cyanite.* 
Sappare  of  Saufl'nre. 

This  ftone  was  firll  defciibed  by  Mr  Sauffure,  the 
fjn,  who  gave  it  the  name  of  Sappare\.  It  is  common- 
ly found  in  granite  rocks.  The  primitive  form  of  its 
cryllah  is  a  fourfided  oblique  prifm,  whofe  fides  are  in- 
clined at  an  angle  of  103''.  The  bafe  forms  with  one  fide 
of  the  prifm  an  angle  of  103"  ;  with  another,  an  angle 
of  77^.    It  is  fometimes  cry  iiallized  in  fixhded  prifms  J. 

Its  texture  is  foliated.  Lamina;  long.  Fragments 
long,  fplintery.  Lnftre  pearly,  2  to  3.  Tranfparency 
of  the  laminx  3.  Caufck  (ingle  refraction  ||.  Hardnefs 
6  to  9.  Brittle.  Sp.  gr.  from  3.092  to  3.622  ^.  Feels 
fomewhat  greafy.  Colour  milk  white,  with  (hades  of 
(ky  or  pruffian  blue  (a)  ;  fometimes  bhiilh  grey  ;  fome- 
times partly  bluilh  grey,  partly  yellowilh  or  greenilh 

Before  the  blow  pipe  it  becomes  almoft  perfeflly 
white  ;  but  does  not  melt.  According  to  the  analylis 
of  Sauflure,  it  is  compofed  of 

66  92  alumina, 
13.25  magnefia, 
12.81  filica, 
5.48  iron, 
1. 7 1  lime. 


S  Hid.  NO 
jgti.  42c. 


96.5^ 


Clafs  I. 

Simple 
Stones. 


74 
G.  XII. 
A  MS.  Cy- 
anite. 
*  Kirnv.  i. 

209 

•S'o^f,  your* 
d<  PhyJ. 
XXXV.'  39. 
■j  your,  de 
Pliyf.  xxiiv. 
213- 
\  Hauy, 

your,  di 
Min.  N° 
xxviii.  281. 
]|  Hauyt'ibidm 
§  Kirtvan. 


100.17^ 

Cyanite  has  alio  been  analyfed  by  Struvius  and  Her- 
mann, who  agree  with  Sliulfure  as  to  the  ingredients; 
but  differ  widely  from  him  and  one  another  as  to  the 
proportions. 

Hermann. 
30  alumina 


f  your,  di 
Jfhyf.  itid. 


Struvius. 

5-5  ■ 
30-5  - 
51-5     ■ 

5.0     - 

4-0  - 
96.5- 


39  magnefia, 
23  filica, 

2  iron, 

5  lime. 


97  t 
Genus  XH.  2.  msa. 
SPECIES  2.     Serpentine  (b). 
This  (lone  is  found  in  amorphous  malles.      Its  frac- 
ture is  fplintery.     Ludre  o.      Opaque.     Hardnefs  6  to 
7.     6p.  gr.  2.2645  to    2.709.     Feels  rather  fott,  al. 
mod  greafy.      Generally  emits  an  earthy  fmell  when 
breathed  upon.     Its  colours  are  various  (hades  of  green, 
yellow,  red,  grey,  brown,  blue  :   commonly  one  or  two 
colours  form  the  ground,  and  one  or  more  appear  in 
fpots  or  veins  (c). 

Before  the  blow-pipe  it  hardens  and  does  not  melt, 
A  fpecimen  of  lerpentine,  analyfed  by  Mr  Chenevix, 
contained  34.5  m;ignelia, 

2S.0  (ilica, 
23.0  alumina, 
4.5  oxyd  of  iron, 
0.5  lime, 
1 0.5  water. 

loi.o* 


•CriiriA,,. 

t  Ibid. 

75 
O.  XII.  a. 

MSA 

Serpentine. 


(z)  Hence  tlisname  ihallke  given  it  by  Lametheiie,  from  eax^ot,  a  great  leaf. 
I  a)   Hence  the  name  cyanite,  impofed  by  Weiner. 

(b)  Kirnn    I.  156. — Margraf,   Mem.  Berlin,  1759,  p 
Annals,    I  7^9,    II.  416. 

(c)  Hence  the  mmt  f:rfe,uine,  given   to  the  ftone 
a  ferpent. 


*  Ann.  de 
Chim. xxviii 
199. 


.  2-—Sayen,  Jour,  t/e  Phyf.   XIII.  46.— Myw,    CreWs 
from  a  fuppofed  refemblance  in  colours  to  the  ikin  of 


Order  I. 

Earths  and 
Stnncs. 


MINERALOGY. 


507 


77 

Chlorite, 
•  Klriu.  i. 
147- 


•  Vaaqueliit, 

Mi:  N° 
xixts.  167. 


t  Ann.  J: 
Cbim.  XXX. 
106. 


Genus  XIII.  Ms.11. 
SPECIES  I.  Potllonef. 
This  flone  is  found  In  nefts  and  beds,  and  is  always 
amorphous.  Its  ftrudure  is  often  flaly.  Texture  un- 
duldtingly  foliated.  LuQre  from  i  to  3.  Tranlpa- 
rcncy  (rom  i  to  o  ;  fometimcs  2.  Hardnefs  4  to  6. 
Brittle.  Sp.  gr.  from  2.8531  to  3.023.  Feels  grca- 
fy.  Sometimes  abforbs  water.  Colour  grey  with  a 
(hade  of  green,  and  fometimes  of  red  or  yellow  ;  fome- 
times  leek  green  ;  fometimes  fpeckled  with  red. 

Potftone  is  not  mucli  afTeifled  by  fire  ;  and  has  there- 
fore been  made  into  utenfils  for  boiling  water  ;  hence 
its  name. 

According  to  Wieglcb,  the  potftone  of  Como  con- 
tains 38  rnagnefia, 
38  filica, 
7  alumina, 
5  iron, 

I  carbonat  of  lime, 
I  fluoric  acid. 
"90" 

SPECIES  2.  Ciilorite.* 
This  mineral  enters  as  an  ingredient  into  different 
mountains.  It  is  fometimes  amorphous,  and  fometimes 
cryllallized  in  oblong,  four-lidcd,  acuminated  cryftals. 
Its  texture  is  foliated.  Its  luftre  from  o  to  2.  O- 
paque.  Hardnefs  from  4  to  6 ;  l\  metimes  in  loofe 
icales.     Colour  green. 

Variety  I.     Farinaceous  chlorite. 
Compofed  of  fcales  fcarcely  cohering,  either  heaped 
together,  or  invefting  other  (tones.    Feels  greafy.    Gives 
an  earthy  fmell  when  breathed  on.     Difficult  to  pulve- 
rife.     Colour  grafs  gieen,   fometimcs  greenilh  brown  ; 
fometimes  dark  grteu,  inclining  to  black.    Streak  white. 
When   the    powder  of  clilorite  is  cxpofed  10  the  blow- 
pipe it  becomes  brown.     Before  the  blow. pipe,  faiina- 
ceous  chlorite  froths  and  melts  into  a  dark  brown  glafs ; 
with  borax  it  forms  a  greenilh  brown  gl.tl!>*. 
Variety  2.     Indurated  chlorite. 
This  variety  is  ctyftallized.     Luftre   i.  Hardnefs  6. 
Feel  meagre.  Colour  dark  green,  almoft  black.    Streak 
mountain  green. 

Variety  3.     Slaty  chlorite. 
Struiflure  flaty.     Fragments  flatted.     Internal  luftre 
I  to  2.     Hardnefs  5.     Colour  greenilh  grey,    or  dark 
green  inclining  to  black.     Streak  mnniuain  green. 

A  fpecimcn  of  the  firft  variety,  analyfcdby  Vauque- 
lin,  contained        43.3  oxyd  ot  iron, 
26.0  lilica, 
15.5  alumina, 
8.0  magneda, 
2.0  muriat  of  potafs, 
4.0  water. 
90t 


A  fpecimeii  cf  the  fame  variety  yielded  Mr  Hap-     SimjJe 
ner  12.92  oxyd  of  iron,  ijl^i'.^^ 

37.50  niica, 
4.17  alumina, 
43-75  magnefii, 
1 .66  lime. 


I  00.0  f  \X.v,Jjurii 

A  fpecimen  of  the  fccond  variety,  analyfed  by  the    °y^S"t  "• 
fame  cheroift,  contained 

10.15  oxyd  of  iron, 
41.15  filica, 

6.13  alumina, 
39.47  magnefia, 
1.50  lime, 
1 .50  air  and  v;ater. 


99.9   ^  ^CrittiAn- 

On  the  fuppofition  that  thefe  analyfes  arc  accnrato  "■'''•^'79'» 
the  enormous  difference   between  them  is  a  demonflra- 
tion  that  chlorite  is  not  a  chemical  combination,  but  .1 
mechanical  mixture. 

GkNUS   XIV.    SLAM.  Q_  XIV. 

SPECir.s   8.   Siliceous  fpar  (d).  »iam. 

This  ftone  has  been  found   in   Tranfylvania.       It  is  Siliccou* 
cryftalli/ed    in  4  or  6  fided    prifms,  channelled    tranf-  fp^""- 
veifely,  and  generally  heaped  together.      Its  texture  \-i 
fibrous.     Its  luftre  filky,  2.      Its  colours  white,  yellow, 
green,  light  blue.     According  to  Bindheim,  it  contains 
6 1. 1  filica, 
2  1 .7  lime, 
6.6  alumina, 
5.0  magr.efia, 
1 .3  oxyd  of  iron, 
3.3  water. 


99.0* 


104. 

79 
G.  XV. 

SAMLI. 


Genus  XV.  samli. 
SPECIES    I.  Argillitef. 
jirgiUactous  Jhijlus—Comm.  ,1  Jlate.         _  ArglUite. 

This  ftone  conditutes  a  part  of  many  mountains.  ^  Ktr-ja.  i. 
Its  ftruifture  it  flaty.  Its  lexture  foliated.  Fiaiflure  2-,4. 
fplintery.  Fragments  often  tabular.  Luftre  moil  cvin- 
monly  filky,  2  ;  fometimes  o.  Tranfparency  from  o  to 
I.  Hardnefs  from  5  to  8.  Sp.  gr.  from  2  67  to  2. 88. 
Does  not  adhere  to  the  tongue.  Gives  a  clear  lour.d 
when  ftruck.  Often  imbibes  water.  Strrak  white  or 
grey.  Colour  moll  commonly  grey,  witli  a  fliade  of 
blue,  green,  or  black;  fometimes  purpliili,  ycilowifli, 
mountain  green,  brown,  bluifli  black  ;  fometimes  llriped 
or  fpotted  with  a  darker  colour  than  tlie  ground. 

It  is  compofed,  according  to  Kirwan,  of  filica,  alu- 
mina, magnel'ia,  lime,  oxyd  of  iron.     In  fume  vaiirties 
3  S  2  ths 


(n)   Isthisthe<m«o//V<rofLowitz  from  the  lake  Baik.il  in  Siberia  ?  Iffo,  the  name  of  the  genus  ought  to  be 
SLM  ;  for  he  found  it  to  contain  no  alumina.     According  to  his  analyfis,  it  was  compofed  of 

52  filica, 
20  lime, 

1 2  carbonat  of  lime, 
12  magnefia. 


./. 


The 


MINERALOGY. 


t  W^v, 

7<>"r.  d- 
'Min.  N° 
xxviii.  272 


the  lime  is  wanting.     Several  varieties  contain  a  confi- 
derable  quantity  of  carbonaceous  matter. 

Genus  XVI.  slacmi. 
SPECirs  I.  Smaragdite. 
This  ftone  was  calhd  fm.iragdile  by  Mr  SaiilTure, 
from  feme  refsmblance  which  it  has  to  ihe  emerald. 
Its  texsure  is  foliated.  The  laminx  are  inflexible. 
Frailure  even.  Hardnefs  7.  Colour  in  feme  cafes 
tine  gi  cen,  in  others  it  has  the  grey  colour  and  metallic 
hillie  of  mica  :  it  aflumes  all  the  fliades  of  colour  be- 
tween tliefe  two  cxlrcmes.f 

According  to  the  analyfis  of  Vauquelin,  it  is  compo- 
fed  of  50.0  fillca, 

13.0  lime, 
ii.o  alumina, 
7.5  oxyd  of  chrorr.um, 
6.0  magnefia, 
5.5   Oiyd  of  iron,     - 
1 .5  oxyd  of  copper. 


\  Ar.n.  dc 
Chin.  XXX. 
106. 

81 
G.  XVII. 

SM. 

Kiffckil. 
*  Kir^vans 
7VJV/;.i.  144. 


1 1^<'<S"'SZ- 
Phihf. 
Ata^.  iil. 
1*5- 


•  irifflu 


94-5  t 

Genus  XVII.  sm. 
SPECIES  I.      KifFel<il.* 
Myrftn — Scafroth. 
This  mineral  is  dug  up  near  Konie  in  Natolia,  and 
is  employed  in  forming  the  bowls  of  Turkilh  tobacco 
pipes.     The  fale  of  it  fupports  a  large  monaflery  of 
dcrvifcs  eflablilhed  near  the  place  where  it  is  dug.     It 
is  found  in  a  large  fid'ure  fix  feet  wide,  in  grey  calcare- 
ous earth.     The  workmen  alfert,  that  it  grows  again 
in  the  filfure,-!   and  puffs  itlelfuj)  like  froth  (e).     This 
mineral,  when  fielh  dug,  is  of  the  confidence  ot  wax  ; 
it  t'ecls  foft  and  greafy  ;  its  colour  is  yellow  ;  its  fp.  gr. 
1 .6co  J  :   when  thrown  on  the   lire  it  fweats,  emits  a 
fetid  vapour,  becomes  haird,   and  perfectly  white. 

According  to  the  analyfis  of  Klaproth,  it  is  compo- 
fcd  of  JO-JO  filica, 

17.25  magnefia, 
25.00  water, 
5.00  carbonic  acid, 
.50  lime. 


ii.  172. 
X2 
Stcithes. 


98.25  s^ 

srEciEs   2.     Steatites  (f). 

Though  this  mineral  was  noticed  by  the  ancients, 
little  attention  was  paid  to  it  by  mineralogilU,  till  Mr 
Pott  publifiied  his  experiments  on  it  in  the  Berlin  Me- 
moirs for  1747. 

It  is  ufuaily  amorphous,  but  fometimes  it  is  cryftalli- 
zed  in  lix-fided  prifms.  Its  texture  is  commonly  earthy, 
but  fometimes  foliated.  Lullre  from  o  to  2.  Tranl- 
parency  from  o  to  2.  Hardnefs  4  to  7.  Sp.  gr.  from 
2. 61  to  2.794.*  Feels  greafy.  Seldom  adheres  to 
the  tongue.     Colour  ufuaily  white  or  grey  ;  often  with 


a  tint  of  other  colours;  the  foliated  commonly  green. 
Does  not  mth  per  fe  before  the  blow-pipe. 

Variety  1.  Semi-indurated  fleatitcs. 
Texture  earthy.     Fraflure  fometimes  coarfe  fplin- 
tery.    Luftre  o.     Tranfparency  o,  or  fcarce  i.    Hard- 
nefs 4  to  5.     Abforbs  water.     Takes  a  polilh  from  the 
nail.     Colour  white,  with  a  (hade  of  grey,  yellow,  or 
green;  fometimes  pure   white;  fometimes   it  contains 
dcndritical  figures  j  and  fometimes  red  veins. 
Var'uty  2.  Indurated  fleatites. 
Fra<51ure  fine  fplintcry,  often  mixed  with  imperfedly 
conchoidal.    External  luftre  2  to  i,  internal  o.     Tranf- 
parency 2.     Often  has  the  feel  of  ioap.     Abforbs  wa- 
ter.    Colour  yellowilh  or  greenilli  grey  ;  often  veined 
or  fpotted  with  deep  yellow  or  red. 

Variety  3.  Foliated  Or  ftrialed  fleatites. 
The  texture  of  this  variety  is  ufuaily  foliated  ;  fome- 
times ftriated.  Fragments  cubiform.  Luftre  3.  Tranf- 
parency 2  to  I.  Hardnefs  6  to  7.  Colour  leek  green, 
pafCng  into  mountain  green  or  fulphur  yellow.  Streak 
pale  greenifh  grey.  When  heated  to  rednels,  it  becomes 
grey  ;  and  at  147"  Wedgewood,  it  forms  a  grey  porous 
porcelain  mafs.* 

A  fpecimen  of  fteatites,  analyfed  by  Klaproth,  con-  i 
tained  59.5  filica, 

30.5  magnefia, 
2.5  iron, 
^.^  water, 

9S.ot. 
A  fpecimen  of  white  ffe?.tites,  analyfed  by  Mr  Che- 
nevix,  contained  60.00  (ilica, 

28.50  magnefia, 
3.00  alumina, 
2.50  lime, 
2.25  iron. 


ciafs  r. 

Simple 
Stones. 


155- 


-f-  BeitrilgCf 
ii.  179. 


96.25  t 

Genus  XVIII.   msi. 

SPECIES  I.     Chiyfolite  (g). 

Peridot  of  the  French — Topu%  of  the  ancients. 

The  name  chryfilitc  was  applied,  without  difcrimina- 
tion,  to  a  great  variety  of  ftoues,  till  Werner  defined  it 
accurately,  and  confined  it  to  that  flone  which  the 
French  chemifts  diftinguifh  by  the  appellation  oi peri- 
d'lt.  This  ftone  is  the  topa%  of  the  ancients;  their 
chryfolits  is  now  called  topaz.§ 

Chryfolite  is  found  fometimes  in  unequal  fragments, 
and  fometimes  cryftallized.f  The  primitive  form  of  its 
cryllals  is  a  right  angled  parallelopipechj  whofe  length, 
breadth,  and  thicknefs,  are  as  5,  y^S,  \/j.* 

Tne  texture  of  the  chryfolite  is  foliated.  Its  frac- 
ture conchoidal.  Its  internal  luftre  from  2  to  4.  Its 
tranfparency  from  4  to  2.     Caufes  double  refraiftion. 

Hardnefs- 


\  Ann.  de 
dim. 
xxviii.  200. 

G.  XVIII. 

MSI. 

Chryfolite. 


§  Plinll,  lib. 
37- c.  8. 
t  Fig-  23- 
♦  Fig.  24- 
'   Hr,„y, 
Jour,  de 
Mir..  N° 

xxviii.  281. 


Tlie  carbonat  of  lime  was  only  mechanically  interpofed  between  the  fibres  of  the  ftone.     See  Pallas,  Neu.  Nord. 
Hcilr'Jje,  6  Band,  p.  146. 

(e)  Hence  the  name  hijf-h'd,  or  rather  leff-kelli,  "  clay  froth,"  or  "  light  clay." 

(f)  Kiriu.   I.   151. — Pttt,    Mem.    Berlin,    1747,  p.   57. — IViegleb,  Jour,  de  Phyf.   XXIX.   60. — Lavot/tcr, 
Mem.   Par.    1778,  433. 

(c)  Kiriu.  I.  262 — Carlheufer,  Min.  94. — Dohmieii,  Jour,  de  Mm.  W  xxix.   365. — La  Methene,  Nouv. 
Jour,  de   PhyJ.   I.   397. 


Order  I. 

Earths  and 
Stones. 

\  Kir.  Mm. 
J.  163. 

^  Vtiuquilln, 

Ami-  <i< 
Ch'm-  !txi- 

97- 

§  K\r-.v. 

Hid. 

|]  Cojuclurl, 

your,  dc 

Mil.  N^ 

xi\\.  10. 

y  Kirivaiti 
Mm.  i- 

a6j. — Le 

•Jour,  di 
Pkyf.  XXX. 

397- 


MINERALOGY. 


Hardnefs  9  to  10.  Brittle.  Sp.  gr.  from  3.265  to 
3.45.  Colour  green.  It  is  infiifible  ;U  i  J0°,  but  loles 
its  iranfparency,  anJ  becomes  blackilh  grey.f  With  bo- 
rax it  melts  without  effervefcence  into  a  tranfparent  gUfs 
ot'  a  light  green  colour.  Infuhble  with  microcofmic 
laltf  and  fixed  alkali. ^ 

Variety  I.  Common  chryfolite. 

Found  in  Ceylon,  and  South  Amciica,  and  in  Bohe- 
mia, amidll  fand  and  gravel.  ||      LuRre  3  to  4.    Tranf- 
parency  4  to  3.  Colour  yellowifli  green,  lometimes  ver- 
ging to  olive  green,  fometime?  to  pale  yellow. 
Vanity  2.   Olive  chryfolite — O/iiine.^ 

Found  commonly  among  traps  and  bafalts ;  fomet  imes 
in  fmall  grains,  foir.etimes  in  pretty  large  pieces  ;  but 
it  has  not  been  obfeived  in  cryftah.  LuRre  2  to  3. 
Tranfparency  3  to  2.     Colour  olive  green. 

The  tiirft  variety,  accordhig  to  the  analyfis  of  Kla- 
proth,  is  compofcd  of    41.5  magnefia, 
38. 5  lilica, 
19.0  oxyd  of  iron. 


t  Kla  froth' J 
Bcilri'gc,  i. 

103. 


99.0  t 

According  to  that  of  Vautpjelin,  it  is  compofed  of 
51.5  magnefia, 
38.0  filica, 
9.5  oxyd  of  iron. 


^  An 
Chirn 


.  dc 

.ibid. 


99.0 1 

The  fecond  variety,  according  to  the  analyfis  of  Kla- 
proth,  is  compofed  of     37. 5S  magntlia, 
50.00  fiHca, 
1 1  75  oxyd  of  iron, 
.21  lime. 


5  Slitr'igl, 
i.  112. 

Jade. 


99.54$. 


SPECIES  2.  Jade  (h). 
This  (lone  was  formerly  called  lapU  nephrificin,  and 
■was  much  celebrated  for  its  medical  virtues.  It  is  found 
in  Egypt,  China,  America,  and  in  the  Siberian  and 
Hungarian  mountains.  It  is  fometimes  adhering  to 
rocks,  and  fometimes  in  detached  round  pieces. 

Its  furface  is  fmooth.  Its  fraflure  fplintery.  Ex- 
ternal luftre  o,  or  fcaree  1  ;  internal  waxy,  i.  Tranf- 
parency from  2  to  I.  Hardnefs  10.  Not  brittle.  Sp. 
gr.  from  2.95  to  2.9829  ;  or,  according  to  Saulfure, 
to  3.389.  Feels  greafy.  Looks  as  if  it  had  imbibed 
oil.  Colour  dark  leek  green,  or  verging  towards  blue  ; 
in  fome  prominencies  inclining  to  greenilh  or  bluifh 
white.  When  heated  it  becomes  more  tranl'parent  and 
brittle,  but  is  infufible/tv/c  According  to  Huepiner, 
it  is  compofed  of         47  filica, 

38  catbonat  of  magnefia, 
9  iror, 
4  alumina, 
2  carbonat  of  lime, 

100 
This   is   the   (lone    which   the   inhabitants  of  New 
Zealand  make  into  hatchets  and  other  cutting  inftru- 
ments. 


Genus  XIX.  sml. 
SPECIES  I.  Albcllus  (1). 
This  mineral  was  well  known  to  the  ancients.  They 
even  made  a  kind  of  cloth  fiom  one  of  the  varieties, 
■which  was  famous  among  them  for  its  incombullibilily. 
It  is  found  abundantly  in  moll  mountainous  countries, 
and  no  ■v.here  more  abundantly  than  in  Scotland. 

It  is  commonly  amorphous.  Its  texture  is  fibrous. 
Its  fragments  often  long  fplintery.  Lull  re  fiom  o  to 
2  ;  fometimes  3,  and  then  it  is  metallic.  Trarlparency 
from  o  to  2.  Hardnefs  from  3  to  7.  Sj;.  j;r.  from 
2.7100.6806.  Abforbs  water.  Colour  ulually  white 
or  green.  Fufible  per  fe  by  the  blow-pipe. 
Variety  I.  Common  Afbelhis. 
Luftre  2  to  I.  Tranfparency  i.  Hardnefs  6  to  7. 
Sp.  gr.  2.577  to  2.7.  Feels  fomewhat  greafy.  Colour 
leek  green;  fometimes  olive  or  mountain  green;  fome. 
times  gretnifh  or  yellowifh  grey.  Streak  grey.  Pow- 
der grey. 

Variety  2.  Flexible  afbeflus. 
./^miiwluj, 
Compofed  of  a  bundle  of  threads  ilightly  cohering. 
Fibres  flexible.  Lnllre  1  to  2,  fometimes  3.  Tranf- 
parency I  to  2,  fometimes  o.  Hardnef's  3  to  4.  Sp. 
gr.  before  it  abforbs  water,  from  0.9088  to  2.3134; 
after  abforbing  water,  from  1.5662  to  2. 3803. f  Feels 
greafy.  Colour  greyifh  or  greeni(h  white  ;  fometimes 
yellowifli  or  filvery  white,  olive  or  mountain  green,  pale 
flelb  red,  and  mountain  yellow. 

Variety  3.  Eiadic  abedus. 
Mountain  corh. 
This  variety  has  a  llrong  refemblance  to  common 
cork.  Its  fibres  are  interwoven.  Lullre  commonly  o. 
Opaque.  Hardnefs  4.  Sp.  gr.  before  nbibrbing  w.i- 
ter,  from  0.6806  to  0.9933  i  after  abforbing  water, 
from  1.2492  to  1 .3492.  Feels  meagre.  Yields  to  the 
fingers  like  cork,  and  is  fomewhat  eiadic.  Colour  white  ; 
fometimes  with  a  (hade  of  red  or  yellow  ;  fometimes 
yellow  or  browr. 

A  fpecimen  of  the  fird  variety  from  Dalecarlla,  an- 
alyfed  by  Bergman,  contained 
63.9  filica, 
16.0  caibonat  of  magnefia, 

12.8  carbonat  of  lime, 

6.0  oxyd  of  iron, 

1.1  alumina. 

A  fpecimen  of  the  fecond  variety  yielded  to  the  fame 
chemid  64.0  filica, 

17.2  carbonat  of  magnefia, 

13.9  carbonat  of  lime, 
2.7  alumina, 

2.2  oxyd  of  iron. 

IOO.O.{ 

A  fpecimen  of  the  third  variety  contained,  according 
to  the  fame  analyfis,  56.2  filica, 

26.1   carbonat  of  magnefia, 
12.7   carbonat  of  lime, 
3.0  iron, 
2.0  alumina. 
loo.otl  Twelve 


509 

Simpte 
Stones. 


^Bri/ca 


•  Of'tifi.  iv. 
170. 


»  liiJ.  jv 
163. 


II  /lid.  IV 
170. 


(h)  Kirnv.  I.  171. — Bartolin,  De  LapiJe  Nephritico. — Lthmann,  Nov.  Comm.  Pefropol.  X.  381. — Hapfner, 
Hifl.  Nat.de  la  Suife,   I.  25  I. 

(1)    Kirw.   I.    I yj.— Bergman,  IV.   iGo.— Plot,  Pkil.   Tranf.  XV.  1051.— AVW,  Jour.  Jc  P !>•.■/.  II.  62 

UiJ.  III.  367. 


MINERALOGY. 


87 

G.  XX.  I. 

S  1  L  M  . 

Pyroxcn. 


I  Hauy, 
'your,  de 
Min.  N° 
xxviii.  369 

II  J3^  Lip, 

ii.  398. 

■f   F^rbtr. 
\  Le  L:cvre. 


Tu-eU'C  different  fpecimsns  of  afbeftus,  analyfed  by 
Bergman,  yielded  the  fame  ingredients,  differing  a  little 
in  their  proportionsf . 

SPECIES  2.  Afbeftinite  (k). 
This  ftone  is  amorphous.  Texture  foliated  or  broad 
ftriatcd.  Lulke  lilky,  3.  Tranfparency  i  to  2.  Hard- 
nefe  5  to  6.  Sp  gr.  troni  2.8c6  to  2.880.  Colour 
white,  with  (hades  of  red,  yellow,  green,  or  blue.  At 
150"  Wedi'ewood  it  melts  into  a  green  glafs. 

Genus  XX.    i.  silm. 
SPECIES   I.     Pyroxen. 

This  flonc  is  r)und  abundantly  in  lava  and  other  vol- 
canic productions  (l).  It  is  always  crjllallized.  'J'he 
piiniiiivc  iorni  of  its  cryllals  is  an  oblique  angled  prifni, 
whofe  bafes  are  rhombs  with  angles  of  92"  18',  and 
37"  42't.  It  generally  cryflalli7.es  in  eighi-lided  prifms, 
terminated  by'dihedral  fumniiis||.  Its  texture  is  folia- 
ted. Haidncfi  9.  Colour  black;  fometimes  green. 
Powder  grecnilh  grey*.  Comnuinly  attrafled  by  the 
magnetf .  Scarcely  fulible  by  the  blow-pipe|.  With 
borax  it  melts  into  ;i  ycUowifh  glafs,  which  appears  red 
while  it  is  liotj. 

According  to  the  analjfis  of  Vauquelin,  it  is  com- 


§  VaujucUn.  pofcd  of 


52.00  (ilica, 

14.66  oxyd  of  iron, 

13.20  lime, 

10  00  magnefia, 

3  33  alumina, 

2.00  oxyd  of  manganese. 


II  J''-"-- ''' 

Min.  N° 

xjotix.  172. 

88 
Afbeanid. 
*  KirivaHy 
i.  166. 


■J-  I^acquartf 
Ann.  de 
Ckim,  xxii. 


95-191 


83- 


}  jhid. 


*  K'lrzvajis 


SPECIES  2.  Afbednid*. 
Tliis  ftone  has  obtained  its  name  from  its  fimilarity 
to  common  afbellus.  It  is- amorplious.  Its  texture 
is  foliated  or  Itriated.  Its  lulfre  common  or  glaffy, 
from  2  to  3.  Tranlpirency  from  o  to  i.  Hardnefs 
6  to  7.  Sp.  gr.  from  3  to  3.31.  Colour  dive  or  leek 
green  ;  when  decompoling,  brown.  Before  the  blow- 
pipe it  melts  per fe  into  a  brown  globule.  With  bo- 
rax it  foims  a  violet  coloured  globule  verging  towards 
hyacinthf.  According  to  the  analyfis  of  Mr  Mac- 
quart,  it  is  compofed  of  46  filica, 

20  oxyd  of  iron, 

1 1  lime, 

10  oxyd  of  manganefe, 
8  magnefia. 

95j: 
There  is  a  variety  of  this  Ipecies  which  Kirwan  calls 
metalliform  afbeftoid.     Its  luftre  is  femimetallic,  3.     O- 
paque.     Hardnels  8  to  9.      Sp.  gr.   3.356.     Colour 
grey. 


GElJt^S   XX.     2.   SMIt. 

SPECIES   3.     Shnrlaceous  aiftinollte  {  m). 

This  Hone  cryftallizes  in  four  or  fi.x-lided  prifms, 
thicker  at  one  end  than  the  other;  hence  it  has  been 
called  by  the  Gcwnxvn-  Jlrahl/lein,  "  airow.ft.one."  The 
cryftals  fon.etimei  adhere  longitudinally.  Fraiflure 
hackly.  External  lultrc  glaffy,  3  to  4;  internal,  i  to 
2.  Tranfparency  Ironi  2  to  3  ;  lometimes  i.  Hard- 
nefs Irom  7  to  tc.  Sp.  gr.  3.023  to  3.45.  Colour 
leek  (  r  dirk  gieen. 

This  ftone  is  often  the  matrix  of  iron,  copper,  and 
tin  ore.s. 

SPECIES  5.     Lamellar  aftinolitc. 
This  ftone  lefembles  hornblende.     It  is  amorphous. 
Te.'cture  fo'ii.ited.     LiiUre  various  in  different  places. 
'J'ranlp.irency  o,  or  fcarce  I.     Sp.  gr.  2.916.     Colour 
dark  yellowilh  or  greenifh  grey. 

SPECIES  6.  Glaffy  aiflinolite. 
This  ftone  is  found  amorphous,  compofed  of  fibres 
adhering  longitudinally,  or  in  flender  four  or  fix-fided 
priims.  I'exture  fibrous.  Fragments  long  Iplintery, 
io  (liarp  that  they  can  fcarcely  be  liandled  without  in- 
jury. Exteinal  luftre  glafly  or  filky,  3  to  4;  internal 
o.  Tranfparency  2.  Exceedingly  brittle.  Sp.  gr. 
2.95  to  3  493.  Colour  leek  green  ;  fometimes  verging 
towards  grecnilh  or  filver  white;  fometimes  ftained 
with  yellowifh  or  browndh  red.  According  to  Berg- 
man it  is  compofed  of  72.0  filica, 

12.7  carbonat  of  magnefia, 
6.0  carbonat  of  lime, 
7.0  oxyd  of  iron, 
2.0  alumina. 


Clafs  I. 

{■tones. 


G.  XX.  J. 

SMIL. 

Shnrlacc- 
ous  aiflino- 
lite. 


90 
Lamellu' 
adinoUtCt 


91 

GhtTy  aiai^ 
nolitc. 


305- 


fometimes  inclining  to  red*. 


99-7  •  OpufcAv. 

Genus  XXI.    sl. 
SPECIES   1.     Shiftofe  hornftonef .  o.  xxr. 

The  ftruflure  of  this  ftone  is  flaty.     Luftre  from  o  sl.  .shiftofe 
to  1.      Commonly  opaque.      Hardnefs  9  to   10.      Sp. '^'""nflone. 
gr.  from  2.596  to  2.641.     Colour  dark  bluifti  or  black-  '  ^^•■^'"'' 
ilh  giey.      Infufible  per  fe. 

Variety   I.     Siliceous  fhiftus. 
Commonly  interfeCled  by  reddifh  veins  of  iron  flone. 
Fraflure  Iplintery.     Luftre  o.     Tranlparency  from  o 
to  I. 

Variety   2.      Bafanite  or  Lydian  ftone. 
Commonly  interfered  by  veins  ot  quartz.     Fracture 
even;  fometimes  inclining  to  cofichoidal.     Luftieltarce 
1.      Hardnels   10.      Sp.  gr.  2.596.      Powder  black. 
Colour  greyilh  black. 

This,  or  a  ftone  limilar  to  it,  was  ufed  by  the  an- 
cients a?  .1  toucljftone.  They  drew  the  metal  t'>  be  ex- 
amined along  the  ftone,  and  judged  of  its  punt)    by 

the 


I. 


165. 


Is  this  tlie  tremclite  of  Werner  ?    It  certainly  is  not  the  tremol'ite  of  the  French 


(k)  A'/Vi'j.  Mm. 
mineralogifts. 

(  l)  Hence  the  name  pyrcxcn  given  it  by  Hauy  ;  from  wi/f  Jirt,  and  Jtvo«,  afiran^er.  It  means,  as  he  himfelf 
explains  it,  ^Jirar.ger  in  the  regions  of  fire.  By  this  he  means  to  indicate,  that  pyroxen,  though  prefent  in  lava, 
is  not  a  volcanic  production. 

(m)  In  this  and  the  following  fpecies  we  have  followed  Mr  Kirwan's  new  arrangement  exaflly,  without  even 
venturing  to  give  the  fynonimes  of  other  autliors.  The  defcriptions  which  have  been  given  are  lo  many  and  in- 
complete, and  the  minerals  themfelves  are  ftiU  fo  imperfedfly  known,  and  have  got  fo  many  names,  tliat  no  part 
ct  ir;inerak'gy  ii  in  a  ftate  of  greater  confufion. 


I 


Order  I.  MINERALOGY. 

£arth«  aiid  the  Colour  of  the  metallic  ftrcaV.      On  this  account 
they  called  !t  /Sa^-atot,  ihe  trier.     They  called  it  alfo  Ly- 
diunjhne,  becaiife,  as  Theophraftus  informs  us,  it  was 
iound  mod  abundantly  in  the  river  Tmolus  in  Lydiaf . 
A  fpccimen  of  the  firft  variety,  analysed  by  Wieg- 


Stoncs. 


t  HM's 

Thcuprajlus 

p.  J -JO. 


A  fpecimen  analyfed  by  Klaproth  contained 
70.0  zirconia, 
25.0  fiHca, 
0.5  oxyd  of  iron. 


leb,  contained 


75.0  filica, 

10.0  lime, 
4.6  magnefia, 
3.5  iron, 
5.2  carbon. 


9.! 
G.  XXII. 

Z3 

Zircon. 

*  JCjrtvait, 

i.  257.  and 
333- 

$  Fig.  25. 


f  Haiiy. 

Jour,  de 
Min.  H» 

xxvi.  91. 


j  Fig.  26. 


\nui. 


t  nu. 


t  lUd.  p. 
loC. 


98.3 

This  fpecies  is  rather  a  mechanical  mixture  than  a 
chemical  combination. 

Genus  XXII.    zs. 

SPECIES    1.     Zircon*. 

Jargon — Hyacint  h . 

This  ftone  is  brought  from  Ceylon,  and  found  alfo 
in  Fiance,  Spain,  and  other  parts  of  Europe.  It  is 
commonly  cryllallized.  The  primitive  form  of  its  cry- 
ftals  is  an  oftahedronj,  coropofed  of  two  four-fided  py- 
ramids applied  bafe  to  bafe,  whoie  fides  are  ifofceles 
triangles  (n).  The  inclination  of  the  fides  of  the  fame 
pyramid  to  each  other  is  124"  12';  the  inclination  of 
the  fides  of  one  pyramid  to  ihofe  of  another  82"  50'. 
Tlie  folid  angle  at  the  apex  is  73"  44't-  1'he  varieties 
of  the  cryllalline  forms  of  ziicon  amount  to  feven.  In 
fome  cafes  there  is  a  four-iided  prifm  interpofed  be- 
tween the  pyramids  of  the  primitive  form;  foraetimes 
all  tlie  angles  cf  this  prifm  are  wanting,  and  two  fmall 
trianguhir  faces  in  place  of  each  ;  fometimes  the  cry- 
ftals  are  dodecalicdrons,  compofed  of  a  flat  four-fided 
prifm  wiih  hexagonal  faces,  terminated  by  four-fided 
fummits  with  rhumb"id.il  faces|| ;  fometimes  the  edges 
of  this  prifm,  fometimes  the  edges  where  the  prifm  and 
fumniit  join,  and  fometimes  both  together,  are  wanting, 
and  we  find  fmall  faces  in  their  place.  For  an  accurate 
defcription  and  figure  ol  ihefe  varieties,  we  refer  to 
Mr  Hany\. 

The  texture  of  the  zircon  is  foliated.  Internal  luftre 
3.  Tranfparency  from  4  to  2.  Caufes  a  very  great 
double  retraiflion.  Hardncfs  irom  10  to  16.  Sp.  gr. 
from  4.2  to  4.i65f.  Colour  commonly  reddidi  or  yel- 
lovvilli ;  fometimes  it  is  limpid. 

Before  the  blow-pipe  it  lofes  its  colour,  but  not  its 
tranfparency.  With  borax  it  melts  into  a  tranfparcnt 
glafs.     Intufible  with  fixed  alkali  and  microcofrtiic  fait. 

1.  The  variety  formerly  called  hyacinth  is  of  a  yel- 
lowifh  red  colour,  mixeil  wiih  brown.  Its  furface  is 
fniooth.     Its  luRrc  3.     Irs  tianfparcncy  3  to  4. 

2.  The  vaiiety  formerly  called  jargon  vf  Ceylon,  is 
either  grey,  greenifli,  ycllowilh  brown,  reddifli  brown, 
or  violet.  It  has  litlle  external  lullre.  Is  fometimes 
nearly  opaque. 

'I'iie  firll  v.iriety,  according  to  the  analyfisof  Vauque- 
lin,  is  compofed  of    64.5  zirconia, 
32.0  filica, 
2.0  oxyd  of  iron. 

98.5t 


95. 5 J  i  SatrSgr, 

The  (econd  variety,  according  to  Klaproth,  who  dif-  '•  *3i' 
covered  the  component  parts  of  both  thefe  ftones,  con- 
tains 68.0  zirconia, 
31.5  filica, 
0.5  nickel  and  iron. 


1 00.0^ 
Order  II.     SALINE  STONES. 


§  niJ.  i. 
Z19. 


Under  this  order  we  comprehend  all  the  minerals        94 
which  tonfift  of  an  earthy  bafis  combined  with  an  acid.  ^'="'="' 
They  naturally  divide  themfclves  into  five  genera.     We 
(hall  defcribe  them  in  the  fullowing  order. 

I.      CALCAREOt;S     SALTS. 

Caibonat  of  lime, 
Sulphat  of  lime, 
Pholphat  of  lime, 
Fluat  of  lime, 
Borat  of  lime. 

II.      BARVTIC     SALTS. 

Carbonat  of  barytes, 
Sulphat  of  barytes. 

III.  STRONTITIC    SALTS. 

Caibonat  of  ftrontiter, 
Sulphat  of  ftromites. 

IV.  magnesian   salts. 

Sulphat  of  magnefia. 

V.      ALUMINOUS     SALTS. 

Alum. 


Genus   I.     calcareous   salts. 
This  genus  comprehends  all  the  combinations  of  lime 
and  acids  which  form  a  pai  t  of  ilie  mineral  kingdom. 

species    I.     Carbonat  of  lime. 

No  other  mineral  can  be  com|  ared  with  carbonat  of 
lime  in  the  abundance  with  which  it  is  fcattered  over 
the  earth.  Many  mountains  confift  of  it  entirely,  and 
hardly  a  country  is  to  be  found  on  the  face  of  the  globe 
where,  under  the  names  of  linieftone,  ch.ilk,  marble, 
fpar,  it  does  not  con(lltute-a  greater  or  fuialler  part  of 
the  mineral  riches. 

It  is  often  amorphous,  often  (lalaiSitical,  and  often 
cryftdllized.  The  primitive  form  of  its  cryllals  is  a  pa- 
rallclopiped,  whofe  lides  are  rhombs,  with  angles  of  77° 
30'  and  102"  3o'|.  Its  integrant  molecules  jiave  the 
fame  form.  The  varieties  of  its  cryllals  amount  to  more 
than  40;  for  a  defciiption  and  figure  of  which  we  re- 
fer to  Rome  Je  LiJIe*  and  //i:uy  (o). 

When  cryllallized,  its  tcxiure  is  foliated ;  when  amor- 
phous, its  lliudurc  is  fometimes  foliated,  fometimes 
ilriated,  fometimes  granular,  and  fometimes  earthy.    Its 

'luAre 


95 
G.  I.  Calca- 
reous falts. 

96 
Carbonat 
of  lime. 


}  Fig.  28- 


•  CryJIil.  i. 
497- 


(n)  Let  ABC  (fig.  27.)  be  one  of  the  fides.    Draw  the  perpendicular  BD;  then  AB=  5.  BD  =  4,  AD  =  3. 

(o)  F.ffjid'uii!  Theoric,  &c.  p.   75. — Jour,  de  Phyf.    1793,   Auguit,   p.   114. — Jour.  d'HiJi.  Nat.  1792,   Fe- 
bruary, p.  148. — ^mi.  (/<.-  C/jim.  XVII.  249.  &c. — Jii:ir.  de  Mm.  N'^  XXVlll.  304. 


r: 


MINERALOGY. 


ciafs  r. 


Earths  and  luflre  varies  from  o  to  3.  Tranfparency  from  o  to  4. 
Stones.  j[  caufes  double  refraiftion  ;  and  it  is  the  only  mineral 
which  caufes  double  refiaclion  through  two  parallel 
faces  of  the  cryftal.  Hardnefs  from  3  to  9.  Sp.  gr. 
from  2.315  to  2.78.  Colour,  when  pure,  white.  Et- 
fervefces  violently  with  muriatic  acid,  and  ditfolves 
completely,  or  leaves  but  a  fmall  refiduum.  The  fo- 
lutinn  is  colourlefs. 

This  fpecies  occurs  in  a  great  variety  of  forms ;  and 
therefore  has  been  fubdivided  into  numerous  varieties. 
All  thefe  may  be  conveniently  arranged  under  two  ge- 
neral divifions. 

I.     Soft  carbonat  of  lime. 
Variety   I.     Agaric  mineral. 

Mounta'ir.  mi/i,  or  mountiiin  meal  ot  the  Germans. 

This   variety  is  found  in  tlie  clefts  of  rocks,  or  the 
bottom  of  lakes.       It  is  nearly  in  the  Hate  ot  powder  ; 
of  a  white  colour,  fometimes  with  a  Ihade  of  yellow  ; 
and  fo  light,  that  it  almoR  floats  on  water. 
Vandy.   2.     Chalk. 

The  colour  of  chalk  is  white,  fointtimes  witli  a  fliade 
of  yellow.  LuUre  o.  Opaque.  Hardnefs  3  to  4.  Sp. 
pr.  from  2.315  to  2.657.  Texture  earthy.  Adheres 
llightly  to  the  tougue.  Feels  dry.  Stains  the  fingers, 
and  marks.  Falls  to  powder  in  water.  It  generally 
contains  about  -j-ip  of  alumina,  and  -,  iu  of  water  ;  the 
reft  is  carbonat  of  lime. 

Variety  3.     Arenaceous  limeftnne. 

Colour  yellowilh  white.  Luftre  I.  Tranfparency 
I.  So  brittle,  that  fmall  pieces  crumble  to  powder  be- 
tween the  fingers.  Sp.gr.  2.742.  Phofphorefces  in 
the  dark  when  fcrapej  with  a  knife,  but  not  when  heat- 
ed. It  confifts  almoll  entirely  ot  pure  carbonat  ot  lime. 
Variety  4.     Teflaceous   tufa. 

The  colour  of  this  variety  is  yellowifh  or  greyifli 
white.  It  is  exceedingly  porous  and  brittle  ;  and  is  ei- 
ther compofed  ot  btoken  iheils,  or  refembles  mortar 
containing  Ihellb ;  or  it  confifts  of  fiftulous  concretions 
varioufly  ramified,  and  refembling  mofs. 

11.     Indurated  carbonat  of  lime. 
Variety   I.     Compad  limeftone. 

The  texture  of  tliis  variety  ia  compaft.  It  has  little 
luftre  ;  and  is  moft  commonly  opaque.  Hardnefs  5  to 
8.  Sp.  gr.  1.3864  to  2.72.  Colour  grey,  with  vari- 
ous Ihades  of  other  colours.  It  moll  comnioFily  con- 
tains about  -Jothof  alumina,  oxyd  of  iron,  &c. ;  the  reft 
is  carbonat  cf  lime.  This  variety  is  ufually  burnt  as 
lime. 

Variety  z.     Granularly  foliated  limeftone. 

Stru.-'hire  lonietimes  fl  ity.  Textuie  foliated  and  j^ra- 
nular.  Lultre  2  to  i .  HVanfparency  2  to  i.  Hard- 
nefs 7  to  8.  Sp.  gr.  i.71  to  2.3376.  Colour  white, 
of  various  Ihades  trom  other  colours. 

Variety  I.     Sparry  limellone. 

Strufliire  fparry.  Texture  foliated.  Fragments 
rhomboidal.  Luftre  2  to  3.  Tranfparency  from  2  to 
4;  fometimes  I.  Hardnefs  5  to  6.  Sp.  gr.  from  2.693 
102.718.  Colour  white  :  often  with  various  (hades  of 
other  colours.  To  this  variety  belong  all  the  cryftals 
ot  c  trbonat  of  lime. 

Variey  4.     Striated  limeftone. 

Texture  ftriated  or  fibrou-.  Luftre  i  to  o.  Tranf- 
parency 2  to  i.  Hardnefs  5  to  7.  Sp.  gr.  commonly 
from  2.6  to  2.77.     Colours  various. 


Saline 
Stones. 


9r 

Sulphat  of 
lime. 


Variety  5.     Swine  (lone. 

Texture  often  earthy.  Fiaifture  often  fplintery. 
Luftre  I  to  o.  Tranfparency  o  to  1.  Hardnefs  6  to 
7.  Sp.  gr.  2.701  to  2.7121.  Colour  Jark  grey,  of 
various  (hades .  When  fcraped  or  pounded,  it  emits  an 
urinous  or  garlic  fmell. 

Variety  6.     Oviform. 

This  variety  confifts  of  a  number  of  fmall  round  bo- 
dies,  clofely  compafied  together.  Luftre  o.  Tranf- 
parency o  or  I.     Hardnefi  6  to  7. 

spKCits.  2.     Sulphat  of  lime. 
Gypfum — 5.  L-nite. 

This  mineral  is  found  abundantly  in  Germany, 
France,  England,  Italy,  &c. 

Itisiound  fometimes  in  amorphous  mad^s,  fometimes 
in  powder,  and  fometimes  cryftallized.  The  primitive 
form  o(  its  cryftals,  according  to  Rome  de  LiCe,  is  a 
decahedron  |,  which  may  be  conceived  as  two  four-fided  t  Fig.  29 
pyramids,  applied  bafe  to  bale,  and  which,  inftead  of 
terminating  in  pointed  ("ummits,  are  truncated  near 
their  bafes  ;  fo  that  the  fides  of  the  pyramids  are  tra- 
peziums, and  they  terminate  each  in  a  rhomb.  Thefe 
rhombs  are  the  largeft  faces  of  the  cryftal.  The  angles 
of  the  rhombs  are  52^  and  158".  The  inclination  of 
two  oppofite  faces  of  one  pyramid  to  the  two  fimilar 
faces  of  the  other  pyramid  i»  145°,  that  of  the  other 
faces  1 10.*  Sometimes  fome  ot  the  faces  are  elonga- 
fometimes  it  cryftallizes  in  fix-fided  prifms,  termi 


i.  144. 


\  Le  Lievrtf 

four,  tie 
Mm.    N° 
ixviii.  jlj. 


ted  ; 

nated  by  three  or  four-fided  fummits,  or  by  an  indeter- 
minate number  of  curvilinear  faces.  For  a  defcription 
and  figure  of  thefe  varieties,  we  refer  to  Rome  de  Lijle\.  f/uj. 

The  texture  of  fulph  it  of  lime  is  moft  commonly  lo- 
liated.  Luftre  from  o  to  4.  Tranfparency  from  o  to 
4.  It  caufes  double  refradlion.  Its  hardnefs  does  not 
exceed4.  Its  fp.  gr.  from  1.872  to  2.31 1.  Colour 
commonly  white  or  grey. 

Before  the  blow-pipe,  it  melts  into  a  white  enamel, 
provided  the  blue  flame  be  made  to  play  upon  the  edsjes 
of  its  laminK.  When  the  flame  is  directed  againft  its 
faces,  the  mineral  falls  into  powder  J. 

It  does  not  efi'crvefce  with  muriatic  acid,  except  it 
be  impure  ;  and  it  does  not  dilfolve  in  it. 

The  following  varieties  of  this  mineral  are  deferving 
of  attention. 

Variety  I.      Broad  foliated  fulphat. 

Texture  broad  foliated.  Luftre  glalfy,  from  4  to  2. 
Tranfparency  from  4  to  3.  Hardnefs  4.  Sp.  gr. 
2.31 1.     Colour  grey,  often  with  a  fhade  ot  yellow. 

Variety  2.     Grano-foliated  fulphat. 

Texture  foliated,  and  at  the  fame  time  granular;  fo 
that  is  ealily  crumbles  into  powder.  Luftre  2  to  3. 
Trani'parency  2  to  3.  Hardnefs  4  to  3.  Sp.  gr.  from 
2. 274  to  2.310.  Feels  folt.  Colour  white  or  grey,  of- 
ten with  a  tinge  of  yellow,  blue,  or  green  ;  fometimes 
flefti  red  brown,  orol  ve  green. 

Variety^.      Fibrous  fulpjiat. 

Texture  fibrous.  Fragments  long  fplintery.  Luflre 
2  to  3.  Tranfparency  2  to  i  ;  fometimes  3.  Hardnefs 
4.  Brittle.  Sp.gr.  2.300.  C.  lour  white,  often  with 
a  (hade  of  grey,  yellow,  or  red  ;  fometimes  flefh  red,  and 
fometimes  honey  yellow  ;  fometimes  feveral  of  thefe 
colours  meet  in  ftripe;. 

Variety  4.      Compai5l  fulphat. 

Texture  compact.    Luftre  i  or  o.    Tranfparency  2  to 


I 


98 

I'hofphatof 
lime. 


}  Fif-  30. 
§  Hauy, 
^•nr.  de 
Mil.  N° 
xxviii.  p. 
310. 

fFig.  31. 


Order  II. 

Earthi  and  i,  fometlmes  o.      HarJnefs4.     Sp.  gr.  from  1.87Z  to 
Stones.      2.288.      Feels  dry,  but  not  liarfli.    Colour  white,  with  a 
fliaJe  of  grey,  yellow,  blue,  orgreen  ;  fometimes  yellow; 
fometimes  red  ;  fometimes  fpotted,  llripcd,  or  veined. 
Variety  5.     P'arinaceous  fulphat. 
Of  the  confidence  of  meal.      Luftre  o.     Opaque. 
Scarcely  finks  in  water.    Is  not  gritty  between  tlie  teeth. 
Feels  dry  and  meagre.     Colour  white.     When  heated 
below  rednefs,  it  becomes  of  a  dazzling  white. 

SPECIES  3.     Pi  ofphat  of  lime. 
j^patiic — Phofpbori^e — Chryfolile — of  the  French. 
This  fubllance  is  found  in   Spain,   where  it  forms 
whole  mountains,  and  in  different  parts  of  Germany. 
It  is  fometimes  amorphous,  and  fometimes  crj'ftallized. 
The  primitive  form  of  its  cryftals  is  a  regular  fix-fided 
prifm.  X    Its  integrant  molecule  is  a  regular  triangular 
prifm,  whofe  height  is  to  a  fide  of  its  bafe  as  i  to  y'2  §. 
Sometimes  the  edges^  of  the  primitive  hexagonal  pnlm 
are  wanting,  and  Imall  fices  in  their  place  ;  fometimes 
there  are  fniall  faces  mllead  of  the  edges  which  termi- 
nate the  prifm  ;  fometimes  thefe  two  varieties  arc  unit- 
ed ;  fometimes  the  terminating  edges  and  the  angles  of 
the  prifm  are  replaced  by  fmall  faces  f  ;  and  fometimes 
'Htuy  Hid,  '^*  prifm  is  termm.ited  by  four-fided  pyramids.* 

Its  texture  is  foliated.  Its  fraiflure  uneven,  tending 
to  conchoidal.  External  lullre  from  2  to  3,  internal 
3  to  1.  Tranfparency  from  4  to  2.  Caufes  fingle  re- 
tVadion.  Hardnefs  6  to  7.  Brittle.  Sp.  gr.  from 
3.8249  to  3.218.  Colour  commonly  green  or  grey  ; 
fometimes  brown,  red,  blue,  and  even  put  pie. 

It  is  infufible  by  the  blow-pipe.  When  its  powder 
is  thrown  upon  burning  coals,  it  emits  a  yellowilh  green 
phofphorcfcent  light.  It  is  foluble  in  muriatic  acid 
■without  eflervefcence  or  decompofition,  and  the  folution 
oftea  becomes  gelatinous. 

SPECIES  4.     Fluat  of  lime. 
F'uor. 

This  mineral  is  found  abundantly  in  different  coun- 
tries, [larticuhu  ly  in  Dsibylhire.  It  is  both  amorphous 
and  crylirillized. 

The  primitive  form  of  its  cryftals  in  the  regular  O(flo- 
hedmn  ;  that  of  its  integrant  molecules  the  regular  te- 
trahedron.* The  varieties  of  i;s  cryftals  liitherto  ob- 
ferved  amount  to  7.  Thele  are  the  primitive  odohe- 
dfon;  the  cube;  the  rhoniboiJal  dodecahedron;  the 
cubo  oflohedron  f ,  which  has  b^  'th  the  laces  of  the  cube 
and  of  the  odtoiiedron  ;  the  ofiohtdron  wanting  the 
edges  ;  the  cube  wanting  the  edges,  and  either  one 
face  \,  or  two  faces  in  place  of  each.  Fur  a  defcnptiun 
and  figure  of  thefe  we  refer  to  Mr  Hauy  f . 

The  texture  of  Huat  of  lime  is  foliated.  Luftre  from 
2  to  3,  fometimes  o.  Tranfparency  irom  2  to  4,  lomt- 
limesi.  Caufes  fingle  refraiJ^ion.  H^rdneisS.  Very 
brittle.  Sp.  gr.  from  3.0943  10  3. 191 1.  Colours  nume- 
rous, red,  violet,  greet.,  leU  yellow,  blackilh  purple.  Its 
powder  thrown  upon  hot  coals  emits  a  bluilh  or  giecnilh 
light.  Two  pieces  of  it  rubbed  in  the  daik  phi>l|(ho- 
relice.  It  decrepitates  when  iieated.  Uelorc  the  blow- 
pipe it  melts  into  a  iranfparent  ulals^. 

It  admits  of  a  polilh,  and  is  ollcn  formed  into  vafes 
and  other  orn.iments. 

SPECIES  5.     Bnrat  of  lime. 
Boracite. 

This  mineral  has  been  found  at  Kalkberg  near  Lu- 

Stppl.  Vol.  II. 


MINERALOGY 

nehurg,  feated  in  a  bed  cf  fulphat  rf  lime.      It  is  cry 
llallized.        The  primitive  form  of  its  cryftals  is  th( 


s^i 


99 

Fluat  of 
lime. 


•  IJauy,ih!d. 
p.  325- 

tFig.  32. 


»F""K-  33 
t  Jiid. 


\  Jiid. 


100 
Eorat  of 
lime. 


cubey.  In  general,  all  the  edges  and  angles  of  the 
cube  are  truncated  ;  fometimes,  however,  only  tlic  al- 
ternate angles  are  truncated.*  The  fize  of  the  cryftals 
does  not  exceed  half  an  inch. 

The  texture  of  tliis  mineral  is  compart.  Its  fraflurc 
is  flat  conchoidal.  External  luftre  3  ;  internal,  greafy, 
2.  Tranfpaiency  from  2  to  3.  H  irdnefs  9  to  10.  Sp. 
gr.  2.566.  Colourgreyilh  white,  fometimes  pafling  in- 
to greenilh  white  or  purplilli. 

Wiien  heated  it  becomt  s  clertric  ;  and  the  angles  of 
the  cube  are  alternately  pofitive  and  negative  f. 

Before  the  blow-pipe  it  froths,  emits  a  greenilh  lioht, 
and  is  converted  into  a  yellowifti  enamel,  garnilhed  with 
fmall  points,  which,  if  the  heat  be  continued,  dart  out 
in  fparks  |). 

According  to  Wcftrum,  who  difcovered  its  compo- 
nent parts,  it  contains     68     boracic  acid, 
13. J  magnefia, 
1 1     lime, 

1  alumina, 

2  filica, 
I     iron. 


S.\Hi!e 

Sr.oiics. 

'Jour,  iV 
Mm.  W 
xxviji.  p. 
325- 

IVr^trurm. 


and  yinn.  de 
Chitn.  ix> 
59- 

11  Le  L'fvrp, 
'Jour,  de 
JV/i'/r.  wid. 


96  § 

spEciis  6.     Nitrat  of  lime. 
Found  abundantly  mixed  with  native  nitre.     For  a 
defcription   fee  the  article   Chemistry  in  this  Supple- 
mer.t,  n"  672. 

Genus   II.     barytic   salts. 
This  genus  comprehends  the  combinations  of  barytes 
with  acids. 

SPECIES  I.  Carbonat  of  barytes. 
ly'itherile. 
This  mineral  was  difcovered  by  Dr  Withering;  hence 
Werner  has  given  it  the  name  .  f  wilheri.'e.  It  is  found 
both  amorphous  and  cr)  ftallizcd.  The  cryftals  are  oc- 
tohedions  or  uodecdhedroiis,  confifting  of  four  or  fix- 
fided  pyramids  applied  bafe  to  b.,fe;  fometimes  the  fix- 
fided  pyramids  are  fcpaiated  by  a  piifiii  ;  fometimes  fe- 
veral  of  thele  priims  are  joined  in^eiher  in  the  form  of 
a  liar. 

Its  texture  is  fibrous.  Its  fraifture'conchoiJal.  Its 
fragments  long  fplin'ery.  Luftre  2.  Tranfparency  2 
to  3.  Hardnels  5  to  6  Brittle.  S|i.  gr.  4.3  to  4.338. 
Colour  gieenifh  white.  When  heatedit  becomes  opavjue. 
Its  powder  pholphnrefccs  when  thrown  on  burning 
coals.* 

It  is  foluble  w  ith  effervefcence  in  muriatic  acid.  The 
folution  is  colouiiefs. 

According  to  Pelletier  it  contains 
62  barytes, 
22  carbonic  acid, 
16  water. 


§  Attn,  di 
Chijn.  ii. 
116. 

lOI 
Nitrat  of 
lime. 

lot 
G.  II.  Ba- 
rytic  fain. 

i°3 
Carbonat 
of  barytes. 


n,uj. 


sPECiKs   2.     Sulphat  of  barytes. 
BoroieLnUe. 


100+  XV  V 

•  T  Jour,  dt 

M,„.  N* 
xxi   p.  46. 
IC4 
This  mineral  is  fcund  abundamly  in  many  countries,  5ulphat  of 
particularly  in  Britain.     It  is  fometimes  in  powder,  of   baryte». 
ten  in  amorphous  maffes  and  often  cryftalll/.ed.     The 
primitive  form  of  its  cryftals  is  a  rctflangular  priim, 
3  '1'  vliole 


MINERALOGY. 


j88. 

•  UiJ.  and 

Ann,  He 
Chim.Xii.2- 


riA  -l^i     L    iM     XI,    l\.    t 

Earths  and  whofebafes  are  rhombs,  with  angles  of  loi"  30'  and 
Stones,  yg''  3o'-t  '^\^<i  varieties  oi  its  cryftals  are  very  nume- 
^^~'^~£A  rous.  For  a  deicription  and  Hgure  ot  them  we  reler 
/ii  i'urc  to  Rome  Je  Lifle  \\  and  Hauy.*  Tlie  inoft  common  va- 
ncone,S<.c.  rieties  ate  the  octohedron  witli  cuncit'crm  lunimits,  the 
p.  119.  ^  fix  or  tour-lided  pril'm,  the  liexangular  table  wiih  be- 
II  Crj/?<i/.  1.  y^iijj  edges.  Sometimes  t^ele  cryltals  are  needle  form. 
Its  texture  is  commonly  foliated.  Lullie  fiom  o  to 
2.  Tranfparcncy  from  2  to  o  ;  in  fome  cafes  3  or  4. 
Hardnefi  from  5  to  6.  Sp.  gr.  from  4.4  to  4.44.  Co- 
lour commonly  white,  wi'.h  a  fliade  ot  yellow,  red, 
blue,  or  brov^rn. 

When  licated  it  decrepitate?.  It  is  (uC\h\e  />er  fe  by 
the  blue  Hanie  ol  the  blow-pipe,  and  is  converted  into 
fulphurat  of  barylcs.  St'lnble  in  no  acid  except  the 
lulpliuric  ;  and  precipitated  Ironi  it  by  water. 
yuriety  i .  Toliated  fuiphat. 
Luftre  3  to  3.  Tranfjiarency  from  4  to  2,  fome- 
times  I.  Coluurs  whie,  reddifli,  bhiilh,  yellowifli, 
blackilh,  greenilh.  Mr  Werner  fubdivides  this  variety 
into  three,  accciding  to  the  nature  ot  the  texture. 
Thefe  three  fubdivilions  are  granularly  foliated,  Jlra'igbt 
foliated,  curve fol'uited. 

Variety  2.     Fibrous  fuiphat. 
Texture   fibrous ;  fibres   converging   to   a  common 
centre.     Lullre  liliiy  or  \^axy,   2.     Tranfparcncy  2  to 
I.     Hardnels  5.     Colours  yeliowifh,  bluilh,  rediiilh. 
Vaiitty  3.     Cnmpaft  lulphat. 
Texture  compait.     Lullre  o  to  i.     Tranfparency  I 
toe.    Feels  meagie.     Almoft  conftantly  impure.    Co- 
lours light  yellow,  red,  01  blue. 

Variety  4.      Earthy  fuiphat. 
In  the  form  of  coarfe  dully  panicles,  flightly  cohe- 
ring.    Colour  reddilh  or  yellowifli  white. 


Clafs  I. 


105 
c.  in. 

Strontitic 
falts. 


107 
.Sulphat  of 
Aiontites. 


SPECIES  2.     Snlphat  of  ftrontites. 
Clejlim. 

This  mineral  has  been  found  in  Pennfylvania,  in  Ger- 
many,  in  France,  in  Sicily,  and  Britain.  It  was  firft 
difcovered  near  Bridol  by  Mr  ClayGeld.  Tiiere  it  is 
found  in  Inch  .ibundance,  that  it  has  been  employed  in 
mending  the  roads. 

It  occurs  both  amorphous  and  cryftallized.  The 
cryftals  are  moll;  commonly  bevelled  tables,  Ibmetimes 
ihoinboidal  cubes.     Its  texture  is  foliated.     More  or 


^icholfons 
Jour.  ili. 
36- 


f  SeitrSgf, 
ii.  97. 


i  Bid.  Ni- 

chulfons 

yournaL 


99? 
Genus  IV. 


MAGNESIAN    SALTS. 


"mbination';  of  magne- 


Thisgenus  comprehends  thi; 
fia  and  acids  which  occur  in  the  mineral  kingdom.  On- 
ly two  fpecies  have  hitherto  been  found  ;  namely, 


Genus  III.     Strontitic  Salts. 
This    genus   comprehends  all  the  cmbinations  of 
ftrontites  and  acids  which  lorm  a  part  of  ilie  mineral 
kingdom. 

106  SPECIES  I.     Carbonat  of  ftrontites. 

Carbonatnf  This  mineral  was  firll  difcovered  in  the  lead  mine  of 
ftrontites.  Stronticn  in  Argylelhire  j  and  lince  that  lime  it  is  laid 
to  have  been  dilcovered,  though  not  in  great  abundance, 
111  other  counti  ies.  It  is  tound  amorphous,  aud  alio  cry- 
ftallized in  needles,  which,  according  to  Hauy,  are  le- 
guiar  fix-fidtd  prilms. 

Its  texture  is  fibrous ;  the  fibres  converge.  Frafture 
uneven.  Luftre  2.  Tranfparency  2.  Hardnefs  5.  Sp. 
gr.  from  3.4  to  3.66.  Colour  light  green.  Does  not 
decrepitate  when  heated.  Before  the  blow-pipe  be- 
comes opaque  and  white,  but  does  not  melt.  With 
borax  it  elfervefces,  and  melts  into  a  tranfparent  coloui- 
lefs  glafs.  ElFervelces  with  muriaiic  acid,  and  is  totally 
dilfolved.     'I'he  loluiion  tinges  flame  purple. 


lefs  tranfparent.  Hardnefs  5.  Sp.  gr.  from  3.51  to 
3.96.  Colour  mod  commonly  a  fine  fky  blue  ;  fome- 
times  reddilh  ;  fometimes  white,  or  nearly  colourlcfs.* 
Klaproth  found  a  fpecimen  of  tliis  mineral  from  Penn- 
fylvania compoli:d  of    j8  ftrontites, 

42  fulphuric  acid. 

I  oof 
According  to  the  analylls  of  Mr  Clayfield,  the  fui- 
phat of  ftrontites  found  near  Brillol  is  compofed  of 
58.25   ftrontites, 
41.75  fulphuric  acid  of  2.24,  and  a  little  iron.J 

100.00 
According  to  the  analyfis  of  Vauquelin,  the  fuiphat 
of  ftrontites  found  at  Bouvron  in   Fiance,  which  was 
contaminated  with  .  i  of  carbonat  of  lime,  is  compofed 
of  54  ftrontites, 

45  fulphuric  acid. 

§  your,  lie 
Mm.  N'' 
xxivii.  6. 
108 
G.  IV. 
Magncfian 
Salts. 
109 

SPECIES  I.     Sulphat  of  magnefia.  Sulphat  of 

It  is  fc-und  in  Spain,  Bohemia,   Biitain,  &e. ;  and  °"S"<:fi»' 

enters  into  the  compoftti  in  of  many  mineral  waters. 
For  a  deicription  ot  it,  we  reter  to  Chemistry,  n" 

633.  in  this  iiuppL 

SPECIES  2.     NItrat  of  Magnefia. 
Found  lomeiMies  alficiafed  with  niire. 
fcription  fee  Chemistry,  u°  674. 

GtNus  V.     aluminous  salts. 
This  genus  comprehends  thole  combinations  of  alu 
mina  and  acids  which  occur  in  the  mineral  kingdom. 

SPECIES   I.     Alum. 
This  fait  is  found  in  ciyltals,  in  fuft  mafies,  in  flakes, 
and  invifibly  mixed  with   the  foil.     For  a  defcriptioni 
we  reter  to  Chemistry,  n°  636. 

Order  III.     AGGREGATES. 

This  order  comprehends  all  mechanical  mixtures  of 
earths  und  ft -nes  found  in  the  mineral  kingdom.  Thefe 
are  exceedingly  numerous:  the  mountains  and  hills, 
the  mould  on  which  vegetables  grow,  and  indeed  the 
greater  part  of  the  globe,  may  be  confidered  as  compo- 
fed of  them.  A  complete  deicription  of  aggregaies  be- 
longs rather  to  geology  than  mineralogy.  It  would  be 
improper,  therefore,  to  treat  of  them  luUy  here.  But 
they  caiiiiot  be  altogether  omitted;  becaufe  aggre- 
gates are  the  firft  fubltances  which  prefent  themfelves  to 
tlie  view  of  the  pracTical  mineralogift,  and  becaufe, 
without  being  acquainted  with  the  names  and  compo- 
nent parts  oi  many  ef  them,  the  molt  valuable  minera- 
loyicrtl  work^  could  not  be  underftood. 

Aggregates  may  be  comprehended  under  four  divi- Divifion  oF 
fions  :    I.  Mixtures  of  eartlis  ;  2.  Amorphous  fragments  aggregates, 
of  ftones  agglutinated  together;   3.  Cryftallized  ftones, 
either  agglutinated  together  or  With  amorphous  ftones ; 
4.  Aggregates  formed  by  fire.     It  will  be  exceedingly 

convenient 


For  a  de. 


no 

Nitrat  of 
magiiefia. 

Ill 

G.  V.  Alu- 
minous 
falts. 
iia 
i^luim. 


113 


Order  III. 


MINERALOGY. 


114 

Cby. 


"5 

Porcelain 
clay. 


nd  convenient  to  treat  each  of  there  feparately.     We  (lull 
therefore  divide  this  order  into  four  lediuns. 

Sf.CT.   I.     /Iggregatet  of  Earths, 

The  mofl  common  eaithy  aggregates  maf  be  com- 
prel'.ended  under  the  following  genera  : 

1.  Clay, 

2.  Colorific  earths, 

3.  Mar), 

4.  Mould. 

Genus.  I.     clay. 

Clay  IS  a  mixture  of  alumina  and  filica  in  various 
proportions.  The  alumina  is  in  a  ftate  of  an  impalpable 
powder  ;  but  the  (ilica  is  alniod  always  in  fniall  Hones, 
large  enough  to  be  diftinguirtied  by  the  eye.  Clay, 
therefore,  exhibits  the  charafler  of  alumina,  and  not  of 
filica,  even  when  this  lafl  ingredient  predonunates.  The 
particles  of  lilica  are  already  combined  with  each  other  ; 
and  they  have  fo  (trong  an  affinity  for  each  other,  that 
few  bodies  can  feparate  them  :  whereas  the  alumina,  not 
being  combined,  readily  difplays  tlic  charaflers  which 
diltinguifh  it  from  other  bodies.  B. fides  alumina  and 
filica,  cl.iy  often  contains  carbonatof  lime,  cl  magnefia, 
barytes,  oxyd  of  iron,  &c.  And  as  clay  is  merely  a 
mechnnical  mixtnie,  the  propoition  of  its  ingredients  is 
exceedingly  various. 

Clay  hai  been  divided  into  the  follow  fpecies  : 

sPtciEs  I.  P.ircelain  clay. 
Its  texture  is  eaitliy.  lib  lulire  c.  Opaque.  Ilard- 
nefs  4.  Sp.  gr.  troni  2  23  to  2.4.  C'.lour  white, 
fomctimes  with  a  ^w&t  of  yeilow  or  red.  Adheres 
flightly  to  the  tongue.  Teeis  loft.  Falls  to  powder  in 
water. 

A  fpecimen,  analyfed  by  Halfetifiatz,  contained 
62   filic^i, 
19   ahiitina, 
12   maenelia, 
7  lulphac  of  barytes. 


515 


*  Ann*  A 
Clilm.  ZlT. 
144- 


116 

Common 
chy. 


A  fpecimen,  analyfed  by  Mr  Wedgexvood,  contained 
60  alumina, 
20  filic:i, 
12   air  of  water. 


92 

SPECIES   2.     Common  clay. 

Its  texture  is  earthy.  Luftre  o.  Opaque.  Hard- 
nef<  3  to  6.  Sp.  j;r.  18  to  2.68.  Adheres  nightly 
to  the  tongue.  Often  feels  greafy.  Falls  to  powder 
in  water.  Colour,  when  pure,  white :  often  tinged 
blue  or  yellow. 

Variety  I.     Potter's  clay. 

Hirdnefs  3  to  4.  Sp.  gr.  1.8  to  2.  Stains  the  fin- 
gers (lightly.  Acquires  lome  pclilh  by  fri(!lion.  Co- 
lour wliite;  often  witli  a  tinge  ot  yellow  or  blue  ;  fomc- 
times browniih,  grecnilh,  reddilh.  Totally  dilfufiblc  in 
water  ;  and,  when  duly  moillened,  very  duflile. 
Vari:ty  2.      Indurated  clay. 

Hardr.cfs  5  to  6.  Does  not  dilfufe  iifeif  in  water, 
but  falls  to  powder.  Difcovers  but  little  du(ftility. 
Colours  grey,  yeUowilh,  bluifti,  greenilb,  leddilh, 
brownifli. 


Var'tely   3,      Shiftofe  clay. 

Strnflure  flaty.  Sp.  gr.  from  2.6  to  2  63.  Feels 
fmooth.  Streak  white  or  giey.  Colour  commonly 
bluifh,  or  yellowifii  grey;  iVmctimes  blacLifti,  reddifli, 
greenifh.     Found  in  llrata  ufujlly  in  coal  mines. 

Tliis  variety  is  fomctimes  impregnated  with  bitumen. 
It  is  then  called  bituminoui  yiiii/f . 

SPECIES  3.     Lithomargs.  irr 

Texture  earthy.     Fracture  conchoidal.     Luftre  from  I'''bon<ar- 

0  to  2.       Opaque.       Hardnefs  3  to  7.      Sp.gr.  when  ^*' 
pretty  hard,  2.815.     Surface  fmooth,  and  feels  foapy. 
Adheres  ftrorgly  to  the  tongue.      Falls  to  pieces,  and 
then  to  powder,  in  water  ;  but   does  not   diffufe   itfelf 
through  that  liquid.     Fufible  per  Je  into  a  frothy  mafs. 

Variety   I.     Friable  lithomarga. 
Formed  of  icaly  particles  llightly  cohering.     Ludrc 

1  to  o.  Hardnefs  3  to  4.  Exceedingly  light.  Feels 
very  fmooth,  and  alfumes  a  polilh  from  the  nail.  Co- 
lour whites  fnmetimes  tinged  yellow  or  red. 

Variety  2.     Indurated  lithomarga. 

Hardnefs  4  to  7.    The  fofter  lorts  adhere  very  flrong. 

ly  to  the  tongue  when  newly  broken  ;    the  harder  very 

moderately.       Colours  grey,  yellow,  red,  brown,  blue. 

A  fpecimen  of  lithomarga  from  Ofmund,  analyfed  by 

Bergman,  contained    60.0  filica, 

1  i.o  alumina, 
5.7  carbonat  of  lime, 
4.7  oxyd  of  iron, 
0.5  carbonat  of  magnefia, 
18.0  w.-iter  and  air. 


99-9 1 

SPECIES  4.  Bole. 
Texture  earthy.  Fradure  conch  idrl.  Luftre  o. 
Tranfparency  fcarce  I .  Harcin?fs4.  Sp.  gr.  trc  m  1.4 
to  2.  Acquires  a  polifh  by  Indli  n.  S.arcely  adhere'! 
to  the  tongue.  Feel  gre.ily.  Colour  yellow  or  brown  ; 
fometimei  red;  f-imetme>  fp"ited. 

The  lemnian  earth  uh'cl'.  bcloi^gs  to  this  fpecies,  ac- 
cording to  the  analylis  of  Bergman,  contains 
47.0  filica, 
19.0  alu.tiina, 
6.0  carbonat  of  magnefia, 
5.4  carbonat  of  lime, 
5.4  oxyd  of  iron, 
17.0  water  and  air. 


f  Opufc.  {». 

118 

Bole. 


99.8t 

SPECIES  5.  Fullers  earth. 
Texture  earthy.  Struiflure  fomeiimes  flaty.  Fric- 
ture  impcrfeflly  conchoidal.  Luftre  o.  Op.'que. 
Hardnefs  4.  Receives  a  polilh  from  friction.  D.ies 
not  adhere  to  the  tongue.  Feels  greai'y.  Ci<lour  ufu- 
ally  light  green. 

A  fpecimen  from  Hampfliire,  analyfed  by  Bergman, 
contained  51  8  filica, 

25.0  alumina, 
3.3  carbouMt  cf  lime, 
3  7  oxyd  of  iror, 
0.7  carbonat  of  magnefia, 
155  nioiAuic. 


\  JliJ.  p. 

"9 

FulKr* 
earth. 


ICO.O  J 


This 


J  nu.  156. 


Yellow 
•halk. 


■f  Ann.  Je 
dim.  XXX- 

13. 

IJ4 
Green 
earth. 


lis 
G.  III. 
Mul. 


TvIINERALOGY.  Clafs  L 

Th's  eiith  is  ufeJ  by  fullers  to  take  the  greafe  out  caibonat  confiderably  exceeds  the  other  ingredient,  is 

of  their  cl  lib  before  ihey  apply  foap.      It  is  elfential  to  called  mjrl. 

fullers  earth  th.il  the  particles  of  filica  be  very  fi;ie.  Its  texture  is  earthy.     Luftre  o.     Opaque.      Hard- 

olherwife  they   would  cut  the  cloth.      Any  clay,  p'>f-  nefs  from  4  to  8  ;   fometlmes  in  powder.     Sp.  gr.  from 

feifed  of  this  laft  property,  may  be  conlidered  as/u/A-r/  1.6  to  2.877.     Colour  ulually  grey,  often  tinged  with 


110 
G.  II.  Co- 
loroHc 
cirtlis. 


Til 

Red  chalk. 


earth;  for  it  is  the  alumina  alone  which  ads  upon  the 
clo;h,  on  account  of  its  Urong  affinity  for  greafy  lub- 
(lances. 

Gfncs  II.  Colorific  Earths. 
The  minerals  belonging  to  this  genus  confift  of  clay, 
mixed  with  fu  large  a  quantity  of  fome  colouring  ingre- 
dient as  to  render  them  uftlul  as  paints.  The  colour- 
ing maiter  is  commonly  oxyd  of  iron,  and  fometimes 
charcoal. 

SPECIES    I .     Red  chalk. 
RcJJi'e. 
Testnre  earthy.     Fraflure  conchoidal. 
Op.ique.     Hardnefs  4. 
luiir  dark  red. 

Feels  n  ugh.  Stains  the  fingers.  Adheres  to  the  and  water.  And  the  good  or  bad  qualities  ot/oi/s  de- 
tongue.  FalU  to  powder  in  water.  Does  not  become  pends  upon  a  proper  mixture  of  thefe  ingredients.  The 
duiflile.      When  heated  it  becomes  black,  and  at  159°     iilica  is  feldoni  in  the  Hate  of  an  impalpable  powder,  but 


313. 
123 
Black 
Chalk. 


other  cokuis.     EfFervelces  with  acids. 

S  ime  marls  crumble  into  powder  when  expofed  to  the 
air  ;  others  ret.iin  their  hardnefs  for  many  years. 

Mails  may  be  divided  mto  two  fpecies  :  1.  Thofe 
which  contain  more  filica  th.iti  Hliimina  ;  2.  'I'hofe  which 
contain  more  alumina  than  iilica.  Mr  K'rwaii  lias  call- 
ed the  fiift  of  thcfe  jUiceotn,  the  fecc  nd  arglllacfoui, 
marls.  Attention  Ihoidd  l)e  p  .id  to  tins  dillmihon 
when  marls  are  ufed  as  a  manuic. 

Genus   IV.     Mol^ld. 
By  mouU  is  meant  the  foil  on  which  vegetables  grow. 
It  Contains  the  following  ingredients  :  iilica,  alumina, 
Sp.gr.  inconliderable.     Co-    lime,  magnefia  (fomelimeo),  iron,  carbon  derived  from 

decayed  vegetable  and  animal  fubilances,  carbonic  acid, 


L'lftr 


136 
G.  IV. 
Mould. 


Wedgewood  nieltb  into  a  greer.ifli  yellow  Irothy  enamel 
Compofed  of  cl.iy  and  oxyd  of  iron. 

SPECIES   2.     Yellow  clalk. 
Texture  earthy.     Fradure  conchoidal.     Hardnefs  3. 
Sp.  gr.  inconfiderable.      Colour  ochre  yellow. 

Feels  fmooih  or  greafy.      Stains   the  lingers.     Ad- 
heres to  the  tongue.     Falls  to  peces  in  water.     When 
heated  becomes  red  ;  and  at   156 
into  a  brown  porous  porcelain. 
According  to  Sage,  it  contains 
50  alumina, 
40  oxyd  ot  iron, 
10  water,  with  fome  fulphuric  acid. 


Wedgewood  melts 


SPECIES   3.     Black  chalk. 
Struflure  flaty.     Texture  earthy.     Fragments  fplin- 
tery.    Luftre  o.    Opaque.    Hardnefs  5.    Sp.gr.  2.144 
to  2.277.     Colour  blick.     Streak  black. 

Feels  i'mooth.  Adheres  flightly  to  the  tongue.  Does 
not  moulder  in  water.  When  heated  to  rednefs  it  be- 
comes reddiih  grey. 

Accoiding  to  Wiegleb,  it  is  compofed  of 
64  50  filica, 
1 1.25  alumina, 
1 1 .00  charcoal, 
2.75  oxyd  of  iron, 
7.50  water. 


in  grains  rf  a  greater  or  Imaller  lize  :  Its  chief  ufe  feems 
to  be  to  keep  the  foil  open  and  pervious  to  moifture. 
If  we  pals  over  the  carbon,  the  iron,  and  the  carbonic 
acid,  the  goodnefs  ot  a  foil  depends  upon  its  being  able 
to  retain  the  quantity  of  moiflure  which  is  proper  for 
the  nourifhment  of  vegetables,  and  no  more.  Now  the 
retentive  power  ot  a  foil  increales  with  the  proportion 
of  its  alumina,  lime,  or  magnelia,  and  diminilhts  as  the 
proportion  of  its  Iilica  increafes.  Hence  it  follows,  that 
in  a  dry  country,  a  feitile  foil  Ihould  contain  lei's  filica, 
and  more  of  the  other  earths,  than  in  a  wet  country. 

Giobert  found  a  fertile  fod  near  Turin,     where  it 
rains  annually  30  inches,  to  contain 
From      77  tf)  79  (ilica, 

9  —  14  alumina, 
5  —  12  lime. 
Near  Pari?,  where  it  rains  about  20  inches  annually, 
Mr  TiUet  fonnd  a  fertile  foil  to  contain 
Coarfe  fand     25 
Fine  fand         2 1 

—  46.0  filica, 
16.5  alumina, 
37.5  lime. 


97.00 1 


Hardnefs  6 


I  00.0  J  f  Kirivan 

The  varieties  of  mould  are  too  numerous  to  admit  an  o"  Manura, 
accurate  defcription  :  we  Ihall  content  ourfelves,  there- 
fore, with  mentioning  the  mofl  remarkable. 

SPECIES    I.     Sand. 
This  confifts  of  fmall  grains  of  filiceous   flones  not 
cohering  together,  nor  fottened  by  water.     When  the 
grains  are  of  a  large  fize,  the  foil  is  called  ^raw/. 


127 
Sand. 


SPECIES   2.     Clay. 
This  confifts  of  common  clay  mixed  with  decayed  ve- 


spECiEs  4.     Green  earth. 

Texture  earthy.     Luftre  o.     Opaque, 
to  7.     Sp.  gi.  2.637.     Colour  green. 

Commonly  feels  fmooth.     Does  not  ftain  the  fingers 
Olttn  tails  to  powder  in  water.      When  heated  it  be-    getable  and  animal  fubilances, 
comes  reddiih  brown;  and  at  147°  Wedgewood  melts  «pecies   "      Loam 

into  a  black  ccmpaa  glafs.  ^       j.^.,  ^^.^^  j^^^  norcohere  fo  ftrongly  as  clay, 

Compofed  of  clay,  oxyds  of  iron  and  nickel.  ^^^  J^^^  ^^^^^^j^  ^^^  ^1^^,^^  -^  ^^j,^j  j^^^     .^^^^^ 

Genus  III.     Marl.  are  many  varieties  of  it.      The  following  are  the  moft 

A  mixture  of  carboBat  of  lime  and  clay,  in  which  the    common. 

ITariety 


118 

Clay. 


129 
Loam. 


Order 


MINERALOGY. 


130 

TUl. 


131 

C.  I.  Sand- 
(tunc. 


I .     Clayey  loam  ;   called  alfo  Jlron^,  Jliff",  cold, 
and  heavy,  loam. 
It  confitls  of  a  mixtuie  nt'  clay  and  coarfe  fand. 

Variety  2.     Chalky  loam. 
A  mixture  of  clay,  chalk,  and  coarfe  land  ;  the  chalk 
predominating. 

Variety  3.     Sandy  loam. 
A  mixture  of  the  lame  ingredients ;  the  fand  amount- 
ing to  .8  or  .9  of  the  wliole. 

SPECIES   4.      Till. 
Till  is  a  mixture  of  clay  and  oxyd  of  iron.      It  is  of 
a  red  colour,  very  hard  and  heavy. 

Sect.   II.     Aggregates  of  amorphom  Jlones. 

The  aa;gregates  which  belong  to  this  feiflion  confift 
of  amorphous  Iragments  of  ftones  cemented  together. 
They  may  be  1  educed  to  the  following  genera  : 

1.  S.indftore, 

2.  Puddingltone, 

3.  Amygdaloid, 

4.  Breccia. 

Genus  I.     Sandstone. 


sn 


Sometimes  ftones  occur,  confiding  of  grains  of  lime    -A^gre- 
ccmented  totjether  wltli  liljcii.     Theie  Hones  are  allii  Je-     K^'_i4l^ 
nominated  liliceous  fanJUoi.es. 

SPECIES  4.     Ferruginf'Us  fanddoncs.  Ferrugi- 

The  iron  which  afts  asacem.'nt  infsrruginous  fand-  "oui. 
ftones  is  not  far  from  a  meullic  (late.  When  iron  is 
completely  oxydatcd,  it  lofe^  the  property  of  aifiing  as 
a  cement.  This  is  llie  reafon  that  lerruginous  fand- 
llnnes,  when  expofed  to  the  air,  almofl  always  crumble 
into  powder. 

Tiie  colour  of  ferruginous  findftones  is  ufiially  dark 
red,  yellow,  or  brown.  Tlie  grains  of  fand  which  com- 
pofe  them  are  often  |)relty  large.  Thtir  hardnels  is 
commonly  inconfidcrable. 

136 
Genits   II.     Pudding  Stone.  G.  II.  Put{- 

Pebbles  of  qirirtz,   fl-nt,  or  other  (imilar  dones  of  a  '''"£  1°"^- 
round   or  eliptical  form,  from  the  fize  of  rape  leed  to 
that   of  an  egg,  cemented    together  by  a  (iliceous  ce- 
ment, often   mixed  with  iron,  have  b.en  denominated 
pudii'mg  Jlones. 

Pudding  (topes,  of  courfe,  are  not  Inferior  in  hard- 
ncfs  to  quartz,  flint,  chalcedony,  &c.  (>i  which  the  peb- 


Small  grains  of  fand,  confillirg  of  quartz,  flint,  horn-  ble>.  may  confilL     The  colour  of  the  cement  is  ufuilly 

ftone,  filiceous  lliillus,  oriclCpar,  and  fomelinies  of  mi-  yellow,  brown,  or  red.      Its  fradure  is  conchnidil. 

ca,    cemented  together,    are  denominated   fanddones  The  liner  forts  of  pudding  ftones  are  capable  of  a  tine 

They  feel  rough  and  fandv  ;  and  when  not  very  hard,  polilh  ;  the  coarfe  are  ufed  for  mill-llones. 
ealily  crumble  into  find.    The  cement  or  bafis  by  which 


»31 
CalcnreoiiS. 


the  grains  of  fand  are  united  to  each  other  is  of  four 
kinds  J  namely,  lime,  alumina,  (ilica,  iron.  Sandllones, 
therefore,  may  be  divided  into  four  fpecies. 

SPECIES  I       C:ilcareons  fandrtones. 


Genus   III.     Amygdaloid.  g.  III. 

Rounded  or  eliptical  mafles  of  chalcedony,  zeolite,  Aniygd*- 
limcltoue,  lithomarga,   fteatites,  green  eartli,   garnets, '°''*' 
lioriiblend,  or  opal,  cemented  together  by  a  balis  of  in- 
durated clay,  trap,  mulkn,  walken  or  kragg,  confti- 


Calcareous  I'anJItones  are  merely  carbonat  of  lime  or  tute  an  am\udaloid 

marl,  with  a  quantity  of  land  interpofed    between   its  Amygdaloids  are  opaque.      They  have  no  luftre. 

panicles     Though  the  quantity  of  land,  in  many  cafes,  ThcT  fr..auie  is  uneven  or  conchoidal.     Hardnefs  6  to 

farexceedsthe  lime.calcaieousfandllonesarefometinies  9.     Their  colours  are  as  various  as  the  ingredients  of 

found  cryftallized  ;  and,  in  fome  cafes,  the  cryftals,  as  which  they  are  compofed. 
might  be  expsfled,  have  fome  of  the  forms  which  di 


ftinguifh  carbonat  of  lime.  Thus  the  calcareous  fand- 
ftone  of  Fountainbleau  is  cryltallized  in  rhomboidal 
tables.  It  contains,  according  to  the  analyfis  of  Laf- 
fone  62.5  filictous  fand, 

,  37.5  caibonat  ot  lime. 


138 
G.  IV> 


«33 
.Alunii- 

uou$. 


134 

Siliccoui. 


Calcareous  fandftones  have  commonly  an  earthy  tex- 
ture. Their  furface  is  rough.  J'heir  hardnefs  from  6 
to  7.  Their  I'pccilic  gravity  about  2.5  or  2.6.  Their 
colour  giey  ;  f)m;iime5  yellowini  or  brown.  They  are 
fometimes  burned  for  lime. 

species  2.     Aluminous  fandftones. 

The  balis  of  argillaceous  fandftones  is  alumina,  or 
rather  clay.  Their  ll-uflure  is  often  ilatv.  Their  tex- 
ture is  compafl,  and  either  fine  or  coarfe  grained,  ac- 
cording to  the  fr/e  ol  l!ic  fand  of  which  they  are  chief- 
ly compofed.  Their  h^'dnefs  is  froni  6  to  8,  or  even 
9.     Their  colour  is  iifu;<liy  grey,  yellow,  or  brown. 

They  are  often  i  rmed  into  mill-ftones,  filtering- 
ftones,  and  coarfe  whet-llones. 

sPEcifs  3.     Siliceous  fandftones. 
Siliceous  I'ai.dlloiies  conlift  of  grains  of  fand  cement- 
ed togcthe'  by  (ilica,  or  feme  fubdaiice  which  confifts 
chiefly  of  hlica  or  Hint.      They  are  much  harder  than 
any  of  the  otlier  fpecies. 


Genus   IV.     breccia. 
Angular  fragments  of  the  iam^  fpecies  of  ftone  agglu-  Breccia, 
tinated  togedier,  conftitute  a  breccia.      'I'hus  calcareous 
breccia  confids  of  fragments  of  marble  cemented  toge- 
ther by  means  of  lime. 

Sect.   III.     Aggregates  of  Chryflals. 

The  miRc;rals  l)elonging  to  this  feiflion  confift  either 
of  cryltals  of  different  kinds  cemented  loyether,  or  o£ 
cryllals  and  dimorphous  ftones  cemented  together. 

They  may  be  reduced  under  the  following  genera. 

1.  Granite. 

2.  Sienite. 

3.  Granatine. 

4.  Gra-.iitell. 

5.  Gianilite. 

6.  Tr  ip. 

7.  Porphyry. 

Genus   I.     granite. 
An  aggregate  of  lelfp.itli,  quarts.,  and  mica,  what-  "'<« 
ever  be  ihe  lize  or  the  (ii;iire  of  the  ingredients,  is  de 
nominated  granite.     Thi-    ;i>;gregaie  may  be   divo., 
into  two  fpecif-,  namely,  common  granite,  andy/'.^'^^', 
granite  or  gneils. 

SPiciES    I.     Common  granite. 


139 
C.  I.  Grar 


140 
Conunoai. 


lu  ftrutlurc  is  always  granular.    The  fclfpar  is  often 

amor~ 


5i3 


M  I  K  E  R  A 


Earthsand  am0TpSou5,  and  coiiditutcs  mofl  frequently  the  greated 
stoi:ci.     pjit  of  ilii  aggregate. 

'•^^  '^^  Common  granites  differ  much  in  their  appearance,  ac- 
cording to  the  iV/.e,  proportion,  colour,  and  liyure  of 
their  component  parts.  Tliey  are  commonly  very  hard: 
Their  fpecific  gravity  varies  from  2.5388  to  2.956^. 

SPECIES  2.  Shiftofe  granite  or  gneifs. 


LOG 

Y. 

Mica, 

Shorl. 

Mica, 
JiJ.e. 

lluiiibkhde.         Jade, 
J.^de.             Garnet. 

Mica, 
HoinhlenJc. 

Mica, 
Girnet. 

Ui.nblfiide, 
Garnet. 

Steatites, 
Shorl. 

Clafs  T 


141 

Cncifs. 


Some  of  thefe   aggregates  l:ave  received  particular 
riames.       The  aggregate  of  quartz  and  inicii,  when  i'.s 
The  ftrut^nre  of  gncifi  is  always  (laty,  and  this  con-    ftrudnre  is  flaty,  is  called  by  Wemer  yZi///c/c  n,ica  :  by 
fliiutes  its  fpecific  cl'iarader.     In  gneifs,  the  proportion    ^\^^  Swedes,  it  is  denominated  y/f/^^iw,  whatever  be  its 
of  quartz  and  felfpar  is  nearly   tijiul  :   the  proportion     Uru.'lure. 


141 
Ci.  U.  Sie- 
nite. 


The  aggregate  of  hornblende  and  mica  is  called  ^run- 
Jlein,  from  the  dark  gieen  colour  which  it  ufually  has. 

Genus  V.  granilite.  G 

Under  the  name  oi' granili/e,  Mr  Kirwancomprehends  mlitc. 
all  aggregates  containing  more  than  three  ingredients. 
Of  thele  the  following  are  the  moll  remarkable. 


145 
V.  Cra- 


143 
G.III.  Gra- 


Qu  ircz, 

Felfpar, 

Shotl. 

Quartz, 

Mica, 

Garnet. 

Quartz, 

Hornblende, 

Jade. 

Felfpar, 
Mica, 
Shorl. 

(^artz, 

Felfpar, 

Jade. 

Quartz, 

Sho.l, 

Hornblende, 

Quartz, 

Hornblende, 

Garnet. 

Felfpar, 

Mica, 
Hornblende. 

Quartz, 
Felfpar, 
Garnet. 

Quartz, 
Shorl, 
Jade. 

Quartz, 

jade. 
Garnet. 

Felfpar, 

Quartz, 

Serpentine 

Quartz, 
Mica, 
Shorl. 

Quartz, 

Shorl, 

Garner. 

Quartz, 

Hornblende, 
Hornllone. 

Felfpar, 
Quartz, 

Steatites. 

Quartz, 
Mica, 
Jade. 

Quartz, 

Felfpar, 
Mica, 
Shorl. 

Quartz, 
Mica, 
Shorl, 

Garnet. 

Qujirtz, 

Sulph.cfbarytes, 
Mica, 
Shorl. 

Quartz, 

Felfpar, 

Mica, 

Steatites. 

Quaitz, 

Felfpar, 

Mica, 

Garnet. 

Quartz, 

SulpiiT'bf  barytes, 

Mica, 

Hornblende. 

of  mica  is  fm.illell.     It  is  evidently  fubjcd  to  llie  fame 
varieties  with  common  granite. 

Genus  II.  Sienite. 

Mr  Werner  has  given  the  name  of  Jienite  to  aggre- 
gates compnfed  of  felfpar,  hornblende,  and  quartz  ;  or 
of  fellpar,  hornblende,  quartz,  and  mica.  Thefe  aggre- 
gates wtre  formerly  confounded  with  quartz. 

Sienite  is  found  both  of  a  granular  and  flaty  ftruc- 
ture  :  it  might,  therefme,  like  granite,  be  divided  into 
two  fpecies.  In  ficnite  the  quartz  is  commonly  in  by 
far  the  fmal left  proportion. 

Genus  III.  cran.^tine. 
Mr  Kirwan  has   applied  the  name  ^ranntine  to  the 
following  aggregates. 

u. Ouartz.  Felfpar,  Steatites. Garnet.  Hornblende. 

Genus  VI.  trap.  (p).  g.  VI. 

Under  this  genus  we  clafs  not  only  what  has  com-  Trap, 
monly  been  called  tra/>,  but  alio  wacken,  and  muUen, 
and  kragftone  of  Kirwan. 

147 
species  I.  Comm-in  trap.  Common. 

This  ftone  is  very  common  in  Scotland,  and  is  known 
by  the  name  of  nvhi'ijlone.  Whole  hills  are  formed  of 
it ;  and  it  occurs  veiy  frequently  in  large  rounded  de- 
tached fragments.  Sometimes  it  alfumes  the  tnrm  of 
immenfe  columns,  and  is  then  called  bafalt.  The  Giants 
Caufeway  in  Ireland,  the  illand  of  StafFa,  and  ilie  fouth 
fide  of  Arthur's  Seat  in  Scotland,  are  well  known  in- 
ftances  of  this-  figure. 

Its  te.<ture  is  earthy  or  compad.  Its  fraifture  un- 
even. Its  luftre  commonly  o.  Opaque.  Hardnefs  8 
to  9.  Not  brittle.  Sp.  gr.  from  2.78  to  3.021.*  ' 
Colour  black,  with  a  fhade  of  grey,  blue,  or  purple  ; 
fometimes  blackilh  or  reddiftj  brown  ;  in  fome  cafes 
One  of  thefe  agjrregates,  namely,  quartz,  mica, gar-  greenilh  grey.  By  expofure  to  the  atmolphere,  it  often 
T,:t,  was  called  by  Cronftedt  norka  or  murhjien.  becomes  mve.^ed  with  a  brownilh  rind.       Before  the 

blowpipe,  it  melts  per  fe  into  a  more  or  lefs  black  glafs. 
Trap  confifts  of  fmall  cryllah  of  hornblende,  felfpar, 
olivine,  Sec,  ufually  fet  in  a  ground  compofed  apparent- 
ly of  clay  and  oxyd  of  iron.  A  ffeclmen,  in  the  form 
of  bafaltes,  from  StafFa,  analyfed  by  Dr  Kennedy  of  E- 
dinburgh,  contained  48  filica, 

16  alumin.i, 
16  oxyd  of  iron, 
9  linie, 
5  moifture, 
4  foda, 
I  muriatic  acid. 


'  KirvioH, 


G.lV.Gra-  Genus   IV.   granitell. 

BiteU.  Mr  Kirwan  gives  the  name  ol  ^r/;ni/f// to  all  aggre- 

gates compofed  of  any  two  of  the  following  ingre- 
dients: quarts,  fellpith,  mica,  lliorl,  hornblende,  jide, 
garnet,  fteatites.     The  mod  remarkable  of  thefe  are  : 


Quartz, 

Felfpar. 

Quartz, 
Hornblende. 

Quartz, 

Steatites. 

Felfpar, 
Hornblende. 

Qiiartz, 
Mica. 

Quartz, 
Jade. 

Felfpar, 
Mica. 

Felfpar, 
Jade. 

Quartz, 
Miorl. 

Quartz, 
Garnet. 

Felfpar, 

Shorl. 

Felfpar, 
Garnet. 

99 1 


t  EJh. 
Tranf.  *: 


{  f )  Kirw.  1.  23 1  and  43  l  .—Fuujas  de  Si  FmJ.  FJfai  fur  l' H\Jl.  Nat.  des  Roches  de  Trap.— Phil.  Tranf.  palTim, 
See  alfo  a  very  ingenious  fet  of  experiments  on  the  fulion  of  trap,  by  Sir  James  Hall  in  TranJ.  Edin.  V.  43. 


Order  III.  MINERALOGY 

Earths  and        A  fpecinien   from    Salifbury  rock,  near  Edinburgh, 
Stiincs.     contained,  according  to  the  analylis  of  the  fame  gemle- 
^■^^^^"^  man,  46.0  hlic  i, 

19.0  alumina, 
17.0  "xyd  of  iron, 
8  o  lime, 
4.0  moiltore, 
3.5  foda, 
1 .0  muiiatic  acid. 


I     Hornftnne  porphyry. 

2.  i-itchdone  porphyry. 

3.  HornHate  porphyry. 

4.  Felfpar  or  petunfe  por- 
phyry. 

5.  Clay  porph) ry. 
().  Horrihlendc  poiphyry. 
7.  'i'rap  porphyry. 


8.  Wacken  porpwyry. 

9.  Mullen  porphyry. 
10.  Krag  porf  hvry. 

I  1 .  Argillilic  porphyry. 

12.  Potlk'iie  p.irjhyry. 

13.  Serpentine  porphyry. 

14.  Sandllone'porphyry. 


Trarf.  ' 
90. 


148 
Wackcii. 
•  Kirvi.  I 


\  Kiriuan* 


149 
Mullen. 
}  Kiriv.  \, 


150 
Kragftone 

*  Kiriv,  i. 
226. 


n.  VII. 

I'orphyry 


98.5  I 

Dr  Kennedy  ccnduiSed  thefe  analyfes  will)  great  in- 
genuity and  judgnjent  ;  and  the  dilcovery  in  which  they 
terminated,  that  trap  contains  foda,  is  certainly  of  im- 
portance, and  may  lead  to  valuable  confequences  bolli 
in  a  geological  and  mineralogical  view. 

SPECIES   z.  Wackeir* 

This  ftone  often  forms  confiderable  parts  of  hills,  and, 
like  trap,  is  amorphous  Its  texture  is  earthy.  Its 
Iraflurc  ufually  even.  Luilre  o.  Opaque.  Hardnefs 
6  to  9.  Sp.  gr.  from  2.535  to  2.893  f.  Col.iur  grey, 
with  a  (hade  of  green,  black,  red,  brtwn.  When  ex- 
pofcd  to  the  atmofphere,  it  withers  and  becomes  more 
grey. 

It  melts  into  a  grey  porous  flag. 

SPECIES  3.  Mullen  \. 

This  ftone  is  alio  found  in  conliderable  mafles,  and 
fometimes  has  a  tendency  to  a  columnar  form  Lke  ba- 
falt.  Texture  eai  thy.  Fraiflure  uneven,  and  tine  fplin- 
tery.  Luftre  o,  except  from  fome  (Lining  particles  of 
bafaltine.  Opaque.  Hardnefs  from  7  to  9.  Sp.  gr. 
from  2.6  to  2.738.  Colour  alh  01  bluilh  grey  ;  R rne- 
times  mixed  with  ochro  yellow,  in  confeqiience  of  the 
decompofition  of  the  ftone.  At  130°  Wedgewood  it 
mehs  into  a  black  compaft  glafs. 

When  mullen  is  expofed  to  the  air,  its  furface  be- 
comes coveted  with  a  gieyilh  white  rind,  fometimes 
ftightly  ochry. 

SPECIES  4.  Kragftone.* 
This  ftone,  which  like  the  ether;.,  forms  confiderable 
parts  of  rocks,  was  formed  into  a  diftinft  fpecies  by 
Mr  Kirwan.  Its  texture  is  earthy.  It  is  exceedingly 
porous,  and  the  pores  ate  often  filled  with  the  cryftals 
of  other  minerals.  Fraftuie  uneven.  Luilre  o.  O- 
paque.  Hardnefs  5  to  7.  Sp.gr.  2.314.  Feelsrough 
and  harfh.  Colour  reddidi  grey.  Stieak  yjliowilh 
grey.  At  138°  AVcdgewood  it  melts  into  a  reddilh 
brown  porcelain  mafs. 

Genus  VII.  porphyry. 
Any  ftone  which  contains  fcattcred  cryftals  or  grains 
of  ifilpar,  vilible  to  the  nak  d  eye,  is  denoininated  a 
porphyry.  Befidcs  felfpar,  porphyries  generally  con- 
tain fm.'ll  cryftals  of  quaitz,  hornblende,  and  mica. 
Thefe  crjllaU  are  ulually  of  a  different  colour  from  the 
(lone  in  which  they  are  tcund,  and  they  are  (luck  in  it 
as  in  a  cement.  It  is  evident  from  ihi  •  definition,  that 
the  number  of  porphyries  mult  be  j;reat.  Each  I'pe- 
cics  receives  its  name  from  the  ftone  which  forms  its  ba- 
fis.  To  dcfcribe  them  would  be  unnecell'ary.  We 
lliall  only  give  a  catalogue  of  the  principal  (pedes. 


1  he  aggregates  belonging  to  this  fc^ion  ccmpofe 
moft  of  the  mountains  ol  the  globe.  In  givin-^  an  ac- 
count of  them,  we  have  adh"ered  implicitly  to  thear- 
rangement  molt  generally  received  by  mireraloglfts.  It 
miift  be  acknowledged  that  this  arrangement  Is  by  no 
means  complete,  ai,d  that  f<-me  of  the  gvnera  aie  too 
vague  to  be  of  much  ufe.  The  nimiber  of  aggregates 
already  difcovercd  is  too  great  for  giving  to  eat  h  a  par- 
ticular name.  Perhaps  it  would  be  better  hencetoitli 
to  adopt  the  method  propoled  by  Mr  Hauy,  namely, 
to  conllitute  the  genera  from  that  ingredient  which  en- 
ters  moft  abundantly  into  tlie  aggregate,  and  which 
forms  as  it  were  its  bafis,  and  to  diiiinguilii  the  fpecies 
according  to  the  nature  and  proportion  of  the  cilier 
ingredients.  According  to  this  plan,  the  aggregates 
hitherto  di(i:overed  have  been  divided  by  Hauy  into.the 
following  genera  : 


1.  Felfpathic  rock. 

2.  Quartzous  rock. 

3.  Micaceous  rock. 

4.  Chloritous  rock. 

5.  Serpentine  rock. 

6.  Trappean  rock. 


7.  Hornblendean  rock. 
S.  Petrofiliceous  rock. 
9.  G.irnttic  rock. 

10.  Calcareous  rock. 

1 1.  Argillaceous  rock. 

12.  Corneous  rock. 


Sect.  IV.      Vulcanic  uiggregatts. 

Aggregates  formed  by  volcanoes  may  be  reduced 
to  the  tollowing  genera. 

1.  Lava. 

2.  Tufa. 

3.  Pumice. 

4.  Alhes. 

GeKUS    I.    LAVA. 

All  fubftances  which  have  ilfued  out  of  a  volcano  In 
a  ftate  of  full'  n  are  called  lavas.  Tliey  have  been  di- 
vided into  three  (pecies. 

SPECIES    I.     Vitreous  lava. 

Found  in  fmall  pieces. 

Texture  glofly.  Fraflure  conchoidal.  Luftre  3. 
Tranfparency  from  3  to  i.  Hardnefs  9  to  10.  Sp.  gr. 
from  2  to  3.  Colour  blackilh,  greenifb,  or  whitidi. 
Commonly  (bmewliat  porous. 


.Aggre- 
gates. 


I5i 
G.  I.  ijva. 


Vitreous. 


154 
CellnUr. 


SPECIES  2.  Cellular  lava. 
This  fpecies  is  full  of  cells.  Surface  rough  and  full 
of  cavities.  Texture  earthy.  Luftre  o.  Opaque. 
Hardnefs  7  to  9.  Sp.  gr.  varies,  but  docs  not  exceed 
2.8.  Colour  brown  or  greyilli  black.  Commonly 
fomewhat  magnetic. 

SPECIES  3.     Compaft  lava.  '.^-f 

This  fpecies  is  iht  moft  common  of  all ;  it  runs  into    '""P*'** 

the 


5-20 


MINERALOGY. 


Clafs  III. 


Ccmbxif-   the  fecond  by  infenfible  degrees ;  and  indeed  is  fcldom 
tible*.     found  of  any  confiderable  lize  witlioiit  fome  pores.     It 
bears  in  general  a  very  llronp  refcmblance  to  trap. 

A  fpecimen  of  the  lava  oi  Catania  in  Sicily,  analyfed 
by  l)r  Kennedy,  contained 
51.0  filica, 
19.0  alumina, 
14.5  oxyd  of  iron, 
9.5  lime, 
4.0  fdda, 
i.o  muiiatic  acid. 


Comb»f- 
tibki. 


f  Trjnf. 
£Jin.   V. 

93- 


99-ot  ^.  .,    , 

A  fpecimen  of  the  lava  of  Sta.  Venere  m  Sicily  he 
found  to  contain   50.75  I'llica, 

17.50  alumina, 
14.25  oxyd  ot  iron, 
10.00  lime, 
4.00  foda, 
1. 00  muriatic  acid. 


\  Hid.  94. 


97-5t- 
Thus  we  fee,  that  tlic  refemblance  between  trap  and 
lava  holds  not  only  in  their  external  appearance,  but 
alio  in  their  component  parts. 


Genus  II.    puzzolanv. 

Found  in  fmall  pieces.     Surface  rough.     Texture 
earthy  and  porous.     Fraflure  uneven.     Luftre  o.     O-  ^"^7^6^^ 
paque.     H.iidnef^i  3.    Very  brittle.    Sp.  gr.  fr.'m  2.57  G.  II.  Puj. 
to  2.8.     Ci'lour  brown  or  dark  grey.     Magnetic.      Ea-  zolaiia. 
fily  melts  into  a  black  flag. 

When  mixed  with  lime  into  a  mortar,  it  p'^fTifles  the 
property  ot  hardening  even  un  'er  waier.  This  pro- 
perty  it  owes  moll  probably,  as  Mr  Kir^'an  fuppoles, 
to  the  iron  which  it  contains.  The  iron  decnmp'fes 
the  water  of  the  mortar,  and  by  ihi^  means  it  becomes 
too  hard  to  be  acted  upon  by  water  in  a  Tcry  (hort 
time. 

157 
Genus  III.    pumice.  G.  III.  Po- 

This  is  a  very  light  lubfiance  cj.fled  from  volcanoes.  ""'«• 
It  is  porous.     Hardnefs  3.      Brittle      Sp.gr.  below  I. 
Colour  giey  or  brown. 

In  fume  varieties  the  luftre  and  tranfparency  are  o: 
in  others,  the  luftre  is  glaify,  2.  Tranfparency  from 
I  to  2. 

_  TTT  'i^ 

OENUS   IV.      VOLCANIC    ASHES.  G.IV.Vol- 

Thefe  are  analogous  to  the  alhes  of  common  pit  coal,  canic  afli«». 
Loofe  and  Imooth,  very  light,  and  fine.     Slowly  diffu- 
fible  in  water,  and  when  wet  fomewhat  dudile. 


Genera. 


Class  II.     SALTS. 

UNDER  this  clafs  we  comprehend  all  the  combina-  Genus  II. 

nons  of  alkalies  with  acids  which  exift  in  the  mi- 
neral kingdom.  As  they  have  been  already  defcribed 
in  the  article  Chemistry,  Svppl.  we  ihall  here  only 
give  a  lift  of  their  names. 

Genus  I.    potass.  Genus  III. 

Sp.  I.   Sulphat  of  potafs. 
2.  Nccrat  of  potafs. 


SODA. 

Sp.  I .  Carbonat  of  foda. 

2.  Sulphat  of  foda. 

3.  Muriat  of  foda. 

4.  Borax. 

AMMONIA. 

Sp.  I.  Sulphat  of  ammonia. 

2.  Muriat  of  ammonia. 


Class  III.     COMBUSTIBLES. 


160 

GcDcra. 


THE  combuftible  fubftances  belonging  to  the  mine- 
ral kingdom,  excluding  the  metals,  may  be  com- 
prehended under  the  following  genera. 
^     Sulphur. 
Carbon. 
Bitumen. 
Coal. 
Amber. 


i«i 
G.  1.  Sul- 
phur. 


I 

2- 

3- 

5- 

Genus  I.    sulphur. 
SPECIES    1.     Native  fulphur. 
This  fubftance  is  found  abundantly  in  many  parts  of 
th«  world,  eCpecially  near  volcanoes,  as  Hecla,  jEtna, 
Vefuvius,  the  Lipari  ifl.inds,  &c.     It  is  either  in  the 
ftate  of  powder,  or  maflive,  or  cryftallized.     The  pri- 
mitive form  of  its  ciyftals  is  an  oftohedron,  compofed 
■t  Fig.  34.    of  tw,-.  four-fided  pyramids,  joined  bafe  to  bafef.     The 
fides  of  thefe  pyramids  are  Icalene  triangles,  and  fo  in- 
clined that  the  plane  where  the  bafes  of  the  pyramids 
join  is  a  rhomb,  whofe  long  diagonal  is  to  its  ihort  as 
*  Rome  dt    5  to  4*.     Sometimes  the  apices  of  the  pyramids,  to 
Lip,i.        ufe  tl.e  l.mguage  of  De  Lille,  are  tiuncated;    lome- 

*9»-  times  they  are  feparated  fioni  each  other  by  a  prilm  ; 

Hauy  and 

X.efroy^ 

"Jour,  de  • — — ^— — — — ^— ^ 

Aiin.  N° 

Xiix.  as  7. 


fometimes  they  are  truncated  near  their  bafe°,  and  a 

low  four-fided  pyramid  rifes  from  the  truncature  :  this 

pyramid  is  alio  ibmetimes  truncated  near  its  apex  J.   Fi-  j  pig.  35. 

nally,  one  of  the  edges  of  the  pyramids  is  fometimes 

truncated.     For  figures  of  thefe  varieties,  and  for  the 

laws  of  their  formation,  we  refer  to  Mr  Lifroy\.  f  jaur.  dt 

Colour  yellow,  with  a  fhade  of  green  ;   fometimes  Min.  N° 
reddini(q_).     Luftre  greafy,  2.     Tranfparency  varies  ">*•  337- 
from  o  to  4.      Caufes  double  refraftionj.      Texture  j  Hauj. 
compaft.     Hardnefs  4  to  5.      Brittle — For  its  other 
properties,  we  refer  to  Chemistry  in  this  Suppl. 

Someti.aies  fulphur  is  mixed  with  dilfeient  propor- 
tions of  earths.  Thefe  combinations  are  hardly  fuf- 
ceplible  of  accurate  dcfcription. 

Sulphur  combines  alio  with  metals.  Thefe  combi- 
nations Ihall  be  defcribed  in  the  fourth  clafs. 


Genus  II.    carbon.  i6» 

This  genus  comprehends  all  minerals  compofed  of    'G.  II. 
pure  carbon,  or  of  carbon  combined  with  a  little  earth.      Carbon, 

SPECIES   I.     Diamond.  Diamond. 

This  mineral,  which  was  well  known  to  the  ancients, 

is 


(q_)  It  then  coQtains  arfenic. 


Order  II I 


MINERALOGY. 


Combuf- 
tiblcs. 


•f  Fig.  36. 


t  rig- 37- 


•  Cryjl.  ii. 

191: 

f  Jcur.  dt 

Min.  NO 

mix.  343- 

J  Hauy,  iiiJ. 


is  found  in  different  parts  of  Afia,  particularly  in  the 
kingdoms  of  Golconda  and  Vifapour  ;  it  is  found  alfo 
in  Brazil. 

Ic  ii  always  cryflalli/ed  ;  but  fometimes  fo  imper- 
fedtly,  that  at  the  firll  fight  it  might  pafs  for  amor- 


SPECIIS    I.     Naphtha.  Combuf- 

This  fubRance  is  found  fometimes  on  the  furface  of  ^J^^^^^ 
the  water  of  fpiing?,  and  fometimes  ilfuingfrnm  certain        ijj; 
ftrata.     It  is  found  in  great  abundance  in  Potfia.  Nipluhi. 

It  is  as  fluid  and  tranlparent  as  water.    Colour  white 
phous.      Its  primitive  form  is  a  regular  ddogonf;  but     or  yellowilh  white.     Smell  llrong,  but  not  difigrecable. 
it  more  commonly  aiiumes  a  fpheroidal  form,  and  then    Sp.  gr.  when  white,  .708*  or  .-zgf;  wjicn  yellowilli,  '  ■"J^'/^^"'- 
has  ufually  36  curvilinear  triangular  faces,  fix  of  which     .^475:!^.      Feels  greafy.      Catches  tire  on  llie  approach    """^^l^^^^ 
are  raifed  ujion  each  of  the  faces  of  the  primitive  oiflo-    of  flame,  burns  with  a  white  flame,  and  leaves  fcarce  j  ^rijfir..' 
gonj.    Its  integrant  molecule,  according  to  Hauy,  is  a    any  refiduum. 

regular  tetrahedron. — For  a  more  particular  account  of  Infoluble  in  alcohol.  Does  not  freeze  at  o"  Fahrcn- 
the  cryftals  of  this  mineral,  we  refer  the  reader  to  Air  heit.  When  pure  naphtha  is  expofed  to  the  air,  it  be- 
Rotne  de  Lific*  and  Mr  Ihujf.  comes  yellow  and  then  brown  ;  its  confidence  is  incrca- 

Texture  foliated.     Lulf  re  4.     Tranfparency  from  2    fed,  and  it  pafles  into  petroleum*.  '  Hauteit. 

to  4.     Caufes  Angle  refraaion.      Hardnefs_20.   _Sp.  species   2.     Petroleum. 


gr.   3.5185  to   3.53  loj.     Colour  various;  fometimes 

limpid,  fometimes  red,   orange,   yellow,   green,   blue, 

and  even  blackilh.  o,..-.     _,   „,    r'^...^,^,. 

,,.,  ,  ,     ,   .     ,  r  ■     ^       in..  .Switzerland,  uermany 

tIJ.iiiJ.  When   rubbed  it  becomes   pndtively  electric,    even    ,      , 

§  Marvcau,  before  it  has  been  cut  by  the  lapidary,  which  is  not 

Ann.  dc        [lie  cafe  with  any  other  geni||. 

It  is  compofed  ot  puie  carbon  J. 


This  fubftance  is  alfo  found  in  Pcrfia,  and  likewife  in 

many  countries  in  Europe,  particularly  Italy,  Fianc, 

Sweden,  England,  and  Scot- 


Pct.-dlcum. 


dim.  xxxi 

72. 
164 
Mineral 
cburcoal. 


•  Ibid. 
Anthracite. 


SPECIES   2.     Mineral  charcoal. 
Kilkenny  coal — Wales  culm. 

This  mineral  h.is  been  found  in  Hungary,    Italy, 
France,  Ireland,  and  Wales.     It  occurs  in  ftratified    then  called /ni/jrra/ <arf 
maffes,  or  in  lumps  neiled  in  clay. 

Colour  black.  Luftre  4,  metallic.  Opaque.  Tex- 
ture foliated.  Hardnefs  5  to  7.  Sp.  gr.  1.4  to  1.526. 
Often  l\ains  the  fingers.  Infoluble  in  acids.  Defla- 
grates with  nitre.  Does  not  burn  till  wholly  ignited, 
and  then  confunies  ilowly  without  emitting  flame  or 
fmoke. 

It  confifts  almofl  entirely  of  charcoal,  wliich,  as  Mor- 
veau  has  proved,  is  an  oxyd  of  carbon*. 

SPECIES   3.     Anthracite (r). 

Anihracolite. 
This  fubftance,  as  Dnlomieu  informs  us,  is  found  ex- 
clullvely  in  the  piimitive  mountains.  It  is  always  amor- 
phous. Colour  black  or  brownifli  black.  Lultre  3  to 
4.  Struiflure  flaiy.  Fragments  rhomboidal.  fiard- 
ntfs  6  to  7.  Sp.  gr.  greater  than  that  of  coal.  Often 
ftains  die  fingers. 

Burns  precifely  like  the  lafl  fpecies,  and  leaves  .40  of 
white  alhes.  According  to  Dolomieu,  it  is  compofed 
of  about  64.0  charcoal, 

32.5  filica, 
3.5  iron. 


Not  fo  fluid  nor  tranfparent  as  water.  Colour  yellow, 
either  pale  or  with  a  tliade  of  red  or  green  ;    reddilh 
brown  and  icddilh  black.      Smell  tliat  ol  naphtha,  but 
lefs  pleafant.     Sp.  gr.  .8783*.     When  burned  it  yields '^rif* 
a  foot,  and  leaves  a  fmall  cjuantity  ot  coally  refiduum. 

By  expofure  to  the  air  it  becomes  like  tar,  and  is 


t  Hal.lcit, 
Hid. 

169 
Mincril 


t  Jovr.  dt 
Min.  N° 

ixix.  338. 


\  Morvcau. 
thid. 

166 
G.  III.  Bi. 
tumeu. 


sPFCiEs  3.  Mineral  tar. 
This  fubftance  is  found  in  many  parts  of  Afia,  Ame-  J 
rica,  and  Europe.  It  is  vil'ciJ,  and  of  a  black,  brown- 
ilh  black,  or  reddllli  colour.  Smell  fometimes  ftrr.iig, 
but  often  faint.  Sp.  gr.  i.i.  When  burned,  emits  a 
difagreeable  bituminous  fmell.  By  expofure  to  the  air 
it  paifes  into  mintral pitch  and  viahha* .  '  Hiuh.-ii, 

Hid. 
SPECIES  4.     Mineral  pitch  and  maltha.  170 

This  fubftance  has  a  ftrong  rel'emblance  to  common  Mineral 
pitch.     When  the  weather  is  warm  it  is  foft,  and  has '""■'' *"'' 
iome  tenacity  ;  it  is  then  called  adhefive  mintral  pitch  :  "^     ** 
when  the  weather  is  cold,  it  is  brittle;  its  hardnefs  is  5; 
and  its  tradure  has  a  gl-'fiy  lullre.     In  this  ftate  it  is 
called  maltha.     Colour  bhuk,  dark  brown,  or  reddidi. 
Liiftre  c.     Opaque.     Sp.  gr.  trorn  1.45  to  2.07.    Does 
not  Ilain  the  tingers.     On  a  white  hot  iron  it  flames  wiili 
a  ftrong  fmell,  and  leaves  a  quantity  of  grey  aflies.     Ic 
is  to  tlie  prefencc  of  the  earths  which  ompofe  thefe 
afhes  that  the  great  fpecific  gravity  of  this  bitumen  is 
to  be  alcribed.     By  farther  induration,  it  paflea  into 
afthalt. 

171 
SPECIES  5.     Afph.ilr.  -VTplialt. 

This  fubftance  is  found  abundantly  in  many  parts  of 
Europe,  Alia,  and  America,  efpecially  in  the  illand  of 
Trinidad. 

Colour  black  or  brownifh  black.     Luftre  greafy  2. 
Opaque.    Frachireconchoidal,  oi  a  glalfy  luftre.    Hard- 
nefs trom  7  to  8.   Very  brittle.  Sp.  gr.  1.07  to  1.165*.  *■*.''>«•«. 
Feel  fmooth,  but  not  greafy.     Does  not  Ilain  the  tin- 

,  .  ,    ,     .        ,  .      ,.„,  .    ,        cers.     Has  little  or  no  fmell,  unlefs  when  rubbed  or 

which  ,s  tound  in  dtfterent  parts  ot  the    ^^..^^^^      ^^.,,^^  ,,^,,j^j  ^^^,j^^  ,.^^^,,j_  ^,,j  i^^^^^^ .  ^^j 

ous   ftates  ot    conliftci.ce.      I  hete  dii.e-    ,,,,,,j  p„,,^  burnswiihoutleavinganyall.es. 


J  00. of 
It  is  probable  that  the  charcoal  in  the  two  laft  fub- 
ftances  is  in  the  fame  ftate  in  whicli  it  cxifts  in  plum- 
bago,  combined  with  oxygen,  but  not  containing  fo 
much  as  charcoal  does|. 

Genus  III.    ditumem. 
By  bitumen  we  underllaiid,  with  mineralogifts  in  ge- 
neral, an  oi 
earil^    in  vanou 

rent  Itates  ibrin  iliftinift  I'pccies ;  in  oiir  arrangement  of 
which  we  lliall  be  guided  by  the  obllrvations  which  Mr 
Hatchett  has  made  in  his  valuable  paper  on  bituminous 

* Niibalfm  I  fubftanccs*. 

701/rM/,  ii.       Sui-pu  Vol.   II. 

«0I,  J48. 


species   6.     Elaftic  bitumen. 

Mineral  ccouichovc. 

This  fubftance  was  lound  about  the  year  1 7S6  in  the 

3  U  L-ad 


Elaftic  (n- 
tuuien. 


(r)  This  name  was  givea  by  Hauy  from  wSf** ,  a  coal. 


MINERALOGY. 


ciafs  I  ir. 


Coml>uf.  lead  mine  of  Odio,  ne.u-  CaaUtown,  Dcrbyfliirc.  It 
libiis.  ^vas  firrt  mentioned  If  Mr  Dc  Born. 
'"'^''''"'^  Colour  ytUowilh  or  reJJUii  biown,  fometimes  black- 
iili  browr.  In  iis  appearance  it  has  a  Rrong  refeni- 
tlance  to  cawitcriouc  >r  Indian  rubber ;  hence  its  nanii. 
Coafillency  various :  lonieiiniej  fo  loft  as  to  adliere  to 
the  fingeri  ;  iomctimes  neaily  a-,  hard  as  alphalt.  When 
foft  it  is  elallic  ;  when  hdrd  brittle.     Sp.  gr.  0.9053  to 

t  n.itibtti,  1.0233  X- 

ij,j.  Inlbluble  in  -alcohol,  ether,  and  oil  of  turpentine,  but 

foluble  in  oil  of  olives.       Not   alfei'led  by  nitric  acid. 

When  dirtilled,  it  yields  a  bituminous  oil  infoluble  in 

»  i^„,,i,^  alcohol  ;  the  refiduum  is  c.irbonaceo\is.» 

rh,Jour.  <k      There  is  a  variety  rf  this  lubllance  found  in  a  rivu- 

7"../.  xixi.   let  near  the  mine  ot  Odin,  which,  when  frefh  cut,  ex- 

3^^-  aaly  refeniblcs  fine  cork  in  colour  and  texture;    but  in 

a  few  days  alur  being  exp>.fcd  to  the  air,  becomes  of 

a  pale  leddilli  brown.     This  fubllance  contains  within 

it  a  laicleus  of  tlallic   bitumen.       It   feems  to  be  the 

(.lallic  bitumen  altered  in  its  texture  by  the  water  f. 

Genus   IV.     coal. 
Tlic  fubftances  belonging  to  this  yu-nus  are  compoled 
of  carbon  or  rather  charcoal,  and  biuinien. 


A  fpecimen  of  the  flaty  kind  from  Airfhlre,  called    Combuf- 
fflcttt  coal,  was  compofed  of  ^Ji^^i^lL/ 

47.63  charcoal, 
32  52  mjhha, 
20.00  earths. 


+  Hotdctl, 
iotJ, 
17,1 
G.  IV. 


174 
Jet. 


'  Bnjfon 


f  Hatchrit 


U  7'"r-  * 
Min.  N° 
iv.  41. 
175 
Caniiel 
coal. 


sptciEs    I.     Jet  (s). 

Tliis  fubftance  is  found  in  France,  Spain,  Germany, 
Britain,  and  other  countries.  It  is  found  in  detached 
kidneyforni  malfes,  of  various  fizes,  from  an  inch  to  le- 
ven  or  eight  feet  in  length. 

Ci^lour  full  blick.  Luftre  3  to  4 ;  internal  glalfy. 
Opaque.  Hardnefs  7  to  8.  Not  near  fo  brittle  as 
afphalt.  Texture  fliiated.  Frafture  conchoidal.  Sp. 
jrr.  1.250.*  It  has  no  odour  except  when  heated,  and 
then  it  refemhles  the  odour  of  afphahum.  Melts  in  a 
ftrong  heat,  burns  with  a  greenilh  tlame,  and  leaves  an 
ear.hy  refiduum  -j- 

Becomes  fomewhat  ekaric  by  fiiaionj.       When 
^r^ujuelin.  diftilled  yields  a  [xculiar  acid  §. 

This  mineral  i>  lormed  into  buttons,  beads,  and  other 
tririkets.  The  manufadure  has  been  almoft  confined 
to  France  {|. 

SPECIES   2.     Cann'-'  coal. 

This  mineral  is  found  in  L  ..icalhire,  and  in  diffe- 
rent parts  of  Scotland,  where  it  is  known  by  the  name 
oi  parrot  coal. 

Colour  black.  Luftre  common,  2.  Opaque.  Struc- 
ture fnmetimes  flaty.  Texture  compaft.  Frafture  con- 
choidal.  Hardnefs  5  to  8.  Brittle.  Sp.  gr.  1.232  to 
1.426.     Does  not  [lain  the  fingers 


100.14 1  \liii.y.\. 

Cannel  co.il  is  fufteptible  oi  polllh,  and,  like  jet,  is 

often  wrought  into  trinkets. 

176 
sptciFs   3.     Common  coal.  Common 

This  very    ufctul    CDmbuillble  is  never  found  in  the  "^u"'- 
primitive  mountains,  but  only  in  the  fecond  try  moun- 
tains, or  in  plains  formed  of  the  fame  materials  with 
them.     It  is  always  in  ftrata,  and  generally  alternates 
with  clay,  fandlione,  or  limetlone. 

Colour  black,  more  or  lefs  pertefl.  Lufire  ufually 
grealy  or  metallic,  2  to  4.  Opaque.  Strudure  gene- 
rally flaty.  Texture  oiten  foliated.  Fraflure  various. 
Hardnefs  4  to  6.  Sp.  gr.  1.25  to  1.37.  Ufually  llaius 
the  fingers.  Takes  fire  more  llowly,  and  burns  longer, 
than  the  lall  fpecies.  Cakes  more  or  Ufs  during  com- 
bullion. 

Of  this  fpecies  there  are  many  varieties,  diftingnidied 
in  Britain  by  the  names  cf  caking  coal,  rock  coal,  &c. 
Thefe  arc  toe  well  known  to  require  any  defcriptiuii. 

Mr  Kirwan  analyfed  a  variety  of  different  kinds  of 
coal;  The  refult  of  his  expeiir.ients  may  be  feen  by 
the  followina:  table. 


Whiteha- 
ven coal. 

Wigr.n. 

Swanfey. 

l-eeirini. 

5  7.0 

4'.3 

1-7 

61-73 
36-7 

'•57 

73-53 

23-14 

3-33 

71-43 
23-37 
5.20 

ch.ircoal. 
maltha  Scafph. 
earths  \. 

loo.o     i  100.00 

100.00 

100.00 

\  Mititral. 

177 

SPECIES   4.      Spurious  coal.  Spurious 

This  mineral  is  generally  found  amidll  ftrata  of  ge-  '°*'- 
nuine  coal.     It  is  alfo  called /^rro/  coal  m  Scotland. 

C-ilourgreyilh  black.  Luflreotoi.  StruiSture  ufu- 
ally flaty.  Texture  earthy.  Hardntfs  7  to  !i.  Sp.  gr. 
1.5  to  1.6.  Generally  explodes,  and  burfls  when 
heated. 

Compofed  of  charcoal,  maltha,    and  alphalt,    and 

above  .20  of  ftony  matter. 

178 
Genus  V.     amber.  G.  V.  Am- 

SPECIES    I.     Common  amber.  ber. 

This   fubftance,  called  e'eirlrum   by   the  ancient.";,  is 


found  in   different  countries  ;   but  mod  abundantly  in 
Kindles  eafily,   and  burns  with  a  bright  white  flame    Piuflia,  either  on  the  fea  ihore,  or  under  ground  at  the 
like  a  candle  (t),  which  lalls  but  a  fliort  time.     It  does    depth  of  about  ^oo  feet,  repofing  on  wW  coa/.*      It  .  j^;- 
not  cake.     It  leaves  a  ftony  or  footy  refiduum. 

A  fpecimen  of  Lancalhire  cannel  coal,  analyfed  by 
Mr  Kirwan,  contained  75-20  charcoal, 
21.68  maltha, 
3.10  alumina  and  flica. 


f  JHhifra/i 
u.  .513. 


99-98  t 


is  in  lumps  of  different  fizes.  Mia.  ii. 

Colour  yellmv.    Luftre  3  to  2.    Tr.mfparcncy  2  104.  66. 
Fraaureconchoidal.     Hardnefs  5  to  6.     Sp.gr.  1,078 
to  1.0S5.     Becomes  ekaric  by  friaion. 

If  a  piece  of  amber  be  fixed  upon  the  point  of  a 
knife,  and  th.en  kindled,  it  burns  to  the  end  without 
meliingf.  f  ffauy, 

By  dillillation  it  yields  fuccinic  acid. 

Class 


(s)  It  was  called  gagathes  by  Jhe  ancients,  from  the  river  Gages  in  Licia,  near  which  it  was  found  ;  Jayet  in 
French,  ozabache  in  Spanifh,  ga^ath  in  German. 

(t)  H-.;nce  it  has  been  called  catmi  coal.  Candle,  in  the  Lancalhire  and  Scotch  diaka^  is  pronounced 
itinmL 


Clafs  IV. 


'79 
Orders. 


l3o 
Gcncri. 


M  I  N  E  R  A  L  O  G  Y. 
Cx-Ass  IV.      METALLIC  ORES. 


THIS  (lafi  comprehends  all  the  mineral  bodies,  com- 
pofeJ  either  entirely  of  metals,  or  of  whicli  metals 
CDnflitute  the  moll  confiderable  and  important  parr. 
It  is  from  llie  minerals  belonging  to  this  clafs  tliat  all 
nietah  are  extraded;  for  this  reafon  they  have  obtain- 
ed the  name  of  ores. 

Tlie  metals  hitheito  difcovered  amount  to  21  ;  we 
fhall  therelore  tiivide  this  clafs  into  21  orders,  allotting 
a  diftinci  trder  for  the  ores  of  every  p.irticular  metal. 

Metals  cxifl  in  01  es  in  one  or  other  of  the  four  fol- 
lowing Hates.  I.  In  a  metallic  llite,  and  cither  folita- 
ry  or  combined  with  each  other.  2.  Combined  with 
(ulpl.nr.  3.  In  the  (late  of  oxyds.  4.  Combined  with 
acids.  Each  order  therefore  may  be  divided  into  the 
four  following  genera. 

3.  Oxyds. 


1.  Alloys. 


Silts. 


2.  Suljjhurets.  4. 

It  mud  be  obferved,  however,  that  every  metal  has 
not  hitherto  been  found  in  all  ihefc  four  ftates,  and 
that  fomc  of  them  are  hardly  fufceptible  of  them  all. 
tiome  of  the  orders  therefore  want  one  or  more  genera, 
as  may  be  feen  from  the  following  table. 


Order 
I. 

Order 
I. 
2. 
3- 
4- 

Order 
I. 

Order 

2. 
7, 

4- 

ORDtR 
I. 
2. 

3- 

4- 

Order 

I. 

2. 

3- 
4- 

5- 

6. 

Ordir. 

I . 

2. 

Ordkk 


Or.DtR 
I. 

2. 
.V 


I.  Gold  oris. 
Alloys. 

II.  Si  her  ores. 
Alloys. 
.StiJ[)hurets. 
Oxyds. 

Silts. 

III.  Platinum  ores 
Alloys. 

I V.  Ores  if  mercury 
Alloys. 
Sulphiirets. 
Oxyds. 

Salts. 

V.  Copper  ores. 
.Alleys. 
Sulpliuiets. 
Oxyds. 

Salts. 

VI.  Iron  ires. 
Alloys. 
Sulphurets. 
Carburets. 
Silicitcd  iron. 
Oxyds. 
Salts. 

VII.  Tin  ores. 
Snlphurets. 
Oiyds. 

VUl.      Lead  ores. 

Sulphuicis. 

Oxvds. 

SnltS. 

IX.      Z,'mc  ores. 

Snlphurets. 

Oxyds. 

Salts. 


Order  X.    yf'ilimonial  ores. 

1 .  Alloy;. 

2.  Sulphurets. 

3.  ()x>ds. 

4.  Sails. 

Order  XI.      Bifmuth  ores. 

1.  Alloys. 

2.  Sulphurets. 

3.  Oxyds. 

Order  XII.     Arfenk  ores. 

1 .  yVlloys. 

2.  Sulphurets. 

3.  Oxyds. 

Order  XIII.      Cobalt  ores. 

1 .  Alloys. 

2.  Sulphurets. 

3.  Oxyds. 

4.  Salts. 

Order  XIV.     Kicktl  on:. 

1.  Sulphurets. 

2.  Oxyds. 

3.  Salts. 
OrderXV.  Mangancftores. 

1.  Oxyds. 

2.  Silts. 
OrperXVI.   Tungsten  ores. 

r.  Oxyds. 
2.  SiltH. 
Order  XVII.     Ores  of  mo- 
lybdenum. 
I.  Sulphnrets. 
Order  XVIII.     Ores  of  u- 
rainuvi. 

1 .  Oxyds. 

2.  Silts. 

Order  XIX.     Ores  "f  tli.i- 
(ii'v'.r. 


I.  Oxyds. 
Order  XX.     Ores  of  tellu- 
rium. 
I.  Alloys. 


Jrder  XXI.     Ores  of^kro- 
mum. 
I.  Oxyds. 


Order  I.     GOLD  ORES. 


i8r 


No  metal  perhaps  if  we  except  iron,  is  more  widely  ^^'kcre 
fcattered  through   the  mineral    kingilom   than  gold.*  found- 
Hitherto    it   has  been  found  only  in  a  metallic  l^ale  ;  '  ^"S."""' 
moft  commonly  in  grains,  ramifications,  leave-;,  or  morn- 
boiJal,   cdohedral,  or  pyramidal  cryllals.     It  is  gene 
rally  mixed  with  quart/,  though  there  are  inftnnces  of 
its  having  occurred  in  calcareous  rocks.       It  is  nflt  un- 
common alfo  to  find  it  dillemiuated  through   the  ore; 
of  other  metals  :  efpecially  iron,  mercuiy,  c(ipper,  and 
zinc.     The  greatelf   (piantity  of  gold   is  foui.d  in  the 
warmer  regions  o*' the  earth.     It  abounds  in  the  finds 
of  many  African  rivers,  and  is  very  commfm  in  South 
America  and  India.     Euwpe,  however,  is  not  dcllitute 
of  this  metal.       Spain  was  famous  in  ancient  times  for 
its  gold  mines,  and  federal  of  ihe  rivers  in  France  con- 
tain it  in  their  fandsf .     But  the  principal  gold  mines  |  R;.iutn<ir, 
in  Europe  are  thcfe  of  Hungary,  and  next  to  tii^.n  thcfe  ■^l^"'-  P»r. 
of  Salzburgh.     Gold  alfo  has  been  difcovered  in  Swe-  i7t8,p.68. 
den   and   Norway,  and   more   lately   in  the  county  of  l.f'/'i     , 

icklow  in  Ireland  j:.  1706,0.56. 

r.  T  All  /         1  1  Mull,  Hilt. 

Genus   I.     Alloys  ot  gold.  n.-,s. Nl- 

SPECIES    I.      Nati  -e  gold.  iba/fm'i 

Native  gold  is  never  completely   pure  ;  it  is  alloyed  j'""'"-  "• 
with  fome  filver   or   copper,  and  fometimes  with  iron.  ^^■'" 
In  the  native  gold  lound  in  Ireland,  indeed,  the  qnan-  ^  .  >^    • 
lity  (if  alloy  appears  to  have  been  exceedingly  fmall.      „oid. 

Its  colour  is  yellow.      Luftre  metallic.      Frafture 
hackly.     Hardnefs  5.     Sp.  gr.  from  12  to  19. 


Order  II.     SILVER  ORES. 


1S3 


Silver  is  found  mod  crmmonly  m  quartz,  limeflone,  ■VThere 
hornllone  ;  or  combined  with  the  ores  of  other  metals,  found, 
moll  commonly  with  copper,    antimony,  y.ir.c,  cobalt, 
and  lead.     This  latl  metal  indeed  is  feldom  totally  de{- 
titnte  of  I'ilver. 

Genus  I.     Alloys  of  filvcr.  G.l.Native 

SPECIES  I.     Native  filver.*  filvcr. 

Nitive  filver,  fo  called  becaufe  the  filver  is  nearly  in  *  ■^'"'''  "' 
a  fiate  of  purity,   Arms  the  principal   part  of  Ibme  of  f.°  '~'' 

.    ,      T     ,,  ,  ,  ,  -     .      ,  .  ttnr.  Act. 

the  ticliell  lilver  mines  in  the  wotkl.       It  is  fometimes  jj,„_  Sw- 
in  fmall  lumps  ;  fometimes  cryllallized  in  cubes,  hexa-  c,a,  1738, 
hedrons,  oiftohedront,  or  dodecahedrons  ;  fometimes  in  p.  4tO' 
leaves,  or  threads,  often  fo  conneifted  witli  each  other 
as  to  refemble  branches  of  trees,  and  therefore  railed 
dendrites.     The  filvcr  in  the  famous  mines  of  Potofi  has 
this  lall  form.     When  newly  extra<flod,  it  is  no:  unlike 
final!  br.mchcs  ol  firf .  f  Brr^aa't 

The  colour  of  native  filvcr  Is  white  ;  often  tarniflied.  Phyf.Gn^r. 
Lullre  metallic.     Fradiire  hackly.     Hardnefs  6.     Mal-7'J"--*„ 
kable.     Sp.  gr.  from  icto  10.338. 

Tliis  filver  in  this  fpicies  ijairnoll  condantly  alloyed 
with  from  .03  to  .05  of  fomc  other  met.il,  ficquciilly 
gold  or  arfciii;. 

3  U  2  srfcis; 


Mm.  N° 
xvi.  p.  16. 


MINERALOGY. 


Clafs  IV. 


185 

Alloy  of 
Clvcr  and 
gold. 


SPECIES  2.     Alloy  of  filver  and  gold. 
Auriferous  native Jilver. 
This  alloy  is  not  uncommon  in  filver  mines.     Its  co- 
lour is  ycUowilb  white.     Its  luftre  metallic.     Hardnefs 
5.    Malleable.    Sp.  j^r.  above  10.6.    l)r  Fordyce  found 
a  fpecimen  iiom  Noiv?ay  compofed  of 
72  filver, 
28  gold. 


Metallic 
ores. 


n.  118. 


•  Phil. 
Iraiif. 
1776,  p. 

186 
Alloy  of 
Clvcr  and 
antimony. 
•(■  Kirivafl, 
ii.  no. 
^  Ramc  dt 
L'ijl!y  iii. 
461. 
§  H<iuy, 
^otir.  di 
Min.  N° 

XXX.  p.  473. 

I  Xirivati, 

Hid. 

1  Ofii/i.  ii. 

415- 

«  Jour,  dc 

lAin.  Hid, 


100' 


6FECIES   3.     Alloy  of  filver  and  antimonyf. 
yi>itln:oniulcJ  filver  ore. 

This  alloy,  which  ib  found  in  the  filver  mines  of  Spain 
and  Germany,  is  fcmetimes  in  grai..s  or  lumps,  and 
fometimi.-.  cryltallized  in  fix-fided  prifms,  whofe  fides 
are  longitudinally  channelkdj. 

Its  colour  is  white.  Its  lulire  metallic.  Hardnefs 
10.  Brittle.  Sp.  gr.  from  9.4406^  to  io||.  Texture 
foliated.  Fraflure  conchoidal.  litfore  the  blow-pipe 
the  antimony  evaporates  in  a  grey  fmoke,  and  leaves  a 
brownilh  flag,  which  tinges  borax  green.  If  borax  be 
ufc-d  at  firrt,  a  filver  bead  may  be  obtained. 

Tiiis  alloy  was  long  fiippofed  to  contain  arfenic. 
Bergman  examined  it,  and  found  only  fiiver  and  anti- 
nii'Uy^.  His  analyfis  has  been  cinhrmed  by  the  ex- 
periments of  Vauquelin  and  Selb*.  According  to 
Sclb,  it  U  compofed  of  S9  filver, 

1 1    antimony. 


100 


A  fpecimen,  analyfed  by  Klaproth,  contained 
84  filver, 
16  antimony. 


Another  fpecimen  contained 
76  filver, 
24  antimony. 


SPECIES  2.     Antimoniated  filver  ore*. 
Sulbhurel  of  Jilv:r  nu'ith  ar.llmony  and  lr$n. 
This  ore,    which  occurs  in  Saxony  and   Hungary,        jgg 
feems  to  be  fulphuret  of  filver  contaminated  witli  ami-  Aiuimoni- 
mony  and  iroo,  and  ought  therefore,  in  all  probability,  at<^d  filver 
to  be  confidcred  merely  as  a  variety  of  the  lall  I'pccies.  ""• 
It  is  fometimcs  in  malfes,  but  moie  frequently  cr)  llalli- 
zed  in  fix-fided  prifms,  tables,  or  rhomboids  ;  generally 
indillinift  and  accumulated  together. 

Its  c.ilc  ur  is  iron  grey;  often  tarnifhed.     Its  luftre 
metallic.     Fr.idurc  uneven.    Hardnefs  4  to  5.    Biittle. 
Sp.  gr.    7.2o8f.       Before  the   blow-pipe   the  iulphur  j.  (j,^^^,. 
and  antimony  exhale,  leaving  a  bead,  which  nwy  be 
freed  from  iron  by  tufion  with  nitre  and  borax. 

A  fpecimen  of  this  ore,  analyfed  by  Klaproth,  con- 
tained 66.5  fi'vtr, 

12.0  fulphur, 
10  o  antimony, 
5.0  iron, 
l-o  filica, 
05  arfenic  and  copper. 

95.0}:  iSeilrSge, 

i.  166. 
SPECIES  3.     Sulphuret  of  filver  and  copper*.  ig^ 

Cupriferous  fulphuraied Jilver  ore.  Sulphuret 

This  ore,  which  is  found  in  the  Korbolokinfk  moun   °f  ''''»"■ 
tains  in  S.beria,  was  firft  defciibed  by  Mr  Renovantz.  f^,'3f " 
It  is  in  amorphous  malles,  varying  in  fi^e  from  that  of  ■•   j.j_    * 
the  thumb  to  ihat  of  the  fill. 

Its  colour  i-  bluilh  giey  like  lead.  Luflre  metallic. 
Haronefs  5  to  6.  Brittle.  Its  powder,  when  rubbed 
on  the  iliir,  gives  it  a  black  colour  and  a  leaden  ghfs. 
Before  ihe  blow-pipe  the  fulphuret  of  filver  melts  readi- 
ly ;  that  )f  copper  with  difficulty.  This  ore  is  com- 
pofed of  about  42  filver, 
2  I  copper, 
35  fulphur. 


^  Beitrage, 
ii.  301. 
187 
G.  II.  Sul- 
phurccs. 
Common 
fulpliuretof 
iilver. 
\  Kirivartf 
ii.  US- 


^  Cr^.al. 
iji.  441. 


•  Brijfin. 
\  Cclkrt. 


loot 


}  Briitlgt, 

i.  162. 


Genus  II.    sulphurbts   of  silver. 

SPECIES   I.      Common  fulphuret  ot   filver:}:. 

Vitrious  filver  ore. 

This  ore  occurs  in  the  Iilver  mines  of  Germany  and 

Hungary.      It  is  fonietimes  in  maffes,    fometimes  in 

threads,  and  fometimes  cryftallized.      Its  cryilah  are 

either  cubes  or  regufir  odohedrons,  whofe  angles  and 

edges  are  often  varioufly  truncated.      For  a  deicription 

of  ihe  varieties  produced  by  thefe  truncatuies,  we  refer 

the  leader  to  Rome  de  Lijl:^. 

Its  colour  is  dark  bluilh  ^rev,  inclining  to  black  ; 
often  tarniflied.  Internal  luftre  metallic.  Texture  to- 
liated.  Fracture  uneven.  Hardnefs  4  to  5.  May  be 
cut  with  a  knife  like  lead.  Flexible  and  malleable. 
Sp.  gr.  6.909*  to  7.215!.  In  a  gentle  heat  the  ful- 
phur evapor.ites.     Melts  when  heated  to  rediief^. 

A  fpecimen  of  thi.s  ore,  analyfed  by  Klaproth,  con- 
tained 85   filver, 

1 5  fulphur. 
ioo| 


98 

Genus  III.    oxvds   of   silver.  g.  111. 

species    I.      Calcitorm  filver  oref.  Oxyds. 

This  ore  was  firft  defcribed   by   Mr  Widenman.      Il  Calciform 
isfomeiimes  in  malfeb,  fometimes  dilfeminated  through  ''*"""■ 

,  .  ,  T  Ktriaan, 

other  minerals.  -_  jjj_ 

Its  colour  is  greyilli  black.  Its  flreak  bright.  Its 
luftre  metallic.  lis  frai'ture  uneven.  Hardneis  4  to  5. 
Bnitle.  Sp.  gr.  confiderable.  EfFervefcts  with  acids. 
Melts  eafily  before  the  blow-pipe.  Froths  with  bo- 
rax. 

According  to  Selb,  it  contains  72.5  filver, 

15.5  copper, 
12.0  carbonic  acid. 


SPECIES   2.     Red  filver  ore  (u^. 
This  ore  is  very  comrrson  in  feveral  German  filvei 


191 

Red  filver 
ore. 


mines.  It  occurs  in  maffes,  dilfeminated  and  cryitHlli- 
zed.  The  primitive  form  of  its  cryllals  ib  a  dodecahe- 
droijjj  whofe  fides  are  equal  rhombs,  and  which  may  be  ^  Fig.  38. 

con- 


(u)    Kirxu.   11.    xiz.—Scopo.'i  dc  Minera   y^rgenti   Rubra. — Sage,   Jour,  de  Phyf.   XXXIV.   331.  and    XLI. 

370;    and    Niuv.   Jjur.   de    Phyf.    II.    284 IVeJl.-um,  Jour,     de    PhyJ.  XLIII.   291 — Klafrolh,     Baira^e, 

I.   141. 


Order  II. 


MINERALOGY. 


525 


Silver. 

*  Rome  d£ 
ZiJIc,  iii. 
447- 

t  liiJ. 

ifHif.  Na- 
UrtUc,  N" 
18.  p.  Il6. 

yeur.  de 
Min.  N^ 
xvii.  p-  2- 
y  HauyyihiJ. 
N°  XII.  p. 
476. 

*Hjuy,ibid. 
N°  mi.  p. 
5J8. 

ikid. 


\  Ann*  de 
Chim.  xviii. 

Si. 


confidered  as  a  fix-fided  rhomboldal  prifni,  terminated 
by  thiee-l'idid  rummits*.  Som;tiiiies  the  prlfm  is 
lengthened,  and  Ibmetimes  its  edges,  or  thofe  of  the 
teimiuailng  I'ummits,  or  b-tli,  are  wanting.  For  a  de- 
fcripti'in  anJ  figure  of  thcfe  varieties,  we  refer  to  Di 
LJU\  and  Hui^yX. 

r.sci-lou.  is  commonly  red.  Streak  red.  External 
luftrc  me-.Uic,  internal  common.  Tranfiiarency  Irom 
3  ti)  I  i  f.^metimes  opaijue.  Fradure  flat  cnnclioidal. 
Hardnefi  5  to  7.  Britle.  Sp.  gr.  from  5.44}  to 
5.y92f .  Becomes  eli.ilric  by  frii.'lion,  but  only  when 
iniulated||.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid  without  efFervef- 
ence*.  Before  the  blow-ppe  niclts,  blackens,  burns 
with  a  blue  fl.ime,  gives  out  a  white  fmoke  with  a  flight 
garlic  fmell,  anJ  leaves  a  fdvcr  beadf. 
Variety  I .  Light  red. 
Colour  intermediate  between  blood  and  cochineal 
red  ;  fometimes  variegated.  Streak  orange  red.  Pow- 
der black. 

Variety  2.     Dark  red. 
Colour  commonly   between  dark  cochineal  red  and 
lead  grey  ;    fometimes  nearly   bl.ick  and  without  any 
Ihade  of  red.     Streak  daik  crimlbn  red. 

This  ore  was  long  fuppofed  to  contain  arfenic,  Kla- 
proth  firll  afcertained  its  real  compofitioiij;  and  his 
analyfis  has  been  confirmed  by  Vautjuelin,  who  found  a 
fpecimen  compofed  of  56  6748  filv^r, 

16. 13CO  antimony, 

15  0666  fulphur, 

12.12S6  oxygen. 


G.  IV. 

S;>lt«- 
Muriat  of 
filYnr. 


pipe  it  inflantly  melts,  and  gradually  evaporates,  but    Metallic 
may  be  reduced  by  adding  an  alkali.  ^^^r^_v 

That  this  ore  contains  muriatic  acid,  has  been  long 
known.     Mr  Woulfe  firft  fhewed  that  it  contained  alfo 
fulphuric  ac'dj;:  and  this  difcovery  has  been  confirmed  ^phil. 
by  Klaproth,  according  to  whofe  analyiis  this  ore  is  Tronf. 
compofed  of  67.75  o^yd  of  filver,  i??^- 

6  00  oxyd  of  iron, 
21.00  muriatic  acid, 
.25  fulphuric  acid, 
1.75  alumina. 


Klaproth  proved,  that  the  filver  and  antimony  are  in 
the  ftate  ot  oxyis;  and  Vauquelin,  that  tlie  fulphur 
is  combined  partly  with  the  oxyd  of  filver  and  partly 
with  the  oxyd  of  antimony.  Klapioth  obtained  a  little 
fulphuric  acid  ;  but  this  acid,  as  Vauquelin,  with  his 
ufual  ingenuity,  demonftrated,  was  formed  during  the 
analyiis. 

This  ore  fometimes  contains  a  minute  portion  of  ar- 

•  ^anyw/iji,  fenic,  but  never  more  than  .02*. 
Hid.  p.  8. 

GeSUS   IV.     SALTS    OF    SILVER. 

SPECIES   I.     Mur'at  of  filver  (x). 
Corneous  Jilver  ore. 

This  ore  occurs  at  Johann^eorgenftadt  in  Saxony,  in 
Souih  America,  &c.  It  is  often  amorphou>^,  fometimes 
nearly  in  po\^  der,  and  fometimes  cryftallircd  in  cubes  or 
parallek'pi|).'ds. 

lis  col.-urs  are  various:  when  expnffd  to  the  light  it 
becomes  brown.  Litem  il  luftre  ijreafy,  2  ;  external,  2 
to  I.  Acquires  a  gl  fs  when  fcra,  ed  with  a  knife. 
Tranfpuency  2  to  i.      Texture  foliated.      Hardntf.  4 

*  Brijfon.     to  5.     Sp.  gr.  4.745*   to  4.804!.     Before  the  blow- 


96.75  f  _  1  Batr,ge, 

The  alumina  can  only  be  confidered  as  mixed  with  '•  '34. 
the  ore.     Sometimes  its  quantity  amounts  to  .67  of  the 
whole  (J.  S/i,V.  p. 

IJ7- 
Order  III.     ORES  OF  PLATINUM(y)- 

Hitherto  no  mine  of  platinum  has  been  difcovered.  Jtj,j5. 
It  ii  found  in  fmall  fcales  or  grains  on  the  fa;ids  ot  the 
river  Pinto,  and  near  Carthagena  in  South  America. 
It  is  always  in  a  metallic  ftate,  and  always  combined 

with  iron. 

194 
Genus  I.    alloys  of  platinum.  g.  I.  Al- 

spEciES  I.     Native  platinum.  loys- 

Its  colour  is  whitidi  iron  grey.     Mgneiic.     Sp.  gr.  Nitive  pla- 
from   12  to   16.      Soluble  in  nitro-muriatic  and  oxy- """""■ 
muriatic  aciJs. 

Order  IV.     ORES  OF  MERCURY. 


Mercurv  is  employed  in  medicine;  it  ferves  to  fe- 
paiate  filver  and  gold  from  their  ores;  the  filvering  of 
looking  glaffes,  gilding,  &c.  are  [ertormed  by  means  of 
it;   and  its  fulphuret  lornis  a  beautiful  print. 

Mercury  abounds  in  Europe,  particularly  in  Spain, 
Germany,  and  Hungary  :  it  is  found  alf  in  China (  z), 
the  Phi'ippines*,  and  in  Peru,  and  perhaps  Chili  (a) 
in  S'  uth  America.  The  moft  proJudive  mines  ot 
mercury  are  thofe  of  Idriaf;  of  Almaden,  near  CorJo. 
va  in  Spain,  which  were  wrought  by  the  Rom.ins  (b); 
of  the  Pal.itina'ef  ;  and  of  Gu.mca  \'elica  in  I'eru  (c) 

Mercury  has  never  been  found  in  Britain,  nor  has 
any  mine  worth  working  been  difcovered  in  France. 
It  occurs  moft  ct^mmoniy  in  argillaceous  Ihiftus,  lime- 
ftones,  and  fanditoncs. 

Genus  1.     alloys   of   mercury. 
SPECIES    1.     Native  mercury. 
Native  mercury  is  found  in  moft  mercurial  mines :  it 
is  in  fmall  globules,  fcattered  through  different  kinds  of 
ftones,  clays,  and  ores. 

Fluid.     Colour  white.     Sp.gr.  about  13.6. 

SPECIES 


195 

Mine  %. 

*  Carrerit 
Voyage. 

\  Scopolif 
'Jaur.  de 
ATfn.  N° 
iixvi.  p. 
915- 

Mil.  N° 
vi.  and  vil. 

196 
G.  I.  Al- 
loys. 
Native 
mercury. 


(x)  Kir-w.    II.    113  — Laxmann.  N  v.  Comtti.  Pelropol.   XIX.  482. — Mjnuet.  Mem.  Sfav.   Etranp.    IX.   717. 

(y)  See  Brniunrig^,  Pbil.  Tranf  XLVI.  584.— /..r^a;//,  ibid  XLVIII.  638.  aud  L.  \\%.—Mar^raf.  Mem. 
Berlin,  1757.  p.  314. — Ma.quer,  Mem.  Pur.  1758,  p.  119. — Buffun,  Juur.  de  Phyf.  HI.  324. — Morvtau,  Hid. 
VI.  193. — Bergman,  Opufc.  H.  166. — Ti'let.  Mem.  Par.  1 779,  p.  373,  and  383,  and  545. — Crell,  Cnll'i  yln- 
nalt,  1784,  1  Band.  328. — IVidii,  Man^hejler  Memoirs,  111.  467. — Mujin  Pujchkin,  Ann.  de  dim.  XXIV. 
205. — Morviuu,  ibi  L   XXV.    3. 

(z)  Se:  Enlncol.'e'j  Letlres  Edlficanies. 

(a)  .See  Molina's  Natural  Hijiory  of  Chi'i. 

(b)  Sec  Bowie's  N.iiural  Hijlory  of  Spain,  and  Jour,  de  Min.  N"  xxxi.  p.  555. 
(cj  See  Ulloa's  Memoirs  concerning  America. 


197 
Amalgam 
of  filvtr. 
•  Kirzvjrit 
ii.  213. 
■f  CrcnJl.Jl'i 
Mil. 

Crell'i  An- 
nals, 1790. 


IvI  I  N  E  R 

EPECiES  2.     Amalgam  of  filver.* 
Native  amalgam. 

This  mineral  has  been  found  in  the  fiver  mine  of 
Sahlberg  f,  in  the  province  of  DalecArlia,  in  Sweden  ; 
in  the  mines  of  Deux  Fonts  f,  in  the  Palatinate;  and 
in  other  places.  It  is  in  thin  plates,  or  grains,  or  crr- 
llallized  in  cubes,  pirallelopipcd;,  or  pjrarr.ids. 

Its  colour  is  filvery  white  or  grey.  Luftre  metal- 
lic. Creaks  when  cut.  Sp.  pr.  above  10.  Tinj^ei 
gold  white.  Before  the  blow-pipe  the  mercury  evapo- 
rates and  leaves  thj  filver. 

A  fpccimen  of  this  amalgam,  analyfed  by  Klaprolh, 


A  L  O  G  Y. 

GtNUs  IV 


Clafs  IV. 


Metallic 
Ores. 


contained 


64  mercury, 
36  filver. 


§  Beilra^, 

i.  183. 


I«0  j 


198 
G.  11.  Siil- 
phurctft. 
Common 
fulpliuict. 
*  KiriviSitf 
U.  2:8. 


Sometimes  it  contains  a  mixture  of  alumina,  and 
fometinics  the  proportion  of  mercury  is  fo  great  that 
the  amalgam  is  nearly  as  foft  as  pafte. 

Genus  II.     sulphi-rets  of  mercury. 

SPE.CIES  I.     Common  fulphuret.* 

A'litive  cinnuLa  r. 

This  cie,  which  is  found  in  almoft  all  mercurial 
mines,  is  fumetimes  in  veins,  fometimes  dilfemin.-Jted, 
fometimes  in  grains,  and  fomelinies  cryftallized.  The 
form  of  its  cryllals  is  a  tetrahedron  or  ihree-fided  py- 
ramid, rnoft  commonly  wanting  tlie  fiinimit ;  fometimes 
two  oi  thefe  pyramids  are  joined  bale  to  bale  :  and 
fometimes  there  is  a  ihree-fided  ptiUii  intcrpcfed  be- 
tween themf. 

lis  colour  is  red.  Its  llreak  red  and  metallic.  Luflre 
when  cryftallized  2  to  3  ;  "hen  amorphous,  olien  o. 
Tranfparency,  v^hen  cryilallizcd,  from  i  to  3  ;  when 
amorphous,  often  o.  Texture  generally  tolialed.  Hard- 
nefs  from  3  to  8.     Sp.  gr.  from  5.419  to  10.1285. 

Before   the    blow-pipe  evaporates  with  a  blue  tlame 
and  fulphureous  fnnU.     Infoluble  in  nitric  acid  |. 
Variity.   1.      Dark  red. 

Colour  cochineal  red.  Haidnefs  6  to  7.  Sp.  gr. 
when   pure,  10.1285J;   fometimes  only 

6.i8Sf. 

Vuihty 
Colour    commonly 
5-4i9t- 

Genus  III.     oxvds  of  mercury. 
SPECIES    I.     Hepatii:  mercuiial  ore.* 
This  ore,  which  is  the  nioft  common  in  the  mines  of 
Idria,   is  always  amorphous,  and  is  often  mixed  with 
Dative  mercury  and  cinr.abar. 

Its  colour  is  fi.mewhat  red.  I'.s  ftreak  dark  red  and 
bri'hter.  Lultre  commonly  metallic.  Haidnelslrom 
6  to  8.  Sp.  gr.  from  9.2301  f  to  7.186  %■  When 
heated  the  mercury  evaporates. 

Though  this  ore  has  never  been  accurately  analyfed, 
chemills"  h,ive  concluded  thrt  the  mercury  which  it 
i-ij/.  xxiv-  contains  is  in  the  ftatc  of  a  red  oxyd,  becaufe  it  i»  info- 
luble  in  nitric  and  f'luble  in  muriatic  acid  f.  When 
pureft,  it  contains  about  .77  ofmercuiy  <>.  It  contains 
alfo  iome  fulphnr  and  iron. 

Wernrr  h<is  divided  this  fpecie?  into  two  varieties 
the  conipail  and  the  Jl''y-  1  he  ftcond  is  often  nothing 
more  than  bitum'nous  fhale  impregnated  with  oxyd  of 
nvrcury  f . 


MERCURIAL    SALTS. 

SPECIES    I.     Muriat  of  incrcuiy.* 

Con!:ous  meirtiry.  200 

This  ore,  which   occurs  in  the  Palatinate,  is  fome-  Mercurial 
limes  in  fcales,  fometimes  in  grains,  and  forr.rtimes  cry-  S'llt'- 
(lallized.     Its  cryftals  are  either  fmall  four  or  fix-fided  ^'"■'<"  °^ 
prifms  whofe  fides  are  rhombs  +,  or  cubes,  or  fonr-fided  »   .,. 
pyramids  wauling  their  angles.     They  are  always  veiy  ji.  226, 
fmall  and  generally  donfufed.  ^  Romi  ile 

Its    colours  are  various;  but  it  is  moft  frequently  ■^j"'^.  >"• 
white.     Its  ludre,  when  wliite,  is  pe.irly.     Somtlimss  ^°'' 
opaque,  and  fometimes  femitranfpaient.      Evaporates 
belnre  ihe  blow  pipe. 

Mr  Wonlfe  difcovered,  that  tliis  ore  generally  con- 
tains fome    fiilphuric    acid  J.      Specimens  have   beenfW;/. 
found  in  which  ihc  quantiiy  of  fulphuiic  aciJ  exceeds  TranfAxiU 
that  ti  tlie  muriatic  j. 


618. 


Order  V.      COPPER   ORES. 


Li/lc,  iii. 
Ij4- 


}  Ilatiy, 
"jonrm  de 

M:n.  n° 

xxxi.  p- 
518. 

C,  Briffm. 
^  Mifilrn- 

f  Brijpin. 
}  GilUrt. 
199 
G.  HI. 
Oxyda. 
Hepatic 
mercurial 
ore. 

•  Kirivan. 
ii.  J24- 
i  Brijfon. 
I  Kirivan* 

H  Sage, 


2.     Bright  red. 
fcarlet.       Sp.  gv. 


or  even 


6.9022  f  to 


61. 

jfour.  tfe 
Ml".  H" 
xxwi.  p. 
919. 

■*  Kinvan, 

ii.  a:6. 


Many  of  the  moil  ufeful  uteni'ils  are  formed  of  cop- 
per :  it  enters  laigeiy  into  tlie  compofition  of  brals, 
bronze,  and  btll  mcial;  not  to  mention  the  dyes  and 
paints  of  whicli  it  ia  the  bafis.  201 

Copper  mines  abound  in  moft  countries.      They  are  Mines. 
wrc  light  in  China,  Japan,  Sumatra;  the  north  of  Afri- 
ca ;  in  Chill  and  Mexico  ;  and  in  mod  parts  of  Europe  } 
efpecially  Britain,  Germany,  Ruliir,  Plungary. 

Copper  is  found  moft  commonly   in  rocks  of  horn- 

bknde,  Ihillus,  and  quartz. 

»oi 
Genus   I.     alloys   of   copper.  G.  I.  AI- 

SPECiEs    I.     Native  copper.*  '"Y'; 

Native  copper   occurs  now  and  tlien  in  the  preater  ^  ""* 
1  r  o  •    •     •  ,7-      topper, 

number  ot  copper   mines:   Sometimes   it  is  in  ma.'ies,  . ^/r-mn 

Ibnutimes  in  plates  and  threads,  which  alfume  a  variety  ji.  iz-j 

of  foims;  and  fometimes,  as  in  Siberia,  it  is  cryftiUized  O'riheufcr. 
in  ciiljes,  or  oilier  forms  nearly  refembling  cubes  f.         t  ii<'<'y. 

Colour  commonly  ihat  of  copper,  but  fometimes  dark  ^^j!^'  Sp 

brown.     Lultre  metallic.     Streak  brighter.     Erasure  ^xxi.' 509. 

hackley.     I'lexible  and    malleabic.     Hardnefs  6  to  7. 

Sp.  gr.  from  7.6 f  to  8.5844^.  }  Kirtvan't 

1JT,  .  ,  ^'"•-  ^• 

SPECIES   2.     White  copper  ore  5.  128. 

^llcy  of  copper,  iron,  and  arfeuic.  H  Hauy, 

This  ore,  which  is  laid  to  be  uncommon,  occurs  in '^"'' P- 509' 

maffes.     Colour  v,hite.     Liidre  metallic.     Fraiflure  un- ,,,,  ?°^ 

Hj      ,-    ,,  n   •    1  n  1^  ,       White  cop- 

ardneJs  8  to  9.      Lntile.     Sp.  gr.  confider-       „,(._  "^ 

able.  ^  ^  Kir.  Mm. 

Before    the  blmv-pipe    gives  out  a  white  arfcnical  ii.  152. 
fnioke,  and  melts  into  a  greyifli  black  fla;;.*  ''IViJenmM. 

104 
Genus   II.     sulphurets   of  copper.  G.  11.  Sul- 

SPECiES    I.     C'">mm-On  Ailphnret  of  copper f.  phiiretsof 

Vitreous  copper  ore.  CoTi'n 

This  ore,  which  is  found  in  Coinwal,  Hungary,  and  j-„iphurctoc 
Siberia,  occurs  in  raalfe?,  pl.ues,  thread?,  and  cryllalli-  coppc-r. 
zed  in  iix-fided  prifnis,  or  lour-iided  pyramids,  joined  t  Kir-^van, 
bale  to  bafe.  "■  i44- 

Coloui  biuifli  giey.      Streak  brighter  grey.     Z-.n^xc  ^  xirtoan, 
metallic.    Mardncls  4  to  7.    Sp.  gr.  5.452  %  to  5.565  §  ;  5  GdUrt. 
fomi-'limes  fo  low  as  4. 1  jq.*      Detonates  with  nitre.       '  Kiriuan. 

Before  the  blow-pipe  iv  melts  eafily  ;  and  wiiile  in  fii- 
fion  exhibits  a  g:ee',i  peail,  wliich,  on  cooling,  is  cover- 
ed with  a  brov\n  ciuft       Tinges  borix  green. 

Werner  makci  iwo  varieties  of  this  ore:  the  firft  he 

calls 


Order 


205 

Copper 
pyrites. 

ii.  1..10. 


^  Brifcn. 
^  Kirxi-an, 
II  M 
Min.  ii. 

141. 

206 
PurpL- cop- 
per ore. 
^  Kirii-arty 

u.  142. 


t  Uij.  a. 

143- 


I  BtilrSgt, 
ii.-286. 
207 
Grey  cop- 
per ore. 

ii.  146. 

H  Romi  Je 
h'ljle^  iii. 
3IJ- 


^our.  tit 
Min.  N° 


V.  MINE  R 

calls  cowpuSi,  fif)m  its  fr.iclure  ;  and  the  ftconJ,  for  the 
f.tme  XiAb.n,  he  calli  folutud.  Tl'.is  lall  is  fomcwhat 
darker  coloured  than  the  lirit,  but  in  other  rerpeifls  they 
agree. 

SPECIES   3.     Copper  pyrite?.* 
Tellc'iu  coppir  ore. 

Thi:i  rre,  which  is  prouabiy  nolhinj  elie  than  ful- 
phuretof  iri>n  combined  with  cc  pper,  and  wliii.h,  therc- 
iorc,  would  bo  more  properly  placed  among  iron  ores, 
is  iound  i'roquently  in  co)>per  mines,  and  mixed  with 
common  pyrites  or  I'ulphuiet  of  iron.  It  is  fometimes 
amoiphuiij,  and  Ibmetiines  cryllallized.  Its  cryitals 
arc  cither  three  or  foui-fided  pyramids  applied  bafe  to 
bafe,  or  fix-lided  plates. 

Its  colour  is  yellow;  often  tarnifiied.  Its  ir.leinal 
lu fire  metallic.  Hardtiefs  6  to  7;  fometimes  9.  Brittle. 
Sp.  gr.  4.314!  to  4.08  f.  Dciligrates ;  but  doe^  not 
detonate  with  niut  |,. 

Betore  the  blow-pipe  decrepitates,  gives  a  greetlifh 
fulphureous  fmokc,  and  mehi  into  a  black  niaf>,  which 
tinges  borax  giecn.  Docs  not  etfervelce  with  niliic  acid. 

SPECIES  3.  Purple  copper  ore.* 
This  ore  ii  Iound  in  niaifes,  or  plates,  or  difTemina- 
ted  ;  fometimes,  alio,  it  is  cr)llalli/.cd  in  odohedrons. 
Colour  variinis,  but  moil  cominonly  purple  ;  iateriiaily 
reddilli.  tjtieak  leduilii  and  brlolit.  Liiihe  inttallic. 
Hardnefs  6  to  7.  linttle.  Sp.  gr.  4  956  to  4.983  f. 
Elfei  vefces  with  nitric  acid,  and  tinges  itgteeii.  De- 
flagrates with  nitre.  Belore  the  biow-pipe  nielcs  readi- 
ly, without  imoke,  vapour,  or  fmell ;  but  ii  not  redu- 
ced.    Tinges  borax  a  bright  green. 

A  fpecimen  of  tuis  ore,  analyfed  by  Klaptoth,  con- 
taitieJ  5^  coppei-, 

J  8  iron, 
19  lulpliur, 
5  oxygen. 


A  L  O  G  Y. 


527 


SPECIES  4.  Grey  copper  ore  ^. 
This  ere  is  found  in  C.-rn\i'al,  Saxony,  Hungary, 
&c.  It  is  oiten  amorphous,  but  often  alio  cryllalnzcd. 
The  primitive  foim  of  its  cryitals  is  the  regular  tetra- 
hedron ;  but,  in  general  either  the  angles  or  the  edges, 
or  both,  are  truncated  or  bevelled  ||. 

Colour  IKel  grey  ;  oltcn  tanullied,  and  then  dark 
grey.  Streak  daric  grey  ;  foniecimes  reddilh  brown. 
Powder  blackilh  ;  fometimes  with  a  tint  of  red.  Luftre 
metallic.  Hardnefs  7  i  r  8.  Very  brittle.  Sp.  gr. 
4.8648.*  Deflagrates  with  nitre.  Before  the  blow- 
pipe  crackles.,  but  at  lall  melts,  cipecially  if  atlilled  by 
borax.  The  bead  gives  a  white  fmoke,  without  any 
particular  imcll  ;  tinges  borax  yellow  or  brownilli  red, 
but  does  not  unite  with  it. 

A  fpecimen  if  this  ore  from  Cremcit/,  analyfed  by 
Klaproth,  contained    31  copper, 
14  lilver, 
34  antimony, 
3  iron, 
1 1  fulohur. 


93 


Napion,  in  an  ore  from  the  valley  of  Laazi,  found    Motalli 
copper,  (liver,  and  antimony,  nearly  in  the  fame  j)ro-      O'-- 
portions,  but  more  iron,  andfome  arfenic  f .    S.tvorc  i,  (Ii^^Tt!^ 
as  B  iron  Born  informs  us,  befides  the  ingrctiirts  <r  r;.",,  v.  17^' 
Khproth's  analyfu,  found  fome  gold  iiid  mercury  y\ 
grey  copper  ore  %  :  and  Klaproth  himftlf  found  kaJ  in  |  c.,:jI.  ii. 
moll  of  the  cih.:r  fpecimcns  wiiich  he  e.\amined.  498^ 

Genus  III.     oxyds  op  coppir.  J''^^ 

SPECIES  I.     Red  oxyd  of  copper  $.  Oiyiis"' 

F.'onil  nJ  copper  ore—R.d  copper  g!ofs.  Red  oxyJ 

This  ore  is  found  in  Cornwal,  and  many  other  coun-  of  coi)p';r. 
tries.     It  occurs  in  mafles,  dilTeiniiiated,  in  fcales,  and  §  A'i>ii.j/r, 
cryftal'.ized.    The  figure  of  its  cryitals  is  molt  common- "'  ^^^' 
ly  the  regular  oflohedron.*  •  //j„„ 

Colour  commonly  cochineal  red.     Sireak  brick  red.  "Jo^r.  dc 
Luftre  femlmetallic.     Tian.'partn^y,  Mhen  anurphous,  ^'^":  ^' 
generally  o;  «hen  cryftalll/.cd,  3  or  4.     Hardnefs  from  "^"  •'■'' 
4  to  7.     Soluble  with  clTervekence  in  nitric  acid.     Be- 
f.^re  the  blow  pipe  rc;l:sca(iiy,  and  is  reduced. 

Thia  ore  was  fuppoled  to   be  cnmpoled  of  carbor.ic 
acid  and  red  oxyd  of  copper  ;  but  a  fpecimen,   exanji- 
ned  by  Vauquelin,  which  conliiled  of  piirecryilals,  con- 
tained no  acid  f .     It  mull  therefore  be  confidered  as  an  |  nu. 
cxyd  of  copper. 

Werner  has  made  three  varieties  of  this  ore,  which, 
from  their  texture,  he  has  denominated  f(/;/;/ia<f?,y;/;<?/f.-/, 
and  Jibrous.  The  firil  is  feldoni  or  never  found  cryllal- 
lized, and  is  opaque  ;  the  f'econd  occurs  amorpiious, 
cryftallized,  aii.i  in  fcales;  the  third  is  carmine,  ruby, 
or  fcailet  red  ;  and  occurs  always  in  lliort  capillary  cry- 
ftals,  or  delicate  flakes. 

This  ore  fometimes  contains  a  mixture  of  red  oxyd 
of  iron  ;  it  is  theti  called  brick  red  copper  ore,  copper 
malm,  or  copper  cckrc. 

This  01  e  is  fometimes  mixed  with  bitumen.  Its  co- 
lour is  then  browi.iih  black,  and  it  is  called  pitch  ore. 

SPECIES  3.     Green  oxyd  of  copper  f.  crec«oxyd 

Gran  f and  of  Peru.  of  copper. 

This  ore,  which  was  brought  from  Peru  by  Dombey,  §  K„-.i^n, 
is  a  grafs  green  powder,  mixed  with  grains  of  quartz.  "•  '49- 
When    thrown  on  burning  c-als,  it  communicates  a 
green  colour  to  the  flame.     It  is  fcluble  both  in  nitric 
and  muriatic  acids  without  effervelcence.     The  folutic  n 
is  green.     It  was  fuppofed  to  contain  muriatic  acid  ;•  •  BtrtlotUt,. 
but   Vauquelin  has  difcoveied,  that  the  appearance  of  ■'^'^'"- •''•"■■ 
this  acid  was  owing  to  the  prefence  of  fome  common  '7'*6,462. 
fait,  which  is  accidently  mixed  with  the  fand  J.  )  j^^r.  dt 

(jENUS    IV.       SALTS    OF    COPPER.  „,:     ,,„ 

SPECIES    I.     Blue  carb'^nat  ot  copper  (t>).  no 

Mountain  blue — jiiur  de  cui-vre — B!ue  calx  of  copper G.  W. 

KidjJ'cr  lazur.  Salts. 

This  ore,   which  occurs  in  the  copper  mines  of  Sibc-  ''''"=  ^''o- 
ria,  Sweden,  Gerniany,  Hungary,  Cornwa!,  &c.   is  ei- "^J  "  "^ 
ther  amorphous  or  CI)  llaihzed.     Tlie  cryllals  are  fmall, 
and  dil5icult  to  exam.ne.     According  to  Rome  de  Lifle, 
their  primitAe  foini  is  an  odohcdron,  the  fi^es  of  which 
are  il'ofceles  tiianple-.,  and  two  of  them  more  inclined 
than  the  others  jj.       Be  that  as  it  may,  the  ciyll.ds  cf  §c,Ay?u/.iM. 
blue  carbonat  of  copper  are  often    rhomboid»l  prifms,  3^3. 
either  regu.ar,  or  terminated  by  diliedral  fummits.*        .  ,,., 
Its  colour  is  azure  or  fnialt  blue.  Streak  blue.   Hare!- . .,'     '" 

nefs 


(dJ    a./ :y.  II.  12<j.-—AIorv(aii,  Mem.  Dijon,  I'iz.  1  S./k. 


•J" 


p.  too. 


5*8 

Clipper 
Orel. 

J  Brijon. 


MINERALOGY. 


Clafs  IV. 


nefs4.to6      Brink.     Sp.  gr.  3.608  J.     It  eflervcfces  fomctimes  olive  green.     Luflre  glafTy.     Tranfparency    Metallic 

with  nitric  acid,  and  gives  it  a  blue  colour.     Before  the  from  4  to  2.     Fraciure  conchoid..!.     HardneU  4  to  7.  ^^^O^^^ 

'  blow-pipc  it  blackens,  but  does  not  melt.     Tinges  bo-  Beiore  the  blow-pipt  deflagrates  wuh  an  arfenicallnu-ke, 

rax  green  with  effervefcences.  and  melts  into  a  grey  coloured  bead.     This  bead,  tufed 

The  cryftals,  according  to  Pelletier,  are  compofed  of  with  borax,  leaves  a  button  ol  pure  copper  ||.  \  Klaprctl\ 


III 
Green  car- 
boiiat  of 

copper. 


•  Brifon. 
\  Kirtvan. 


66  to  70  copper, 
18  —  20  cai  bonic  acid, 
8  —  10  oxygen, 
2  —  2  water. 
Fontana  firft  difcovered  that  this  ore  contained  car- 
bonic acid  gas. 

Fariety   I .     Earthy  blue  carbonat. 
Aiountitiii  blue. 
This  variety  generally  contains  a  mixture  of  lime. 
It  is  never  cryftallized  ;  and  fometimcs  is  almoll  in  the 
ftate  of  powder.     Luftre  o.     Texture  earthy. 

Fariety    2.      Striated  blue  carbonat  of  copper. 
Lullre  glalfy.     Tranfparency,  when  cryllallized,  2  ; 
when  amorphous,    i.     Texture  Ilriatcd  ;  fometimes  ap- 
proaching to  the  loliated. 

SPECIES   2.     Green  carbonat  of  copper  (e). 
Oy\genaleJ  carbonat  of  copper — Malachite. 
This  ore  is  generally  amorphous,  but  Ibmelimes  it  is 
cryllallized  in  four-fided   prifms,  terminated  l>y  iour- 
fided  pyramids. 

Coluur  green.  Luftre  filky.  Hardnefs  5  to  7. 
Brittle.  Sp.  gr.  3.571*  to  3.653$.  Effervefces 
with  nitric  acid,  and  gives  a  blue  colour  to  ammonia. 
Before  the  blow-pipe  it  decrepitates  and  blackens,  but 
does  not  melt.  Tinges  borax  yellowilh  green.  It  is 
compofed  of  carbonic  acid  and  green  oxyd  ot  iron. 
Fariety  I.  Fibrous  malachite. 
Texture  fibrous.  Opaque  when  amorjhnus  ;  when 
cryftallized  its  tranfparency  is  2.  Colour  generally 
grafs  green. 

Fariety  2.     Compafl  milachite. 
Texture  compafl.     Opaque.    Colour  varies  from  the 
dark  emerald  green  to  blackilh  giecn. 

A  ipecimen  of  malachiie  from  Siberia,  analyfed  by 
Klaproth,  coniained    58.0  copper, 

18.0  carbonic  acid, 
12.5  oxygen, 
1 1.5  water. 


Klaproth  difcovered  that  it  was  compofed  of  OJcyd  ol  Ol-fcrva- 
copper  and  aifenic  acid.  *''""  °" 


Sometimes  this  ore  is  combined  with  iron.       It  then 


Cernius/, 
p.  19. 


*  Seltrugej 
ii.  290. 


Sulphat  of 
copper. 

213 
Arfeniat  of 
copper. 
\  Kirzran, 
ii.  lii. 


100* 
Tills  fpecies  is  fometimes   mixed   with    cLiy,  chalk, 
and  gypfum,  in  various  proportions ;  it  is  then  knov.-n 
by  the  name  of 

Ccfnmon  mountain  green. 
Its  colour  is  verdigris  green.     J_,ullre  o.      Tranfpa- 
rency o  to  I.     Hardnefs   3   to  4.     Brittle.      Texture 
earthy.     Effervefces  feebly  with  acids.    Before  the  blovv- 
j)lpe  it  exhibits  the  fame  phenomena  with  malachite. 

SPECIES  3.     Sulphat  of  copper. 
For  a  defcnpiion   of  this  L<\l,  fee   Chemistry,  n° 
64U.  in  this  Supplement. 

SPECIES  4.     Arfeniat  of  copper  J. 
Olive  copper  ore. 
This  ore  is  found  at  Carrarach  in  Cornwal.     It  is  ge- 
nerally cryftallized  in  fix-fided  compreffed  prifms.      Its 
colour  ij  olive  green.    Streak  fometimes  ftraw  coloured,    line  iornis 


cryltallizes  in  cubes.  Thefe  cubes  are  of  a  dark  green 
colour  ;  before  the  blow-pipe  tliey  iroth,  give  out  an 
arfenical  fmoke,  and  do  not  fo  quickly  form  a  grey  bead 
as  the  arfeniat  of  copper.*  •  ibid.  p. 

Order  VI.     IRON  ORES.  *'" 

To  defcribe  the  ufes  of  iron,  would  be  to  write  tlie 
hiftory  of  every  art  and  mauufadurc,  fince  theie  is  not 
one  which  is  not  more  or  lefs  dependent  upon  this  ufe- 
iul  metal.     Nor  is  its  abundarce  inferior  to  its  utility.        214 
Itexittb  almoft  every v.here,  and  feems,  as  it  were,  the  Mines, 
boiid  which  conn. its  the  mineral  kingdom  together. 

Genus   I.     alloys   ok   iron.  g. I. Alloy,. 

SPECIES   I.      Native  iion  (f).  Native 

Native   iron  has  been  iound  in  Siberia  and  in  Peru  iron- 
in  immenfe  maifes,  which  fecmed  as  if  they  had  been 
ful'ed.     Ihefe  maifes  e\idently  did  not  originate  in  the 
place  where  they  were  Iound.     Stt  FiKE-Balls,  Suppl. 

Colour  bluilh  wliite.  Fraciure  hackly.  Luflre  me- 
tallic. Malleable.  Magnetic.  Hardnefs  8  to  9.  Sp. 
gr.  7.8.  Proult  has  difcovered,  that  the  native  iron 
tound  in  Peru  is  alloyed  with  nickel  f .  %NUbolfei'i 

Genus   11.      sulphurets   of   iron.  Jour.'m. 

SPECIES    I.     Common  fulphuret  of  iron.*  374- 

Pyrites.  ^  j^i6 

This  mineral  occurs  very  frequently  both  in  ores  and  phurets."  " 
mixed  with  other  bodies,  lor   inllance  in  dates.      It  it  Common 
otteu  amorphous,  and  ofien  alio  cryltallized.     The  pri-  fulphuretof 
niitive  form  of  its  cr)  flals  is  cither  a  regular  cube  or  an  '■■""■ 
oitohedroii.     The  varieties  of  its  loim  hitherto  defcri-  ."  •^'^■^''"» 
bed  amount  to  30  ;  tor  a  defcription  of  which  we  refer  'fjLlti^P  - 
the  reader  to  Rome  de  Lijle  \.  rholo'gi'a.  ^ 

Iti  colour  is  )ellc.u.     Its  luftre  metallic.     Hardnefs  t  Crt/?a/. 
8  to  10.     Biittle.     Sp.  gr.   3.44  to  4.6.     Soluble  in' 
nitric  acid   with  effcrvefcence.     Scarce  loluble  in  ful- 
phuric  acid.     Beiore  the  blow-pipe  burns  with  a  blue 
flame  and  a  fulphuicous  fmell,  and  leaves  a  brownilh 
bead,  which  tinges  borax  of  afmutty  green. 
Fariety   I.     Common  pyrites. 
Fraiflure  uneven.     Hardnels  10.    Decrepitates  when 
heated.     Emits  a  ftilfhureousfmell  when  rubbed.    Not 
magnetic.     It  occurs  olten  in  coal  mines  and  in  flates. 
Fariety   z.      S;rialed  pyrites. 
Texture  Ilriated.     Kardneis  10.     Not  magnetic. 

Fariety  3.     Capillary. 
Colour  often  Heel  giey.     Found  in  needle-form  cry- 
ftals.     Uncommon.     N^jt  magnetic. 

Fariety  4.      Maj'netic  pyrites. 
Found  in  malles.      Texture  compaifl.      Hardnefs  8, 
9.     Slightly  magnetic.     Seems  to  contain  lefs  fulphur 
than  the  other  varieties. 

In  pyrites  the  pioporiionof  the  fulphur  to  the  iron 
is  vanaule,   and  tliis  explains  the  variety  of  its  cryftaU 


208. 


Genus 


(e)  A'/Vto.    II.    17,1  —Fontana,  Jour,  de  Phvf.   XI.   ^o<).— Klaproth,   BeUrage,    II.    287. 

(f)  Pallas,  Phil.  Tranf.  LXVI.  s^Z— Rubin  de  Celts,  ibid.  LXXVIII.  37.— See  alfo  Sehreiber,  Jour.  de. 
Phyf.  XLI.  3.;  and  Stelm,  Pl„l.  Tranf.  LXIV.  461. 


Order  VI. 


MINERALOGY. 


Iron  Ores. 


CARBURET    OF     IRON. 

Plumbago.* 


f  Brifon 


\  your*  tie 
Min.  N° 

xii.  p-  i6. 

2l8 

G.  IV. 
Emery 


Genus  III. 

SPECIES     I. 

Graphite  of  Werner. 

This  mineral  is  found  in  England,  Germany,  France, 
Spain,  America,  &c.  It  occurs  in  kidney-form  lumps 
of  various  fizes.  Its  colour  is  dark  iron  grey  or  brown- 
ifli  black  ;  when  cut,  bluifli  grey.  Luftre  metallic, 
from3t04.  Opaque.  Structure  flaty.  Texture  fine 
grained.  Hardnefs  4  to  5.  Brittle.  Sp.  gr.  from 
1.987  to  2.089;  after  being  foaked  In  water  2.15; 
after  being  heated  2.3,  and  when  heated  after  that 
2.41  f.  Feels  fomewhat  greafy.  Stains  the  fingers, 
and  marks  (Irongly.  The  ufe  of  this  mineral  when 
manufaiSured  into  pencils  is  known  to  every  perfon. 

Its  compofition  was  dilcovered  by  Scheelc.      When 
pure  it  contains        90  carbon, 
10  iron. 

100 
But  it  is  often  exceedingly  impure  :  A  fpecimen,  for 
inflance,  from  the  mine  of  I'luflier,  in  France,  analyfed 
by  Vauquelin,  contained    23  carbon, 
2  iron, 
38  filica, 
37  alumina. 

100  f 

Genus  IV.     iron   combined  with   silica. 
SPECIES    I.     Emery.* 
This  mineral  is  commonly  dilfeminated  through  other 
foiTils  but  fometimes  in  the  Eall  Indies  it  occurs  in 


•  Kir-wan,   large  maffcs 


11.  ipj. 


t  BrIJfm 


ii9 
G.  V. 
Oxydj. 


220 
Black  nxyd 
of  iron. 
I  Kirtfan, 

ii.  ii8. 

•  Home'  dc 
L'Jlc,  Hi. 
1-8. 

S  ibu. 

•  Htuy, 
your,  lie 
Min.  N» 
ixxiii.  659. 
\  Kirtfan't 
Min.  ii. 

\  Hiiuy, 
your,  de 
'Mm.  NO 

mi.  ja?- 


1(5  colour  is  bluifii   grey,  greyifii  brown,  or  bluifh 
black,  often  covered  with  a  yellowilh  rind  ;    internally 
it  difcovers  red  or  purple  fpots.     Luftre   i   or  o ;  in 
fome  parts  2,  and  metallic.     Opaque.     Hardnefs    14. 
Brittle.       Sp.  gr.   3.92  f.       Betore    the    blow-pipe  it 
blackens  and  gives  a  fmutty  yellow  tinge  to  borax. 
According  to  Wiegleb  it  contains 
95.6  filica, 
4.3  iron. 

99.9 

Genus  V.     oxyds  of  iron. 
This  genus  is  very  extcnfive  ;  for  iron  is  much  more 
frequently   found  in  the  ftate  of  an  oxyd  than  in  any 
other. 

SPECIES  I.    Black  oxyd  of  iron  J. 
Common  magnetic  iron  Jlon: — Btackijh  oHohedral  iron  ore. 

This  fpecies  of  ore  is  very  common  in  Sweden  ;  it  is 
found  alio  in  Switzerland,  Norway,  Rudia,  &c.  It 
occurs  in  malTes,  plates,  grains,  and  cryQallized.  The 
primitive  form  of  its  cryftals  is  a  regular  oftohedronf. 
Sometimes  two  oppofite  fides  of  the  pyramids  are  tra- 
peziums, which  renders  the  apex  of  ilie  pyramids  ciinci- 
form.  Sometimes  the  cryllals  pafs  into  rhomboidal  pa- 
rallel'pipeds,  and  into  dodecahedrons  with  rhomboidal 
faces  ^. 

Its  furface  isbrownifh  black  ;  internally  bluifh  grey. 
Powtler  black.*  Streak  bl.ickilh  grey,  brighter.  Lullre 
metallic.  Hardnefs  9  to  10.  Brittle.  Sp.  gr.  from 
4.094  to  4.68S  f .  Attrafled  by  the  magnet,  and  ge- 
nerally polfeifed  of  more  or  Isfs  magnetic  virtue  J.    To 

SuFPL.  Vol.  II. 


this  fpecies  belongs  the  mn^net.  Before  the  blow-p'pe 
it  becomes  browner,  but  does  not  melt.  Tinges  borax 
dark  green. 

When  pure  it  confids  entirely  of  oiyd  of  iron ;  and 
this  oxyd  appears  to  contain  from  .15  to  .24  oxygen, 
and  from  .76  to  .85  iron  ^.  Undoubtedly  it  confifts 
of  a  mixture  of  iron  in  two  different  ftatcs  of  oxyda- 
tion.  It  is  often  alfo  mixed  and  contaminated  with 
foreign  ingredients. 

There  are  two  varieties  of  this  ore.  The  firft  Is 
what  we  have  jufl  d-fcribed  ;  the  fecond  is  in  the  form 
of  fand  and  has  therefore  been  called 

Magnetic  fand.* 
This  fubRance  is  found  in  Italy,  Virginia,  St  Do- 
mingo, the  Eiil  Indies,  and  in  the  fand  of  the  river  Drn 
at  Aberdeen  in  Scotland.  It  i;  black,  very  hard,  ir;ag- 
netic.  Sp.  gr.  about  4  6.  Not  altered  by  the  blow- 
pipe/i-r  yj' ;  melts  into  a  black  glals  with  potafs,  and 
into  a  green  glafs  with  microcrfmic  fait,  both  opaquef . 
It  probably  contains  foir.e  filica,  as  Kirwan  has  fup- 
pofed  f . 

SPECIES   2.     Specular  iron  ore  ^. 
Fir  olig'Jte. 

This  ore  is  found  abundantly  in  the  ifle  of  Elba  near 
Tulcany.  It  is  either  in  malTes  or  cryllallized.  The 
primitive  form  of  its  cryftaU,  and  cf  i's  integrant  riiclc- 
culcs,  is  the  cube.*  The  varieties  hitherto  obferved  a- 
mount  to  7.  Thefe  are  the  rhomboidal  parallelopiped  ; 
the  cube,  with  three  triangular  faces  inllead  of  two  01 
its  angles  diagonally  oppofite  ;  tv.'o  fii.fided  pyramids, 
applied  bafe  to  bafe,  wanting  the  fumniits  :j;,  and  fome- 
times the  angles  at  the  bafes,  and  fometimes  the  alter- 
nate edges  of  the  pyramid  ;  a  polyhedron  of  24  fides, 
refcmbling  a  cube  with  three  triangular  faces  for  two 
angles  diagonally  oppofite,  and  two  triangles  for  the 
rell  of  its  angles.  For  a  defcription  and  figure  of  thefe 
varieties,  we  refer  to  Rome  de  Lijle\  and  H(iuy\. 

Colour  fteel  grey  :  often  tarniflied,  and  beautifully 
iridefcent,  refleding  yellow,  bine,  red.  Streak  red. 
Powder  dark  red.  Luftre  metallic.  Hardnefs  9  to 
10.  Not  brittle.  Sp.  gr,  5.01  i6.t  to  5.21S  f.  Slightly 
magnetic.  Little  altered  by  the  blow-pipe.  Tinges 
borax  an  obfcure  yellow. 

Tills  ore,  according  to  Mr  Mufliet,  is  compofed  of 

66.1  iron, 

21.2  oxygen, 

10.7  water  and  carbonic  acid, 
2.0  lime. 


Min.  is. 


•  Kir'a-an^ 
ii. — Dvf-u~ 
get,  Jot  r.  de 

Mif,,  N° 
nxi.  p.  75. 


■|  Foureroy'f 

Ann.  ,le 

Cbirti,  ii. 

127. 

I  Min,  ii. 

161. 

221 
.Specular 
iron  ore. 
\  Kirzv  ii. 
162.  — Cou- 
drai,   your, 
Je  PLwf.  iv. 

•   H.uy, 
your,  de 
Min.  N" 
xxxiii.  660. 
}  fig-  39- 


•f-  Cryjl.  iii. 
189." 

\  liiid.  660. 


■f-  Hcuy, 
\  Brijfom. 


I  00.0  f  t  Pbilof. 

The  quantity  of  oxygen  liere  ftatcd  is  probably  too  ■^•'^-  "*■ 
fmall,  owing  to  the  unavoidable  inaccuracy  which  rt-  •5-S''" 
fults   from  the  dry  nuay  of  analyfis  which  Mr  Mufliec 
followed. 

Micaceous  iron  ore 

Is  generally  confidered  as  a  variety  of  this  fpecies. 
Kirwan,  however,  fuppofes  it  to  contain  caibon,  and 
to  be  a  diliiniff  fpecies. 

It  is  found  in  Saxony,  and  in  the  ifle  of  Elba,  &c. 
generally  in  amorphous  ma.'les,  0  itipofed  of  th'n  fix- 
fided  lamincr.  Colour  iron  gre^.  Streak  bluilh  grey. 
Luftre  metallic.  Opaquf.  Feel  greafy.  Hardnefs  5 
to  7.  Brittle.  Sp.  ;;r.  from  4.5  to  5.07.  Sli^^htly 
3  X  ma^i.etic. 


MINERALOGY, 


Iron  Ores,  magnetic.     Infulible  by  the  blow-pipe.     Tinges  boiax 
^"^  '  greciiiih  brown. 

SPECIES  3.     Laniinateil  fpecular  iron  ore. 
Fer  l>yroccte  oi    Hauy. 

This  ore,  which  is  ibuntl  at  Mont  d'or  in  Anvergnej 
vas  ufually  arrangtd  under  the  lal\  fpecies ;  biu  has 
been  Icparated  iVom  it,  we  think  properly,  by  Mr  Hauy, 
becaule  the  form  of  its  ciyftals  is  incompatible  with  the 
fupp'jfuinn  tli.it  itieir  primitive  nucleus  is  a  cube,  as  we 
have  feen  is  the  cafe  with  crmmin  Ipecular  iron  ore.  Its 
crylials  aie  thin  oaagonal  phies,  bounded  by  fix  linear 
trapeziums,  alternately  inclined  different  waysf. 

Colour  llecl  grey.  Powder  reddilh  black.  Luflre 
metallic  ;  furlace  polilhed.  I'raiflure  glalfy.  Very 
brittle  \..  Hauy  fuppofes  that  this  ore  has  been  pro- 
duced bv  fire,  and  accordingly  h  is  given  it  a  name 
which  denotes  its  oii^in. 


iii.  lii. 


SPECIES  4.     Brown  iron  ere  «[. 
This  fpecies  of  ore  is  found   abundantly  in  Britain, 


I  Hauyt 
JcHr.  Je 
Min.  N° 
srxi.  33. 

Brown  iron 

ore. 

K  ATiVTi'.ii.  particuhily  in   Cumberland  and  Laiic^ilhire  ;   and  it  is 

*'3'  alfo  very  common  in  other  counties.     It  conlllls  of  the 

brown  oxydofiron,  more  or  kfs  contaminated   with 
other  ina;redienis. 

Its  colour  is  brown.  Its  llreak  redJifh  brown.  Sp. 
gr.  from  3.4771  to  3.951.  Before  the  blow-pipe 
blackens,  but  docs  not  melt.  Tinges  borax  greenilh 
yellow. 

Viiriety  I.  Brown  haematites. 
The  name  hasniatites  (bloodftone)  was  probably  ap- 
plied by  the  ancients  only  to  thofe  ores  which  are  ot  a 
red  colour,  and  have  I'ome  refemblance  to  clotted  blood ; 
but  by  the  moderns  it  is  applied  to  all  the  ores  ot  iron 
■which  give  a  reddifli  coloured  povi'der,  provided  they 
be  of  a  fibrous  texture. 

Brown  hxmatites  occurs  in  mifics  of  various  (hapes, 
and  it  is  faid  alfo  to  have  been  found  cryftallized  in  five 
or  fix-fided  acute  angled  pyramids.  Colour  of  the  fur- 
face  brown  or  black,  fonietimes  iridefcent  ;  internally 
nut  brown.  Powder  reJ.  Texture  fibrous.  Hardnefs 
8  to  10.  Brittle.  Sp.  gr.  3.7!>g  f  to  3.951  J.  Not 
m.it;netic. 

'i'liis  variety  has  not  been  analyfed,  but  it  feems  to 
crnfill  of  brown  oxyd  of  iron,  oxyd  of  manganefe,  and 

^Kir^-cn's  alumina^^. 

Jl'/ifl.  ii. 


■f  Gelltrt. 


164. 


\  Kir^^^^J,^^ 


^cd  iron 

ore. 

i  K'lrtu.  ii. 

>6«. 


Varie! !  2.     Conipafl  brown  iron  (lone. 

This  variety  occurs  in  malfes  cf  very  various  and 
often  fantallic.1l  fliape!. 

Colour  brown.  Internal  lulire  metallic.  Texture 
compaa.    Harduefs  6  to  9.    Brittle.    Sp.  gr.  3.4771  f 

t0  3-55't-  „  ^    ,    . 

Variety  3.     Brown  Scaly  iron  ore. 

This  variety  is  generally  incumbent  on  other  mine- 
rals. Colour  brown.  L'lftre  metallic.  Stains  the 
fingers,  marks  llrongly.  Feds  umftuous.  Texture  to- 
liated.  Hardnefs  3  to  5.  Brittle.  60  light  as  often 
to  float  on  wa'er. 

Fariely  4.     Brown  iron  ochre. 

This  variety  occurs  bctli  niafilve  and  diireminated. 
Colour  from  nut  brown  to  orange.  Luilieo.  S'rong- 
ly  II  ins  (he  fingers.  Texture  earthy.  Hardnefs  3  to 
4.     When  fiightly  heated  reddens. 

SPECIES  5.     Red  iron  orcf. 
Colour  red.     Streak  blood  red.     Sp.  gr.  from  3.423 


Clafs  IV. 

105.005.        Before  the  blow-pipe  blackens,  but  does    Metallic 
not  melt.     Tinges  borax  yellowilli  olive  gieen.     When       Ores, 
digefted  iu  ammonia,  it  becomes  black  and  often  mag-  ^^^''^^^ 
nelic. 

Farlety   I.      Red  hxmatites. 
Fotind  in  m.iifcs,  and  all  the  variety  of  forms  of  Ha- 
la<5l:tes.     Colour  between  brownilh  red  and  llcel  grey. 
Powder  red.     Internal    luftre    metallic.     Texture  fi- 
brous.    Hardnefs  9  to   10.      Brittle.     S^.  ^t.  ^.■]^\  \  CtlUri. 

to  5.005  X-  \  Kirivon. 

When  pure  it  confiils  of  red  o.xyd  of  iron,  but  it  of- 
ten contains  mingariefe  and  alumina  i  .  ^  Kinvan'e 
I'ariety   2.     Conipaft  rei.'  ircn  ore.  Min.W. 

Found  mallive  and  (lalaflitic  ;  fonietimes  in  cryftals  169. 
of  various  forms,  but  they  feem  to  be  only  fecondary  ; 
fcmetimes  in  columns  like  balalt. 

Ci  lour  betv\ecn  brown  red  and  fleel  grey.       Stains 
the  fingers,     Lullre  i  to  o  ;  often  fcniimetallic.     Tex- 
ture  compaift.        Hardnefs  7  to  9.     Brittle.       Sp.  gr. 
3.423  to  3  76  f.     Somttimes   invefted  with  a  rofy  red  f  Kirii.an. 
ochre. 

P'ariity   3.      Red  ochre. 

Found  fometinies  in  powder,  fcmetimes  indurated. 
Colour  blood  red.  Stains  the  fingers.  Lultre  o.  Tex- 
ture earthy.     Hardnefs  3  to  5.     Brittle. 

Variety  4.      Red  fcaly  iion  ore. 

This  variety  is  generally  found  incumbent  upon 
other  iron  ere?.  Colour  between  cherry  red  and  Iteel 
grey.  Stains  the  fingers.  Lullre  filky,  inclining  to 
metallic.  Texture  foliated.  Feels  unduous.  Hard- 
nefs 3  to  4.     Biittle.     Heavy. 

,         ,       .,,  ,  ilK 

SPECIES   6.     Argillaceous  iron  ore f.  Ar^illace- 

Oxyd  of  iron  combined  or  7iiixed  "jj'uIj  clay.  ous  iron 

This   ore  is   exceedingly  common  ;    and  ih»ngh  it  ore. 
contains  lefs  iron  than  the  fpecies  already  defcribed,  it  t  .'f'"''-  "• 
is,  in  this  country  at  leafl,  preferred  to  them,  becaufe  '^^' 
the  method  of  extracftlng  pure  iron  from  it  is  ealier,  or 
rather  becaule  it  is  better  underilood. 

Colour  moll  commonly  dark  brown.  Streak  red  or 
yellowilh  brcwn.  Sp.  gr.  fr(  m  2.673  to  3.47  i  J.  Be- 1  Kirivan. 
fore  the  blow-pipe  blackens,  and  tinges  burax  olive 
green  and  blackilli.  It  is  compofed  of  oxyd  of  iron, 
alumina,  lime,  filica  in  various  proportions.  It  gene- 
rally yields  from  30  to  ^o per  cent,  cf  iron. 

Var'uty   I .     Common  argillaceous  iron  ore. 

The  minerals  arranged  under  tliis  variety  difFer  con- 
fiderably  from  eicli  other  in  their  extern.d  characlers. 
They  are  found  in  niall'es  of  various  lliapes,  and  often 
form  large  llrata. 

Colour  various  fiiades  of  grey,  brown,  yellow,  and 
red.  Streak  reddilh  yelloA-  or  d  irk  red.  Lullre  O. 
Hardnefs  from  3  to  8.  Smell  earthy  when  breathed 
upon. 

Variety  2.     Columnar  or  fcapiform  iron  ore. 

This  variety  is  found  in  columns,  adhering  to  each 
other,  but  ealily  feparable  :  They  are  commonly  incur- 
vated,  and  their  furface  is  rough.  Cokur  brownilh  red. 
Streak  dark  red.  Slightly  llains  the  fingers.  Lullre 
o.  Adheres  llrongly  to  the  tongue.  Sound  hollow. 
Feel  dry.     Texture  earthy. 

Variety  3.     Acinofe  iron  ore. 

This  variety  is  found  in  maffe?,  and  Is  commonly  len- 
ticular. Colour  generally  brownilh  red.  Luftre  me- 
tallic;  nearly.    Texture  granular,     Hardnefs  5  to  9. 

Brittle, 

Variety 


Order 

Tron  Orel. 


VI. 


MINERALOGY. 


ta6 
Lowland 
iron  ore. 
*  Kirtv*  ii. 
179. 


227 

G.  VI. 

Salt). 

Sparry  iroi 

ore. 


P'arkiy  4.  Noduhr,  or  kidney-form  iron  ore. 
Elites  or  Eaglejlone. 
This  variety,  which  was  mentioned  by  the  ancients, 
is  generally  found  under  the  form  of  a  rounded  knob, 
more  or  lefi  lefembling  a  kidney,  though  fometimcs  it 
is  quadrangular  ;  and  it  contains  within  it  a  kernel, 
which  is;  fometimes  loofe,  and  fometimci  adheres  to  the 
outfide  rind.  Colour  of  the  (tone  yellowilh  brown;  of 
the  kernel  ochre  yellow.  Surface  generally  fouled  with 
earth.  Lullre  of  the  rind  metallic  ;  of  the  kernel  o. 
Hardnefs  from  4  to  7.     Brittle. 

Variety  J.     Filiform  or  granular  iron  ore. 
This  variety  occurs  in  rounded  malfcs,  from  the  fize 
of  a  pea  to  that  of  a  nut.     Surface  rough.    Colour  com- 
monly dark  brown.      Streak  yellowifh  brown.     Hard- 
nefs 5  to  6.     Brittle. 

The  oolitic  ore  found  at  Creufot,  near  mount  Cenis, 
belongs  to  this  variety.     It  is  compofed  of 
50  lime, 
30  iron, 
20  alumina. 


SPECIES  7.     Lowland  iron  ore.* 

This  fpecies  of  ore  is  fuppnfed  to  confill  of  oxyd  of 
iron,  mixed  with  clay  and  phofphuret  or  phofphat  of 
iron.  It  is  called  lowland  ore,  becaufe  it  is  found  only 
in  low  grounds ;  whereas  the  laft  fpecies  is  more  com- 
monly in  high  grounds;  and  is  therefore  called  high- 
land  ore. 

This  ore  occurs  in  amorphous  maffes,  and  alfo  in 
grains  or  powder.  Its  colour  is  brown.  Streak  yellow- 
ilh  brown.  Luftre  o,  or  common.  Texture  earthy. 
Hardnefs  3  to  5. 

Variety   I .     Meadow  lowland  ore. 

Colour  blackiih  or  yellowilh  brown  :  Both  colours 
often  meet  in  the  fame  fpecimen.  Found  in  lumps  of 
various  fizes,  often  perforated.  Fradlure  compaift. 
Moderately  heavy. 

Frequently  yields  from  32  to  38 /cr  cent,  of  iron. 
Variety   2.      Swampy  iron  ore. 

This  variety  is  generally  found  under  water.  It  is 
in  lumps,  which  arc  commonly  perforated  or  corroded, 
and  mixed  with  fand.  Colour  dark  yellovvifh  brown, 
or  dark  nut  brown.  Hurdnefs  3  to  4.  Brittle,  Sp. 
gr.  2.944.  J'  often  contains  .36  <>i  iron. 
Variety  3.      Moralfy  iron  ore. 

This  variety  is  found  either  in  a  loofe  form  or  in  per- 
forated lumps.  Colour  light  yellowilh  brown.  Stains 
the  fingers.     Hardnefs  3.     Friable. 

Genus  VI.     salts  or  iron. 
SPECIES   1.     Sparry  iron  ore  (g). 
This  ore  is  common  in  Germany,  France,  and  Spain. 


It  is  found  fometimes  in  amorphous  mani-s,  and  fome- 
times cryftallized. 

Its  colour  is  white  ;  but  it  becomes  tarniflied  by  ex- 
pofure  to  the  air,  and  th°n  alfumes  various  colours. 
Streak  grey  or  white.  External  luftre  often  metallic  ; 
internal  common  or  glady.  Tranfparency  i  nr  2 ;  fome- 
times o.  Texture  foliated.  Fragrr.ents  rhomboidal. 
Hsrdnefsj  to  7.  Brittle.  Sp.  gr.  3.6  tn  3.810.  Not 
magnetic.  Soluble  in  acids  with  very  little  effervef- 
cence.  Before  the  blow-pipe  decrepitates,  becomes 
brownifh  black,  and  magnetic  ;  but  is  fcarcely  fufible. 
Tinges  borax  fmutty  yellow,  with  fome  cffervefceiice. 

This  ore,  as  Bergman  afcertained,  corifills  of  iron, 
manganefe,  lime,  and  carbonic  acid. 

One  fpecimen,  according  to  his  analyfis,  contained 

38  iron, 

24  manganefe, 

38  carbonat  of  lime. 

ICO 

Another  contained  22  iron, 

28  manganefe, 

50  carbonat  of  lime. 


Whether  the  iron  be  combined  with  the  carbonic 
acid  is  Hill  a  difputed  point.  The  cryftals  cf  this  ore 
are  rhomboidal  parallelepipeds ;  which  is  precifcly  the 
form  of  carbonat  of  lime.  This  amounts  nearly  to  a 
demonftratioii,  that  the  Citbonic  acid  is  combined  with 
the  lime;  and  that,  as  Cronftedt  and  Hauy  have  fup- 
pofed,  this  ore  is  merely  carbonat  of  lime,  contamina- 
ted with  a  quantity  of  the  oxyds  of  iron  and  manganefe.        jjj 

spECirs    2.      Arfcniat  of  iron.  Arfeniat  ol 

Mr  Prouft  has  difcovered  this  ore  in  Spain.      Its  co-  iron. 
lour  is  greenil!)  white.     Its  texture  granular.     Infoluble 
in  water  and  nitric  acid.     When  melted  on  charcoal, 
the  arfenical  acid  efcapes  with  cffervefcence  t .  *  Am.  di 

SPECIES   3.      Sulpbat  of  iron.  t^'jS- 

For  a  defcription  of  this  fah,  fee  Chemistry,  n"        '''' 
631.  in  this  .?!//././. 


Fulphat  ' 
iron. 


Order  VH.     TIN  ORES  (h). 

Trw  is  employed  to  cover  plates  of  iron  and  copper, 
and  to  lilver  the  backs  of  looking  glades :  It  enters  in- 
to the  compofition  cf  pewter  ;  and  forms  a  very  im- 
portant article  in  dyeing. 

Tin  ores  are  by  no  means  fo  common  as  the  ores  of 
the  metals  which  we  have  already  dcfcribed.  They 
are  found  only  in  the  primitive  niou>il.uns  (1).  Hence  Minei. 
Werner  fuppofcs  them  to  be  the  molt  ancient  of  all  me- 
tallic ores.  They  occur  nioft  frequently  in  granite, 
fometimes  in  porphyry,  but  never  in  limcllone. 

3X2  Almoll 


30 


(g)  Kirw.  II.  190. — Bergman,  II.  1S4. — Dayen.  Jour,  de  Phyf.  VII.  213. — Razoivmo'wjyi,  Mem.  Lau- 
fanne,   1783,  p.    149. 

(h)   Geofroy,   Mem.   Par.    i;^?,  p.    103. — Morveau,   /Inn.  de  Chim.   XXIV.    127. 

(i)  Geologi(\s  lnvc  divided  mountains  into  three  <:\:\iic%;  primitive,  ficondary,  and  tertiary.  Tht  priinilive 
occupy  the  centre  of  all  extenlive  chains;  they  are  the  highell,  the  mod  rugged,  and  exhibit  the  moft  pointed 
tops.     They  are  conlidered  as  the  molt  ancient  mountnir.s  of  the  i^lobe. 

The  fi-condary  mountains  occupy  the  outfidc  of  extenlive  ranges.  They  are  ufually  compi^fed  of  flrat.i,  more 
or  leU  inclined,  and  commonly  red  againll  the  fides  of  the  primitive  mountains. — 'fhe  tertiiry  mountains  arc 
much  fmallcr  than  the  others,  and  are  often  folitary.      Wc  ufe  the  terms  prhnitrve,  Jecindary,  &c.  merely  as 

proper 


5T  ^ 

Tin  Ores.        Almoft  the  only  tin  mines  known  to  Europeans  are 

^-"^"^-^  thole  of  Cornwdl,  Devonlhire,  Saxony,  Bohemia,  Sile- 

li;i,  Hun!;ary,  Gallicia;  lliofe  of  the  illmd  of  Banca 

and  the  peninfula  oi   Malacca  in   India  ;  and  ihole  of 

Chili  and  Mexico  in  Amciica. 


MINERALOGY. 


Clafs  IV. 


C.  I."  Sul- 

phiirctA. 

Sulphurct 

of  tin  and 

copper. 

•  Kiriv.  ii. 

aoo. 

Cornivatl, 
p.  21. 

J  KJ-ipntb. 


Genus   I.     sulphurets   of  tin. 

SPECIES   I.     Sulpliurct  of  tin  and  copper.* 

Tin  pyrites. 

Hitherto  this  ore  has  only  been  found  in  Corn- 
wal.  There  is  a  vein  of  it  in  that  county,  in  tlie  paiilh 
of  S:  Agnes,  nine  feet  wide,  and  twenty  yards  bencaih 
thefiirtacc  -f. 

Its  colour  is  yellowifh  grey,  pafTing  into  the  (leel  grey. 
Nut  unlike  grey  copper  ure.  Lnllre  metallic.  Hard- 
nei's  5  to  6.  Very  brittle.  6p.gr.  4.35$.  Before 
the  blowpipe  it  melts  eafily,  with  a  fulpLureous  fmcll, 
into  a  blacii  bead,  and  depcfits  a  bluilh  oxyd  on  the 
charcoal. 

The  compofition  of  ihis  ore,  as  Klaprotli  informs  us, 
was  firll  difcovercd  by  Mr  Rifpe.  According  to  Kla- 
proth's  analyfis,  it  is  compofed  of 

34  tin» 
36  copper, 
25  Sulphur, 

3  iron, 

2  earth. 


G   II.  Or- 

yds.  BrowB 
oxyd  of  tin. 
*  Kirti.  ii. 

^97- 


Mm.    N° 
xxxii.  J76. 
4  Cr\ftaUog» 
iii.  413. 
I  Philof. 
■Mag.  iv. 
I J  a. 


§  Rem' Je 
^i/lcy  itfid. 


tinftone,  we  refer  the  reader  to  RomS  tie  Lljle  and  Mr    Mitallic 
Day.*  "'""-;^ 

Its  colour  is  commonly  brown.    Streak  grey.    Hard-  •  /■/.-/.y; 
nefs  9  to  10.     Sp.  gr.  6.9  to  7.0.     Brittle.  iifjj.  iUi. 

Variity   I.     Common  tinftone. 

Colour  datk  brown  ;  fomstimes  yellowilh  grey,  and 
fometinies  nearly  white.  Streak  light  grey.  Somewhat 
tranfparent  when  cryllaliii^ed.  Ilardnefs  10.  Sp.  gr. 
6.9  to  6.97.  Before  the  blow  p'pe  it  decrepitates,  and 
on  charcoal  is  partly  reduced.     Tinges  borax  white. 

According  to  Kliproth,  it  is  coinpufid  of 

77-50''"' 
21.50  oxygen, 

.25  iron, 

.75  filica. 


100  § 

Genus  II.  oxyds  of  tim. 
SPECIES  I.  Brown  oxyd  of  tin.* 
7inJ}one — IVcodtin. 
This  ore,  which  may  be  confidered  as  almoft  the  on- 
ly ore  of  tin,  occurs  in  mafl'es,  in  rounded  pieces,  and 
cryftallized.  Thefe  cryltals  are  very  irregular.  Hauy 
fuppofes,  that  their  primitive  form  is  a  cubef;  but  Ro- 
me de  Lifle,  with  more  probability,  makes  it  an  rdtohe- 
dron  ;  %  and  in  this  opinion  Mr  Day  agrees  with  him  || . 
The  oftohedron  is  compofed  of  two  four-fided  pyra- 
mids, applied  bafe  to  bafe.  The  fides  of  the  pyramids 
are  ifofceles  triangles,  the  angle  at  the  vertex  of  which 
is  70°,  and  each  of  the  other  angles  55°.  The  fides 
of  the  two  pyramids  are  inclined  to  each  other  at  an 
angle  of  90'}.  This  primitive  form,  however,  never 
occurs,  but  cryftals  of  tinftone  are  fometimes  found,  in 
which  the  two  pyramids  are  feparated  by  a  prifm .  For 
a  complete  defcription  of  the  varieties  of  the  cryftals  of 


1 00.00  f 
Variety   2.     Woodtin. 

This  variety  iias  hitherto  been  found  only  in  Corn- 
wal.  It  occurs  always  in  fragments,  which  are  general- 
ly rounded.  Colour  brown  ;  Ibmetimes  inclining  to  yel- 
low. Streak  yellowifli  grey.  Opaque.  Texture  fi- 
brous. Hardncfs  9.  Sp.  gr.  7.0.  Before  the  blow, 
pipe  becomes  brownifli  red  ;  decrepitates  when  red  hot, 
but  is  not  reduced. 

Klaproth  C'btaincd  from  it  .63  of  tin ;  and,  in  all  pro- 
bability, it  is  an  oxyd  of  tin  nearly  pure. 

Order  VIII.     ORES  OF  LEAD. 

The  ufeful  purpofes  to  which  lead  in  its  metallic 
Aate  is  applied,  are  too  well  known  to  require  defcrip- 
tion. Its  oxyds  are  employed  in  painting,  in  dyeing, 
and  fomelimes  alfo  in  medicine. 

Ores  ot  lead  occur  in  great  abundance  in  almoft  every 
part  ot  the  world.  They  are  generally  in  veins ;  fome- 
times in  filiceous  rocks,  lometimes  in  calcareous  rocks. 

Genus   I.     sulphurets   of   lead. 

SPECIES  I.     Galena,  or  pure  fulphuret  of  lead  J. 

This  ore,  which  is  very  common,  is  found  both  in 
malies  and  cryftallized.  The  primitive  form  of  its  cry- 
ftals  is  a  cube.  Themoft  common  varieties  are  the  cube, 
fometimes  with  its  angles  wanting,  and  the  oiflohedron, 
compofed  of  two  four-fided  pyramids  applied  bafe  to 
bafe  :  The  fummits  of  tliefe  pyramids  art  fometimes  cu- 
ueiforni,  and  fometimes  their  folid  angles  are  wanting  ||. 

Its  colour  is  commonly  bluilh  grey,  like  lead.  Streak 
bluilli  grey  and  metallic.     Lullre  metallic.    Sometimes 

ftains 


■j-  BettrUgey 
ii.  2j6. 


»33 
G.  I.  .Sul- 
phurets. 
G:il<;na,  or 
pure  ful- 
phuret  of 
lead. 

\  Kirlu,  ii. 

216. 

II  Rome  Je 
Lijtcy  iii, 
364- 


proper  names,  without  affirming  or  denying  the  truth  or  falfehood  of  the  theory  on  which  thefe  names  are  found- 
ed. That  the  reader  may  liave  a  more  accurate  idea  of  the  compofition  of  thefe  different  claffes  of  mountains, 
we  have  fui)joined  a  lift  of  the  fubftances  which,  according  to  Werner,  enter  into  the  compofition  of  each. 


Granite, 
Gneifs, 
Micaceous  fliiftus 


I.     Primary  Mountains. 

4.  Argillaceous  fliiftus,  7.  Shiftofe  porphyry, 

5.  Syenite,  8.  Quartz, 

6.  Porphyry,  9.  Primitive  limeftone, 

II.  Secondary  Mountains. 

1.  Argillaceous  fliiftus,  3.  Secondary  limeftone, 

2.  Rubble  ftone,  4.  Shiftofe  hornblende, 

III.  Tertiary  Mountains. 

4.  Sandftone,  7.  Chalk, 

5.  Breccia,  8.  Sulphat  of  lime, 

6.  Coal,  9.  Rock  fait. 


10.  Serpentine, 

1 1 .  Topaz  rock. 


5.  Grunftein, 

6.  Amygdaloid. 


1.  Trap, 

2.  Argillaceous  fliiftus, 

3.  StratiiieJ  limeftone. 


10.  Ferruginous  clay, 

1 1.  Potters  earth. 


Order  VIII. 


MINERALOGY. 


Ores  of 
Lead. 

§  fVat/o'u 


234 
Swlpliuret 
oflcaJ, 
with  iilvcr 
aiul  anti- 
mony. 
*  Kirzv*  ii. 
119. 


t  BcUragt, 
i.  172. 


ftains  the  fingers.  Texture  foliated.  Fragments  cuhi 
cal.  H-rdnefs  5  to  7  ;  foti.etimes  even  9.  Bii:tle 
Sp.  gr.  6.884  to  7.786  §.  Efu.rvefces  with  nitric  and 
muriatic  acids.  Before  the  blow. pipe  decrepit  ites,  and 
melts  with  a  fulphureous  fmcll;  part  links  into  t];e 
charcci'.l. 

It  is  compofed  of  from  .45  to  .83  lead,  and  from  .086 
to.  16  of  fulphur.  It  generally  contains  fome  filvcr, 
and  fomsttnies  :dfo  antimony  and  zinc. 

Fariily   I.     Cc  mmon  galena. 
This  variety  ctrrefponds  neaily  wi'.h  the  ahove  de- 
fcrlptlon.     Sp.  gr.  7.051  to  i.-]'66.      Sometimes  ftains 
the  fingers. 

CowpalJ  galfna. 
Found  only  in  .imcrphoiis  riialies.   Te.xture  compail, 
inclining  to  ioli.tttd.     Hardncfs  6  to  8.     Sp.  gr.  6.886 
107.444.    Lulirc  common.    Streak  lead  gray,  brighter 
ami  metallic.    Often  feels  greafy,  and  lUins  the  fingers. 
SPECIES  2.  Sulphiiret  of  lead,  withfilverandantimony.* 
Plumhifcrous  antimoniatetl  fiver  ori- 
Found  In  amorphous  madcs.     Colour  grey.     Hard- 
nefs  5  to  C.     Brittle.    .Sp.  gr.  from  5.2  to  8. 
Variety  I.     Light  grey  filver  ore. 
Colour  light  bluilli  grey.      StiL-ak  light  bluifli  grey, 
and  brighter.    Lulirc  mctHllir.    Te.tture  comp;iiJl.    Be- 
fore the  blow  pipe  paitly  evaporate?,  and  leaves  a  filver 
bead  on  the  charcoal,  furrou;:Jed  by  yellow  duft. 
According  to  Klaproth,  it  contains 
48  06  lead, 
20  40  filver, 

7.83  antimony, 
12.35  fulphur, 
2.25  iron, 
7.00  Hlumina, 
.25  filica. 


51  ■ 


-    |ind  which  is  fuppofed  to  be  common  galeni  deciyrd.    Metallic 
IS  fometimcs  in  llalaftites  of  various  forms,  and  f  me-       ''"s- 
times  cryllallizedinli.-:.(i.!edprifms,  whi-h  are  gcre.-.d- ^^~'"^ 
ly  truncated  and  confufed. 

Colour  black,  often  with  fome  ft.-eaks  cf  red.     S:r.-  ik 
light  bluifli  grey.     Internal  luftre  Hietaliic.     Hardn.-fs 
5  to  6      Brittle.     Sygr.frt.m5.744.  II  to  5.77.«    Ec„;,,,.^,„. 
lore  the  blow-p.pe  decrepitates,  meli^  eafily,  and  is  re-  •  cdrt. 
duccd. 

According  to  the  experiments  of  Laiimor.t,  this  rre 
is  a  fulphuret  of  lead  (or  rather  i"u!|  buret  cf  o;i)u  of 
lead),  mixed  with  fome  phofphat  of  lead. 

SPECIES  5.     Snlphuret  of  lead,  bifmuih,  and  filver.    Sulr"h.:Rt 
This  ore,  which  occurs  in  the  valley  of  Schapbach  in  of  kMJ.bii- 
Saxony,  was  firli  taken  notice  of  by   Selb,  and  after- '""'''•  ^'"^ 
wards  defcribcd  by  Weldenmannand  Emerling.  '"''''"• 

Its  colour  is  light  bluilh  grey.  Its  luftre  metallic. 
Its  fraiSure  uneven.  Hardnefs  5.  Melts  ealily  bef're 
tht;  blow-pipe,  emitting  fome  fnicke,  and  leaves  a  filver 
bead. 

A  fpecimen,  aualyfed  by  Mr  Klaproth,  contained 
33.0  lead, 
27.0  bifmuth, 
15.0  filver, 
16.3  fulphur, 
4.3  iron, 
0.9  copper. 


f  Beitrngr^ 
ii.  297. 


238 
G.  II.  Ox- 


98.09  t 

Variety  2.     Dark  grey  filver  ore. 
Colour  iron  grey,  verging  on  black.     Powder  black, 
and  ftains  the  fingers.     Lutlrt  o.     Texture  earthy. 
According  to  Klaproth,  it  contains 
41. CO  lead, 
21.50  antimony, 
29.25  filver, 
22.00  fulphur, 
1 .75  iron, 
1.00  alumina, 
.75  filica. 


SPECIES  3.     Blue  lead  ore.* 
This  ore,  which  is  found  In  Siberia,  Germany,  and 
Hungary,  ami  Is  very  rare,  occuis  fometlmes  in  maifes, 
and  foinctimei  cryft  illiztd  in  llx-fided  prifms. 

Colour  betv  een  indigo  blue  and  lead  grey  ;  fometlmes 
inclining  to  blick.  Internal  Itillre  met.illic.  Streak 
brighter.  Texture  c(  mpaifl.  Hardnefs  6.  Sp.  gr. 
5.461.  f .  Before  the  blow-pipe  melts  with  a  low  blue 
flame  and  a  fulphureous  fmell,  and  is  eafily  reduced. 
SPKCits  4.  Black  lead  ore  f. 
This  ore,  which  is  found  in  Germany  and  Brittany, 


96.5  t 
Genus   II,     oxyds   of   le.ad. 

SPECIES    I.     Lead  ochre  t.  ,.   ,,  „ 

fnu*  \  •  \     •  .  -      ■*  O.  II.  Ox- 

Ihis  ore,  which   is  a  mixture  of  the  o.iyd  of  lead  yrl«.     Lead 

With  various  earths,  is  found  maflive,  and  of  various  de-  ochre. 

grees  of  hardr.efs.  {  Kiriu.  ii. 

Its  colour  is  either  yellow,  grey  or  red.     Luftre  o   ^°^' 

Tranfparency  o  to  i.     Hardnefs  6  to  8  ;  fomeiimes  in 

^°n?'A      ^^V/""-  r'"""  t '^5  to  5-545  §■      Texture  §  K,r,.an. 
cnmpaft.        Lftervefces  with  nitric  and  muriatic  acids. 
Eahly  reduced  by  the  blow-pipe,  leaving  a  black  fla", 
unlets  the  lead  be  mixed  with  too  great  a  proportion  of 
earth. 

Genus   III.     salts   oe   le.\d  *-'9 

SPECIES   I.     Carbonat  of  lead  f.  ^;,j"- 

_     1  his  ore  of  lead,  which  is  very  common,  is  fometlmes  of  Lad. 
in  maifes,  and  fometlmes  cryftallizcd.     But  the  crj  ft  '1.  *  ^''■^-  "' 
lizuion   is   in   general  fo   confufed,  that  th<  primitive  '°^' 
form  ol  the  crylials  has  not  yet  been  afcertaiucd  (k). 

Its  colour  is  white.     External  luftre,  waxy  or  fiiky 
from  3  to  I  ;  Intcrn.il   i   to   2.       Generally  fomewhat 
tranfparent.     Hardnefs  5  to  6.     Brittle.     Sp.gr.  firm 
5.349  II  to  6.92  §.     Effervefces  with  nitric  and  muriatic  n  jr,w„ 
acids  when  they  are  heated.    Sclable  in  fat  oils.    Black-  \  c2rt 
encd  by  lulphuret  of  ammonia.*      Decrepitates  «hen  •  P,lU,irr, 
heated.     Before  the  blow-pipe,  in  a  filvcr  fpoon,  it  be-  ^"-^  <>' 
comes  red  by  the  yellow  cone  of  the  fl.imr,  while  tiie  *-'"'•  '''• 
blue  cone  renders  it  yellow  f.     On  charcoal  it  is  imme-  ■'*• 
diately  reduced.  t  .*''.*"'- 

It  contain,  from  .60  to  .85  cf  lead,  and  from  .  1 8  to  Taim."^ 
.24  of  carbonic  acid.    It  is  gcneially  contaminated  with  "v.  189- 
curbonat  of  hme  and  oxyd  of  iron. 

SPECIES 


(r)  See  I/auy,  Jour,  de  Min.  N^  XXXI.  502.  .ind  Rome  dc  UJic,  III.  38c 


534 

Orr«  of 

l.cad. 

240 
riiof].h;it 
of  liail. 
f  Kirtv.  ii. 
»07. 


f  KUifrolb. 

\  Fourcroyy 
Ann.  lie 
C/iim,  ii. 
107. 


tpr.ciEs  2.     Pliorphat  of  lead  f . 

'J'hi4  ore,  wliich  is  found  in  Siberia,  Scotland,  Eng- 
land, Geimany,  Carinthii,  Erittany,  &c.  is  fometinies 
amorpbdiis,  and  lometimcb  cr)  Utilized.  Tlie  primitive 
form  c.f  iis  cryQals  accordinj^  to  Rome  de  Liflc,  is  a 
dod:caliedron,conliftiiigorafix-lidedrcaHnpularprifni, 
terminated  by  lix-fided  pyramids,  the  fides  of  which  are 
ifofcclts  triangles  (l).  Sometimes  the  pyramids  are 
trunc.ited  andeven  altngcther  wanting.  The  cryftals 
cf  this  ore  are  ofien  acicular. 

Its  colour  is  commonly  green;  fomctimes  yellowifti  or 
brnwnith,  or  ;;reyilh  wliitc.  Sireak  commonly  greer.ifli 
v.-hitc.  Powder  yellowilh.  External  lullre,  waxy,  2 
to  3.  Somewhat  tianfpaicnt,  except  when  its  colour  is 
grcyirti  white.  Plaidnefs  5  to  6.  Brittle.  Sp.  gr. 
from  ?  86.*  to  6.27  f.  Infoluble  in  water  and  iulphu- 
ric  acid,  and  nearly  infoluble  in  nitric  acid  ;  foluble  in 
hot  muriatic  acid,  with  a  flight  effervefcence  |.  Before 
the  blow-pipe  it  eafily  melts  on  charcoal,  and  cryllalli- 
zes  on  cooling  :  with  foda  the  lead  is  in  fome  nieafure 
reduced. 

The  compofition  of  this  ore  was  firft  difcovered  by 

Gahn. 

According  to  Fourcroy's  analyfis,  a  fpecimen  from 
Erlenbach  in  Alface,  confifts  of 

56  phofphat  of  lead, 
2  phofphat  of  iron. 
2  water. 


MINERALOGY. 

According  to  Fourcroy,  from  whom  the  whole 
this  defcripiion  has  been  taken,  it  is  compofed  of 
65  arfeniat  of  lead, 
27  phofphat  of  lead, 
5  phofphat  of  iron, 
3  water. 


100  ' 


•  Ann .  A 
C^f'n.ii.  23. 


243 
Molybdat 
of  lead. 


SPECIES  5.     Molybdat  of  lead  (m). 

This  ore,  which  is  found  in  Carinthia  and  at  Lead- 
hills  in  Scotland,  was  firft  mentioned  in  1781  by  Mr 
Jacquin  (n).  It  occurs  either  in  malfes,  or  cryftalli- 
zcd  in  cubic,  or  rhomboidal,  or  oiflohedral  plates. 

Its  colour  is  yellow.     Sireak  white.     LuRre  waxy. 
Generally  fomewhat  tranfparcnt.       Texture  foliited. 
Fraflureconchoidal.    Hardnefs  5  to  6.  Sp.gr.^.^H6f;-fMiicqaart. 
when  purified  from  its  gangue  by  nitric  acid,  5.706  J.  }  Hauhitt. 

Soluble  in  fixed  alkalies  and  in  nitric  acid.  Commu- 
nicates a  blue  colour  to  hot  fulphuric  acid.  Soluble  in 
muriatic  acid,  and  decompofed  by  it.  Before  the  blow- 
pipe decrepit^i.tes,  melts  into  a  yellowilh  grey  mafs,  and 
globules  of  lead  are  reduced  ||.  p  Macqaart. 

Klaproth  firft  proved  that  this  ore  was  molybdat  of 
lead. 

A  very  pure  fpecimen,  analyfed  by  him,  contained 
64.42  oxyd  of  lead, 
34.25  molybdic  acid. 


I 


^  nij. 
441 

Arfcniit 
of  lead. 
§  A'iVb-.  ii. 
■209. 

•  Pri>ujl, 
Jrmr.  d: 
riiyf.  XIX. 
J94- 

242 
Phofphat 
and  arfc- 
iiiat  of 
lead. 

+  Kirtv.  ii. 
210. 


}  Srijpjn 


100 

Or  it  contains       79  oxyd  cf  lead, 

1  oxyd  of  iron, 
18  phofphoric  acid, 

2  water. 

100  f 

SPECIES  3.  Arfeniat  of  lead  ^. 
This  ore,  which  has  hitherto  been  found  only  in  An- 
dalufia  in  Spain,  and  always  in  quartz  or  feldfpir,  is  in 
■  fmall  malTe:.  Colour  meadow  green,  often  pafling  into 
wax  yellow.  Luftre  waxy,  2.  Tranfparency  2.  Be- 
fore the  blow  pipe  it  melts,  and  retains  its  colour,  and 
does  not  cryflallize  on  cooling.  When  heated  to  white- 
nefs,  the  arfenic  acid  efcapes,  and  the  lead  is  reduced.* 

SPECIES   4.     Phofphat  and  arfeniat  of  lead. 
ylrftnio  phofphat  of  lead.  \ 

This  ore,  which  has  been  found  in  Auvergne  in 
France,  is  either  in  malfcs,  or  cryllallized  in  fmall  fix- 
fided  prifms,  with  curvilineal  faces. 

Colour  yellowifh  green,  or  Ihews  alternate  layers  of 
pale  and  light  green.  Powder  yellowifti.  Thecryftals 
are  fomewhat  iranfparent ;  but  when  maffive,  this  ore 
is  opaque.  Hardnefs  5  to  7.  Brittle.  Sp.  gr.  6.8465  J. 
Soluble  in  hot  muriatic  acid,  but  not  in  nitric.  When 
heated  it  decrepitates.  Before  the  blow-pipe  melts  ea- 
fily, effervefces  emits  a  white  fmoke,  with  an  arfer.ical 
fmcll.  Some  particles  of  lead  are  reduced,  a  brown 
fluid  remains,  which  cryllallizes  on  cooling  like  phof- 
phat of  lead. 


According  to  the  analyfis  of  Mr  Hatchett,  it  is  com-  "•  27J- 
pofed  of  58-40  oxyd  of  lead, 

38  00  molybdic  acid, 
2.10  oxyd  of  iron, 
.28  filica. 


98.78* 
Macquart  found  a  fpecimen  to  contain 
58.74  lead, 

4.76  oxygen, 
28.00  molybdic  acid, 

4.50  carbonat  of  lime, 

4. CO  filica. 


•  Ph;!. 

Tranf. 
Ixxxvi.  32Ji 


100.00  f 

Its  gangue  is  carbonat  of  lime. 

SPECIES   6.     Sulphat  of  lead  J. 

This  ore,  which  is  found  in  Anglefey  and  in  Anda. 
lufia,  is  generally  cryftallized.  The  cryilals  are  regular 
odohedrons  ^,  and  very  minute. 

Colour  white.  Luftre  4.  Tranfparency  4.  Before 
the  blow-pipe  it  is  immediately  reduced. 

The  compofition  of  this  ore  was  firft  afcertained  by 
Dr  Withering. 

Order  IX.     ORES  OF  ZINC. 

Hitherto  zinc  has  not  been  applied  to  a  great  v.i- 
riety  of  ufes.  It  enters  into  the  compofition  of  brafs ; 
it  is  ufed  in  medicine  ;    and  Morveau  has  ihewn  that  its 

oxyd 


Min.  N° 
xvii.  32. 

244 
Sulphat  of 
lead. 
\  Kiriv. 
Min.  ii. 
211. 
§  Hmy, 
your,  tie 
Min.  N<» 

xxxi-  508J 


(l)   Cryjial.  III.  391.  See  alfo  Haufs  remarks  on  the  fame  fubjeft  in  the  Jour.  Je  Min.  N"   XXXI,  506. 
(m)   kiriu.  II.  212. — Klaproth,  Jnn.  de  Chim.  VIII.  103. — Hatchett,  P hill  Tranf.  1796,  p.  285. 
(n)   In  his  3I:Jcdlanea  Aujlnaca,  Vol.  II.  p.  139. 


Order  IX. 


MINERALOGY. 


145 
G.  I.  Sul- 
phurets. 
Cninmoii 
ful|;hurct 
of  zinc. 
•  Kiriv   ii. 

ij.  329. 


•  Hauy, 
Jour,  de 
Min.  N" 
zxxiii-  669. 

•  fig.  40- 
t  »>g-  41- 

f  See  Hauy. 
itid  and 
Rome  de 
Lifle,  iii. 
65. 

5  Brijon. 


yoi/r.  ./f 
Jdift,  Hid' 


*  Sergma/tj 
Jj-  34J- 


t-atf/347. 


oxyd  might  be  employed  with  advantage  as  a  white 
painr. 

Ores  of  zinc  are  very  abundant ;  they  generally  ac- 
company lead  ores,  pari iciilaily  galena.  C.~»laniinc,  or 
oxyd  <  f  zinc,  has  never  been  dilcovared  iu  the  primi- 
tive mountains. 

Genus   I.     sulphurets  of   zinc. 

SPECIES    I.     Common  fiilpliurct  of  zinc* 

Bi'enJc. 

This  ore  very  commonly  accompanies  fulphuret  of 
lead.  It  occurs  both  in  amorphous  nialles  and  cryftal- 
lized.  The  primitive  form  of  its  cryltat.s  is  a  rhomboi- 
dal  dodecahedron,  confifting  of  a  fix-fided  prifm,  termi- 
nated by  three-lided  pyI■amid^.  All  the  faces  of  the 
cryllals  are  equal  rhombs.  This  dodecahedron  may  be 
mechanically  divided  into  four  equal  rhornhoidal  paral- 
lelopipcd?,  and  each  ot  thefe  into  fix  tetrahedrons,  wh'ife 
faces  are  equal  ifnfceles  triangles.  The  figure  of  its  in- 
tegrant panicles  is  the  tetrahedron,  (imilar  to  thefe.* 

The  piincipal  varieties  of  its  cryftals  are  the  letrahe- 
dion  ;  the  oilohedron  :  the  oftohedron  with  its  edges 
wanting;*  a  24- Tided  cr)  Hal,  i  2  ot  whofe  faces  are  tra- 
pezoids, and  12  elongated  triangles  ;■[  and,  lalUy  a  28- 
fided  figure,  which  ii  the  lall  variety,  augmented  by 
four  equilateral  triangles  f. 

Colour  yellow,  brown,  or  black.  Streak  reddifh, 
browni(h,  or  grey.  Lullre  commonly  metal'ic.  Ge- 
nerally fomewhat  tranfparent.  Texture  foliated.  Hard- 
nefs  6  to  8.  Sp.  gr.  3.93  :(:  104. 1665  ^.  Before  the 
blow-pipe  decrepi'ate^,  and  gives  out  white  flowers  of 
zinc,  but  does  not  melt.  Borax  does  not  alfe(fl  it. 
When  breathed  upon,  lofes  its  lullre,  and  recovers  it 
very  tlowly  ||. 

Varijy  I.     Ytllow  blende. 

Colour  commonly  fulphur  yellow,  often  paffing  into 
olive  green  or  brov.iii'li  red.  Powder  pale  yellow. 
Streak  yellowilh  or  reddiih  grey,  not  metallic.  Luftre 
metallic.  Tranfparency  2  to  4.  Often  phofphorefces 
when  fcraped  cr  rubbed.* 

According  to  Btrninian,  it  is  compofed  of 
64  zinc, 
20  lulphur, 

5  iron, 

4  fluor  acid, 
1  filica, 

6  water. 

lOOf 

Varieiy  2.     Brown  blende. 
Colour  different  fhades  of  Brown.     Surface  often  t.tr- 
niihed.     Powder  brownlfh  grey.        Streak  reddifh  or 
yellnvilh  grey,  net  metallic.     Luftre  commonly  metal- 
lic.    Tranfparcncy  o  to  2. 

A  fpecimen  of  this  variety,  analyfed  by  Bergman,, 
contained  44  -zinc, 

17  lulphur, 
24  filica, 

5  iron, 

5  alumina, 
5  water. 


nifhed  blue  ;  tips  of  the  ctyftals  often  blood  red.  Pov.-. 
der  brownith  black.  Streak  reddiih,  brownilh,  or  gicy. 
Luflre  common  or  metallic.  Ttanfparency  o  to  i  ; 
the  red  parts  2.     Hardnefs  8. 

A  fpecimen  of   this    variety,  analyfed  by  Bergman, 
contained  52  zinc, 

26  fulphur, 

4  copper, 

8  iron, 

6  fiHca, 

4  water. 

100  J 

Genus   II.     oxyds   of   zinc. 
SPECIES   I.     White  oxyd  of  zinc -j. 


53S 


\  Berrtian, 
"•  335- 
24fi 

G.  II. 

Oxyds. 
White  ox- 
yd of  zinc, 
f  Kiriv.  ii. 
■^ii-Berg. 
ii.  321. 
f  your,  de 
Min.  N° 
xxxii.  596.L 


Calam'me. 

This  ore  is  cither  found  loofe,  or  in  mp.lTes,  or  cry- 
ftallized.  The  primitive  form  of  its  cryi^als  appear?, 
from  the  mechanical  divilion  of  one  of  tiiem  by  Mr 
Hauy,  to  be  an  oflohedron  conipofed  of  two  four- 
fided  pyramids,  whofe  lldes  are  equilateral  triangles  f. 
But  the  crytlals  arc  minute,  and  their  figure  not  very 
diftind.  They  are  either  four  or  fi;<-(lded  tables  with 
bcvelkd  edges,  fix-fided  prifms,  or  three-fided  pyra- 
mids. 

Colour  commonly  white,  grey,  or  yellow.  Luftre 
often  o,  fometimes  2  or  i.  Opaque.  The  cryttals 
are  fomewhat  trarfparent.  Hardnefs  from  4  to  9, 
fometimes  iii  powder.  Sp.  gr.  from  2.585  to  3.674  J. 
Wlien  heated,  becomes  ele(flric,  without  triftion,  like 
the  tourmaline  f.  Not  blackened  by  fulphuret  of  am- 
monia. Soluble  in  fulphutic  acid.  Before  the  blow- 
pipe decrepitates,  and  does  not  melt. 

This  ore  confilU  of  oxyd  of  zinc  more  or  lefs  conta- 
minated  with   iron,  filica,  lime,  and  other  foreign  in- 
gredients.       In  one  fpecimen  Berjzman  found  the  fol- 
lowing  ingredients  :    84  oxyd  of  zinc, 
3  oxyd  of  iron, 
12  filica, 
I  alumina. 


.    '°°^      .  .         ^  Bergman^ 

In  another  fpecimen,  which  gelatinized   with  acids,  ii.  32^. 
like  zeolite,  Klaproth  found  66  oxyd  of  zinc, 

33  filica. 


I  Kiriuam: 

f  Mituyt 
Jour,  de 
Mm.  iHif. 


99 


\nid.y^i. 


100  X 

Varbly  3.     Black  blende. 
Colour  black,  or  biownilh  black  ;  furface  often  tar- 


In  another  fpecimen,  analyfed  by  Pelletier,  the  con- 
tents were  52  filica, 

36  oxyd  of  zinc, 
12  water. 

'':°'  .  .       .  .      *J«'r-dt 

Mr  Kirwan  has  divided  this  fpecies  into  three  varie-  piyf.  xv 

ties.  42S. 

Viriety  r .  Priable  diamine. 
In  mafTcs  wiiich  cafilv  riumble  between  the  fingers. 
Luftre  o.  Opaque.  Texture  eai  thy.  When  its  co- 
lour is  white,  it  is  ptirc  01yd  of  zinc  ;  when  yellow,  it 
is  mi-xed  with  oxyd  ><(  iron.  The  white"  ften  becomes 
yellow  wiien  placed  in  a  red  he  it,  but  relume;  if.  colour 
on  cooling.  Common  in  China,  where  it  is  called  a<o^ 
kan  or  ore  cf  Tuiemi^o. 

farieiy- 


MINERALOGY. 


Clafs  IV. 


147 
G.III. 

Silts. 
Sulphuc  of 
ziiic. 


148 
G.I.  Alloys 
Native  .in- 
timoiiy. 
•  KJriv, 
345- 


Farieiy  2.    Compact  calamine. 
Colour  different  (hades  of  prey  ;  fometimes  yellow 
or  brownifh  red.     Luftre  o.     Opaque.     Texture  com- 
pact. 

Variily  3.    Striated  calamine. 
This  variety  alone  is  found  cryllallized  ;  but,  like 
the  others,  it  is  alfo  often  amorphous.     Colour  white, 
and  alio  various  fliadesof  grey,  yellow,  and  red.    Some- 
what tranfparent.     Texture  Itriated.     Luftre  2  lo  i . 
Genus  III.    salts  of   zinc. 
SPECIES    1.      iSulphat  ot  zinc. 
For  a  defcription  of   this  fait,    we  refer  to  Che- 
mistry, n"  643.  Suppl. 

Order  X.     ORES  OF  ANTIMONY. 

Aktimony  is  much  ufed  to  give  hardnefs  to  thofe 
metals  which  othcrwile  would  be  too  foft  for  certain 
purpofes  :  pi  inters  types,  for  inllance,  are  comppfed  of 
lead  and  antimony.     It  is  iifed  alio  in  medicine. 

Ores  of  antimony  are  found  abundantly  in  Germany, 
Hungary,  France,  Spain,  Britain,  Sweden,  Norway, 
&c.  They  often  accompany  galena  and  hxmatites. 
They  are  found  both  in  the  fccondary  and  primitive 
ftratified  mountains.  Tlieir  gangue  (o)  is  often  quartz 
and  fulphat  of  barytes. 

Genus  I.    alloys   of   antimony. 
SPECIES   I.     Native  antimony*. 

This  mineral,  which  was  firft  difcovered  by  Dr  Swab, 
has  been  found  in  Sweden  and  in  France,  both  in  maf- 
fes  and  kidney-fliaped  lumps.  Colour  white,  between 
that  of  tin  and  fllver.  I^ulbe  metallic.  Texture  folia- 
ted. Hardnefs  6.  Sp.  gr.  above  6.  Deflagrates 
with  nitre.  Btfoie  the  blow-pipe  melts  and  evapo- 
rates, depofiting  a  white  o.\yd  of  antimony. 

It  conlifls  of  antimony,  alloyed  with  3  or  ^ per  cent. 
of  arfenic. 


contains  a  large  proportion  of  quartz  »>r  otlier  ftony 
matter.     When  pure,  it  is  compofed  of  about 

74  antimony, 

26  fulphur. 


149 
G.  II.  ^ul- 
pliurct?. 
Grey  ure 
of  anti- 
mony. 
•  Kir-w.  ii. 
147- 

f  Rome  de 
Life,  iii. 
49-  ^ 

*,i*''''Lr^"tallic,  and  brighter. 

alfo  Hauy, 
*four,  fie 
Min.  N° 

icxxii.  6g6. 

^  Urijfm. 


SULPHURETS    OF    ANTIMONY. 

I.    Grey  ore  of  antiriiuny*. 


0.S0 
Plumofe 
antimonizi 


Genus  II. 

SPECIES 

This  ore,  which  is  the  moft  common,  and  indeed  al- 
molf  the  only  ore  of  antimony,  occurs  both  maffive, 
dilfsminated,  and  cryllallized.  Itscryltiilsarefour-fided 
prilm?,  fomcwhat  flattened,  whole  fides  are  nearly  rec- 
tangles, terminated  by  fhort  four-fided  pyramids,  whofe 
fides  are  trapeziumsf .  Sometimes  two  of  the  edges  aie 
wanting,  which  renders  the  prifm  fix-fided:(:. 

Colour  grey.  Luftie  metallic.  Streak  grey,  me- 
Powder  black  or  greyifh  black. 
Hardnefs  6  to  7.  Sp.gr.  from  4.1327  to  4516^. 
Often  ftains  the  fingers.  Before  the  blow-pipe  melts 
eafily,  burns  with  a  blue  flame,  and  depofits  a  white 
oxyd  on  the  charcoal.  AVfien  placed  in  an  open  vef- 
fcl,  over  a  llow  hre,  the  fulphur  evaporates,  and  leaves 
a  grey  oxyd  of  antimony.  This  oxyd,  if  fufed  with 
tartar,  is  reduced. 


Werner  has  divided  this  fpecies  into  three  varie- 
ties. 

Varicly  I.    Compaff  fulphuret. 

Colour  bluilh  grey,  furface  olten  tarnillied,  and  then  it 
is  blue  or  pnrplilli.  Luftre  i  to  2.  Texture  compaiff. 
Fradlure  fine  grained,  uneven.  Powder  black,  dull, 
and  earthy.     Slightly  ftains  the  fingers. 

Varicly  2.    Foliated  fulphuret. 

Colour  light  fteel  grey.     Luftre  3  to  4.     Texture 
foliated.     Powder  as  that  of  the  laft  variety. 
Varicly  3.    Striated  fulphuret. 

Colour  dark  ftecl  grey,  and  light  bluilh  grey  ;  furface 
often  tarnifbed,  and  then  it  is  dark  blue  or  purplifh. 
Luftre  3  to  2.  Texture  ftriated.  Powder  greyilh  black. 
This  variety  alone  has  been  hitherto  found  cryftal- 
lized. 

SPECIES  2.     Plumofe  antimonial  oref . 
Sulphurcts  of  antimony  and  arfenic. 

This  fpecies,  which  is  fometimes  found  mixed  with  ore. 
the  cryftals  of  fulphurated  antimony,  is  in  the  form  of  t  ■^"■'"- "• 
brittle,  capillary,  or  lanuginous  cryftals,  often  fo  fmall  ^■'°' 
that  they  cannot  be  diftimflly  feen  without  a  micro- 
fcope. 

Colour  fteel  or  bluifli  grey,  often  tarniflied,  and  then 
brown  or  greyifh  black.  Luftre  i,  feniimetallic.  Be- 
fore the  blow-pipe  emits  a  fmoke,  which  depofits  a 
whitifh  and  yellowilh  powder  on  the  charcoal:  it  then 
melts  into  a  black  flag. 

It  is  fuppofed  to  confift  of  fulphur,  antimony,  arfe- 
nic, and  fome  tilver. 

SPECIES  3.     Red  antimonial  oref .  Red*anti- 

Hydrofulph'.tret  of  antimony.  monial  ore. 

This  fpecies  is  generally  found  in  cavities  of  fulphu-  '^  Kiriu.n. 
rated   antimonial   ore.       It   is   cryftallized  in  delicate  25°- 
needles,  often  diverging  from  a  common  centre. 

Colour  red.  Luftre  2,  filky.  Sp.  gr.  4.7.  Before 
the  blow-pipe  melts  eafily,  and  evaporates  with  a  ful- 
phureous  fmell. 

This  ore  has  not  been  analyfed.     Mineraloglfts  have 
fuppofed  it  to  be  a  natural  kcrmes.     Il  fo,  we  may  con- 
clude, from  the  experiments  of  BerthoUet*,  that  it  is  .  ^„„_  j, 
a  hydrofulphuret  of  antimony,  and  coniequently  com-  Ch,m.-i3.\. 
pofed  of  oxyd  of  antimony,  fulphur,  and  fulphurated  2J9. 
hydrogen  gas. 

Genus  III. 


OXVDS   OF   ANTIMONY.  g'^IH 

Tliere  is  a  fubftance  found  incumbent  on  fulphuret  Oxyds  of 
of  antimony,  ci  a  yellow  colour,  and  an  earthy  appear-  antimony, 
ance,   v.'hich  has  been  fuppofed  an  oxyd  of  antimony, 
and  denominated  antimonial  ochre.     But  hitherto  it 


This  ore,  when  taken  out  of  the  mine,  almoft  always    has  not  been  analyied. 


Genus 


(o)  The  word  gang  is  ufed  by  German  mineralogifts  to  denote  a  metallic  vein.  Now,  it  is  not  often  that 
tliefe  veins  confift  entirely  of  ore;  in  general,  they  contain  ftony  matter  befides.  For  inftance,  fn  the  copper 
iiuiie  at  Airthry.  near  Stirling,  the  copper  ore  is  merely  a  narrow  ftripe  in  the  middle  of  the  vein,  and  the  reft  of 
it  is  filled  up  with  fulphat  of  barytes.  We  ufe  the  word  gangue  (as  the  French  do),  to  denote,  not  the  melallic 
v.'m,  but  the  Jony  matter  which  accompanies  the  ore  in  the  vien.  The  gangue  of  the  copper  ore  at  Airthry  is 
fuiphat  of  barytes. 


Order  XI.  MINERALOGY 

Genus  IV.    salts  of  antimony. 
SPEcrEs  I.     Muriat  of  antini'^ny*. 

This  ore,  which  has  been  found  in  Bohemia,  is  fome- 
times  in  quadrangular  tables ;  fometimes  in  acicular  cry- 
ftals  grouped  like  zeolites;  and  fometimes  in  prifnis. 

Colour  pale  yellowifh  or  greyilh  white.  Lullre  3  to 
I,  neaily  metallic.  Tranfparer.cy  2.  Texture  toliaied. 
Melts  eafily  by  the  flame  of  a  candle,  and  emits  a 
white  vapourf .  Before  tlie  blow-pipe  decrepitates ; 
when  powdered,  and  juft  ready  to  melt,  it  evaporates, 
and  leaves  a  whice  powder  around.  Between  two  pie- 
ces of  coal  it  is  reducible  to  a  metallic  ftate. 


Ores  of 
Bifmuth. 

G.IV. Silts. 
Muriic  uf 
antini»ny. 
•  Kirt\!.  ii. 

1    Hatiy, 
'Jour,  dt 
Mm.  N» 
Kxxii.  609. 


A  fpecimen,  analyfed  by  Klaprotb,  contained 
95  bifmuth, 
5  fulphur. 

I  oof 


t  B-.:ir:^-, 


•Pott,  Oh- 
jfrv.  Cljym, 

IJ4— Gm/. 
froy,  AJcm. 

P'>r.  1 75 J. 

1>.  Z96. 


Order  XL     ORES  OF  BISMUTH*. 

Bismuth  is  employed  in  the  manufaflure  of  pewter, 
of  printers  types,  in  foldering;  and  perhaps  alfo  its  pro- 


It  is  commonly  accompanied  by  q'jartr,  afbedos,  or  '•  ^56- 
fparry  iron  ore.  '^S^'- 

G.  lil. 

Genus  III.    oxyds  of  bismuth.  Oxyds. 

SPECIES    I.     Yellow  oxydot  bifmuth  J.  J^^'dTf 

„,  .  Jiifmuth  ochre.  bifmuth. 

J  Ins  ore  generally  accompanies  the  two  fpecies  al- 1  Ktr-.v. 
ready  defcribcd.     It  is  found  in  two  Hates ;  eiilier  of  "-265. 
an  earthy  confilience,  or  cryftallized  in  cubes  or  qua- 
drangular plates. 

Colour  ulually  greenini  yellow,  fometimes  grey.    So- 
luble in  nitrous  acid  wiiliout  effervelcence,  and  may  in 


perty  of  rendering  other  metals  more  fufible,   might    ^  g""^'"    nieafure    be  precipitated   by  the  effufion   of 
make  it  ufeful  in  anatomical  injcdions.     The  quantity    *^'^'' 


»J4 
G.  I.  Al- 
loys.    Na- 
tive bif- 
muth. 
•  Kiriv.  ii 
364. 


+  Brijfon. 
\  Kirtvan. 


confumed  in  commerce  is  not  great. 

It  has  been  found  only  in  tlie  primitive  mountains, 
and  is  by  no  means  common.  When  unaccompanied 
by  any  ether  metal,  it  does  not  form  veins,  but  kidiiey- 
form  ma(ri;s.  It  often  accompanies  cobalt.  Its  gaugue 
is  commonly  quartz.  Its  ores  are  not  very  abundant. 
They  have  been  found  chieily  in  Sweden,  Norway, 
Tranfylvania,  Germany,  France,  and  England. 

Genus  I.    alloys  of  bismuth. 
SPECIES  I.    Native  bifmuth*. 
This  mineral,  which  is  found  at  Schneeberg,  Johann- 


Order  XII.    ORES  OF  ARSENIC. 

Arsenic  is  ufed  as  an  alloy  for  feveral  other  metals^ 
efpccially  copper.  It  is  fometimes  employed  to  facili- 
tate the  hifiun  of  glafs,  or  to  render  it  opaque,  in  order 
to  form  an  enamel.  Preparations  of  arfenic  are  em- 
ployed as  paints ;  and,  like  moil  other  violent  poifons, 
it  has  been  introduced  into  medicine. 

This  metal  is  fcattered  in  great  abundance  over  the 
mineral  kingdom,  accompanying  almoft  every  other  me- 
tal, and  forming  alfo  fometimes  peculiar  veins  of  its  own. 


georgenftadt,  &c.  in  Germany,  has  commonly  the  form    Of  courle  it  occurs  in  almoft  every  fpecies  of  moun- 


of  fmall  plates  lying  above  one  another.     Sometimes  it 
is  cryftallized  in  four-fided  tables,  or  indifiind  cubes. 

Colour  white  with  a  Ihade  of  red  ;  furfacc  often  tar- 
niflied  red,  yellow,  or  purple.  Luftre  metallic,  3  to  2. 
Opaque.  I'exture  foliated  or  ftiiated.  Harduefs  6. 
Sp,  gr.  9.0 2 af  to  9.5 7t.     F.xceedingly  fulible.     Be- 


tain,  ajid  is  accompanied  by  a  variety  of  gangues. 


Genus  I. 

SPECIES 


G.  II.  Sal- 
phurcis. 
Ci)ninion 
fuIpSurLt 
of  bifmuth. 
•  Kiriu.  ii. 
a66 — Sa^e, 
Mem.  Pjr. 
1782,   307. 


■]■  Kirivdn. 
\  Brijin. 


•  GUht, 
Jtur.  Jc 
Mil,.  N° 

izxii.  5  8 J. 


ALLOYS    OF    ARSENIC.  C.I.  Alloy,. 

I-      Native  arfenicf.  Native  ar- 

This  mineral  is  found  in  different  parts  of  Germany,  fenic. 
It  occurs  generally  in  mafTes  of  various  fliapes,  kidney-  +  ■''"■'"■  "• 
fore  the  blow-pipe  gives  a  filvery  white  bead,  and  at    form,  botryoidal,  &c.  **-5* 

laft  evaporates  in  a  yellowifk  white  fmoke,  which  is  de-         Colour  that  of  fteel.    Its  furface  quickly  becomes  tar- 
pofited  on  the  charcoal. 

It  is  generally  accompanied  by  cobalt,  and  fometimes 
contains  arfenic. 


v^>^..jui  iiitii.  ui  iLi-i-i.  ii:>  luiiatc  quicNiy  oecomes  tar- 
nifhed  by  expofure  to  the  air.  Luftre  met.iUic  (when 
frelh),  3  to  2.    Streak  bluilh  grey,  metallic,  and  bright. 


Powder  dull  and  black.     Texture  compaft.     Hardnefs 

7  to  8.     Brittle.     Sp.  gr.  5.67t  to  5.72491.     Gives  f /T-Vw-m. 

an  arfenical  fniell  when  llruck.     Before  the  blow-pipe  J  BriJ,a. 

emits  a  white  fmoke,  ditfufes  a  gailic  fmell,  burns  with 

a  blue  flame,  gradually  evaporates,  depo/iting  a  white 

powder.  §  ^'  •"<"""• 

It  is  always  alloyed  with  fome  iron^,  and  often  con-  Rjab'iu 
tains  lilver,  and  fometimes  gold.  i^.,.' 

n  TT  *J^ 

LrENUS   11.      SULPHURETS    OF    ARSENIC.  O.ll.^ul- 

SPECiEs    1.     Orpiinent  (p).  phurcts. 

Auri[<igmer.tum.  Oipimeut. 

This  ore,  which  is  found  in  Hungary,  Wallachia, 
G«orgia,  and  Turkey  in  Alia,  is  either  mallive  or  cry- 
flalli/.cd.  The  cryllals  are  confufed,  and  their  figure 
powder  becomes  white  when  it  cor^ls,  and  lelumes  its  cannot  be  eafily  determined;  fome  of  them  appear oc- 
tormer  colour  when  the  llanie  is  direaed  upon  it*.  toliedrons,  and  others  minute  four-fided  prifms. 

This  ore,  according  to  Sage,  contains     60  bifmuth,        Its  colour  is  yellow.    Streak  orange  yellow.    Luflre 
And,  according  to  La  Peroufc,  it  holds  36  fulphur.     waxy,  2  to  3.     Tranfparcncy  from  o  to  2.     Te-^tnre 

filiated.      Hardnefs  4  to  8.      Sp.  gr.  f:om   3.048*   to 

9;^  3-5-2'i-     Efiervefces  with  hot  nitric  aciJ.     Burns  with 


Genus  II.    sulphurets  of  bismuth. 
SPECIES  I.    Common  fulphuret  of  bifmuth*. 

This  ore,  which  is  found  in  Sweden,  Saxony,  and 
Bohemia,  occurs  fometimes  in  amorphous  maffes,  and 
fometimes  in  necdleform  cryftals. 

Colour  commonly  bluifh  grey,  fometimes  white; 
furface  often  tarnilhed  yellow,  red,  and  purple.  Powder 
black  and  fliininy;.  Luftre  metallic,  2  to  3.  Streak 
obfcurcly  metallx.  Texture  foliated.  Hardnefs  5. 
Brittle.  Sj).  gr.  6.i3ii-  to  6.4672^.  AVhen  held  to 
the  flame  of  a  candle,  it  melts  with  a  blue  flame  and 
fulphureous  fmell.  Before  the  blow-pipe  emits  a  red- 
dilh  yellow  fmoke,  which  adheres  to  the  charcoal.    This 


SuppL.   Vol.  II. 


Y 


\  CcUcrt. 


(p)   K'lriu,  II.  260. — Allertidc  Auripigminto.—Scopoli  in  Aitno  Sto  Hijl.  Natural:,  p.  59, B.rg.  II. 


29; 


M  1  N 

a  bhiirti  white  fi.ime.  •  Before  ihe  blowpipe  mcli?, 
fmakes,  and  evaporates,  kaving  only  ii  little  earth  and 
fome  traces  ot  iion. 

Compoi'ed  cf.       Bo  fiilpliur, 
10  arfenic. 


MotiJUc 
Orci. 


2J9- 
Reilgar. 
•  Kirti:  ii. 
261 — Brr^. 
ii.  397- 


I  CrypU. 
iii-  34- 

\  m.'. 


Afm.  N° 
xxxii.  61 2- 


160 
G.  III. 
Oxyds. 
Vhitc  ox- 
y<l  of  ar- 
il nic. 
*  Kinu.  ii< 


SPECIES  2.     Realgar.* 

This  mineral  is  found  in  Sicily,  about  Mount  Vefu- 
vlus,  in  Hungary,  TiHnf\lvania,  and  varioub  paits  ot 
Gern^any.  It  is  either  niaiTive  or  crydalli/.ed.  The 
primitive  foim  of  the  ciylUls  is,  according  to  Rome 
de  Lifle,  a  f  ur-fided  rhoniboidal  frifm,  terminated  by 
fourlidcd  pyramids,  the  fides  of  which  iire  rhombs  f- 
Itcommorly  appearsin4,  6,  8,  10,  or  12  fidcd  prifms, 
terminated  by  ffur-fided  lummits  J. 

Colourrcd.  Streak  yellowilh  red.  Powder  fcai let. 
Lulhe  3  to  2.  Tr^nfparency  from  2  to  3  ;  fonietimes 
o.  Hardnefs  5  to  6.  Sp.  gr.  3.3384!).  It  is  an 
eleftric /<:r  yj,  and  becomes  negatively  elcflnc  by  fric- 
tion II .  Nitric  acid  deprives  it  of  its  cclour.  Before 
the  blow.pipe  it  melts  eafily,  bums  wiih  a  blue  flame 
and  garlic  fmell,  and  f  on  evaporates. 


E  R  A  L  O  G  Y.  Clafs  IV. 

Its  colour,  when   frcfli  broken,  is  whitifh  or  bhiifh 

grey,  fometinies  with  a  (hide  of  red  ;  when  expifcd  to 

the  air  it  focn  becomes  tarnillii'd.      Streak  bluilli  grey  ^        ~ 

and  metallic.     Lulhe  fcarcely  metallic,  o  to  i.     Tex- 

tutecompacl.   Ilardnefs  10.    Difficultly  frangible.    Sp. 

gr.  when  amorphous,    5.309  105.571  §  ;   when  crydal-  §  A'/rw.  ii. 

lized  7.72C7  +.     When  llruck  it  srives  out  an  arfenical  ^'°' 

11''  '-'  -•it  j*'iuy* 

fnuli.     Before  the  bli)W.pi|ie  it  gives   out  an  arienical  y^^^/j, 

vapour,  becomes  magnetic,  and  melts  ealily,  unlefs  it  J^^,■„.  >jo 

contains  a  great  qu.inliiy  ot  iron.     Tinges  borax  dark  xixii.  ^88. 

blue,  and  a  fmall  metallic  bead  is  obtained. 

A  fpecimen  of  this  ore  from  Cornwall,  examined  by 

Mr  Klaproth,  contained    20  cobalt, 

24  iron, 

33  arfenic, 


Compofed  of 


20  fulphur, 
80  arfenic. 


Genus 

SPECIF.S 


100 
III. 


1. 


oxYDs  or 
oxy 


ARSENIC. 


Nativi  calx  of  crjenic. 


This  ore  is  found  in  various  parts  of  Germany,  Hun-    gj  tno-eiher 


77 
with  fcmebifmuth  and  llony  matter.* 

Another  fpecimen  from  Tunaberg,  according  to  thi 
analyfisof  the  fame  chemift,  contained 
^^.'^  arfenic, 
44.0  cobalt, 
.5  fulphur. 

loof 

Genus  II.     sulphurets   of   cobalt. 

SPECIES    I.     White  cobalt  ore  .f. 

Sufihuiet  of  cola'l,  arfenic,  andiron. 

The  delcriptions  v.'hich  difi'erent  iriineralogifts  have 

given  of  tills  ore  are  fo  variou',  that  it  is  impolllble  not 

to  fiippofe  that  diftinft  fubftances  have  been  confound- 


•  KUfroiVs 
CorriivaU, 
p.  61. 


gary,  &c.  either  in  powder,  or  mallive,  or  crylliUized 


f  Btitrage, 

ii.  307. 

26a 
G.  II.  Sul- 
phurets. 
White  co- 
balt ore. 
I  Kir-a:  ii. 

173.— Sj^f 

your,  de 
Phyf.  XXxix. 


3.sS—Bcrg.  in  prifmatic  needles. 


ii.  285. 


Cokiur  white  or  grey,  often  with  a  tint  of  red,  yel- 
low, green,  or  bl.ick.  Lullre  common,  I  to  2.  Tranf- 
parencyitoo;  whencryftallized,  2.  Texture  earthy. 
Hardiiefs  6.  Brittle.  Sp.  gr.  3.7t.  Soliible  in  hot 
diluted  nitric  acid  without  effei  velcence.  Soluble  at- 
Co°  Fahreneit  in  80  times  its  weight  of  water.  Be- 
fore the  blow-pipe  fublinies,  but  docs  not  inflame. 
Tinges  borax  yellow. 

Order  XIII.     COBALT  ORES. 


It  occurs  either  in  malTes,  or  cryftallized   in   cubes,  ■'^" 
dodecahedrons,  oiflohedrons,  and  icof.ihedrons. 

Colour  tin  white,  fometimes  tarnilhcd  reddifli  or  yel- 
lowifh.      Powder  fteel  grey.     L'lllie  partly  metallic, 
and  trom  2  to  4 ;  partly  o  or  i.       Texture  foliated. 
Hardnefs   8  to  9.       Sp.  gr.  from  6.284  f  to  6.45091.  |  ^'/"m,. 
Before  the  blow-pipe   generally  gives  out  an  arfenical  '     '"'■^" 
vapour,  and  does  not  melt. 

The  analyfes  that  iiave  been  given  of  this  ore  are  ve- 
ry various.  Sometimes  it  has  been  lour.d  to  contain 
no  arfenic  nor  iron,  and  fometimes,  to  contain  both.  A 
fpecimen  from  Tunaberg  in  Sweden,  which  ought  to 


belong  to  this  fpecies,  wis  analyfed  by  Taffaert,  and 
Cobalt  is  employed  to  tinge  glafs  of  a  blue  colour,    ^^^^^  ^^  ^^j^,-^  ^{   ^^  arfenic, 

36.6  cobalt, 
5.6  iron, 
6.5  fulphur. 


2')I 

4;.1..-Ul.iys. 
Cobalt  al- 
loytJ  with 
arfenic. 
t  Kirw,  ii. 
370. 

\  Rone  ic 
Lf.,  iii. 


and  is  n'eful  in  painting  upon  porcelain 

Cobalt  ores  are  found  almoft  exclulively  in  the  llra- 
tified  mountains,  except  one,ipecies,  luiphuret  ct  co- 
balt, which  alTefls  the  primitive  mountains.  They  are 
rot  very  abundant ;  and  for  that  reaibn  cobalt  is  more 
valuable  than  many  of  the  other  metals  which  have 
been  already  treated  of.  They  are  commonly  accom- 
panied by  nickel,  bifmuth,  or  iron.  They  are  mod 
abundant  in  Germany,  Sweden,  Norway,  and  Hun- 
gary ;  they  have  been  found  alfo  in  Britain  and  France. 
but  nut  in  any  great  quantity. 

Genus  I.     alloys  of  cobalt, 
species   I.     Cobalt  alloyed  with  arfenic -I". 
Dull  grey  cohult  ore. 
This  ore,  which  occurs  in  diilerent  parts  of  Germa- 
ny, is  either  amorphous  or  cryftalli/ed.     The  forms  of 
its  cryft^ls  are  the  cube  ;  fometimes  the  cube  with  its 
angles,  or  edge;,  or  both  wanting  ;  and  the  oflohe- 
dron  J, 


97-8t 
Klaproth  found  a  fpecimen  of  the  fame  ore  to  con' 


tain 


^^.^  arfenic, 
44.0  cob, lit, 
0.5  fulphur. 


f  Ann,  de 
C/jim, 
xxviii.  100* 


^  Biltrage, 
ii.  307- 


Genus 
species    i. 


263 
G.  III. 
Oxyds. 

Black  co- 


ioo.q| 

iii.     oxyds   of   cobalt. 
Black  cobalt  ore  or  ochre  §, 
Th.is  ore,  which  occurs  in  different  parts  of  Germa-  i,^]^  ^^^  ^j. 
ny,  is  either  in  the  form  (f  a  powder,  or  indurated.         ochre. 

Colour  black,  often  with  a  (hade  of  blue,  grey,  brown,  S  Kiriv.  ii. 
or  green.     Lutlreotoi.     Streak  brighter.     Hardnefs  273- 
(of  the  indurated)  from  410  8.     Sp.  gr.  3  to  4.     So- 
luble in  muriatic  acid.     Tinges  borax  blue. 

SPECIES 


Order  XIV. 


MINERALOGY. 


Ores  of 

Nickel. 

264 
Brown  co- 
balt ore. 
*  KirTv,  ii> 
!176. 

265 
Yellow  co- 
balt ore. 
t  IM. 

z66 

G.  IV. 

Salts. 

Arfenlat  of 

cobalt. 

I  /</.  278. 


acid;  and  by  ammopia. 
tlie  alkaline  blue. 


The  acid  folmion  is  green; 


t67 

G.  I.  Sul- 
J>hurc-t3. 
Sulphiirct 
of  nickel 
with  arfc- 
nic  and 
jion. 
•  J6iJ.  286. 


I  Brijfon, 


s68 
G.  II. 
Oxydi. 

Nickel 

•chre. 

*  Kir-.i'.  il. 

3S4. 


SPECIES  z.     Brown  cob.ilt  ore.* 
Colour  greyifli  or  dark  leather  brown.    Streak  bright- 
er, unfluous.     Communicates  a  pale  blue  tinge  in  fu- 
fion, 

SPECIES  3.     Yellow  cobalt  ore f. 
Colour  yellow.     Dull  and  earthy.     Hardnefs  4  to  5. 
Texture  earthy.     Streak  brighter,  ur.fluous.     Gives  a 
weak  blue  tinge. 

Genus   IV.     salts  of  cobalt. 
SPECIES   I.     Arfeniat  of  cobalt :};, 
Ri:ti  cobalt  ore. 
This  fpecies,  like  moll  other  ores  of  cobalt,  has  nei- 
ther been  accurately  defcribednor  analyfed. 

It  is  found  in  malfes  of  various  (liapes,  and  cryftalli- 
zed  in  quadrangular  tables  or  acicular  prifms. 

Colour  red.  Luftre  from  2  to  3,  lometimes  o. 
Tranfparency  o  to  2.  Hardr.efs  5  to  7.  Brittle.  Be- 
fore the  blow-pipe  becomes  blackilh  grey.  Diliufes  a 
weak  arfenical  fmell.     Tinges  borax  blue. 

Order  XIV.     ORES  OF  NICKEL. 

Hitherto  nickel  has  been  found  in  too  fmall  quan. 
tities  to  be  applied  to  any  ufe  ;  of  courfe  there  are,  pro- 
perly fpeaking,  no  mines  of  nickel.  It  occurs  only  (as 
far  as  is  yet  known)  in  the  fecondary  mountains,  and 
it  commonly  accompanies  cobalt.  It  has  been  found  in 
different  parts  of  Germany,  in  Sweden,  Sibeiia,  Spain, 
France,  and  Britain. 

Genus  I.     sulphorets  of  nickel. 

SPECIES  I.     Sulphuret  ot  nickel  with  arfenic  and  iron. 

Ki'pfcr  nickel.* 

This,  which  is  the  moll  common  ore  of  nickel,  oc- 
curs either  maflive  or  diifeminated,  but  never  cryllal- 
^^1-^^.  having  been  found  abundantly   in   Germany,  France^ 

Colour  often  that  of  copper,  fometimes  yellowidi  Spain,  Britain,  Sweden,  Norway,  Siberia,  and  other 
white  or  grey.  Recent  traiflure  often  filver  white. 
Luftre  metallic,  2  to  3.  Texture  compaft.  Hardnefs 
8.  Sp.  gr.  6. 6086  to  6.6481  \.  Soluble  in  nitric  and 
nitro-muriatic  acids.  Solution  green.  Before  the  blow- 
pipe exhales  an  arfenicnl  fmokc,  and  melts  into  a  bead 
which  darkens  by  expofure  to  the  air. 

It  is  compofed  ot  various  proportions  of  nickel,  ar- 
fenic,  iron,  cobalt,  fulphur;  often  contains  bifmuth, 
and  fometimes  filver  and  copper. 

Genus  II.     oxyds  of  nickel. 
SPECIES    I.     Nickel  ochre* 

This  mineral  occurs  either  in  ilie  form  of  a  powder, 
or  indurated,  and  then  is  either  amorphous,  orcryftal- 
lized  in  acicular  form  cryftals.  The  powder  is  general- 
ly found  on  the  furfacc  of  other  nickel  ores. 

Colour  diflcrent  Ihades  of  green.  Luftre  I  to  o. 
Texture  earthy.  Sp.  gr,  confiderable.  Slowly  dil- 
folvcs  in  acids :  folulion  green.  Before  the  blow-pipe 
does  not  melt ;  but  gives  a  yellowilh  or  reddilh  brown 
tinge  to  borax. 

This  ore  often  contains  fulphat  of  nickel,  which  is 
filuble  in  water.  The  folution,  when  evaporated,  gives 
oblong  rhomboid.il  cryftals,  from  which  .-ilkalies  preci- 
pitate a  greyifh  green  oxyd.      This  oxyd  is  ibluble  by 


Ikfctallig 
Ort«. 


G.  III. 
Salf;. 


Genus  III.     salts  or  nickel. 
SPECIES    I.     Aifeniat  of  nickel  f. 
This  ore,  which  was  lately  difcovercd  at  Regendorff  Arrci'iht  of 
by  Mr  Gmelin,  is  found  in  (hapelefs  malfes,  and  is  of-  nickel, 
ten  mixed  witii  plates  of  fulphat  of  barytc?.  t  Kir-w.  U. 

Colour  pale  grey,  here  and  there  n.ixed  with  pale  ^^^' 
green.  Streak  white.  Luftre  o.  Ttiture  compafl. 
Hardnefs  7.  Difficultly  frangible.  Sp.  gr.  confider- 
able. Adheres  fllghtly  to  the  tonpiie,  and  gives  aii 
eat  thy  fmell  when  breathed  on.  Soluble  in  hot  nitric 
and  mm  iatic  acids  :  folution  gieen. 
Contains  fome  cobalt  and  alumina. 

Order  XV.     ORES  OF  MANGANESE  (o^ ). 

Hitherto  manganefe,  in  itsmetallic  (late,  has fcarce- 
ly  been  put  to  any  ufe  ;  but  under  the  form  of  an  oxyd 
it  has  become  of  great  importance.  The  oxyd  of  man- 
ganefe has  the  property  of  rendering  colourlefs  a  varie- 
ty of  bodies  which  injure  the  tranfparency  of  glafs ;  and 
it  has  been  long  ufed  in  glafs  manutadories  for  this  pur- 
pofe  under  the  name  oi  glafs  foap.  By  means  of  the  fame 
oxyd,  oxy-muriatic  acid  is  prepared,  whicli  has  rendered 
manganefe  of  great  importance  in  bleaching.  Not  to 
mention  the  utility  of  manganefe  to  the  chemift,  die 
property  which  it  has  of  facilitating  the  oxydation  of 

other  metah,  and  of  rendering  iron  more  fulible will 

probably  make  it,  in  no  very  remote  period,  of  very 
confiderable  importance  in  numerous  manufaclorits. 

Ores  of  manganefe  occur  often  in  ftrata,  boih  in  the 
primitive  and  fecondary  mountains ;  fcarcely  ever,  how. 
ever,  we  believe,  in  thofe  mountains  which  are  confider- 
ed  as  the  moft  ancient  of  all.     They  are  very  common. 


countries. 


Genus  I.     oxvds  of  manganese. 
Hitherto  manganefe  has  only  been  found  in  the  (late  '^^' 
of  oxyd.     La  Peroufe,  indeed,  fufpefled  that  he  liad 
found  it  in  a  metallic  ftate  :  but  probably  there  was 
fome  miftake  or  other  in  his  obfervations. 


170 
G.  I.  Ox- 


I7t 


SPECIES  I,   Oxyd  of  manganefe  combined  with  barytes.  **"''' "'^^ 
This  fpecies,  which  exifts  in  great  abundance  in  Ro- ^^"|^J^^^^' 
maneche  near  the  river  Soane  in  Fr.mec,  is  found  maf-  w,th  b*. 
five,  (orminga  ftratum  in  fome  places  more  ihau  i  2  rytca. 
feet  thick. 

Colour  greyifli  black  or  brownifh  black,  of  great  in- 
tenfity.  Luftre,  external,  o;  internal,  metallic,  i. 
Soon  tarnilhes  by  expofure  to  the  air,  and  then  becomes 
intenfely  black.  Texture  granular.  Fracture  uneven; 
fometimes  conchoidal.  Often  porous.  H.irdnefs  11. 
Diflkultly  frangible.  Sp.  gr.  from  3.950  to  4.10.  Ab- 
foi  bs  water,  When  taken  out  of  water  after  a  minute's 
immei  (ion,  it  has  a  ftrong  argillaceous  fmell.  Condu..^s 
electricity  neai  ly  as  well  as  if  it  wei  e  in  a  met.iUic  ftate  J. 
Iiifufiblc  by  the  blow-pip;.  Tinfjes  fod.i  red  ;  the 
Cf'lour  difappears  before  tlie  blue  cone  of  llame,  and  is 
reproduced  by  the  at'lion  of  the  yellow  Hame. 

3  Y  2  From 


(q^)   Pott.   MifceUii.  Berolns,  VI.   40 — Margrajf,  Mem.   Berlin,    1 77 3,  p.   3,— Z.a  Pirsufi,  Jour.  Jc  Phyf. 
XVI.  J56.  and  XV.  67.  and  XXVIII.  68.— %<•,  Mem.  Par.  1785,  235. 


54° 

Ores  of 

^lajigancfc 


MINERALOGY. 

From  the  analyfis  of  Vauquelin,  it  appears  that  it  is 
compofed  of         50.0  white  o.vyd  of  manganefe, 
33.7  oxygen, 
14.7  barytes, 
1.2  filica, 
.4  chaicoal. 


Clafs  IV. 


^  Dolcmtev^ 
^cur.  de 
Min.  N° 
xix.  42. 

^-^ 
Grey  ore  of 
niangaiicfc. 

ii.  ^i)\. 


1 00.0  f 

SPECIES   2.     Grey  ore  of  manpanefe.* 
This  ore  occurs  both  mafflve  and  dilleminated  ;  it  is 
alfo  fonietimes  cryllaUized  in  (lender  four-fided  prifins 
or  needles. 

Ci'lour  ufually  diifky  fteel  grey ;  fometimes  whitifh 
grey,  or  reJJilh  grey.     Stieak  and  powder  black.    Ex- 
ternal luftre  3  to  2  ;  internal  metallic,  2  to  i .     Texture 
"ftriated  or  foliated.      Hardnefs  4  to  5.     Brittle.     Sp. 
t^««7«/m.  gr.  from  4  073  f  to  4.8165  %.      Before  the  blow-pipe 
XBrijfun.      darkens:   tinges  borax  reddilh  brown. 

A  fpecimen  of  oxyd  of  manganefe  from  the  moun- 
tains ot  Vofges,  which  probably  belonged  to  this  fpe- 
cies,  and  which  was  analyfedby  Vauquelin,  was  com- 
poled  of  82  oxyd  of  manganefe, 

7  carbonat  of  lime, 
6  filica, 
5  water. 

100  ^ 
Sometimes  it  contains  a  little  barytes  and  iron. 

SPECIES  3.  Black  or  brown  ore  of  manganefe.* 
This  ore  is  found  fometimes  in  the  flate  of  powder, 
and  fometimes  indurated  in  amorphous  malles  of  vari- 
ous figures.  Colour  either  black,  fometimes  with  a 
fliade  ot  blue  or  brown  ;  or  reddifh  brown.  Streak  of 
the  harder  forts  metallic  ;  of  the  others,  black.  Luftre 
o  to  1  ;  internal  (when  it  is  indurated),  metallic.  Tex- 
ture compaift.  Hardnefs  5  to  7.  Sp.  gr.  3.7076  to 
3.9039;  that  of  the  powdery  fometimes  only  2.     Be- 


spixiEs  2.     Red  ore  of  manganefe  f. 

CmluHat  of  manganffc  and  iron. 

This  fpecies  has  been  found  in  Piedmont  and  in  the       ^.^ 

Pyrenees.     It  is  fometimes  in  powder,  fometimes  maf-  Red  ore  of 

live,  fometimes  cryftallized  in  rliomboidal  prifms  or  manganefe. 

needles.  t  Kirtvm, 

Colour  pale  rofy  red,  mixed  with   white.     Powder 'IV"/^' 
nearly  white.     Luftre  o.      1  raulparency  i.    Hardneis  ^^^„  <7-„ 
8.     Sp.  gr.  3.233.     Effervefces  with  nitric  and  muria- 
tic acids.     When  heated  to  rednefs  becomes  reddifti 
brown.     Tinges  borax  red. 

A  fpecimen,  analyfed  by  Ruprecht,  contained 
^^     filiea, 

2,^     oxyd  of  manganefe, 
7      oxyd  of  iron, 
I.;  alumina. 


Mem.  Tu- 
rin, VI.  303. 


§  ^our.  de 
Mir,.  N° 
ivii.  13. 

273 
Black  or 
brown  ore 
of  manga- 
nefe. 

*  Kirvjan, 
ji.  291 — 
IVedgnvooJ, 
mi.  Trarf. 
Jxsiii.  284. 


98-5^ 

Order  XVI.     ORES  OF  TUNGSTEN. 

As  no  eafy  method  has  hitherto  been  difcovered  of 
reducing  tunghen  to  a  metallic  ft.ite,  we  u;ed  not  be 
furprized  thu  it  has  been  applied  to  no  ufe.  Ores  of 
tungften  are  by  no  means  coinmoa.  They  have  hither- 
to been  found  only  in  thi  primitive  mountains.  Their 
gangue  is  commonly  quartz.  They  very  often  accom- 
pany tin  ores. 


§  'Jour,  de 
Pi'yf.  xiii- 
22. 


Genus   I.     oxyds   of   tungsten. 

SPECIES    I.     Wi..ltian]  (r). 

O.syds  of  luiigsten,  iron,  and  manganefe — Tungstat  of  iron  Y"' 

and  maugnneje. 

This  fpecies  is  found  in  uilFerent  parts  of  Germany, 

in  Sweden,  Britaip,   France,  and  Spain  ;  and  is  almoft 

conftaiitiy  i-cccnipanied  by  ures  of  tin.     It  occurs  both 

mafllvc  and  cry  ft,.llized.    The  primitive  form  of  its  cry- 

ftals,  according  to  the  obfervations  of  Mr  Hauy,  is  a 


276 
G.  I.  Or- 

Wolf. 
ram. 


fore  the  blow-pipe  it  exhibits  the  fame  phenomena  as    reftangular  parallelopip^d:}:,  whofelength  is  8.66,  whofe  |  n^.  42. 
the  iaft  fpecies. 

A  fpecimen  of  this  ore,  analyfed  by  Weftrum,  con 


breadth 


tained 


45.00  manganefe, 
14.C0  oxyd  of  iron, 
1 1. 00  filica, 

7.25  alumina, 

2.00  lime, 

1.50  oxyd  of  copper, 
18.00  air  and  water. 


274 
G.H.  da'ifs. 
Carbonat 
of  manga- 
nefe. 

+  Kirtvan, 
li.  297. 


Genus 

SPECIES. 


98.75 

II.        SALTS    OF    MANGANESE. 

I.     C^ibonat  of  manganefe  I . 


While  ore  of  manganefe. 

This  fpecies  occurs  in  Sweden,  Norway,  and  Tran- 
fylvania.  It  is  eithei  In  the  form  of  loofe  fcales,  or 
maffive,  or  crylluUizsd  in  needles. 

Colour  white,  or  reddifh  white.  Texture  either  ra- 
diated or  fcily.  Luftre  of  the  fcaly  2.  Tranlparency 
I  to  2.  Hardnefs  of  the  maffive  6  to  9.  Sp.gr.  2.794. 
Effervefces  with  mineral  acids.  Healed  to  rednefs, 
blackens.     Tinges  borax  violet. 


li  IS  5,   and  thickntls  4.33.*      It  is  not  common,  •  j^^r.  de 
however,  to  find  cryftals  of  thisperiedl  form  ;  in  many  Min.  N° 
cafes  'he  angles,  and  fometimes  the  edges,  of  the  cry-  xix.  8. 
ftal  are  wanting  J  ;  owing,  as  Mr  Hauy  has  (hewn,  to  jpj 
the  fuperpofitioii  of  plates,   whofe  edges  or  angles  de- 
cre;ife  acccrding  to  a  certain  law  -|-.  t?""'-  d' 

Cv'lour    brown  or  brownifh  black.     Streak  reddifh  Mm.  N° 
brcwn.       Powder  ftains   paper   with  the  i'ame  colour.  "'='•  ^• 
Lultre  external,  2  ;  internal,  2  to  3  ;  nearly  metallic. 
Texture  foliated.     Eafily  feparated  into  plates  by  per- 
cuflion.      Hardnefs   6  to   8.      Sp.  gr.  irom  7.006  *  to  •  Kirwan, 
7.333  ■\.     Moderately  eleiflric  by  communication.    Not  |  Hauy. 
magnetic.        Intufible  by  "ihe  blow-pipe.     Forms  with 
borax  a  greenilh  ghbuie,  and  with  microcofmic  fait  a 
tranfparent  globule  of  a  deep  red  ^.  ^Vau^ueUn, 

The  ipecimcn  of  this  ore  examined  by  Meflrs  d'El-  Jmr.  <.> 
huyarts,  was  compofed  of  6^  oxyd  of  tunc  ften, 

22  oxyd  oi  ni^.nganefe, 
13  oxyd  01  iron. 


Min.  N=' 

xix.  II. 


100 


Another 


(r)   Kiriij.  11.   ■ilG.—De  Lvyart,   Mem.  T/rjuloufi,   II.  1^1.— Cmeltn,   Crell's  Jvur.  EngVilh  tizn[.  111.  127, 
205,  and  293. — La  Fercufe  Jour,  de  Min.  W^  IV.  p.  23. 


Order  XVII. 


Another  fpecimen  from  Pays  le  Mines  in  France, 
acalyfed  by  Vauquelin  and  He.ht,  contained 
67.00  oxyJ  of  tungften, 
18.00  bl.ick  oxyd  of  iron, 
6. 25  black  oxyd  of  manganefe, 
1.50  filica, 
7.25  oxyd  of  the  iron  and  manganefe. 


MINERALOGY.  5^1 

bliiifh  black.     A  piece  of  relln  rubbed  wi'h  this  mire-    Mctuliic 


*ftjur*   lie- 

Min.  NO 

la.  ir. 

277 
G.  II.  .Sails. 
Tuiigftat  of 
lime. 

t  ^our.  Jc 
Mm.  N° 
xxiiii.  657. 


§  Scicllt. 

178 
Brown 
tungftat. 


279 
G.  I.  Sul- 
phurct. 
Common 
fulphurct. 


*  Kjrfr, 
t  £rij[cn 


100.00  § 

Genus  II.     salts  of  tungsten. 
spEcifs   I.     Tungftai  of  lime  (s). 
Tungjten. 
This  ore,  which  is  now  exceedingly  fcarce,  has  hi- 
therto been  found  only  in  Sweden  and  Germany.     It  is 
either  mafTivc  or  cryflailized  ;  and,  according  to  Hauy, 
the  primitive  form  of  its  cryftals  is  the  oftohedron  f . 

Colour  yellowilh  white  or  grey.  Luftre  3  to  2. 
Tranlparency  2  to  3.  Texture  foliated.  Hardnefs  6 
to  9.  Sp.  gr.  5.8  to  6.0665.  Becomes  yc'low  when 
digelled  with  niliic  or  muriatic  acids.  In.'ufible  by  the 
blow-pipe.  With  borax  forms  a  colourlef*  glafs,  unlefs 
the  borax  exceed,  and  then  it  is  brown.  With  micro- 
cofmic  fait  it  forms  a  blue  glafs,  which  lofes  its  colour 
by  the  yellow  rlanie,  but  recovers  it  in  the  blue  ilame  J. 
It  is  compofcd  of  about  70  oxyd  of  tungften, 
30  lime, 


100 


with  a  little  filica  and  iron  ; 

SPECIES   2.     Brown  tungftat. 
This  ore  is   ft  und  in  Cornwal,  ;ind  is  either  maffive 
or  compnT.-.J  of  fmall  ciylialline  grains. 

Colour   grey,    variegated  w;th  yellow  and  brown. 
Luftre  2,  waxy.     Hardnefs  6  to  7.     Sp.  gr.  5.57.     Its 
powder  become;  yellow  when  digefted  in  aqua  regia. 
According  to  Klaproth,  it  is  compofed  of 
S8     oxyd  of  tungften, 
1 1.5  lime. 

99-5 
Order  XVII.     ORES  OF  MOLYBDENUM. 

If  ever  molybdenum  be  found  in  abundance,  it  will 
probably  be  ullful  in  dyting  and  painting.  At  pre- 
fent  it  is  very  fcaree,  having  only  been  found  in  Swe- 
den, Germany,  Carniola,  and  among  the  Alpes.  Like 
tin  and  tungllen,  it  afFeifls  the  primitive  mountains. 

Genus  I.     svlphurft  of  molybdenum. 

SPECIES   I.     C'lmin   n  fulphuret  (t). 

Mcly'nleiia. 

This  ore,  which  is  the  ciily  fpecies  of  molybdenum 

ore  at  prefent  known,  is  fcund  cominonly  mafiive;  fome- 

tinies,  however,  it  i.'i  cryrtal'i/ed  in  liexahcdral  tables. 

Colour  light  lead  grey  ;  lomeiimcs  with  a  Ih  ide  of 
red.  Stri.ik  bluifh  grey,  metallic.  Powder  bluifti. 
Luftre  metallic,  3102.  Texture  foliated.  Lamellx 
fiightly  flexible.  Hardnefs  4.  Sp.  gr.  4.569*  to 
^•'ii^5\-      Feels  greafy;  ftains  the  fingers.     Marks 


ral  becomes  politively  electric  {.      Iiifoluble  in  fu'phu-      <J'«- 
ric  and  muriatic  acids  :  but  in  a  boiling  heat  colours  w,Vv7~ 
them  green.     Eifervefces  witli   waim  nitric  acid,  lea-  jcur^J: 
ving  a  grey  oxyd  iindifl-ilved.    Before  the  blow-pipe,  on  Min.  N" 
a  filver  fpoon,  emits  a  white  fmoke,  which  condsnles  in-  ^"-  ^°• 
to  a  white  powder,  which  becomes  blue  in  the  inter.ial, 
and  lofcs  its  colour  in  the  external,  flame.     Scarcely  af- 
fefted  by  borax  or  microcofmic  filt.      EfTervefces  with 
foda,  and  gives  it  a  reddifti  pearl  colour. 
Compofed  of  about  60  molybdenum, 
40  fulphur. 


100  ■ 


•  Klafrttb. 


Order  XVIfl.     ORES  OF  URANIUM. 

Uranium  has  hitherto  been  found  only  in  Germany, 
and  has  not  been  applied  to  any  ufe.  'I'he  only  two 
mines  where  it  has  occurred  are  in  the  primitive  moun- 
tains. 

Genus  I.     oxyds  ok  uranium. 

SPECIES   I.     Sulphurec  of  uianiumf. 

Pii.hhleiitU. 

This  ore,  which  has  been  found  at  Johanngeorgen- 

ftadt  in  Saxony,  and  Joachimfthal  in  Bohemia,  is  either 

mainve  or  ftratified  with  other  minerals. 

Colour  black  or  brownifh  black  ;  fometimes  v/ith  a 
fhade  of  grey  or  blue.  Streak  darker.  Powder  opaque 
and  black.  Luftre  femimetallic,  from  3  to  i.  Frac- 
ture conchoidal.  Hardnefs  7  to  8.  Very  brittle.  Sp. 
gr.  from  6.3785J,  to  7.5,  and  even  higher  ij.  Imper- 
ieiflly  ioluble  mi  fulphuric  and  muriatic  acids ;  perfcdiy 
in  nitric  acid  and  aqua  regia.  Solution  wine  yellow. 
Infufible  with  alkalies  in  a  ciucible  :  infiifible  by  the 
blow-pipe  per  fe.  With  borax  and  foda  forms  a  grey 
opaque  flag  ;   with  microcofmic  fait,  a  green  glafs. 

Compofed  of  oxyd  of  uranium  and  fulphur,  and  mix- 
ed with  iron  and  filica,  and  fometimes  lead. 

A  fpecimen  o!  this  ore  from  Joachimfthal,  analyfed 
lately  by  Klaproth,  contained 

'6Ci.^  uranium, 
6.0  fulphuret  of  lead, 
5.0  filica, 
2  5  oxyd  of  iron, 


jEo 
C.I.Oxyds. 
Sulphurcc 
of  ur.inium. 
f  JCir^'a/i, 
ii.  30J- 


'Jnur.  de 
M:n.  N° 

xxxli.  610. 
§  Kl.ipntb, 
Beitriige^  ii. 
197. 


lOOiO 


SPECIES  2.     Yellow  oxyd  of  uranium  J. 
Uranitic  ochre. 
This  ore  is  generally  found  on  the  furface  of  the  laft 
fpecies  at  Johanngeorgenftadt,  .tnd  is  cither  maflive  or 
in  powder. 

Colour  yellow,  red,  or  brown.  Streak  of  the  yellow 
forts  yellow  ;  of  the  red,  orange  yellow.  Luftre  o. 
Slightly  ftains  the  fingers.  Feels  meagre.  Texture 
earthy.  Hardnefs  3  to  4.  Sp.  gr.  3.2438  ||.  Infu- 
fible by  the  blow-pipe ;  but  in  a  ftrong  heat  becomes 
brownifh  grey. 

Compofed  of  oxyd  of  uranium  and  oxyd  of  iron. 

G  r  N  u  s 


•  Beilragff 
ii.  121. 

281 

YcUrtW 

oxyd  of 
uranium. 
I  JCir-uun, 
ii-  jOj. 


your,  Je 


(3)  Kir-vj.  II.  314 — ScLeU's  IVorii  (French  tranflation),  II.  81. — Bergman,  ibid.  p.  94. — Crell,  Chem. 
Amialen.  1784.  2  Band  195. 

(t)  A'/rw.  ir.  -1,22.— Scheie's  IVorh  (French  tranflation),  I.  236.— P<-//<r/irT,  Jour,  de  Phyf.  XXVII.  434 

Jlfemann,  ibid.  XXXIII,  392. — Sas'-  ibid.  389, — Kla^rolh  and  Mude<r,  ulna,  de  C/.'im.  III.  I20. 


543 


MINERALOGY. 


Clafa  IV. 


Ores  of 
Tit;iiiii'm. 

G.  II.  Salts. 
Carboiiat 
of  uranium, 

ti.  304. 


"  Jour.  Je 
M'«-  N' 
XV.  17. 

t  nu.  u° 

xii.  Jl. 
I  Jcur.  Je 
Mill.  N» 
xxxii.  614, 
I IM. 

G.  1.  Ords. 
Red  oxyd 
oftitanium. 


XV.  iS.  ani 
Xixii.  615. 
i  Fig.  44. 

•  Klafrtth. 
•f  f^fiuijuelin 
and  J^<vi6a 


2R4 
Mcnacha> 
nitc 


GesVS    11,      SA'TS    or    URANIVM. 

BPECiES  I.  Cnrbonat  of  uranium^. 
This  fiiblUnce  is  alfo  found  at  Johanngei  rgenftadr, 
and  near  Eibenftock  and  lllieinbroidcnbdchj).  It  is 
fonictiints  amorphous,  but  mm  e  cnmnionly  cryftallized. 
It>  ciyllah  are  fquaie  pldtes,  otlohedrotis,  and  fix-fided 
prifms. 

Colour  green;  fometimes  nearly  white ;  fometimes, 
tliouqh  rarely,  J  ellovv.  Streak  greL'nifli  white.  Luftre  3 
to  2  ;  internal,  2;  fometimes  ptarly  ;  fometimes  near- 
ly niLlallic.  Tranfparencjr  z  103,  Texture  foliated, 
ilardnefs  y  to  6.  Brittle.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid  with- 
out efTervefcenre.     lofufible  by  alkalies, 

Compofed  of  carbonat  of  uranium,  with  fome  oxyd 
of  copper.  When  its  colour  is  yellow  it  contains  no 
copper. 

Order  XIX.     ORES  OF  TITANIUM. 

Titanium  has  been  known  for  fo  fhort  a  time,  and 
its  properties  are  yet  fo  imperfcclly  afcertained,  tli.U 
many  of  its  ufes  muft  remain  to  be  difcovercd.  Its 
oxyd,  as  we  learn  from  Mr  D  ircet,  has  been  employed 
in  painting  on  porcelain*.  Hitherto  it  has  been  found 
only  in  the  primitive  mountains,  the  Crapacksf,  the 
Alpes  (u),  and  the  Pyrenees^.  It  has  been  found  aU 
fo  in  Brittany  II  and  in  Cornwal. 

Genus  I.    oxvds  of  titanium. 

SPECIES   I.     Red  oxyd  of  Titanium. 

Rcdjhorl — .S.y  en'tte. 

This  ore  has  been  Ibiind  in  Hungary,  the  Pyrenees, 
the  Alpes,  and  in  Brittany  in  France.  It  is  generally 
cryftallized.  The  primitive  form  of  its  cryftals,  ac- 
cording to  the  obfervations  of  Mr  Hauy,  is  a  rectangu- 
lar prilh),  whofe  bafe  is  a  fquare  ;  and  the  form  of  its 
molecules  is  a  triangular  prifm,  whofe  bafe  is  a  right 
angled  ifofceles  triargle,  and  the  height  is  to  any  of  the 
fides  of  the  bafe  about  the  right  angle  as  n/iz  to  ,y/j, 
or  nearly  as  3  :  2<|[.  Sometimes  the  cryftals  of  tita- 
nium are  fix-lided,  and  fometimes  four-fided,  prifms, 
and  often  they  are  implicated  together  J. 

Colour  red  or  brownilh  red.  Powder  brick  or  orange 
red.  Lurtre  3.  Tranfparency  commonly  o ;  fometimes 
I.  Texture  loliated.  Hardnefs  9.  Brittle.  Sp.gr. 
from  4.18*  to  4.2469!.  Not  affefled  by  the  mineral 
acids.  When  fufed  with  carbonat  of  potafs,  and  dilu- 
ted with  water,  a  white  powder  precipitates,  heavier 
than  the  titanium  employed.  Before  the  blow-pipe  it 
does  not  melt,  but  becomes  opaque  and  brown.  With 
microcofniic  fait  it  forms  a  globule  of  glafs,  which  ap. 
pears  black  )  but  its  fragments  are  violet.  With  borax 
it  forms  a  deep  yellow  glafs,  with  a  tint  of  brown. 
AViih  foda  it  divides  and  mixes,  but  does  not  form  a 
trar.fparent  glafs. 

When  pure,  it  is  compofed  entirely  of  oxyd  of  tita- 
mum. 

SPECIES  2.    Menachanite  (x). 
Oxyd  of  titanium  combimi!  iv'ith  iron. 

This  fublVancc  has  been  found  abundantly  in  the  val- 
ley of  Menachan  in  Cornwal ;  and  heucs  was  called  me- 


nachanite  by  Mr  Gregnr,  i|ie  Jifcoverer  of  It.  It  is  in  Mctillij 
fnull  gtains,  like  gunpowder,  of  no  determinate  Ihipe,  ''''':«• 
and  mixed  with  a  tine  grey  find.  Colour  black.  Eafily  ^^^^"""^ 
pulverized.  Powder  attrafled  by  ilie  magnet.  Sp.  gr. 
4.427,  Does  not  detonate  \rith  nitre.  With  two  parts 
ot  tixed  alkali  it  melts  into  an  olive  coloured  mafs,  from 
which  nitric  acid  precipitates  a  white  powder.  The  mi- 
neral acids  only  extrad  from  It  a  little  iron.  Diluted 
fulphuric  acid,  mixed  with  the  powder,  in  fuch  a  pro- 
portion that  the  mafs  ii  not  too  liquid,  and  then  eva- 
porated to  drynefs,  produces  a  blue  coloured  mafs.  Be- 
fore the  blow-pipe  does  not  decrepitate  nor  melt.  Ic 
tinges  microcofniic  fait  green;  but  the  colour  becomes 
brown  on  cooling :  yet  microcofmic  fait  does  not  dif- 
folve  it.  Soluble  in  borax,  and  alters  its  colour  in  the 
fame  manner. 

According  to  the  analyfis  of  Mr  Gregor,  it  is  com- 
pofed of  46  oxyd  of  iron, 

45  oxyd  of  titanium. 

91  with  fome  filica  and  manganefef.  ^M'Gngtr 
According  to  Mr  Klaproth's  analyfis,  it  is  compof-  ^J""^-  *, 
ed  of  CI. 00  oxyd  of  iron,  J'iyfxxxit. 

45,25  oxyd  of  titanium, 
3.50  filica, 
.25  oxyd  of  manganefe. 

1 00.0c  J  AP'iti^^S'* 

A  mineral,  nearly  of  the  fame  nature  with  the  one  "•  *3^* 
juft  defcribed,  has  been  found  in  Bavaria.     Its  fpecific 
gravity,  however,  is  only  3.7.     According  to  the  ana- 
lyfis of  Vauquelin  and  Hecht,  it  is  compofed  of 
49  oxyd  of  titanium, 
35  ifon, 
2  manganefe, 
14  oxygen  combined  with  the  iron  and  manganefe. 

lOOjJ  ^Jour.Je 

Min.   N"* 
SPECIES  3.    Calcareo  filiceous  ore  of  titanium.  J"^- 57- 

Oxyd  of  titanium  combined  iviib  lime  andjilica — Tilanite\.        ^g^ 
This  ore  has  hitherto  been  found  only  near  Paflau.  Calcareo 
It  was  difcovered  by  ProfelFor  Hunger.     It  is  fome- ^''"0".* ore 
times  mafflve,  but  more  commonly  cryftallized  in  four-  "'"t^"'""^' 
fided  prifms,  not  longer  than  one-fourth  of  an  inch.      jj_  ^^""' 

Colour  reddifli,  yellowifli,  or  blackilh  brown  ;  fome- 
times whitifb  grey.      Powder  whitilh  grey,      Luftre 
waxy  or  nearly  metallic,  2  to  3,     Tranfparency  from  o 
to  2.    Texture  foliated.    Hardnefs  9  or  more.    Brittle. 
Sp.  gr,  3.510.     Muriatic  acid,  by  repeated  digeftion, 
ditfolves  one-third  of  it.     Ammonia  precipitates  from 
this  folution  a  clammy  yellowilh  fubftance,     Infufible 
by  the  blow-pipe,  and  alfo  in  a  clay  crucible  ;  but  in 
charcoal  is  converted  into  a  black  opaque  porous  flag. 
According  to  the  analyfis  of  Klaproth,  it  is  compo- 
fed of  33  oxyd  of  titanium, 
35  filica, 
33  l'™e. 


101 


Ordek 


(v)   Dehmieu,  Jour,  de  Min.  N*^  XLII.  4^1,  and  Saujure,    Voyages,  N°  1894, 

(x)   Kirw.   II.   326.— Grffor,  Jour,  de  Phyf.  XXXIX.  72.  and   iSi.Scimeifert  CrelPt  Canals  (Englifij 
tranfiation),  III.   252. 


Order  XX. 


Ores  of 
Tellurium. 


Order  XX. 


MINERALOGY. 

ORES  OF  TELLURIUiM.  Order  XXI. 


aS6 
G.  I.  Al- 
loys. White 
gold  ore  of 
Fatzbay. 

•  ///.«.  Je 
Ctiim.  XXV. 
3*7- 


Hitherto  telluriiim  has  only  been  found  in  Tran- 
fylvania.  It  occurs  in  three  different  mines;  that  (^i 
Fatzbay,  OtTenbanya,  andNagyag,  wliicli  are  coniiJer- 
ed  as  gdlJ  min;s,  becaufe  they  contain  Icfs  or  n;ore  of 
that  metal.     Its  gangue  is  commonly  4'.iariz. 

Genus  I.    ai-lovs  of  tellurium. 
SPECIES    I.     White  ^okl  ore  of  Fatzbay. 
Alloy  of  teHiiriiim  and  iron,  tvi.b  Jome  ^oUl. 
This  fpccies  is  generally  miiTtve.     Its  colmir  is  be- 
tween tin  white  anJ  lead  picy.    Lul\re  corifiderable,  me- 
tallic.    Textuie  (granular*. 

According  to  Klaproih's  analyfis,  it  is  compofed  cf 
72.0  iff  n, 
25.5  tellurium, 
2.5  gold. 


543 

Metallic 


f/i/./.  j8o. 


loo.of 


287 

Graphic 
golden  ore 
of  Olftii- 
baiiya. 

\  Ann.  ds 
Cbim.  XXV. 
328- 


H  DtBarn, 
i^irivans 
Mil.  li. 
lOI. 


|i  Ann,  dc 
Cbim.  XXV. 
280. 


SPECIES  2.    Graphic  golden  ore  of  Offenbanya. 
Tellurium  alloyed  ivith  gold  and  Jilvcr. 
This  ore  is  compnled  oi   flat  prifmatic  cryrtals;   tlie 
arrangement  of  which  has  fume  refcniblance  to  Turkilh 
letters.     Hence  the  name  of  tlie  ore. 

Colour  tin  white,  with  a  tinge  of  brafs  yellowj. 
Luftre  metriUic,  3.  Hardnefs  4  to  5.  Biittle.  Sp. 
gr.  5.72  j.  Before  the  blow-pipe  decreintatcs,  and  melts 
like  lead.  Bums  with  a  lively  broun  flame  and  dfa- 
grecable  fniell,  and  at  lall  vaiiilhe^  in  a  white  fmoke, 
leaving  only  a  whitiih  earth||. 

According  to  Ivl.iproth's  analyfis,  is  is  compofed  of 
60  tellurium, 
30  gold,     _ 
10  lilver. 

lOOiJ 

The  yellow  gold  ore  of  Nagyag  would  belong  to  this 
fpecies  were  it  not  that  it  contains  lead.     Its  compofi- 
tion,  according  to  Klapioth's  analyfis,  is  as  follows ; 
45.0  tellurium, 
27.0  gold, 
19.5  lead, 
f>.^  fdver. 


♦  JtiJ. 

288 
Grey  folia- 
ted gi,lj  ore 
of  Nagyag. 


f  Khprclk, 

Ann. 

/r 

Ctim 

XXV. 

319- 

\D. 

Born, 

Kirii 

.tn'i 

Mm. 

U.S19. 

iAn, 

.A 

CVi.'M. 

<HJ. 

a8o. 

100. o  and  an  atom  of  fulphur*. 

SPECIES  3.    Grey  foliated  gold  ore  of  Nagyag. 
This  ore  is  found  in  pl.ites,  ot  different  degrees  of 
ihickneff,  adhering  to  one  another,  but  eafily  feparable: 
thefe  aie  fomctimes  hcxaliedral,  and  often  accumulated 
fo  as  to  leave  cells  btt'.veen  ihem. 

Colour  deep  lead  grey,  patting  to  iron  Hack,  fpotted. 
Lullre  metallic,  moderate.     Texture  f 'liated  ;  leaves 
fli^htly  flexible  |-.    Hardncf.  6.    Sp.gr.  8.919.    Stains 
the  fingers.     Soluble  in  acids  with  etfcrvefcence|. 
According  to  Klaprc.th,  it  is  compofed  of 
50.0  lead, 
3^.0  telluiiura, 
8.  J  gold, 
7.5  lulphur, 
1.0  filvcr  and  copper. 


ORES  OF  CKROMUM, 

Chromum  has  hitherto  been  found  in  tcofmall  qu3r. 
tities  for  its  extenfive  application  to  the  arts.  Whiiv 
cver  it  becomes  plentiful,  its  properties  will  render  il  oi 
great  impoitdnce  both  to  the  dyer  and  painter.  Na. 
turc  has  iifed  it  10  colour  fome  of  her  moft  beautiful  mi- 
neral  producTions :  And  can  art  copy  after  a  better  mo- 
del ?  Hidieno  it  has  been  found  only  in  two  places, 
near  Ekaicvinbourg  in  Siberia,  and  in  the  department 
of  the  Var  in  France.  In  the  firll  cf  thefe  places,  and 
probably  ah'o  in  the  fecond,  its  gangue  is  quartz. 

GT  s39 

INUS    1.     SALTS     OF    CHKCMUM.  G.  I.  .Salts. 

SPECIES  I.    Chromat  of  lead.  Chromutof 

Jled  lead  >te  of  Silnrij.  lead. 

This  fingular  mineral,  which  has  now  b:-comc  fcarce, 
is  found  in  the  gold  mines  of  Bejcfof  near  Ekaieiin- 
bourg  in  Siberia,  cryttallized  in  four-fided  piifms,  feme- 
times  terminated  by  tou;  -iided  pyramids,  fometimes  nor. 

Colour  red,  with  a  (hade  of  yeihw.  Streak  and 
powder  a  beautiful  orange  yellow.  Lufire  from  2  to 
3.  Tranfpartncy  2  to  3.  Struclute  foli  ited,  Tex- 
ture  compaa.  Fracture  uneven.  Hardnefs  5  to  ,^. 
Sp.gr.  6.0269!  to  s-lit-  Does  not  effervcfce  with  +/>„-r,„ 
acids.  Before  tiie  blow-p.pe  decrepitates  ;  fome  lead  is  \  J}},fjL:L,. 
reonced,  and  the  mineral  is  converted  to  a  black  l]jg, 
which  tinges  borax  green. 

According  to  the  analyfis  of  Vauqueiin,  it  is  compo- 
»'-'<l  «t  65.12  oxyd  of  lead, 

34.88  chromic  acid. 


100.00 


K  ytwr.  dc 
Min.  N° 
xixiv.  760. 


SPECIES   2.     Chromat  of  iron. 
Tiiis  mineral,  which  has  been  found  only  neir  Gaf- 
fin  in  the  department  of  Var  in  France,  is  in  irregul.ir       1,0 

^   ,  ■  Chromat  of 

Loloiir  brown,    not   unlike  that  of    brown  blende,  iron. 
Luitre  metallic.     Hardnefs  moderate.     Sp.  gr.  4.0326 
Melts  with  difficulty  before  the  l>Iow-pipe  ;  to  borax  it 
communicates  a  duty  green.     Infohible  in  nitric  ac:d 
Melted  with  potafs,  and  diliblvcd  in  water,  the  folutioii 
alfumes  a  be.iutiful  orange  yellow  colour. 
It  is  compoled  oX  di'.G  chromic  acid, 
36.0  oxyd  of  iron. 


99.6t 

Chap.  IV.     Of  the  Chemical  Analysis  of 
Minerals. 


f  Taf.tirti. 
'Ann.  de 
Cbim.  Xlli.. 
320. 


lOO.OJ 


The  progrefs  which  the  art  of  analyfing  minerals       ,„, 
has  made  within  tliefe  laft  twenty  years  is  truly  alio-  Analyil.c* 
nilhing.      To  feparate  five  ..r  fix  fubltances  intiniateU  mineral., 
combined  togeth.cr,  to  fxhibit  each  of  them  fcparatelv, 
to  afctriain  the  precile  quantify  of  each,  and  even  to' 
de-.eft  the  preicnce  and  the  weight  of  f.ibllmces  which 
do  not  approach  ^^.th  part  of  ti.e  compound,  would, 
at  no  very  remote  period,  have  been  confidcred  as  a' 
hopelefs,  il    not  an  impoffible,  t.ifk  ;  yet  this  can  now 
be  done  wiih  iha  mod  rigid  accuracy. 

The  firll  perfon  who  undertook  the  analyfis  of  mi-       '9» 
nerals  was  M.irgralf  of  Berlin.     His  attempts  were  in-  ^''"'  ^^ 
deed  rude  ;  but  tiicir  importance  wjs  foon  perceived  by  ^'"ii'"=^' 
oiicr  chemirts,  panicuLily  by  Bergman  and  Schede. 

whofc 


MINERALOGY. 


Chap,  IV. 


544 

Aiialyfisof  whofe  ioduftry  and  adJrefs  brought  the  art  of  analyfing    it  comes  over,  niuft  be  fet  afide  ;  it  contains  the  nitric  Analyds  of 

Minerals.  '  •  -.        ..      .  ^         ^  „.  •■,.,,,        •_.-.■ r_    i     ,  •     i  ■     .,  ii,r:.,..,i. 


293 
1  niprovctl 
by  KU- 
proth. 


194 
And  other 
clicmifts. 


minerals  to  a  connjsrable  deijree  cf  perfeftion 

15ut  ihcir  methcvU,  though  they  had  very  confider- 
able  merit,  and,  confidjring  the  Hate  of  the  tcieiice,  are 
wonderful  prod's  of  the  genius  ot  tlie  inventors,  were 
often  tedious  and  uncertain,  and  could  not,  in  all  cafes 
be  applied  with  confidence.  Thefe  defefts  were  per- 
ceived by  Mr  Klaprolh  ot  Berlin,  who  applied  hin.felf 
to  tlie  analyfis  of  minerals  with  a  perlcvering  indulliy 
which  nothing  could  fatigue,  and  an  ingenuity  and  ac- 
curacy which  ni. thing  could  perplei.  He  corrctfted 
what  w.is  wrong,  and  fupplied  what  was  wanting,  in 
the  analytical  method  ;  invented  new  procelTss,  difco- 
vcrcd  new  inftiuments ;  and  it  is  to  his  labours,  more 
than  10  thofe  of  any  otlier  chemift,  that  the  degree  of 
peifecTion,  to  which  the  unalyds  of  minerals  has  attain- 
ed, is  to  be  afciibed.  Many  improvements,  however, 
were   introduced  by  other  cliemifts,  efpecially  by  Mr. 


acid.       TliC  other  impurities  remain  behind  in  the  cu-  Minerals. 
cuiblte.     Sulphuric  acid,  when  pure,  di/Fclves  indigo 
without   altering  its  colour,  docs  net  attack  mercury 
while  cold,  and  caufes  no  precipitate  in  pure  alkaline  fo- 
lutions. 

5.  Nitric  acid  often  contains  both  fulphuric  and  mu- 
riatic acidi.  It  is  ealily  purified  by  throwing  into  it 
about  three  parts  of  litharge  in  fine  powder  for  every 
ICO  parts  of  the  acid,  allowinj»  the  nii.vture  to  remaia 
f^r  24  hours,  fiiaking  it  occalionally,  and  then  diftilling 
it.  The  iulphutic  a;id  muriatic  acids  combine  with  the 
lead,  and  remain  behind  in  the  retort.  Pure  nitric  acid 
rccafions  no  precipitate  in  the  folutlons  of  barytes  and 
filver. 

6.  The  muriatic  acid  of  commerce  ufually  contains 
fulphuric  acid,  oxynmriatic  acid,  and  oxyd  of  iron.  It 
may  be  purified   by  diftillation  with  a  little  muriat  of 


Vauquclin,  whofe  analyfcs  m  point  of  accuracy  and  in-  foda  ;  taking  caie  to  fet  afide   the  firft  portion  which 

genuity  rival  thofe  of  Klaproth  himfelf.  comes  over.     \Vl;en  pure  it  caufes  no  precipitate  in  the 

We  Ihall,  in  this  chapter,  give  a  Ihort  defcription  of  folution  cf  baiyte?,  i,or  cf  pure  alkalies,  and  does  not 

the  moll  perfeift  method  of  analyfing  minerals,  as  far  attack  mercury  while  col.l 


295 
Method  of 
obtaining 
chemical  a- 
yents  pure. 


as  we  are  acquainted  witli  it.  V/e  flidl  divide  the  chap- 
ter into  four  feJli(  ns.  lu  the  lirll,  v.e  (lull  give  an  ac- 
count of  the  inflruments  ufed  inaualyfes;  in  thefecond, 
v>'e  fliill  treat  cf  the  ir.ethod  of  analyfing  (lones  ;  in  the 
third,  of  analyling  combultibles  ;  and  in  the  fourth,  of 
the  analyfes  of  ore;. 

Skct.   I.     Of  ihs  Injlniments  of  Analyfa. 

1.  The  chemical  agents,  by  means  of  which  tlie  an- 
alyfis of  minerals  is  accomplilhcd,  ought  to  be  prepared 
with  the  greatcfl;  care,  becaufe  upon  their  purity  the 
ex;idnefs  of  the  operation  entirely  depends.  Thefe  a- 
gents  are  the  three  alk-ilies,  bojh  pure  and  combined 
with  carbonic  acid  ;  the  fulphuric,  nitric,  and  muriatic 
acids  ;  hydrofulphuret  of  pocafs  and  fulphurated  hydro- 
gen gas  dilfoived  in  water;  prulhc  alkali,  and  a  few 
neutral  ialts. 

1.  Potafs  and  foda  may  be  obtained  pure,  ei:her  by 
means  of  alcohol,  or  by  the  method  defciibed  in  the 
article  Chemistry,  n"  372.  Suppl..  Thefe  alkalies  are 
known  to  be  pure  when  their  folution  in  pure  water  occa- 
fions  no  precipitate  in  lime  and  barytic  water;  when  the 
precipitate  which  it  produces  in  a  foluiion  of  filver  is 
completely  dilfoived  by  nitric  acid  ;  and,  laftly,  when 
faturated  with  carbonic  acid  it  depofrts  no  filica. 

2.  Ammonia  is  procured  by  diltilling  one  part  of  mu- 
riat ot  ammonia  with  two  pirts  of  quicklime,  and  recei- 
ving the  gas  in  a  dilh  ccntiining  a  quantity  of  pure  wa- 
ter, eq'jal  in  weight  to  tlie  muriat  emplojed.  Its  pu- 
rity i»  known  by  the  i^n\i^  tells  which  afcertain  the  pu- 
rity of  fixed  alkalies. 

3.  The  ciibonats  of  potafs  and  foda  may  be  formed 
by  dillolving  the  pota.s  and  foda  of  commerce  in  pure 
water,  faturating  the  folution  with  carbonic  acid,  and 
ctyllallizmg  tlrem  repeatedly.  When  pure,  thefe  cry- 
ftals  elTlorelce  in  the  air  ;  and  the  precipitate  which  they 
occafion  in  folutions  of  baryiet  and  of  filver  is  com- 
pletely foluble  in  nitric  acid.  Carbonat  of  ammonia  is 
obtair:(.d  by  diftiUing  together  one  part  of  muriat  of  am- 
monia i'.nd  two  parts  of  carbonat  cf  lime. 

<).  The  fulphuiic  acid  ot  commerce  often  contains 
nitric  acid,  pot:d"s,  lead,  &c.  It  may  be  purified  by  di- 
ftillation in  a  low  cucurbite. 


7.  Hydrofulpliurct  of  potafs  is  made  by  faturating  a 
folution  of  pure  potafs  with  fulphurated  hydrogen  gas; 
and  water  may  be  faturated  wi;h  fulphurated  hydrogen 
gas  in  the  fame  manner.  See  ChemIstry,  n"  857. 
iiupl>l. 

8.  The  method  of  preparing  piuffic  alkali,  oxalic 
acid,  and  the  other  fubllances  uled  in  analyfes,  has  been 
already  defcribed  in  the  article  Chemistry,  Suppl.  it 
is  unneccflary  therefore  to  repeat  it  here.  j^g 

II.  Before  a  mineral  is  fubmitted  to  analyfis,  it  ought  How  to  re- 
to  be  reduced  to  an  impalpable  powder.  This  is  by  no  '1".<^«  ''^« 
means  an  eafy  tafk  when  the  (lone  is  extremely  liard.  """"'^'  "" 
It  ought  to  be  r.iifeJ  to  a  bright  red  or  white  heat  in  '"'^^ 
a  crucible,  and  then  inllantly  thrown  into  cold  water. 
Tiiis  fudden  tr.^.nfition  makes  it  crack  and  bi'eak  into 
pieces.  If  thofe  pieces  are  not  fmall  enough,  the  ope- 
ration may  be  repeated  on  each  till  they  are  reduced 
to  the  proper  fizc.  Thefe  fragments  are  then  to  be 
beaten  to  imall  pieces  in  a  poli(hed  flee]  mortnr ;  the 
cavity  of  which  Ihould  be  cylindiical,  and  the  (letlpedle 
fliould  fit  it  exaiftly,  in  order  to  prevent  any  of  the  (lone 
from  efcaping  during  the  aft  of  pounding.  As  foon  as 
the  (lone  is  reduced  to  pretty  fmall  pieces,  it  ought  to 
be  put  into  a  mortar  of  rock  cryftal  or  flint,  and  redu- 
ced to  a  coarfe  powder.  This  mortar  fliould  be  about 
four  inches  in  diameter,  and  rather  more  than  an  inch 
in  depth.  The  peftle  iliould  be  formed  of  the  fame 
(lone  with  the  mortar,  and  care  fliould  be  tiken  to  know 
exaftly  the  iii'^redients  of  which  this  mortar  is  conipo- 
fed.  Klaproth's mortar  is  of  flint.  We  have  given  its 
analyfis  in  n"  32,  of  this  article. 

When  the  (tone  has  been  reduced  to  a  coarfe  pow- 
der, a  certain  quantity,  whofe  v  eight  h  known  exaftly, 
100  grains  for  inllance,  ought  to  be  taken  and  reduced 
to  as  line  a  powder  as  poflible.  This  is  bell  done  by 
pounding  imall  qu.intities  of  it  at  once,  not  exceeding 
10  grains.  The  pc.wder  is  as  fine  as  poflible  when  it 
feels  foft,  adheres  together,  and  as  it  ueie  forms  a  cake 
under  the  peftle.  It  ought  then  to  be  weighed  exaifl- 
ly.  It  will  almoft  always  be  found  heavier  after  being 
pounded  than  it  was  before  ;  owing  to  a  certain  quan- 
tity cf  the  lubftance  of  the  mortar  v  hich  has  been  1  ub- 
The  firft  portion,  when    bed  off  during  the  grinding  and  mixed  with  theptjw. 

der, 


Chap.  IV. 


MINERALOGY. 


Analyfisof  der.     This  additional  weight  mufl  be  carefully  noted; 

Mincrali.   ^nd  aficr  (lie  aii.ilyfis,  ;i  pcrtion  of  the  ingredients  cf  the 
moi  t;»r,  coi  refponding  to  it,  mufl  be  fubtrafled. 

III.  It  is  nccelfary  to  liave  a  crucible  of  pure  filver, 
or,  what  is  far  preferable,  of  platinum,  capable  of  hold- 
ing r.ither  more  than  fcven  cubic  inches  of  water,  and 
provided  with  a  cover  of  the  fame  metal.  There  Ihould 
alfo  be  ready  a  fpatula  of  the  fame  metal  about  four 
inches  long. 

The  dilhes  in  which  the  folutions,  evaporations,  &c. 
are  performed,  ouv'lit  to  be  of  glaf-  or  porcelain.  Thofe 
of  porcelain  are  cheaper,  becaule  tliey  are  not  fo  apt  to 
break.  Thofe  wliith  Mr  Vauqiielin  ufes  are  ol  pnice- 
lain  ;  they  are  fcftions  of  fphercs,  and  are  glazed  both 
within  and  without,  except  that  part  of  the  bottom 
which  is  immediately  cxpol'ed  to  the  fire. 

Sect.   II.      Analyfn   of  Jioncs  (y). 

Ingrcdieuti  The  only  fubrtanccs  which  enter  into  the  compofi- 
iif  ftoncs.  tion  of  the  fmiple  ftoucs,  as  tar  at  lead  .is  analylis  has 
difcovered,  are  the  li^;  earths,  filica,  alumina,  zirconi.), 
glucina,  lime,  and  magnelia;  and  the  oxyds  of  iron, 
m.mganefe,  nickel,  chiomum,  and  copper  (z  .  Seldom 
more  th.»n  f'ur  or  five  ol  thefe  fubllances  are  found  com- 
bined together  in  the  fame  (lone  :  we  Ihall  fuppofe, 
however,  in  order  to  prevent  unneceif.iry  repetitions, 
that  they  are  all  contained  in  the  mineral  which  we  are 


899 

Method  of 
<lccon\po- 


going  to  analyfe. 

Let  loo  or  200  grains  of  the  (lone  to  be  analyfed,  pre 
vioufly  reduced  to  a  fine  powder,  be  mixed  widi  three 
times  its  weight  of  pure  pctafs  and  a  little  witer,  and 
cxpofed  in  tiie  filver  or  platinum  crucible  to  a  ftrong 
heat.  The  heat  fhould  at  fiilt  be  applied  flowly,  and 
the  matter  fhould  be  conftantly  ftirred,  to  prevent  the 
potah  from  fwelling  and  throwing  any  part  out  cf  the 
crucible.  When  the  whole  water  is  evaporated,  the 
mixture  fhould  be  kept  for  half  an  hour  or  three  quar- 
ters  in  a  ftrong  red  heat. 

If  the  matter  in  the  crucible  meltJ  completely,  and 
appears  as  liquid  as  water,  we  may  be  certain  that  tlie 
ilone  which  we  are  analyfing  conlllU  chiefly  of  lilica  ; 
if  it  remains  opaque,  and  ot  tiie  confidence  of  parte,  the 
other  earths  are  moll  abundant ;  if  it  remains  in  the 
form  of  a  powder,  alumina  is  the  prevalent  earth.  If 
the  matter  in  the  crucible  be  of  a  dark  or  brownilh  red 
colour,  it  contains  oxyd  of  iron  ;  if  it  is  grafs  gieen, 
manganefe  is  prefent ;  if  it  is  yellowilh  green,  it  con- 
tains  chromum. 

When  the  crucible  lia?  been  taken  from  the  fire  and 
wiped  on  the  outfule,  it  is  to  be  placed  in  a  capfulc  of 
porcelain,  and  filled  with  water.  This  water  is  to  be 
renewed  from  time  to  time  till  all  the  matter  is  detach- 
ed from  the  crucible.  Tlie  water  dilfolves  a  part  of  the 
combination  of  the  alkali  with  the  filica  and  alumina 
of  the  (lone,  and  if  a  fiillicicnt  (juantity  were  ufcd,  it 
would  diffolve  tlie  whole  of  that  combination. 

Muiiatic  acid  is  now  to  be  poured  in  till  the  whole 
cf  the  matter  is  dilfolved.  At  tirll  a  flaky  precipitate 
appe.irs,    bjcaufe  the  acid    combines  witli  the  alkali 

SUPPL.    \'o[,.    II. 


which  kept  it  in  folution.  Then  an  cfFervefccnce  takes 
place,  owini;  to  ilie  decompolition  of  fome  carbonal  of 
potafb  formed  during  the  fufion.  At  the  fame  time 
the  (laky  prccij>itite  is  redllfulved  ;  ab  is  alfo  that  put 
of  the  matter  which,  not  having  licen  dilfolved  in  the 
water,  had  remained  at  the  bottom  of  tlie  difii  in  tlie 
form  of  a  powder.  This  powder,  if  it  confifls  only  of 
filica  and  alumina,  diilblves  without  efTervefccncc  ;  but 
if  it  contaiub  lime,   an  efFervefcence  takes  pljce. 

If  this  folution  in  muriatic  acid  be  colourlcfs,  v.-e  may 
conclude  that  it  contains  no  metallic  oxyd,  or  only  a 
very  fmall  portion  ;  if  its  colour  be  purplilh  red,  it  con- 
tains manganefe  ;  orange  red  indicates  ihe  prefcnce  of 
iron  ;  and  golden  yellow  the  prefince  of  chromum. 

This  folution  is  to  be  poured  into  a  capiule  of  porce- 
lain, covered  with  paper,  and  evapornteJ  to  drynefs  in 
a  fand  bath.  When  the  evaporation  io  drawing  towards 
its  completion,  the  liquor  airumcsthe  form  of  jelly.  It 
mull  then  be  Itirred  conllantly  with  a  glafs  or  porcelain 
rod,  in  order  to  facilitate  the  diftngagemer.t  cf  ;lie  acid 
and  water,  and  to  prevent  one  part  of  the  matter  from 
being  too  much,  and  another  not  fufhciently  dried. 
Without  this  precaution,  the  filica  and  alumina  wouM 
not  be  completely  feparated  from  each  ether. 

When  the  matter  is  reduced  almoft  to  a  dry  powder, 
a  large  quantity  of  pure  water  is  to  be  poured  on  it; 
and,  after  expofure  to  a  il'ght  heat,  ttie  whole  is  to  b; 
P'Uied  on  a  filter.  The  powder  which  remains  upon 
the  filler  is  to  be  walhed  repeatedly,  till  the  water  with 
which  it  has  been  walhed  ceafes  to  piecipit::te  filver 
from  its  folutions.  This  powder  i^  the  whole  ci{  the 
Jtlica  which  the  Ilone  that  we  are  atialyfing  contained. 
It  mud  firft  be  dried  between  folds  of  blotting  paper, 
then  heated  red  hot  in  a  platinum  or  filver  crucible,  and 
weighed  while  it  is  yet  warm.  It  ought  to  be  a  fitte 
powder,  of  a  white  colour,  not  adhering  to  the  fingers, 
and  entirely  foluble  in  acids.  If  it  be  col. Hired,  it  is 
contaminated  with  fome  metallic  oxyd  ;  and  fliews,  that 
the  evaporation  to  drynefs  has  been  performed  at  too 
high  a  temperature.  To  feparate  this  oxyd,  the  filica 
mull  be  boiled  with  an  acid  and  then  walhed  and  dried 
as  before.  The  acid  folution  mull  be  added  to  the  vva- 
ter  which  paifed  through  the  filter,  and  which  we  lliall 
denominate  A. 

The  watery  folution  A  is  to  be  evaporated  till  its 
quantity  docs  not  exceed  30  cubic  inches,  or  nearly  an 
Englifh  pint.  A  folution  ot  carbonat  of  potafs  is  then 
to  be  poured  into  it  till  no  more  matter  precipitates. 
It  ought  to  be  boilcil  a  few  nioments  to  enable  all  the 
precipitate  to  fall  to  the  bottom.  W.hen  the  whole  of 
the  precipitate  has  coilefled  at  the  bottom,  the  fuper- 
natant  liquid  is  to  be  decanted  eft";  and  water  being 
fubllituted  in  its  place,  the  precipitate  and  water  are  to 
be  thrown  upon  a  filler.  When  the  water  has  tun  off", 
the  filter  with  the  precipitate  ui)on  it  is  to  be  placed 
betweei)  folds  of  blotting  paper.  When  the  precipi- 
tate has  acquired  fome  conlillence,  it  is  to  be  carefully 
coUe^fted  by  an  ivory  knife,  mixed  with  a  folution  of 
pure  potafs,  and  boiled  in  a  poicelain  capfule.  Jf  any 
3  Z  alumina 


545 

Analyfis  of 
Mineral}. 


500 
How  the 
fiijca  is  fe- 
parated, 


( p )  Part  of  this  feflion  is  to  be  confidered  as  an  abftraft  of  a  treatife  of  Vauquelin  on  the  aiialy fis  of  ftcncs, 
publifhed  in  the  y/nna/ej  de  Chimh,  Vol.  XXX.  p.  66. 

(/. )  Barytes  has  alfii  been  difcovered  in  one  laigle  ftone,  ihe  fjiirc'iu ;  but  its  prcfence  in  fton;s  is  fj  un- 
common, tiiat  it  can  fcarcely  be  looked  for.     The  method  of  detecting  it  Ihall  be  noticed  afterwards. 


54<> 


MINERALOGY. 


Chap.  IV. 


301 

And  the 

alumina, 


303 
X-inic, 


Aiialyfisof  aluFT.ina  or  glucina  be  prefsnt,  they  will  be  dilHilveil  io 
Minerals,   t^j  potafs ;  while  ihe  other  fiibftances  reninin  untouch- 
ed in  the  Icrin  i;t'  a  powder,  whicii  we  Ihall  call  B. 

Into  the  Iblution  of  potafs  as  much  acid  niuft  be 
poured  as  will  not  only  faturate  the  potaft,  but  alio  com- 
pletely rediliolve  any  precipitate  which  may  have  at  Rrll 
appeared.  Carbonat  of  ammonia  is  now  to  be  added 
in  f.ich  fjuantily  that  tho  liquid  ih?.ll  tade  of  it.  liy 
this  addition  the  whole  of  the  alumina  will  he  precipi- 
tated in  whit^  Hakes,  and  the  glucina  will  remain  dil- 
folved,  provided  tlie  quantity  of  carbonat  ol  anmionia 
ufed  be  not  too  fmall.  Tlie  liquid  is  now  to  be  filter- 
ed, and  the  alumina  which  will  reinain  on  the  hlier  is  to 
be  walhcd,  dric<l,  heated  red  hot,  and  then  weighed. 
To  fee  if  it  be  really  alimima,  dill'  Ive  it  in  fulphuiic 
acid,  and  add  a  fiilRcicnt  quantity  of  fulphat  or  acetite 
of  potafs ;  if  it  be  alumina,  the  whole  of  it  will  be 
,jjj  converted  into  cryftals  of  alum. 
Gluciiia,  Lt;'  the  liquid  winch  has  palfed  through  the  filter  be 

boiled  for  f  iine  time,  and  the  glucina,  if  it  contains  any, 
will  be  precipitated  in  a  light  powder,  which  may  be 
dried  and  weighed.  Wlun  pure,  it  is  a  line,  foft,  veiy 
light,  tailclels  powder,  which  does  not  concrete  when 
heated,  as  alumira  does. 

Theicfiduum  B  may  contain  lime,  magnefia,  and  one 
or  more  metallic  oxyds.  Let  it  be  dilfolved  in  weak 
fulphuric  acid,  and  the  folution  evaporated  to  drynefs. 
I'our  a  fmall  quantity  of  water  on  it.  The  water  will 
dilf  Ive  the  fulphat  of  magnefia,  and  the  metallic  ful- 
phats  ;  but  the  fulj>hut  of  lime  will  remain  luidiir^lved. 
Let  it  be  heated  red  hot  in  a  crucible,  and  weighed. 
The  lime  amounts  to  0.41  of  the  weigiit. 

Let  the  fi'lution  containing  the  remaining  fulphats 
be  diluted  with  a  large  quantity  of  water,  let  a  fmall 
excefs  of  acid  be  added,  and  then  let  a  faturated  car- 
bonat of  potafs  he  poured  in.  The  oxyds  of  chronium, 
iron,  and  ijickel,  v/ill  be  precipitated,  and  the  magnefia 
and  oxyd  of  manganefe  will  remain  diflblved.  The  pre- 
cipitate we  Ihall  call  C. 

Into  the  folution  let  a  folution  of  hydrofulphuret  of 
potafs  be  poured,  and  the  manganefe  wiil  be  (necipita- 
ted  in  the  Rate  cf  a  liydrofulj  buret.      Let  it  be  cilci- 
..  -        ned  in  cont«d  with  air,  and  weighed.     The  magnefia 
Magnefia,   ^^^  ^^itn  be  precipitated  by  pure  potafs,  waflied,  ex- 
pi  fed  to  a  red  heat,  .ind  then  v/eighed. 

Let  the  refiduuni  C  be  boiled  repeatedly  with  nitric 
acid,  then  mixed  with  pure  potals ;  and  after  being 
heated,  let  the  liquid  be  decanted  off.  Let  the  preci- 
pitare,  which  conlills  of  the  oxyds  of  iron  and  nickel, 
be  walhed  with  pure  warer;  and  let  this  water  be  added 
to  the  iialution  of  the  latric  acid  and  potaA.  That  fo- 
lution contains  the  chromuai  converted  into  an  acid. 
Add  to  this  fulution  an  excefs  of  muriatic  acid,  and  eva- 
porate till  the  liquid  alfumes  a  green  colour;  then  add 
a  pure  alkali  :  The  chromum  precipitates  in  the  Hate 
of  an  o.'iyd,  and  may  be  dried,   and  weighed. 

Let  the  precipitate,  confilting  of  the  oxyds  of  iron 
and  nicki.1,  be  dilfolved  in  muriatic  acid  ;  add  an  excefs 
of  ammonia:  \he  oxyd  of  iron  precipitatts.  Let  it  be 
wafhed,  dried,  and  weighed. 

Evaporate  the  folution,  and  t)ie  oxyd  of  nickel  will 
alfo  precipitate  ;  and  its  weight  may  be  afcertained  in 
the  lame  manner  with  the  other  ingredients. 

The  weights  cf  all  the  ingredients  obtained  are  now 
to  be  added  together,  and  their  fum  total  compared  with 


\Iariga- 
atfe, 

30s 


336 
C'hroir.um, 


SO? 
Iron, 


JCK 
Anduitfccl. 


the  weight  of  the  matter  fubmitled  to  analyfis.  If  the  Analyfuof 
two  are  equal,  or  if  they  differ  only  by  .03  or  .04  parts.  Minerals, 
we  may  conclude  that  the  analylis  has  been  properly 
peifoimed:  but  if  the  lofs  of  weight  be  conliderable, 
lomething  or  other  has  been  loff.  The  analyfis  mull 
thcrelore  be  repeated  with  all  polfible  care.  If  there  is 
flill  the  fame  lofs  of  weight,  we  may  conclude  that  the 
(lone  contain;  lome  fublUnce,  which  has  cithtr  evapo- 
rated by  the  heat,  f)r  is  foluble  in  water.  509 

A  frelh  portion  of  the  Hone   mull  therefore  be  bro-  Method  of 
ken  into  fmall  pieces,  and  expofed  in  a  porcelain  cru-  deteiJling 
cil)le  to  a  Urong  heat.     If  it  contains  water,  or  any '°^" 
other  volatile  lubllance,  they  will  come  over  into  the  re- 
ceiver ;  and  their  nature  and  weight  may  be  afcertained. 

Il  nothing  comes  over  into  the  receiver,  or  rf  what 
comes  over  is  not  equal  to  the  weight  wanting,  we  may 
conclude  that  the  Hone  contains  fome  ingredient  which 
is  foluble  in  water. 

To  difcover  whether  it  contains /o/o/},  let  the  flone,  Method  of 
reduced  to  an  inipalpaSile  powder,  be  bciled  five  or  fix  afccrtain- 
limes  in  fucc-. (Hon,  with  veiy  llrong  fulphuiic  acid,  ap   ingwhe- 
plying  a  preity  llrong  hedt  towards  the  end  oi  the  ope   '''"'  """'^ 
ratioii,  in  order  to  txp:l  tlii  excels  of  acid  ;  but  taking  '^°"'^"' 
caie  th  It  it  be  not  llr.mg  enough  to  decompofe  the  falts 
which  hdve  been  formed. 

\Vater  is  now  to  be  poured  on,  and  the  refiduum, 
which  does  not  didolve,  is  to  be  walhed  with  v/ater  t:ll 
it  becom-is  tallelefs.  'I'lie  vvateiy  folution  is  to  be  fil- 
tered, and  ev.iporated  to  drynefs,  in  order  to  drive  oft' 
any  excefs  of  acid  which  may  be  ])refent.  The  filts  ate 
to  be  again  dilfolved  in  water;  and  the  folution,  after 
being  boiled  for  a  feu  moments,  is  to  be  filteied  and 
evaporated  to  a  conhllence  proper  for  cryftf.Uizing.  If 
the  (tone  contains  a  fulBciei.t  (juantity  of  alumina,  and 
if  potiifs  be  prel'ent,  cryltals  of  alum  will  be  formed  ; 
and  the  quantity  ot  pot.ls  m.iy  be  difeovered  by  weigh- 
ing them,  it  being  nearly  -,'^th  of  their  v-'ei^ht.  If  the 
flone  does  not  contain  alumina,  or  not  in  fuificient  quan- 
tity, a  folution  ot  puie  alumii:a  in  liilph'iric  acid  mud 
be  added.  Sometimes  the  alum,  evtu  when  potafs  is 
prel'ent,  does  net  rppear  ior  feveral  days,  or  even  weeks; 
and  frmietimes,  wlitn  a  great  quantity  of  Hlumin.i  is  pre- 
fent,  it  the  folution  has  been  too  much  concentrated  by 
evrtpoiaiion,  th«  fulpii.u  of  alumina  prevents  the  alum 
from  cryllalli/.ing  at  all.  Care,  the.elore,  mull  be  ta- 
ken to  prevent  this  lalt  iource  of  error.  The  alum  ob- 
tained may  be  dili'olved  in  water,  and  barytic  water 
pome  J  into  it  as  long  as  any  precipitate  forms.  The 
liquor  is  to  be  filtered,  and  evaporated  to  drynefs.  The 
leiid'iuifi  will  conlill  of  potafs  and  a  little  caibonat  of 
potai~.  The  potals  iT>ay  be  dilfolved  in  a  little  water. 
This  foluti'  n,  evaporated  to  drynels,  gives  us  the  pot- 
afs pure  ;  which  may  be  examined  and  weighed.  .,j 

if  no  iryllals  of  .-.lum  can  be  obtained,  we  mull  look  Or  foda. 
for  feme  other  fubftaice  than  poraA.  The  (tone,  for 
iiiilance,  may  contain  f  .da.  The  prefence  of  this  al- 
kali may  be  difeovered  by  decompofmg  the  folution  in 
fulphuric  acid,  already  defcrilied,  by  means  of  ammo- 
nia. The  liquid  which  remains  is  to  be  evaporated  to 
drynefs,  and  thi  lefiduum  i:,  to  be  calcined  in  a  cru- 
cible. By  this  method,  the  fulphat  of  ammonia  will  be 
volatilized,  ai  d  the  foda  will  remain.  It  may  be  re- 
dili'olved  in  water,  cryllallized,  and  examined. 

If  fulphuric  acid  does  not  attack  the  Hone,  as  is  ff- 
ten  the  cafe,  it  mult  be  decompofed  by  fufion  witli  fo- 

da. 


,,fli  *.  ri   /., 


/>/.?(". 


/■>'//./// 


Mim;ilvi.(ii;v    1'i.ate  vxa-tti 


Chap.  IV. 


MINERALOGY. 


547 


/.iri'jyfii  cf 
Minerali. 


kia,  in  th:  faR-.e  raannir  .is  fcitrioriy  direfteJ  wkli  pet- 


als.    Th 


e  in ; 


alter  lulion,  is  lo  be   dilnt-'d  with 


.^11 
Anal)  lit  cf 
faline 
fionis, 


Of  Caibo- 


'  Khpnth'. 
260. 


.114 


w,i:er,  ;jnd  then  if.urateil  with  rulpliuric  acid.  The 
folu'ioii  is  to  b«  evapiracjj  to  Jrvhcf!-,  llii  relidiuim 
again  dill'lvcd  in  water,  and  evaporated.  Sulpiiat  of 
fdJa  will  cryltdlizc  firll;  ;tud  liy  .1  Ilcor.d  ev.iporatiin, 
i;  the  lion;  contains  potals  and  aluniiua,  cryllals  of  .I'.uni 
will  be  dcpofited. 

Tin  pref^nce  «f  potafs  may  be  difcnvered,  by  mix- 
in^  witii  4  foinsuhat  cmcentrated  fulution  of  muiiat 
of  pLuir.iim,  the  fait  obtained,  cither  by  decompiifing 
the  ilone  iniiiwdiately  by  an  ajid,  or  by  f  ituralint;  with 
an  acid  ilie  maticr  obtained  by  fafing  the  ftone  with 
foda.  It  any  pciafj  be  prefent,  a  very  red  precipitate 
wii!  be  forrred.  This  prtclpiiale  is  a  triple  fait,  cotn- 
pofed  of  ptiali,  muiiatic  acid,  and  oxyj  of  plalinum. 
Ainni 'PiJ,  mdted,  produces  the  fanic  piecipiiate;  but 
ammonia  has  not  hi'.hcito  teen  difcovered  in  ilones. 

In  this  ni  in;.er  may  fiinple  lloncs  and  ?;jgre;;aie5  be 
analyled.  As  to  laliiie  flones,  their  analyfis  midk  vary 
according  lo  ih;."  acid  wliicli  they  contain.  But  almoft 
all  of  them  in  -v  be  dcconipofcd  b)  one  or  other  of  two 
intthods ;   of  cacli  cf  v.hich  we  (hall  give  an  e.vamplc. 

).   Analjlls  of  Carbonat  of  Slrontite;. 

Kiapoili  anal;  fed  ihis  mineral  by  diifolving  ico 
parts  of  It  in  diluted  nuiriati  ■  acid:  dnrinsr  the  foliition, 
30  parts  (  f  carbonic  acid  efcaoed.  The  fohiti  )n  cry- 
U.tUr/cd  in  i.cedle.s,  and  \vhen  di<f  Ived  in  alcohol,  Inunt 
Willi  a  pnrp'e  flame.  Therefore  ii  ccniained  I'rontites. 
lie  d  tj.  Ivcd  .1  grain  of  fnlphat  ol  petals  in  fix  oiirces 
ol  v.aicr,  and  let  fa'l  into  it  throe  ilrops  of  tf.e  nniri.itic 
fohitioi,.  No  precipit.ite  appeared  till  nest  day.  There- 
fore the  folution  contained  no  barytes  ;  for  if  it  had,  a 
jiccipitate  Wf  uld  h.iv.:  appeared  immediately. 

He  then  dccompofed  tht  muriatic  acid  folution,  by 
nixing  il  v.'ilh  cirl)onac  of  potafs.  Caibonat  of  rtron- 
tiics  precipitated.  By  the  application  rf  a  llrong  lieat, 
the  caibinic  acid  was  driven  off.  The  whc^le  of  ihe 
cat  ill  which  remained  wjs  dilfolved  in  wnter.  It  cry- 
llallized  ;  and  when  dried,  weighed  Ocjl". 

II.  Analyfis  of  Sulphat  of  Strontites, 

Mr  Vauqnelin  analyftd  an  impure  fpecimen  of  this 
mil  tial  as  lollows  ; 

On  200  pans  of  the  iri'ner.al,  diluted  nitric  acid  was 
ponied.  A  violent  effervcfcence  took  place,  and  p.irt 
1  f  the  mineral  was  dilfolved.  The  tindiliolved  portion, 
after  biing  iicated  rtd  hot,  weighed  167.  Therefore 
33  parts  were  dilfolved. 

The  nitric  folution  was  evaporated  to  drynefj :  A 
rt  ddilh  f.ibllance  remained,  which  indicated  the  prefence 
rf  ox)d  of  lion.  Tliis  fubllance  w.is  redilfolved  in  wa- 
lei,  and  fonie  ammonia  mixed  with  it;  a  reddilh  pre- 
tipita'e  appeared,  which,  wliendiitd,  weighed  I,  and 
was  oxyd  of  iron.  'l"he  remainder  of  the  folution  w.is 
ptecipit.iltd  by  carbonat  of  potafs.  Tlic  precipitate 
weighed,  v.htn  diied,  20,  and  polielfed  the  |)ropeit'es 
of  caibonat  if  lime.  Tlicrelcic  :oo  jiarts  of  this  mi- 
ir.'ial  contain  p.o  of  caibonat  ci  liinc,  1  of  oxyd  of  iron, 
and  the  lematndcr  cf  tlie  33  p.i.-ti  he  concluded  to  be 
water. 

The  167  parts,  which  wcie  infoluble  in  nitric  acid, 
were  mixed  with  500  pails  of  carbonat  of  poiaA,  and 
70CO  parts  cf  water,  and  boiled  for  a  conliderable  lime. 


The  f  ilution  was  then  altered,  and  ilic  refidui'm  wafii-  Aralyfitof 
cd  and  dried.     The  liquid  fcarcely  ctrcrveli:cd  with  a-   i-'H"-!;"*- 
clds  ;   but  with   baiytes  it  produced  a  c>fioiis  precipi- 
tate, totally  indilToluble  in  muiiatic  acid.     Th€ie.*^cie  it 
contait.cJ  liilphuric  acij. 

'Hie  nndilfolved  re.'iduum,  v.'h.cn  diied,  weighed  i  zj 
pirt?.  It  dilfolved  completely  in  muriatic  acid.  The 
i'olution  cryliallized  in  needles  ;  when  didblved  in  alco- 
hol, it  burnt  with  a  purple  flome  ;  and,  in  (horr,  had  all 
ill.:  properties  of  muriat  of  ftrontitcs.  Therefore  theft: 
I  29  parts  Were  carbonat  of  ftrontitcs.  Now,  loopart-J 
of  this  caTbonat  contain  30  of  carbonic  acid  ;  therefore 
129  contain  38.7.  Therefore  the  mineral  m\iCi  con- 
tain in  200  pans  90.3  of  flrontites. 

Now,  the  infoluble  reiiduum  of  1C7  parts  v.-as  pure 
fulphat  of  ftrontites;  and  we  have  ften  that  it  cont  lin- 
ed 0C.3  of  llrontites.  Tlierclore  the  fjlphuric  acid  niuil 
arp(-unl  to  76.7  partsf.  -j-yiwr.  eij 

Nearly  in  the  lame  manner  as  in  the  firft  cf  thefsex-  -''■«■  ^>'° 
amplcs,  may  the  analyfis  of  caibonat  of  lime  andbary'es  -^^"''•'•I'-'- 
be  J  erformed  ;  and  nearly  in  tiie  l^rne  manner  witii  'ho 
fec<  nd,  we  may  analyfe  the  fulplia's  of  lime  and  barytes.        ,,  . 

Piiofphat  of  lime  may  be  dilfolved  in  muriatic  acid,  phofpluw, 
and  the  lin.e  precipitated  by  Iblp'iuric  acid,  and  its 
quantity  afcertained  by  decompi  fiag  the  fulphat  of  lime 
obtained.  The  liquid  foiution  may  be  evaporated  to 
the  confillence  of  honey,  m'xed  with  charcoal  powder, 
and  dillillcd  in  a  ifrong  heat.  By  this  means  pholpho- 
rus  will  be  obtained.  The  iiiijinrlties  wirh  which  the 
pholphat  may  be  contaminate  J  will  partly  remain  undif- 
folved,  and  be  pai;ly  dilfolved,  in  muriatic  acid.  They 
may  be  deteiffed  and  alcerlained  by  the  rules  laid  dowit 
in  the  fecond  fetiion  of   tlrs  chapter. 

The  fluat  cf  lime  miy  be  miietl  with  fulpburic  acid 
and  diflilled.  The  fluoric  acid  will  come  over  in  the 
form  cf  gas,  and  its  weigl'.t  may  be  afcertained.  Wha: 
rennins  in  the  retort,  which  \\iU  confdl  chiefly  of  ful- 
phat of  lime,  may  be  analyled  by  the  rules  already  laid 
down. 

The  borat  of  lime  may  be  dilfolved  in  nitric  or  fu!- 
pluiiic  acid.  The  folution  may  be  evaporated  to  dry-  rat.. 
iitfs,  and  the  b'iracic  acid  ftparated  from  the  refiduiini 
by  means  ol  alci  Iml,  which  will  dilfolve  it  without  sit- 
ing on  any  of  the  rither  ipgredieut«.  The  rem.iiader 
of  tiie  dry  niafi  may  be  analyfed  by  the  lules  laid  down 
in  Stiff.  II.  ot  this  Chapter. 

Sect.  III.     0/ lis  Jn-ih/it  cf  Comhujij.'fj. 

The  only  combuftibles  of  whofe  analyfis  it  will  bi 
necelfary  to  fpeak  arc  coals  and  fuliliur ;  for  the  m-- 
thod  of  analyling  the  diamond  and  oil  has  already  been 
given  in  the  article  Chi.mistrv,  Su/i/).'.  ^ig 

Coal  is  comp'  fed  of  carbon,  biuimen,  and  fome  pnr-  E.irtht  of 
tion  of  earth.     The  earths  may  be  detected  by  burnirg  eoalliuw 
completely  a  portion  cf  the  coal  to  be  analyfed.     The  •^^''^ineJ. 
alhcs  wliich   leniain   after   incincation   confill  of   the 
eaithy  pjit.     'i'Jitir  nature  may  be  afcertained  by  the 
rules  l.iid  down  in  Sect.  II.  of  this  Chapter. 

For  the  metfoii  i.f  ;,kiitaining  the   pro^iortion  of 
carbon  and.  bitumen  in  coal,  we  are  indebted  to  Mr       -,9 
Kii  '.van .  Mithod  of 

When  r.itre  is  he.ited  red  hot,  and  charcoal  is  thrown  dctccVing 
on  it,  a  vit>ient  deionaiion  takes  place  j  and  if  the  quan-    ''  ■'"='""'« 
lily  of  charcoal  be  fulljcicnt,  tlie  iiitte  is  completely  dc-  ofcharcoil* 
ccjcp'  fee'.     Nov,  it  requires  a  certain  quantity  of  pure  ,„,]  hUu- 
".  "^l  2  taibon  men. 


Hudtj, 


.•ir 

-Vnd  bo-- 


548 

Aiialyf  •  of 

AliiitraU. 


tycjv.  E- 
tf.i/iT.  xi. 

6i6l 


MINERALOGY. 


lA  edit. 


^  Miner  J' 
/oi^v,  ii, 
s'ii. 


Met),iHl  cf 

aiulyfmg 
li.liihur. 


carbon  to  deeompofe  a  given  weight  of  nitre.  From 
ihesxperiments  nt  Lavoilier,  it  fullows,  ih.it  when  the 
detonation  is  performeJ  in  clofe  vellels  under  water, 
13.21  parts  of  chircoal  are  capable  ofdecompolinj;  100 
parti  of  nitre.*  But  when  the  detonation  is  pertorm- 
ed  in  an  open  crucible,  a  Imallsr  pioportirn  of  charcoal 
is  neccJiaiy,  bec.uil;  part  of  the  nitre  is  deconipifed  by 
the  adion  of  ihe  furrcundinj'  air.  Schecle  toumi,  that 
under  tliefe  circumftance-.  10  parts  of  plumbago  were 
fulhcient  to  decojiipofe  96  parts  of  nitre,  and  Mr  Kir- 
wan  fi'ii'.d,  ihat  nearly  the  fime  quantity  of  charcoal 
was  rufiiJent  fcr  producing  the  fame  tffjit. 

M,.ciiuer  lon<;  ago  obferveJ,  that  no  volatile  oily 
matter  uill  dL-tonatc  with  nitre,  unlef:,  it  be  previoufly 
reduced  toachdrco.il ;  and  th.u  then  its  efTea  upon  nitre 
is  precifcly  pioporii.  nal  to  the  charco.il  which  it  con- 
tains, f.  Mr  Kii  wan,  upon  trying  the  cxpetin.ent  with 
ve''elable  pich  And  vi'iUha,  found,  that  tlicfc  fubllances 
did  not  detonate  wiUi  nitre,  but  merely  burn  upon  its 
furface  with  a  white  or  yellow  flame  ;  and  that  after 
they  were  confumed,  nearly  the  fame  quantity  of  char- 
coal was  nccelfary  to  deeompofe  the  nitre  which  would 
have  been  required  if  no  bitumen  had  been  ufed  at  all  J. 
Now  coals  are  chiefly  compofed  of  ch.ircoal  and  bitu- 
men. It  occurred  therefore  to  Mr  Kirwan,  that  the 
quantity  of  charcoal  which  any  coal  contains  may  be 
afcertaincd  by  detonating  it  with  nitre:  For  fince  the 
bitumen  of  the  coal  has  no  eifeift  in  d.-compofing  nitre, 
it  is  evident  that  the  detonation  and  decompofition 
muil  be  owing  to  the  charcoal  ot  the  coal;  and  that 
therefore  the  quantity  of  coal  necefury  to  deeompofe  a 
given  portion  of  nitre  will  indicate  the  quantity  of  car- 
bon which  it  contains  :  and  the  proportion  of  ch.ircoal 
and  earth  which  any  coal  contains  b:ing  ai<:ertained,  its 
bituminous  part  may  be  eafily  had  from  calculation. 

The  crucible  whidi  he  ufed  in  his  experiments  was 
large  ;  it  was  placed  in  a  wind  furnace  at  a  dilhince 
from  the  flue,  snd  the  heat  in  every  experiment  was  as 
t<iual  as  polTible.  The  moment  the  nitre  was  red  hot, 
the  coal,  previoufly  reduced  to  fmall  pieces  of  the  iize 
of  a  pin  head,  was  projected  in  portions  of  one  or  two 
grains  at  a  time,  till  the  nitre  would  no  longer  deto- 
nate; and  every  experiment  was  repeated  feveral  times 
to  enfure  accuracy. 

He  foimd,  th.it  480  grains  of  nitre  required  50 
grains  of  Killtenny  coal  to  deccmpol'e  it  by  this  me- 
thod. Tiiereibre  10  grains  would  havedecompoicd  96 
of  nitre  ;  precifcly  the  quantity  of  charcoal  which  would 
have  produced  the  fame  efFecl.  Therefore  Kilkenny 
coal  is  Tiiipofed  almod  entirely  of  charcoal. 

Cannei  coal,  when  incinerated  left  a  refiduum  of 
3.12  in  the  100  parts  of  earthy  alhes.  66.5  grains  of 
it  were  required  to  deeompofe  4S0  grains  ot  nitre;  but 
50  parts  of  charcoal  would  have  been  fuSicient  :  there- 
fore 66.5  grains  of  cannel  coal  contain  50  grains  of 
charcoal,  and  2.08  of  esrth  ;  the  remaining  14.42 
grains  muft  be  bitumen.  In  this  manner  may  the  coin- 
pofiti^n  c  f  any  other  coal  be  afcert.iined. 

As  for  fulphur,  in  order  to  alcertain  any  accidental 
impurities  with  which  it  may  be  contaminated,  it  ought 
to  be  boiled  in  thirty  times  its  weight  of  v/ater,  after- 
wards in  diluted  muriatic  acid,  and  laltly  in  diluted  ni- 
trii-murialic  acid.  Tlie!'e  fiibftances  will  deprive  it  of 
ail  its  impurities  without  a(5ling  on  the  fulf.hur  itfelf, 
at  leaft.  if  the  proper  cautions  be  attended  to.     The 


Chap.  IV. 

fulphur  may  then  l)e  dried  and  weighed.        The  defl    Analyfis  of 
ciency  in  weight  will  mark  the  qtiaiititv  of  the  fubllan-  Minerals 
ces  which  contaminate  the  i'ulphnr-     The  folutior.s  may 
be  evaporated  and  examined,  according  to  tlie  rules  laid 
down  in  the  fecond  and  fourth  tedious  of  this  chapter. 


Sect.   IV.     Of  the  analyfts  of  Ores. 


311 


The  method  of  analyfi;  g  ores  mnil  vary  cnnfider-  No  raicral 
ably,  acconling  to  the  metals  which  they  are  fufpsifleii  mctliod  of 
to  contain.      A  general  method,  thtreiore,  01  analyfing  anaiyfing 
would   be  of  no  ufe,  even  if  it  could  be  given,   becatife  '■'''"• 
it  would  be  too  complicated  ever  to  be  pr.iCtifed.     We 
ni.ill  content  ourfclves  witli  exhibiting  a  fiithcient  num- 
ber of  the  analyles  oi  ores,  to  lake  in  niott  of  tlie  cafes 
which  can  occur.     He  wiio  wilhes  for  more  information 
on  the  fnljeft,  may  cont'ult  the  treatile  of  Bergman  on 
the  Analyfs  of  ores  ;    Mr  Kivwan'.'.  trtatiie  on  the  lame 
fubjed;   and,    above  all,   he  ought  to  ftiidy  the  nume- 
rous analjfss  of  ores  which  ha. e  been  publilhed  by  Mr 
Klaproth. 

I.     Analyfes  of  Red  Silver  Ore. 

Mr  Vauquelin  analyfed  this  ore  as  follows  :  Metluid  of 

Wi   reduced  100  parts  of  it  to  fine  powder,   poured  analyfing 
over  it  500  parts  of  nitric  acid  previoufly  diluted  wiih  "<*  iilvcr 
water,  and  applied  a  gentle  heat  to  the  mixture.     'I'he  °"' 
colour  of  the  powder,   which  before  the  ni.xiure   with 
nitric  acid  was  a  deep  purple,  became  gradually  ligliter, 
till  at  la!l  it  was  pure  v/hite.       During  this  ch  inge  no 
nitrous  pas  was  extricated  ;  hence  he  concluded,  that 
the  metals  in  the  ore  were  in  the  Hate  of  oxyds. 

When  tlie  nitric  acid,  even  though  b.^iled  gently, 
did  not  appear  to  be  capable  ot  dilfilving  any  more  of 
the  powder,  it  was  decanted  off,  and  the  leliduum,  af- 
ter beins;  carefully  wafhed,  weighed  42.06. 

Upon  thefe  42.06  parts  concentrated  muriatic  acid 
was  poured  ;  and  by  the  application  of  heat,  a  confi- 
derable  portion  was  diliolved.  The  rtfiduutn  was  re- 
peatedly wafned  with  muriatic  acid,  and  then  dried. 
Its  weight  was  14.6666.  One  portion  of  thefe  14.6666 
parts,  when  thrown  upon  burning  coals,  burnt  with  a 
blue  flame  and  fulphureous  fmell.  Another  portion 
fublimed  in  a  clofe  vcffel  without  leaving  any  reliduum. 
In  rtiort,  they  iiad  all  tlie  properties  c  f  fulphur.  There- 
f)re  100  parts  of  red  filver  ore  contain  14.O666  of  lul- 
phur. 

The  muriatic  add  folution  was  nov?  diluted  with  a 
great  quantity  cf  water;  i^  lecanie  milky,  and  depofited 
a  white  fl.'.ky  powder,  which  when  w.dhed  and  dried 
weich.ed  21.25.  This  pov/der,  vvlien  heated  with  tar- 
tar in  a  crucible,  was  converted  into  abhiifli  white  brittle 
metal,  of  a  foliated  texture,  and  pcfrL-trnig  all  the  other 
properties  of  antimony.  Red  fiiver  ore  therefore  con- 
tains 2  I  2J  of  oxyd  of  antimony. 

The  folution  iu  nitric  acid  remained  now  to  be  e.Ta- 
mined.  When  muriatic  acid  was  poured  into  it,  a 
copious  white  precipit  ite  appeared,  which,  when  wafh- 
ed and  dried,  weighed  72.66.  It  had  all  the  properties 
of  murlat  of  filver.  According  to  Mr  Kit  wan's  tallies, 
72.66  of  muriat  of  filver  contain  60.57  of  oxyd  ot  filver. 
Therefore  red  filver  ore,  according  10  this  analyfts,  is 
compofed  of  60.57  oxyd  of  lllver, 

21.25  oxyd  of  antimony, 
14.66  fulphur. 
'96.48 

Tht 


Chap.  IV. 


MINERALOGY. 


Analyfisof 
Minerals. 


35.1 
Analylis  of 
antinionia- 
tcd  Clvcr 

ore. 


Aniilyfis  (if 
grey  cop- 
per ore. 


The  lofs-,  which  amounts  to  3.52  parts,  is  to  be  afcri- 
lied  to  unavoidable  errors  wLicli  attend  fuch  experi- 
ments. 

II.     Antitnoniated  S:lver  Ore. 

Klaproth  analyled  this  ore  as  follows  : 

On  100  parts  of  the  ore,  reduced  to  a  fine  powder, 
he  poured  diluted  nitric  acid,  raifed  the  mixture  to  a 
boiling  heat,  and  after  jjouiiiig  off  the  acid,  added  new 
quantities  repeatedly,  till  it  would  dilfolve  nothing  more. 
Tiie  reliduuni  was  of  a  greyilh  yellow  colour,  and 
weighed,  when  dry,   26. 

'J  hofe  26  parts  he  digefted  in  a  mixture  of  nitric  and 
muriatic  acid  ;  pirt  was  dilfolved  and  pait  Hill  remain- 
ed in  the  form  of  a  powder.  This  reliduum,  when 
Widhed  and  dried,  weighed  13  parts.  It  had  ihe  pro- 
perties of  fulphur  ;  and  when  burnt,  left  a  reliduum  of 
one  part,  which  had  the  properties  ot  lilica.  Antimo- 
niated  filver  ore,  therelorc,  contains,  in  the  100  part;, 
12  parts  of  fulphur  and  i  of  lilica. 

When  the  nitromuiiatic  folution  was  diluted  with 
about  20  times  its  weight  of  water,  a  white  precipitate 
appeared;  which,  wht.n  heated  to  rednel«,  became  yel- 
low. Its  weight  was  13.  No  part  evapurated  at  a  red 
heat:  therefoie  it  contained  nn  arfenic.  On  burning 
co.ils,  efpecially  when  ioda  was  added,  part  was  reduced 
to  a  metal,  having  the  properties  ot  antimony  ;  and  in 
a  pretty  liigh  heat,  the  whole  cvapoiated  in  a  grey 
fmoke.  Thefe  1 3  parts  were  thciefore  oxyd  of  antimo- 
ny :  They  conta'n  about  10  patts  of  metallic  antimo- 
ny ;  and  as  the  Rate  of  oxyd  was  produced  by  the  ac- 
tion of  the  nitric  acid,  we  may  conclude,  that  aatimo- 
niated  filver  ore  contains  10  p.irts  of  antimony. 

The  nitric  acid  foluti..n  rem.iined  Hill  to  be  exami- 
ned, it  was  ot  a  gre.n  col;  ur.  AViien  a  folution  of 
common  fait  was  poured  in,  a  white  precipitate  was  ob- 
tained, which  piliefiid  the  propeities  of  muriat  of  fil- 
■ver.  When  dried,  it  weighed  by. 75  parts  ;  and  when 
reduced,  65.81  parts  of  pure  filver  were  obtained  from 
it.  Antimi)niated  lilver  ore,  therefore,  contains  65. Si 
of  filver. 

Into  the  nitric  acid  folution,  thus  deprived  of  the 
filver,  he  dropped  a  Ittle  of  the  folution  of  fulphat  of 
foda  ;  but  no  piecipiiatc  appeared.  Therefore  it  con- 
tain ;d  no  lead 

He  fupcriaiurated  it  with  pure  ammonia,  on  which  a 
grey  precipitate  .iiipcaiev!.  When  dried,  it  weighed  5 
parts.  This,  on  buni'ng  coals,  gave  out  an  arl'cnical 
imsU.  It  was  redillolved  in  nitric  acid  ;  fulpiiuiated 
alkali  occafioned  a  fniutly  brown  precipitate;  and  ptuf- 
lic  alkali  a  prullian  blue,  which,  after  torrefaftion,  was 
magnetic.  Hence  he  conclude,  that  thefe  5  parts 
W'ere  a  combination  ot  iron  and  arfenic  .icid. 

The  nitric  loluiion,  which  hud  been  luperfaturated 
with  ammonia,  was  bluv  ;  he  therefore  fufpeiScd  th.it 
it  cont lined  cupper.  T'>  difcover  this,  he  faturaied  it 
with  fulphuiic  .icid,  and  put  into  it  a  pohlhed  plate  of 
iron.  The  quantity  of  copper  was  fo  fmall,  that  none 
could  be  cuilcfted  on  the  iron. 

III.     Grey  Copper  Ore. 

Klaproth  an.ilyfcd  this  >•■:«  as  fallows : 

Three  hundred  gr.iin^  of  it,  not  completely  freed  from 
its  matrix,  were  reduced  to  a  hne  pnwJer  ;  four  times 
their  weight  of  nitric  acid  was  poured  ud  them,  and  the 


whole  was  digefted.       The  acid  was  then  poured  f'ff,  . 
and  an  equal  quantity  again  digelled  on  the  refiduum. 
The  two  acid  folutions  were  mixed  together.     The  r-j- 
fiJuuni   was  of  a  ycllowilh  grey  colour,  and   weighed 
188  grains. 

On  this  refiduum  fi.x  times  its  weight  of  muriatic  acid 
was  boiled.  The  refiduum  was  wafn-d,  firil  with  mu- 
riatic acid,  and  alterwards  with  alcohol,  and  the  wafh- 
ings  added  to  the  muriatic  acid  fr  lution.  The  refidu- 
um, when  diied,  weighed  105.5  gr^'ins.  Part  of  it 
burned  with  a  blue  H.ime  ;  and  was  therefore  fulphur. 
The  refiduum  amounted  to  80.25  gi'iiins.  and  had  the 
properties  of  fiiica.  When  melted  with  black  flux, 
about  -}ths  of  a  grain  of  filver  were  ob  ained  from  it. 
Tiius  300  parts  of  grey  copper  ore  cci;tain  25.25  gr. 
of  fulphur,  and  79.5  of  fiiica. 

The  muriatic  acid  folution,  which  v/as  of  a  ligf.t  yel- 

1  iw  colour,  was  concentrated  by  diltill.ition,  a  few  cry- 
Itals  <if  muriat  of  filver  appeared  in  it,  which  contained 
about  :jth  grain  of  filver.  The  folution,  thus  concen- 
trated, was  diluted  with  a  great  quant  ty  of  water  ;  a 
white  precipitate  was  depofited,  which,  when  dried, 
weighed  97.25  grains.  It  poffefied  the  properties  of 
oxyd  of  antimony,  and  contained  75  grains  of  antimo- 
ny. Therefoie  300  grains  of  giey  copper  ore  contain 
70  of  antimony. 

The  nitric  acid  folution  was  of  a  clear  green  cclour. 
A  folution  of  common  fstlt  occafioned  a  wliitc  precipi- 
tate, wliich  was  muriat  of  filver,  and  from  which  31.5 
grains  of  filver  were  obtained. 

A  little  fulphat  of  potafs,  and  afterwards  fulphuric 
Kcid,  were  added,  to  fee  whether  the  folution  contained 
le.id  ;  but  no  precipitate  appeared. 

The  folution  was  then  fupeifaturated  with  ammonia  ; 
a  loofe  flaky  brownilli  red  precipitate  appeared,  which, 
when  heated  to  rednefs,  became  browniih  black,  and 
weighed  9:jlh  grains.  This  precipitate  was  diii olved 
in  muriatic  acid;  half  a  grain  01  matter  rem;Mnec!  un- 
dilfolveil,  which  was  fiiica.  The  muriatic  acid  folution, 
when  pruQic  alkali  was  added,  afforded  a  blue  precipi- 
tate; and  Ioda  afterwards  precipitated  i  5  grains  of  alu- 
mina. Therefore  300  grains  of  prey  copper  ore  con- 
tain 7.25  grains  of  iion,  and  1.5  of  alumina. 

lato  the  nitric  filuti.n  fuptiiaturated  with  ammo- 
ni.i,  and  which  was  if  an  a/ure  blue  colour,  a  prlilheJ 
plate  of  iron  was  put:  By  this  method  69  grains  of 
copper  were  ob'sincd. 

IV.     Sulphuret  of  Tin, 

Klapro'h  analyfed  this  ore  as  follows:* 
On  1^0  trains  of  the   ore  reduced   to  powder,  fix 
times  ihcir  weight  of  nitro-muriaiic  acid,  cnmpofed  of 

2  parts  of  muriatic,  and  1  of  nitric  acid,  were  poured. 
There  remained  nndillolved  43  grains,  which  liad  the 
appearance  oi  lu'pliur;  but  containing  green  fp.i?s,  was 
fufpefl?d  not  to  be  pure.  Alter  a  gentle  oombuftion, 
13  grains  reni;.lncd  ;  8  of  which  were  dilfolved  in  nitro. 
muri  itic  acid,  and  added  to  the  firfl  folution.  The  rc- 
maini.ig  5  were  fepa'aicd  by  the  fibre,  and  heated 
along  with  wax.  By  thia  miihod  about  a  grain  of  mut- 
ter was  obtained,  which  was  attrac^t-d  l>y  the  niignet ; 
and  which  therefore  was  iron.     The  refiduum  wen^iied 

3  grains,  and  was  a  mixture  •  f  alumina  ai  d  lilica.  Thus 
1 20  grains  of  fulphuret  of  tin  contain  30  grams  of  ful- 
piiur,  I  of  iron,  and  3  of  alumina  and  lilica. 

The 


549- 

>-.a;)Us  of 

Mi.'icrals. 


t/Qrti  in  tit 
t\J,b  cf 
Ccrnicailj 

p.  48- 

Analyfw  o£ 

fiilpliiirct 
of  till. 


550 

AnaljrCs  ot 
Mir.tralB. 


316 

Analyfis  cf 
pluiuSlfe- 
rcus  iiitti- 
moniafcd 
river  ore. 


MINERALOGY.  Chap.  IV. 

The  nitro-muriatic  foluiicn  was  completely  preclpi-  poratlon  ;  and  then  adding  a  fohition  of  fulphat  of  foda,  Ar.»lyni  cf 

tated  bypotafs.     The  precipitate  was  of  a  greyllh  Kre<;a  :i  whirc  precipitate   v  as  obtained,   wliidi  had  die  pro- ^^JJlt|".j|^ 

colour.     It  was  wadied  and  dried,  and  again  diU'olved  pertico  of  lulphat  of  lead,  and  weighed  43  grains.     Il 

in  diluted  muiiatic  acid.     Into  the  folution  a  cylinder  contained  32  grains  of  purclcnd. 

of  pure  tin  was  put,  which  wei;;hedex:naiy  217  grair  s.         He  now  poured  ammonia  into  the  foluti.  n  ;  a  pale 

The  fol-Jtion  became  gradually  colonrlcfs,  and  a  quan.  brown    precipitate    was   obtained,  which  weighed  40 

lily  of  cnpper  precipitated  on  tiie  cylinder  of  (in,  which  grains,  and  which  appeared   to  confi;^  of  oxyd  of  iron 

Wiighed   44   grains.       To  fee  whether  it  was  pure,  a  and  alumina.     He  itdiliulved  it  in  ni:ric  acid,  precipi- 

qujr.tity    of  nitric  acid  was  dig:(led  on  it  ;  the  whole  lated  the  iron  by  piullir  alkali,  and  tic  alumina  by  io- 

wasdi.Tolved,  except  one  grain  of  tin.     Tlierefore  120  da.     Tlu  alumina  after  being  h.eated  to  redr.cfs,  weigh- 

gralns  of  fulphuret  of  tin  contains  43  grain?  of  copper,  ed  28  gr..ins  ;  confequcndy   ihe  oxyd   of  iron  was  iz 

grains,  which  is  equivalent  to  9  grains  of  iron. 

VI.     Molybdnt  of  Lead.  f  ^l'"- 

Mr  Halchett  analyfcd  this  ore  as  follows  f  :  Isiivi.  120. 

On  250  grains  of  the  ore,  reduced  to  a  fine  powder,        327 
he  pomed  an  ounce  of  ftrong  fulphuric  acid,  and  digefl-  Analyfis  of 
cd  the   mixture  in  a  llrong  heat  for  an  hour.       When  "y''Jyl^_'i^' 
the  folution  v/as  cool,    and  had  fettled,  he  decanted  tt ' 
I'lF,  and  wafli^d  the  undilfolved  powder  with  pure  wa- 
tei,  ti'l  it  came  away  tallelcfs.     This  operation  was  re- 
peatsil    twice   mure;  fo  that  three  cuncis  of  fulpliuric 
acid  were  ufed.       All  lh;ie  fokuions  weie  mixed  toge- 
ther, and  filtered. 

Four  ounces  of  a  folution  of  carbonat  of  foda  were 
poured  upon  tbc  powder  which  remained  undiHblved, 
and  which  conlhled  ot   lulphat  ot  lead.     The  mixture 


The  cylinder  of  tin  now  weighed  only  128  grains 
fo  that  <S9  grains  had  been  diffolvtd.  Into  1  he  folution 
a  cylinder  of  7.inc  was  put  ;  upon  which  a  quantity  ot 
tin  precipitated.  When  wallied  and  dried,  it  weigiied 
130  prains.  The  tin  he  melted  v.ith  tallow  and  pow- 
dered  charcoal ;  and  when  cold,  he  wall-.ed  cfF  tlie  char- 
co.tl.  Among  the  tin  globules  were  found  tome  bl.ick 
flocculi  cf  iron,  which  weighed  one  grain.  Dedufling 
this  grain,  and  the  09  grains  of  the  tin  cylinder  which 
had  been  dilFolvcd,  we  lee  that  the  122  grains  of  ful- 
phuret of  tin  contained  40  grains  (  f  tin  bcfides  the  grain 
which  had  been  detefied  in  the  copper. 

V.  Plumbiferous  Antimoniated  Silver  Ore. 

Klaproih  analyfed  this  ore  as  follows  : 

He  d^gefted  400  grains  ot  it,  reduced  to  a  fipe  pow. 


of  lead. 


der,  firit  in  five  times  its  weijjht  of  nitric  acid,  and  then  was  boiled  for  an  hour,  and   llien  poured  r(F.     The 

in  twice  its  weight  of  the  fame  acid.     He  then  diluted  powder  was  then  walhcd,  and  diiutea  nitric  acid  poured 

thislal^  portion  cf  acid  with  ciglit  times  its  weight  of  on  it:   The  whole  wa»   ciiifolvec,  except  a  little  white 

water,  and  continued  the  digeltion.     The  undiflblved  powder,  wliich,  when  waliied,  and  oried  on  a  filter  by 

refiduum,  when  Wdllicd  and  dried,  weighed  326  grains,  the  heat   ot  boding    tvater,  weighed   feven  tenths  of  a 

On  this  refiduum  he  boiled  muriatic  acid  repeatedly,  grain.     It  poflelfed  the  properliis  of  I'llica. 
The  iolution,  on  coding,  depolited  acicular  cryllals.         The  nitric  acid  Iblution   was  faturatcd  with  pure  fo- 

Thefe  he  carefully  tiparaced,  and  put  by.     The  undif-  da;  a   white  precipitate   was    obtiip.ed,  which,  when 

folved  reliduum   weighed  51  grains.       It  had  the  pro-  wafhed,  and  dried  tor  an  hour  in  a  heat  rather  below 

perties  of  fulphur.     When  burned,  it  lel't  one  giain  of  rednels,  weighed  146  giaint.     It  polf^lled  tiie  proper- 

lilica.  ties  ot  oxyd  ot  lead. 

The  muriatic  acid  folution  was  concentrated  to  half  To  fee  whether  liiis  oxyd  of  lead  contained  any  iron, 
its  former  bullc  by  dillillatinn  :  this  made  it  depofite  it  was  didolved  in  dduted  nitiic  acid,  and  the  lead  pre- 
more  acicular  cryllals.  He  continued  the  dillillation  cipitated  by  fulphuric  acid.  Die  Ibkuion  wis  then  fa- 
ns long  as  any  cryrtals  contiiiaed  to  appear.  He  lurated  with  ammonia  ;  a  brown  powder  precipitated, 
then  colleiled  the  wliole  of  ihefe  cryflals  together,  which,  when  dried,  weighed  one  grain,  and  had  ll>e 
They  had   the  properties  of  rniiiiat   of  lead.     When  properties  of  oxyd  of  iron. 

mixed  with  twice  their  weight  uf  blaclc  llux,  and  heat-         Thefulphutic  acid  iolution  was  of  a  pale  blue  colour : 

cd  in  a  crucible  lined  with  charcoal,  they  yielded  i6og  It  was  diluted  with  16  times  its  weight  ot  puie  water. 


jrains  ot  lead. 

Sulphuret  ot  ammonia  was  now  added  to  the  muria- 
tic acid  f)lution  ;    an  orange-coloured  piecipitaie  ap- 


and  then  faturatcd  with  ammonia.  It  became  of  a  deep 
blue  colour,  and  appeared  tui  bid.  In  24  hours  a  [lale 
yellow  precipitate  lublided,  which,  when  collected  on  a 


peared,  which  Ihewed  that  the  folution  contained  anti-  filter,  and  dried  by  a  boiling  water  lieat,  weighed  4.3 

inony.       It    was   precipitated  by  a  copious  elfulion  of  graiii"^.    its  colour  was  yellowitli  brown.    Miriatic  acid 

water,  and  by  loda.     The  oxyd  of  antimony  being  re-  dilfolved  it,  and  prulliat  of  potafs  precipitated  it  from 

duced  to  :>.  mafs  with  Spanifli  loap,  mixed  with  black  its  folution  in  the  Hate  of  prullitn  blue.     It  was  ihere- 

Hux,  and  heated  in  a  lined  crucible,  yielded  28.5  grains  fore  oxyd  of  iron, 

ot  antitn(>ny.  The  fulphuric  acid  folution,  ftturated  with  ammonia, 

Into  the  niti  ic  acid  f  >luti on,  obtained  by  the  firft  part  was  gradually  evaporated  to  a  dry  fait.     This  fdlt  was 

ri  the  procels,  a  folution  of  muriai  of  foda  was  drop-  a  mixture  of  molybdat  ot  ammonia  and  fulpliat  of  aui- 

ped  ;  a  while  precipitate  was  depolited,  and  over  it  aci-  moiiia.     A  ftrong  heat  was  apjdied,  and  the  dillillation 

cular  cryllals.     Thefe  cryllals  he  dilTolved,  by  pouring  continued  till  the  whole  of  the  lulphat  of  ammonia  wa; 

lo-.ling  water  on  the  ])recipitaie.     The  water  was  add-  driven  off;  and   to   be  ceitain   that  this  was  tiie  cafe, 

ed  to  the  nitric  acid  folution.       The  white  precipitate  the  fire  was  railed  till  the  retcit  became  red  hot.     The 

■<vas  muriat  ol  filver  :  when  heated  with  twice  its  weight  refiduum  in  the  retort  was  a  black  blillered  mafs  ;  three 

cf  foda,  it  jielJed  81.5  grains  ot  filver.  ounces  of  nitric  acid,  diluted  with  water,  were  poured 

Hi  now  coiicenirattd  the  nitiic  acid  folution  by  tva-  upoi)  it,  and  diftilled  off.     The  opeiation  was  again  re- 
peated. 


I  Chap.  IV. 


M  I  N  E  R  A  L  O  G  Y. 


S5^ 


Analyfis  of  peated .     By  lliis  methuil  the  oxyd  of  niflybdenum  was 
Muicrals.   converted  into  a  yellow  powdsr,  which  was  yellow  acid 
ot"  molybdenum.     It  weighed  95  grains. 

\'II.     Giey  Ore  of  Maiiganefe. 

}  Jour,  dc 

Min.  N°  Mr  Vaiiquelin  analyfed  this  ore  as  follows  J. 

ivii.  p.  12.      Wiisn  200  grains  of  it  were  expofed  to  a  ftiong  hent 
■J  P     .  in  a  reicrt,  ihcre  came  over  10  grains  of  water,  and  18 

ercy  oreof '-""''''^  inches  <if  oxygen  gas,  mixed  with  a  little  carbo- 

maiigaiidt.  nic  ai:id  fras.  The  mineral  now  wtii^hed  only  176 
grains.  Therefore  the  weight  of  the  pas  was  1 4  grains. 
On  200  grains  of  the  fame  mineral  muriatic  acid  was 
poured,  and  heat  applied.  75  cubic  inches  of  oxy-mu- 
lialic  acid  gas  came  over,  wliich,  though  mixed  with 
fome  carbonic  acid  gas,  enflamed  metals  when  reduced 
to  powder.  When  no  more  gas  came  over,  the  refidn- 
um  was  boiled.  The  whole  was  diifolved,  except  a 
■white  powder,  which  weighed  12  grains,  and  which 
pofreffsd  the  pre  perties  of  filica. 

Caibonat  of  potafs  was  poured  into  tiie  folution  ;  a 
white  precipitate  was  obtained,  which  became  black  by 
expofure  to  the  air,  and  weighed  288  grains.  Strong 
nitric  acid  was  boiled  on  it  repeatedly  to  dryrefs.  It 
became  cf  a  deep  black  colour,  and,  when  well  waflied 
with  water  and  dried,  weighed  164  grains.  'J'his  pow- 
der was  black  oxyd  of  maiiganefe. 

To  iee  whether  it  contained  iron,  nitric  acid,  with  a 
little  fiigar,  was  poured  upon  it,  and  digefted  on  it. 
The  acid  diffolved  it  completely.  Therefore  no  oxyd 
of  iron  was  prefent. 

Into  the  water  with  which  the  black  oxyd  of  man- 
ganefe  had  been  wafned,  carbonat  oi  [oiafs  was  pour- 
ed ;  a  white  powder  precipit.ited,  which,  when  dried, 
weighed  149  grains,  and  which  pofretitdthe  properties 
of  carbonat  of  lime. 


VHI.     Wol.'"ram. 


319 


Aiialyfisof      MefTrs  Vauquelin  and  H edit  analyfed  this  mineral 

wolfram,      as  follows  : 

On  200  parts  of  Wflfram  in  powder,  three  times  its 
weight  of  muiiatic  acid  were  poured,  and  the  mixture 
boiled  for  a  quarter  ot  an  hour:  a  yellow  powder  ap- 
peared, and  the  ff  hition  was  of  a  brown  colour.  The 
acid  was  allowed  to  cool,  and  then  carefully  decanted  off, 
and  the  rtfiduiim  wafhed.  The  refiduum  was  liien  di- 
gelled  for  fome  hours  with  ammonia,  which  diffolved  a 
part  of  it.  The  refiduum  was  walhed,  and  new  muria- 
tic acid  again  poured  over  it ;  then  the  refiduum  was 
digefted  with  ammonia,  as  before  :  and  the  operation 
was  continued  till  the  whole  wolfram  was  diffolved. 

All  the  ammoniacal  i(  lutior.s  being  joined  to};ethcr, 
were  evaporated  todrynefs,  and  the  fait  which  remain- 
ed was  Calcined:  a  yellow  powder  was  obtained :  it 
weighed  134  grains,  and  was  yellow  acid  of  tungden. 

Into  the  mutiaiic  acid  folulions,  wliicli  were  all  mix. 
ed  together,  a  fufficient  quactity  of  fulphuric  acid  was 
poured  to  decompcfe  all  the  fal'.s.  The  folution  was 
then  evaporated  to  drynefs  ;  and  the  files  which  were 
obtained  by  this  evaporation  weie  redill'tlved  in  water. 


A  wlilte  powder  remained,  v.liich  ^veighed  three  grains,  Analyfis  of 
and  wliiLh  portelFed  the  properties  of  hlica.  MaicraU. 

The  excefi  of  acid  of  ihc  foluiion  was  faturated  wirh 
carbonat  ot  potafs;  the  liquor  b:came  brown,  but  n  >- 
thing  precipitated.  When  boiled,  a  red  powder  preci- 
pitaied,  and  the  brown  colour  difappeared.  The  ad- 
dition of  more  caibonat  of  potafs  caufed  a  farther  pre- 
cipitation of  a  yeilowilh  powder.  This  precipitate  con- 
filted  of  the  oxyds  of  iron  and  manganefe  combined. 
Nitilc  acid  was  dillillcd  ctf  it  repeatedly  ;  itwasthen 
boiled  in  acetous  acid.  The  acetous  folution  was  pre- 
cipitated by  jiotafs.  Nitric  acid  was  again  diftilled  off 
it,  and  it  was  again  boiled  in  acetous  acid.  This  pro- 
cefs  was  repeated  till  nitric  acid  produced  no  further 
change.  The  different  powder^  uhicli  could  not  be 
diffulvedin  the  acetous  acid  were  colleifted,  mixed  with 
a  little  oil,  and  healed  red  hot.  The  powder  became 
black,  and  was  attrafted  by  the  magnet.  It  was  there- 
fore oxyd  of  iron.     It  weighed  36  grains. 

The  acetous  folution  crntained  the  oxyd  of  manga- 
nefe :  It  was  precipitated  by  an  alkali,  anJ,  whea  dri- 
ed, weighed  12.5  grains. 

IX.     Oxyd  of  Titanium  and  Iron. 

Vauquelin  analyftd  this  ore  as  follows  :  AnalyGs  of 

A  hundred  parts  tf  the  ore,   reduced  to  a  fine  pow-  "sy<l  >f  ci- 
der, and  mixed  with  400  parts  ot  pot  iU,  were  melteo  '*""">'  ^"^ 
in  a  filvcr  crucible  for  an  hour  and  .1  half.     When  cod, 
the  mixture  was  diluted  with  water ;  a  poA  der  remain- 
ed of  a  brick  red  colour,  which,  when  waihcd  and  dii- 
ed,  weighed  124  parts. 

The  watery  folution  had  a  fine  green  colour;  wlien 
an  excels  cf  muriatic  acid  was  added,  it  becanie  red. 
By  evaporation  the  liquor  loft  its  colour.  When  evapo- 
rated to  drynefs,  a  fait  remained,  which  was  totally  dif- 
folved  by  water.  From  this  folution  caib  r.at  cf  p.n- 
afs  precipitated  two  parts,  which  had  the  properties 
of  oxyd  of  manganefe. 

The  124  parts  t.f  refiduum  v.-ere  boiled  in  a  folution 
of  pure  potafs  tor  an  hour.  The  folution  was  faturated 
with  an  acid,  filtcrtd,  and  carbonat  cf  p.  t  ifs  added, 
which  precipitated  thiee  parts.  Thefe  had  the  proper- 
ties of  oxyd  of  titanium. 

The  remainder  of  the  124  parts  of  refiduu:n,  which 
ftill  was  undilfolved,  was  boiled  with  diluted  muriatic 
acid.  The  liquor  became  yellon',  and  depolited  46  parts 
of  a  white  p.^wder,  with  a  lint  of  red.  This  powder 
was  foluble  in  Uiljjhuric  and  muriatic  acid? :  from  thefe 
folutions,  it  was  precipitated  ot  a  biick  red  colour  by 
the  infufion  of  nut  galls  ;  of  a  green  colour  by  fulphu- 
ret  of  ammonia  and  prulFiat  of  potafs  ;  and  of  a  white 
colour  by  caibonat  of  potafs  and  pure  ammonia.  .\ 
I  od  of  tin  made  thefe  lolutions  red  ;  a  red  of  zinc  made 
them  violet.  Thefe  46  parts,  theicfore,  are  oxyd  cf 
titanium. 

The  muriatic  f.ilution,  from  which  thefe  46  parts 
were  depofited,  formed,  with  pruffiat  of  potafs,  a  pruf- 
fian  blue  ;  and  ammonia  precipitated  from  it  50  pans, 
which  had  the  properties  of  yellow  oxyd  cf  iron. 


INDEX. 


552 


INDEX. 


/JC/AVSE  iron  ore,  n"  225. 
•*^   ^tHnolite,  lliorUiccous,  89. 

lamellar,  90. 

ghury,  91. 

/lihrnantine  fpar,   26. 

JEdflitt,   65. 

JEtiies,  225. 

yf^aric  mineral,  96. 

uigatf,   IcelinJ,   ^$. 

yfii;ue  mari?!e,    36. 

ytlumina,  native,   27. 

Anulgam,  native,   197. 

Amber,    1 78. 

Amiantiii,   85- 

Amph'ibok,  53. 

Amygililoid,    137* 

Anakhne,   68. 

Andrcol'tte,   62. 

AnihracUs,    1 65. 

Ariibracolite,    1 65. 

Antimonicited   lilver   ore,     186. 

Antimony,  native,    248. 

.  grey  oi^s  o'j  249. 

Apatite,  98. 

.^jaa  marina,   36.  and  61. 

Argillaceous  iion  ore,  225. 

Argilllte,   79. 

Arfeniat  of  lead,  241. 

Arfen'ic,  native,  257. 

Arfcn'w-phnfphat  of  lead,   242. 

Ajbeflimte,   86. 

Ajhijloid,  88. 

AJhJlus,   85. 

Ajphalt,    171. 

Auriferous  native  filver,  181. 

Aurifii^mentum,   258, 

Axinile,   1 1 . 

^2a«  de  cuivre,  210. 

B. 
^/j/(j/}  ruby,  28. 
Barofclenhc,  1 04. 
Barytes,  carbonat  of,    103. 

Ailphat  of,  104. 

Bafan'ilt,  93. 
Bafaltine,   52. 

Avi/,  61. 
Bitumen,   166. 

elallic,  172. 

Bifmulh,  native,  254. 

ochre,  256. 

B ack  chalk,   123. 

Blail'tfi  oclohedral  iron  (lone, 

220. 
Blende,  Zi,^. 

Bli.e  calx  ot  copper,  210. 
Bolt,   1 18. 
Boracile,   1 00. 
Breccia,  138. 
i?Wii  red  cipper  ore,  208. 


Briltlenefs,  n°  12. 
Broiun  iron  ore,   223. 

C. 
Calamine,   246. 
Calciform  filver  ore,   1 90. 
Cauiiel  coal,   171.  176. 
Carbon,   162. 
Carbonat  of  lead,   239. 
6'a/'/  eye,  33. 
Celejiiiw,    107. 
Cey Unite,    29. 
67'«.'^,  96. 
Chalcedony,  42. 
C/vr/,   41. 
Chlorite,    7  7 . 
Chryfiberil,   63. 
Chryfolite,    83    98. 

oriental,  63. 

Chryfoprajium,    33. 
Cinnabar,  native,   I9S. 
C/ay,   1 14.  127. 

porcelain,   115. 

common,   116. 

potters,    1 16. 

Coa/,   173. 

cannel,   171. 

Kilkenny,  164. 

parrot,    171.  1 76. 

ipuiiou.':,    177. 

Cobalt  ore,  black,   263. 
— — brown,   264. 

• dull  grey,   261. 

red,   266. 

— white,  262. 

yellow,   265. 

Colour,  8 . 

Columnar  iron  ore,   225. 
Copper  pyrites,   205. 
■ malm,  208. 


Felfpar^ 


n°  58. 
argentine,  49. 


ochre,   20S. 

Corivindum,   26. 
Cork,  mountain,  85. 
Cornelian,  42. 
Corneous  mercury,  200. 

filver  ore,   192. 

Corundum,    26. 
Culm,   Wales,    1 64. 
Cupriferous     fulphuratej 

ore,  189. 
Cy anile,  63 . 
Cymophane,   74. 

D. 
Delphinite,  73. 
Diamond,   163. 
Du£lUity,    12. 

E. 
Eagle  ftone,  225. 
Emerald,   61. 
Emery,   2  1 8. 

F. 

Feel,    I  7 . 
Eel/ite,  SI- 


Fer  oligifte,   221. 

pyrocete,  222. 

Flint,  32. 

Florid  red  copper  ore,  208. 
Fluor,   99. 
FraSure,    13. 
Fragments,   16. 
Fullers  earth,   119. 
G. 

Galena,   233. 
Ganjue,  page  536,  note. 
Garnet,  n°  70. 

-. white,  60. 

Glacies  marlse,  5a. 
Gneifs,    140. 
Gold,  native,   182. 
Granntine,    I42. 
Granatite,  47. 
Granilite,    1 44. 
Granite,    138. 
Granittll,    143. 
Granular  iron  ore,   225. 
Graphite,   211 . 
Green  earth,    123. 

fand  of  Peru,   209. 

Grey  copper  ore,  207. 
Gypjuiv,  97. 

H. 
Humatites,   223.  224. 
Hardnefi,    I  I. 

Hepatic  mercurial  ore,   199. 
Hornblende,   53. 

bafaltic,   52. 

refplendent,  54. 

Hornjlate,  40. 
Hornjlone,  4 1 . 

(hiftofc,  92. 

Hyacinth,   93. 

blanche  cruciforme, 

62. 
Hyalite,  64. 
Hydrofulpburet 

251. 


Lepidoliti,  n»  59. 
Leucite,  60. 
Lilalite,   59. 
Lime,  burat  of,    loo. 

carbonat  of,  96. 

fluat  of,  99. 

phofphat  of,  98,  . 

i\ilph;lC  of,  97. 

Lim:Jlon?,  96. 
Lithomar^a,    1 1 7. 
Eoam,    128. 
Lowland  iron  ere,  226. 

Lujlre,   10. 

Lydian  ftone,  92. 
M. 

Magnetic  iron  ftone,   220. 

fand,  220. 

Malic  hit  e,    211. 

Maltha,    170. 

Manganeje,  black  or  brown  oie 
oi,   273. 

grey  ore  of,  272. 

— — red  ore  of,  275. 

white  ore  of,  274, 

Marl,   124. 

Meadow  lowland  ore,   226. 

Mcnachanite,   284. 

Menalites,   34. 

Mercury,    195. 

Mica,  50. 

AFicaccous  iron  ore,  221. 

Micarcll,  4J. 

j^J/zw^f/a/ caoutchouc,   172. 

pitch,   170. 

tar,   169. 

Molybdena,  279. 

Molybdat  of  lead,  243. 

Morajfy  iron  ore,  227. 

Mould,   125. 

.A/own/ain  blue,   210. 


green,  21 1. 


Mountains,  different,   p.  531, 
Note. 
of    antimony,    Mullen,  149, 

Muriat  of  antimony,   252. 
I.  Mufcovy  glafs,  50. 

Jade,  84.  Jl^r/^n,  81. 

filver    Jargon,  93.  N. 

Ja/pcr,  43.  Naphtha,   167. 

y^/,   1 74.  Nickel  ochre,  268. 

/;o«  ore,   214.  O. 

K.  Objidian,  55. 

Olive  copper  ore,  213. 
Olivine,   83. 
Opal,   33. 
Orpiment,    258. 
O-viJurm,   96. 

84.  Oxygenated  carbonat  of   copper, 

211. 

P. 
PeMlende,  280. 
Peridot,  83. 


/T/^U  81. 

Kraggstone,    1 50. 
Kupjer  lazur,   21c. 

nickel,  267. 

L. 
Eapis  nephrlticus, 

lazuli,  69. 

Lava,   152. 
Lazulite,   69. 
Lead  ochre,  238. 


Index. 

Pari/ite,  n°  56. 

Petroleum,    168. 

Petrofikxy  41. 

Phofphat  of  le^ld,   240. 

Phofphorile,  9^. 

Pierre  a  fufil,   32. 

— —  de  croix,  47. 

Pifiform,  225. 

Pilchjlone,  34. 

Platinum,  native,    193. 

Plutubago,   217. 

Plumbifcrous  aiuimoniated  filver 

ore,   234. 
Plumofe  antimonial  ore,  2jo. 
Porphyry,    151. 

(hillofe,  40, 

PolJIon-,  76. 
Prchniie,   72. 
Pudding  Jlove,    136. 
Pumice,   157. 
Pazzolaiio,    156. 
Py riles,   216. 
Pyromaclnis,   32. 
Pyroxen,  87. 

<^ 

^tartz,  30. 

el.irtic,  31. 

R. 
Realgar,   259. 
/?!?</  antimonial  ore,  251. 

chalk,   121. 

copper  glafs,   208. 

iron  ore,  224. 

lead  ore  of  Siberia,  289. 


MINERALOGY. 


553 


/?fi/  filver  ore,  n°  191. 
Reddle,   121. 
i?ofi  crjftal,  30. 
Rubeliite,  39. 
/e«^j.,   28. 

bahifs,   28. 

boheniian,  30. 

occidental,  36. 

oiftohedral,  28. 

oiiental,  25. 

fpinell,   28. 

S. 
Sagenil:,    283. 
Sand,    127. 
Sandjlonc,    1 3 1 . 
Sappare,  74. 
Supphjr,  oriental,   25. 

occidental,  36. 

Scipiform  iron  ore,   225. 

Seafioth,  81. 

Selenite,  97. 

Serpentine,  75. 

SkiUcr  ipar,  54. 

ShiJIus,  argillaceous,  79. 

Wor/,  46. 

green,  73. 

— —  prifroaric  hexagon,  52. 

• red,  39.  283. 

Shorlite,   38. 
Sienite,   142. 
5'/7f.v,   32. 
Siliceous  Ipar,   78. 
Silver,   n.ltive,    184. 
Sinopk,   30. 


S/a/i-,  n"  79. 

Smaragdite,  80. 

Sommile,   37. 

Sound,    18. 

Sparry  iron  ore,  227. 

Specular  iron  ore,   221. 

laminated,  222. 

Spinel!,  28. 

Slaurolite,   62. 

Slaurolithe,  47. 

Staurotide,  47. 

Steatites,  82. 

Stilbite,  67. 

Streak,  9. 

Strontiles,  carbonat  of,   106. 

fulphat  of,   107. 

Stru&ure,    1 5 . 
Sulphat  of  lead,  244. 

zinc,   247. 

Sulphur,    161. 
Surface,   6. 

Sivampy  iron  ore,  226. 
Swine/lone,  96. 

T. 
Ti^/f,  5 1 . 
Talcite,  51. 
Telefta,    25. 
Texture,   1 4. 
ThalUle,  73. 
Tkumerjiortef  7 1 . 
T;//,    129. 
T'/iz  pyrites,   231. 
Tinjlone,   232. 


Titanilr,  n"  2R5. 
Topaz,  ancient,  83. 
— — —  falfe,  30. 

occidental,   36. 

^— ^—  oriental,  25. 

Saxon,  36. 

Tourmaline,  48. 
Tranfparency,  7. 
Tr,!/,    146. 

TripAi,  44. 

7'f//a,  tellaceous,  96. 

Tungjlen,   277. 

V. 

Vefuvian,   60. 
Vitreous  filver  ore,   187. 
.  copper  ore,  204. 

Volcanic  adies,    158. 
l/ranitie  ochre,  281. 

W. 
Waelen,   1 48 . 
/^/i/'/f  copper  ore,  203. 

lead  fpar,   239. 

Wither  ile,  102. 
Wolfram,  276. 
Wood  tin,  232. 

Y. 
Tanolite,  71. 
Te/loau  chalk,   122. 
copper  ore,  208. 

Z. 
Zeolite,  66. 
Zillertite,   52. 
Zircon,  93. 


Mingun, 

n 

Mlqutlon 


M    I    Q_ 
MINGUN  ^,jWj,  on  the  N 


fide  of  the  mouth  of 

They  have  the  ifland  Anticofti 

N.  lat.  50°  ij',  W.  long.  63"^ 


the  river  St  Lawrence 
S.  diftant  10  leagues. 
Z^'. — Morse. 

MINGO-TOWN,  an  Indian  town  on  the  W.  bank 
of  the  Ohio  river,  86  miles  N.  E.  of  Will's-Town,  by 
tlie  Indian  Path,  and  40  fouth-wefterly  of  Pittlburg. 
It  Itsndi  a  few  miles  up  a  fmall  creek,  where  there  are 
fprings  that  yield  the  petrol,  a  bituminous  liquid. — ib. 

MINGOES,  an  Indian  nation  who  inhabit  near  the 
foutheni  branch  of  the  Sciota  river.  Warriors,  50. 
—ib. 

MINISINK,  a  village  in  Newjerfey,  on  the  N.  W. 
corner  of  the  State,  and  on  the  wellern  fide  of  Dela- 
ware river ;  about  5  miles  below  Montague,  and  57 
N.  W.  of  Brunfu-ick.— Z,^. 

MiNisiNK,  a  townlhip  in  Orange  county,  New-York, 
bounded  eallerly  by  the  Wallkill,  and  foulhcrly  by  the 
St  itc  of  New-Jerfey.  It  contains  2,215  inhabiiants ; 
of  whom  320  are  entitled  to  be  eleiftors,  and  51  are 
flavcs. — ib. 

MIQLIELON,  a  fmall  dcfert  ifiand,  8  miles  S.  W. 
of  Cape  May  in  Newfoundland  ifland.  It  is  the  mod 
wellerly  of  what  have  been  called  the  3  itlands  of  St 
Pierre  or  St  Peter,  and  is  notfo  high  as  the  other  two; 

SuPfL.  Vol.  II. 


M     I     R 

but  its  foil  is  very  indifferent,  and  it  is  not  more  than  Mirateao. 
three-fourths  of  a  league  in  length.     There  is  a  paflage  *>^''^^^*' 
or  channel  from  the  weftward  along  by  the  N.  end  of 
this  iiiand  into  Fortune  Bay  on  the  S.  coall  ot  New- 
foundland.    N.  lat.  47"  4',  W.  long.  55°  55'.       It  is 
fometimcs  called  Muguehn. — ib. 

MIRABEAU  (Hunnore  Gabriel,  O.mtede),  well 
known  both  by  his  writings,  and  the  aiftive  part  which 
he  took  in  bringing  about  the  French  revolu'.ion,  was 
born  in  1749  of  a  noble  family.  Throughout  life,  he 
difplayed  a  fplrit  averfe  from  every  reftrainr,  and  was 
one  of  thcfe  unhappy  geniufes  in  wlmni  the  moll  bril- 
liant  talents  ferve  only  as  a  iconrgc  to  thenilelves  and 
all  around  them.  It  is  t'>ld  by  his  democraiical  pane- 
gyrills,  as  a  wonderful  proof  of  famiW  lyrannv  under 
the  old  government,  that  not  lefs  than  67  lettres  de  ca- 
chet had  been  obtained  by  Mirabeau  :he  father  againft 
this  fun  and  others  of  his  relatives.  This  ftory,  if  true, 
proves,  with  at  leall  equal  force,  what  many  anecdotes 
confirm,  that,  for  his  (hare  of  them,  the  fon  was  not 
lefs  indebted  to  his  own  ungovernable  difpofition  than 
to  the  leverity  of  his  parent.  He  was  indeed  a  monfter 
of  wickedncfs.  Debauchery,  gaming,  impiety,  and  eve- 
ry kind  of  fenfuality,  were  net  enough  for  him.  He 
was  delUtute  of  decency  in  his  vices ;  and  to  fupply  his 
4  A  expences. 


MIR  [ 

Mirabtau.  expjnces,  fcrupled  not  to  perform  tricks  which  would 
^■^''^^"*-'  difgrace  a  thief-catcher.  His  father  and  mother  difa- 
greeing,  commenced  a  procefs  of  feparatlon  ;  when  Mi- 
rabeau,  jull  hberatcd  from  prifon  for  a  grofs  mifde- 
meanor,  was  in  want  of  money.  He  went  to  his  father, 
fided  with  him  againft  his  mother,  on  whom  he  poured 
a  torrent  of  inveiitives  ;  and,  for  loo  guineas,  wiote  his 
lather's  memorial  for  the  court.  He  then  went  to  his 
mother  ;  and  by  a  limilar  conduft  got  the  fame  fum 
from  her  ;  and  both  memorials  were  prefented.  That 
the  father  of  fuch  a  man  (hould  frequently  get  him 
fbut  up  in  prifon,  can  excite  no  furprife  ;  for  confine- 
inent  only  could  withhold  him  from  the  perpetration 
of  crimes, 

Tlie  talents  of  Mirabeau  led  him  frequently  to  em- 
ploy his  pen  ;  and  his  publications  form  the  chief  epo- 
chas  of  his  life.  Hii  lii If  publication  was,  i.  i'Jfai  fur 
le  Defpolifme,  "  An  Elfay  on  Defpotifm,"  in  Svo. 
Next,  in  one  of  liis  confinements,  he  wrote,  2.  a  work 
in  2  vols  Svo,  On  Letlres  dc  Cachet.  3.  ConJuLrations 
Jur  rOrdre  de  Cinc'tnnatus,  8vo.  A  remonftrance  againll 
the  Older  of  Cincinnatus,  propofed  at  one  time  to  be 
eftabliflied  in  America.  The  public  opinion  in  Ame- 
rica favoured  this  remonftrance,  and  it  proved  elitflual. 
4.  His  next  woik  was  in  favour  of  the  Dutch,  when 
Jofeph  H.  demanded  the  opening  of  the  Scheldt,  in  be- 
half of  the  Brabangons.  It  is  entitled,  Doiites  fur  la 
Liberie  de  I'Efcant,  8vo.  5.  Lettre  a  I' Emfereur  Jo- 
feph II.  fur  fan  Rcglcment  concernanl  P Emigration  ;  a 
pamphlet  of  forty  pages,  in  Svo.  6.  De  la  Ca'ijft 
d'Efcompte  ;  a  volume  in  Hvo,  written  againft  that  elta- 
blilhment.  7.  De  la  Banque  d'Efpagne,  Svo;  a  remon- 
ftrance againft  ellablilhing  a  French  bank  in  Spain.  A 
conlroverfy  arifing  upon  this  fubjeft,  he  wrote  again 
upon  it.  S.  Two  pamphlets  on  the  monopoly  of  the 
water  company  in  Paris. 

Soon  after  the  publication  of  thefe  works,  he  was 
fent  in  a  public  charadler  to  the  court  of  Berlin  ;  where 
he  conduced  the  king's  affairs  juft  as  he  had  formerly 
done  tbofe  of  his  father  and  mother,  fully  ready  to  fa- 
crifice  all  parties,  and  to  fell  himfelf  to  the  higheft  bid- 
der. With  Inch  a  difpofition,  he  could  not  long  avoid 
the  notice  of  the  Prulllan  illuminees;  and  Nicolai  Bief- 
ter,  Gedicke,  and  Leuchfenring,  foon  bscanie  his  con- 
ftant  companions.  At  Brunfwick  he  met  with  Mau- 
villon,  the  worthy  difciple  of  Philo  Knigge,  and  at  that 
time  a  profeifor  in  the  Caroline  college.  This  was  the 
man  who  initiated  the  profligate  Marquis  in  the  lalt 
myfteries  of  illuminifm. 

Mirabeau  was  ftillat  Berlin  when  Frederick  l\.  died. 
That  monarch,  as  is  well  known,  was  a  naturalilt,  who 
holding  this  life  for  his  all,  encouraged  the  propagation 
of  infidelity  in  his  dominions,  fiom  wliich  refulted  the 
■very  worlt  confequences  to  the  peace  of  fociety.  Of 
this  truth  his  fuccellor  Frederick  William  was  duly  fen- 
hble  i  and  determined  to  fupport  the  church  eftablith- 
ment  in  tlie  moft  peremptory  manner,  confiftent  with 
the  principles  of  religious  toleration.  He  publiihed, 
therefore,  focn  after  his  accelhon,  anedidl  on  religion, 
which  is  a  model  worthy  of  imitation  in  every  country  ; 
but  it  was  attacked  with  the  greateft  virulence  in  num- 
berlefs  publications.  It  was  called  an  unjuftifiable  ty- 
ranny over  the  confciences  of  men  ;  the  dogmas  fup. 
ported  by  it  were  termed  abfurd  fuperftitions ;  the 
king's  private  characlerand  his  religious  opinions  were 


554    'J  MIR 

ridiculed  and  fcandaloufly  abufed.  The  mod  daring  of  Mirabeau. 
thefe  attacks  was  a  colleiflion  of  anonymous  letters  on  '^^^•'''^^ 
the  conftitution  of  the  Prulllan  ftates,  univerfully  be- 
lieved to  be  the  conipofitiun  of  Mirabeau,  who  certainly 
wrote  a  French  tranllacion,  with  a  preface  and  notes 
more  impudent  than  the  work  itfelt.  The  monarch  is 
declared  to  be  a  tyrant ;  the  people  of  the  PruQian  do- 
minions are  addrelled  as  a  parcel  of  tame  wretches, 
crouching  under  oppreffion  ;  and  the  inhabitants  of  Si- 
lefia,  reprclented  as  ilill  in  a  worfe  condition,  are  re- 
peatedly called  upon  to  roufe  themfelves,  and  alTert 
their  rights. 

About  this  time  he  publifhed,  9.  An  Effui  fur  le 
Se8e  des  llluniina  ;  one  of  the  ftrangeft  and  moft  impu- 
dent books  that  ever  appeared.  In  it  he  defcribes  a 
fedl  exifting  in  Germany,  called  the  Illuminated;  and 
fays,  that  they  are  the  moft  abfurd  and  grofs  fanatics 
imaginable,  waging  war  with  every  appearance  of  lea- 
fon,  and  maintaining  the  moft  ridiculous  fuperjlitions . 
He  gives  fome  account  of  thefe,  and  of  their  rituals 
and  ceremonies,  as  if  he  had  feen  them  all  ;  yet  no 
fuch  fociety  as  he  defcribes  ever  exifted  :  and  Mirabeau 
employed  liis  powers  of  deception,  merely  to  fcreen 
from  obfervation  the  real  illuminati,  by  holding  out  to 
the  rulers  of  flates  this  i^nis  fuluus  of  his  ow  n  brain. 
For  a  while  the  eflay  certainly  contributed  to  blind  the 
eyes  of  the  German  princes  ;  and  Nicolai,  with  others 
of  the  junto,  adopting  the  whim,  called  Mirabeau's  fa- 
natics Ohfcuranteii,  and  joined  with  him  in  placing  on 
the  lift  of  Ohfcuranten  feveral  perfons  whom  they  wilhed 
to  make  ridiculous. 

Long  before  his  initiation  in  the  myfteries  of  illu- 
minifm, Mirabeau  had  been  acquainted  with  all  the  re- 
volutionary powers  of  the  mafonic  lodges ;  nor  did  he 
vi'hen  initialed,  undervalue  thofe  which  flowed,  or  might 
flow,  from  Weilhaupt's  inventive  genius.  On  his  re- 
turn to  France,  he  began  to  introduce  the  new  myfte- 
ries among  fome  of  his  mafonic  brethren.  His  firft  af- 
fcciate  was  the  Abbe  Talleyrand  de  Peiigord,  who  had 
already  begun  to  aft  the  part  of  Judas  in  the  firft  order 
of  the  church.  But  to  have  only  introduced  the  my- 
fteries was  not  fufhcient  for  the  Marquis;  he  would 
have  teachers  come  from  Germany,  who  were  better 
verfed  than  he  was  in  the  illuminizing  arts.  Well  ac- 
quainted with  the  reafons  that  had  induced  the  chiefs 
of  the  Older  to  defer  the  converfion  of  France,  he 
found  means  to  convince  them,  that  the  time  was  now 
come  for  the  accomplilhment  of  their  views  ;  and  at  his 
requeft  a  deputation  was  fent  by  Spartacus  to  illumi- 
nize  that  great  kingdom.  See  Illuminati,  n"  40, 
41,  Suppl. 

When  the  affembly  of  Notables  was  convened  at  Pa- 
ris, Mirabeau  foretold  that  it  would  fnon  be  followed 
by  a  meeting  of  the  States ;  and  at  thjt  period  he  pub- 
liflied  a  volume  againft  the  ftockjobbing,  then  carried  to 
a  great  height,  intitled,  10.  Denonciation  de  ragiatage 
au  Roi,  et  a  I'j-ljjenillee  de  Notables,  8vo.  A  lettre  de 
cachet  was  ilfued  againft  him  in  confequence  of  this  pub- 
lication ;  but  he  eluded  purluit,  and  publifhed  a  pam- 
phlet as  a  fequel  to  the  book.  His  next  work  was 
againft  M.  Necker,  11.  Lettre  a  M.  de  C retells,  fur 
I  Admin'iflration  de  M.  Neckr,  a  pamphlet  in  8vo.  12. 
A  volume,  in  8vo.  againft  the  Stadtholderdiip  :  ^u:i 
Bataves,  fur  le  Stadlhoiiderat.  1 3 .  Obfervatiuns  fur  la 
matfon  de  force  appeUe  Bicetre,  an  Svo  pamphlet.     14. 

Another 


MIR  C     555     ] 

Mirabtau.  Another  trafl,  iniitled,    Confeih  a  un  jeune  Prince  qui    lampoon 


M 


S 


''  fent  la  necejfile  de  reja'ire  Jon  educatlm.  15.  He  now 
proceeJed  to  a  larger  and  more  arduous  work  than  any 
he  had  yet  publifhed,  en  the  Pruflian  monarchy  under 
Frederick  the  Great:  De  la  Manurchie  Piufficniie  fius 
Frederic  le  Grand.  4  vols,  ^to,  or  eight  in  8vo.  In 
this  work,  he  undertakes  to  define  precu'ely  how  a  mo- 
narchy Ihould  be  conftituted.  When  the  orders  were 
illued  for  convening  the  States  general,  Mirabeau  re- 
turned into  Provence  :  and  at  iheiame  time  publifhed, 
16.  Hijlo'ire  Secretle  de  la  Gourde  Berlin,  two  volumes 
ot' letters  on  the  Secret  Hillory  of  the  Court  of  Berlin. 
This  work  was  condemned  by  the  parliament  of  Paiis, 
for  the  unreferved  manner  in  which  it  delivered  the  cha- 
ratSlers  of  many  foreign  piinces.  As  the  eledions  pro- 
ceeded, he  oUered  hinifclf  a  candidate  in  his  own  order 
at  Aix  ;  but  he  was  fo  abhorred  by  the  nobleffe,  that 
they  not  only  reje>5ted  him,  but  even  drove  him  from 
their  pretence.  This  allront  fettled  his  meafures,  and 
he  determined  on  their  ruin.  He  went  to  the  commons, 
difclaimed  his  being  a  gentleitian,  fet  up  a  little  fhop  in 
the  market-place  of  Aix,  where  he  fold  trifles;  and  now, 
fully  refolved  what  line  he  fliould  purfue,  he  courted 
the  commons,  by  joining  in  all  their  excelies  againlt  the 
noble/fe,  and  was  at  lalt  returned  a  member  of  the  af- 
fembly. 

In  confequence  of  this,  he  went  to  Paris ;  where  the 
part  he  took  was  adive,  and  fuch  as  tended,  in  general, 
to  accelerate  all  the  violences  of  the  revolution.  He 
now  publifhed,  periodically,  17.  his  Lettres  a  fes  Com- 
mettani.  Letters  to  liis  Conftituents,  which  form,  when 
colleiSed,  5  vols,  Svo.  It  is  fuppofed,  that  the  fatal 
meafure  of  the  juniflion  of  the  three  orders  into  one  na- 
tional aflembly,  was  greatly  promoted  by  thefe  letters. 
The  public  events  ot  thefe  times,  and  the  part  taken  in 
them  by  Mirabeau,  are  the  fubjeft  of  general  hiftory. 
He  lived  to  fee  the  conflitution  of  1789  eftabliflied,  but 
not  to  fee  its  confcquences — the  deftrudion  of  the  mo- 
narchy, the  death  of  the  king,  and  the  ruin  of  all  pro- 
perty !  He  was  accufed,  as  well  as  the  duke  of  Or- 
leans, of  luring  the  mob  which  attacked  Verfailles  on  the 
5th  and  6th  of  Oilober  1789  ;  but  with  him  was  alfo 
acquitted  by  the  tribunal  of  the  Chatelet.  The  domi- 
nion of  his  eloquence  in  the  National  Aflembly  had 
long  been  abfolute,  and  on  the  29th  of  January  1791, 
he  was  eleifled  prefident.  At  the  latter  end  of  March, 
in  the  fame  year,  he  was  feized  by  a  fever,  and  died  on 
the  2d  of  April. 

The  talents  of  Mirabeau  will  not  be  doubted,  though 
they  were  certainly  rather  brilliant  than  profound.  To 
be  noticed,  and  to  lead,  were  thefole  objeftsof  his  am- 
bition ;  and  for  the  attainment  of  them,  he  took  the 
fide  of  the  difcontented,  as  the  beft  field  lor  his  match- 
lefs  eloquence.  Yet  there  was  no  man  more  devoted  to 
the  principles  of  a  court  than  this  Marquis,  provided  he 
could  have  a  (hare  in  the  adminiftration  ;  and  a  lliare  he 
would  have  obtained,  if  any  thing  mod;^rate  would  have 
fatibficd  him:  But  he  thought  nothing  worthy  of  him 
but  a  place  of  active  truft,  and  a  high  department ;  na- 
tions which  all  knew  him  not  qu.dified  to  fill.  Want- 
ing knowledge  of  great  thing'',  he  was  learned  only  in 
the  bullling  detail  of  intrigue,  and  would,  at  any  time, 
have  facrificed  his  deareft  friend,  and  the  interells  of  his 
country,  tor  an  opportunity  of  exercillng  his  brilliant 
eloquence,  and  indulging  his  propenfity  to  faiire  aud 


But  the  greatell  obftacle  to  his  advancement    Mirago- 
under  llie  old  government  was  the  abject  worthlefincfs       ^"=» 
of  liis  charatfler.     Drinking  was  the  only  vice  in  which  •»n-n-     • 
he  did  not  indulge  ;  and  from  this  he  was  reflraincd  by  v^i-iv-JI£^ 
his  exhaufted  conflitution.     To  his  brother,  the  Vif- 
count,  who    was  frequently  i.Ttoxicatcd,  the  Marquis 
one  day  faid,  "  How  can  you,  brother,  fo  expcfe  your- 
felf  ?"     «'  What  (replied  the  Vifcount)  !  how  infatiable 
are  you?  Nature  has  given  you  every  vice;   and  hav- 
ing left  me  only  this  one,   you  grudge  it  me  !" 

INIIRAGOANE,  a  town  on  the  N.  fide  of  the  fouih 
peninfula  of  the  illand  of  St  Domingo,  and  S.  fide  of 
the  Bight  of  Leogane,  at  the  head  of  a  bay  of  its  name. 
It  is  on  the  road  from  J;reniie  to  Port  au  Prince, 
about  31  leagues  E.  by  S.  cf  the  former,  and  23  VV. 
by  S.  of  the  latter.     N.  lat.  1 8"  27'. — Morse. 

MIRAMICHI,  or  Mirachi,  a  pert,  bay  and  river 
on  the  N.  E.  coall  of  New-Brunfwick.  The  port  is  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river.  The  entrance  into  the  bay  is 
very  wide;  it  has  Point  Portage  for  its  northern  en- 
trance, and  its  fouthern  fide  is  formed  by  Eicuminas 
point,  which  is  53  miles  N.  E.  of  Shediac  hsrbour,  and 
34  S.  E.  of  the  mouth  of  Nipifighit  river,  which  empties 
into  Chaleur  bay.  There  is  a  falmcn  filhery  in  Mi- 
ramichi  river. — ib. 

MIllAY  Bay,  on  the  coaft  of  the  ifland  of  Cape 
Breton,  is  to  the  S.  from  Morienne  Bay.  Large  vcf- 
fels  may  go  up  6  leagues,  and  have  good  anchorage, 
and  lie  fecure  from  all  winds.     N.  lat.  46°  s'>  W.  long. 

59°  49'._;3. 

MIREBALAIS,  an  interior  town  in  the  French 
part  of  the  ifland  of  St  Domingo,  fituated  nearly  12 
leagues  N.  of  Port  au  Prince,  on  the  road  from  that  ci- 
ty to  Varettes ;  from  which  laft  it  is  14  leagues  fouth- 
eaft ib. 

MISCOTHINS,  a  fmall  tribe  of  Indians  who  in- 
habit between  Lake  Michigan  and  the  MillilFippi. — ib. 

MISERY,  an  ifle  between  Salem  and  Cape  Ann  in 
Malfachufetts ib. 

MISKO,  an  ifland  on  the  fouth-weft  fide  of  Chaleur 
Bay,  at  its  mouth. — ib. 

MISSINABE  Lake  is  fituated  in  the  north  part  of 
North-America,  in  lat.  48"  29'  42"  N.  aud  long.  84° 
2'  42"  W — ib. 

MissiNABE  Houfe  is  fituated  on  the  eafl  fide  cf  Moofe 
river,  8  miles  from  Millinabe  lake,  and  80  W.  by  S.  of 
Frederick  Hoofe  ;  and  is  a  Ration  belonging  to  the 
Hudfon  Bay  Company. — ib. 

MISSIQLTASH  River.  Nova- Scotia  and  New. 
Brunfwick  provinces  are  feparated  by  the  ieveral  wind- 
ings of  this  river,  from  its  confluence  with  Beau  Bafin 
(at  the  head  of  Chignedto  channel)  to  i:s  rife  or  main 
fource;  and  from  thence  by  a  due  eafl  line  to  tl.e  bay 
of  Verte,  in  the  ftraits  of  Northumberland. — ib. 

MISSISSIPPI  Ri-jer.  This  noble  river,  which, 
with  its  eallern  branches,  waters  \\vc  cighthi  of  tlie  U- 
nited  States,  forms  their  weftern  btiunJary,  and  fe- 
parates  them  from  the  Spanifh  Pnnince  of  Louifiana 
and  the  Indian  country.  Its  fourres  have  never  been 
explored  ;  cf  courfe  its  length  is  unknown.  It  is  con- 
jcilured,  however,  to  be  upwards  of  3,000  miles  long. 
The  tributary  ftreams  which  fall  into  it  from  the  well 
and  call,  are  numerous,  the  largcft  of  which  are  the 
Miffouri  from  the  well,  and  the  Illinois,  Ohio,  and  Ten- 
ncUee  from  the  call.  The  country  on  both  fides  of  die 
4  A  2  Milllflippi, 


M     I     S 


[    55(>     3 


M    I     X 


MiUburi,  Miffiilippi,  and  on  its  tributary  dreams,  is  equal  in 
II  goodnel'sto  any  in  N.  America.  This  river  isnaviga- 
Miftral.  ^^jg  jg  5j  Anthony's  Falls  without  any  cbftruiftion,  and 
Ibme  travellers  defcribe  it  as  navigable  above  them. 
On  both  fides  of  this  river  are  fait  firings  or  licks, 
which  product;  excellent  fait;  and  on  its  branches  are 
innumerable  fuch  fprings.  Bslides  the  coal  mines  in 
the  upper  parts  of  the  Ohio  country,  there  are  gre.it 
quantities  of  coal  on  the  upper  branches  of  this  river. 
An  illand  of  confiderablc  li/.e  is  formed  by  its  mouths, 
befides  many  fmaller  illes.  Thefe  mouths  are  lituated 
between  the  latitude  of  29°  and  30°  N.  and  between  the 
longitude  of  89"  and  90°  \V. — ib. 

MISSOURI  River,  in  Louifuna,  falls  into  the  Mif- 
fjlTippi  from  the  wetbvard,  18  miles  below  the  mouth 
of  the  IHir.tlis,  195  above  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  and 
about  ii6o  miles  from  the  Balize,  or  mouths  of 
the  Miffiffippi  in  the  gulf  of  Mexico.  We  have  not 
fufiicicnt  knowledge  of  this  river  to  give  any  cor- 
real account  of  the  extent  of  its  navigation.  In 
Capt.  Hutchins's  map,  it  is  faid  to  be  navigable  1300 
miles. — ik 

MISSOURIS,  one  of  the  Indian  nations  who  inha- 
bit the  banks  ot  the  above  river,  having,  it  is  faid,  1500 
warriors. — ii>. 

MISTAKE  B.y,  a  luge  bay  on  the  weft  fide  of  the 
entrance  of  Davis's  Straits,  and  to  the  north  of  Hud- 
fon's  Scrairs  ;  from  which  it  is  feparated  by  a  peninfula 
of  the  north  main  on  the  W.  and  Refolution  Illand  on 
the  fouth.  It  is  to  the  N.  E.  of  Nieva  Ifland,  and  N. 
W.  of  Cape  Elizabeth. — ii. 

MISTAKEN  Cdf>e,  the  fouth  point  of  the  eaftern- 
moft  of  the  Hermit's  ICands,  is  about  3  leagues  E.  N. 
E.  from  Cape  Horn,  at  the  extremity  of  S.  America. 
Between  thefe,  it  is  fuppofed,  there  is  a  paflage  into 
Nalfau  Bay. — ik 

Mistaken  Point,  to  the  weftward  of  Cape  Race,  at 
the  S.  E,  point  of  the  Ifland  of  Newfoundland,  and  to 
the  eallward  of  Cape  Pine,  is  fo  called  becaufe  it  has 
been  frequently  miftaken  by  feamen  for  Cape  Race 
vhen  they  firft  make  the  ifland  from  the  fcuthv/ard, 
though  it  is  2  leagues  VV.  N.  W.  from  it. — il>. 

MISTIC,  or  Myftic,  a  fliort  river  which  falls  into 
the  north  fide  of  Bollon  harbour,  by  a  brond  mouth  on 
the  eaft  fide  of  the  peninfula  of  Charleltovm.  It  is  na- 
vigable for  floops  4  miles  to  the  induftrious  town  of 
Medford  ;  and  is  crolfed,  a  mile  above  its  mouth,  by  a 
bridge  130  rods  in  length,  through  v.hich  velfels  pafs 
by  means  of  a  draw. — ih. 

KISTINSINS,  an  Indian  nation  who  inhabit  on  the 
fouthern  fide  of  tlie  lake  of  the  fame  name  in  Lower 
Canada. — ib. 

MISTISSINNY  Lake,  in  Canada,  on  the  S.  E.  fide 
of  which  is  a  Canadian  Houfe,  or  ftation  for  trade, 
— /i. 

MISTRAL,  the  name  of  a  wind,  which  is  men- 
tioned in  almoft  every  account  that  we  have  of  Pro- 
vence, and  which  is  remarkable  for  blowing  almoit  the 
vhole  year  from  north-well  or  weft-north-weft,  in  a  cli- 
mate where  the  wind  ihould  be  variable.  It  is  faid  to 
contribute  to  the  falubrity  of  the  air,  by  diiperfing  the 
exhalations  of  the  marflies  and  ftagnant  waters,  fo  com- 
xnon  in  the  fouth  of  Languedoc  and  Provence  ;  but  at 
times  it  is  alfo  very  injurious,  or  at  leaft  very  trouble- 


fome.  It  Is  not,  however,  on  either  of  thefe  accounts 
that  it  is  introduced  into  this  Woik,  but  for  the  fake 
of  the  caufes  afligned  by  S.uifllire  for  its  conflancy, 
whicli  may  be  applied  to  other  v.inds  that  nearly  re- 
femble  it ;  and  which  he  found  might  be  reduced  to 
three. 

«'  The  firft  and  moft  effcdual  caufe  (he  fays)  is  the 
fituation  of  the  Gulf  of  Lyons,  the  banks  ol  whicli  are 
the  principal  theatre  of  its  ravages.  This  Gulf,  in 
fail,  is  fituated  at  the  bottom  of  a  funnel,  formed  by 
the  Alps  and  Pyrenees.  All  the  winds  blowing  from 
any  point  between  weft  and  north,  are  forced  by  thefe 
mountains  to  unite  in  the  Gult.  Thus,  winds  which 
would  not  have  prevailed  but  at  one  extremity  of  the 
Gulf,  or  even  much  beyond  it,  are  obliged  to  take  this 
route,  after  having  undergone  the  repercufllon  of  thefe 
mountains  ;  and  the  middle  of  the  Gulf,  inftead  of  the 
calm  which  it  might  have  enjoyed,  is  expofed  to  the 
united  efFurts  of  two  ftreams  of  wind,  defcending  in  dif- 
ferent direftlons.  Hence  arife  tliofe  whirlwinds  which 
feem  to  charafterife  the  miftral,  and  appear  to  have  in- 
duced the  ancients  to  call  it  Circhis,  a  turbine  ejus  ac 
vertigine.     See  ylul.  Gelliui,  1.  ii.  cap.  22. 

"  The  fecond  caufe  is,  the  general  flope  cf  the 
grounds,  del'cending  from  all  fides  towards  the  Gulf; 
which  becoming  all  at  once  lower  and  more  foutherly 
than  the  unds  extending  behind  it,  is,  from  thefe  joint 
circum.rtances,  rendered  the  hotteft  point  of  all  the  ad- 
jacent country:  and,  as  the  air  on  the  fuiface  ot  the 
earth  always  tends  from  tlie  colder  ti)  the  witrrner  re- 
gions, the  Gulf  of  Lyons  is  aftually  the  centre  towards 
v/hith  the  air  from  all  colder  points  between  eaft  and 
weft  muft  prefs.  This  caufe,  then,  alone  would  be  pro- 
duftive  of  winds  direfled  to  the  Gulf,  even  if  the  re- 
percufllon of  the  mountains  did  not  exert  its  influence. 

"  Finally,  it  is  well  known,  that  in  all  gulfs  the  land- 
winds  blow  more  forcibly  than  cppofite  to  plains  and 
promontories,  whatever  be  the  fituation  oi  thofe  gulfs. 
I  apprehend,  indeed,  on  ftridl  examination  (fays  our  au- 
thor), that  this  caufe  is  blended  with  the  preceding  ; 
but  as  the  faifl  is  generally  admitted,  and  in  Ibme  cafes 
can  be  explained  only  by  rcafons  drawn  from  the  effecls 
of  heat,  it  may  not  imprope.ly,  peiliaps,  be  diftiniSly 
menlioned.  It  is,  at  leaft,  necelfary  to  fuppofe,  that 
feveral  caufes  produce  the  miftral,  in  order  to  under- 
ftand  why,  notwilhftanding  the  variablenefs  of  the  fea- 
foBs  and  temperatures,  that  wind  is  {o  Angularly  con- 
ftant  in  Lower  Languedoc  and  Lower  Provence.  A 
very  remarkable  inftance  of  tliis  conftancy  is  recorded 
by  the  Abbe  Papon,  in  his  Voyage  ek  Provence,  torn, 
ii.  p.  81.  He  alferts,  that  during  the  years  1769  and 
1770,  the  miftral  continued  for  fourteen  months  fuccef- 
fively.  But  the  three  caufes  which  I  have  Rated,  taken 
feparately,  will  explain  its  frequency,  and  united,  will 
account  tor  its  force." 

MITCHELL'S  Eddy,  the  firft  falls  of  Merrimack 
river,  20  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  8  above  the  new- 
bridge  which  connefts  Haverhill  with  Bradiord.  Thus 
far  it  is  navigible  for  fliips  of  burden Morse. 

MITCHIGAMAS,  an  Indian  nation,  who  with  the 
Piorias  inhabit  near  the  fettlements  in  the  Illinois  coun- 
try.— ih.  ■ 

MIXT  Angle,  or  Figure,  is  one  contained  by  both 
right  and  curved  lines. 

M1XI 


Miftral, 

II 
Mixt. 


MOD 


[     557    3 


M     O     H 


Mist  Number,  is  one  that  is  partly  an  integer  and    coaft  of  S.  America,  not  far  from  the  Conflables,  and 


partly  a  fradiion  ;  as  34- 

MixT  Ratio,  or  Pro^orlton,  is  when  the  fum   of  the 

antecedent  and  confequent  is  compared  v.ith  the difler- 

ence  of  theantecedei.t  and  confequent; 

.,  C      4  :  3  :  :  12  :  9 

as  if  <       ^     ?  / 

\_       a  :  b   :  :    c    :  d 

,  r      7     :      I        : :     21     :      3 

»^^"  \aib:a-h  -.-.c+d-.c-d. 
MOAGKS  IJlands,  on  the  N.  coait  vi  S.  America, 
in  the  entrance  of  tiie  Gulf  of  Venezuela.  They  ex- 
tend fiom  N.  to  S.  and  l!e  weft  of  the  Ifland  of  Aru- 
ba ;  are  8  or  9  in  number,  and  all,  except  one,  low, 
flat  and  full  of  trees.  The  Ibuthernmoll  is  the  large ll. 
— Mom. 


in  Hbcut  lai.  5°  N.  long.  52°  W. tb. 

MCERIrf,  a  lake  in  Egypt,  occafionally  mentioned 
in  that  article  (^Z'nyv/;,  and  generally  fuppofed  the 
produftlon  of  human  art.  Of  this,  however,  Mr  Brown 
lays  it  bears  no  mark.  "  Tlie  Riape,  as  far  as  was  diltin- 
guilhable,  fetms,  not  inaccurately  laid  down  in  D'An- 
ville's  map,  unltfs  it  be,  that  the  end  neareft  the  Nile 
fliould  run  more  in  a  north  weft  and  fouth-eaft  direc- 
tion. The  length  may  probably  be  between  30  and  40 
miles ;  the  breadth,  at  the  wideft  part  he  could  gain, 
was  50CO  toifes,  as  taken  with  a  fex-ant ;  that  is,  near- 
ly fix  miles.  The  utmoll  poffible  extent  of  circuit 
muft  of  courfe  be  30  leagues.  On  the  north-eaft  and 
i'outh  is  a  rocky  ridge,  in  every  appearance  primeval. 


Mceris, 

II 
Mohacz. 


like  the  works  of  men.  Several  fiihermen,  in  miferable 
boats,  are  conft.tntly  employed  on  the  lake.  The  wa- 
ter is  brackilh,  like  mod  bodies  of  water  under  the  fame 
circumrtances.  It  is,  in  tlie  language  of  the  country, 
Birket-el-keruti,  probably  from  its  extremities  bearir 
fome  refemblance  to  horns. 


mg 


MOFUSSEL,  a  relative  term,  fignifying  the  fub- 


MOBILE,  a  large  navigable  river,  formed  by  tvvo  In  Ihort,  nothing  can  prefent  an  appearance  more  un. 
main  branches  the  Alabama,  and  Tombigbee,  in  the 
fouth  weftern  part  of  Georgia,  juft  below  a  confider- 
able  i(l.,nd,  the  fouth  point  of  which  is  in  about  lat.  31° 
26'  N.  and  long.  87?  55'  VV.  Thence  purfuing  a  fouth 
courfe  into  Weft- Florida,  tiie  confluent  ftream  enters 
tlie  Gulf  of  Mexico,  at  Mobile  Point  in  lat.  30°  17'N. 
J I  leagues  below  the  town  of  Mobile.      Large  vclfels 

cannot  go  within  7  miles  of  the  town.     The  breadth  ordinate  lands  or  diftridts,  oppofed  to'  Sudder,  which 

of  the  bay  is  in  general  about  3  or  4  leagues.       Vaft  is  tlie  head. 

numbers  of  large  alligators  bafk  on  the  flioref,  as  well        MOGHULBUGHKITUM,  or  Muhulbucltiiunt,  a 

as  fwim  in  the  rivers  and  lagoons.       From   the  north-  creek  which  runs  weftward  to  Alleghany  river,  in  Penn- 

eaftern  fource  of  the  waters  of  the  Alabama  to  Mobile  fyUania.       It  is  paffable  in  flat-bottomed  boats  to  the 

Point,  at  the  mouth  of  Mobile  Bay,  is,  according  to  the  fettlements  in  Northumberland  county.       Wheelinj?  is 

beft  maps,  about  460  miles  :  large  boats  can  navigate  its  northern  branch. — Morse. 
350  miles,  and  canoes  much  farther. — ib.  MOHACZ,    Mohatz,   or  Mohoz,  a  town  in  the 

Mobile,  a  city  of  Welt-Florida,  formerly  of  con-  Lower  Hungary,  upon  the  Danube,  between  the  river 
fiderable  fplendor  and  iiriportaiice,  but  now  in  a  ftate  Sarwiza  to  the  north,  and  the  Drave  to  the  fouth  ;  four 
of  decline.  It  is  pretty  regular,  of  an  oblong  figure,  German  miles  from  either,  fu  from  Eifeck  to  the  north, 
and  fituatedon  the  W.  bank  of  the  river.  The  Bay  of  and  nine  from  Colocoa  to  the  fouth.  Tliis  otherwife 
Mobile  terminates  a  little  to  the  north-eaftward  of  tlie  fmall  place  is  memorable  for  two  great  battles  here 
town,  in  a  number  of  marfhes  and  lagoons  ;  which  fub-  fought ;  the  frrft  between  Lewis  king  of  Hungary  and 
jeifl  the  people  to  fevers  and  agues  in  the  hot  feafon.  Solynian  the  Magnificent,  in  1526:  in  which  that  un- 
it is  33  miles  north  of  Mobile  point,  about  40  below  fortunate  Prince  Lewis  (being  about  20  years  old), 
the  junelion  of  the  two  principal  branches  of  Mobile  'with  25,000  men,  fought  300,000  Turks ;  when,  be- 
river,  and  30  W.  N.  W.  of  Penlacola.  There  are  ma-  ing  overpowered  by  numbers,  22,000  of  the  Chriftian 
ny  very  elegant  houfes  here,  inhabited  by  French,  army  were  fliin  upon  the  place  ;  5000  waggons,  eighty 
Englilh,  Scotch,  and  Irlfh.  Fort  Conde,  which  ftands  great  cannon,  600  fmall  ones,  with  all  tlieir  tents  and 
very  near  the  bay,  towards  the  lower  end  of  the  town,  baggage,  were  taken  by  the  vigors  ;  and  the  Ki.^"  in 
is  a  regular  fortrefs  of  brick  ;  and  there  is  a  neat  fquare  his  flight  over  the  brook  Curafs,  fell  into  a  quasrmire 
of  barracks  for  the  officers  and  foldiers.  Mobile,  when  and  was  f«allowed  up.  After  which,  Solyman  took 
in  polfeirion  of  the  Britilli,  fent  yearly  to  London  fkins  and  flew  200,000  Hungarians,  and  got  fuch  a  footlnjj 
and  furs  to  the  value  of  from  12  to  ^'15,000  fterling.  in  that  kingdom,  tliat  he  could  never  lie  expelled.  This 
It  Airrendered  to  the  Spanifh  forces  in  1780. — ib.  fatal  battle  was  fought  Odober  29.     The  fecond,  in 

MOBJACK  Bay,  lets  up  N.  W.   from  Chefapeak  fome  part,  retrieves  the  lofs  and  infamy  of  the  former. 

Bay,  into  Glcucefter  county,  Virginia,  on  the  north  The  Duke  of  Loraine  being  il-nt  by  the  Emperor,  with 

fide  of  York  river. — ib.  cxprefs  orders  to  pafs  the  Drave  and  take  Eileck,  his 

MOCASSIMAH,  in  Bengal,  revenue  fettled  by  a  highncfs,  July   10,   1687,  with  great  di.-liculty  paifej 


divifinn  of  the  produce. 

MOCHULKAH,  bond  or  obligation. 

MOCOA,  a  city  of  Terra  Firma,  S.  America,  fitua- 
ted  at  the  main  fource  of  Oronoko  river,  there  called 
loirchia. — Morse. 

MOCOMOKO,  or  Little  Oronoko,  a  river  to  the  S. 
E.  of  the  great  river  Oioaoko,  on  the  eaft  coall  of  S. 
America,  4  leagues  weftward  of  Amacum. — ib. 

MODER  and  Daughters  JJiands,  a  long  ifland  2 
leagues  eaft  by  fouth  of  the  Father,  or  Vaader  Ifland, 

with  3  fmall  ones,  fo  called,  near  Cayenne,  en  the  eaft    men  upon  the  place  of  battle,  beiides  what  were  drown 

ed 


that  river,  then  exticmely  fwelled  with  rains ;  but  find- 
ing the  Prime  Vifier  encamped  at  Efleck,  with  an  army 
of  100,000  men,  io  ftrongly,  that  it  was  not  poflible 
to  attack  him  in  that  port  without  the  ruin  of  the  Chri- 
ftlan  .army,  he  retreated,  and  rcpaffed  it  the  23d  of  the 
fame  month  ;  where,  upon  the  29th,  the  Prime  Vifier 
palfed  that  river  at  Elfcck  ;  and  upon  Auguft  t2th, 
there  followed  a  bloody  fight,  in  which  the  Turks  loft 
1 00  pieces  of  cannon,  1 2  mortars,  all  their  ammunition, 
provifions,  tents,  baggage,  and  trcafure,  and  about  Sooo 


M     O     II 


[     55«     3 


M     O    L 


Mohswlt.  ed  In  palTing  the  river,  which  could  never  be  known. 
^^~''"^^  After  which  vidor)-,    General  Duncwalr,   September 
30th,  found  Eileck  totally  deferted  by  the  Turks,  and 
took  podellion  of  it. 

MOHAWK  River,  in  New  York,  rifes  to  the  north- 
ward of  Fort  Slanwix,  ^bout  8  miles  from  Black,  or 
Sable  river,  a  water  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  runs  fouth- 
wardly  20  miles  to  the  fort,  then  eailward  no  miles, 
and  aiter  receiving  many  tributary  llreams,  tails  into 
Hudfon  river,  by  three  mouths  oppollte  to  the  cities  of 
Lanfinburgh  and  Troy,  from  ';  to  10  miles  N.  of  Al- 
bany.    The  produce  that  is  conveyed  down  this  river, 
is  landed  at  Scheneflady,  on  its  S.  bank,  and  is  thence 
conveyed  by  land  16  miles,  over  a  barren,  fandy,  llirub 
plain  to  Albany.     It  is  in  contemplation  either  to  cut 
a  canal   from  Schenedady  10  the  navigable   waters  of 
Hudfon  river,  or  to  eftablilh  a  turnpike   road  between 
Schenedady  and  Albany.     This  fine  river  is  now  navi- 
gable for  boats,  from  Scheneflady,  nearly  or  quite  to 
its  fource,   the  locks  and  canals  round  the  Little  Falls, 
56  miles  above  Albany,  having  been  completed  in  the 
Autumn  of  lyyj  ;  fo  that  boats  full  loaded  now  pafs 
them.       Tlie   canal  round  them  is  nearly  -^-  of  a  mile, 
cutalmoft  the  whole  diftance  through  an  uncommonly 
hard  rock.     The  opening  of  this  navigation  is  of  great 
advantage  to  the  commerce  of  the  State.       A  (hore  of 
at  lead  1000  miles  in  length,  is,  in  confequence  of   it, 
walhed  by  boatable  waters,  exclufive  of  all  the  great 
lakes  and  many  millions  of  acres  of  excellent  tillage 
land,  rapidly  fettling,  are  accommodated  with  water 
communication  for  conveying  their  produce  to  market. 
The  intervales  on  both  fides  of  this  river,  are  of  vari- 
ous width,  and  now  and  then   interrupted  by  the  pro- 
jeaion  of  the  hills  quite  to  the  banks  of  the  river,   are 
fome  of  the  richeft  and  bell  lands  in  the  world.       The 
fine  farms  which  embrace  thcfe  intervales,  are  owned 
and  cultivated  principally  by  Dutch  people,  whole  mode 
of  managing  them  would  admit  of  great  improvement. 
The  manure  of  their  barns  they  conlider  as  a  nuifance, 
and  inllead  of  fpreading  it  on  their  upland,  which  they 
think   of  little   value,   (their  meadow  lands  do  not  re- 
quire it)  they  either  let  it  remain   for   years  in  heaps, 
and  remove  their  barns,  when  accefs  to  them  becomes 
difficult,  or  elfe  throw  it  into  the  river,  or  the  guUies 
and  llreams  which  communicate  with  it.      The  banks 
of  this  river  were  formerly  thickly  fettled  with  Indians. 
At  the  period  when  Albany  was  firft  fettled,  it  has  been 
faid  by  refpeftable  authority,  that  there  were  800  war- 
riors in  Scheneflady  ;  and  that  300  warriors  lived  with- 
in a  fpace  which  is  now  occupied  as  one  farm.       The 
Cohoez  in  this  liver  are  a  great  curicfity.       They  are 
3  miles  from  its  entrance  into  the  Hudfon.     The  river 
is  abiiut  1000  feet  wide  ;  the  rock  over  which  it  pours, 
as  over  a  mill  dam,  extends  from  S.  W.  to  N.  E.  al- 
nioft  in  a  line  from  one  fide  of  the  river  to  the  other, 
and  is  about  40  feet   perpendicular  height,  and  inclu- 
ding the  defcent  above,  the  fall  is  as  much  as  60  or  70 
feet.       About  a  mile  below   the  falls,   is  a  handfome 
bridge,  finifhed  in  July,  1795-    Itis  1  100  feet  in  length, 
24  in  breadth,  and  15  feet  above  the  bed  of  the  river, 
which  for  the  moft  part  is  rock,   and  is  fupported  by 
thirteen  fjllJ  ftoiie  pillars.      It  is  a  free  bridge,  and  in- 
cluding the  expence  of  cutting  through  a  ledge  on  the 
N.  E.  lideof  the  river,  coft  12,000  dollars.       The  ri- 
ver inimediately  below  the  bridge,  divides  into  three 


Mole 


branches,    which   form  feveral   large   iflands.        The  Mohawk, 
branches  are  fordable  at  low  water,  but  are  dangerous. 
From  the  bridge  you  have  a  fine  view  of  the  Cohoez 
on  the  N.  W. — Morse. 

Mohawk,  a  branch  of  Delaware  river.  Its  courfe 
from  its  fource  in  Lake  Uttayantha  is  o.  W.  45  miles, 
thence  S.  E.  12  miles,  when  it  mingles  with  the  Po- 
pachton  branch ;  thence  the  confluent  ftream  is  called 
Delaware. — ili. 

Mohawks,  an  Indian  nation,  acknowledged  by  the 
other  tribes  of  the  Six  Nations  to  be  "  the  true  old 
heads  of  the  conlederacy."  Tliey  were  formerly  very 
powerful,  and  inhabited  on  Mohawk  river.  As  they 
were  llrongly  attached  to  tlie  Johnfon  family,  on  ac 
count  of  Sir  William  Johnfon,  a  part  ot  them  emigra- 
ted to  Canada  with  Sir  John  Johnfon,  as  early  as  the 
year  1776.  About  300  of  this  nation  now  relide  in 
Upper  Canada. — il>. 

MOHEGAN,  fituated  between  Norwich  and  New- 
London,  in  Connedlicut.  This  is  tlie  refidence  of  the 
remains  of  the  Mohegan  tribe  of  Indians.  A  confi- 
derable  part  of  the  remains  of  this  tribe  lately  remo- 
ved to  Oneida  with  the  late  Mr  Occom. — iL 

MOHER,  in  Bengal,  a  gold  coin,  worth  about  33 
fliillings. 

MOHERIR,  a  writer  of  accounts. 
MOHICCONS,  a  tribe  of  Indians  who  inhabit  on  a 
branch  of  the  Sufquehannah,  between  Chagnet  and 
Owegy.  They  were  reckoned  by  Hutchins,  about  30 
years  ago,  at  100,  but  by  Imlay,  in  1773,  at  only  70 
fighting  men.  They  were  formerly  a  confederate  tribe 
ot  the  Delawares.  Alfoan  Indian  tribe,  in  the  N.  W. 
Territory,  who  inhabit  near  Sandufky,  and  between 
the  Sciota  and  Mufkingum  ;   warriors,  60. — Mo  ne. 

MOINEAU,  a  flat  baftion  laifed  before  a  curtin 
when  it  is  too  long,  and  the  baftions  of  the  angles  too 
remote  to  be  able  to  defend  one  another.  Sometimes 
the  moineau  is  joined  to  the  curtin,  and  fometimes  it  is 
divided  from  it  by  a  moat.  Here  mufquetry  are  placed 
to  fire  each  way. 

MOINS,  a  river  of  Loulfiana,  which  empties  from 
the  N.  W.  into  tlie  Mifliflippi,  in  lat.  40  20  N.  The 
Sioux  Indians  defcend  by  this  river. — Morse. 

MOISIE  R'mtr,  on  the  N.  Ihore  of  the  St  Lawrence, 
is  about  3  leagues  W.  S.  W.  of  Little  Saguena  river, 
from  which  to  the  W.  N.  W.  within  the  Seven  Illands, 
is  a  bay  fo  called  from  thefe  illands. — ib. 

MOLE  (See  Talpa,  Encycl.),  is  an  animal  exceed- 
ingly troublefoine,  both  to  gardeners  and  farmers;  and 
there  are  perfons  who  contrive  to  make  a  livelihood  by  the 
trade  of  nwli  catching.  Thefe  men,  it  is  well  known, 
are  genenilly  quacks  and  cheats ;  and  the  fecrcts  which 
they  fell  for  extirpating  thole  deflructive  animals  are  of 
very  little  avail.  Even  poifon  feldom  produces  any  con- 
fideruble  effeifl ;  becaule  the  mole,  while  it  does  not 
drink,  lives  only  on  roots  and  worms.  Under  the  word 
Mole  {Encycl. ),  fome  diredions  will  be  found  for  clear, 
ing  fields  ot  this  dellruftive  animal  ;  but  the  following 
are  perhaps  preferable,  as  they  feem  to  have  been  the 
rei'olt  of  much  experience  ; 

Immediately  at  day-break,  it  will  be  neceflary  to 
make  a  tour  round  the  garden  or  meadow,  from  which 
it  is  wilhed  to  extirpate  the  moles  ;  for  at  that  time 
they  will  be  all  found  at  work,  as  may  be  feen  by  the 
hills  newly  threwn  up.     If  the  perfon  is  then  clofe  to 

the 


M     O     L 


c  559  : 


M    O     N 


Mole,  the  hill,  he  mud  proceed  as  the  gardeners  do,  and  turn 
^~<'^*^  up  with  a  (Iroke  of  the  Ipade  ihe  hill  together  with  the 
digger.  The  palFage  is  then  cut  through  before  the 
animal  is  aware  of  the  attack  ;  und  therciore  it  has  not 
power  to  efcape.  It  the  niole-liill  be  frclh,  even  though 
the  animal  may  not  be  throwing  up  eaith,  the  perlon 
ought  not  to  lofe  his  time  in  waiting,  but  liiould  imme- 
diately proceed  to  the  operation  above  nientiined. 

If  you  tind  a  frelh  hill  Itanding  by  itlelf,  which  feuns 
to  Ihcw  by  lis  lituation  that  it  has  no  communication 
with  any  other,  which  is  always  the  cafe  when  the  mole 
lias  worked  from  the  furface  downwards  in  endeavour- 
ing to  procure  a  more  convenient  habitation,  alter  the 
hill  has  been  turned  up  with  the  fpade,  a  bucket  of 
water  Ihould  be  poured  over  the  mouth  of  the  pafl'age. 
By  thefe  means  the  animal,  which  is  at  no  great  dif- 
tance,  will  be  obliged  to  come  forth,  and  may  be  eahly 
caught  with  the  hand. 

You  may  difcover  alfo  whether  a  hill  has  any  com- 
munication with  another,  if  you  apply  your  ear  to  it, 
and  then  cough  or  make  a  loud  noife.  If  it  has  no 
communication  with  the  neighbouring  hills,  you  will 
hear  the  terrified  animal  make  a  noife  by  its  motion.  It 
will  then  be  impoiEble  for  it  to  efcape  ;  and  you  may 
either  pour  water  into  the  hole,  or  turn  up  the  hill  with 
a  fpade,  until  the  mole  is  found  ;  tor,  in  general,  it  ne- 
ver goes  deeper  into  the  earth  than  from  htteen  to  eigh- 
teen inches. 

When  any  of  the  beds  in  a  garden  have  been  newly 
watered,  the  mole,  attraifled  by  the  coolnefs  and  moi- 
flure,  readily  repairs  thither,  and  takes  up  its  rehdence 
in  them,  making  a  pailage  at  the  depth  of  fcarcely  aa 
inch  below  the  furtace.  In  that  cafe  it  may  ealily  be 
caught.  When  you  fee  it  at  work,  you  need  only 
tread  behind  the  animal  with  your  feet  on  the  palFage 
to  prevent  its  retreat,  and  then  turn  up  the  hill  with  a 
fpade  ;  by  which  means  you  will  be  fure  to  catch  it. 

When  you  dig  alter  it  with  a  fpade,  the  animal  forces 
its  way  downwards  into  the  earth  in  a  perpendicular  di- 
reflion,  in  order  that  it  may  the  better  efcape  the  threa- 
tened danger.  In  that  cafe  it  will  not  be  necelFary  to 
dig  long,  but  to  pour  water  over  the  place,  which  will 
foon  make  the  animal  return  upwards. 

People,  in  general,  are  not  aware  of  the  great  mif- 
chief  occafioned  in  fields  and  gardens  by  thefe  animals. 
We  are,  however,  informed  by  Buffon,  that  in  the  year 
1740  he  planted  fifteen  or  futeen  acres  of  land  witli 
acorns,  and  that  the  greater  part  of  them  were  in  a 
little  time  carried  away  by  the  moles  to  their  fubterra- 
nean  retreats.  In  many  of  thefe  there  were  found  half 
a  bulhel,  and  in  others  a  buihel.  butFon,  after  this  cir- 
cumftance,  caufed  a  great  number  of  iron  traps  to  be 
conftruifted ;  by  which,  in  lefs  tlian  three  weeks,  he 
caught  1300.  To  this  inftance  of  the  devaftation  oc- 
cafioned by  thefe  animals,  we  may  add  the  loUowing: 
In  the  year  1742  they  were  fo  numerous  in  fome  parts 
of  Holland,  that  one  farmer  alone  caught  between  five 
and  fix  thoufand  ot  them.  The  dcftr  uelion  occalioned 
by  thefe  animals  is,  however,  no  new  phenomenon.  We 
are  informed  by  hillory,  that  the  inhabitants  of  the 
ifland  of  Tenedos,  the  Trojans,  and  the  j'Eolians,  were 
infefted  by  them  in  the  earlieft  ages.  For  this  reafon 
a  temple  was  ercifled  to  Apoilo  Smynthius,  the  deftroy- 
er  of  moles.  See  Economifche  Hcfie,  Vol.  VII.  Part  5. 
and  Vol.  IX.  Part  4.;  or  Phil.  Magazine,  N"  5. 


MOLE,  The,  is  fituated  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  the 
ifland  of  St  Domingo,  2  leagues  E.  of  Cape  St  Nichi - 
las,  and  is  olten  called  by  that  name.  The  Mole, 
though  inferior,  by  a  great  deal,  to  Cape  Francois  and  , 
Port  au  Prince,  is  the  firlt  port  in  the  ifland  for  fafety 
in  time  of  war,  being  ftrongly  fortified  both  by  nature 
and  art.  Count  D'Efiaing,  under  whofe  direftion 
theie  works  were  conllruc'led,  intended  to  have  eftab- 
lilhed  here  the  feat  ol  the  French  government ;  but  the 
produftions  ot  its  dependencies  were  of  too  little  value 
to  engage  his  fuccctfors  to  carry  his  plan  into  effefl ;  fo 
that  It  is  now  no  more  than  a  garrifon.  It  has  a  beau- 
tiful and  late  prirt,  and  is  confidered  as  the  heakhieft 
fituation  in  St  Domingo,  by  realbn  of  the  purity  of  its 
fprings.  The  exports  from  Jan.  i,  1789  to  Decem- 
ber 31,  of  the  fame  year,  were  only  265,6151b.  cofTce 
— 26,86ilb.  cotton — 2,8231b.  indigo,  atd  other  fmall 
articles  to  the  value  of  i  29  livres.  The  value  of  duties 
on  exportation  1,250  dollars  21  cents.  It  is  4  leagues 
W.  of  Jean  Rabel,  1 1  N.  W.  of  Bombarde,  36  W.  of 
Cape  Fiancois,  and  17I  W.  by  S.  of  Port  de  Paix.  N. 
lat.  19  50,  W.  long.  75  48 Morse. 

MOLINE's  Gut,  on  the  S.  W.  fide  of  the  ifland  of 
St  Chriftopher's  in  the  W.  Indies,  is  the  firft  rivulet  to 
the  S.  E.  of  Brimllone  Hill,  near  the  mouth  of  which 
is  anchorage  in  5  and  10  fathoms,  and  a  clear  fliore  ; 
but  to  the  eaflward  of  it  are  fome  funken  rocks. — ib. 

MOMENTS,  in  the  new  doflrine  of  infinites,  de- 
note the  indefinitely  fmall  parts  of  quantity  ;  or  they  are 
the  fame  with  what  are  otherwife  called  intinitefimals 
and  differences,  or  increments  and  decrements  ;  being 
the  momentary  increments  or  decrements  of  quantity 
confidered  as  in  a  continual  flux. 

Moments  are  the  generative  principles  of  magnitude  ; 
they  have  no  determined  magnitude  of  their  own,  but 
are  only  inceptive  of  magnitude. 

Hence,  as  it  is  the  fame  thing  if,  inftead  of  thefe 
moments,  the  velocities  of  their  increafes  and  decreafes 
he  made  ufe  of,  or  the  finite  quantities  that  are  propor- 
tional to  fuch  velocities  ;  the  method  of  proceeding 
which  confiders  the  motions,  changes,  or  fluxions  of 
quantities,  is  denominated  by  Sir  Ifaac  Newton,  the 
method  of  Jluxinns. 

Leibnitz,  and  moft  foreigners,  confidering  thefe  infi- 
nitely Irnall  parts,  or  infinitefimals,  as  the  differences  oi 
two  quantities,  and  tlience  endeavouring  to  find  the 
differences  of  quantities,  i.e.  fome  moments,  or  quan- 
tities indefinitely  fmall,  which  taken  an  infinite  number 
of  times  fliall  equal  given  quantities,  call  thefe  moments 
differences ;  and  the  method  of  procedure,  the  differen. 
tial  calculus. 

MONA,  or  La  Guer.on,  or  The  Mone,  a  fmall  ifland, 
I  ly  leagues  S.  W.  of  Point  I'Epee,  which  is  the  It.uth- 
wellernmoll  point  of  the  ifland  of  St  Domingo,  and  i4[- 
leagues  W.  of  the  S.  W.  point  of  the  ifland  of  Porto 
Rico.  It  is  2  leagues  from  E.  to  W.  and  a  little  more 
from  N.  to  S.  It  has  feveral  ports  for  fmall  velFcls, 
plenty  of  good  water,  and  all  that  would  be  necelFary 
tor  fettlements  of  culture,  and  the  biecJing  of  cattle. 
Its  fruit  trees,  and  |)articularly  the  orange,  are  much 
extolled.  A  league  and  a  half  N.  \V.  of  Mona  is  a  ve- 
ry fmall  ifland,  called  Monique,  or  the  Little  Monkey. 
— Morse. 

MONADNOCK,  Great,  a  mountain  fitu.ited  in  Che- 
fliire  county,  New-liampihire,  between  tlie  tovns  of 

Jaffiay 


Mole, 

.11 

r..onad- 
i.uck. 


M    O    N 


[    560    ] 


M     O    N 


Monad- 
nuck, 

II 

Monge- 

arti. 


Jjffray  and  Dublin,  10  miles  N.  of  the  Maffiichufetts 
line,  and  22  miles  E.  of  Conneaicut  river.  The  foot 
of  the  hill  is  1395  f'.-et,  and  its  fummit  3254  feet,  above 
the  level  of  the  fea.  Its  bafe  is  5  m  les  in  diameter, 
■  from  N.  to  S.  and  3  from  E.  to  W.  On  the  lidcs  are 
feme  ;i;ipearances  of  fubterranecus  tires.  Its  fummit 
is  a  bald  rock. — ib. 

MoNADNOCK,   Upprr  Great,  a  high  moimtain,  in  Ca- 
naan, in  the  N.  E.  corner  of  the  Slate  of  Vermont.—;*. 
MONAHAN,  a  towiilhip  in  York  county,  Pennfyl- 
vania. — ib, 

MONDAY  Buy,  on  the  S.  fliore  of  the  flraits  of 
Magellan,  in  that  parj  cf  the  Rraits  called  the  Long 
Beich,  and  4  leajrucs  W.  of  Piifpot  Bay.  It  is  near- 
ly S.  of  Buckley  Poml,  on  the  N.  fide  (f  ihe  Ibait,  and 
affords  good  anciiorage  in  ;o  (athrms. — ib. 

Monday,  a  cape  in  the  above  S'.rait?,  7  leagues  W. 
N.  W.  of  Cape  North.  S.  lat.  53  12,  W.  long.  75  20. 
~ib. 

MONGEARTS,  one  of  the  tribes  of  wandering 
Arabs  whi.h  inhabit  the  Sahara,  or  Great  Delert  of 
Africa.  Their  time  is  wholly  occupied  by  tending  their 
cattle  ;  and  becaufe  they  are  little  (killed  in  the  ufe  ot 
arms,  Mongairt  is  a  term  of  contempt  among  the  people 
by  whom  iliey  are  lurrounded.  I'hsir  country,  with 
iis  produce,  will  be  defcribed  under  ihe  title  Sahara 
ill  this  Su/>^lei!ient ;  it  is  the  bufinefs  of  this  article  mere- 
ly to  exhibit  the  manners  ot  the  people. 

They  are  all  Mahometans,  and  ofTcr  up  prayers  three 
times  aday,  fometimes  oftener ;  but  having  no  mofques, 
thele  prayers  are  never  pronounced  in  public,  except 
when  the  horde  is  vilited  by  a  pricfl,  who  fcldom  comes 
but  upon  account  of  the  children's  education.  Then  all 
the  Arabs  alfenible  at  the  hour  of  prayer,  place  them- 
fclves  in  a  line,  turn  to  the  ealf,  and,  wanting  water  in 
the  defert,  rub  their  face  and  arms  with  fand  ;  while 
the  prieft  recites  aloud  the  general  prayer.  It  is  the 
fame  as  that  which  is  reheailed  by  the  public  crier  in 
the  mofques  in  civilized  countiies. 

The  priefls  are  employed  in  travelling  about  the 
country  to  inftruci  the  children.  There  is  nothing  like 
force  in  their  education.  The  litile  boys  meet  in  the 
mcrnii.g  of  their  own  accord,  at  the  place  of  inftruc- 
lion,  which  is  to  them  a  place  of  recreation.  They  go 
there  wiih  a  fmall  board  infcribed  with  the  Arabic  cha- 
raffeis,  .ind  a  few  maxims  of  the  Koran.  The  cldeft, 
and  the  bell  informed,  receive  their  leffbns  direiflly  from 
the  priclls,  and  afterwards  communicate  them  to  their 
fellows.  They  are  never  correded  ;  becaufe  it  would 
be  a  crime  to  beat  a  child,  who,  according  to  the  re- 
ceived notions,  has  not  fufficient  reafon  to  didinguilh 
good  from  evil.  This  lenity  extends  even  to  the  ihil- 
dren  of  Chriftian';,  though  in  a  (tale  of  flavery.  They 
are  treated  in  all  refpefts  like  the  children  ot  Arabs ; 
and  the  man  who  fliould  be  raih  enough  to  flrike  one 
of  them,  would  endanger  his  life.  Very  difi'jrent  is  their 
treatment  of  Negro  childrv:n  ;  who  may  indeed  join  in 
all  the  amufements  of  the  young  Arabs,  and  even  at- 
tend the  public  fchools  ;  but  if  they  be  guilty  of  a  fault, 
they  are  feverely  puniflied. 

When  the  child  .  f  a  Mongeait  becomes  tired  of  the 
places  of  public  inflruftion,  he  quits  them  at  pleafure, 
and,  wiihout  feeling  conftraint,  or  hearing  reproach, 
goes  and  employs  himfelf  in  tending  his  father's  flocks : 
and  accordingly  there  are  very  few  among  them  who 


can  read.  Thofe  who  perfevere  in  the  fludy  of  the 
Koran  are  made  priefts,  after  having  pafl  an  examina- 
tion before  the  learned  elders,  and  enjoy  tlie  greateft 
public  confideration.  They  have  no  need  of  cattle  ; 
for  thofe  of  the  nation  being  theirs,  they  find  their  fub- 
fiftence  everywhere. 

It  is  generally  at  feven  or  eight  years  of  age  that 
children  undergo  the  painful  operation  of  circumcifion. 
Their  head  is  alfo  fhaved,  nothing  being  left  but  four 
locki  of  hair;  one  of  which  is  cut  off  in  a  meeting  of 
the  family,  at  each  remarkable  adlion  performed  by  the 
child.  If,  at  the  age  of  12  or  13,  he  kill  a  wild  boar, 
or  otlier  bead  of  prey,  that  fliould  fall  upon  his  flock, 
he  lofes  one  of  his  locks.  If,  in  the  paffage  of  a  river, 
a  camel  be  carried  away  by  the  llieam,  and  he  fave  it 
by  fwimming  to  its  aflilance,  another  is  cut  off.  If  he 
kill  a  lion,  a  tiger,  or  a  warrior  of  an  hollile  nation,  in 
a  furprife  or  an  attack,  he  is  confidered  as  a  man,  and 
his  head  is  entirely  Ihaved. 

Different  from  the  other  Arabs  their  neighbours, 
and  indeed  Irom  the  Maliometans  in  general,  the  M in- 
gearts  trouble  no  man  on  account  of  his  religion.  The 
only  one  which  they  do  not  tolerate  is  the  Jewifli ;  and 
were  a  Jew  to  enter  their  territory,  and  have  the  mif- 
fortune  to  be  taken,  he  wouKI  certainly  be  burnt  alive. 
According  to  M.  Saugnier,  the  women  are  much 
more  refpedtcd  among  the  M<ngearts  than  among  the 
neighbouring  nations  ;  but  the  evidences  which  he  gives 
of  that  refpcift  are  very  extraordinary. 

AVhen  a  Mongeait  is  dcliroiis  of  undertaking  the 
care  of  a  family,  he  pitches  upon  the  girl  that  pleafes 
him  the  moll,  and  alks  her  of  her  father  v.-itliout  fur- 
ther formality  ;  nor  can  the  latter  refuie  her,  unlefs  the 
man  who  pretends  to  her  hand  have  done  fomething 
contrary  to  the  laws  of  the  nation.     The  girl  is  con- 
duced by  her  parents  to  the  tent  of  her  future  huf- 
band,  where  there  is  always  an  abundant  lepafl  prepared 
for  the  ceremony.     Prefents  are  made  to  the  father ; 
but  if  the  fon-in  law  be  poor,  his  wife's  family  afTift  him, 
and  furniih  him  with  the  means  of  increafmg  his  flocks; 
if,  on  the  contrary,  he  be  rich,  and  the  father  poor,  he 
fupports  the  v.hole  family   in  his  own  tent.     The  em- 
ployment of  the  wife,  thus  married,  is  to  prepare  the 
food ;  to  fpin  the  goats  and  camels  liair,  of  which  the 
tents  are  made  ;  to  milk  the  cattle  ;  to  pick  up  the  ne- 
ceifary  fupply  of  wood  for  the  night  ;  and  when  the 
hour  of  repaft  i?  come,  to  wait  upon  her  hufb-ind.     She 
then  eats  by  herfelf  what  has  been  left  by  him  and  his 
male  flaves.     She  is,  indeed,  in  no  great  da'.ger  of  ha- 
ving a  rival  brought  into  the  family  ;  for  though  poly- 
gamy be  allowed  by  his  religion,  the  poverty  of  the  Mon- 
geart  generally  prevents  him  from  taking  a  plurality  of 
wives.     She  is,  however,  liable  to  be  divorced  at  will 
when  fhe  does  not  bear  boys  ;  but  if  (lie  have  the  good 
fortune  to  have  one  or  rjiore  male  children,  her  huf^ 
band's  regard  for   her  is  inconceivable.     She  has  no 
longer  a  divorce  to  fear,  has  an  abfolute  authority  in 
the  tent,  and   pa/Tes   her  whole  time  in  converfation, 
fleep,  or  dancing,  as   fhe  thinks  fit.     The  captive  ne- 
grefi'es   do   all  her  work,  and  are  no  longer  affifted  in 
their  labour  by  the  Arab's  wife,   who  treats  them,  on 
the  contrary,  with  the  greatell  harflinefs  and  arrogance. 
When  a  woman  is  not  agreeable  to  her  hufband,  or 
when  he  is  dlfagreeable   to  her,  they  have   it  in  their 


power  to  part.     The  formality  in  this  cafe  confills  in 

the 


M     O     N 


C    561    ] 


M    O     N 


Monge-    the  wife's  retiring  10  her  parents.      If  the  hufband  be  without  appeal.     As  to  hiir.felf,  he  cannot  be  tiied  but 

attached  to  her,  he  goes  thither  in  qiieft  of  her ;  but  if  by  the  chiefs  of  feveral  hcrd«  aflcnibled.     It  ii  his  bu- 

fhe  perfifl  in  refufing  to  return,  (lie  is  free,  and  at  hber-  linefs  to  dcterrr.ine  the  fpcts  vliere  the  tents  are  to  be 

ty  to  marry   another.       If,    however,   (lie  have  had  a  pitched,  the  morr.ent  of  departure  and  the  place  where 

child,  efpecially  a  boy,   (lie  has  not  the  farce  privilege;  the  caravan  is  to  Hop.     It  the  pafturage  do  not  fuffice 

in  that  cafe,   if  her  retreat  fhould  laft  more  than  eight  for  the  herds  of  all  the  horde,  it  divides,  and  the  clief 

days  it  might  be  punllhed  with  death.  afilgns  the  ground  for  the  difierent  encampments.  They 

When  a  man  beats  his  wife,  it  is  a  fure  fign  that  he  are  very  often  compoled  of  no  more  than  f;;ven  orei"ht 

is  fincerely  attached  to  her,  and  that  he  dees  not  mean  tents,  according  to  the  (juality  of  the  "round  they  m^et 

to  part  with  her  ;  if  he  content  himfelf  with  reproaches,  with.     The  tent  of  the  chief  is  always  the  lars'tft  and 

the  wife  lliinks  herfelf  defpifed,  and  inlallibly  retiies  to  mnll  lofty,  and  is  placed  in  the  centre  of  the  divifio^s 

her  parents.     Hence  it  is,  that  in  the  moft  trifling  dil-  When  it  is  determined  upon  to   quit   an  encampment' 

putes  the  women  are  cruelly  beaten  :  they  prefer  it  to  which  never  happens  till  the  pafture  is  eihaufled     the 

the  complaints   that   the  hulband  might  make  to  their  chief  fets  oil"  to  choofe  another  fpot.     In  thefe  removals 

parents;  this  proof  being  the  moll  certain  one  of  a  the  women  alone  do  all  the  work.    Early  in  the  morninE; 

man'i  fondnefs  for  his  wite.     When  a  girl  marries,  llie  they  fold  up  the  tent,  and   load  every  thing  upon  the 

makes  up  her  mind  to  fuch  treatment,  deeming  it  much  camels  backs  ;   they  then  move  flowly  on,  that  the  ca'l- 

niore  lupportable  than  the  humiliations  Ihe  would  otlier-  tie  may  have  time  to  feed  upon  the  way. 

wife  experience  from  her  tarnily,  in  confequeiice  of  her         '"■  "     " ' 

bufbancl's  complaints. 

The  conjugal  fidelity  of  the  Mongeart  v.xmen  is  in- 
corruptible.    Differing   in  their  opinions  from  many 


Great  rcfpecl  is  paid  by  the  Mongearts  to  all  old 
men,  who  enjoy  the  fame  prerogatives  a^  the  pricfts 
and  fuch  Arabs  as  have  vifited  the  tomb  cf  Mdhomet  at 
Mecca.      Together  with  the  chief  they  are  the  judge? 


other  Mahometans,  they  believe  themfelves  immortal  ofti.ehcrde,  and  take  cognizance  of  all  offences,  t.'je 
like  the  men;  but  they  do  not  flatter  themfelves  with  pain  cf  death  being  the  only  punirtimer.t  which  they 
the  pollibility  of  happinefs  in  the  other  world,  uiikfs  cannot  decree.  An  alfembly  of  feveral  chiefs  is  the 
they  (hall  have  been  faithl'ul  to  their  hufbands  in  this,  only  tribunal  which  can  inHia  c.ipital  punifliment  ;  but 
Women,  who  have  been  f-ilfe  to  their  hufband's  bed,  as  the  accufed  has  generally  a  number  of  friends,  it  fel- 
will  be  doomed,  they  think,  to  eternal  lldvery  to  the  dom  happens  that  he  is  capitally  conviiSed. 
more  virtuous  part  of  their  iex,  without  ever  partaking,  A  war  between  two  Mongeart  tribes  feldom  happens 
in  the  fmalleft  degree,  of  their  blifs.  and  is  never  bloody  :   but  the  different  families  deftroy 

Mongeart  women  often  vifit  one  another;  and  on  one  another  faft  enough  in  their  inteiline  broils.  They 
theie  occa'.icns,  the  honour  confifts  in  letting  the  fe-  are  all  tliicves  ;  and  indeed  theft  is  a  crime  onlv  in  the 
male  who  comes  to  fee  her  friend  or  relation  do  all  the  day  time,  being  authorifed  by  law  dnrine  the  n'rht,  in 
workof  the  tent.  The  vifitor  afFumes  the  management  order  to  compel  them  to  take  care  of  their  cat'tle. 
of  every  tiling,  drefies  the  vi>f>uals,  churns  the  butter.  Could  they  find  redrcfs  when  robbed  by  nigh',  they 
andkeepsherlclf  continually  employed;  while  heririend  would  be  lefs  vigilant ;  and  their  herds  and  flocks  would 
entertains  her  with  an  account  of  the  different  affairs  of  be  more  expofjid  to  the  wild  bealls  tliat  over  run  their 
the  family  or  nation.  The  heartii.efs  ol  the  welcome  country  ;  but  being  obliged  to  be  on  their  ^iiard  even 
is  meafured  by  the  extent  of  the  work  fubmitted  to  the  againft  their  neareft  neighbours,  they  are  always  ready 
guett,  who  generally  prepares  double  the  ufual  quanti-  to  repel  both  the  Hon  and  the  tiger.  Theft,  even  in 
ty  of  food;  fo  that  the  Arab  is  obliged  to  invite  his  the  d.iy-time,  is  fo  far  from  being  punifli.d,  uiilef-  de- 
neighbours  to  partake  of  the  repall.  The  flaves  are  tcdcd  at  the  inftant  of  commiJion,  that  when  any  thine 
always  pleafed  with  thefe  entertainments,  a  larger  por-  is  llolen  unperceived,  it  becomes  the  lawful  pr  petty  of 
lion  then  coming  to  their  lot.  It  is  the  bufinels  of  the  the  thief.  In  vain  would  the  rightful  owner  recognize 
vifitor  to  do  the  honours  ;  nor  will  the  fuffer  any  body  it  in  his  neighbour's  tent;  he  cannot  reclaim  it;  it  ceafes 
about  her  to  remain  diffatisfied.  to  be  his  from  the  moment  he  has  been  neglit^ent  in  its 

The  laws  of  hofpitali'y  are  obferved  among  the  Mon-  care.  Hence  arifes  this  people's  Inclination  tor  r  ipine  ; 
gearts  as  among  all  the  wandering  Arabs.  Indeed  they  they  do  not  think  they  commit  a  crime,  and  only  fol- 
are  carried  to  fuch  a  l.-ngfh,  tliat  v.-ere  a  man  to  enter  low,  in  this  regard,  a  cuftom  allowed  by  their  laws, 
the  tent  r<(  him  whr-m  he  had  wounded,  or  even  killed,  When  an  Arab  is'  going  to  maiket,  r r  on  his  return 
he  would  there  meet  with  a  facred  and  inviolable  aly.  from  thei'cc,  if  he  d.)  not  take  the  greatcfl  care  to  keep 
lum,  although  furrounded  by  tholl-  who  mult  naturally  hisjouriiey  a  fecret,  he  is  often  attacked.  Neighbour- 
defiro  his  ruin.  The  tent  of  the  chief  is  always  that  ing  Araljs  are  defirous  of  prcfiting  by  his  indu(lrv 
to  which  flrangers,  upon  tlieir  arrival  in  the  liorde,  are  and  as  there  are  no  perfons  in  the  country  appointed  to 
direfled.  But  the  chiet  could  not  entertain,  at  his  own  apprehend  robbers,  the  hope  of  booty  fpurs  lliem  on  to 
expence,  all  the  llrani.:ers  that  hap|  en  to  pafs  ;  and  the  attack.  That  they  may  have  nnthine  to  fear,  th.ey 
therefore  every  tent  in  tlie  horde  is  obliged  to  furnilh  lie  in  wait,  when  the  night  is  coming  en,  for  l:im  wlioni 
liim  with  two  pounds  of  ground  b^ii!ey/fr  week,  to  tliey  mean  to  pill ig.\  Their  intention  is  never  to  kill; 
enable  hmi  to  ma'ut.iin  the  ancient  hofp-tality.  they  only  endeavour  to  furprize,  to  difarm,  and  to  makj 

The  chiefs  of  h  irdes  are  always  the  ddell  of  their  themfelves  mailers  of  every  thing  tlip.t  comes  in  their 
families.  The  difference  of  wealth  is  not  confidered  ;  wiy.  But  it  fomctimcs  happi:!?,  that  the  man  they 
the  chief  often  liaving  feveral  individuals  at  his  lioufe  intend  to  plunder,  boMig  acquainted  wi'li  the  cuftoms 
richer  than  himfeU",  wlio  nevcnhelefs  obey  him  in  every  of  his  country,  keeps  an  attentive  ear,  (lands  on  his 
particular.  He  is,  properly  fpcaking,  their  king  :  ex-  gtiard,  llreb  upon  lii^  aifaihints  at  tiie  firll  motion  he  ob- 
amines  their  difference  with  the  old  men,  and  judges  ferves,  and  then  fights  dcfperately  with  his  dagger.  The 
Si/ppL.   V'i>i,.  II.  4  B  report 


M     O     N 


C     562     ] 


M     O    N 


Monge-    report  of  tlie  mufket  almoft  always  brings  out  tlie  tieigh- 

2"s.       bourinff  Arabs,  who,  ia  virtue  of  the  laws  of  hol'int:!!!- 

^•"'^''^^  ty,  lake  ihs  defence  cf  the  weaker  lide.     They  run  up 

well  arrncJ  ;  and  then  woe  to  ilic  nggreflbrs,  if  they  do 

not  favE  tl.cnifelves  by  a  fpeedy  fliglit. 

The  fitcki  and  herds  of  ihs  Mongearts  are  compo- 
fid  of  noiiiiiig  but  llijep,  goats,  ;uid  camels ;  all  animals 
patient  of  thiift.  H  jrfcs  are  vei  y  fcarce  in  ihefe  can- 
tons, none  but  the  pol'.'cff.'rs  cf  numerous  herds  being 
able  to  keep  thcni  ;  bccaufc,  for  want  of  water,  it  is 
neccifary  to  have  milk  in  fulFicicnt  abundance  to  give  it 
ihem  to  drink.  Great  care  is  taken  to  piefeive  the  ca- 
mel's urine,  both  to  mix  with  milk,  and  to  vvalli  the 
different  velfels  in  which  they  put  their  food.  Deteft- 
able  as  is  this  mixture  of  milk  and  uiinc,  they  are  often 
reduced  to  the  ufe  of  it ;  hun-er  and  thirft  give  a  re- 
iifh  to  every  thhig. 

The  only  workmen  ufeful  to  this  nation  are  black- 
fmiths  or  goldfmiths,  as  ihey  nny  be  called  indifferent- 
ly. TheMongearts  not  being  fufficienily  laborious  to 
apply  ihemfelvLG  to  fuch  occupations,  thcfc  workmen 
come  from  Billdulgvrid,  and  diiperfe  iliemlelves  allover 
the  di£Fer<.nt  parts  of  the  defeit.  Wherever  there  are 
tents  they  are  fure  to  find  work.  They  are  (ed  for  no- 
thinc,  and  receive  befides  the  hiie  for  their  labour. 
They  m.ikj  tr:nk:ti  for  the  women,  fuch  as  ear-rings 
and  bracelets  "■:-"■  mend  die  broken  vtlTels,  by  rivetting 
them,  and  clean  the  arm:.  They  ai  e  gen-rnlly  paid  in 
fkins,  goats  and  camels  hair,  01  oftrich  leather?,  accord- 
ing to  their  agieement.  Thofe  who  have  filver  pay 
them  a  tenth  piit  of  its  weight  for  any  thing  wrought 
out  of  that  meial.  On  their  return  they  lell  what  they 
have  earned  ;  four  or  tive  excurfions  at  moft  enabling 
them  to  live  afterwards  at  their  eafe  in  their  ov;n  coun- 
try. 

The  Mongearts  always  carry  a  leathern  bag,  fufpend- 
cd  from  their  neck,  in  uhich  they  put  their  tinder,  their 
pipe,  and  their  tobacco.      Their  daggers  are  elegant  ; 
the   liilt  is  always   black,  and    inlaid   witli  ivory  ;  the 
l)lade  is  crooked,  and   fiiarp  on  either  fide  ;  the  fheath 
is  of  brafs  on  one  fide,  and  of  filver  on  the  other,  and 
«)f  very  tolerable  worknianfhip.    They  wear  fibies  when 
they  can  get  them,  and   prefer  thofe  of  Spanilh  make. 
Their  muiksts  are  always  highly  ornamented  ;  the  ft'  ck 
is  very  fmall,  and  inlaid  on  every  fide  with  ivory,  and 
the  barrel  embolfed  with  brafs  or   filver,  according  to 
the  opulence  of  the  owner.      There  is  a  fpring  to  the 
lock,  covering  the  priming,  to  prevent  the  piece  from 
going  off,  coctrary  to  the  intention  of  him  who  carries 
it.     'i'he  pocr,  who  do  not  poffefs  mufkets,  wear  dag- 
gers, made  like  the  Flemifli  knives,  withleathern  (heaths. 
'J'hey  arm  thcmielves  alfo  with  a  thick  ftick,  to  the  end 
of  which  they  fix  a  kind  of  iron  wedge.      Tiiis  weapon 
is  exceedingly  dangerous  at  clofe  quarters.      Others 
carry  z\^ays,  or  llender  javelins.     In  a  word,  the  prin- 
cipal riciies  of  an  Arab,  and  his  higheft  gratifications, 
are  a  handfomc  mufket  and  a  good  dagger.     He  prefers 
them  to  neatnefs  of  apparel  ;  for  as  to  dref;,  it  is  indif- 
ferent to  him  whether  he  be  clothed  in  Guinea  blues, 
woollen  [lufff,  or  goats  fkins.     Their  arms  being  their 
principal  orn  iraenr,  they  take  particular  care  to  put  the 
rnu(ke;s  in  leathern  bags,  by  way  of  keeping  them  in 
good  order,  and  prcferving  them  from  the  ruft. 

All  the  riches  of  the  Mongearts  confift  in  their  herds  ; 
and  accordingly  they  take  the  greatelt  care  to  preferve 


them.  If  a  beaft  be  fick,  every  thing  is  done  to  cure 
it ;  no  care  is  fpared  ;  it  ia  even  treated  with  more  at- 
tention than  a  man  :  but  when  it  evidently  appears  that 
there  is  no  hope  of  faving  its  life,  they  kill  and  eat  it. 
If  it  be  a  camel,  the  neighbours  are  called  in  to  partake  v. 
of  the  icpaft  ;  if  a  goat,  the  inhabitants  of  the  tent  fuf- 
fice  for  its  confumption.  An  animal  that  dies  without 
Ihedding  blood  is  unclean.  Its  throat  mufl  be  cut ;  the 
peifcn  v.'ho  kills  it  turning  to  the  call,  and  pronoun- 
cing beforehand  the  firll  words  of  the  general  prayer. 
An  animal  killed  by  a  wild  boar  is  unclean ;  nor  is  it 
eaten  althougli  its  blood  has  been  (hed,  becaufe  the 
wild  boar  is  itfelf  an  unclean  beaft.  That  fpecies  is  fo 
numerous  in  the  defart,  that  tl.ey  do  more  mifchief 
than  all  the  other  wild  beafts  together.  The  Arabs 
kill  as  many  as  they  can;  but  never  tafte  their  flcfh. 

Whatever  loffes  an  Arab  may  meet  with,  he  is  never 
heard  to  complain  ;  he  riles  fuperior  to  poverty,  fup- 
ports  hunger,  thirft,  and  fatigue,  with  patience,  and  his 
courage  is  proof  againft  every  event.  God  will  have  it 
fo,  fays  he  :  he  employs,  however,  every  means  in  his 
power  to  avert  mislcrtune  ;  and  often  expi  fes  himfelf  10 
the  greatcft  dangers  to  procure  matters  ol  no  real  utility. 

When  a  fathe*-  cf  a  family  dies,  all  the  efl^iis  in 
his  tent  are  feized  upon  by  the  eldtft  fon  piefentat  his 
dcceafe.  Gold,  iilver,  trinkets,  every  thing  difappears. 
and  the  abfcnt  children  have  only  an  equal  Ih.^re  in  the 
divifion  of  the  cattle  and  the  flaves.  The  girls  are  en- 
tirely excluded  from  all  participation,  and  lake  up  their 
rcfidence  with  their  eldell  brother.  If  the  deceafed 
leave  children  in  helplefs  infancy,  the  mother  takes 
them  with  her  to  her  lifter's,  if  (he  have  a  filler  mar- 
ried ;  if  not,  to  her  own  maternal  roof.  'l"he  dead 
man's  poirelllons,  however,  are  not  loft  ;  the  chief  of  the 
horde  takes  care  cf  them,  and  delivers  them  in  equal 
portions  to  the  heirs,  as  foon  as  they  are  old  enough  to 
manage  their  own  property.  If  an  Arab  die  without 
male  children,  his  wife  returns  to  her  relations,  and  his 
brother  inheiits  his  tffcds. 

The  Mongeai  ts  have  a  rooted  abhorrence  of  the  Spa- 
niards, and  never  fail  to  m-.lfacie  every  man  of  that  na- 
tion who  is  fo  unlcrtiinate  as  to  be  Ihipwrecked,  on 
their  coalls,  while  they  referve  the  women  for  fjle  at 
Morocco.  The  realbn  of  this  hatred  is,  iJiat  the  inha- 
bitants of  the  Canaries  make  frequent  dcfcents  on  the 
Mongeart  coafts,  and  carry  off  men,  women,  cattle,  and 
every  thing  that  they  meet  with  ;  and  thefe  pecple,  be- 
ing ignorant  of  the  fate  ol  their  countrymen,  retaliate 
by  death  on  all  Spaniards  that  iall  into  their  hands, 
whilft  tiiey  treat  the  Britifh  and  French  as  well  as  they 
can. 

MONGON,  on  the  coaft  of  Peru,  on  the  S.  PaciSc 
Ocean,  is  10  leagues  N.  of  the  harbour  of  Guarmey, 
and  4  leagues  from  Bermcjo  Ifland,  which  lies  between 
the  former  places.  Cafma  is  4  leagues  N.  of  it.  Mon- 
gon  is  known  at  fea  by  a  great  mountain  juft  over  it, 
which  is  feen  farther  than  any  others  on  this  part  of  the 
coaft. — Morse. 

MoNGON,  Ca^f,  on  the  S.  fide  of  the  ifland  of  St 
Domingo,  is  3000  fathoms  N.  of  Point  Bahoruco  and 
the  river  Nayauco,  and  nearly  S.  of  the  little  part  of 
Petit  Trou. — ii. 

MONHEGAN,  or  Maihe_;an,  a  fmall  ifland  in  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  12  miles  fouth-cafterly  of  Pemaquid 
Point,  in  Lincoln  co.  Diftrid  cf  Maine,  andinlat.43 


Monge- 
arts, 

II 

Morihe- 

•ran. 


I\^     O     N 


C    563    ] 


M     O     N 


lU. 


MonctoH,  42.  North  of  it  are  a  number  of  fmatl  ides  at  the  mouth 
of  St  George's  river.  Captain  Smith  landed  his  party 
herein  1(^14.  The  chimneys  and  remains  of  the  houftrs 
are  vet  to  be  fecn. — it'. 

MONETOU  IJlands,  in  the  N.  W.  Territory,  lie 
towards  the  E.  fide  ot  Michigan  Lake,  towards  its  N. 
end,  and  foulh'vard  of  Beaver  Wands ib. 

MONKTON,  a  townlhip  in  Addifon  county,  Ver- 
mount,  E.  of  Fcrrifturg,  and  contains  450  icliabit- 
snts. — ib. 

MosKTON,  a  townfhip  in  Annapolis  county,  Nova- 
Scotia,  inhabited  by  Acadians,  and  a  few  families 
frcm  New-England.  It  lies  partly  on  the  bafon  of 
Annapolis,  and  partly  on  St  JIary's  Bay,  and  con- 
fids  chiefly  of  wood  land  ar.d  fait  marlh.  It  contains 
about  60  families. — U>. 

MONCLOVA,  a  town  of  New-Leon,  N.  .-America, 
fituatcd  S.  E.  of  Conchos. — ib. 

MONMOUTH,  a  large  maritime  county  of  New- 
Jcrfcy,  of  a  triangular  fhapc,  80  miles  in  length,  .ind 
from  1^  to  40  in  breadth  ;  bounded  noith  by  part  of 
Raritan  Bay,  N,  W.  by  MidJIefex  co.  S.  W.  by  Bur- 
lington, and  E.  by  the  ocean.  It  is  divided  into  6 
towndiips,  and  contains  16,918  inhabitant?,  including 
1596  flavcs.     The  face  of  the  county  is  generally  level. 


liaving  but  few  hills. 

high  lands  of  N  ivefnik  and  Centre-Hill. 


The  mod  noted  of  thefe  are  the 
A  great  part 
of  the  county  is  cfa  fandy  foil ;  but  other  parts  are 
fertile.  There  is  a  very  curious  cave,  now  in  ruins, 
at  the  incuth  of  Navefink  river,  30  feet  long  and  ij 
wide,  and  contains  three  arched  apartments. — ib. 

Monmouth,  or  Freehold,  a  poll-town  of  Ncw-jer- 
fey,  and  capital  of  the  above  co.  lituated  22  miles  N. 
E.  by  E.  of  AUentown,  j+ead  of  Trenton,  14  S.  W. 
by  S.  of  Shrcwfljury,  and  64  N.  E.  by  E.  of  Philadel- 
phia. It  contains  a  court  houle  and  gaol,  and  a  few 
compad  dwellinghoufcs.  This  town  is  remarkable  for 
the  battle  fought  within  its  limits  on  the  27th  of  June, 
1778,  between  the  armies  of  Ger.eral  Walhington  and 
Sir  Henry  Clinton.  The  latter  having  evacuated  Phi- 
hidelphia,  was  on  his  march  to  New- York.  The  lofs 
of  the  Americans,  in  killed  and  wounded,  was  about 
250;  that  of  tlie  Britilh,  inclufivc  of  prifoners,  was 
about  3  jc.  The  Britidi  purfued  their  march  the  night 
after,  without  the  lofs  of  their  covering  party  or  bag- 
gage.— ib. 

MoNMouTif,  a  fmall  pod-town  in  Lincoln  co.  faii- 
nted  on  tlie  call  fide  of  AnJrol'cogo|,i  river,  15  miles 
W.  by  S.  of  H,<ll)well  court-houfc,  5  weltcrly  of 
V,^inihrcp,  to  N.  E.  by  N.  of  Greene,  49  N.  of  Port- 
land, and  iSo  N.  by  E.  of  Bodon ib. 

Mos MOUTH  Cape,  on  the  call  lide  of  the  Straits  of 
Migellan,  about  half  way  from  the  fouthetn  entrance 
of  the  fecoiid  Narrows  to  ilie  fouth-caft  angle  of  the 
draits  oppofite  to  Cape  Forward. — ib. 

Monmouth  Ijl.ind,  oii^  o{  the  4  idands  of  Royal 
Reach,  in  the  Siraiis  of  Magellan,  and  the  lecond  from 
iIm-  weltward. — ib. 

MONNIER  (Peter  Chirks  Lc),  was  born  at  P.iris 
on  the  20ih  of  Novcnibcr  17  15.  Tlie  profcdion  cf  his 
lather,  or  the  rank  which  he  held  in  focicty,  ve  li  ue 
not  Icarntd  ;  and  we  sre  equally  ignorant  <>l  the  mode 
in  ivhicli  he  educated  his  fon.  Ail  that  we  know  is, 
that  y  ung  M'>r.i'icr,  Ironi  his  carhell  year?,  devoted 
himlUf  to  the  dudy  ci'  adronomy  ;  and  that,  when  ouly 


fixteen  years  of  age,  he  made  his  fird  obfervatioii,  vi/.  Moiuiicr. 
ot  the  oppofnion  cf  Saturn.  At  the  age  of  twenty  he  '"■^^^"V' 
was  nominated  a  member  of  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Sciences  at  Pari?.  In  the  year  1735  he  accompanied 
Maupertuis  in  the  celebrated  expedition  to  Lapland,  to 
rneafure  a  degree  of  latitude.  In  1748  he  went  to 
Scotland  with  Lord  MaccUsdcld,  to  obferve  the  annu- 
lar  eclipfe  of  the  fun,  which  was  mod  vilible  in  th.it 
country  ;  and  he  was  the  fird  aftronomer  who  had  the 
pleafure  to  meafure  the  diameter  of  the  moon  on  the 
difli  of  the  fun. 

Louis  XV.  it  is  well  known,  was  extremely  fond  of 
adronomy,  and  greatly  honoured  its  profelfors :  helov. 
ed  and  edeemed  Le  Monnier.  I  have  feen  the  king 
himfelf  (lays  Lalande)  come  out  of  his  cabinet,  and 
look  around  for  Le  Monnier;  and  when  his  youn';er 
brotlier  was  picfented  to  him  on  his  appointment  to  the 
office  of  tirft  phylician,  his  Majedy  was  plcafed  to  wim 
him  the  merit  and  reputation  of  his  brother  the  adro- 
nomcr.  All  the  remarkable  celedial  phenomena  were 
always  oblervcd  by  the  king,  in  company  with  Lc 
INIonnier.  Thus  he  obferved  with  him,  at  his  chateau 
of  St  Hubert,  the  two  celebrated  tianfits  of  Venus  thro' 
the  dilhof  the  fun  in  the  years  1761  and  1-69;  a;  ap- 
pears  from  the  Memoirs  of  the  Royal  Patiiian  Acade- 
niy  of  Sciences.  It  well  deferves  to  he  here  recorded 
in  what  manner  the  king  behaved  dnrin'j  thefe  imncr- 
tant  obfervations,  and  how  little  he  dillurbed  his  ailrc- 
nomcrs  (the  celebrated  La  Condamine  being  llkcwife 
permitted  to  obferve  the  tranfrt  in  his  prefence)  in  this 
occupation  ;  the  proper  time  for  which,  if  permitted  to 
pafs  by,  could  not  be  recalled.  Le  Monnier  relates  in 
his  Dilfert.ition,  that  "  his  Majedy  perceiving  that  we 
judged  the  lall  contacts  to  be  cf  the  greated  i.Tiport- 
ance,  a  profound  lilence  at  that  moment  reifned  around 
us."  At  the  tranfit  of  Venus  in  1 769,  th^king  allow- 
ed the  Marquis  de  Chabert,  an  intelligent  and  expert 
naval  odicer,  who  was  jud  returned  from  a  literary  voy- 
age to  the  Levant,  to  adld  at  the  obfervation.  In  a 
court  like  that  of  Louis  XV.  fo  fcrupuloully  obfervant 
of  etiquette,  thefe  will  be  allowed  to  have  been  mod 
didinguilhed  marks  of  honour,  and  of  royal  favour  and 
condefcenlion. 

In  the  year  1  750,  Le  Monnier  was  ordered  to  draw 
a  meridian  at  the  royal  Chateau  of  Bellevue,  where  the 
king  frequently  made  obfervations.  The  monarch  on 
this  ocrafion  rewarded  him  with  a  prefent  of  ic,ooo 
livrcs  ;  but  Le  Monnier  applied  this  fum  of  money 
likcwife  in  a  manner  that  redounded  to  the  honour  of 
his  niunificerit  fovercign  and  of  his  country,  by  procur- 
ing new  and  accurate  inllritments,  with  which  he  af- 
terwards made  his  bed  and  mod  remarkable  obferva- 
tions. In  1742,  the  king  gave  him  in  Paris  Ru?  de  la 
Pojle,  a  beautiful  free  dwelling,  where,  till  t!ic  break- 
ing out  cf  the  revolution,  he  rtfided,  and  purfued  his 
aftronomical  labours,  and  where  his  indruments  in  pare 
yet  remain.  Some  of  them  the  prefent  French  govern- 
nient  has,  at  the  inlLance  of  Lalande,  purchafedfor  the 
National  Obfervatory.  In  1751,  the  king  prefented 
him  With  a  block  fi  marble,  eight  feet  in  height,  fii 
feet  in  breadth,  and  filtecn  inclies  in  thickncfi,  to  be 
uled  lor  fixing  his  mural  quadrant  of  five  feet.  This 
marble  wall,  together  wiih  the  indruments  appended  to 
it,  turns  on  a  large  brafs  ball  and  focket,  by  which  the 
quadr.uit  may  be  dircaed  from  fouifi  to  north  ;  thus 
4  B  3  lerving 


M     O    N 


C    564    ] 


M     O     N 


Monnitr.  fcrving  to  reflify  the  large  mural  quadrant  of  eight  feet,  genes  exclaimed  to  his  mafter  Antifthenes,  You  cannot  Monnier. 

^-•"^^^  which  is  immoveably  made  fall  to  a  wall  towards  the  find  a  ftick  (hong  enough  to  drive  me  away  from  you!"  "«.^-'<^*-' 
fQmj,_  What  a  noble  trait  in  the  charader  of  Lalande,  who 
With  thefe  quadrants  Le  Monnier  obferved,  for  the  in  1797  wrote  llkewife  an  eulogium  on  Le  Monnier  in 
long  period  of  forty  years,  the  moon  with  unwearied  the  (lyle  of  a  grateful  pupil,  penetrated  with  fentiraents 
perfeverance  at  all  hours  of  the  night.  It  is  requifite,  of  profound  veneration  and  efteem  for  his  beloved  ma- 
te be  a  diligent  aftronomer,  to  be  able  to  conceive  to  fter ;  but  Le  Monnier  would  not  read  it.  This  is  not 
what  numberlcfs  inconveniences  the  philofopher  is  ex-  the  place  to  give  a  circumftantial  account  of  this  intri- 
pofed  during  an  uninterrupted  feries  of  lunar  obferva-  cate  quarrel;  we  (hall  only  further  remark,  that  La- 
tions.  As  the  moon  during  a  revolution  may  pafs  lande  was  the  warm  friend  and  admirer  of  the  no  lefs 
through  the  meridian  at  all  hours  of  the  day  or  night ;  eminent  aftronomer  La  Caille,  whom  Le  Monnier  mor- 
the  aftronomer  who,  day  after  day,  profecutes  fuch  ob-  tally  hated.  An  intimate  friendfliip  likewife  fubfifted 
fervations,  muft  be  prepared  at  all,  even  the  moll  In-  between  Le  Monnier  and  D'Alembert  j  but  Lalande 
convenient,  hours,  and  faciifice  to  them  his  fleep  and  had  no  fiiendly  intercourfewith  the  latter 


all  his  enjoyments.  How  fecluded  from  all  the  plea- 
fures  of  focial  intercourfe,  and  how  fatiguing  fuch  a 
mode  of  life  i>,  thofe  aftronomers,  indeed,  know  not 
who  then  only  fct  their  pendulum  clocks  in  motion, 
when  fome  of  the  eclipfes  of  the  fun,  moon,  or  of  the 
fatellites  of  Jupiter,  are  to  be  viewed.  At  this  time, 
and  in  the  prelent  ftate  cf  the  fcience,  thcfe  are  juft  the 


Among  the  fcholars  of  Le  Monnier  may  likewife  be 
reckoned  Henwart,  the  celebrated  geometrician  and 
profeflbr  of  mathematics  at  Utrecht ;  who,  in  a  letter 
to  Von  Zach,  aftronomer  to  the  Duke  of  Saxe  Gotha, 
dated  the  26th  of  May  1797,  fays,  "  Le  Monnier  is  a 
penetrating  and  philofophical  aftronomer:  I  learned 
much  from  him  in  Paris ;  though  I  lodged  with  the 


inoftinfigni'ficantobfervations;  and  an  able  aftronomer,  late  De  I'Ifle,  where   I  frequently  made  obfervations 

well  fupplied  with  accurate  inltruments,  may  every  day,  in  company  with  MeQier.     Le  Monnier  was  the  friend 

if  he  take  into  his  view  the  whole  of  his  profeft'ion,  of  D'Alembert;  and  confequently  an  oppofer  of  La- 

make  more  important  and  more  neceflary  ob(ervations.  lande." 

Le  Monnier  was  Lalande's  preceptor,  and  worthy  This  great  man,  who  had,  for  fome  years,  ceafed  to 
of  fuch  a  fcholar ;  and  he  promoted  his  ftudies  by  his  exift  either  for  the  fcience  of  aftronomy,  or  for  the  corn- 
advice,  and  by  every  other  means  in  his  power.     Le  fort  of  his  friend 
Monnier's  penetrating  mind,  indeed,  prefaged  in  young  Normandy,  in   i 


Lalande,  then  only  futeen  years  old,  what  in  the  fc 
quel  has  been  fo  Iplendidly  confirmed.  In  his  twentieth 
year,  he  became,  on  the  recommendation  of  his  precep- 
tor, a  member  of  the  Royal  Academy  :  and  in  1752  he 


died  at  Lizeaux",  in  the  province  of 
99,  aged  84  years.  He  left  behind 
him  fome  valuable  manufcripts,  and  a  number  of  good 
obfervations  ;  with  refpeft  to  which  he  had  always  been 
very  whimfical,  and  of  which  in  his  latter  years  he  ne- 
ver would  publifh  any  thing.     He  had  by  him  a  feries 


was  piopofed  by  him  as  the  fittcft  perfon  to  be  fent  to  of  lunar  obfervations,  and  a  multitude  of  obfervations  of 

Berlin,  to  make  with  La  Caille's,  who  had  been  fent  the  ftars,  for  a  catalogue  of  the  ftars,  which  he  had  an- 

to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  correfpondent  obfervations,  nounced  fo  early  as  the  year  1741  ;  among  which  was 

for  the  purpofe  of  determining  the  parallaxes  of  the  twice  to  be  found  the  new  planet  Uranus:   (See  La- 

moon,  then  but  imperfectly  known.     Le  Monnier  lent  hwde's  JJlrommie,   Tables,  p.  188,   (a).     The  more  he 

his  pupil  for  tliis  expedition  his  mural  quadrant  of  five  was  requefted  to  communicate  his  obfervations,    the 

feet.     His  zeal  for  aftronomy  knew  no  bounds.     For  more  obftinate  he  became  ;  he  even  threatened  to  de- 

this'reafon  Lalande,  in  his  Notice  des  Travaux  du  C.  ftroy  them.     At  the  breaking  out  of  the  revolution, 

Le  Monnier,  fays  of  himfelf :  "  Je  fuis  moi-meme  k pr'in-  Lalande  Was  greatly  alarmed  for  the  fafety  of  thefe  pa- 

eipal  refultat  ds  Jon  zile  pour  I' apouomie."  pers  ;  he  wifhed  to  preferve  them  from  deftruflion,  and 

Le  Monnier  was  naturally  of  a  very  irritable  temper:  made  an  attempt  to  get  them  into  his  polTeffion  ;  but 

as  ardently  as  be  loved  his  friends,  as  eafily  could  he  be  all  his  endeavours  were  in  vain.     He  was  only  al  le  to 

offended;  and  his  hatred  was  then  implacable.     La-  learn,  that  Le  Monnier  had  hidden  them  under  the 

lande,  as  he  himfelf  expreffes  it,  had  the  misfortune  to  roof  of  his  houfe.     Le  Monnrer  having  been  firft  feized 

incur  the  difpleafure  of  his  beloved  preceptor  ;  and  he  with  a  fit  of  the  apoplexy  fo  early  as  the   loth  of  No- 

never  after  could  regain  his  favour.    But  Lalande's  gra-  vember  179J,  Lalande  apprehended,  left,  if  no  one  ex- 

titude  and  refpe(fl  tor  him  always  continued  undimi-  cept  hinifeif  (liould  know  where  he  had  hidden  his  pa- 

nilhed,  and  were  on  every  occafion  with  unremitting  per?,  the  infirm  old  man  might  perhaps  have  himfelf 

conrtancy  publicly  declared  :  patiently  he  endured  from  forgLt  it.     He  hopes,  however,  that  La  Grange,  who 

bim  undeferved  ill  treatment ;  fo  much  did  he  love  and  married  his  fecond  daughter,  may  have  fome  informa- 

efteera  his  inftructor  and  mafter  to  the  day  of  his  death,  tion  concerning  them.     Le  Monnier  left  behind  him  no 

"  I  have  not  ceafed  to  exclaim  {writes  Lalande),  as  Dio-  fon. 

MON- 


(a)  Such  is  the  French  and  German  account  of  his  difcovery  of  this  planet  ;  but  our  readers  have  been  very 
inattentive,  if  they  have  not  perceived,  in  various  articles  of  this  W^ork,  complete  proofs  nf  the  pbgiarifm  ot  our 


aiunor  01   i^enies  unort  iVieu:oa  -wiin  me  Deijh    (f  ... 

that  in  1800  there  was  no  evidence  whate  er  f  n  which  lo  found  that  claim,  and  that  the  difcovery  was  then 


uaiverfaJly  allowed  to  have  beea  made  by  Herfchel, 


M    O    N 


C    56s    ] 


M     O     N 


Monocacy,      MONOCACY,    a   river   which  after    a    S.   S.  W. 
I  courff,    empties   into  the  I'atowmac,  about  50  miles 

Monfcle-    above  Georgetown. — Morse. 

^j;;;^;^  monomial,  in  algebra,  is  a  fimple  or  fingle  no- 
minal,  confilling  of  only  one  term  ;  as  a  or  u  x,  or  a^ 
l/x^,  &c. 

MONONGAHELA  Riv-r,  a  branch  of  the  Ohio, 
IS  400  yards  wide  at  its  junction  with  the  Alleghany  at 
Pittft)urg.  It  is  deep,  gentle  and  navigable  with  hat- 
teaux  and  barges  beyond  Red  Stone  Creek,  and  Hill 
further  with  lighter  craft.  It  rifes  at  the  foot  of  the 
Laurel  Mountain  in  Virginia,  thence  meandering  in  a 
N.  by  E.  direftion,  paifes  into  Pennfylvania,  and  re- 
ceives Cheat  river  from  the  S.  S.  E.  thence  winding  in 
a  N.  by  W.  courfe,  feparates  Fayette  and  Wellmore- 
land  from  Wafhington  county,  and  palling  into  Alle- 
ghany county,  joins  the  Alleghany  river  at  Pittftiurgh 
and  forms  the  Ohio.  It  is  300  yards  wide  12  or  15 
miles  from  its  month,  wheie  it  receives  the  Youghio- 
gany  from  the  fouth-eaft,  which  is  navigable  with  bat- 
teaui:  and  barges  to  the  foot  of  Laurel  hill.  Thence 
to  Red  Stone,  at  Fort  Byrd,  by  water  is  50  miles,  by 
land  30.  Thence  to  the  mouth  of  Cheat  river,  by 
water  40  miles,  by  land  28;  the  width  continuing 
at  300  yards,  and  the  navigation  good  for  boats. 
'I'hence  llie  width  is  about  200  yards  to  the  weftern 
fork  50  miles  higher,  and  the  navigation  frequently  in- 
terrupted by  rapids  j  which,  however,  with  a  fwell  of  2 
or  3  feet,  become  very  palfable  for  boats.  It  then  ad- 
mits light  boats,  except  In  dry  fsafons,  65  miles  fur- 
ther, to  the  head  of  Tygart's  Valley,  prefenting  only 
fome  fmall  rapids  and  falls  of  one  or  2  feet  perjiendicu- 
lar,  and  IclFening  in  its  width  to  20  yards.  The  weft- 
ern fork  is  navigable  in  the  winter,  towards  the  nonhern 
branch  of  the  Little  Kinhaway,  and  will  admit  a  good 
waggon  road  to  it.  From  the  navigable  waters  of  the 
Ibuth-eallernnioll  branch  of  the  Monong.ihcla,  there  is 
a  portage  of  10  miles  to  the  fouth  branch  of  Patow- 
mac  liver.  The  hills  oppolile  Pittlburg  on  the  banks 
of  this  river,  vvhicii  are  at  lead  300  feet  high,  appear 
to  be   one  folid   body  of  coal. — Morse. 

MONONGALIA,  a  county  in  the  N.  W.  part  of 
Virginia,  about  40  miles  long  and  30  broad,  and  con- 
tains 4,768  inh.ibitants  ;  including  I54ilives. — ;/». 

MONOTRiGLVPH,  a  term  in  architeaure,  de- 
noting the  fpace  of  one  triglyph  between  two  pilailerb, 
or  two  columns. 

MONPOX,  a  city  of  Terra  Firma,  about  75  miles 
S.  E.  by  E.  of  Toiu. — Morsi. 

MONSEAG  Bay,  m  Lincoln  county,  Dirtii>ft  of 
Maine,  is  ftparated  from  Sheeplcut  river,  by  the  illand 
of  Jeiemyfqnam. — ib. 

MONSELEMINES,  arc  a  people  which  inhabit 
that  part  of  BiLi  dulgkrid  fee  Eiuycl.)  that  borders 
on  the  t«rritoiies  of  the  Emperor  of  Morocco.  They 
are  a  mixed  race,  being  defcendcd  from  the  ancient  A- 
rabs  and  fugitive  Moors ;  and  they  occupy  a  fpace  of 
land,  of  which  the  limits  .ire  indicated  by  li  fty  columns 
placed  at  iiUervals  towards  the  delait.  The.r  territory 
extends  from  about  30  leagues  beyond  Cape  Non,  to 
the  dilUnce  of  20  l.:.igue;>  from  St  Croix  or  Agader. 
Though  of  different  qu.ilities,  it  i«,  for  tlic  moll  part, 
very  fertile,  and  produces  the  necellarics  "t  hie  with 
little  cultivaiiun.     The  plains  are  watered  by  an  ina> 


nite  number  of  flreams,  and  aboucd  with  palm,  date,  Mmifclc- 
fig,  and  almond  trees.     The  gardens  produce  excellent     ii'i"«s. 
grapes,  which  are  dried  by  tt.e  Arabs,  and  converted 
into  brandy  by  the  Jews.     Great  quantities  of  oil,  wax, 
and  tobacco,  appear  in  the  public  markets. 

More  induftrious  and  more  laborious  than  their  neigh- 
bours, the  Monfelemine  nation  cultivates  the  earth.  The 
chiefs  of  families  choofe  the  ground  mcft  fit  for  culti- 
vation. Its  furfare  is  tuined  tlightly  over  with  a  kind 
of  hoe,  and  then  the  feed  is  fown  upon  it:  the  field  is 
furrounded  with  bufhes,  to  mark  the  fpot,  and  to  pre- 
ferve  it  from  the  cattle  of  the  wandering  Arabs.  When 
the  crop  is  ripe,  which  is  generally  at  the  end  of  Au- 
guft,  tliree  months  after  the  fowing  of  the  f<.ed,  it  is 
cut  about  fix  inches  from  the  ear,  and  formed  into  little 
bundles ;  during  which  time  every  one  labours  without 
intermiffion  from  morning  to  night.  The  corn  is 
brought  before  the  tent,  thrafhed,  winnowed,  and  pla- 
ced in  the  magazines.  When  the  harveft  is  over,  they 
fet  fire  to  the  long  ftubble,  and  abandon  the  field  for 
two  or  three  years.  Their  magazines  are  large  holes  in 
the  earth,  formed  like  the  fruftum  of  a  cone,  the  in- 
fides  of  which  are  hardened  by  burning  wood  in  them, 
before  the  half  winnowed  corn  be  depofited.  When 
filled  with  corn,  they  are  covered  with  planks  placed 
clofe  to  each  other  ;  over  which  a  layer  of  earth  is  laid 
level  with  the  foil,  to  prevent  it  from  being  difcovered 
by  enemies.  In  thefe  magazines  every  one  fhares  in 
proportion  to  the  number  of  men  he  employed  in  the 
common  labour. 

The  inhabitants  of  the  plains  remain  by  the  cultivat- 
ed fields  in  feed  lime,  and  return  at  the  time  of  harveft. 
During  tlie  intervals  they  wanJer  in  all  direiflicns  with 
their  caltle,  taking  only  neceffarics  along  with  them, 
and  h  iving  recourfe  to  the  magazines  when  they  re- 
quire a  fupply.     The  more  opulent  people,  and  the  ar- 
tizans  who  are  engaged  in  fcdentary  occupations,  dwell 
in  town?,  which  are  all  fituated  upon  the  declivity  of 
hills.     Their  houles  are  built  of  ftone  and  earth,  ac- 
cording to  the  Mcorilh  conllruflion,  low  and  covered 
w  ith  floping  terracss ;  yet  they  are  f'o  much  injured  by 
the  heavy  rains  which  prevail  for  three  months  of  the 
year,  as  to  be  rendered  uninhabitable  in  15  or  ::o  years. 
Thofe  who  re  fide  in  towns  arc  generally  weavers,  fhoe- 
niakers,  goldfmiths,  potters,  d:c.  and  have  no  cattle  ; 
but  the  more  opulent  perfons  have  flocks  and  herds  of 
cows,   horfe«,  cinicl',    fheep,    goats,   befides  poultry, 
which  are  kept  by  their  llaves  at  a  diftance  from  the 
town«.     In  the  towns  they  take  two  meals  a  day  ;  one 
at  ttn  o'clock,  and  the  ether  at  the  letting  of  the  fun, 
though  the  inhabitants  of  the  country  only  cat  in  the 
evening.     In  the  towns  th:y  fleep  in  mats  upon  the 
flours  of  their  apartments,  and  make  ufe  of  linen  ;  but 
the  inhabitants  of  the  country  llecp  upon  terraces  in  the 
open  air.      The  palforal  families  of  the  country  pracffife 
hofpitality  like  thofe  of  tliedefart,  and  make  th.c  tra- 
veller pay  nothing  lor  his  entertainment.      In  the  towns 
this  pradice  is  impoAible,  as  the  cc'nc<)uife  of  tlrangers, 
elpeci.illy  on  maiket-d.iys,  would  loon  impoverilh  the 
inhibita:ts.     In  this  manner  hofpitality  is  always  ci- 
tinguilhed  among  a  trading  and  commercial  people.    It 
is  only  where  the  fuperfluity  vi  commodities  runs  nc- 
celfarily  to  waftc,  that  it  is  ever  pra..Tlfed  in  a  great  ex- 
tent J  but  where  every  commodity  can  find  a  market, 

every 


M     O    N 


C    566   ] 


M     O    N 


Monfcic-  every  kinJ  of  property  acquires  a  definite  value,  and 
miiiL-^.  ^,in  J,,  prefeived  wirh  the  fame  care  as  money. 
^•"^"^''''''^  J5y  ^i.  Saugnier  the  government  oi  the  Monrelcmines 
is  fiid  to  be  republican;  but  he  writes  inconfulently 
about  it.  In  one  place,  he  lays  thit  they  choofe  their 
chiefs  annually  ;  in  another,  th.it  in  the  lime  of  war 
they  choofe  from  the  nntives  or  fugitive  Moors  indifcri- 
minately,  chiefs,  "liof:  ;u:ihnrity  lafls  no  longer  than 
the  campaign,  during  which  it  is  abfohue  ;  and  he  af- 
terwards reprclcnts  their  gc  vernment  as  a  kind  of  theo- 
cracy, dunn:;  war  as  well  as  peace.  But  we  mufl  fol- 
low him  in  liis  detail,  as  it  has  been  well  arranged  in 
a  late  anonymous  publication,  entiiled,  yln  H'Jlorkul 
Shich  «/"  Dijlovcria  in  Jlj'tka. 

At  the  end  of  each  campaign,  he  fiys  the  chief 
gives  an  account  of  his  aiflions  to  the  aUcmbled  aged 
men,  and  is  rewarded  or  punillaed  according  to  his  con- 
duel  ;  afier  whidi  his  fuctelfor  is  appointed,  and  he 
Icrvos  in  the  army  he  commanded  as  an  undiftinguifhed 
individual.  The  country  is  populous,  and  would  be 
ftill  mote  lb,  were  it  not  tor  the  contintial  wars  which  its 
inhabitants  are  obliged  to  fuppon  againil  the  Emperor 
of  Morocco.  The  liberty  they  enjoy  imparts  energy 
and  courage  to  tlieir  chara(5ler,  and  renders  their  arms 
invincible  to  the  Moors.  They  conlider  it  as  the  moll 
invaluable  polFcirion,  and  defend  it  to  the  lafl  extremity. 
The  nature  of  the  country,  furrounded  on  every  fide  by 
ftccp  and  arid  mountains,  contributes  to  frullrate  the 
efforts  of  their  enemies.  The  Monfelemine,  riclier  than 
the  fubjefl  of  Morocco,  is  always  well  clothed  and 
armed.  He  pays  no  tribute,  enjoys  die  f'ruit  of  Jiis  la- 
bour and  commerce,  and,  as  no  contributions  are  requi- 
(ite  for  the  charges  of  the  Hate,  whatever  he  acquires 
is  his  own.  The  fugitive  Moors  are  never  arined,  ex- 
cept when  they  go  to  battle  ;  but  the  natives  go  conti- 
nually armed,  whether  they  refuie  in  the  country,  refort 
to  the  markets,  attend  the  afl'emblies  of  the  nation,  or 
pay  vilits. 

As  the  Monfelemine  territory  Is  the  retreat  of  the 
rich  Moors,  who  wifh  to  fly  from  the  tyranny  of  the 
Emperor  of  Morocco,  ihey  are  too  well  acquainted  with 
the  Moorifh  cuflonis  to  be  fiirprifed  by  that  prince.  No 
fijoner  does  a  Moorilh  army  take  the  field,  than  the  in- 
habitants of  the  country  cantons  mount  their  horfes, 
and  occupy  the  palTes  of  the  mountains ;  while  the  wo- 
men and  flaves,  efcoi  ted  by  a  fufhcient  number  of  war- 
liors,  retire  to  the  interior  parts  of  the  country,  or,  if 
they  be  hard  prelfed,  to  the  defart.  Among  the  pa- 
Itorr.l  tribes  there  are  many  that  addi.5t  theml'elves  en- 
tirely to  arms,  anil  ferve  ai  cavalry  in  the  time  of  war. 
During  peace  they  efcort  caravans,  or  exercife  them- 
lelves  in  militaiy  evolutions,  and  the  management  cf 
their  horfiss.  Being  almolt  always  on  hotfeback,  and 
wearing  no  boots,  they  have  a  callous  lump  on  that 
part  of  the  leg  that  comes  in  contact  with  the  iron  of 
the  lliirup.  'I'heir  horfes,  v/hich  (hey  lireak  in  an  ad- 
mirable manner,  are  the  btft  in  the  world  :  as  tiiey  are 
treated  with  gre.^t  care  by  their  maflcrs,  they  know 
them,  and  are  obcd'ent  to  their  voice,  and  will  admit 
no  ftranger  to  mount  them. 

The  Monfilemines  derive  their  origin  and  name  from 
Moitilama,  a  contemporary  of  M  ihcniet  i  and,  in  their 
love  of  hbeity,  as  well  as  in  many  of  iheir  culloms,  re- 
f;mb!s  the  Arabs  of  remoter  times.     They  refpeft  the 


prophet  like  other  Mahometans ;  but  neither  believe  Monrde- 
that  he  was  infallible,  nor  that  his  defeendants  are  all  J^^ll^^^L, 
infpired  by  God,  nor  that  their  will  Ihould  be  a  law, 
nor  that  fuch  f-iilh  is  necefTary  in  order  to  be  a  good 
Mahometan.  Their  priifls  are  refpe^^ed,  and  in  old 
age  generally  become  the  civil  judge-,  of  the  nation; 
but  the  influence  of  the  high  pried  is  almoft  deipotic. 
Though  he  has  no  troops,  he  may  command  the  nation ; 
and  war  and  peace  depend  upon  his  will.  Though  he 
has  no  property,  every  thing  is  at  h's  difpolal :  he  re- 
quires nothing  from  any  one,  and  yet  all  are  inclined  to 
give.  He  adminillers  jiUlice  according  to  ilie  opinion 
of  his  counlel,  without  pretending  to  be  infpired  by  ths 
prophet. 

On  Friday  thi  Monfelemines  afTemble  in  their 
mofques  to  pray  :  this  is  likewife  the  day  of  their 
principal  market,  when  their  merchandize  is  expofetl 
to  fale  in  the  public  fquares,  where  the  old  men  judge 
without  appeal,  when  difputes  arife.  Different  from 
their  neighbours  of  Morocco  and  Sahara,  the  Monfele- 
mines never  attempt  to  make  profelytes.  Their  Chii- 
flian  llaves  are  treated  v.ith  hmnanity  ;  but  they  ow; 
this  to  the  avarice  of  their  mailers.  Thefe  dctell  Chti- 
llians,  but  they  love  money,  and  are  afraid  left  fick- 
nef's  or  death  Ihould  deprive  them  of  the  ranfom  of  the 
flave,  or  of  the  advantage  of  his  labour.  Among  the 
inhabitants  of  the  defart,  a  Chrillian,  that  adopts  the 
religion  of  Mahomet,  is  admitted  as  a  citizen  and  mem- 
ber of  the  family,  and  is  prefented  with  cattle  to  foiTii 
an  eflablifliment.  The  Monfelemines  pay  more  atten- 
tion to  the  value  of  their  projierty  than  the  fituaticn  of 
the  infidel.  A  Chrillian  who  enters  a  mofque  at  Mo- 
rocco is  put  to  death,  or  forced  to  afFume  the  turban. 
The  Monfelemines  would  turn  him  civilly  out,  and  con- 
tent tlicmfelvcs  with  inipofing  the  higheft  poilible  fine. 
Among  the  Moors,  a  Chrillian difcovered  in  an  intrigue 
with  a  woman  of  that  nation  fullers  death,  or  fubmits  to 
converfion  ;  but  the  Monfelemines  prefer  money  to  reli- 
gion. From  them  the  Chiilliaii  has  nothing  to  fear  : 
the  v.'oman  alone  is  punllhed,  being  put  into  a  fack,  and 
thrown  into  the  fea.  If  a  Chrillian  flave  among  the 
neighbouring  nations  defends  himfelf  againft  his  mailer, 
he  is  punifhed  with  death  ;  but  money  laves  him  among 
the  Monfelemines  ;  he  would  at  moll  receive  a  flight 
correiflion. 

The  Jews  are  allowed  the  free  exercife  of  their  reli- 
gion among  the  Monfelemines,  hut  are  treated  with  tht 
fame  indignity  as  among  other  Mahometan  tribes.  A 
Jew  is  not  permitted  to  carry  arms ;  and  if  he  fhould 
make  ufe  of  them  againll  an  Arab,  he  would  be  p'l- 
nilhed  with  death,  and  probably  involve  his  family  in 
his  fate.  The  Jews  inhabit  the  towns  only,  where  they 
folio v,f  trade  and  various  aits,  but  are  not  allowed  to 
cultivate  the  earth. 

Polygamy  is  permitted,  as  in  other  Mahometan  coun- 
tries;  but  the  lituation  of  the  women  is  more  refpe<5l- 
able,  and  they  are  not  fo  much  feduded  as  among  the 
Moors.  They  mingle  more  in  fociety,  walk  at  large, 
and  vifit  their  friends;  neither  are  their  apartments  fo 
inviolable.  Among  the  Monfelemines,  that  degrading 
piciure  of  humanity  is  never  feen  which  fometimes  oc- 
curs in  Morocco,  a  woman  drawing  the  plough  with  an 
als,  a  mule,  or  feme  other  beall  of  burden.  More  hap. 
py  than  the  women  of  the  Saiiara,  and  treated  with 

greater 


M     O     N 


[567     ] 


M     O     N 


greater  attention  by  their  huftands,  iliey  are  more  hu-    Poir.te  des  Dunes  (Down  Point)  on  the  other  ;  iibcut 

mane  in  their  difpofition!-.     Like  ether  Arab  women,     6,500  iathoms    a'.undir.      The    bay   ij    aboi.t    1   <c- 

ihey  lliiin  the  edges  of  their  eyelids  black  with  henna,    fathoms   deep,    and  its    winding  is   nearly   4   lea-'ues 

and   paint  ihclr  faces  red  and  yellow.     Their  children    About  900  lathoms  from  the  cape,  defcenuice  the^bav' 

are  b. ought  up  with  great  care,  and  are  i;ot  obligsd  to     we  tind  the  little  ifland  of  Idn.is  Chrill,   aco  fathoms 

cxliibit  proofs  of  their  courage  before  they  can  be  con-  frLin  the  lljore.     One  nuy  lail  between  tlie't«o    \\i:h 

fidered  as  men,  as  is  the  cutloin  in  the  defart.     Avarice     2,  4,  and  5  I'athoins  water;  and  ibout   250  failiom's 

is  the  principal  defefl  in  the  chara^^tcr  of  the  Monftle-  iuuher  on,  is  antlioiagein  f.om  C  to  10  fathoms'.     A 

mine'.     They  hoard  thtir  m.ncy  with  the  uiinoll  care,  le.igue  and  a  quarter  from  Cape  la  Graiise,  i,  a  battery 

bury  it  in  the  earth,  and  in  many  c^fes  die  wiUinut  dif-  intended    to   protscl  a  lacd:!:g  place,  ot   100  fatlioms 

covering  their  fcciet  even  to  their  children.     Mifcrs,  wide,  wl.icli  is  below,  and  cppofite  the  town  tf  Monte 

fays  M.  Saugnier,  (hoiild  go  to  tliat  country,  where     C'lndl.     '1  l.e  town  oJMoi.te   Chtill,  ftandip"  ut   Soo 

they  would  learn  meansof  economy ;  which  would  fiiew     iaihon:s  liom  the  fea  fide,  lifes  in  an  amphitheatre  on 

them,  that,  in  comparifon  with  the  Monfelemines,  they  tl'-c  fide  of  the  coaft,  wliicli  is  very  high  iUl  round  this 

aie  themJelves  perfed  prodigals.  bay.     The  town  is  2C0  fathoms  Iquare,  which  fpace  is 

The  medicinal   applications   of    the  Monfelemines,  divided  into  9  parti,  cut  by  two  llreets  lunnir"- frcm  E. 

which  differ  not  from  thofe  of  the  Mongearts  and  1°  W.  and  twootl.ers  from  N.  to  S.     It  was  founded  iri 

Other  inhabitants  of  the  deftrt,  are  extremely  fimple,  'SJJi 'abandoned  in  iCc6,  and  now  but  a  poor  place,  def- 

but  appear  fufficienlly  complex  from  the  mummery  cf  titute  ol  every  le.'uurce  but  that  of  cattle  raifed  in  its  ter- 

the  priefts,  who  are  the  depofitoiies  of  their  medical  >itory,  and  fold  to  the  French.     Tiie  town  and  territory 

fcience.     Flslh  wcunds  are  ciuterilej  with  a  hot  iron,  contain  about  3,000  fouls.  There  is  a  trilling  garrifon  at 

and  then  covered  with  herbs  dipped  in  tuitles  oil  and  Monte  Chiill.  About  a  league  from  the  battery,  follow. 

tar.     In  headachs,  a  ccniprefs  is  applied  with  fuch  vio-  "'^g  the  winding  of  the  bay,  is  the  river  of  Monte  Chrift 

lence  that  the  blood  Itarts  from  the  forehead.     In  in-  or  more  properly,  the  river  Ya(;ui.    The  land  round  the 

ternal  difeafes,  the  general  remedle;  are  regin)en,  reft,  town  is  baiicn  and  fandy  ;  and  the  ri\er  contains  great 

and  a  lew  maxims  of  the  Koran  myfterioulJy  applied  to  numbers  ol   crocodiles.     Monte   Chiift  is  a  pore  well 

the  affedled  paits. 

MONSON,  a  townftiip  in  Hampfliire  county,  M.if- 


known  to  Ameiican  fmugglets,  and  carries  on  a  great 
commerce  Irom  its  vicinity  to  the  French  [  lantations. 
In  the  time  ot  peace,  all  the  produce  of  the  plain  of  Ma- 
riboux  litnated  between  Port  Daupl.in  and  Mancenille 
Bay,  is  fiiippcd  here,  aid  in  a  war  between  France  and 
Britain,  it  uUd  to  be  a  grund  matket,  to  which  all  the 
Irench  in  iIil-   north  part  of  the  illand   fcnt   their  pro- 

duce,  and  whe.-L  pui chafers  were  always  ready. ib. 

MoNTL  CAnJf,  a  chain  of  mountains  which  extend 
paiaikl  to  the  noith  coaQ  of  the  iflar.d  of  St  Domin- 
go, troni  the  bay  cf  Monte  Chiill,  to  the  bay  of  Sa- 
niana  on  the  E.      Two  larpe  livets  run  in  cppofile  di- 


fachufetts,  E.  of  Biinihcld,  and  80  miles  foutli  wed  by 
well  of  Bofton.  It  was  incorporated  in  1760,  and 
contains  1331  inhabitants. — Morje. 

MONSIES,  the  tliird  tribe  in  rank  of  the  Delaware 
nation  of  Indians — :b. 

MONTAGUE,  a  tcwnfliip  in  HampOiire  co.  M.if- 
fachufctts,  on  the  E.  binlcof  Conneflicut  river,  be- 
tween Sunderland  and  Wentlel,  about  iS  miles  noith 
of  Northampton,  and  97  miles  welf  by  north  oi  Bollon. 
It  was  incorporated  in  1753,  and  cor  tains  906  inha- 
bitants. A  company  was  iijcorporated  in  1792  to  build  reilions  along  the  fouthernTide  ol  this  chain^  The  n- 
a  bridge  over  the  river  here.  The  woik  has  not  yet  ver  Monte  Chi  ill  or  Yaqui  in  a  W.  by  S.  direiflion  and 
been  completed— z;.  Vuna  river  in  an  E.  by  S.  courfe  to  the  bay  ot  Sarnana. 

Montague,  the  northernmoft  townlhip  in  New-  They  both  rile  near  La  Vega,  and  have  numerous 
Jerfey,  is  iauated  m  Sull'ex  c«.  on  the  eall  fide  of  De-     branches — ib. 

laware  river,  about  5  miles  N.  E.  01  Minifink,  and  17         MONTLGO  Bay  is  on  the  N.  fide  of  the  ifland  of 
north  cf  Newtown.     It  contains   543   inhabit.int.-,  in-     JiH^aica,  20  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Lucea  harbour   and  21 
eluding  25  llives.—zi^.  ^  W.  ot  Martha  Brae.     This  was  formeily  a  tlo'urilhing 

MoNT.tGOE,  the  l.irgeft  of  the  fmall  iflands  in  Prince  and  opulent  town:  it  confilled  of  22c  h.oufe-  jj  cV 
^\"illiam's  Sour.d,  on  tlie  N.  W.  coall  of  Is'orthAme-  \Wiich  were  capital  fiores,  and  contained  ab<iul  600 
rica. — ib,  while  inhabiiuius.     'Jhe  number  of  topfail  velicls  which 

MOTAUK  Point,  the  ea Hern  ex'remity  of  L' ng-  dtaied  annually  nt  this  p:irt  were  about  150,  cl  which 
llland,  New-York.  A  tra't  here,  called  T-jr:ic  Ht  I,  70  were  ca|  ital  lhi[>s  ;  but  ia  this  account  are  iucIudcJ 
It.is  been  ceded  to  llie  U   States  for  the  purpolc  of  build-    J'urt  01  thole  which  entered  at  Kingflon.    This  fine  town 


inp  a  light  houfe  th.erer.n — \b. 


w..b  almoft  totally  deftroyed  by  an   accidental   fire, 


MONTE  Ciiriji,  a  cape,  bay,  trwn,  and  tlver,  on  July,   1795;  the  dam'.gc  was  ellimatcd  at  /'ioo.ooo 

the  r.orth  lide  of  ihe  ifland  of  St  Domingo.     The  c,  pe  Iter.ing. —  -.b. 

is  a  very  lilgh  hill,  in  the  foim  <  f  a  tent,  called  by  the  MONTEREY  Eav,  in  North  California,  was  vifit- 
French,  Cnpe  la  Grange,  ci  Burn.  It  is  lituated  in  lat.  ed  in  1786  by  La  Perngfe,  who  places  it  in  36"  58' 
19  54  30  N.  and  in  long.  74  9  30  W.  cf  Paris.  A  43"  N.  Lat.  and  IJ4"  40'  W.  Long.  fr.  m  Paris.  It 
flrip  oi'  level  land  joins  it  to  the  teriitory  of  Monte  i'  foinicd  by  New-year  Point  to  tlie  north,  and  by  that 
Chilli,  audit  is  owing  to  til's  that  the  cape  has  been  of  Cyprus  to  the  foutli ;  has  an  opening  of  eight  lea 'ucs 
tjkcn  for  an  ifland.  It  is  14  leagues  N.  E.  by  E.  of  in  lliis  dirc«ftion,  and  neaily  fu  of  depth  to  the  call- 
Cape  Francois,  where  it  may  be  leen  in  a  clear  day,  ward,  where  the  land  is  fandy  .ii.d  low.  The  fea  brcks 
with  the  naked  eye.  After  doubling  this  cape,  we  there  as  far  as  the  foot  cf  the  fandy  dow.s  with  which 
find  the  bay  of  Monte  Cinlll  running  nearly  S.  \V.  the  coafl  is  furroundcd,  with  a  roaiing  wliich  may  le 
It  is  foimcd  by  Cape  la  Grange,  on  cue  fide,  and  licard  more  iban  a  league  off.     The  lands  niTih  and 

fouih 


M     O    N 


[     568     ] 


M    O    N 


Monterey,  fouth  of  this  bay  are  higli,   and  covered  with  trees. 

'•'^'^^'^^  Thofe  fliips  which  are  defirous  of  touching  there  ought 
to  fo'.low  the  fouth  coall,  and  after  having  doubled  tiie 
Point  of  Pines,  which  ftretchcsto  the  northward,  they 
Pet  hglit  of  the  prefider.cy,  and  may  come  to  .\n  an- 
ihor  ill  ten  fathoms  within  it,  and  a  httle  witl-.in  the 
Ijnd  cf  tliis  point,  which  (holtcrs  from  tlie  wiids  frcm 
the  offing.  The  Spanifli  lliips,  which  propofe  to  make 
a  h^ng  rtay  at  Monterey,  iirc  accu[\omed  to  bring  up 
witliin  one  or  two  c.iblcs  lengths  of  the  lind,  ir.  fix  fa- 
thom?, and  make  fall  to  an  anch  ir,  which  they  bury  in 
the  fand  of  the  beach  ;  they  have  then  nothing  to  fear 
from  the  fcutherly  winds,  which  are  fomitimes  very 
ftrong  ;  but,  as  they  blow  from  the  coaft,  do  not  ex- 
pofe  them  to  any  danger.  The  two  French  frigates, 
which  our  author  comirnnded,  found  bottom  over  the 
whole  bay,  and  anchored  four  leagues  from  the  land,  in 
60  fathoms,  foft  muddy  ground;  but  there  is  a  very  hea- 
vy fea,  and  it  is  only  an  anchorage  fit  for  a  few  hours, 
in  waiting  for  day,  or  the  clearing  up  of  the  fog.  At 
full  and  change  ot  the  moon  it  is  higli  watei  at  half  pad 
one  o'clock  :  the  tide  rifes  feven  feet ;  and  as  thii  bay 
is  very  open,  the  current  in  it  is  nearly  imperceptible. 
It  abounds  with  whales ;  a  genus  of  filhes,  of  which  cur 
fcientific  voyagers  knew  fo  little,  that  they  were  furprif- 
ed  at  their  fpouting  water ! 

The  coalls  of  Monterey  Bay  are  almofl  continually 
enveloped  in  fogs,  which  caufe  great  difficulty  in  the 
approach  to  them.  But,  for  this  circumflance,  there 
would  be  few  more  eafy  to  land  upon  ;  there  is  not  any 
rock  concealed  under  water  that  extends  a  cable's  length 
from  the  fliore ;  and  if  the  fog  be  too  thick,  there  is 
the  refource  of  coming  to  an  anchor,  and  there  waiting 
for  a  clear,  which  will  enable  you  to  get  a  good  fight 
of  the  Spanifli  fettlement,  fitu;i.ted  in  the  angle  formed 
by  the  fouth  and  eafl  coaft.  The  fea  was  covered  with 
pelicans.  Thefc  birds,  it  feems  never  go  farther  than 
five  or  fix  leagues  from  the  land  ;  and  navigators,  who 
fhall  hereafter  meet  wi  h  them  during  a  fog,  may  reft 
alFured  that  they  are  within  that  diftance  of  it. 

A  lieutenant-colonel,  whofe  relidence  is  at  Monterey, 
is  governor  of  the  Californias :  the  extent  of  his  govern- 
ment is  more  than  800  leagues  in  circumference,  but 
his  real  fu'ij';<ns  confift  only  of  282  cavalry,  whofe  duty 
it  is  to  garnfon  five  fmall  forts,  and  to  furnifh  detach- 
ments of  four  or  five  men  to  eacli  of  the  25  miffions, 
or  parilhes,  eftabliflicd  in  old  and  new  California.  So 
fmall  are  tlie  means  which  are  adequate  to  the  reftraln- 
ing  about  50,000  wandering  Indians  in  this  vaft  part 
of  America,  among  wi.om,  nearly  10,000  have  embra- 
ced Chriftianity.  Thefe  Indians  are,  in  general,  fmall 
and  weak  (a),  and  difcover  none  of  that  love  of  liberty 
and  independence  which  chara,5lerifes  the  northern  na- 
tions of  whofe  arts  and  induftry  they  are  alfo  deftitute. 
Their  col.'ur  very  nearly  approaches  that  of  the  ne- 
groes whofe  hair  is  not  woi.lly  ;  the  hair  of  thefe  people 
ib  llrong,  and  of  great  lengih  ;  they  cut  it  ionr  or  five 
inches  irom  the  roots.  Several  among  them  have  a 
beard;  others,  according  to  the  milfionary  fathers,  have 
never  had  any  ;  and  this  is  a  quellion  whicii  is  even  un- 
decided in  the  country.  Tlie  c;ovcrnor,  who  had  tra- 
velled a  great  way  into  the  interior  of  thi.fe  lands,  and 


who  had  pafTed  1 5  years  of  his  life  among  the  favages,  Moiitcref. 
affured  our  author,  that  thofe  who  had  no  beards  had  ^-^'''^^~' 
plucked  them  up  with  bivalve  fhells,  that  fcrved  them 
as  pincers  :  the  prefidcnt  of  the  miffions,  who  had  re- 
fided  an  equal  length  of  time  in  California,  maintain- 
ed the  contrary  ; — it  was  difficult,  therefore,  for  tra- 
vellers to  djcide  between  them."  The  difficulty,  furely, 
was  not  great.  By  tiicir  own  account,  the  governor 
had  travelled  much  farther  into  the  country  than  the 
nuffionary  ;  and  his  report  being  confirmed  by  the  evi- 
dence of  their  own  fenfes,  was  intitled  to  unlimited 
credit. 

Thefe  Indians  are  extremely  fKilful  in  drawing  the 
bow;  they  killed,  in  the  prefence  oi  the  French,  the 
fmalleft  birds :  it  is  true,  they  difplay  an  inexpreffible 
patience  in  apprc^aching  them  ;  they  conceal  themfelvcs, 
and,  as  it  were,  glide  along  near  to  the  game,  feldom 
fliooting  till  within  15  paces.  Their  induftry  in  hunt- 
ing the  larger  animals  is  ftill  more  admirable.  Peioufe 
faw  an  Indian,  with  a  ftag's  head  fixed  upon  his  own, 
walk  on  all-fours,  as  if  he  were  browfing  tlie  grafs;  and 
he  played  this  pantomime  to  fuch  perfection,  that  all 
the  French  hunters  would  have  fired  at  him  at  30  paces, 
had  they  not  been  prevented.  In  this  manner  they  ap- 
proach herds  of  ftags  within  a  very  fmall  diftance,  and 
kill  them  with  a  fiight  of  arrows. 

Before  the  Spanilh  fettlements,  the  Indians  of  Cali- 
fornia cultivated  nothing  but  maize,  and  almoft  entirely 
lived  by  fifhing  and  hunting.  There  is  not  any  conn- 
try  in  the  world  which  more  abounds  in  fifh  and  game 
of  every  dofcription  :  hares,  rabbits,  and  ftags  are  very 
common  there  ;  feals  and  otters  are  alf )  found  there  in 
prodigious  numbers ;  but  to  the  northward,  and  during 
the  winter,  they  kill  a  very  great  number  of  bears, 
foxes,  wolves,  and  wild  cats.  The  thickets  and  plains 
abound  with  fmall  grey  tufted  partridges,  which,  like 
thofe  in  Europe,  live  in  fuciety,  but  in  large  companies 
of  three  or  four  hundred  ;  they  are  fat,  and  extremely 
well  flavoured.  The  trees  ferve  as  habitations  to  the 
moft  delightful  birds;  and  the  ornithologifts  of  the  voy- 
age ftuffed  a  great  variety  of  fparrows,  titmice,  fpeckled 
wood-peckers,  and  tropic  birds.  Among  the  birds  of 
prey  are  found  the  white-headed  eagle,  the  great  and 
fmall  falcon,  the  gofs  hawk,  the  iparrow  hawk,  the 
black  vulture,  the  large  owl,  and  the  raven.  On  the 
ponds  and  fea-fhore  are  feen  the  v/ilj  duck,  the  grey 
and  white  pelican  with  yellow  tufts,  different  f;:)ecies  of 
gulls,  cormorants,  curlews,  ring-plovers,  fmall  fea  water 
hens,  and  herons  ;  together  witlj  the  bee-eater,  which, 
according  to  moft  ornithologifts,  i:,  peculiar  to  the  old 
continent. 

The  country  about  Monterey  Bay  is  inexpreffibly 
fertile.  The  crops  cf  maize,  barley,  corn,  and  peafe, 
cannot  be  equalled  but  by  thofe  of  Chili ;  the  Europe- 
an cultivators  can  have  no  conception  of  a  fimilar  fer- 
tility;  the  medium  produce  of  corn  is  from  feventy  to 
eighty  f^r  one ;  the  extremes  fixty  and  a  hundred. 
Fruit  trees  are  ftill  very  rare  there,  but  the  climate  is 
extremely  fuitable  to  them  :  it  diilcrs  a  I'ttle  from  that 
cf  the  fouthern  Frencii  provinces.  The  foreft  trees  are, 
the  ftcne-pine,  cyprus,  evergreen  oak,  and  occidental 
plane  tiec.  There  is  no  underwood;  and  a  verdant  car- 
pet, 


(a)  The  chief  furgeon  of  the  expedition  fays  they  vcct  Jlrong,  but  (lupid. 


M     O    N 


[    569    ] 


M     O    N 


Monterey,  pet,  ever  which  it  is  very  agreeable  to  walk,  covers  the 
^■^"^'^^^  ground.  Tiiere  are  alfo  vail  favannahs,  abounding  with 
all  fjits  of  game. 

I'eroufe  writes  with  great  refpefl  of  the  wife  and  pi- 
ous conduift  of  the  Spanilh  niiUionaries  at  Monterey, 
who  fo  faithfully  fulfil  the  purpofe  of  their  inllitution. 
Totally  unlike  the  monks  at  Conception  in  Chili  (fee 
that  article  in  this  Siippl.),  they  have  left  the  lazy  life 
of  a  cloiller,  to  give  themfelves  up  to  cares,  fatigues, 
and  folicitudes  of  every  kind.  They  invited  the  otiicers 
of  the  frigates  to  dine  with  them  at  their  monadery, 
contiguous  to  which  (lands  the  Indian  village,  confifl- 
ing  of  ab  •ut  50  cabins,  which  ferve  as  dwellinaj-places 
to  740  perfons  of  both  fexes,  compriiing  their  children, 
wliicli  conipofe  the  miffion  of  Saint  Charles,  or  of  Mon- 
terey. Thefe  cabins  are  the  moll  niiferaljle  that  are  to 
be  met  with  among  any  people  ;  tliey  are  round,  fix 
iect  in  diameter,  by  four  in  height ;  feme  ll.ikes,  of  the 
ilze  of  an  arm,  fixed  in  the  earth,  ard  which  approach 
each  other  in  an  arch  at  the  top,  compofe  the  timber 
work  of  it;  eight  or  ten  bundles  of  flraw,  very  ill  ar- 
ranged over  thefe  Hakes,  defend  the  inhabitants,  well 
or  ill,  from  the  rain  and  wind  ;  and  more  than  half  of 
this  cabin  remains  open  when  the  weather  is  fine  ;  their 
only  precautii^n  is  to  have  each  of  them  two  or  tjiree 
bundles  of  flraw  at  hand  by  way  of  referve. 

All  the  exhortations  of  the  millionaiies  have  never 
been  able  to  procure  a  change  of  tiiis  general  architec- 
ture of  the  two  Californias.  The  Indians  fay,  that  they 
like  plenty  of  air;  that  it  is  convenient  to  fet  fire  to 
their  houfjs  when  they  are  devoured  in  them  by  too 
great  a  quantity  of  fleas;  and  that  ihey  can  build  an- 
other in  lefs  than  two  hour;;.  The  independent  Indians, 
who  as  hunters  fo  frequently  change  their  places  of 
abode,  have  a  ftronger  motive. 

The  monks  gave  the  mod  complete  information  re- 
fpedling  the  government  of  this  fpecies  of  religious  com- 
munity ;  for  no  other  name  can  be  given  to  the  legifla- 
tion  they  have  edablifhed.  They  are  fuperiors  both  in 
fpiritual  and  temporal  affairs  :  the  produifls  of  the  land 
are  entirely  entrufled  to  their  adminillration.  There 
are  feven  hoars  allotted  to  labour  in  the  day,  two  hours 
to  prayers,  and  four  or  five  on  Sundays  and  fellivals, 
which  are  altogether  dedicated  to  reft  and  divine  wor- 
fhlp.  Corporal  punilhments  are  infliifled  on  the  Indians 
of  both  fexes  who  negleft  pious  exercifes ;  and  fcveral 
hns,  the  punidiment  of  which  in  Europe  is  referved  on- 
ly to  Divine  Jullice,  are  punillied  with  chains  or  the 
ftocks. 

The  Indians,  as  well  as  the  miifionaries,  rife  with  the 
fun,  and  go  to  prayers  and  mafs,  which  l.ill  an  hour; 
and  during  this  lime  there  is  cooked  in  the  middle  of 
the  fquare,  in  three  large  kettles,  barley  meal,  the  grain 
of  which  has  been  roafted  previous  to  being  ground  ; 
this  fpecies  of  boiled  food,  which  the  Indians  call  atole, 
and  of  which  they  are  very  fond,  is  feafoned  neither 
wiih  fait  nor  butter,  and  to  us  would  prove  a  very  infi- 
pid  mefs.  Every  cabin  fends  to  take  the  portion  lor 
all  its  inhabitants  in  a  velTel  made  of  bark  :  there  is  not 
the  leaft  confufion  or  diforder  ;  and  when  the  coppers 
are  empty,  they  dlftributc  that  which  Qlcks  to  the  bot- 
tnni  to  the  children  who  have  beft  retained  their  lelFons 
of  catcchifm.  Tli's  meal  continues  three  ([uarters  of 
an  hour,  after  which  tliey  all  return  to  thtir  labours; 
fome  go  to  plough  the  earth  with  Oien,  ethers  to  dig 

SuirL.  Vol.   II. 


the  garden;  in  a  word,  everyone  it  employed  in  diffe- Mctitfrey. 
rent  domeftlc  occupations,  and  always  under  the  fuper-  ">^^^*- 
intendance  of  one  or  two  of  the  religious. 

The  women  are  charged  with  little  clfe  but  the  care 
of  their  houfcwiiery,  their  children,  and  roalting  and 
grinding  the  fevcral  grains :  this  laft  operation  is  very 
long  and  laboridus  becaufe  they  have  no  other  mcai.J 
of  doing  it  but  by  crufhiug  the  grain  in  pieces  with  a 
cylinder  upon  a  Hone.  M.  de  Langle,  being  a  witncf» 
of  this  operation,  made  the  millionaries  a  prefent  of  hi« 
mill ;  and  a  greater  iervice  could  not  have  been  render- 
ed them,  as  by  thefe  means  four  women  would  in  ;i 
day  perform  the  work  of  a  hundred,  and  time  cnoiigli 
will  remain  to  fpin  the  wool  of  their  Iheep,  ai.d  to  ma- 
nufactuie  coarfe  (luffs. 

At  noon  the  dinner  was  announced  by  the  bell;  the 
Indians  quilted  llieir  work,  and  lent  to  fetch  their  ra- 
tions in  the  iame  velfels  as  at  breakfall  :  but  thi->  fecond 
mefi  was  thicker  than  the  fiift  ;  there  was  mixed  in  it 
coin  and  maize,  and  peafeand  beans;  the  Indians  name 
it  poiijfole.  They  return  again  to  their  labour  irom  two- 
o'clock  till  four  or  five;  afterwards  they  attend  even- 
ing prayers,  uhich  continue  near  an  hour,  and  are  fol- 
lowed by  a  new  ration  of  alole  like  that  at  breakfaft. 
Thefe  three  dillributions  are  fufficient  for  the  fubfill- 
ence  of  the  far  greater  number  of  Indians ;  and  this 
very  economical  fuup  might  perhaps  be  very  profitably 
adopted  in  our  years  of  fcarc  ty  ;  i'ome  (eafoning  would 
certainly  be  neceifary  to  be  added  to  it,  their  whole 
knowledge  of  cookery  confift'pg  in  being  able  to  roaft 
the  grain  betbre  it  is  reduced  into  meal.  As  the  Indian 
v.'omen  have  no  vellils  of  earth  or  metal  for  this  opera- 
tion, they  perform  it  in  large  bafkets  made  of  bark, 
over  a  little  lighted  charcoal ;  they  turn  thele  vellels 
with  fo  much  r?pidity  and  addrefs,  that  they  effeifl 
the  fwelling  and  burfting  oi  the  grain  without  burning 
the  ba(ket,  though  it  u  made  of  very  conibuftible  ma- 
terials. 

The  corn  is  diftributed  to  them  every  morning  ;  and 
the  fmHl'eft  dilhonefly,  when  they  give  it  out,  is  i>u- 
nilhed  by  whipping  :  but  it  is  very  feldom,  indeed,  they 
are  expofed  10  it.  Theie  punifhments  are  adjudged  by 
Indian  magiilrates,  called  caciqua  ;  there  are  in  every 
million  three  of  them,  cholen  by  the  people  from  a- 
mongft  thofe  whom  the  mifTionaries  have  not  excluded  : 
but  thefe  caciques  are  like  the  governors  of  a  plantation, 
patlive  beings,  blind  executors  of  tl.e  will  of  their  fupe- 
riors ;  and  their  principal  fun(5lions  confift  in  ferving  as 
beadles  in  the  ciiurch,  and  their  maintaining  order  and 
an  air  of  contemplation.  The  women  are  never  whip- 
ped in  public,  but  in  an  inclofed  and  fomewhai  dillant 
place,  left  perhaps  their  cries  might  infpire  too  lively  a 
compafilon,  which  might  llimulate  the  men  to  revolt ; 
thefe  laft,  on  the  contrary,  are  expofed  to  the  view  of 
all  their  fellow. citizens,  tliat  their  punilhmcnt  may  ferve 
as  an  example.  In  general  they  alk  pardon  ;  in  which 
cafe  tlie  executioner  lelfens  the  force  ot  his  lalhes,  but 
the  number  of  them  is  never  receded  from. 

The  rewards  are  particular  fni  ill  dillributionsof  grain, 
of  which  thty  make  little  thin  cakes,  baked  on  burn- 
ing coals :  and  on  the  gnat  fellivals  the  ration  is  in 
beef;  many  of  them  eat  it  l.iw,  cfpeeially  the  fat,  wliich 
they  ellecni  equal  to  the  bell  butter  or  cheefc.  'I'hey 
llcin  all  animals  with  the  greatcft  addrefs ;  and  when 
they  are  fat,  ihey  make,  like  the  ravens,  a  croaking  of 
4  C  plealurc 


M     O    N  [57 

Mo«ttrfy.  pleafure,  Jcvoiiring,  at  the  fame  time,  ll.e  moft  delicate 
'*'^'^^^*^  parts  with  thtir  eyes. 

They  arc  l'ie<iutnily  peimtttcJ  to  hunt  anJ  filli  on 
tlieir  own  account;  ami  on  their  return  they  gercrilly 
make  the  millinaries  ibii-c  prefent  in  game  and  filh  ; 
but  they  always  proportion  the  (|uairity  to  what  is  al)- 
folurcly  necsdary  tor  th.ern,  always  taking  cars  to  in- 
crcalc  it  if  they  liear  of  any  new  guells  who  are  on  a 
vidt  to  their  I'uperiors.  The  women  rear  fowls  about 
their  cabins,  the  eggs  of  which  they  give  iheir  children. 
Thefe  fowls  are  the  properly  of  the  Indians,  as  well  as 
their  clotli;s,  and  other  liule  articles  I'-f  hnurchold  fur- 
niture, and  thofe  n^cefTary  for  tlie  chace.  There  is  no 
inftance  ot  their  having  robbed  each  other,  thougli  their 
fafteuings  to  the  doors  coniill  imly  of  a  fimple  bundle 
of  ftraw,  which  they  place  aciofs  llie  entrance  when  all 
the  inhabitants  are  abfent. 

The  men  in  the  millions  have  facrificcd  much  more 
to  Chrillianity  than  the  women  ;  becaufe  they  were  ac- 
cuftomed  to  polygamy,  and  were  even  in  the  culloni  of 
cfpouling  all  the  lilUra  of  a  family.  The  women,  on 
the  other  hand,  have  acquired  the  advantage  of  exclu- 
livcly  reccivii.g  the  c^relfes  of  one  man  only.  With 
this,  however,  it  would  appear  tliat  they  are  not  fitis- 
fied  ;  for  the  religious  ha\  e  found  it  neceflary  to  con- 
flitute  themfelves  the  guardians  of  female  vinu;.  At 
an  hour  after  fupper,  they  have  the  caie  of  fliutting  up, 
under  lock  and  key,  all  thofe  wliofe  hufbands  are  ab- 
fent, as  well  as  the  young  girls  above  nine  years  of  age; 
and  during  the  day  they  are  cntrufted  to  the  fuperin- 
tendaiicj  oi  the  matrons.  So  many  precautions  are  flill 
infulHcient ;  tor  our  voyagers  faw  men  in  the  ftockt, 
;ind  women  in  irons,  for  having  deceived  the  vigil  ince 
ci  ihefc  female  argulfes,  who  had  not  been  fufficiently 
iharp-fighted. 

The  converted  Indians  have  preferved  all  the  ancient 
ufages  which  their  new  religion  does  not  prohibit;  the 
fame  cabins,  the  fame  games,  the  fame  drelks :  that  of 
the  richelt  confills  ot  an  otter's  flcin  cloak,  which  co- 
vers  their  loins,  and  defceuds  below  their  groin  ;  the 
moll  lazy  have  only  a  .'implc  piece  of  linen  cloth,  with 
which  they  are  furnilhed  by  the  miflion,  for  the  pur- 
pofe  cf  hiding  their  nakednefs  ;  and  a  fmall  cloak  of 
rabbit's  fkin  covers  their  Ih.iulders,  wliich  is  faftciud 
with  a  pack-thread  under  the  chin ;  the  hesd  and  the 
reit  of  the  body  is  abfolutely  naked  ;  fome  of  them, 
however,  have  hats  of  ftraw,  very  neatly  matted.  The 
won:eii's  drefs  is  a  cloak  of  deer  fkin,  ill  tanned  ;  thofe 
of  the  miffions  have  a  cullcm  of  makins^  a  fmall  bod- 
dice,  with  fleeves,  of  them:  it  is  their  only  apparel, 
with  a  fmall  apron  of  rulhes,  and  a  petticoat  of  flag's 
fliin,  which  covers  their  loins,  and  defcends  to  the  middle 
of  the  leg.  The  young  girls,  under  nine  years  of  age, 
have  merely  a  fimple  girdle  ;  and  the  children  of  the 
other  fix  are  quite  naked. 

The  independent  lavages  are  very  frequently  at  war; 
but  the  lear  cf  the  Spaniards  makes  them  rerpe(fl  their 
miaioris;  and  this,  perhaps,  is  not  one  of  the  leall  c.iufes 
cf  the  angtnentailcn  of  the  Chriflian  villages.  Their 
arms  are  inc  bow,  and  arrow  pointed  with  a  Hint  very 
(kilfuliy  worked  :  th;l"e  bows  are  made  cf  wood,  and 
Ikrung  with  the  (inews  of  an  ox.  Our  author  was  af- 
fured,  that  they  neither  eat  their  prifonsrs,  nor  tlieir 
enemies  killed  in  battle;  thit,  neverthelefs,  when  they 
bad  vanquifned,  and  put  to  death  on  the  field  of  battle, 


] 


M     O     N 


chieff,  or  very  courageous  men,  they  have  eaten  fome  Montc\-i- 
pieces  of  them,  lefs  as  a  fign  of  hatred  or  revenge,  than  ^^"^ 
as  a  homage  which  tiiey  p  lid  to  their  valour,  and  in 
the  full  perfuallon  that  tliis  tood  would  be  likely  to 
increafe  their  owncouiage.  They  fcalp  the  vanquilh- 
ed  as  in  Canada,  and  pluck  out  their  eyes  ;  whicii  they 
have  the  art  cf  prefcrving  free  from  corruption,  and 
which  they  carefully  keep  as  precious  figns  of  their  vic- 
tory. Their  cullom  is  to  burn  their  dead,  and  to  de- 
pofit  their  allies  in  morals. 

MONTEVIDEO,  a  bay  and  town  of  La  Plata  or 
Paraguay,  in  S.  America,  lituated  on  llie  northern 
fide  of  La  Plata  river,  in  lat.  34  30  S.  It  lies  E.  of 
Buenos  Ayres,  and  has  its  name  from  a  mountain 
which  overlocks  it,  about  20  leagues  from  Cape  Santa 
Maria  at  the  mouth  of  the  Plata. — Morsf. 

MONTGOMERY,  a  new  county  in  the  Upper  dlf- 
triifl  of  Georgia. — ib. 

Montgomery,  a  county  of  New-York,  at  firfl  called 
Tryon,  but  its  name  was  changed  to  Montgomery  in 
17S4,  by  acfl  of  the  Lcgiilature.  It  confillcd  of  1 1 
townlliips  which  contained  28,848  inhabitants,  accord- 
ing to  the  cenfus  of  i  79 1 .  Since  that  period  the  coun- 
ties of  Herkemer  and  Otfcgo  have  been  erefted  out  of 
it.  It  is  now  bounded  N.  and  W.  by  litrkemer,  E. 
by  Saratoga,  S.  by  Schoharie,  and  S.  W.  by  Otfego 
county.  By  the  State  cenfus  of  1796,  it  is  divided 
into  8  townfhips ;  and  of  the  inhabitants  of  thefe  3,379 
are  qualified  eleiflors.     Chief  town,  Johnfton. — i//. 

MoNTCOMEXv,  a  towiilliip  in  Ulfter  county,  New. 
York,  bounded  eafterly  by  New-Windfor  and  New- 
burgh,  and  contains  3,563  inhabitants,  including  236 
flave?.  By  the  State  cenlus  of  1796,  497  of  the  inha- 
bit.mts  were  qualified  eledors. — ib. 

Mo>)TGOMF.Rv,  a  fort  in  New-York  State,  fituated 
in  the  High  Lands,  on  the  W.  bank  of  Hudfon's  ri- 
ver, on  the  N.  fide  of  Popelop's  creek,  on  which  are 
fome  iron-works,  oppofit  St  Anihony's  Nofe,  6  miles 
S.  of  Weft-Point,  and  52  from  New-York  city.  Tlio 
fort  is  now  in  ruins.  It  was  reduced  by  tlie  Britifti  in 
Oiffober,    1777. — i5. 

Montgomery,  atownlliipin  Franklin  county,  Ver- 
mont.— if). 

Montgomery,  a  townfhip  in  Hampfhire  county, 
MalTachufets,  too  miles  from  Bofton.  It  was  incor- 
porated in  1780,  and  contains  449  inhabitants. — ib. 

r.IoNTGOMERY,  a  county  in  Pennfylvania,  33  miles 
in  length,  and  17  in  breadth,  N.  W.  of  Philadelp!ii;i 
county.  It  is  divided  into  26  townfhips,  and  contains 
22,929  inhabitant?,  including  114  (laves.  In  this 
county  are  96  grift-mills,  61  faw-mills,  4  forges,  6 
fulling-mills,  and  :o  paper-miils.  Chief  town,  Nor- 
riftnwn. — ii. 

Montgomery,  a  townfhlp  in  the  above  county. 
There  is  alfo  a  townlliip  of  this  name  in  Franklin  coun- 
ty.— ii. 

Montgomery,  a  county  in  Salifoury  diftrlft,  N. 
Carolina,  containing  4,725  inhabitants,  including  834 
(laves. — 

Montgomery,  a  county  of  Virginia,  S.  of  Bote- 
tourt county.  It  is  about  100 miles  in  lengtli,  and  44 
in  breadth,  and  contains  fome  lead  mines.  Chief  town, 
Chriftianfburg. — ii. 

Montgomery  Court  Hotife'\n  Virginia,  is  28  miles 
from  j\nfon  court-houfe,  46  from  Wythe  court-houfe. 


M     O     N 


[     5V     ] 


M     O     O 


Montgo- 
mery, 

II 
Montreal. 


and  40  from  Sulifbury.  It  is  on  the  potl-roaJ  from  Rich- 
mond to  Kentucky.     A  poft-office  is  kept  here— ;i. 

Montgomery,  a  county  ot"  Maryland,  on  P.itow- 
m»c  river.  It  contains  18x03  inhabitants,  including 
6030  (laves. — 16. 

Montgomery   Coirt  Honfe,  in  tlie  above  court) 


28  miles  S.  E.  by  S.  of  Frederick llown,  14  N.  by  \V. 
of  Georgetown  on  tliu  PatoA-niac,  and  35  fouth-v.-e;l- 
erly  of  Baltimore. — ih. 

Montgomery,  a  new  county  in  TenneffiC  State, 
Mero  diilrict.  This  and  Rob-ntfon  counry,  are  the 
territory  formerly  c.illcd  Tme^e  Cou::ty,  the  Piame  of 
vhich  ccalls  fince  the  State  ha->  taken  that  name. — ;'/•. 

MONT.MORIN,  a  new  town  on  the  north  bank  of 
Ohio  river,  1 8  mills  below  Pittlburg,  liiuated  on  a  beau- 
tiful plain,  very  feitile,  and  abriuniJing  with  coal. — ih. 

MONTPELIER,  a  townJhip  in  Caledonia  county, 
Vermont,  on  the  N.  E.  fide  ot  Onion  river.  It  has 
118  inhabitants,  and  is  43  miles  from  Lake  Cham- 
plain. — ib. 

MONTREAL,  the  fecond  city  in  rank  in  Lower 
Canada,  Hands  on  an  ifland  in  the  river  St  Lawrence, 
which  is  10  leagues  in  length  and  4  in  breadth,  and 
has  its  name  trom  a  very  high  mountain  about  the  mid- 
dle ot  it,  which  it  fecms  to  overlook  like  a  monarch 
from  his  throne;  hence  the  French  called  it  Monl-real 
or  R'^yiil  Mounla'm.  While  the  French  had  polTeffion 
of  Canada,  both  the  city  and  idand  of  Montreal  be- 
longed to  private  proprietors,  who  had  improved  them 
fo  well  that  the  whole  illand  had  become  a  delightful 
fpot,  and  produced  every  thing  that  could  adminifter 
to  tlic  convenience  of  lile.  Tlie  city,  around  wliich  is 
a  very  good  wall,  built  by  Louis  XIV.  of  France, 
forms  an  oblong  fquare,  divided  by  regular  and  vvdl 
formed  llreets  ;  and  when  taken  by  tjie  Britilh,  the 
houfes  were  built  in  a  very  handfome  manner  ;  and 
every  houfe  might  be  feen  at  one  view  from  the  har- 
bour, or  from  the  fouthcrnraofl  fide  of  the  river,  as  the 
hill  on  the  fide  of  which  the  town  Hands  falls  gradual- 
ly to  the  water.  Montreal  contains  about  600  houfes, 
few  of  them  elegant ;  but  fince  it  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  Britilh  in  1760,  it  has  fuffered  much  fr.  m  fire.  A 
regiment  ol  men  are  llationed  here,  and  llie  govern- 
ment of  the  place  borders  on  the  military.  It  is  about 
half  a  league  from  the  fouth  (hnre  of  the  river,  170 
miles  I'outh-weftof  Qjiebec,  Trois  Rivieres  being  about 
halfway;  110  nortli  by  weft  of  Crown  Point;  308 
north  by  weft  of  Bofton,  and  350  north  by  eaft  of  Ni- 
agara. North  lat.  45  35,  weft  long.  73  11.  The  ri- 
ver St  Lawrence  is  about  3  miles  wide  at  Montreal. 
There  is  an  idand  near  the  middle  of  the  river  oppofite 
the  city,  at  the  lower  end  of  which  is  a  mill  with  S  pair 
ol  ftones,  all  kept  in  motion,  at  the  fame  lime,  by  1 
wheel.  The  works  are  fald  to  have  coft  /'i  1,000  fter- 
ling.  A  large  mound  of  Hone,  S:c.  built  out  into  the 
river,  ftops  a  fufticicncy  cf  water  to  keep  the  mill  in 
continual  motion.  And  what  is  very  curious,  at  the 
end  of  this  mound  or  dam,  vefTels  pafs  againft  the 
llream,  while  the  mill  is  in  motion.  Ptihaps  there  is 
not  another  mill  of  the  kind  in  the  world. — ib. 

Montreal,  a  river  which  runs  north  eaft  ward  into 
lake  Superior,  on  the  foutjiern  fide  of  the  lake. — ib. 

Montrf  AL  Bay  lies  towards  the  eaft  end  of  lake  Su- 
perior, liaving  ail  illand  at  the  noith-weft  fide  of  its  en- 
trance, and  north-eaft  of  Caribou  illand. — ib. 


MONTROUIS,  a  town  in  the  w:ft  pari  of  the  iHanJ  Mentronis, 
of  Si  Domingo,  at  the  head  of^the  Bight  of  Leogane,  I" 

5  leagues  louth-ca:l  of  St  Maik,  and   15  norlii-weil  of  ^"^ 
Port  au  Prince. — ib. 

MONTSERRAT,  oneof  the  Catibbee  iflanJs,  and 
is    the  frnalkft  of  iheni  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean.     C.jlum- 


bus  diicovered  it  in  1493.  It  is  of  an  oval  foim,  3 
leagues  in  length,  and  as  many  in  breadth,  ccntain-ng 
about  30,000  acres  of  land,  cf  which  almoft  .'j-ds  are 
very  mountainous,  or  very  barren.  The  cultivation 
of  lugar  occupies  6,ooo  acres  ;  cotton,  provifioii  an  I 
paltur-ige  havj  2,000  acres  allotted  for  each.  No 
other  tropicd  ftaphs  are  rai;cJ.  The  produftions  were, 
on  an  average,  from  1784  to  178S,  2,757  lihds.  cf  fu- 
gar,  of  i6cwt.  each,  1,107  liurcheons  of  rum,  and 
275  bales  of  cotton.  The  total  expoits  from  Montfcr- 
rat  and  Nevis  in  1787  were  in  value /.'i  14, 141  :  16  :  8, 
cf  Wliich  the  value  of  ^13,981  :  12  .  6  Wrts  expotted  to 
the  Ameiican  States.  Tlic  iuhabitanis  of  Montferrat 
aiT)Ouiit  to  1,300  whites,  and  about  io,oco  negroes. 
The  firit  fjttlers,  in  1632,  were  Iiillmien,  and  the 
prefent  inhabitants  are  chiefly  their  defcendanis,  or 
other  natives  of  Ireland  fince  fettled  there,  by  wiiich 
means  the  irilli  language  is  preferved  there  even  among 
the  negroes.  Tfie  liland  is  furrounded  with  rocks,  and 
the  riding  before  it  is  very  precarious  and  dangerous 
on  the  approach  of  a  tornado,  having  no  haven.  It 
has  only  3  roads,  viz.  Plymouth,  Old  Harbour,  and 
Ker's  Bay  ;  where  they  are  obliged  to  (•blerve  the  fatne 
methods  as  at  St  Chrlftophcr\  in  loading  or  unloading 
the  veffels.  It  lies  30  miles  fouth-weft  of  Antigua; 
the  fame  dlllance  fouth-eaft  of  Nivi-,  and  Is  fubjeif  to 
Great-Britain.      N.  lat.  16  47,  weft  long.  62  12. — ib. 

MONTSIOUGE,  a  river  or  bay  in  Lincoln  county, 
Diftrift  of  Maine,  which  communicates  with  the  ri- 
vers Sheepfcut  and  Kennebeck. — 

MONTVl  LLE,  a  townflvp  in  New-London  county, 
Connecticut,  about  10  miles  N.  of  New-London  city. 
It  has  2,053  inhabitants. — ib. 

MONUMENT  Bay,  on  the  eaft  coaft  of  Malfarhu- 
fetts,  is  formed  by  the  bending  of  Cape  Cod.  It  is 
fp.acious  and  convenient  for  the  proteAion  of  (hipping. 
— ib. 

MOORE,  a  county  of  N.  Caro'lna,  in  Fayette  dif- 
tricfl.  It  contains  3,770  inhabitants,  including  371. 
(laves.     Chief  town,     Alfordfton. — ib. 

Moore  CourtHouff,  in  the  above  county,  where  n. 
poft-office  is  kept,  is  38  miles  from  Randolph  court- 
houfe,  and  40  from  Fayetteville. — ib. 

MOOREFIELD,  in  New-Jerley,  13  miles  eafterlj- 
of  Philadelphia.— /i. 

MOOKE  Fori,  a  place  fo  called  in  S.  Carolina,  is 
a  ftupenduus  LlufF,  or  high  perpendicular  bank  of 
caith,  on  the  Carolina  fliore  of  Savannah  river,  per- 
haps 90  or  100  feet  above  the  common  fuiface  of  the 
water,  exhibiting  the  fingular  and  p'.eafing  fpeflaclc  to 
a  llranger,  cf  prodigious  walls  of  parti-coloured  earths, 
chiclly  clays  and  marl,  as  red,  biown,  yellow,  blue, 
purple,  white,  &i:.  in  horizontal  l^rata,  one  over  the 
other.  A  fort  formerly  Itood  here,  before  the  crcflion 
of  one  at  Augnfta,  from  which  it  ftood  a  little  to  the 
north-ealh  Tlic  water  now  occupies  the  fpot  on  wliicli 
the  fort  ftood. — <,'■. 

Moore's  Crc^-L  is  16  miles  from  Wilmington,  in  N. 

Carolina.     Here  Gen.  M'Donald,  with  about  2,000 

4  C   2  royalills. 


MOO 


C    572    ] 


MOO 


MoorficMs,  royaliils,  were  defeated   (after  a  retreat  of  80  miles, 
K  and  a  defperate  engagement)   by   Gen.  Moore,  at  the 

Moor*,     jjj^j  pf  800  continentals.     Gen.   M'Donald   and    the 
flow'.r  of  his  men  wcie  killed. — ib. 

MOORFIELDS,  a  poft-town  and  the  capital  of 
Hardy  county,  Virginia,  fituated  on  theeall  lide  of  the 
fouth  branch  of  Patowmac  river.  It  contains,  a  court- 
houfe,  a  gaol,  and  between  60  and  70  houles.  It  is 
25  miles  from  Romney,  75  from  Winciieller,  and  180 
.  from  Riclimond  — ii. 

MOORS,  in  common  language,  are  the  natives  of 
MoRocci),  of  whom  an  account  is  given  under  that 
title  in  the  EncyclopteJi.i  ;  but  there  is  another  people, 
a  mixed  race,  c  lUed  alfo  Moors,  who  lead  a  wander- 
ing and  palloral  life  iji  the  habitable  parts  of  the  Great 
Defeit,  and  in  the  countries  adjacent  to  it.  Of  the  ori- 
gin c  f  thefe  MocTilh  tribes,  as  dillinguilhed  from  the 
inhabitants  of  Barbary,  nothing  fanher  feems  to  be 
known  than  what  is  related  by  John  Leo  the  African  ; 
whofe  acC'Unt  niay^e  abridged  as  loUows : 

Before  the  Arabian  conqucll,  about  the  middle  of 
the  feventh  century,  all  the  inh  ibitanls  of  iVfrica,  whe- 
ther they  were  defcendcd  from  Numidians,  Phtcucians, 
Carthaginians,  Romans,  Vandals,  or  Goths,  were  com- 
prehended under  the  general  name  of  Mtiiiri  or  Moors. 
All  thefe  nations  were  converted  to  the  religion  of  Ma- 
homet, during  the  Arabian  empire  under  the  Kaliphs. 
About  this  time  many  ot  the  Numidian  tribe'^,  who  led 
a  wandering  life  in  the  defert,  and  fupported  themfelves 
vpon  tlie  produce  c.f  their  cattle,  retired  fiuthward 
acrofs  the  Great  Dcfart,  to  avoid  the  fury  of  the  Ara- 
bians ;  and  by  one  of  thofe  tribes,  fays  Leo  (that  of 
Zanhaea^  were  difcovered,  and  conquered,  the  Negro 
nations  on  the  Niger.  By  the  Niger,  is  here  undoubt- 
edly meant  the  river  of  Senegal  which  in  the  Mandingo 
language  is  called  Bqfing,  or  the  Black  River. 

To  what  extent  thele  people  are  now  fpread  over 
the  African  continent,  it  is  ditHcult  to  altertain.  There 
isreafonto  believe,  that  their  dominion  llrctclies  from 
wcfi  to  eafl,  in  a  nairow  line  or  belr,  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Senegal  (on  the  northern  fide  cf  that  river)  to 
the  confines  of  Abyffinia.  Mr  Park  defcribes  them  as 
refemblir.g,  in  comple.\ion,  the  Mulattoes  ot  the  Well 
Indies,  and  as  having  cruelty  and  low  cunning  piftured 
in  their  countenances.  "  From  the  daring  wildnefs  in 
their  eyes  (fays  he),  a  ftranger  would  immediately  fet 
them  down  as  a  nation  of  lunatics.  The  treachery  and 
malevolence  of  their  charafier  are  manifclfed  in  their 
plundering  cxcurficns  ag.nnllthe  Negro  villages.  Often- 
times, without  the  fmalleft  provocation,  and  fometimes 
under  the  fairell  pmleffions  of  friendlhip,  they  will  fud- 
tlenly  feize  upon  the  Negroes  cattle,  and  even  on  the 
inhabitants  themfelves.  The  Negroes  very  leldom  re- 
taliate. The  enterpriung  boldnefs  of  the  !Moois,  their 
knowledge  of  the  country,  and,  above  all,  the  Uipciior 
flei-tnefs  of  their  horfes  make  them  fuch  formidable  ene- 
mies, that  the  petty  Negro  ilates,  which  bordfr  upon 
the  defert,  are  m  continual  alarm  while  the  Moorilh 
trlbei  are  in  t!:e  vicinity,  and  are  too  much  awed  to 
think  of  refihance. 

"  Like  the  roving  Arabs,  the  Moors  frequently  re- 
movL-  from  one  place  to  another,  according  to  the  fea- 
fon  ot  the  year,  or  the  convenience  of  paRurage.  In 
the  month  of  February,  when  tlie  heat  of  the  fan  fcorcli- 
es  up  every  fort  of  vegetation  in  the  deferr,  they  ftrike 


their  tents,  and  approach  the  Negro  country  to  the  Moofe, 
fouth  ;  where  they  refide  until  the  rains  commence,  in 
the  month  of  July.  At  this  time,  having  purchafcd 
corn,  and  other  neceffaries  from  the  Negroes,  in  ex- 
change tor  fait,  they  again  dcjiart  to  the  northward, 
and  continue  in  the  defert  until  the  rains  are  over,  and 
that  part  of  the  country  becomes  burnt  up  and  barren. 

"  This  wandering  and  relllefs  way  of  life,  while  it 
inures  them  tohardlhips,  ftrengihens,  at  the  fame  time, 
the  bonds  of  their  little  fociety,  and  creates  in  them  an 
averfion  towards  (Irangtrs,  which  isalmoft  infurmount- 
able.  Cut  off  from  all  intercourfe  with  civilized  na- 
tions, and  boalting  an  advantage  over  the  Negroes,  by 
pon'ellliig,  though  in  a  very  limited  degree,  liii.  know- 
ledge ot  letters,  they  are  at  once  the  vainell  and  proud- 
eft,  and  perhaps  the  moll  bigotted,  ferocious,  and  into- 
lerant, ot  all  the  nations  on  the  earth  ;  combining  in 
their  character  the  blind  fuperilition  of  the  Negro,  with 
the  favage  cruelty  and  treachery  of  the  Arab."  But 
for  them  Mr  Park  would  have  accomplKhed  the  utmoll 
obje(5i  of  his  miffion,  and  have  reached  Tombufloo,  and 
even  Houlf.i,  with  no  other  danger  than  what  arifes  ne- 
ccd'jnly  from  the  climate,  from  wild  bealls,  and  from 
the  poor  accommodation  afforded  in  the  huts  of  the  hof- 
pitable  Negroes.  The  wandering  Moors,  however,  have 
all  been  taught  to  regard  the  Cliriflian  name  wiih  in- 
conceivable abhorrence  ;  and  to  confider  it  nearly  as 
lawful  to  murder  a  European  as  it  would  be  to  kill  a 
dog.  It  is,  therefore,  much  lefs  furpiifmg  that  our 
tr.ivcUer  did  not  proceed  farther  along  the  banks  of  the 
N:ger,  than  that  he  efcaped  the  I'nares  of  fo  relentlefs 
a  people. 

MOOSE  River,  rifes  in  Mifinabe  lake,  a  fiiort  dif- 
tance  from  Michipicoten  river,  a  water  oi  lake  Supe- 
rior, and  purfues  a  north-eaftern  courfe,  receiving,  a- 
bout  12  miles  from  its  mouth,  a  large  fouth  branch, 
and  empties  into  the  fouthern  part  of  James's  Bay,  N. 
America,  by  the  fame  mouth  with  Abbitibee  river. 
Moofe  Fort,  and  a  faftory  ate  fituated  at  the  mouth  of 
this  river,  N.  lat.  51  16,  well  long.  81  51  ;  and  Brunf- 
wick  Houfe  is  on  its  well  bank  about  lat.  50  30. 
Round  the  bottom  of  James's  Bay,  from  Albany  Fort 
and  river,  on  the  well  fide,  to  Rupert's  rirer  on  the 
ealt  fide,  the  woods  afford  large  timber  trees  of  vari- 
ous kinds,  as  oak,  all),  befides  the  pine,  cedar,  fpruce, 
&c.  Up  Moofe  river  beyond  Brunlwick  houfe  is  a  fall 
of  50  feet,  above  which  it  is  deep  and  navigable  for  a 
great  diftance  ;  the  foil  and  the  climate  above  the  fall 
are  faid  to  be  very  good. — Mone. 

MoosE  River,  a  fliort  dream  in  Grafton  county, 
New-Hamplhire,  which  runs  north-eaderly  from  the 
White  Mountains  into  Amarifcoggin  river — ib. 

MOOSEHEAD  Luke,  or  Moufi  Pond,  in  Lincoln 
county,  Didrift  of  Maine,  is  an  irregular  ihaped  body 
of  water,  which  gives  rife  to  the  ealtern  branch  of  Ken- 
nebec river,  which  unites  with  the  other,  above  Nor- 
ridgev.'ock,  about  20  miles  foulh  of  the  lake.  The  lake  is 
faid  to  be  three  times  as  large  as  Lake  George.  There 
are  very  high  mountains  to  the  north  and  welt  of  the 
lake  ;  and  from  thefe  the  waters  run  by  many  channels 
into  the  St  Lawrence. — ib, 

MOOSEHILLOCK,  the  highed  of  the  chain  of 
mountains  in  New.H,inipfhire,  tlie  White  Mountains 
excepted.  It  takes  its  name  trom  its  having  been  ior- 
mcrly  a  raniarkable  range  for  moofe,  and  lies  70  miles 

weft 


L 


M     O     R 

Moofe,  weft  of  the  White  Mountains.  From  its  N.  W.  fiJe 
proceeds  Baker's  river,  a  branch  of  Pemigewafl':t, 
which  is  the  principal  branch  of  Merrimack.  On  this 
mountain  fnow  has  been  feen  from  the  town  of  Newbu- 
ry, Vermont,  on  the  30th  of  June  and  31ft  of  Aiigull ; 
and  on  the  mountains  intervening,  fnow,  it  is  faid,  lies 
the  whole  year. — ii. 

MOOSE  JJIam/,  on  the  coaft  of  the  Diftria  of 
Maine,  ai  the  mouth  of  Schoodick  river,  contains  about 
30  families.  On  the  fouth  end  of  this  ifland  is  an  ex- 
cellent harbour  fuliable  for  the  conftruiflion  of  drydocks. 


Common  (ides  rife  here  25  feet. — /i. 


MORANT  Kcyt,  off  the  iiland  of  Jamaica,  in  the 
Weft-Indies.     N.  lat.  17  47,  W.  long.  75  35. — ii. 

MoRANT  Puinl,  the  moft  ealterly  promontory  of  the 
ifland  of  Jamaica.  On  the  N.  fide  of  the  point  is  a 
harbour  of  the  fame  name.  From  Point  Morant  it  is 
ufual  for  (hips  to  take  their  departure  that  are  bound 
through  the  Windward  Palfage,  or  to  any  part  of  the 
W.  end  of  the  iiland  of  6t  Domingo.  N.  lat.  17  58, 
W.  long.  76  10. — il>. 

MokANT  Hurlour,  Port,  is  about  4 leagues  weflward 
of  Point  Morant,  on  the  fouth  coall  of  the  iflcind  of 
Jamaica.  Before  the  mouth  of  it  is  a  imall  ifland, 
called  Good  Iiland,  and  a  tort  un  each  point  of  the 
entrance. — ib. 

Morant  River,  is  2  leagues  weftward  of  the  weft 
point  of  Point  Morant.  The  land  here  forms  a  bay, 
with  anchorage  along  the  fhorc. — ib. 

MOREN.\,  a  cape  on  the  coaft  of  Chili,  S.  Ame- 
rica, is  in  laf.  23  45  S.  and  15  le.igues  N.  E.  of  Cape 
George.  The  bay  between  thtfc  capes  fcems  very  de- 
firable  to  ftrangers  to  go  in  ;  but  in  a  N.  W.  wind  is 
very  dangerous,  becauie  the  wind  blows  right  on  the 
ihore,  and  makes  a  very  heavy  fea  in  the  road.  Here 
is  a  very  convenient  liarbour,  but  exceedingly  narrow, 
wliere  a  got  d  fliip  miglit  be  cartened. — ib. 

MoRESA  MoRRO,  on  the  coaft  01  Chiii,  S.America, 
in  lat.  23  S.  anJ  20  leagues  due  S.  of  the  north  ponit 
of  the  bay  of  Atacama. — ib. 

MORE,  a  townlhip  in  Northumberland  county, 
Penniv'.v.'.nia. — ib. 

MORELANiJ,  tile  name  of  two  townfliips  of  Penn- 
fylvania  ;  the  one  in  Philadelphia  county,  the  other  in 
that  of  M.^ntgointry. — ib 

MO  K  CAN  Dijlna,  in  N.  Caioli.na,  is  bounded  W. 
by  the  State  of  TtniielTee,  and  S.  by  the  State  of  S. 
Carolina.  It  is  divided  into  the  counties  of  Burke, 
Wilkes,  Ruthetlotd,  Linctln,  and  Buncomb ;  and 
coiitains  33,292  inhabitants,  including  2,693  llavcs. 
—lb. 

MORGANTOWN,  a  poft-town  and  the  chief  town 
of  the  ab.>ve  diltnct,  is  fi;ualed  in  Burke  ciunty  near 
C.itabaw  river.  Here  are  about  30  honfes,  a  court- 
houfe  and  gaol.  It  is  45  miles  trom  Wilkes,  46  from 
L'ncolntown,  113  from  Salem,  and  661  from  Pniia- 
delphia.     N.  lat.  35  47. — ib. 

^IoRGANTO•.VN,  3.  poft-towij  of  Virginia,  and  fhire- 
town  ot  Monongalia  county, is  pleafantiy  fnuaeu  on  ihe 
eaft  fide  of  Monon^ahela  river,  about  7  miles  S.  by  \V. 
of  the  mouth  of  Cheat  river;  and  contains  a  court- 
hoiife,  a  ftone  gaol,  and  about  40  houfes.  It  is  30 
miles  from  Brownfville,  24  from  Uniori-Town,  in 
Pennfylvania,  76  from  Cumberland  ia  Maryland,  and 
329  from  Philadelphia ib. 


573     ]  M     O     R 

MORGANS,  a  fettlement  in  Kentucky,    3S  miles  Morgans, 
E.  of  Lexington,  and  18  N.  E.  of  Boonft)orough. — ;'*.  II 

MORGANZ.A,  a  town  now  laying  out  in  Wafti-  ,^^i2!;iii^ 
ington  county,  Pennfylvania,  fituatcd  in,  and  almoft 
furrounded  by  the  E.  and  W.  branches  of  Charter's 
river,  including  the  point  of  their  confluence  ;  13  miles 
S.  of  Piiilburg,  and  on  the  poft-road  from  thence  to 
Wafliington,  l)ie  county  town,  diftant  10  miles.  Boats 
carrying  t'rum  2  to  300  barrels  of  flour,  have  been  built 
at  Moiganza,  laden  at  the  mill  tail  there,  and  fent 
down  the  Chartiers  into  the  Ohio,  and  fo  to  New- 
Orleans.  By  an  aA  of  the  legillature  of  Pennfylvania, 
the  Chartiers,  from  the  Ohio  upwards  as  far  as  Mor- 
ganza,  is  declared  to  be  a  high-way.  This  town  is 
lurrounded  by  a  rich  country,  where  numbers  of  grill 
and  faw  mills  are  already  built ;  and  the  lands  in  its 
environs  well  adapted  to  agriculture  and  grazing  ;  and 
is  fpoken  of  as  a  country  that  is  or  will  be  the  richeft 
in  Pennfylvania.  Morganza,  from  its  fituation  and 
other  natural  advantages,  mull  become  the  centre  of  a 
great  m inufiauring  country  ;  efpecially  as  confidera- 
ble  bodies  of  iron  ore,  of  a  fupcrior  quality,  have  been 
already  diTcovered  in  the  neighbourhood,  and  have 
been  allayed.  The  high  waving  hills  in  this  country 
are,  from  the  quality  of  the  foil,  convertible  into  the 
moft  luxuria-t  grazing  lands,  and  are  already  much 
improved  in  this  way.  Thefe  hills  will  be  peculiarly- 
adapted  to  raife  live  ftock,  and  more  panicp.l^ily  the 
tine  long-wooled  breed  of  fhecp  ;  fuch  as  thst  of  the 
Cotfwold   hills  in  England,  whofe   fleeces   fell  for  tf. 


fterling  per  pound;  when  others  fetch  only  12J  or  iji. 
Tne  whejt  cf  this  country  is  faid  to  weigh,  o-jnerally, 
from  62  to  66Ib.  and  the  buftiel  of  8  gallons.  From 
hence,  confiderable  exports  are  already  made  to  New- 
Or  cans  of  ilonr,  bacon,  butter,  cheefe,  cider,  and 
rye  and  apple  fpirits.  The  black  cattle  raifed  here  are 
told  to  the  new  fcttlers,  and  to  cattle  merchants,  for 
the  Pliiladjlphia  and  Baltimore  markets;  mtny  have 
alio  been  driven  to  Niagara  and  Detroit,  where  there 
arc  frequent  denrands  for  live  ftock,  which  fuffer  much 
in  thofe  northern  countries,  from  hard  winters,  failure 
in  crops,  ;ind  other  caufcs. — .'i. 

INIORGLIE  Fort,  or  Fortabeza  de  Margu:,  on  the 
fouth  Ihore  of  the  entrance  of  Baldivia  Bav,  on  the 
coaft  cf  Chili,  on  the  South  Pacific  Ocean.  The  chan- 
nel  has  Irom  9  to  6  fathoms. — ib. 

MORIENNE,  a  bay  on  the  E.  coaft  of  the  iflinJ 
of  Cape  Brelo-.),  near  Miray  B.iy  fiom  which  it  i.i  fe- 
parated  only  by  C.ipe  Brule.  It  is  a  tolerably  deep 
bay. — ib. 

MORINDA,  is  a  plant,  of  wh.ii;h  a  very  meagre  de- 
fcrlption  h.ts  been  given  in  the  Encyclop.idi.i,  though  ic 
is  ot  much  impoi  lance  in  oriental  commerce.  It  is  cul- 
tivated to  a  i;reit  extent  in  the  province  of  Makva  in 
the  Eaft  Indies,  where  it  furnidies  .1  valuable  dye-lluff; 
and  is  thus  defciibed  by  William  Hunter,  Efq ;  in  the 
fourlh  volume  of  the  Afiatic  Refcaiches : 

"  It  is  a  tree  of  a  middiiflg  lize  ;  the  root  branchy  ; 
thj/runi  columnar,  ercifl,  covered  with  a  fcabrous  bark. 
Br.tnch(s,  from  th;  upper  p.art  of  the  trunk,  fcattered  ; 
of  the  ftrudure  of  the  trunk.  Leava  (feminal)  oval, 
obtufc,  entire  (m.ilure),  oppol'ne,  dccuifated,  ovate, 
pointed  at  bi  th  ends,  fmootli,  wi.))  very  fhort  pciii'les. 
Stipuirt,  lanced,  very  fmall,  w  itlicting.  Pulunj.s,  from 
the  axils  of  the  leaves,  folirary,  bearing  an  aggregate 

ilcwer. 


M     O     R 


[     574    ] 


M     O     S 


flower.  C(il)x,  common  receptacle  roundith,  collecling 
ibc  feOile  flowers  into  an  irregular  head.  Perianth, 
mcll  entire,  fcarce  obfervahle  above.  Coral,  one  petal- 
1»J  Innncl  term.  Tute,  cylindric:  Border,  five  cleft; 
ihe  d'tv'ifnn!  lanced.  Sliinen  :  F'tlim  nis,  five  tliread- 
roim,  ariling  lioni  the  tube,  and  adheiing  to  ittliiougli 
two-thirds  ui  their  lengtji,  a  little  lliorter  than  the  tube. 
.,^>.v/(r/,  linear,  ercft.  PiJIH.  Gcrw,  beneath,  four-cel- 
led, ccntaiiiing  the  rudiments  oi  four  feeds.  Styir, 
ihrcad-form  longer  than  the  llamen?.  5//jW(7,  two  ckii, 
thickilh.  Pirictirf,  common,  irregular,  divided  en  the 
fuiface  into  irregular  angular  fpace;  :  compofed  ot  ber- 
ric?,  pyramidal,  comprelled  on  all  fides  by  the  adjacent 
ones,  and  conciettd  wilhtlum  ;  h  ppcd;  cntaining  to- 
wards the  bafe  a  flefhy  pulp.  Seeds,  in  each  berry  lour; 
toward;  the  point  obloiijj,  externally  convex,  internal- 
ly angular." 

The  fpecies  here  defcribed  is  the  t.iorinJn  arboreii  fe- 
diincu'h  fil'itariis  ol  Linnaus.  It  grows  bell;  in  a  black 
lich  foil,  free  from  flones,  in  fitu'.itions  moderately  moill, 
rot  too  high,  yet  fiilhciently  elevated  to  prevent  the 
rain  water  fiom  (lagnating,  and  where  a  fiipply  of  wa- 
ter can  be  had  tnr  tlie  dry  niinihs.  As  the  ccilnuring 
matter,  for  which  alone  it  is  valuable,  rcfides  chiefly  in 
the  balk  of  the  root,  the  fmall  twigs,  whicii  contain 
little  wood,  bear  a  higher  price  than  the  larger  pieces. 
The  natives  employ  it  in  dyeing  a  pale  red,  or  clay  co- 
lour ;  which  Mr  Hunter  fays  is  more  valuable  lor  its 
durability  than  for  its  beauty.  They  likewife  ufe  it  in 
dyeing  a  datk  purple  or  chocolate  colour  :  but  for  the 
procefs,  in  both  cafes,  we  muft  refer  to  the  original  me- 
moir. 

MORION,  in  botany,  a  name  given  by  the  ancients 
to  a  kind  of  nightihade.     See  Solanum,  Encycl. 

Morion,  in  ancient  mineralogy,  a  name  given  to  one 
of  the  femipellucid  gems,  more  commonly  called  pram- 
v'ton.  It  is  a  ftone  appearing  externally  cf  a  fine  deep 
black  ;  but  when  held  up  againft  a  candle,  or  apainll 
llie  fun-beams,  it  gives  a  very  beautiful  red  in  different 
degrees. 

MORO  Ci'[tle  is  on  the  point  or  headland  on  the  E. 
fide  of  the  channel  of  the  Havannah,  in  the  N.  W. 
part  of  the  ifland  cf  Cuba,  and  is  the  firft  of  two 
llrcng  callles  for  the  defence  cf  the  channel  againfl 
the  approach  of  an  enemy's  (hips.  It  is  a  kind  of  tri- 
angle, fortified  with  baltions,  on  which  are  mounted 
about  60  pieces  of  cannon,  24  pounders.  Frrm  the 
c.idle  there  alfo  runs  a  wall  or  line  mounted  with  12 
Inng  brafs  cannon,  36  pounders  ;  called,  by  way  of 
eminence,  "  The  twelve  Apoftles :"  and  at  the  point, 
between  the  calUe  and  the  fea,  there  is  a  tower  uhere 
a  man  Hands  and  giTes  flgnals  of  what  veilels  ap- 
proach.— Mcrse. 

MOROKINNEE,  or  Aloro/innee,  in  the  ifland  of 
^lowee,  one  ot  the  Sandwich  Illands,  in  the  N.  Pacific 
Ocean,  is  in  jat.  lo  29  N.  and  long.  126  27  weil. 
—iL 

MOROSQUILLO  Bay  is  to  the  fouihward  of  Car- 
thagena,  on  the  coafl  of  the  Spaiiifh  Main,  and  in  tlie 
bight  rf  the  c  aft  coming  out  of  Darien  Guli",  on  the 
eaflern  (horc. — ib. 

MOROTOI,  or  Moroloi,  one  cf  the  Sandwich  Iflands 
in  the  P.iciric  Ocean,  is  about  2|  leagues  W.  N.  W.  of 
Mowee  Illand,  and  has  feveral  bays  on  its  S.  and  W. 
fides.     Its  W.  point  is  in  lat.  21  20  N.  and  long.  157 


Mofe. 


14  V/.  and  is  computed  to  contain  36,000  inhabitants.    Monis. 
It  is  7  leagues  S.  E.  of  Woahoo  Iflmd. — ii. 

MORRIS,  a  county  on  the  northern  line  of  Ncw- 
Jerfey,  weft  of  Bergen  county.  It  is  about  25  miles 
long,  and  20  broad,  is  divided  into  5  townftiips,  and 
contains  about  136, Soy  acreiof  i.Tiproved,  and  30,429 
acres  of  unimproved  land.  The  eaflern  part  of  the 
county  is  level,  and  affords  fine  meadows,  and  <;ood 
land  for  Indian  ci  rn.  The  weftern  part  is  hk  re  moun- 
tainous ■•i"'!  produces  crops  of  wheat.  Here  are  feven 
ricli  iron  mines,  and  two  fprings  famous  for  curing 
rlK'umatic  and  chronic  difordeis.  There  are  alfo  ? 
furnaces,  two  flitting  and  rolling-mills,  35  forges  and 
fire-works,  37  fav,^-nii!ls  and  43  grill  mills.  Tliere  are 
in  the  county  i6,il6  inhabitants,  cf  whom  636  are 
Haves. — ii. 

MORRISSINA,  a  village  in  Wefc-Chefter  county, 
Kew-York,  contiguous  to  Hell  Gate,  in  the  Sound. 
In  1790  it  contained  133  inhabitants,  <f  whom  30 
were  llaves.  In  1791,  it  was  annexed  to  the  towntliip 
of  WeilChefter.— /'i^. 

MORRISTOWN,  a  pott-town  and  capital  of  the 
above  county,  is  a  handfi'me  town,  and  contains  a  PrtC- 
byteri.in  and  Baptift  church,  a  court-houfc,  an  acad- 
emy, and  about  30  compa>f[  houfes ;  19  miles  N.  W. 
of  Newark,  and  about  too  N.  E.  of  Philadelphia.  The 
head  quariers  of  the  American  army,  during  the  revo. 
lution  war,  was  frequently  in  and  about  this  town. — ilr. 

MORRISVILLE,  a  village  in  Pennfylvania,  fitu- 
ated  in  Bucks  county  on  the  W.  bank  cf  Delaware  ri- 
ver, one  mile  trom  Trenton,  9  from  Briftol,  and  29 
from  Philadelphia.     A  poft-o(Ecc  is  kept  here.: — il/, 

MORRIS  Bay,  on  the  W.  coafl  cf  the  ifland  of 
Antigua,  in  the  Weff-Indies.  It  cannot  be  recom- 
mended to  fhips  to  pafs  this  way,  a?  there  is  in  one 
place  S.  from  the  Five  Iflands  only  2  fathoms  water. 
VelTeh  drawing  more  than  9  feet  water  muft  not  at- 
tempt it. — //'. 

MORROPE,  a  town  on  the  road  between  Qnlto 
and  Lima,  in  S.  America.  It  contains  between  70 
and  80  houfes,  containing  about  160  familie?,  all  In- 
dians: near  it  runs  the  river  Po/.uelos,  the  banks  of  which 
are  cultivated  and  adorned  with  tree?.  Morrope  is  28 
or  30  leagues  diftant  from  Sechura,  all  that  way  being 
a  f.indy  plain,  the  track  continually  fhifting. — ib. 

MORl'lER's  Rods,  on  the  S.  coaft  rf  Newfound- 
land Illand.     N.  lat.  47,  W.  long.  54  55. — ib. 

rilOPvTO  I/!a)id,  on  the  coaft  of  Peru,  fo  called  by 
the  Spaniards,  from  its  lli iking  refemblance  to  a  dead 
corpfe,  extended  at  full  length.  It  is  alio  called  St 
Clara.  It  is  about  5  leagues  N.  N.  E.  from  the  river 
Tunibez  ;  and  is  2  miles  in  length,  and  27  leagues 
from  Guayaquil. — ib. 

MORTON  B,:y,  on  the  1-J.  W.  coaft  of  the  ifland  of 
Nevis,  in  the  Weft-Indie.";,  is  near  the  Narrows,  or 
channel  between  that  ifl.ind  and  St  Chriftopher's,  to 
the  N.  W.  of  which  there  is  from  3  to  8  fathoms,  ac- 
cording to  the  diftance  from  ihore. — ib. 

MORUES  B.-iy,  on  the  fouthern  fhoreof  the  river  St 
Lawrence,  fouihward  ol  Gafpee  Bay,  and  weft  of  Dc- 
naventura  and  Mifcan  iflands. — ib. 

MORUGO,  a  fmall  river  to  the  weft  and  north- 
weft  of  the  gulf  of  ElTequibo,  on  the  coaft  of  Surri- 
nam,  in  S.  America. — ;/'. 

MOSE,  or  Villa  del  Mofe,  a  town  on  the  bank  of  the 

river 


Mofes, 

n 

Mofs. 


M     O     S                    L    575    1  M    O    S 

river  Tabafco,  in  the  bottom  of  Carnpeachy  Gulf,  to  experience  to  carry  rich  crops  of  corn,  hay,  potatoes, 

which  fmall  barges  may  go  up.      Great  quantities  of  &c.     Of  this  gentleman's  praftice  we  have  the  follow, 

cocoa  are  Ihipped  here  for  Spain  ;  which  brings  a  great  ing  account  in  a  fmall  pamphlet  publiilicd  in  Edinburgh, 

many  Hoops  and  fmall  vefTils  to  tJie  ccaft. — jl:  1798,  by  Fairbairn  aiiJ  Dickfoii. 

MOSES   J'cifil,  a  head  or  cape  of  land,  on  the  E.  «  The  fiift  thing  to  be  done  is  to  mark  off,   acd  cut 

fide  of  tlie   entrance  into   Bonavifta  Bay,   on   the  E.  out,  proper  main  or  mader  draitis,  in  order  to  carry  eft 

coaft  of  Newfoundland  llland.     It  is  to  the  fjulhward  the  fupctfluous  water,  taking  care  to  preferve  the  great- 

of  the  rucks  called  Sweers,   and  5  miles  fouth-weR  of  ell  pollible  level;  which  drains  are  fo  ccnftruacd  a,  to 


Cape  Bcnavida. — il>. 

MOSHAIRA,  or  Moshahereh,  penfion  or  allow- 
ance in  Bengal. 

MOSLEY's,  a  place  on  Roanoke  river,  9  miles  le- 


divide  the  field    into  inclofurts  iroin  iix  to  ten  Scctcli 
acres.       It  the  rnofs  hangs  or  declines,  the  inclofures 
may  be  of  any  dinienfion  whatever.     The  dimer.fions  of 
_    ^  thefo  drains  when  firft  made  are  eight  teei  wide,  by  four 

low  Hi  Tammany's,  and  3  above  Eatcn's.  The  pro-  and  a  half  feot  deep,  declining  to  two  and  a  halt  fett 
ducc  of  the  upper  country  is  brought  to  thefe  places,  at  bottom,  and  cuft  at  the  rare  of  one  (hilling  per  fall  of 
and  fent  from  thence  by  waggons  to  Feterlburg  in  Vir-  eighteen  and  a  half  feet,  running  meafure.  The  ridges 
ginia. — Morse.  are  then  to  be  marked  off  regularly,  Iix  or  fevcn  yards 

MOSQUITO  Country,  a  diftriift  of  Mexico,  having  broad,  formed  with  the  ipade  in  the  manner  following, 
the  North  Sea  on  the  N.  and  E.  Nicaragua  on  the  S.  "  In  the  centre  of  each  ridge,  a  fpace  of  about  20 
and  Honduras  on  the  W.  The  natives  are  tall,  well  inches  is  allowed  to  remain  uutoutlied,  on  each  fide  of 
made,  ftrong,  and  nimble  of  foot.  They  are  implaca-  which  a  furrow  is  opened,  and  turned  upon  the  un- 
ble  enemies  to  the  Spaniards,  who  inalfacred  a  vail  touched  fpace,  {<■>  as  completely  to  cover  it  (like  what 
number  of  their  people  when  they  invaded  Mexico,  and  is  called  the  leeiing  of  a  g.uherej  riJ^el.  Thus  bc- 
wiU  join  with  any  European  nation  againll  ilie  Spani-  gun,  the  work  is  continued,  by  culling  waii  the  fpade, 
ards.  They  are  very  dextrous  in  linking  tilh,  turtles  in  width  about  12  inches,  and  turning  it  over  to  .-.p- 
and  mannaties.     Many   ot   the   natives  fail  in  ijritilh    pearance  as  if  done  with  a  plough,  until  you  come  lo 


velfels  to  Jamaica. — lb. 

Mosquito  Btiy,  or  Mujl-ito,  is  at  the  S.  E.  extremi- 
ty of  the  i.land  oi  St  Chriltopher's,  and  on  the  larboard 
fide  of  the  channel  of  the  Narrows,  f;om  the  S.  \V.  go- 
ing round  the  point  along  the  ih^ie,  uithin  the  reel  to 
the  northward.  The  coal!  is  here  lined  with  rocks,  and 
at  a  fmall  dillance  is  from  ^  to  6  fathoms,  on  the  W. 
N.  W.  fide  of  Booby  Ifland.— /A. 


the  divifion  furiow,  which  iliould  be  two  feet  wide,  rut 
out  ;ind  thrrwii  upon  the  fides  of  the  ridges.  The 
depth  ot  the  di\illon  furrow  is  to  be  regulated  by  cir- 
cumflances,  according  as  ihe  mofs  is  v.et  or  dry,  but 
fo  as  to  antwer  the  purpofe  of  as  it  were  bleeding  the 
mofs,  and  tondufting  (he  water  to  the  main  drains. 

"  It  may  be  here  obfcrved,  that  the  fuccefs  of  the 
aftercrops  depends  very  much  upon  a  proper  loimatioii 


MosQiMTO,  or  MufqiiilQ  Cove,  ou  the  W.  fide  of  the  of  the  ridges.     They  muft  not  be  madi  too  hi"!i  in  tlis 

ifland  if  Antigua,  andfuuthwatd  of  Five  IllanJs  Har-  middle,  tor  there  they  will  be  too  dry  like  a  peat,  up- 

bour. — ib.                                                      ^  on  wh.ich  the  lime  cannot  act,  and  near  the  furrows  they 

MosQ^-'iTO  Ifland,  one  of  the  fmall  Virgin  Iflands,  will  be  too   wet,  which  is  equally    prejudicial  ;    llicy 

in  the  Well  Indies,  r.ear  theN.  coatl  of  Virgin  Gorda,  fliouid  therefore  be  conurujttd  with  a  gentle  declivity 

on  which  it  is  dependent.     N.  lat.  iS  25,  W.  long.  63  to  the  furrows,  fo  as   the  r.'in  which   f.lls   may  rather 

15 — ''■'■                                                       .  filtrate   through    the  ridge   to  the  furrows    than  run 

Mosquito  Pcint    is  the  larboard  point  of  tlie  chan-  ([uickly  off  the  fui face. 

nel  into  Port  Royal  Bay  in  Jamaica,  where  the  powder  "  The  next  operation  is  to  top-drefs  the  ridtjes  with 

magazine:,  are  fituated,  nnd  on  which  is  a  b.ittery  of  bo  lime,  at  the  rate  of  fro.m    four  to  eight   chaldcrs  per 


guns,  for  the  dtleucc  ol  the  channel,  whicli  is  here  very 
narrow.  Round  tlie  point  to  the  noith-welleily,  is  a 
fpacious  bay  or  baton,  into  which  conies  the  liver  of 
Spanifh  Town. — ;i'. 

Mosquito  Puir.t,  at  the  entrance  of  the  river  Efie 


Five  Winchedcr  bufhels  make  a  boll,  and  eight 
bolls  a  chalder  cf  flicll  lime,  producing  fixteen  bolls 
powdered  l.nie.  The  quicker  the  lime  is  put  on  aficr 
being  ll.ickcJ  the  better. 

"The   proper  feafon  to  prepare  the  mofs  for  a  fir  (I 


quibo,  on  the  coalt  oi  Dutch   Guiana,   S.  America;  crop  is  early   the  preceding  fummcr;  in  that  cafe  the 

round  which,  as  foon  a^  ihips  are  within,  th;y  are  di-  lime,  aided  by  the  heat,  the  after  rains,  and  the  winter 

reeled  to  run  S.  E.  and  then  due  S.  and  come  to  an  an-  frofls,  makes  »;onfider.)ble  progtefs  in  the  proccfs  of  pu- 

chor  before  the  fii ft  village. — /*.  trefaaicn,  confequcntly  forms  a  ir.oulJ  lo   receive  the 

MOSS,  the  name  given  in  Scotland,  and  we  believe  feed, 

alfo  in  frme  pans   of  En^Lind,  to  what  is  more   pro.  "  Though  oats  have  fcmclime?  fuccceded  as  a  firft 

perly  called  a  niC7vy},  a /t«,  ot  jl  bog.       On  the  forma-  crop,  potatoes  hive  been  found  greatly  preferable.    The 

tion  of  thefe  niofiVs  fome  conjciflures  have  been  hazard-  incihod  oi  planting  them  is  fimple,  and  attended  with 

ed  In  the  Encydipxilia,   where  the   reader  will  likewife  little  expence.      Tlic  mofs,  prepaicd  by  lidges,  and 

find  a  copious  account  rf  the  method  wliich  has  for  roa-  limed  as  b;fore  dtfcribed,  beds  for  the  potatoes  .are,   in 

ny  years  been  fuccct'sfuily  employed  to  convert  the  Moss  the  fpring,  marked  off.  acrofs  the  ridge>,  five  or  fit  feet 

OF  KiNCARDisK  into  an  arable  foil,  or  rather  to  remove  broad,  with    in:crmediatc  fpaces  of  about  two  feet,  as 

the  fubllance  called  w//  or  peat  from  the  rich  foil  which  turrnws  or  tnnches.      The  beds  are  covered  over  with 

is  found  below  it.     A  method,  however,  has  been  in-  a   thin  ftratum   of  dung,  about  eighteen   fiii-ile  licife 

vented  by  Mi    Juhn  Smith   of  Swindrig-muir,  in  the  carts  to  an  acre,  the  cuttings  of  the  potatoes  are  laid 

fliire  of  Ayr,  for  c/;;*/;.'/)' converting  the  fubllance  called  or  placed  upon  the   beds,  alout   ten  or  twelve  Inches 

mofs  into  a  vegetable  mould,  which  has  been  found  by  .vander,  and  the  whde  covered  over  with  a  tliin  llra- 

»  turn. 


Mo.'V. 


^^ur5. 


M     O    S  C     57^    ]  MOT 

turn  of  mofs  from  the  iiuerniediate  trendies,  which  is     fixth  years  Is,  its  naturally  running    into   fweet  and      Mofs, 
followed  by  anotiicr  covering  Irnni  the  trenches  when     luxuriant  graiFes.     The  folt  meadow  grafs,  the  daify,  II, 

the  pot.itoe  pUnti  make  their  fiill  ap))e,irance  ;  the  co-    fome  plainiain,  but  principally  the  white  clover,  are  the  ..^^^^llilL 
vering  in  whole  four  or  five  inche;.      In  this  ftate  they    molt  prevalent  gralfes ;  or  more  probably  it  may  be  a- 
ifm.iin  without  any   hoeing  till  the  crop  is  taken  up.    fcribed  to  thefe  crops  being  ploughed,  in  place  of  being 

dug  witli  the  fpade,  as  the  former  years  were.  Along 
Willi  t!ie  fifth  or  fixtli  crop  of  c.»t.',  rye-grafs  is  fown, 
which,  with  the  natural  grafTes  i<i  general,  produce  ait 
abundant  crop  cf  hay. 

"  It  the  mofb  in  ihe  original  (late  has  been  wet  and 
fpongy,  it  w;U  be  found  to  have  fubfided  fome  feet  af- 


Thc  produce  on  Mr  Smith's  mofs  has  never  been  lefs 
than  from  forty  to  fil'ty  bolls  of  excellent  potatoes, 
cijlit  Win^hellc:-  bulluU  to  the  boll,  and  the  bulliel  a 
liltl;  he.ipfcJ. 

"  When  the  potatoe  crop  is  removed,  the  ridges  are 
agiiii  formed  as  before  dei(;iib-d,  and  the  divilion  lur- 


*  Tliis  is  a 
vulgar 
Scottifh 
phrafe  fur 
beds  of  a 
particular 
hind  ()f  po- 
tatoe. 


row  cleared  out.     In  performing  this  part  of  the  woik,  ttr  tlie  third  or  fouitli  year's  operation  has   been  per- 

it  will  naturally  occur,  that  a  great  pan  of  the  manuied  foimed;  but  care   mull    always  be   taken  to  deepen, 

fuiface  will  be  buried  in  hlhiig  up  tiic  trenches  between  clear  our,  and  keep  clear  the  main  drains  and  the  divi- 

tiic  potatoe  beds:   but  that  is  not  tlie  cafe  ;  the  woik-  fion  fuirows,  to  prevent  a  fuperabundance  of  nioifture, 

man  makes  two  cuts  with  the  fpade,  at  eiglitecn  inches  which  would  ir.fallibly  be  the  cafe  were  they  negledled 

dillance,  upon  the  fide  of  the  trench  ;  another,  one  foot  in  confecjuence  of  the  fubl'idence  of  the  mofs.      Indeed 

fn  :n  the  edge  of  it,  as  deep  as  the  trench  ;  uliich,  in-  mofs  of  all  forts  will  fubfide  lefs  or  more,  in  propoition 

Head  (f  turnii.g  over,  he  prelles  a  foot  forward  into  the  as  it  has  been  dry  or  wet  in  its  original  flate ;  at  the 

trench,  which  is  continued  the  length  of  it ;  and  when  fame  time,  as  flated  before,  care  muft  be  taken  not  to 

he  conies  to  the  other  fide  he  does  the   fame,  making  hiy  it  too  dry,  but  to  keep  in  a  proper  degree  of  tempe- 

both  meet,  and  fb  proceeds  ;  fo  tliat  no  pjrt  of  the  ma-  rature  between  thefe  two  exiiemes." 
iiured   furface  ii  thrown  dov.'n,  and  the  lidge  is  left  in         By  having  recouife  to  the  pamphlet  from  wliich  this 

thefime  form  as  before  the  lazy-beds*  were  m;ide.  extrad  has  been  made,  the  reader  may  fatisfy  himfelf 

"  When  tlie  potatoe  crop  is  taken  otT,  and  the  ridges  ot   the  real   advantages  of  this  fpecies  of  agriculture, 

formed  as  before   dcfcribed,  they  lemain  in  that  Hate  The  author  calculates,  with  much  apparent  tairnefs,  the 

till  fpring,  when  oats  are  fown  (a  wet  or  dry  feafon  has  expence  of  improvement,  and  the  value  of  each  crop, 

from  experience  been  found  a  matter  of  indifference),  and  concludes  that  no  wafle  can  be  improved  with  equal 

and  harrowed  in  with  a  fmall  harrow  drawn  by  two  advantage  as  mofs.     It  mull  not,  however,  be  conceal- 

men.     Four  men  with  cafe  harrow  at  leall  one  acre  one  eJ>  that  we  have  heard  praiHical  farmers,   who  feemed 

rood  per  day,   two  and  two  by  turns  with  the  harrow,  to  be  acquainted  with  the  fubjedt,  give  it  as  their  opi- 

and  the  other  two  in  the  interim  with  fp.ides,  finooih-  nion  that  this  mode  of  cultivation  anfwers  only  in  mofles 

ing  the  inequalities,  breaking  and  dividing  the  mould,  ''f  no  great  depth  ;  though  our  author  alhrms  that  it 

and  clearing  out  the  divifion  furrows  ;  which  lad  in  all  has  with   great  fuccefs  been  pradlifed  by  Mr  Smith  in 

operations    upon  mofs  are  tireutially   iieceffary.     I'he  moffes  of  the  depth  of  14  feet. 

eaily  or  hot  Iced  oats  are   always  prefened   for  feed.         MOTION  in  fluids.      When    in   the    publication 

The  late  or  cold  feed   runs  too  much  to  fliaw,   falls  of  this   Supplement  we  had  arrived  at  tlie  title  Fluids, 

down,   and  becomes  fh  omy,  confequently  the  grain  is  vve  were  Itruck  with  the  importance  given,  in  fome  of 

cf  mean  quality,  and  unprodudlive  in  meal.  the  journals,  to  The  Expei imcnial  Refeurclis  of  Venturi 

"  The  produce  of  the  firfl  crop  of  oats  alter  potatoes  comerning   the  Principle  of   the  lateral  communication  of 

is  feldoni  lefs  than  ten  bolls  per  acre,  the  Linlithgow  Motion  in   Fluids  af plied  1$    the  Explanation   of  various 

boll  of  fix  Wiixhefter  bufhels,  and  confiderably  more  Hydraulic  Phenomena.      Of  thefe  leiearchcs  we  intend- 

has  been  known  ;  as  good  grain  in  qualicy,   and  meals  ed  to  lay  an  abridged  account  before  our  readers  under 

as  well  as  any  in  the  country.     It  has  been  fold  when  the  prelent  title  ;  but  having  examined   the  work  with 

growing,  what  is  called  upon  the  foot,  including  the  fome  attention,  we  find  in  it  hardly  any  thing  of  confe- 

firaw,  from  eight  to  ten  pounds  per  acre.     To  prepare  quence  which  the  mechanical  philof:pher  may  not  learn 

for  a  fecond  crop  of  oats,  the  ridges  mull  be  dug  acrofs,  from  our  articles   RtsisTAAcE  of  Fluids  and  River  in 

and  turned  over  in  the  manner  before  defcribed,  and  the  the  Enryckp^dia.    That  our  readers,  however,  may  find 

divifion  fuirows  cleared  out  as  foon  as  convenient  after  fomethiiig    under  a  \itle  to   which  we  radily  referred 


the  firfl  crop  is  removed. 

"  Such  is  the  elTeft  of  lime  in  confolidating  mofs,  aid- 
ed by  the  draining,  that  often  after  the  fecond,  and  al- 
ways after  the  third  year,  it  can  be  plouglied  by  horfes 


them,  we  fhall,  in  the  words  of  Nicholtoti's  Journal  of 
Natural  Philofophy,  &c.  inform  them  what  Venturi's 
work  contains. 

•  This  author,  who  is  profeffor  of  experimental  philo- 


within  two  bouts  or  lliches  of  the  divifion  furrow;  and  fophy  at  Modena,  has  introduced  an  horizontal  current 
alfo  harrowed  by  horfes,  and  the  crops  taken  off  by  of  water  into  a  velTel  filled  with  the  fame  fluid  at  reft, 
carts.  This  flream  entering  the  vefTel  with  a  certain  velocity, 
"  Five  and  often  fix  confecntive  crops  of  oats  are  ta-  palfes  through  a  poition  of  the  fluid,  and  is  then  re- 
ken,  without  any  other  manure  than  what  it  received  ceived  in  an  inclined  channel,  the  bottom  of  which  gra- 
the  firll  year  for  potatoes,  without  any  apparent  figns  dually  lifes  until  it  pafl'es  over  the  border  or  rim  of  the 
of  it  being  exhaulled.  The  produce  of  the  firfl  two  velTel  itfelf.  The  effed  is  found  to  be,  not  only  that 
crops  of  oats  has  been  mentioned  to  be  ten  bolls,  and  the  flream  itfelf  palfes  out  of  the  veff:l  tlirough  the 
the  third,  fourth,  fifth,  and  flxth,  produce  from  fix  to  channel,  but  carries  along  with  it  the  fluid  contained 
ten  bolls  per  acre.  The  mofs  is  now  turned  into  a  in  the  veffel  ;  fo  that  after  a  fliort  time  no  more  of  the 
feeming  rich  dark  brown  mould  ;  and  what  renders  it  fluid  remains  than  was  originally  below  the  aperture  at 
lefs  produflive  of   corn  crops  the  fourth,    fifth,  and  which  the  ftream  enters.     This  fad  is  adopted  as  a 

principle 


M     O     T 


C     577     ] 


M     O     T 


Motion,  principle  or  primitive  phenomenon  by  the  author,  under 
^■^^''"^^  the  denomination  of  ilie  lateral  communication  of  mo. 
tion  in  fluids,  and  to  this  he  refers  many  important  hy- 
draulic facts.  He  does  not  undertake  to  give  an  ex- 
planation of  this  principle,  but  Ihows  that  the  mutual 
attraction  of  the  particles  of  water  is  far  from  being  a 
fufficicnt  caufe  to  account  for  it. 

The  firll  phenomenon  which  the  author  propofes  to 
e^iplain  by  this  ellablifhed  principle,  is  the  emiffionof  a 
fluid  through  different  adjutages  applied  to  the  refer- 
voir  which  contains  it.  It  is  known  that  the  vein  of 
fluid  which  iffues  from  an  orifice  or  perforation  through 
a  thin  plate,  becomes  contrafled,  lo  as  to  exhibit  a  fcc- 
tion  equal  to  about  0,6.).  of  the  orifice  itfelf,  fuppofed 
to  be  circular ;  and  that  the  place  ot  the  greatell  con- 
traiflion  is  ufually  at  the  dillance  of  one  fenii-dianieter 
of  the  orifice  itfelf.  If  a  fmall  adjutage  be  adapted  to 
the  orifice,  having  its  internal  cavity  of  the  fame  conoi- 
dal  form  as  the  fluid  itfelf  affects  in  that  interval,  the 
expenditure  is  the  fame  as  by  the  fimple  orifice.  But 
if  at  the  extremity  of  this  adjutage  a  cylindric  tube  be 
affixed,  of  a  greater  diameter  tlun  that  of  the  contract- 
ed vein,  or  a  divergent  conical  tube,  the  expence  of  fluid 
increafes,  and  may  exceed  the  double  ot  that  which 
palTes  through  the  aperture  in  the  thin  plate,  though 
the  adjutage  poffefs  an  horizontal  or  even  afcendiug  di- 
rection. 

By  the  interpofition  of  a  fmall  adjutage,  adapted  to 
the  form  of  the  contrafled  vein,  Venturi  afcertained,  in 
the  firft  place,  that  there  is  an  increale  of  velocity  in  the 
tubes  he  employed,  though  the  velocity  of  emillion  it- 
felf be  lefs  than  that  rf  the  Itream  which  iffues  from  a 
hole  in  a  thin  plate.  He  afterwards  proves,  by  the  faft, 
that  the  interior  velocity  and  expenditure  cf  fluid, 
tvhich  is  increafed  through  lubes,  even  in  the  horizon- 
tal or  afcending  direction,  is  owing  to  the  preffure  of 
the  atmofphere.  If  the  fmallell  hole  be  made  in  the 
fide  of  the  tube  near  the  place  of  contradion  of  the 
vein,  the  increafed  expenditure  does  not  take  place  ; 
and  when  a  vertical  tube  is  inferted  in  fuch  a  hole,  the 
lower  end  of  which  tube  is  immerfed  in  water  or  mer- 
cury, it  is  found  that  afpiration  takes  place,  and  the  wa- 
ter or  mercury  riles  ;  and  this  afpiration  in  conical 
tubes  is  lefs  in  proportion,  as  the  place  of  infertion  of 
the  upright  tube  is  more  remote  from  the  fcdlion  where 
the  greateft  coniraftion  would  have  taken  place.  And, 
lallly,  the  difference  between  the  expenditure  of  fluid, 
through  an  orifice  made  in  a  thin  plate,  and  that  which 
is  obferved  through  an  additional  tube,  does  not  take 
place  in  vacuo. 

The  influence  of  the  weight  of  the  atmofphere  on 
the  horizontal  or  afcending  flux  being  thus  ellablifhed, 
the  author  confiders  it  as  a  fecondary  caufe,  referable 
to,  and  explicable  by,  his  principle  of  the  lateral  com- 
munication of  motion  in  fluid?.  In  conical  divergent 
tubes,  for  example,  the  effeift  of  this  lateral  communica- 
tion is,  that  the  central  cylindrical  jet,  h.iving  for  its  ba- 
fis  thelciftion  of  the  coiitrafled  vein,  curies  with  it  the 
lateral  fluid  which  would  have  remained  Itagnaiit  in  the 
enlarged  pan  of  the  cone.  Hence  a  vacuum  tends  to 
be  pioduced  in  this  enlarged  part  which  fuirounds  the 
central  cylindric  dream  ;  the  preffure  cf  the  atmofphere 
becomes  aifiive  to  fupply  the  void,  and  is  exerted  on  the 
furface  oJ  the  refervoir,  fo  as  to  increafe  the  velocity  of 
the  fluid  at  the  interior  extremity  of  the  tube. 

Supi'L.  Vol.  II. 


The  author  proves,  that  the  velocity  or  total  eipen-  Xfoiion. 
diture  of  fluid  through  an  aperture  of  given  dimcnfioiis  '•-^^'"^'^ 
may  be  increafed  by  a  proper  adjutage  in  the  propor- 
tion ot  24  to  10:  he  applies  this  refuk  to  the  O'nftiuc- 
tion  of  the  funnels  of  chimneys.  He  determines  the 
lofs  cf  emitted  fluid,  which  may  be  fuftained  by  finuo- 
fity  in  pipes.  He  (hews  by  experiment,  that  a  pipe 
which  is  enlarged  in  any  part  affords  a  much  lefs  quan- 
tity cf  fluid  than  if  it  were  throughout  ot  a  diameter 
equal  to  that  of  its  fmalled  fiction.  This,  as  he  re- 
marks, is  a  circumftance  to  which  fufficient  attention 
has  not  been  paid  in  the  conftruaion  of  liydraulic  ma- 
chines. It  is  not  enough  to  avoid  elbiTO's  and  contrac- 
tions ;  fcr  it  fometimes  happens  that,  by  an  interme- 
diate enlargement,  the  whole  of  the  advantage  arifing 
from  other  judicious  difpofiticns  cf  the  parts  of  the  ma- 
chine is  loft. 

There  are  two  caufcs  of  the  increafe  of  expenditure 
through  dcfcending  pipes.  The  firft  is  owing  to  the 
lateral  communication  of  rnoti.n  wliich  takes  place  in 
dcfcending  pipes,  in  the  fame  manner  as  in  tiiofe  whicli 
puffefs  an  horizontal  fituation;  the  fecond  ariles  from 
the  acceleration  by  gravity  which  takes  place  in  tht 
fluid  while  it  falls  through  the  dcfcending  tube.  This 
lecond  kind  of  augmentation  was  known  to  the  ancients^ 
though  they  pofl'elfed  no  good  theory  nor  decifive  expe- 
riments refpecting  it.  The  author  endeavours  to  efta- 
blilh  a  theory  on  the  principle  of  virtual  afcenfion  com- 
bined with  ilie  pieffuie  of  the  atmofphere.  His  de- 
dudions  are  confirmed  by  experiment,  in  which  he  has 
fucceeded  fo  far  as  to  feparate  the  two  caufes  of  aug- 
mentation, and  afljgned  to  each  their  refpective  degree 
of  influence. 

Protelibr  Venturi  then  proceeds  to  different  objeifls 
of  enquiry,  to  which  his  principle  f.-emed  applicable. 
He  gives  the  theory  of  the  %vater  blowing  machine  (fee 
Watf.s.  Bloivhi^  Machine  in  this  SupplJ,  and  he  deter- 
mines by  calculation  the  quantity  of  air  wf.ich  one  of 
thefe  machines  can  afford  in  a  given  time.  He  ob- 
ferves,  that  the  natural  falls  of  w.iter  in  the  mountains 
always  produce  a  local  wind  ;  and  he  even  thinks,  that 
the  falling  ftreams  in  the  internal  parts  of  mountains  are 
in  fome  inftances  the  caufe  of  the  winds  which  ilVue  from 
caves.  He  proves,  by  the  facts,  that  it  is  poflible,  in 
certain  inllances,  to  carry  off',  without  any  machinery, 
the  waters  from  a  fpit  of  ground,  though  it  may  be 
fituated  on  a  lower  level  than  that  of  the  channel  which 
is  to  receive  the  water. 

The  whirlpools,  or  circular  eddies  of  water  fo  fre- 
quent in  rivers,  are,  according  to  the  theory  of  our  au- 
thor, the  effect  (  f  motion  communicated  from  tlie  parts 
of  the  current  which  are  moil  rapid,  to  thofe  lateral 
parts  which  are  Icaft  fo.  In  the  application  of  this 
principle,  he  points  out  the  circumllances  adapted  to 
produce  fucli  eddies  at  the  furlace  or  at  the  bottom  of 
rivers.  He  concludes,  that  every  movement  cf  this 
kind  deflroys  a  part  of  the  force  of  the  current,  and 
that  in  a  channel  through  wliich  water  conllantly  Hows, 
the  height  of  this  fluid  will  be  greater  than  it  would 
have  been  if  the  dinienfions  of  the  channel  had  been 
uniformly  reduced  to  tlie  mcafure  cf  its  fmalleft  fee- 
tion. 

There  is  another  kind  of  whirling  motion  fomewhat 
different  in  its  nature  from  thefe  lail.  It  is  produced 
in  the  water  of  a  refervoir,  when  it  is  fufferej  to  flow 


4  D 


through 


Tvl     O     U 


C    578    ] 


M     O     U 


Mnulton- 


Motion,  through  an  horizontal  orifice.  The  auihcr  dcJuces  the 
theory  of  thefe  vorti<.es  iVom  the  do^rine  of  central 
forces.  The  form  of  the  hollow  funnel,  which  in  this 
cafe  opens  through  the  fluid  of  the  refervoir,  is  a  curve 
of  the  64th  fpecie,>  of  the  lines  of  the  third  order,  enu- 
merated by  Newton.  Theory  and  experiment  both 
unite  here  in  proving,  that  it  is  not  only  f  ollible,  but 
that  there  really  exids  in  nature  a  voitex,  the  concavity 
of  which  is  convex  towards  the  axis,  and  of  which  the 
revelulions  of  its  difTerer.t  parts  follow  the  ratio  of  the 
i'quare  of  the  dillance  fioiti  tlic  centre.  Dduitl  Ber- 
noulli was  in  the  wronj:,  in  his  Hydrodynamics,  to  re- 
pioach  Newton  for  having  fuppofed  a  vortex  to  be 
moved  according  to  this  law. 

In  the  lail  place,  the  author  confiders  ihatlateralcom- 
munication  of  motion  which  takes  place  in  the  air  as 
well  as  in  the  water.  This  is  the  caufe  of  fuch  local 
and  partial  winds  as  fonietimes  blow  contrary  to  the  di- 
re(5lion  of  the  general  wind.  It  is  by  virtue  of  the 
lame  principle,  that  the  refonant  vibration,  excited  la- 
terally in  the  extremity  of  an  organ  pipe,  is  communi- 
cated to  the  v.'hole  column  of  air  contained  in  the  pii'c 
itfelf. 

From  the  fame  principle,  the  author  deduces  the  aug- 
mentation of  force  which  found  receives  in  conical  di- 
vergent tubes,  compared  with  thole  of  a  cylindrical 
form.  On  this  occafion,  lie  points  out  the  remarkable 
dillcrences  which  appear  to  take  place  between  the  re- 
fonant vibrations  of  air  contained  in  a  tube,  and  the  io- 
norous  pulfations  propagated  through  the  open  atmof- 
phere.     See  Sfcak'wg  Tkumprt,  Encycl. 

In  an  appendix,  Venturi  relates  different  experiments 
which  he  has  made  to  determine  the  convergence  and 
velocity  of  the  lluid  filaments  which  prefs  forward  to  if- 
fue  out  of  a  refervoir  by  an  orifice  through  a  thin  plate, 
lie  proves,  by  a  very  clear  experiment,  that  the  con- 
tiaflion  of  the  vein  is  made  at  a  greater  dillance  from 
the  orifice  under  llrong  than  under  weak  prelfures.  He 
explains  why,  in  a  right-lined  orifice,  the  fides  of  the 
contraifled  vein  correlpond  wiih  the  angles  of  the  ori- 
fice and  the  angles  with  the  (ides.  He  examines  the 
expenditure  through  a  lube,  the  extremity  ot  which  is 
thrud  into  the  refervoir  itfelf,  according  to  the  method 
of  Borda  in  the  Memoirs  of  the  Acadsmy  of  Sciences 
for  the  year  1766." 

For  a  lull  account  of  the  author's  experimentf,  and 
his  deductions  from  them,  wc  reler  the  reader  either  to 
the  original  work,  iiilitled,  Richcrchis  expeitmenialss  fur 
li  Pr'mclpc  di  la  CommurkalioK  luieiale  du  Mouvemeni 
■dans  les  FlulJes,  nppliquc  it  i'ExpUcalion  de  d'ljfcrens  Phc- 
nomenes  hydvaul^qua.  Par  le  Citoysn  jf.  B.  Venturi, 
Projfjj'eur  de  Phiji.^ut  experimtnlale  a  Modem;  Membre 
de  la  Socitie  Itcilienne,  i^c.  iyc.  A  Paris  chsz  Houil  et 
Ducros,  Rue  du  Bacq,  N°  940 — ThcDphUs  Bairois, 
Rue  Hau'e-feullk,  N"  22.  Aim.  VI.  1797 — or  to  the 
2d  and  3d  vol;  of  the  valuable  Journal  iiom  which  this 
abftr^iift  is  taken. 

MOTTE  IJle,  a  fmall  illand  in  Lake  Chimplain, 
.-ibout  8  miles  in  length  and  2  in  breadth  diPtant  2  miles 
W.  of  North  Hero  Illand.  It  conllitutes  a  townlhip 
of  its  own  name  in  Franklin  ccunty,  Vermont,  and 
contains  47  inhabitants. — Morse. 

MOUCHA,  La,  a  bay  on  the  coaft  of  Chili,  on  the 
W.  coad  of  S.  America. — .'i. 

MOULTONBOROUGH,  a  poft-town  in  Strafford 


county,  New-Hampdiire,  fituated  at  the  N.  W.  corner 
of  Lake    Winnipifeogee,   18    miles   E.   by   N.  of  Ply-  ^ 
mouth,  and    4!^  N.   V/.  by  N.    of   Portfmouth.     This 
townlliip  was  incorporated  in  1777,  and  contains  565 
inhabitant?. — ib. 

MOUNT  BETHEL,  Upper  mA  Loiver,  two  town- 
lliips  in  Northampton  county,  PcnniMvania. — ib. 

MOUNT  DESERT,  an  idand'on  the  coaft  of 
Hancock  county,  Dillrift  of  Maine,  about  15  miles 
long  and  12  broad.  It  is  a  valuable  tiafl  of  land,  in- 
terfected  in  the  middle  by  the  watcis  flowing  into  the 
S.  fide  from  the  fca.  There  are  two  conlider.ible 
iOands  on  the  fouth-eaft  fide  of  Mount  Defevi  Ifland, 
called  Cranberry  Iflands,  which  alhll  in  forming  a 
harbour  in  the  gulf  which  fets  up  on  the  fouth  fide  of 
the  ifland.  In  1790,  it  contained  744  inhabitants. 
The  nortlierly  pait  of  the  ifland  w,4s  formed  into  a 
townlhip  called  Eden,  in  1796.  The  foutheaftern- 
mofl  part  of  the  ifland  lies  in  about  lat.  44  1 2  N.  On 
the  main  land,  oppofite  the  north  part  of  the  ifland, 
are  the  towns  of  Trenton  and  Sullivan.  It  is  335 
miles  northeall  of  Bofton. — lb. 

MOUNT  HOLLY,  a  village  in  Burlington  county, 
Nsvv.Jerfey,  fituated  on  the  northern  bank  of  Ancocus 
Creek,  about  7  or  8  miles  fouth-eaft  of  Burliniiton. — ib. 

MOUNT  HOPE  Bay,  in  the  northealV  part  of 
Narraganfet  B.iy. — ib. 

Mount  Hope,  a  fmall  river  of  Conneelicut,  ahead 
branch  of  the  Shetucket,  rifing  in  Union. — ib. 

MOUNT  JOY,  the  name  of  two  tovvnlhips  in  Penn- 
fylvania,  the  one  in  Lancafter  the  other  in  York  coun- 
ty.— ib. 

Mount  Joy,  a  Moravian  fettlement  in  Pennfylva- 
nia,   16  miles  from  Litiz. — ib. 

MOUNT  PLEASANT,  a  townfiiip  in  WeftChef- 
ter  county,  New-Yoik,  dtuated  on  the  eafl  fide  of 
Hudfon  river;  bounded  foutherly  by  Greenfljurg,  and 
northerly  and  eallerly  by  Philipfourg.  It  contains 
1,924  inhabitants,  of  whom  275  are  qualified  eleftors, 
and  84  flaves.  Alfo  the  name  of  a  townlhip  in  York 
county,  Pennfylvania. — ih. 

Mount  Pllasant,  a  village  of  Maryland,  fitua- 
ted partly  in  each  of  the  counties  of  Oueen  Ann 
and  Carc'line,  about  11  miles  eall  of  the  town  of 
Church  Hill.— ;■/.. 

MOUNT  TOM,  a  noted  mountain  on  the  weft  bank 
ot  Ctiunedicut  river,  near  Noithampton.  AU'o  the 
name  of  a  mountain  be'.ween  Litchfield  and  Walhing- 
ton,  in  Coniietflicut. — ih. 

MOUNT  VERNON,  the  feat  of  Gkorge  Wash- 
ington, late  Prefident  of  the  United  St.ite.s.  It  is 
pleafunily  lltuaRd  on  the  Virginia  b^nk  of  Patowmac 
river,  in  Fairfax  county,  Virginia,  where  the  river  is 
neatly  2  miles  w'ide ;  9  miles  below  Alexandria;  4 
above  the  beautir'ulfeat  of  the  late  Col,  Fairfax,  called 
Bellevoir;  127  from  Point  Look  Out,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river,  and  280  miles  from  the  fea.  The  area 
of  the  mount  is  200  feet  above  the  furface  of  the  river  ; 
and,  after  furnifliing  a  lawn  of  five  acres  in  front,  and 
about  the  fame  in  rear  of  the  buildings,  falls  off  rather 
abruptly  on  tlr  ife  two  quarters.  On  the  north  end  ic 
fubfides  gradually  into  extenfive  pjftnre  grounds  ; 
while  on  the  fouth  it  flopes  more  deeply,  in  a  Ihorc 
dilunce,  and  terminates  with  the  coach-honfe,  ftables, 
vineyard,  and  nurfeiies.     On  either  wing  is  a  thick 

grove 


Mount. 


Moufe. 


M    O    U  [    s 

Mount,  grove  of  dilTerent  flowering  foreft  trees.  Parallel  with 
J  .  them,  on  the  land  fide,  are  two  fpacious  gardens,  into 
,  which  one  is  led  by  two  fcrpentine  gravel  walks,  plant- 
ed witi;  u  eeping  willows  and  fhady  llirubs.  The  man- 
Aon  houfe  itfelf  appears  venerable  and  convenient. 
The  fupcrb  banquetingroom  has  been  finifhed  lince 
the  General  returr.ed  home  from  the  army.  A  lofty 
portico,  96  feet  in  length,  fupported  by  8  pillars,  has  a 
pleafin^  eScCl  when  viewed  from  the  water  ;  the  whole 
aflemblage  of  the  green-houfe,  fchool-houfe,  oflices, 
and  fervar.ts'  halls,  when  feen  from  the  land  fide,  bears 
a  refemblance  to  a  rural  village  ;  efpecially  as  the  lands 
on  that  fide  are  laid  out  fomewhut  in  the  ibrm  of  En- 
glifh  gardens,  in  meadows  and  grafs-grounds,  01  na- 
rocnted  with  little  copfes,  circular  clumps,  and  fin- 
gle  trees.  A  fmall  park  on  the  margin  of  the  river, 
where  the  Englifh  fallow  deer  and  the  American  wild 
deer  are  feen  through  the  tliicket:;,  alternately  with  the 
veil'els  as  they  are  fiiiling  along,  add  a  romantic  and  pic- 
turefque  appe:;rance  to  the  whole  fcenery.  On  the  op- 
pofite  iide  of  a  fmall  creek  to  the  northward,  an  exten- 
live  plain,  exhibiting  corn-fields  and  cattle  grazing,  ai- 
fords  in  funimer  a  luxuriant  landfcape  ;  while  the  blend- 
ed verdure  of  wood-lands  and  cultivated  declivities,  on 
the  Maryland  fhore,  variegates  the  profpeft  in  a  charm- 
ing manner.  Such  are  the  philofophic  Ihades  to  which 
the  Commander  in  chief  of  the  American  army  retired  in 
1783,  at  the  clofc  of  a  vidlorious  war  ;  which  he  again 
left  in  1789,  to  dignify  with  his  unequalled  talents, 
the  higheft  office  in  the  gift  of  his  fellow-citizens  ;  and 
to  which  he  again  retreated  in  1797  loaded  with  ho- 
nours, and  the  benedicflions  of  his  country,  to  fpend 
the  remainder  of  his  days  as  a  private  citizen,  in  peace 
and  tranquillity. — ib. 

Mount  Vernon,  a  plantation  in  Lincoln  county, 
Diltriift  of  Maine,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Sidney  and 
Winflow. — a. 

MOUNT  WASHINGTON,  in  the  upper  part  of 
the  illand  of  New- York. — ii. 

Mount  Washington,  one  of  the  higheft  peaks  of 
the  White  Mountains,  in  New-Hampfhire. — it. 

Mount  Washington,  the  fouth-wefternmoft  town- 
fliip  of  Maflachufetts,  in  Berkfliire  county,  150  miles 
W.  by  S.  of  Bollon.  It  was  incorporated  in  1779, 
and  contains  67  inhabitants. — ili. 

MOURZOUK,  the  capital  of  Fe/./.an  in  Africa,  is 
fituated  on  a  fmall  river,  and  fupplied  with  water  fiom  a 
multitude  of  fprings  and  wells.  Being  formerly  built 
of  Hone,  it  Hill  retains  the  appellation  of  a  Chrillian 
town  ;  and  the  medley  which  it  prefents  to  the  eye,  of 
the  vaft  ruins  of  ancient  buildings,  and  the  humble  cot- 
tages of  earth  and  fand  that  form  the  dwelling  oi  its 
prcfcnt  Arab  inhabitants,  is  fingularly  grotefque  and 
llrange.  It  is  furrounded  by  a  high  wall,  which  not 
only  afifords  the  means  of  defence,  but  enables  the  go- 
vernment to  collet,  at  its  three  gates,  a  tax  on  all 
goods  (provifions  excepted)  that  are  brought  tor  the 
lupply  of  its  people.  A  caravan  fets  out  annually  from 
Melurata  to  this  place  ;  and  hence  the  Fe/.zaners  thcm- 
felvcs  difpalch  every  year  a  caravan  to  Calhna  and  ano- 
ther to  Bornou.  For  the  latitude  of  Mour/.ouk,  fee 
Fezzan  in  this  Su/i/>/.  Dr  Brookes,  in  his  Gazetteer, 
places  it  in  15°  5'  E.  Long. 

MOUSE  Harbour,  at  the  E.  fide  of  the  illand  of  St 
John's,  and  at  the  S.  W.  angle  of  the  gulf  of  St  Law- 


79    ]  M    O     Z 

rence,  is   between   Eaft   Point  and  Three  uver!,  and  Moufom, 
goes  in  wiih  a  fmall  creek  that  is  moderately  fpacious         II 
\v\xh\n.— Morse.  .^^Zj 

MOUSOM,  a  fmall  river  of  York  county,  D'ftria 
of  Maine,  which  falh  into  the  ocean  between  Wells  and 
Arundel. — ib. 

MOWAZZEF,  in  Bengal,  fixed  revenue. 

MOWEE,  one  of  the  Sandwich  lllis,  ne).t  in  fi/.e 
to,  and  N.  \V.  of,  Owhyhee.  A  large  bay  ot  a  femi- 
circular  form  ;  oppofite  to  which  are  the  illinds  Tahoo- 
rowa  and  Morokinnee.  It  is  about  162  tr.iles  in  cir- 
cumference, and  is  thought  to  contain  nearly  70,000 
inhabitants . — IMorse. 

MOYAMENSING,  a  townfliip  in  Philadelphia 
county,  Pennfylvanii. — ib. 

MOZART,  the  celebrated  Germ.in  mufitian,  was 
born  at  Salzburg  in  the  year  1756.  His  father  was 
alfo  a  mufician  of  fome  eminence,  but  not  to  be  com- 
pared with  the  fon  ;  of  whom  we  have  the  fullowing  ac- 
count in  one  of  the  montlily  niifcellanies,  taken  by  Mr 
Bulliby  fiom  fome  biographical  (ketches  by  two  eminent 
German  profelTors. 

At  the  age  of  three  years,  young  Mozart,  attending 
to  the  lelions  which  his  filler,  then  feven  years  old,  was 
receiving  at  the  harplichord,  he  became  captivated  wiih 
harmony  ;  and  when  flie  had  left  the  inftruinent,  he 
would  inrtantly  place  himfelf  at  it,  find  the  thirds,  found 
them  with  the  liveliell  joy,  and  employ  whole  hours  at 
the  exercife.  His  father,  urged  by  fiicli  early  and  ftrik- 
ing  indications  of  genius,  immediately  began  to  teach 
him  fome  little  airs ;  and  foon  perceived  that  his  pupil 
improved  even  beyond  the  hopes  he  had  fcrmcd  of  him. 
Half  an  hour  was  generally  fufficient  for  his  acquiring 
a  minuet  or  a  little  fong,  which,  when  <ince  learned, 
he  would  of  himfelf  perlorm  with  tatte  and  exprefiion. 

At  the  age  of  fix  years  he  had  made  fuch  a  progrefs 
as  to  be  able  to  compofc  iliort  pieces  for  the  harpfi- 
chord,  which  his  father  was  obliged  to  commit  to  pa- 
per for  him.  From  that  time  nothing  made  any  im- 
preflion  upon  him  but  harmony  ;  and  infantine  amufe- 
ments  loft  all  their  attra(fHons  unlefs  mufic  had  a  Ihare 
in  them.  He  advanced  Irom  day  to  day,  not  by  ordi- 
nary and  inl'enfible  degrees,  but  with  a  rapidity  which 
hourly  excited  new  furprife  in  his  parents — the  happy 
witnelfes  of  his  progrefs. 

His  father  returning  home  one  day  with  a  ftranger, 
found  little  Mozart  with  a  pen  in  his  hand.  "  Wliai 
are  you  writing,"  faid  he?  "  A  concerto  for  the  harp, 
fichord,"  rejilied  the  child.  "  Let  us  fee  it  (rcjnined 
the  father);  it  is  a  marvellous  concerto  without  doubt." 
He  then  took  the  paper,  and  faw  nothing  at  fir  ft  but  a 
mafs  of  notes  mingled  with  blots  of  ink  by  the  m.il-ad> 
drefs  of  the  yoimg  conip(jfer,  who,  unfkilled  in  Uie  ma- 
nagement of  the  pen,  had  dipped  it  too  freely  in  the 
ink  ;  and  having  blotted  and  fmeared  his  paper,  had  en- 
deavoured to  make  out  his  ideas  wiili  his  fingers;  but 
on  a  cloler  examination,  his  father  was  loft  in  wonder  ; 
and  his  eyes  delighted  and  flowing  witli  tears,  became 
rivctted  to  the  notes.  "  See  (exclaimed  he  to  the 
llrangcr)  how  juft  and  regular  it  all  is!  but  it  is  im- 
polhble  to  play  it ;  it  is  too  dillicult."  "  It  is  a  con- 
certo (faid  the  child),  and  muft  be  pradtifcd  till  one 
can  i)lay  it.  Hear  how  this  part  goes."  He  then  fat 
down  to  perform  it;  but  was  not  able  to  execute  tho 
palFages  with  luflicicnt  fluency  to  do  jufticc  to  his  own 
4  D   2  ideas. 


M     O    Z 


[     580    ] 


M     O     Z 


Mozart,  ideas.  Extraordinary  as  liis  manual  facility  was  uni- 
^-"''^''"'"-^  vorfally  allowed  to  be  for  his  age,  it  did  not  keep  pace 
witli  the  progrefb  of  his  knowledge  and  invention.  Such 
an  inllance  of  intclleaual  advancement,  in  a  child  only 
fu  years  of  age,  is  i'o  fir  out  of  the  cummon  road  of  na- 
ture, that  we  can  only  cuntemplate  the  faifl  with  afto- 
rilhmeut,  and  acknowledge,  that  the  [  ollible  rapidity  of 
niental  maturation  is  not  to  be  calculated. 

In  the  year  1762,  his  father  took  him  and  his  filler 
to  Munich,  where  he  performed  a  concerto  before  the 
eleftor,  which  excited  the  admiration  of  the  whole 
court ;  nor  was  he  lefs  applauded  at  Vienna,  where 
the  emperor  called  him  the  little  forcerer. 

His  father  gave  him  lefTons  only  on  the  harpfichord  ; 
but  he  privately  taught  himfelf  the  violin  ;  and  his 
command  of  the  Inllrument  afforded  the  elder  Mozart 
titf  utmoft  furpiife,  when  he  one  day  at  a  concert  took 
a  fecond  viulin,  and  acquitted  himfelf  with  more  than 
pailiible  addrefs.  T:ue  genius  fees  noobftacles.  It 
will  not  therefore  excite  our  wonder,  if  his  conftant  fuc- 
cefs  in  whatever  he  attempted  begot  an  unbounded  con- 
fidence in  his  own  powers  ;  he  had  even  the  laud.ibU 
hardihood  to  undertake  to  qualify  himfelf  for  the  JrJ 
violin,  and  did  not  long  remain  (Kort  of  the  neceilary 
proficiency. 

He  had  an  ear  fo  correfl,  that  he  felt  the  mcft  mi- 
nute dlfcordancy  ;  and  fuch  a  fondnefs  for  ftudy,  that 
it  was  frequently  neceffary  to  take  him  by  force  from 
the  inllrument.  This  love  of  application  never  dlmi- 
rifhed.  He  every  day  pafled  a  confiderable  time  at  his 
harpfichord,  and  generally  praftifed  till  a  late  hour  at 
night.  Another  charaderilllcal  trait  of  real  genius  ; 
always  full  of  its  objeifl:,  and  loft  as  it  were  In  itfclf. 

In  the  year  1763  he  made,  with  his  father  and  filter, 
his  firll  grand  mulical  journey.  He  vifiled  Paris  ;  and 
was  heard  by  the  French  court  in  the  chapel-royal  at 
Verfallles,  where  his  talent  on  the  organ  w.is  admired 
even  more  than  on  the  harpfichord.  At  Paris  the  mu- 
fical  travellers  gave  two  concerts,  which  procured  them 
the  hlgheft  reputation,  and  the  dlllini.'^ion  of  public 
portraits.  It  was  here  that  a  fet  of  fonatas  for  the 
harpfichord,  feme  of  his  earlieit  compofitions,  were 
eng;raved  and  publiflied. 

From  Palis  they  went  to  London,  where  they  alfo 
r^ave  two  concerts,  confiding  of  fymphonles  compoled 
by  young  Mozait,  who  even  at  that  early  age  lang  al- 
fo with  much  exprefiinn,  and  pracliied  publicly  witli  his 
filler.  Mozart  played  already  at  fight,  and  in  a  con- 
cert, at  which  the  king  was  one  of  his  auditor?,  a  bafs 
being  placed  before  him  as  a  grornJ,  immediately  ap- 
plied to  it  a  moft  beautiful  melody.  Thofe  who  are 
bell  acquainted  with  llie  extent  of  iuch  a  tall;,  will  be 
the  moll  allonlflied  at  fuch  mature  familiarity  with  the 
intricacies  of  the  fcience,  and  fuch  prompt  and  ready 
invention  in  fo  juvenile  a  mind. 

From  London,  wh;re  Mozart  alfo  publlllied  fix  fo- 
natas fur  the  harpfichord,  the  mufical  family  went,  to 
Holland,  thence  again  to  France,  and  in  1766  returned 
to  Salzburg.  Theie  this  extraoidinary  youth  remained 
more  than  a  year  in  perfect  tepofe  ;  devoting  the  whole 
of  his  time  to  the  lludy  li  compofnion,  the  principles 
of  which  he  fcrutlnized  with  the  depth  and  penetration 
ef  confirmed  manhood.  Emmanuel  Bach,  Halfe,  and 
•Handel,  were  his  chief  guides  and  models  ;  though  he 
t>y  no  means  neglefted  the  old  Italian  mailers. 


In  1768  he  again  vifited  Vienna,  where  Jofeph  II.  Mozart, 
engaged  him  to  fet  to  mufic  a  comic  opera,  entitled,  ^•^'^''"^■ 
La  Fin/a  Semplice,  which  obtained  the  approbation  of 
Halle  and  Metatafio.  At  the  houfe  of  the  prince  of 
Kaunitz,  it  often  happened  that  the  firft  Italian  air 
which  came  to  hand  would  be  given  him,  that  in  the 
prefence  of  the  company  he  might  add  to  it  accompani- 
ments tor  numerous  inltrtimcnts ;  which  he  would  write 
in  the  firft  ftyle  of  excellence,  and  without  the  Icaft  pre- 
meditation. This  is  at  once  a  proof  with  what  acute- 
nel'i  of  obfervati  in  he  iiad  lillened  to  the  mufic  of  the 
bell  maftcrs ;  how  intimate  he  had  already  rendered 
himfelf  with  the  charadlers,  capacities,  and  efieds  of 
the  different  inftruments  ;  and  what  (kill  he  had  acqui- 
red in  that  abftrufe  art  of  mixed  combination  which, 
while  it  calculates  the  conjoint  efFeft  of  founds,  as  they 
regard  the  cftablKhed  laws  of  harmony,  accommodates 
the  different  parts  to  the  fcales,  tones,  and  powers  of 
the  refpeiftive  inftruments  by  which  they  are  to  be  ex- 
ecuted. It  was  at  this  time  alfo  that,  although  but 
twelve  years  of  age,  he  compofed  the  mufic  for  the  con- 
fecration  of  the  church  of  orphans,  at  the  performance 
of  which  he  himfelf  prefided. 

In  1769  Mozart  again  returned  to  Salzburg,  where 
he  became  ma'Urc  dc  concert.  Not  having  yet  feen  Ita- 
ly,  in  December  of  the  fame  year  he  fet  out  for 
tiiat  feat  of  the  fine  arts.  Thofe  talents  which  had  al- 
ready excited  the  admiration  of  Germany,  France,  and 
England,  now  awakened  in  that  land  ot  mufical  tafte 
the  moft  lively  enthufiafm. 

In  1 77 1  he  had  no  fooner  given  perfonal  proofs  of 
his  genius,  than  la  fcrttiura  for  the  following  carnival 
was  conferred  upon  him.  He  vifited  Bologna,  then  as 
famous  tor  harmonic  excellence  as  Naples,  where  the 
celebrated  theorift  Martini  was  amazed  to  fee  a  Ger- 
man boy  work  and  execute  the  theme  of  a  fugue  which 
he  prefented  to  him,  in  the  extraordinary  ftyle  in  which 
Mozart  acquitted  himlelf.  He  next  went  to  Florence. 
Florence  even  enhanced  the  eulogiums  which  Bologna 
had  lavillied  upon  him. 

During  the  holy  week  he  arrived  at  Rome,  and  af- 
fifted  at  the  Miferere  in  the  Sixtine  chapel ;  which  per- 
formance is  juftly  confidered  as  ihe  ne plus  ultra  of  vocal 
nmfic.  This  ciicumllance  claims  particular  notice,  as  in- 
ducing a  proof  of  another  (acuity  of  his  mind,  only  to 
be  equalled  by  thofe  wonderful  powers  which  he  had 
already  demonftratcj.  He  was  prohibited  from  taking 
a  copy  of  this  Mifcrcri,  and  therefore  piqued  himfelf 
on  retaining  it  in  !iis  memory.  Having  heard  it  with 
attention,  he  went  home,  made  out  a  mantifcript  from 
recolleillon,  returr.ed  the  next  day  to  the  chapel,  heard 
the  piece  a  fecond  time,  correcfled  the  rougli  draught, 
and  produced  a  tranfcrlpt  which  furprifed  all  Rome. 
This  Mifficre  formed  a  Jcorer  numerous  in  its  parts, 
and  extremely  difficult  of  execution.  His  mind  had 
embraced  and  retained  the  whole  ! 

He  foon  after  received  from  the  Pope  the  order  of 
the  gilt  fpur  ;  and  at  Bologna  was  complimented,  by  an 
unanimous  decllion,  with  the  title  of  Member  and  Ma- 
Jlcr  of  the  Phil-harmonic  Academy.  As  a  proof,  prO' 
forma,  of  his  qualifications  for  this  academical  honour, 
a  fugue,  for  four  voices,  in  the  church  ftyle,  was  re- 
quired of  him,  and  he  was  fhut  up  alone  in  his  cliamber. 
He  completed  it  in  half  an  hour,  and  received  his  di- 
ploma.    This  evinced  that  he  polFelfed  an  imaginatloa 

conftauilj; 


M     O     Z 


[     5«i     ] 


M     O     Z 


Mozart.    conQantlv  at  his  command,  and  that  his  mind  was  ftor- 
'"'""■^^^^  ed  with  all  the  riches  of  his  beloved  fcience. 

The  cjicra  which  he  compofed  lor  Milan  was  called 
MUkridalei.  This  piece  procured  him  la  fcntlura  for 
the  gi.md  opera  of  the  carniral  of  1773,  which  was  his 
Ltiao  Sulla.  At  length,  after  a  tour  of  lii'teen  months, 
he  returned  to  Salzburg. 

In  1 77 1  Mozart  vilited  Paris;  but  not  relilliing  the 
mufic  (>f  that  c;'pital,  he  li)on  quitted  it,  and  returned 
to  his  domcllic  coniiorts.  In  1781,  at '.he  requeft  of 
the  elt<5tor  of  Bavaria,  he  compofed  the  opera  oi  Ido- 
meneo  for  the  carnival  of  that  year.  The  general  merit 
of  this  opera  is  fo  great,  that  it  might  ferve  alone  for 
the  balls  of  a  oiftingo.iihed  reputati;.n.  At  his  twenty- 
fifth  year  he  was  invited  to  Vienna,  where  he  continued 
fpreadiiig,  as  from  a  centre,  the  talie  of  his  cuinpofi- 
lions  through  all  Germany,  and  the  iuftre  of  his  name 
over  the  whi'le  nf  Europe. 

Of  all  the  virtuofi  of  the  piano  forte  who  then  crowd- 
ed Vienna,  Moz.art  was  mucli  the  moft  (kilful.  His 
finger  was  extraordinarily  rapid  and  talkful,  and  the 
execution  of  his  left  hand  exceeded  every  thing  that  had 
before  been  heard.  His  touch  was  replete  with  deli- 
cacy and  e.\pre!Tion  ;  and  the  profound  lludy  he  had  be- 
llowed on  his  art,  gave  his  performance  a  llyle  the  moll 
brilliant  and  finilhed.  His  compofuions  had  a  rapid 
circulation  ;  and  in  every  new  piece  the  connoilTeurs 
were  Qruck  with  the  originality  of  its  call,  the  novelty 
of  the  pallages,  and  the  energy  of  the  efteft. 

Jofeph  II.  folicitous  for  the  perfccflion  of  the  German 
opera,  engiged  Mozart  to  compofe  a  piece.  He  ac- 
cordingly produced  L' enlevement  du  S-i\ul ;  performed 
for  the  firll  time  in  1782.  It  excited  the  jealoufy  of 
the  Italian  company,  who  therefore  ventured  to  cabal 
againil  it.  The  emperor,  addretTiiig  hinilelf  to  the 
compofer,  faid,  "  It  is  too  Jine  ibr  our  ears,  my  dear 
Mozirt,  and  moll  charmingly  ero<w1ed  with  notes." 
"  Precifely  what  it  out^lit  to  be,"  replied  the  fpirited 
mulician,  who  juftly  fulpci!ted  that  tliis  remark  had 
been  fuggelled  to  J(^fcph  by  the  en>'ious  Italians. 
*'  Though  I  cannot  dcfcribc,  as  an  auricular  evidence, 
(r»ys  the  failhtul  author  of  the  biography),  the  ap- 
pljufes  and  tl;e  admiration  which  this  opera  produced 
at  Vienna,  yet  I  have  witnelFed  the  enlhufiafm  it  ex- 
cited at  Pi  ague  among  all  the  connoilfeurs,  as  well  as 
among  thofe  wh  -fe  ears  were  lefs  cultivated.  It  was 
faid,  tliat  all  which  had  been  heard  before  was  not  mu- 
fic :  it  drew  the  moll  overflowing  audiences:  every 
body  was  amazed  at  its  new  traits  of  harmony,  and  at 
paifages  fo  original,  and  till  then  fo  unheard  from  wind 
inltruments." 

The  cautious  reader  will  perhaps  hefitate  to  admit, 
in  its  fullell  extent,  this  account  by  the  author  of  the 
biography  ;  but  even  after  .m  allowance  for  fom;  exag- 
geration, the  moll  phlegmatic  will  grant  that  much  mull 
have  been  aichieved  by  this  great  mailer,  to  afford  a 
balls  for  fo  glowing  a  piflure  of  the  merit  and  fuccefs 
cl  IJ enle-amcnt  du  Serail.  During  the  compolition  of 
this  opeia,  he  married  MadjmoiKlle  Weber,  a  dillin- 
guilhed  viiluofa  ;  and  the  piece  was  fiippofed  to  owe 
to  this  telicitous  circumflance  much  of  that  endearing 
charaiSer,  that  tone  of  tendernefs,  and  that  expreffion 
of  the  foUtr  padions,  wljich  form  its  principal  attrac- 
tions. 

"  Tli€  Mirriage  cf   Figaro,"    which  was  ia  the 


highefl  repute  at  all  the  theatres,  was  in  the  yejr  17S7 
transformed  into  an  Italian  opera  ;  and  Mczart,  at  the 
inllance  of  the  emperor,  fet  it  to  mulic.  This  piece 
was  highly  received  everywhere,  and  kept  pnlTcffion  of 
the  theatre  at  Prague  during  almoft  the  whcle  of  the 
winter  in  which  it  firll  appeared:  numerous  extraifls 
were  made  from  it,  and  the  fongs  and  dances  of  Figaro 
were  vociferated  in  the  llreets,  the  gardens,  and  the  ta- 
verns. Mozart  came  that  very  winter  to  Prague,  and 
peif)rmed  in  public  on  the  plana  forte.  His  auditors 
at  all  limes  liilened  to  him  with  admiration  ;  but  when- 
ever he  played  extempore,  and  indulged  the  fpontaneous 
ai.d  uninterrupted  fallies  of  his  fancy,  which  he  fomc- 
times  wculd  for  more  than  half  an  hour,  every  one  was 
feized  with  the  moll  enthufiallic  raptures,  and  acknow- 
ledged  the  unrivalled  refources  of  his  imagination,  A- 
bout  this  time  the  manager  of  the  theatre  contrafted 
with  him  for  the  compolition  of  a  new  opera,  which, 
when  produced,  was  called  //  diffAuto  Punilo,  or  Don. 
Giovanni,  His  reputation  was  now  fo  exalted,  that  the 
Bohemians  pio,ued  themfelves  on  the  circumftance  that 
this  opera  was  compofed  for  their  entertainment. 

But  this  fame,  this  great  and  univerfal  ajipliufe,  hail 
not  yet  produced  to  the  admired  artill  any  folid  advan- 
tages;  he  had  obtained  no  place,  no  fetthd  income; 
but  fubfilled  by  his  operas,  and  the  inftrudlions  and  oc- 
calional  concerts  which  he  gave.  The  profits  of  thefe 
proved  infufficient  for  the  llyle  which  he  was  obliged 
to  fupport ;  and  his  finances  became  much  deranged. 
The  critical  fituation  in  which  he  now  found  himfelf, 
made  him  refolve  to  quit  Vienna,  and  feek  an  afyliim  in 
London  ;  to  which  metropolis  he  had  often  b:en  in- 
vited ;  but  Jc  feph  nominating  him  compofueur  de  la 
ckambre,  though,  with  a  very  inadequate  falary,  he  was 
induced  to  accept  it ;  and  Germany  had  the  advantage 
of  ri-tainiiig  him. 

It  is  1  imentabie  th.u  premature  genius  too  rarely  en- 
joys a  long  career :  The  acceleration  of  nature  in  the 
meii'.al  poivers  feems  to  hurry  the  progrefs  of  the  ani- 
mal (Economy,  and  to  anticipate  the  regular  clofe  of 
temporal  e.xillence. 

In  the  year  1791,  Mozart,  juft  after  he  had  received 
the  appoii^tment  of  Maitre  di  chapelle  cf  the  church  cf 
St  Petsr,  and  when  he  was  only  thirty-five  years  of 
age,  paid  the  lall  tribute;  and  left  the  world  at  once 
to  admire  t!ie  biilliancy,  and  lament  the  Ihortnefs  of 
his  earthly  fcjournnient. 

Lulefatiga'jk-,  even  to  his  death,  he  produced,  duri:i<j 
the  lall  few  months  of  his  life,  his  three  great  malkr 
pieces  l.a  Flutt:  Enchaiitce,  La  Clemence  de  Thus,  and 
a  Requiem,  his  lafl  production.  La  Flutt.-  Enckantte  was 
compofed  for  o.ie  of  tiie  thcaties  at  Vienna  ;  and  no 
dr.imatic  Olio  could  ever  boall  a  greater  fuccefs.  Every 
air  llruck  the  audience  with  a  new  and  fweet  furprife  ; 
and  the  tout  erfemlle  was  calculated  to  afford  the  deepelt 
and  moll  varied  inipsclFions.  This  piece  had,  in  fa(5I, 
fo  great  a  number  of  Aicccllive  leprefentations,  that  for 
a  long  time  it  was  unnecclfary  to  confult  the  cpera- 
bill ;  which  only  announced  a  permanent  novelty.  And 
the  airs  feleiftcd  from  it,  and  repeated  tliroughout  the 
empire,  as  well  in  the  cottage  as  in  the  palace,  and 
which  the  echoes  have  refounded  in  the  moll  dillanc 
province;,  favoured  the  idei  that  Mozart  had  3<fluallv 
the  defigij  to  «achaut  all  Germany  witli  his  Flusic  En- 
ctaiitee^ 

Lu 


58: 


M     O    Z  C 

Mowre.        I.a  Chmcnci  di  Titui  was  requeued  by  the  ftates  of 
^^■""^^  Bohemi;i  for  the  coroii.ition  of  Leopold,     The  compo- 
ftr  began  it  in  his  can  lage  during  his  route  to  Prague, 
and  finilhed  it  in  eighteen  days. 

Some  circumftances  attending  ilie  compofition  of  the 
piece  wliich  we  have  already  mentioned  as  the  laft  cl- 
fort  of  his  genius,  ate  too  interefling  to  be  omilted.  A 
fliort  time  before  his  death,  a  (Irangcr  came  to  him  with 
the  requoft  that  he  would  compofc,  as  fpeedily  as  pt  f- 
fible.  a  requiem  for  a  catholic  prince,  who,  perceiving 
himfeif  on  the  verge  of  tlie  grave,  wilhed,  by  the  exe- 
cution of  fuch  a  piece,  to  foothe  his  mind,  and  familia- 
rife  it  to  the  idea  of  his  approaching  dilFolution.  Mo- 
zait  undertook  the  work;  and  the  ilranger  depofited 
with  him  as  a  fecurity  400  ducats,  though  the  fum  de- 
manded was  only  200.  The  compofer  immediately  be- 
gan the  work,  and  during  its  progrefs  felt  his  mind  un- 
ufually  raifed  and  agitated.  He  became  at  length  fo 
infatuated  with  his  requiem,  that  he  employed  not  only 
the  day,  but  fome  hours  of  the  night  in  its  compofilion. 
One  day,  while  he  was  converfing  with  Madame  Mo- 
zart on  the  fubjea,  he  declared  to  her  that  he  could  not 
but  be  perfuaded  that  it  was  for  himfelf  he  was  writing 
this  piece.  His  wife,  dlftreffed  at  her  inability  to  dif- 
fipate  fo  melancholy  an  impreffion,  prevailed  on  him  to 
give  her  ihe /core.  He  afterwards  appearing  fomewhat 
tranquillized,  and  more  niafter  of  hiinfelf,  Ihe  returned 
the  /core  to  him,  and  he  foon  relapfed  into  his  former 
defpondency.  On  the  day  of  his  death  he  alked  for 
the  rtquiam,  which  was  accordingly  brought  to  his  bed  : 
"  Was  I  not  right  (faid  he),  when  I  declared  that  it 
was  for  myfelf  I  was  compofing  this  funeral  piece  ?" 
And  the  tears  trickled  from  his  eyes.  This  produc- 
tion of  a  man,  imprelftd  during  its  compofition  with  a 
piefentiment  of  his  approaching  death,  is  unique  in  its 
kind,  and  contains  pallages  which  have  frequently 
drawn  tears  from  the  performers. 

Only  one  complaint  efcaped  him  during  his  malady  : 
"  I  mud  quit  life  (faid  he),  precifely  at  the  moment 
when  I  could  enjoy  it,  free  I'rom  care  and  inquietude  ; 
at  the  very  time  when,  independent  of  fordid  fpecula- 
tions,  and  at  libcity  to  follow  my  own  principles  and 
inclinations,  I  fliould  only  have  to  write  from  the  im- 
])ulfes  of  my  own  heart:  and  I  am  torn  from  my  fa- 
mily julf  when  hi  a  filuation  to  ferve  it."  Mozart,  at 
the  time  of  his  death,  was  confiderably  involved  in 
debt ;  but  Vienna  and  Prague  difputed  the  honour  of 
prnviding  for  his  widow  and  children. 

The  countenance  of  this  great  niafter  did  not  indi- 
c^Ue  any  thing  uncommon.  He  was  fmall  of  llature ; 
and.  except  his  eyes,  wliich  were  full  of  fire,  there  was 
nothing  to  announce  fuperiority  of  talent.  His  air, 
urilefs  when  he  was  at  the  harpfichord,  was  that  of  an 
abfent  man.  But  when  he  was  performing,  his  whole 
phyfiognotny  became  changed:  a  profound  feiioufnefs 
recalled  and  fixed  his  eyes  ;  and  his  fentiments  were  ex- 
prcfied  in  every  movement  of  his  mufcles.  Never  has  a 
mufician  more  fuccefsfully  embraced  the  whole  extent 
of  his  art,  and  fhone  with  greater  luftre  in  all  its  depart- 
ments. His  great  operas,  no  lefs  than  his  moft  fimple 
(bugs ;  his  learned  fymphonies  as  well  as  his  airy 
dances — all  carry  the  llamp  of  the  lichell  imagination, 
the  deei>ell  fenfibillty,  and  the  pureft  taRe.  All  his 
wotks  develope  the  originality  of  his  genius;  and  im- 


3  M    o    z 

ply  a  mind  great  and  exalted ;  an  imagination  which    Mozart, 
flrikes  out  for  iifelf  a  new  couife.     He  therefore  me-  '^•^~''^*^ 
rits  to  be  ranked  with  that  fmall  number  of  original 
geniufes,  thofe  f>/.',tnr,>/ieiia//>le/:J:da,  who  form  an  epoch 
in  their  art,  by  carrying  it  to  petfeelion,  or  giving  it 
an  unknown  career. 

It  is  in  the  employment  of  wind  inftruments  that 
Mozart  difplays  his  greateft  powers.  His  melody  is 
always  fimple,  natural,  and  full  of  force  ;  and  exprelfes 
v.ith  precifion  the  fentiments  and  individual  fituati^ns 
of  hib  petfonages.  He  wiote  with  extraordinary  faci- 
lity. "  La  C/er/ii-nce  lie  Titus,"  the  reader  will  recolleft, 
coll  him  the  fludy  of  but  eighteen  days;  and  his  re- 
quiet/1,  wliich  is  equal  in  length  to  an  opera,  was  pro- 
duced in  four  weeks.  It  is  alio  worthy  of  remark,  that 
the  overture  to  his  Don  Giovanni  was  not  begun  till 
the  night  before  the  piece  was  to  be  performed.  At 
midnight,  after  having  devoted  the  evening  to  amufe- 
ment,  he  locked  himfelf  up  in  his  fludy,  and  compofed 
it  in  a  few  hours.  His  memory  was  wonderfully  reten- 
tive, as  we  may  judge  from  his  copying  by  recoUecftion 
the  mi/erere  at  Rome.  But  a  fafl  equally  aflonilhing 
is,  that,  foon  difcovering  the  eagernefs  of  people  to  pro- 
cure his  works,  and  feaiful  that  they  might  be  pirated, 
it  was  his  conlhmt  cuflom  to  tranfcribe  from  ihe /cores 
of  his  fonatas  only  a  part  for  one  hand,  and  at  the  pub- 
lic performance  to  fupply  the  other  by  memory. 

He  very  early  began  to  difplay  that  tiue  dignity  of 
an  artift  which  renders  him  indifferent  to  the  praifes  of 
thofe  who  are  uncjualified  to  judge.  The  commenda- 
tions of  the  ignorant  great  he  never  confidered  as  fame. 
His  hearers,  whether  the  wealthy  or  the  titled,  mull 
have  acquired  fome  credit  for  their  judgment  before  he 
could  be  ambitious  of  their  applaufe.  Indeed  he  en- 
tertained fo  juil  a  feofe  of  fcientific  elevation  and  im- 
portance, that  he  would  iafift  upon  refpeft.  And  the 
leaf!  noife  or  idle  babble,  while  he  was  at  the  inftru- 
ment,  excited  a  difpleafure  v.'hich  he  was  too  indignant 
to  conceal.  Once,  to  the  honour  of  his  feelings,  he 
fuddenly  rofe  from  his  feat,  and  left  his  inattentive  au- 
ditory to  experience  the  keen  though  filent  reproach  of 
infulted  genius. 

His  mind  was  by  no  means  unlettered  ;  nor  was  it 
embellifhed  with  one  fcience  alone.  He  was  mafter  of 
feveral  languages,  and  had  made  confiderable  progrefs 
in  the  mathematics.  He  was  honefl,  mild,  generous, 
full  of  franknefs;  and  with  his  friends  had  an  air  at 
once  amiable,  gay,  and  free  from  the  leaft  tindure  of 
pedantry. 

Far  from  viewing  with  envy  the  fuccefs  of  others,  a 
weaknefs  too  clofely  interwoven  in  the  general  nature  of 
man,  he  was  always  jufl  to  the  talents  of  his  fellow  pro- 
feffors ;  and  valued  and  refpefted  merit  wherever  he 
found  it;  a  clearer  proof  of  which  cannot  be  adduced 
than  the  following  circumflance  :  At  a  concert,  where 
a  new  piece  compofed  by  the  celebrated  Jofeph  Haydn 
was  performed,  a  certain  mufician,  who  never  difcovered 
any  thing  worthy  of  praife  except  in  his  own  produc- 
tions,  did  not  fail  to  sriticife  the  mufic  ;  exclaiming  to 
Mozart,  "  There  now  !  there  again  !  why,  that  is  not 
what  /  fhould  have  done  :"  "  No  ;  neither  fliould  I 
(replied  Mozart);  but  do  you  know  why?  Becaufe 
neither  you  nor  I  fliould  have  been  able  to  conceive 
it." 

MUCAROS 


MUM 


C     5^3     ] 


M    U     R 


Mucaros, 

II 
Mumbo- 
Jumbo. 


MUCAROS  IJanJ,  near  the  N.  coaft  of  Cuba 
IdauJ,  in  ihe  W.  Indies,  which  wilh  Illind  Verde, 
lies  oppofiie  !o  the  Cape  Quibannimo. — Morse. 

MVD  /Z/n.V,  in  Delaware  river,  is  6  or  7  miles  be- 
low the  luy  of  Pliiladelphia  ;  vvhtiton  is  a  cilaiiel,  and 
a  fort  wiilch  command-,  tiie  river.  On  ?.  fand  bar,  a 
large  pier  has  been  ereded,  a^  the  founJalion  for  a 
battery,  to  make  a  crofs  tire. — ik 

MUD  LaL',  in  the  State  of  New-York,  i;  fmall, 
and  lies  between  Seneca  and  Crooked  Lakes.  It  gives 
rife  to  a  north  branch  of  Tiogi  river — ii. 

MUGERA6  Ijlands,  otherwifc  called  Men-Ealtrs  or 
IVoinen-Ealtrs  IJlands,  are  10  leagues  S.  ot  Cape  Cato- 
che,  on  the  E.  ci  aft  of  the  peninfuia  of  Yucatan.  On 
the  fouth  of  them,  towards  the  land,  is  good  ancho- 
rage in  from  7  to  8  fathoms,  and  clean  ground. — ./'i. 

MULATRE,  Point,  in  the  ifland  of  Dominica,  in 
the  W.  Indies.      N.  lar.  15  16  weft  Ions.  61   21. — lb. 

MULATTO  Point,  on  the  well  coaft  of  S.  Ame- 
rica is  the  S.  cape  of  the  port  of  Ancon,  16  or  18 
miles  north  of  Cadavayllo  river. — ./'. 

MULHEGAN  Rher,  in  Vermont,  rifes  in  Lewis, 
and  empties  into  Connecticut  river,  at  Brunfwick. — \l. 

MULLICUS  ^^.ivfr,  in  New.Jcrfey,  is  fmall,  ai,d 
has  many  mills  and  iron-woi  ks  upon  it,  and  empties 
into  Little  Egg  Harbour  Bay,  4  miles  eallerly  of  the 
town  of  Leeds.  It  is  navigable  20  miles  fcr  veflels  of 
60  tons. — ih. 

MUMBO-JuMBO,  a  ftrange  bugbear  employed  by 
the  Pagan  Mandingoes  (fee  Mandjng,  5iippl.)  for  the 
purpofe  of  keeping  their  women  in  fnbjeiflion.  Poly- 
gamy being  allowed  among  thele  pcojile,  every  man 
marries  as  many  wives  as  he  can  conveniently  maintain; 
and  the  confequence  is,  that  family  quarrels  fiinictimcs 
rife  to  fuch  a  hei;^ht,  that  the  hufband's  authority  is 
not  fufficient  to  rtllore  peace  among  the  ladies.  On 
thefe  occafions,  the  interpofition  ot  Mumho-'Jiimlo  is 
called  in  ;  and  it  is  always  decifive.  This  llrange  mi- 
rifter  of  jullice,  who  is  either  the  hufband  himfelf,  or 
fome  perfon  inftruiled  by  him,  difguifed  in  a  fort  of 
mafquerade  habit,  made  of  the  bark  of  trees,  and  arm- 
ed with  the  rod  of  public  authority,  announces  his 
coming  by  loud  and  difraal  fcreams  in  the  woods  near 
the  town.  He  begins  the  pantoaiine  at  the  approach 
of  night ;  and  as  foon  as  it  is  dark,  he  enters  the  town, 
and  proceeds  to  the  Bentang  or  market-place,  at  which 
;dl  the  inhabitants  immedia'.ely  aiicmble. 

It  may  ealil)  be  fuppofed  that  this  exhibition  is  not 
much  relillied  by  the  women  ;  for  as  the  perfon  in  dif- 
guife  i->  entirely  unknown  to  them,  e\e!y  married  fe- 
male fufpee't^  that  the  vilit  may  polfibly  be  intended 
for  htrfelt ;  but  they  dare  not  rcliile  to  appear  when  they 
aie  fummoned;  and  the  ceremony  commences  wilh  fongs 
and  dances,  which  continue  till  midnight,  about  which 
time  Mnmbo  fixes  on  the  offender.  This  unfortunate 
viftim  being  thereupon  immediately  feized,  is  ftripped 
naked,  tied  10  a  pott,  and  fevcrely  fcourged  with  ^ium- 
bo's  red,  amidll  the  flionts  and  derifion  of  the  whole 
ali'enibly  ;  and  it  is  remarkable,  lh.<t  llie  rcll  of  the  wo- 
men are  tl'.e  loaded  in  their  excl.imations  on  thisoccafion 
againll  ihtir  unhapj^y  filler.  Daylight  put?  an  end  to  this 
indecent  and  unmanly  revel.  It  is  truly  altonilhiiig  that 
the  women  (hould  be  deluded  by  fo  chimfey  an  im- 
pofture,  and  that  the  men  fhould  fo  faithfully  keep 
their  own  fccret.     That  the  women  arc  deluded  fccms 


Murray. 


evident ;  for  Mr  Park  afTures  us,  that  the  Jrefs  of  Mum-    Muncy,. 
bo  isfuffered  to  hang  on  a  tree  at  the  entrance  of  each 
town  ;  which  could  hardly  be  the  cafe,   if  the  women 
were  nni  perfuaded  that  it  is  the  drefs  of  fome  fuperna- 
tural  bein^. 

MUNCY,  a  creek  which  empties  into  the  Sufque- 
hann  ih  from  the  N.  E.  about  23  miles  N.  of  the  town 
of  Norlhumberland. — Mors--. 

MUNSHY,  a  Perfian  iecretary  or  writer. 

MUNoIES,  DELAWARES,  and  SAPOONES, 
three  Indian  tribes,  who  inhabit  at  Diagho,  and  ether 
villages  up  the  N.  liranch  of  Sufqueiiannah  river. 
About  20  years  ago,  ihe  two  firit  could  furnilh  150 
wan  in;  s  each,  ar.d  the  Sapooncs  30  warriors. — Morsf. 

MUNSUB,  in  the  language  of  Bengal,  a  dignity  or 
command  conferred  by  the  emperor. 

MUNSUBDAR,  a  dic>nitaiy  or  commander. 

MlfRFREESBOROUGK,  a  poft-town  of  N. 
Carolina,  and  capiial  of  Gates  county.  It  is  fituated 
on  M.hcrrin  river,  and  contains  a  few  houfes,  acr.uit- 
houl'e,  <^aol,  and  tol)acco  wareiioufe.  It  carries  on  a 
fniill  trade  with  PZdenton,  and  the  other  fea-porc 
tov/ns.  It  is  3  miles  from  Princeton,  12  from  V/in- 
ton,  50  N.  by  W.  of  Edentcn,  and  422  S.  W.  of 
Philadelphia. — Morse. 

MURGA  MORGA  R\vtr,  on  the  coaft  of  Chili  ia 
S.  America,  is  fouihward  of  the  S.  point  of  Q^uintero 
Bay,  and  not  far  from  the  entrance  into  Chiii  river. 
It  is  not  navi^'ible,   but  Is  verv  good  to  water  in. — ih. 

MURRAY  nViliiam),  afterw;>rds  Earl  of  Mans, 
field  and  Lord  Chiel' Jullice  of  England,  was  tile  fourth 
fon  of  David  \'ifc('unt  Stormont.  He  was  born  on 
the  2  i  day  of  March  i  7C5  at  Perth,  in  the  kingdom 
ot  Scotland,  of  which  kingdom  his  father  was  a  peer.  ■ 
His  refidence  in  Scotland,  however,  was  of  (liort  dura- 
tion ;  for  he  was  carried  up  to  London  at  the  early  age 
of  three  years.  Hence  his  total  exemption  from  the 
peculiarities  of  the  dialeijt  of  his  native  country. 

At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  was  admitted  as  a  king's 
fcholar  of  Weftniinller  fchool ;  and  during  his  refidence 
in  that  feminary,  fays  his  contemporary  Bi(li"p  New- 
ton, he  gave  early  i>roofs  of  his  unccmmon  abilities, 
not  fo  much  in  his  poetry,  as  in  his  other  exercifes ;  and 
particularly  in  his  declamations,  which  were  fure  tokens 
and  prognortics  of  that  eloquence  which  grew  up  to 
fuch  maturity  and  perfeflion  at  tlie  bar,  and  in  both 
houfes  of  parliament.  At  the  election  in  May  1723, 
he  Itood  fir  11  on  the  lift  of  thofc  gentlem.'n  who  were 
fent  to  Oxford,  and  was  entered  of  Chrill  Church,  June 
the  i8th,  ii  that  year.  In  the  yc.ir  1727  he  had  taken 
the  degree  of  B.  A.  and  on  the  death  of  King  George 
the  Firll,  was  amonsft  ihofe  of  the  univerhty  v.hocc-ni- 
poi'ed  verfes  en  that  event. 

In  April  1724  he  was  admitted  a  (Indent  of  L'n- 
coln's  Inn,  though  he  llill  continued  to  re'idc  much  it» 
til;;  univcrliiy ;  where,  en  the  26;hof  June  1730,  he  took 
the  degree  of  M.  A.  and  foon  aftn  wards  lett  Oxford, 
determined  to  make  the  tour  of  Eur  ipe  before  he  Ihonl  J 
devote  liimfelf  ferioully  to  bufinels.  About  tl.ls  period 
he  wrote  two  letters  to  a  young  nrblcman  on  the  llndy 
of  ancient  and  modern  h'lbry,  vjiich  are  publ  !'-.cd  by 
his  biograplier  Mr  HoUiday,  and  (licw  how  amply  his 
own  mind  was  then  ftored  with  general  literature. 

On  his  return  to  England  he  commenced  hi-  lei^'al 
(litdies ;  but  proceeded  not  ia  the  way  then  ufually 

adopted, 


M     U     R 


[     584     ] 


M     U     R 


1V!i:rr;.y.  adcptej,  of  labouring  in  tlie  chambers  of  a  fptcvA 
^'^"'''^*~'  plcadtr,  or  copyinp  (to  ufe  the  words  of  Blackllone) 
th.-  trail)  of  an  attorney's  office.  Being  bleiled  with 
the  powers  of  oratciy  in  their  highell  perfeaion,  and 
having  foon  an  oppoi  lunity  of  d:rplaying  them,  he  very 
eaily  acquired  the  notice  of  the  chancellor  and  the 
judges,  as  well  as  tlic  confidence  of  the  inferior  prac-_ 
tifers.  How  much  he  was  regarded  in  the  houfe  of 
lords,  Pope's  well-known  couplet  will  piovc  : 

Grac'd  as  tliou  art  wIlli  all  the  power  of  words, 
bo  known,  fo  honour'd  at  the  houfe  of  lords. 

The  craces  of  his  elocution,  however,  produced  their 
iifual  efi'ta  will)  a  certain  clafs  of  people,  who  would 
not  believe  ihat  fuch  blight  talents  could  affociate  v/ith 
ihe  more  folid  atlainmcnts  of  the  law,  or  tliat  a  man  of 
i:cnius  and  vivacity  could  be  a  profound  lawyer.  As 
Pcpe  obferved  at  that  time, 

The  Temple  late  two  brother  fergeants  faw, 

Who  deem'd  each  other  oracles  of  law  ; 

Wuh  etjual  talents  thefc  congenial  fouls, 

One  lull'd  the  exchequer,  and  one  llunn'd  the  rolls ; 

Each  had  a  gravity  would  make  you  fpht. 

And  Ihook  his  head  at  Murray  as  a  wit. 

It  is  remarkable  that  this  ridiculous  prejudice  ac- 
companied Lord  Mansfield  to  the  end  of  his  judicial 
life,  in  fpite  of  daily  proofs  exhibited  in  the  court  of 
King's  Bench  and  in  the  Houfe  of  Lords,  of  very  pro- 
found knowledge  of  the  abftrufeft  points  of  jurifpru- 
dence.  Lord  Ciiefterfield  has  given  his  fandion  to  this 
unfounded  opinion.  In  a  letter  to  his  fon,  dated  Feb. 
12.  1754,  he  fays,  "The  prefent  Solicitor  General 
Murray  has  lefs  law  than  many  lawyers,  but  he  has 
more  praflice  than  any,  merely  upon  account  of  his  elo- 
quence, of  which  he  has  a  never-failing  flream." 

In  the  outfct  of  Lord  Mansfield's  life,  it  will  be  the 
lefs  furprifing,  that  a  notion  Qiould  have  been  entertain- 
ed of  his  addiaing  himfelf  to  the  purfults  of  Belles 
Lettres  too  much,  when  the  regard  (fiewn  to  him  by 
Mr  Pope,  who  defpotically  ruled  the  regions  of  liter. 
ature  at  that  period,  is  confidered.  That  great  Poet 
feemed  to  entertain  a  particular  alFeflion  for  our  young 
lawyer,  and  was  eager  to  ihew  him  marks  of  his  regard. 
He  addreffed  to  him  his  imitation  of  the  6th  Epiltle  of 
the  Firft  Book  of  Horace  ;  and  even  condefcended  to 
become  his  mafler  in  the  art  of  elocution.  "  Mr  Mur- 
ray {fays  his  biographer)  was  one  day  furprifed  by  a 
gentleman  c  f  Lincoln's  Inn,  who  could  take  the  liberty 


of  entering  his  rooms  without  the  ceremonious  in'ro-    Murray, 
duiflion  of  a  fervant,  in  the  fingular  afl   of  praflifing  ^■^^^^^^^ 
the  graces  of  a  fpeakcr  at  a  glafs,  while  Pope  fat  by  in 
the  charafler  of  a  friendly  preceptor.     Mr  Murray,  on 
this  occalion,  paid  that  poet  the  handfonie  compliment 
of,   Tu  ei  mihi  Aft^cenas  (a)." 

Whatever  propenfitics  this  fpiightly  lawyer  might 
have  towards  polite  literature,  he  did  not  permit  them 
to  divert  his  attention  from  his  profeflion.  He  foon 
dilllnguiftied  himfelf  in  an  extraordinary  manner,  as 
may  be  feen  by  thofe  who  are  converfant  with,  or  chufe 
to  refer  to  the  Bcoks  of  Reports.  In  the  year  1736, 
the  murder  of  Captain  Porteous  by  a  mob  in  Edin- 
burgh, after  he  had  been  reprieved,  occafioned  a  cen- 
fure  to  fall  on  that  city,  and  a  bill  of  pains  and  pe- 
nalties was  brought  into  Parliament  agalnft  the  Lord 
Proved  and  the  corporation;  which,  after  various  modi- 
fications, and  a  firm  and  unabated  oppofition  in  every 
ftage  of  its  progrefs,  palfed  into  a  law.  In  both  Houfes 
Mr  Murray  was  employed  as  an  advocate,  and  fo  much 
to  the  fatisfaalon  of  his  clients,  that  afterwards,  in  Sep- 
tember 1743,  ^^^  ^^'^^  prefenled  with  the  freedom  of 
Edinburgh  m  a  gold  box,  profcifedly,  as  it  was  decla- 
red, for  his  figival  fervices  by  his  fpeeches  to  both  Houfes 
of  Parliament  in  the  condud  of  that  bufinefs. 

On  the  24th  of  November  1738,  he  had  married  Lady 
Elizabeth  Finch,  daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Winchelfea, 
and  in  the  month  of  November  1742,  was  appointed 
Solicitor  General  in  the  place  of  Sir  John  Strange, 
who  refigned  (b).  He  likewlfe  was  chofen  to  repre- 
fent  the  town  of  Boroughbridge  in  Parliament,  for 
which  place  he  was  alfo  returned  in  1747  and  1754. 

In  the  month  of  March  1746-7  he  was  appointed 
one  of  the  managers  for  the  impeachment  of  Lord 
Lovat  by  the  Houfe  of  Commons,  and  it  fell  to  his  lot 
to  obferve  on  the  evidence  previous  to  the  Lords  giving 
their  judgment.  This  tafli  he  executed  with  fo  much 
candour,  moderation,  and  gentleman-like  propriety, 
that  Lord  Talbot,  at  the  conclufion  of  his  fpeech,  paid 
him  the  following  compliment:  "The  abilities  of  the 
learned  manager  whojullnowfpoke,  neverappearedwith 
greater  fplendour  than  at  this  very  hour,  when  his  can- 
dour and  humanity  has  been  joined  to  thofe  great  abi- 
lities which  have  already  made  him  fo  confpicuous,  that 
I  hope  one  day  to  fee  him  add  lulfre  to  the  dignity  of 
the  firft  civil  employment  in  this  nation."  Lord  Lovat 
himfelf  alfo  bore  teftimony  to  the  abilities  of  his  adver- 
fary  :  "  I  thought  myfelf  (fays  his  lordlhlp)  very  much 
loaded  by  one  Murray  (c^,  who  your  Lordlhlps  know 
was  the  blttereft  evidence  there  was  agalnll  me.    I  have 

fince 


(a)  It  is  thus  that  eminence  Is  attained  even  by  genius,  and  Mr  Murray  was  properly  employed  ;  though 
wc  do  not  clearly  perceive  the  ufe  of  the  glafs,  when  his  mafler  was  watching  all  his  geftures. 

(b)  On  this  occafion  a  doggrel  poem  was  publilhed  by  one  Morgan,  a  perfon  then  at  the  bar,  entitled,  "  The 
C  luli'dlcade,"  in  which  all  the  principal  lawyers  were  fuppofed  to  urge  their  refpedlive  claims  to  the  poll.  At 
(he  conclufion  it  is  laid. 

Then  Murray,  prepar'd  with  a  fine  panegyric 
In  praife  of  himfelf,  would  have  fpoke  it  like  Garrick  ; 
But  the  Prefident  (lopping  him  faid,  "  As  in  truth 
"  Your  worth  and  your  praife  is  in  every  one's  mouth, 
*'  'Tis  needlefs  to  urge  what's  notorioufly  known, 
"  The  office,  by  merit,  is  your's  all  mufl  own; 
"  The  voice  of  the  public  approves  of  the  thing, 
"  Concurring  with  that  of  the  Court  and  the  King." 

(c)  One  of  the  evidences  againft  him. 


M     U     R 


[  585  : 


M     U     R 


Murray,  fince  fuffered  by  another  Mr  Murray,  who,  I  muft  fay 
^•^^-'"^'^  with  pleafure,  is  an  Iionour  to  his  country,  and  whole 
eloquence  and  learning  is  much  beyond  vviiat  is  to  be 
exprell  by  an  ignorant  man  like  me.  I  heard  him 
with  pleafure,  though  it  was  againft  me.  I  have  the 
honour  to  be  his  relation,  thougli  perhaps  he  neither 
knows  it  nor  values  it.  I  wilh  that  his  being  born  in 
the  North  may  not  hinder  him  from  the  preferment  tluit 
his  merit  and  learning  deferve." 

During  the  time  that  Mr  Murray  continued  in  office, 
he  I'upported,  with  great  ability,  the  adminiftration 
with  whici)  he  was  connefled  ;  and,  of  courfe,  rendered 
liimfelf  obnoxious  to  thofe  who  were  in  oppofition. 
Nothing,  however,  could  be  urged  either  againll  his 
public  conduifl  or  his  private  life  ;  but  he  was  involved 
in  fome  trouble  by  an  ill-devifed  tale,  concur  rii.g  with 
the  known  principles  of  the  family  of  Stormont,  to 
make  him  fufpc<5ted  of  Jacobitifm.  Of  this  affair,  a  full 
and  particuhir  account  is  given  by  the  late  Lord  Mel- 
combe  in  the  following  words  : 

»'  Mc'lirs  Murray,  Fawcett,  and  Stone,  were  mucli 
acquainted,  if  not  fchool-fellows,  in  earlier  life.  Their 
fortune  led  them  different  ways  ;  Fawcett's  was  to  be  a 
country  lawyer  and  recorder  of  Newcaltle.  Jiihnfon, 
now  Bilhip  of  Glouccffer,  was  one  of  their  alibciates. 
On  the  day  the  King's  birth  day  was  kept,  they  dined 
at  the  Dean  ot  Durham's  at  Durham  ;  this  Fawcett, 
Lord  Ravenfworth,  M.ijor  Davifon,  and  one  or  two 
more,  who  retired  after  dinner  into  another  room.  The 
converfation  turning  upon  the  late  Biihop  of  Glou- 
cefter's  preferments,  it  was  alked  who  was  to  have  his 
prebend  of  Durham  i  The  Dean  faid,  that  the  lall  news 
from  London  was,  that  Dr  Johnfon  was  to  have  it : 
Fawcett  faid,  he  w.is  glad  that  Johnfon  got  off  fo  well, 
for  he  remembered  him  a  Jacobite  feveial  years  ago, 
and  that  he  ufed  to  be  with  a  relation  of  his  who  was 
very  difaffefted,  one  Vermon,  a  mercer,  where  the  Pre- 
tender's health  was  frequently  drunk.  This  palling 
among  a  few  familiar  acquaintance,  was  thought  no 
more  of  at  the  time  :  it  fpread,  however,  fo  much  in  the 
North  (how  I  never  heard  accounted  for),  and  reached 
town  in  fuch  a  manner,  that  Mr  Pelham  thought  it  ne- 
ceffary  to  defirc  Mr  Vane,  who  was  a  friend  to  Faw- 
cett, and  who  employed  him  in  his  bullnefs,  to  write  to 
I'awcetr,  to  know  if  he  had  faid  this  of  Johnfon,  and  if 
he  had,  if  it  was  true. 

"  This  letter  was  written  on  the  9th  of  January ;  it 
came  to  Newcaftle  the  Friday  following.  Fawcett 
was  much  furprifed  ;  but  the  poft  going  out  in  a  few 
hours  after  its  arrival,  he  immediately  acknowledged 
the  letter  by  a  long,  but  not  very  explicit,  anfwer. 
This  Friday  happened  to  be  the  club  day  of  the  neigh- 
bouring gentlemen  at  Newcaftle.  As  foon  as  Lord 
Ravenfworth,  who  was  a  patron  and  employer  of  Faw- 
cstt,  came  into  the  town,  Fawcett  acquainted  him  with 
tlie  extraordinary  letter  he  had  received  j  he  told  him 
that  he  had  already  anfwcrcd  it ;  and  being  alkcd  to 
fliew  tlic  copy,  faid  he  kept  none  ;  but  delired  Lord 
Ravenfworth  to  recollect  il  he  held  fuch  a  converliition 
at  the  Dcar.ry  of  Durliam  the  day  appointed  for  the 
birth-day.  Ravenfworth  recolleded  nothing  at  all  of 
it :  they  went  to  the  club  together,  and  Ravenfworth 
Went  the  next  morning  to  fee  his  mother  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood, with  whom  he  llaid  till  Monday  ;  but  this 
thing  of  fuch  confequencc  lying  upon  his  thoughts,  he 
SuppL.  Vol.  n. 


returned  by  Newcaftle.  Ke  and  Fawcett  had  another  Murruy, 
converfation;  and  in  endeavouring  to  refrtlheacho'.hei's  ^-^"''^-^ 
memory  about  this  dreadful  dtlir:quency  of  Johnfon, 
Fawcett  faid  he  could  not  recollect  politively  at  fuch  a 
dillance  of  time,  wliether  Johnfon  drank  thefe  healtliF, 
or  had  been  prefent  at  the  drinking  of  them,  but  that 
Murray  and  .Stone  had  done  both  feveral  time.--.  Ra- 
venfworth was  excedively  alarmed  at  this  with  relation 
to  Stone,  on  account  of  his  office  about  the  prince  ; 
and  thus  the  affair  of  Johnfon  was  quite  forgotten,  and 
the  epifode  became  the  principal  part.  There  were 
many  more  conferences  between  Ravenfworth  and  Faw- 
cett upon  this  luhjed,  in  wliicli  the  l.itter  always  per- 
fifted  that  Stone  and  Murray  v/ere  prefent  at  the  drink- 
ing, and  did  drink  thole  healths.  It  may  be  obf;rved 
here,  that  when  h;  was  examined  upon  oath,  he  fwore 
to  the  year  1731  or  1732,  at  lateil.  Fawcett  comes 
up  as  ufual  about  his  law  bufiiief;,  and  is  examined  by 
Mellrs  Pelharn  and  Vane,  who  never  had  heard  of  Mur- 
ray or  Stcne  being  nanned:  he  Is  affced,  and  anfwers 
only  with  relation  to  Johnfon,  rever  mentioning  either 
of  the  otliers;  but  the  love  of  his  country,  his  kin^, 
and  pofterity,  burned  fa  ftrongly  in  Ravenfworth's 
bofom,  that  he  could  have  no  relt  till  he  had  difcovereil 
this  enormity.  Accordingly,  when  he  came  to  town, 
he  acquainted  the  miniitry  and  almoff  all  his  great 
friends  witli  it,  and  inlifted  upon  the  removal  of  S:one. 
The  minilfry  would  have  flighted  it  as  it  dcferved  ;  but 
as  he  perliffed,  and  had  told  fo  many  of  it,  they  could 
not  help  laying  it  before  the  king,  who,  though  he 
himfelf  flighted  it,  was  advifed  to  examine  it ;  which 
examination  produced  this  moll  injudicious  proceedin" 
in  parliament.*"  * LorJ Mtl- 

This  is  Lord  Melcombe's  account;  and  the  fame  ""'*'■'' •^"- 
author  Informs  us,  that  Mr  Murray,  when  he  heard  of-^'P"  -^' 
the  committee  being  appointed  to  examine  this  idle  af- 
fair, fent  a  meffage  to  the  king,  humbly  to  acquaint 
him,  that  if  he  fhould  be  called  before  fuch  a  tribunal 
on  fo  fcandalousand  injurious  an  account,  he  would  re- 
fign  his  office,  and  would  refufe  to  anfwer.  It  came, 
however,  before  the  Houfe  of  Lords,  22d  January  1753, 
on  the  motion  of  the  Duke  of  Bedford. 

The  debate  was  long  and  heavy,  fays  Lord  Mel- 
combe ;  the  Duke  of  Bedford's  performance  moderate 
enough;  he  divided  the  Houfe,  but  It  was  not  told,  for 
there  went  below  the  bar  with  him  the  Earl  Harcoiirt, 
Lord  TowndienJ,  tlie  IJIlhop  of  Worcellei-,  and  Lord 
T.ilbotonly.  The  Biihop  of  Norwich  and  Lord  Har- 
court  both  fpoke,  not  to  much  purpofe  ;  but  neither  of 
them  in  the  lead  fupported  the  Duke's  quertion. 

Upon  the  whole.  Lord  Melcombe  concludes,  "  It 
was  the  worft  judged,  the  worft  executed,  and  the  worlt 
fupported  point  that  I  ever  faw  of  fo  much  expcaa- 
tlon." 

The  King,  his  late  Mjjefty,  viewed  it  in  its  true 
light ;  and  is  reported  to  have  faid,  "  Wiinlevtr  they 
were  when  Wellminller  boys,  they  are  now  my  very- 
good  friends."  He  was  likewife,  as  we  have  been  in- 
formed by  a  gentleman  connected  with  the  family  of 
Stormont,  fo  delighted  wiih  Mr  Murr;iy's  fpcech  in  his 
own  vindication,  tiiat  he  delireJ  to  have  a  copy  of  i;, 
as  a  model  of  dignifud  and  candid  elrquence.  Faw- 
cett, the  original  autlior  of  the  llory,  leems  indeed  tr> 
have  been  a  very  fneaking  knave,  totally  unworthy  of 
credit-  Biihop  Johnfon,  who  was  overlcok;d  in  the 
4  1'-  tuinii'il. 


M     U     R 


C    5B6    ] 


M     U     R 


Murray. 


turmoil,  e.\cited  by  the  fuppofcJ  guilt  ot  Murray  and 
Stone  (fee  Stone,  in  this  Supj.L),  went  to  F.iwcett's 
chamber?  in  the  Temple,  and  del'ircd  an  interview.  Be- 
ing tc'ld  by  the  fcrvant  that  his  m^acr  was  not  at  home, 
l.c  rc!i,;-.vtd  his  vifit  very  early  next  niorning,  and  de- 
clared his  rtlolution  to  wait  f.U  Mr  F.uvcctc  lliouid 
rife,  the  hunJreJs  having  inadvertently  coriclFcd  thiu 
he  was  llill  in  bed.  Fawcett,  upon  this,  left  his  thorny 
pillow  witli  relnaance  ;  for  fom^jthing  '.harper  than 
thorns  ,  fay>  Mr  HoUiday )  awaited  him,  which  he  could 
not  now  polTibly  avoid.  The  rcfult  of  the  iiuevview 
produced  e.\prcirions  of  deep  contrition,  together  with 
a  letter,  addrelfed  to  tl:e  Lord  Bifliop  of  Glcuceftcr, 
xcknowkdgine,  in  the  moll  explicit  teims,  that  his 
L  Tdlhip  was  innocent  of  the  charge  which  he  had  been 
the  inllrunient  of  bringing  againft  him. 

On  the  advaneemei.t  of  sir  Dudley  Rider  to  the 
chief  jufticefliip  of  the  King's  Bench  in  1754,  Mr 
Murray  fucceeded  him  as  attorney  general;  and  on  his 
death,  November  1756,  again  became  his  fuccelFor  as 
chief  jullice,  when  he  was  created  Baron  of  Mansfield, 
in  the  county  ot  Nottingham,  with  remainder  to  the 
heirs  male  of  his  body  lawfully  begotten. 

As  foon  as  Lord  Manstield  was  eftabliOicd  in  the 
Kind's  Bench.,  he  began  to  make  improvements  in  the 
pradlice  of  that  court.  On  the  12th  of  November, 
four  days  after  he  had  taken  his  f^at,  he  made  a  very 
neceifary  regulation,  obferving,  "  Where  we  have  no 
doubt,  we  ought  not  to  put  the  paitieo  to  the  delay 
and  e.xpence  ot  a  farther  argument ;  nor  leave  other  per- 
fons,  who  may  he  interelted  in  the  determination  ot  a 
point  fo  general,  unneceliaiily  under  the  ai.iieiy  cf  fuf- 

pence." 

The  anxiety  of  fufpence,  from  this  period,  was  no 
longer  to  be  complained  of  in  the  court  of  King's 
Bench.  The  rcgulaiity,  pundtiiality,  and  difpatch  ot 
the  new  chief  juftice,  afforded  fuch  general  fatiitaflion, 
that  thsy,  ill  jirocefi,  of  time,  d:ew  into  ihat  court  moft 
of  the  caufes  which  could  be  brought  there  for  deter- 
ininaii'  n. 

Sir  James  Burrows  fays,  "  I  am  informed,  that  at 
tic  liciii.gs  for  London  and  Middlefe.x  only,  there  are 
not  fo  few  as  800  caufes  fet  down  in  a  year,  and  all  dif- 
pofed  of.  And  though  many  of  them,  efpecially  in 
London,  ate  of  conliderable  value,  there  are  not  more, 
upon  an  avenge,  than  between  20  and  30  ever  heard  of 
hiterwirds  in  the  Ihape  of  fpecial  vtrdidts,  fpecial  cafes, 
motions  for  new  trials,  or  in  arrell  of  judgment.  Of  a 
llill  I  f  exceftioi'is  there  has  beea  no  iidlance  (1  do  not 
iiiclude  judgments  upon  criminal  profccutions;  ihey  are 
neceft'ary  confcquencesof  the  conviilimu).  My  lepoits 
give  l)Ut  a  very  taint  idea  ol  the  eitei;t  of  the  whole  bufi- 
nefs  v/hich  crimes  bvifore  the  court:  I  onlyic|-yOit  what 
1  think  may  be  rf  i:fe  as  a  determination  or  illultration 
of  f'.me  matter  of  lav.-.  -  I  take  ro  notice  of  the  nume- 
rous queitions  of.fa(5t  which  are  heard  upon  alhdaviis 
(the  moft  tedious  and  irkfome  pare  (f  the  whole  bufi- 
nef, ).  I  take  no  notice  of  a  variety  of  conteilations, 
which,  after  having  been  fully  difculfed,  are  decided 
'without  d'fFicuky  or  doubt.  I  taice  no  notice  of  many 
cafes  v.h'.ch  turn  upon  a  conftruclion  fo  peculiar  and 
pirticul.ir,  as  not  to  be  likely  to  form  a  precedent  for 
any  o'hercafe.  And  yet,  notwithftanding  (his  inmien- 
iity  of  bufiiiefs,  it  is  notorious,  that,  in  confequjnce  of 
method,  and  a  few  rules  which  have  b^en  laid  down  to 


prevent  delay  (even  where  the  parties  themfelves  would  Murray, 
willingly  confent  to  it),  nothing  now  hangs  in  court.  ^>^'~^^^"*" 
Upon  tl'.e  lalt  day  of  the  very  laft  term,  if  we  exclude 
fuch  motions  of  tlie  term  as  by  defire  of  the  parlies  went 
over  cf  courfe  as  peremptories,  there  was  not  a  finglc 
matter  of  any  kind  that  remained  undetermined,  except- 
ing one  cafe  relating  to  tfe  proprietary  Lordlhip  ol  ■^Ia- 
ryland,  which  was  protelfedly  pollpcncd  on  account  of 
the  prefent  fituation  of  .'America.  One  might  fpeak  to 
the  fame  elfeil  concerning  the  laft  day  of  any  former 
term  for  fome  ye.srs  backward." 

The  fame  aulht'ralfo  informs  iis,  that,  excepting  two 
cafes,  there  had  not  been,  fiom  the  6ih  of  November 
1756  to  llx  time  of  his  then  piefent  publication,  26th 
May  1776,  a  final  diiTcrence  of  opinion  in  tiie  court  in 
any  cale,  cr  upon  any  point  whaifoever.  "  It  is  re- 
markable, too  (he  adds),  tliit,  excepting  ihcfe  two 
cafes,  no  judgment  given  during  the  fame  period  has 
been  reverfed,  either  in  the  exchequer  chamber  or  in 
parliament :  and  even  ihefe  reverlals  were  wiili  great 
divetfity  of  opinion  among  the  judges."  Of  the  two 
cafes  here  mentioned,  one  was  the  famous  queftion  con- 
cerning literary  property,  which  the  majority  of  the 
judges  of  the  court  of  King's  Bench  held  to  be  perma- 
nent; and  in  fupport  of  which  opinion,  fuch  arguments 
were  urged  by  the  chief  julfice,  as  have  not  yet  perhaps 
been  completely  anfwered. 

The  illluccelsof  the  war,  which  had  lately  been  be- 
gun, occafioned  a  change  in  thii  adminilfration;  and  the 
conflitls  of  contending  parties  rendered  it  impr.iiticable 
for  the  crown,  at  that  juncture,  to  fettle  a  new  minillry. 
In  order,  therefore,  to  give  paule  to  the  violence  cf  both 
fides.  Lord  Mansfield  was  induced  to  accept  the  pcft  of 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer  on  the  9th  of  April  1757  ; 
which  he  held  until  the  2d  of  July  in  the  fame  year. 
During  this  interval,  he  employed  himfelf,  with  great 
fuccefi,  to  bring  about  a  coalition  ;  which  being  cfTcift- 
ed,  produced  a  feries  of  events,  which  raifed  tlie  glory 
of  Great  Biitain  to  the  higheil  point  at  which  it  has 
ever  been  fi:en.  In  the  fa.Tie  >ear  he  was  offcied,  but 
reiufed,  the  olnce  of  Lord  High  Chancellor  ;  and  in 
November  175S,  he  was  e!e>5led  a  governor  of  the  char- 
ter houfe,  in  the  room  cf  the  Duke  of  Marlboro»s.'b, 
then  lately  deceafed. 

For  feveral  years  after  this  period,  the  tenor  of  Lord 
Mansfield's  life  was  marked  only  with  a  rnoft  fedulous 
difcharge  of  the  duties  of  his  office.  In  1760  Geo.  IL 
died,  and  the  new  reign  commenced  with  alterations 
in  the  admir'.illration;  which  gave  rife  to  a  virulent  ipi- 
rit  rf  oppofition,  conducted  with  a  degree  of  violence 
and  afpeniy  never  known  at  any  former  time.  As  a 
friend  to  the  then  adminilbatior,  Lord  MaUbfield  was 
marked  oat  for  a  more  than  ordinary  fh  ire  of  malicious 
invedtive.  It  is  in  alluiion  to  this,  lliat  Warburton,  af- 
ter tracing  the  rife  and  progrels  of  the  irreligion  and  li- 
centioufhcfs  which  then  prevaded,  and  obfervin;^  that, 
amid  fuch  general  corruption,  the  pure  adminilfration 
of  pufdic  jultice  dill  ail'crded  a  cheerful  confolation  to 
thinking  men,  proceeds  thus : 

"  But  the  evil  genius  of  England  would  notfuffer  us 
to  enjoy  it  long;  tor,  as  it  envious  of  this  laft  fupport 
of  government,  he  hath  now  inrtigated  his  blackeft 
agents  to  every  extent  of  their  malignity  ;  wlio,  after 
the  moff  villainous  infults  on  all  other  orders  and  ranki 
in  focisty,  havs  at  length  pioceedcd  to  calumniate  eveii 

the 


M     U     R 


[     i«7     ] 


M     U     R 


Murray,     tlie  king's  fuprcme  court  of  jnfticc,  under  Its  ableft  and 
^'''~^'~'*^  nioft  iinblemlflied  admlnifttation.     Alter  this,  v/ho  will 
not  l^e  tempted  to  defpair  of  his  country,  and  (ay  with 
the  good  old  man  in  llie  fcene, 

-"  Ipfi  fi  citpiat  faliis 


"  Scrvaic,  protfus  riofi  polcf,  banc  Famillim  (n)  ?" 

A  change  ofadminillration  agAin  tool:  place  in  17G5, 
which  introduced  the  Marquis  of  Rockingham  and  his 
friends  to  govern  the  country  ;  and  the  meafures  tlien 
adopted  not  agreeing  with  Lord  Mansfield's  feniiments, 
he,  lor  the  firll  time,  became  an  opponent  of  govern- 
ment. On  the  bill  for  repealing  the  llamp  a<£t,  he  fpoke, 
and  divided  againft  it  ;  and  is  fuppofed  to  have  had 
fome  iliare  in  the  compofition  of  the  protefts  on  that 
occafion,  though  he  did  not  fign  them.  In  the  Hime 
year,  he  is  faid  to  have  animadverted,  with  no  fmall  de- 
cree of  fevcrity,  on  the  incautious  exprelGons  of  Lord 
Camden,  on  the  affair  of  prohibiting  the  e.fportation  of 
corn,  that  it  was  but  a  40  davs  tyranny  at  the  outfidc 
(e). 

In  1767,  the  DKTenters  caufe  was  determined,  in 
which  Lord  Mansfield  delivered  a  fpeech,  v/hich  has 
Ilnce  been  printed,  and  fnews  his  Lorddiip  to  have  been 
a  Heady  friend  to  religious  toleration,  as  well  as  to  the 
rights  of  the  eftablillied  church.  The  confcicntious  Dif- 
fenters  themfelves  lavilhed  upon  that  fpeech  the  higheft 
praife;  whilft  others  o(  tliem,  in  the  fucceeding  year, 
deluged  the  public  prints  with  torrents  of  abufe  on  the 
Chief  Jullice.  In  that  year  was  the  general  ele<5lion. 
Mr  Wilkes  returned  trom  aljroad,  became  a  candidate 
tor  the  city  of  London,  and  afterwards  was  chofen  re- 
prefentative  for  the  county  of  Middlefex.  Having  been 
outlawed  fome  years  before,  he  now  applied  for  a  re- 
verfal  of  tliat  proceeding.  On  the  8th  of  June,  the 
confideration  of  it  came  before  the  court  of  King's 
Bench;  when  the  judges  delivered  their  opinions  very 
fully,  and  were  unanimous  that  the  outlawry  was  ille- 
gal, and  muft  be  reverted.  On  this  occafion  Lord  Mans- 
field took  the  opportunity  of  entering  into  u  full  ftate- 
mentot  the  cafe,  and  ajulHfication  <if  his  own  condu.51. 
The  reader  will  liad  tlie  cale  reported  by  Sir  James 
Burrow  ;  from  whom  we  Ihall  extract  the  following, 
■which  appears  to  have  been  the  moll  important  part  of 
his  Lordlliip's  fpeech  : 

"  It  is  fit  to  take  i'onie  notice  of  the  various  terrors 
hung  out  ;  the  nurnerons  crowds  whicli  have  attended, 
and  now  attend,  in  and  about  the  hall,  out  of  all  reach 
of  hearing  what  palfes  in  court  ;  and  the  tumults  which 
in  other  places  have  fhamefully  infulted  all  order  and  go- 
vernment. Audacious  addrefies  in  print  dilate  to  us, 
from  thofe  they  call  the  people,  the  judgment  to  be  gi- 
ven now,  and  afterwards  upon  the  conviction.  Reafuns 
of  policy  are  urged,  fiom  danBcr  to  the  kingdom,  by 
commotions  and  general  conlufion. 

•'  Give  me  leare  to  take  the  opportunity  of  this  great 
and  refpeitable  audience,  to  let  the  whole  world  know 
all  fuch  attempts  arc  vain.       Uulefs  we  have  been  able 


to  find  nn  error  which  w-jl  bear  us  cut  to  revtrfe  the 
outlawry,  it  muft  be  alhrmed.  The  conftituticn  does 
rot  allow  reiifons  of  Hate  to  influence  our  jud.;irent: 
God  forbid  it  lliouid  !  We  muft  not  regard  poiui,:^! 
confe'iuences,  how  formidable  foever  they  may  be  ;  «e 
are  hound  to  l„y.  Fiat  juflifia,  ruat  Cal'um.  The  cnn- 
ftituiion  trulls  the  king  with  reafons  of  Hate  and  prli- 
cy  :  He  may  pardon  offences ;  it  is  his  to  judge  wlie- 
ther  the  law  or  the  criminal  fliould  yield.  We  have  no 
eleiSion.  None  of  us  encouraged  or  approved  the  com- 
miffion  of  either  of  the  crimes  of  which  tlie  defender  is 
conviified  :  none  of  us  had  any  hand  in  liis  being  profc- 
cuted.  As  to  myfelf,  I  took  no  part  (in  another  pi -ce) 
in  the  addrcfles  for  that  profecuticn.  W^e  did  net  ad- 
vife  or  aflift  the  defender  to  (ly  from  juftice  ;  it  was  his 
own  afl,  and  he  muft  take  the  confeqiiences.  None  of 
us  have  been  confulted,  or  had  any  thing  to  do  with  the 
prefent  profecution.  It  is  not  in  our  power  to  ftop  it ; 
it  was  not  in  our  power  to  bring  it  on.  We  cannot 
pardon.  Wi.  ate  to  fay  what  we  take  the  law  to  be. 
If  we  do  not  fpeak  our  real  opinions,  we  prevaricate 
with  God  and  our  own  confciences. 

"  I  pafi  over  many  anonymous  letters  I  hive  receiv- 
ed :  thofe  in  print  ars  public  ;  and  fome  of  them  have 
been  brought  judicially  before  tlie  court.  Whoever  the 
writers  are,  they  take  the  wrong  way.  I  will  do  my 
duty  un  iwed.  What  am  I  to  fear  ?  That  numiax  ii- 
favna  from  the  prefs,  which  daily  coins  falfe  lads  and 
falfe  motives  ?  The  lies  of  calumny  carry  no  terror  t') 
me.  I  truft,  that  my  temper  of  mind,  and  the  colour 
and  coiidud  of  my  life,  have  given  me  a  fuit  of  armour 
againrt  thefe  arrows.  If,  during  this  king's  reign,  I 
have  ever  fupported  his  government,  and  afilfled  his 
meafures,  I  have  done  it  without  any  other  reward  than 
the  confcioufnefj  of  doing  what  I  thought  ri-'ht.  If  I 
have  ever  oppofed,  I  have  done  it  upon  the  points  them- 
felves, without  any  collateral  viev  "  lonour  the  kinc 
and  rel'peift  the  people.  But  mai.^  tnings  acquired  by 
the  favour  of  either  arc,  in  my  account,  objefls  not 
worth  ambition.     I  wilh  popularity;  but  it  is  that  po. 

pularity  which  follows,  not  that  which  is  run  after. 

It  is  that  popularity  which,  fooner  or  later,  never  tails 
to  do  juftice  to  tlie  purfiiit  <^i  noble  ends  by  noble 
means.  I  will  not  do  that  which  my  conlcicnce  tells  me 
!s  wrong  upon  this  occafion,  to  gain  the  huz/.as  of  ihoii- 
fands,  or  the  daily  praile  of  all  the  papers  which  come 
from  the  prefs.  I  will  not  avoid  doing  what  I  think  is 
light,  though  it  Ihoulddrawon  me  the  u  hole  artillery  of 
libels,  all  tliat  falfehood  and  malice  can  invent,  or  the 
credulity  of  a  deluded  populace  can  fwallow.  I  can  ("ay 
with  a  great  inagiftrate,  upon  an  occafion,  and  under 
circumftances  not  unlike,  •  Ego  hoc  anijKofimpfrJli,  ut 
invhiium  virliilt  parlam,  ^hriam,  nun  InviJiim  putanm.' 

"  The  threats  go  further  thjn  abufe  :  Perlbnal  vio- 
lence is  denounced.  I  do  not  believe  it :  it  is  not  the 
genius  of  the  worft  men  of  this  country  in  the  wot  II  of 
times.  But  1  have  let  my  mind  at  reft.  The  Lift  end 
that  can  happen  to  any  man  never  comes  too  foon,  if 
4  1^  2  he 


11  rray. 


(d)  See  the  dedication  of  the  5th  edition  of  the  Divine  Legation  of  Mofes,  whicli  defcrves  to  be  read  at  pre- 
fent with  peculiar  attention,  as  the  work  of  a  man  of  gigantic  t.ilcnts,   deeply  read  in  law  as  well  as  in  the.'lojiv. 

(e)  The  fpceches  in  the  debate  were  never  printed  ;  but  the  fubftance  of  them  all  was  confolidatcd  in  a  pam- 
phlet publifhed  at  the  time,  iutitled,  "  A  fpeech  againil  the  fufpending  and  diipenfmg  prerogative,"  8vo.  Since 
reprinted  in  Debrctt's  Debates,  Vol.  IV.  p.  i,V.^' 


Murray. 


M     U     R  [     588     ]  M     U     R 

lis  falls  in  fupport  ot"  the  law  and  liberty  of  his  country  Lord  George  Gordon  when  he  prefented  the  petition  Murray. 
(for  liberty  is  fynonymous  to  law  and  government),  from  the  PiotcRant  Alfociatinn.  On  Tiiefday  evening  ^-^'^''^^-^ 
Such  a  (hock,  too,  miift  be  productive  of  public  good  :  the  prifon  of  Newgate  had  been  thrown  open,  all  the 
It  misht  awake  the  better  part  of  the  kingdom  out  of  cnmbulUble  part  reduced  to  a(hes,  and  the  felons  let 
that  lethargy  which  feems  to  have  benumbed  them  ;  loofe  upon  the  public.  It  was  after  this  attempt  to  de- 
and  bring  the  mad  part  back  to  tlieir  fenfes,  as  men  (Iroy  the  means  of  fecniing  the  victims  of  criminal  juf- 
inti'xica'.ed  are  fometimcs  dunned  into  fobtiety.  tice  that  the  rioters  aifaulted  the  refiJence  of  the  chief 
"  Once  fir  all,  let  it  be  underllood,  that  no  endea-  magiftratc  of  the  firft  criminal  court  in  the  kingdom; 
vonrs  of  this  kind  will  inllnence  any  m  in  who  at  prefent  nor  were  tluy  difperfcd  till  they  had  burnt  all  the  fur- 
fits  heie.  If  they  had  any  elfcfl,  it  would  be  contrary  niturc,  pifluies,  books,  manufcripts,  deeds,  and,  in 
to  their  intent :  Leaning  againft  their  imprefllon  might  Ihort,  every  thing  which  fire  could  confume  in  his  Lord- 
give  a  bias  the  other  way.  But  I  hope,  and  I  know,  fliip's  houle  ;  fo  that  nothing  remained  but  the  walls, 
that  I  h  ive  f  irtitude  enough  to  relill  even  that  weak-  which  were  fcen  ne.\t  morning  almoil  red  hot  from  ihe 
nefs.  No  libels,  no  thre.its,  nothing  that  has  happen-  vinlence  of  the  flames,  prcfcnting  a  melancholy  and  aw- 
ed nothing  that  can  happen,  will  weigh  a  feather  a-  ful  ruin  to  the  eyes  of  the  pafl'engers.  For  a  fuller  ac- 
gainft  allowing  the  defendant,  upon  this  and  every  other  count  of  tliofc  dreadful  riots,  lee  Britain,  n°  644.  En- 
qucdion,  not  only  the  whole  advantage  he  is  intitled  to  cyckpxdta. 

from  fubllantial  law  and  jullice,  but  every  benefit  from         So  une.vpei5ted  was  this  daring  outrage  on  order  and 

the  moll  critical  nicety  of  form,  which  any  other  defen-  government,  that  it  burfl  on  Lord  Mansfield  without 

der  could  claim  under  the  like  objeflion.     The  only  ef-  his  being  prepared  in  the  flightefl  manner  to  refifl  it. 

fedt  I  feel  is  an  anxiety  to  be  able  to  explain  the  grounds  He  efcaped  with  his  life  only,  and  retired  to  a  place  of 

up'in  which  we  proceed;  fo  as  to  fatisfy  all  mankind,  fafety,  where  lie  remained  imtil  the  14th  of  June,-  the 

that  a  tl.twof  fotm  given  way  to  in  this  cafe,  could  not  laft  day  of  term,  when  he  again  took  his  feat  in  the 

have  been  got  over  in  any  other."  couit  of  King's  Bench.     "  Tiie  reverential  filence  (fays 

In  J.muary  1770,  Lord  Mansfield  again  was  offered  Mr  Douglas)   which  was  obferved  wlien  his  Lordfhip 

the  Great  Sc:al,  which  was  given  to  J.Ir  Charles  York  :  refumed  liis  place  on  tlie  Bench,  was  exprelTive  of  ieu- 

and  in  Hilary  Term  1771,  he  a  third  time  declined  the  timents  of  condolence  and  refpec^,  more  affeiffing  than 

fame  offer,  and  the  Seal  was  entrulfed  to  Lord  Baihurif.  the  moll  eloquent  addrefs  the  occafion  could  have  fug- 

The  year   1770  was  alio  memorable  tor  various  at-  gelled, 
tack;  made  on  his  Lordlhip's  judicial  character,  in  both         "  The  amount  of  that  part  of  Lord  Mansfield's  lofs 

the  Houfes  of  Lords  and  Commons.     In  one  of  thcfe,  v.'hich  might  jiave  been  eftimafed,  and  was  capable  ot  a 

the  propriety  of  a  direftion  given  to  the  jury  in  the  cafe  compenfalion  in  money,  is  known  to  have  been  very 

of  the  king  and  Woodfal  was  called  in  quellion  ;  which  great.     This  he  had  a  right  to  recover  againft  the  hun- 

occalioned  his  LordOiip  to  produce  to  the  Houfe  a  co-  dred.    Many  others  had  taken  that  courfe;  but  his  Lord- 

py  of  the  unanimous  opinion  ot  the  court  of  King's  Ihip  thought  it  more  confifient  with  the  dignity  of  his 
Bench  in  that  caufe  ;  which,  after  being  much  canvaf-  charafler  not  to  refort  to  the  indemnification  provided 
f;;d  and  oppofed,  was  fuffered  to  ftand  its  ground  with-    by  the  legillotiirc.     His  fentimcnts,  on  the  fubjetS  of  a 

out  being  over-ruled.  reparation  tiom  the  ftate,  were  communicated  to  the 
On  the  ipthof  Oflober  1776,  his  Lordfhip  was  ad-    Board  of  Works  in  a  letter,  dated   18th  July    1780, 

vanced  to  the  dignity  of  an  E.irl  of  Great  Britain,  by  w'ritten  in  conlequence  of  an  application  which  they 

the  title  of  the  E.irl  of  Mansfield,  and  to  his  male  ilfue;  had  made  to  liim  (as  one  of  the  principalfuffereri;),  pur- 
and  tor  want  of  Inch  ilfue,  to  Louifa  Vi!countcib  Stor-    fuant  to  direftit  ns  Ironi  the  tieafury,  founded  on  a  vote 


raont,  and  to  her  heirs  male  by  D-ivid  Vifcount  Stor- 
mont  her  hulband.  The  fame  title,  in  1792,  was  li- 
mited to  Lord  Stormont  himfelt ;  who  afterwards  fuc- 
ceeded  to  it. 


of  the  Hcufe  of  Commons,  requelling  him  to  ftate  the 
nature  and  amount  of  his  lofs.  In  that  letter,  after 
fome  introductory  expieflions  of  civility  to  the  furveyor 
general,  to  whom  it  was  addvelled,  his  Lordlhip  fays, 


We  come  now  to  a  period  of  his  Lordfliip's  life,  '  Befides  what  is  irreparable,  my  pecuniary  lofs  is  great, 
which  furnilhes  an  event  difgraceful  to  the  age  and  I  apprehended  no  danger,  and  therefore  took  no  precau- 
country  in  which  the  fact  was  committed.  An  union  tion.  But  how  great  foever  that  lofs  may  be,  I  think 
of  tolly,  enthtifiafm,  and  knavery,  had  excited  alarms  in  it  tToes  not  become  me  to  claim  or  expeft  reparation 
t!ie  minds  of  fome  weak  people,  that  encouragements  from  the  Hate.  I  have  made  up  my  mind  to  my  mis- 
were  given  to  the  favourers  and  profelfors  of  the  Ro-  fortune,  as  I  ought,  with  this  conll.lation,  that  it  came 
man  Cathc^lic  faith  inconliftcnt  with  religion  and  true  from  tliofe  whole  objeft  manllellly  was  general  confu- 
policy.  The  adt  of  Parliament,  which  excited  the  cla-  fion  and  deftruflion  at  home,  in  additi'^n  to  a  dangerous 
niour,  had  pafied  with  little  oppofition,  and  had  not  and  complicated  war  abroad.  It  I  fhould  lay  before 
received  any  extraordinary  fupport  liom  Lord  Mans-  you  any  account  or  computation  of  the  pecuniary  da- 
field.  The  minds  of  the  public  were  inflamed  by  art-  mage  1  have  fuftained,  it  might  feem  a  claim  orexpec- 
ful  mifreprefeiitations  ;  the  rage  of  a  popular  mob  was  tation  ot  being  indemnified.  Therefore  you  will  have 
foon  direifted  towards  tiie  moll  eminent  pertbns.  Ac-  no  further  trouble  upon  this  from,  &c. — Matiijicld." 
cordinply,  in  the  night  between  Tuelliay  the  6th  and  From  this  time  the  luftre  of  Lord  Mansfield  conti- 
Wediii-fJay  the  7th  of  June  1780,  his  Lordlhip's  houfe  in  nued  to  Ihine  wi'h  unclouded  brightnefs  until  the  end 
Bloomfbury  Square  was  attacked  by  a  party  of  rioters,  of  his  political  lite,  unlefs  his  oppofition  to  the  mea- 
wh  ',  on  the  Friday  and  Tuefday  preceding,  had,  to  the  Aires  of  the  prefent  admin^llration,  at  the  early  period 
amtnint  of  many  thoulitnds,  furrounded  the  avenues  of  of  their  appointment,  Ihall  be  thought  to  detraft,  in 
bulb  Houies  cf  Parliament,  undjr  pretence  of  attending  fome  fraall  degree,  from  his  merit.     It  is  certain  many 

of 


M     U     R  C     5S9     ]  M     U     R 

Murray,    of  his  admirers  faw,  with  concern,  a  connexion  with  the    Earl  of  Mansfield,  as  the  firft  magiflrste  that  ever  Co    Murray. 
'^^"''''^^  opponents  of  government  at  that  juncflure,  fcarce  com-     preeminently  graced  that  important  Ration.     I'he  wif-^^"'''^*" 
patible  with  the  dignity  of  the  chief  juftice  of  Great    doni  of  his  decifions,  and  imbiaded  tenor  of  his  public 
Britain.     At  length  inlirraiiies  pre/Fed  upon  him,  and    conduct,  will  be  held  in  veneration  by  the  fages  of  the 
he  became  unable  to  attend  his  duty  with  the  fame    law,  as  long  as  the  fplrit  of  the  conftitution,  and  jufl 
puniflii  ility  and  a(liduity  with  which  he  had   been  ac-    notions  of  equity,  continue  to  have  exiftence.     No  man 
cuftrmed.     It  has  been  fuppofed,  that  he  held  his  of-    has  ever,  in  an  equal  degree,  poffefTed  that  wonderful 
fice  af'er  he  was  dilabled  from  executing  the  duties  of    fagacity  in  difcovering  chicanery  and  artifice,  and  fepa- 
it,  from  a  wilh  to  lecure  the  fucceffioii  of  it  to  a  very    rating  fallacy  from  truth,  and  fophiftry  from  argument, 
particular  friend.     Be  this  as  it  may,  the  chief  juilice    fo  as  to  hit  the  exact  equity  of  the  cafe.     He  fullered 
continued  in  his  office  until  the  mon'.h  of  June   1788,    not  jultice  to  be  ftrangled  in  the  nets  of  form, 
when  he  fent  in  his  refignation.  "  His  memory  was  aftonifliing — he  never  took  notes. 

From  this  period  tlie  bodily  powers  of  his  Lordfhip  or,  if  he  did,  feldom  or  ever  confulted  them."  His  re- 
continued  10  decline  ;  liis  mental  faculties,  however,  re-  ferences  to  expreflions  which  fell  from  him  in  the  courfe 
mained  without  decay  almofl  to  the  lall.  During  this  of  tiie  debate,  or  liis  quotations  from  books,  were  fo 
time  he  was  particularly  inquilitivc  and  anxious  about  faithful,  that  they  might  have  been  faid  to  have  been 
the  proceedings  in  France,  and  iclt  his  fenfibility,  in  repeated  •verbatim.  The  purpofes  to  which  he  employ- 
common  with  every  good  man,  wounded  by  the  hor-  ed  thefe  amazing  talents  were  ftill  more  extraordinary  : 
rible  inftance  of  democratic  infatuation  in  the  murder  if  it  was  the  weak  part  of  his  opponent's  arguments 
of  the  innocent  Louis  XVI.  He  lived  juft  long  enough  that  he  referred  to,  he  was  fure  to  expofe  its  fallacy, 
to  exprefs  his  fatisfaiflion  at  the  check  given  to  the  weaknefs,  or  abfurdity,  in  the  moft  poignant  fatire,  or 
French  by  the  Prince  of  Cobourg  in  March  1793;  on  the  hf^ld  it  up  in  the  molt  ridiculous  point  of  view.  If,  on 
20th  of  which  month,  atter  continuing  fome  days  in  a  the  contrary,  it  were  a  point  on  which  his  adverfaries 
ftate  of  infenfibility,  he  departed  this  life,  at  the  age  laid  their  chief  ftrefs  he  Hated  the  words  correifily  ; 
of  88  years.  collected  their  obvious  meaning,  confidered  the  force  of 

"  In  his  pt  litical  oratory  (fays  a  writer  of  the  pre-  tlie  li;veral  arguments  that  had  or  might  liave  been  rai- 
fent  times),  he  was  not  without  a  lival  ;  no  one  had  the  fed  upon  them,  with  a  precifion  that  would  induce  an 
honour  oi  fur pajfing  h\m;  and  let  it  be  remembered,  auditor  almoll  to  fuppofe  that  he  had  previouflv  conli- 
that  his  competitor  was  Pitt.  dered  the  whole,  and  tiiat  his  fpecch  was  the  refult  of 

"  The  rhetorician  that  addreffcd  himfeif  to  TuUy  in  much  previous  I'tudy. 
tliefe  memorable  words — Danojlhcttes  libi  pr^ripuit  ne  "  It  may  be  faid  of  Mansfield  as  of  Virgil,  that  if  he 
fr'ivius  ejfis  Orator,  tu  illi  ne  film — anticipated  their  ap-  had  any  faults,  they  might  be  confidered  in  the  fmie 
plication  to  Mansfield  and  Pitt.  If  the  one  pollsli'ed  manner  with  thofe  of  fome  eminent  fixed  liar,  which, 
Demofthenean  fire  and  energy,  the  other  was  at  Icall  a  if  they  exill  at  all,  are  above  the  reach  of  human  obfer- 
Cicero.  Their  oratory  dilfercd  in  fpecies,  but  was  equal  vation.  The  luminous  xtlier  of  his  life  was  not  obfcu- 
in  merit.  There  was,  at  lead,  no  fuperiority  on  tlie  red  by  any  fhade  d.irk  enough  to  be  d:nominated  a  de- 
fide  of  Pitt.  M-insfield's  eloquence  was  not,  indeed,  of  feft.  On  account  of  his  dclcent,  local  prejudices  and 
that  daring,  bold,  declamatory  kind,  fo  irrefiltibly  propenlities  were  imputed  to  him,  and  his  conduct,  on 
powerful  in  the  monient.iry  buftic  ol  popular a!leml)l:es;  that  account,  examined  with  a  microfcopic  eye;  but 
but  it  was  poliefled  of  ihat  pure  and  Au\c  fpirit,  and  the  optic  through  which  it  was  viewed  poflclFed  a  par- 
feduflive  power  of  pcrfualion,  that  delights,  inilniifts,  ty  tinge,  equally  odious  and  deceptive, 
and  cventu.iUy  triumphs.  It  has  been  very  beautifully  "  His  political  principles  were  ever  confident  ;  and 
and  juftly  compared  to  a  river,  that  meanders  through  to  preferve  confillcncy  in  fuch  ftaticnsand  in  fuch  times 
verdant  meads  and  flowery  gardens,  reflecting  in  its  cry-  as  occupied  the  life  of  Mansfield,  conditutes  an  ordeal 
(lal  bofom  the  varied  cbjeifts  that  adorn  its  banks,  and  llrongly  impreflive  of  virtue.  It  has  been  faid  tliat  he 
refrelhing  the  country  through  which  it  flows.  wanted  fpirit.     Is  the  uniform  oppofition  of  popular 

"  To  illuftrate  his  oratory  by  example,  would  require  opinion,  and  apparently  the  contempt  of  it,  any  proof 
voluminous  tranfcripts  from  the  records  of  Parliament ;  of  the  aifertion  ?  His  fpeech  and  conduct  in  the  affair 
and  it  is  unnecelfary,  as  we  can  appeal  to  living  recol-  of  Wilkes's  outlawry,  when  popular  prejudice  ran  in 
leifficn.  torrents,  illudrate  each  other.     He  defpifcJ  (to  borrow 

"  Having  added  weight  and  dignity  to  the  offices  an  cxprefiicn  of  his  own)  tliat  mufhroom  popularity 
of  attorney  and  folicitor  general,  liis  reputation  as  a  that  is  raifed  without  merit,  and  loll  with 'Ut  a  crime, 
fpeaker,  a  lawyer,  and  a  politician,  elevated  him  to  He  difdained  being  the  llave  of'  popular  impulfe.  or  to 
the  peerage,  and  the  exalted  pod  of  chief  judice  of  acknowledge  the  Ihouts  of  a  mob  lor  the  trumpet  of 
Ungland.     He  afcended  t)  the  dignities  of  flate  by  ra-    fame  " 

pid  tliidcs:  they  were  not  bedoued  by  the  caprice  of  He  had  a  mind  too  great  to  be  afliimed  of  revering 
party  favour  or  affcflion.  They  were  (a^  was  faid  of  the  ordinances  of  religion;  and  as,  after  tlie  moft  im- 
Pliny)  liberal  difpenlations  of  power  upon  an  obje(5l  partial  inquiry,  he  was  a  riim  believer  c  f  the  truth  and 
that  knew  how  to  add  new  luftre  to  that  po\ser,  by  importance  of  Chridianity,  lie  iVequentcd  the  churcii 
the  r.itional  exertKm  of  his  own.  regularly,  and  received  th;holy  liicrarnenton  tliehigner 

"  Here  we  c-an  fpeak  of  this  great  man  within  our  felfiv.ils.  Mr  H  'lliday  his  publilhed  a  I'ermon,  which 
own  recoiled  ion ;  and  however  pirty  prejudices  may  he  fiys  was  dilated  by  Lord  Mansfield  to  his  friend 
adopt  their  diiferent  favourites,  and  eadi  contend  in  de-  blfhop  Jihnfon,  and  preached  by  that  prelate  before  toe 
tradllng  from  ihe  merit  of  the  other,  it  is,  we  believe,  Hcul'e  of  Lords.  It  is  a  very  f'crious  and  appropriate 
geusrally  unjcrdood,  that  precedence  is  allowed  the    difcourfc;  but  judging  uponiuiermdevidence,  we  Ihould 

naz. 


M     U     S 


[     J9<^    ] 


M     U     S 


MiifiMini. 


•Mufilc,  not  li.ivc  fiipporcd  it  ihc  corrpofiticn  of  ihe  eloquent 
and  argiimcnuitive  chicljuUice  of  England.  HisLord- 
(liip's  will,  which  was  written  with  hii  own  hand,  upon 
Utile  mere  llutn  h.«lf  a  flieet  of  paper,  begins  with  the 
Jollowiiig  elegant  and  pioos  paragraph,  with  which  we 
Ihall  conclude  this  fketch  of  his  chara(5ler  : 

'<  When  it  IhiU  pleafe  Almighty  God  to  call  me  to 
that  (late,  to  which,  of  all  I  now  enjoy  I  can  carry  on- 
ly the  fatijfailion  of  my  own  confcience,  and  a  lull  re- 
liance upon  his  mercy  through  Jefus  Chrill,  I  delire 
that  my  body  may  be  interred  as  privately  as  may  be  ; 
and  out  of  refpcvl  for  the  place  of  my  early  education, 
1  niould  Willi  it  to  be  in  Wcftminiler  Abbey."  It  was 
interred  in  Weftminfter  Abbey,  in  the  fame  vault  with 
the  Counlefs  (who  had  died  April  lo.  17S4),  between 
the  late  Eul  of  Chatham  and  Lord  Robert  Manners. 

MUSCLE  Bimi,  at  the  entrance  into  Trinity  Bay 
or  harbour,  in  the  direiflion  of  S.  W.  on  the  E.  coaft  of 
Newfoundland  Ifland. — Morse. 

Muscle  Bay,  in  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  in  S. 
America,  is  half  way  between  Elizabeth's  Bay,  and 
York  Road  ;  in  which  there  is  good  anchorage  with  a 
wellerly  wind. — li. 

Mt'SCLE  Bay,  or  Mejfdlones,  on  the  coaft  of  Chili  or 
Peru,  in  S.  America,  5  leagues  S.  by  W.  of  Atacama. 
—ib. 

Muscle  Shoals,  in  Tenneflee  river,  about  250  miles 
from  its  mouth,  extend  about  20  miles,  and  derive 
their  name  irom  the  nutr.ber  of  lliell-f.lh  found  there. 
At  this  place  the  river  Ipreads  to  the  breadth  of  3  miles, 
and  forms  a  number  of  iflands  ;  and  the  palfage  is 
difficult,  except  when  there  is  a  fwell  in  the  river. 
From  this  place  up  to  the  Whirl,  or  Suck,  where  the 
river  breaks  through  the  Great  Ridge,  or  Cumberland 
Mountain,  is  250  miles,  the  navigation  all  the  way  ex- 
celknt. — tb. 

MUSCONECUNK,  a  fmall  river  of  New-Jerfey, 
vhich  empties  into  the  Delaware  6  miles  below  Eallon. 
—ib. 

MUSEUM,  in  the  language  of  the  prefent  day,  is 
a  budding  in  which  are  depofited  fpeciniens  of  every 
objeifl  that  is  in  any  degree  cuiious,  whether  fuch  ob- 
jects be  natural  or  artilicial.  What  the  word  jiivfeum 
exprelled  originally,  has  been  told  under  that  title  in 
the  Encyclopedia. 

A  complete  mufeum  contains  colleflions  of  prefer- 
red bealls,  birds,  filhes,  reptiles,  &c.  ;  models  of  ma- 
chines; raremanufcripts;  and  indeed  fpecimens  of  every 
thing  necelfary  to  illullrate  pliyfical  fcience,  to  im- 
prove art,  to  aid  the  antiquarian  in  his  refearches,  and 
to  exhibit  the  manners  and  cuftoms  of  men  in  diftant 
ages  and  nations.  As  natural  olijeifls  ot  uncommon 
lize  or  beauty,  and  other  rare  produiSions,  were,  in  the 
Ctrl  eft  periods,  conkcraled  to  the  gods,  the  temples 
were,  of  courfe,  the  rirft  repofitories  of  fuch  cclleiftions, 
or,  in  other  words,  the  firlt  MuJ'emns.  This,  we  think, 
•/nw/iiitnj,  has  been  completely  proved  by  Proteifor  Beckmann.* 
Tol.il.  "When  Manno  (fays  he)  returned  Irom  his  diftant 

r-  4-i-  voyages,  he  biought  with  him  to  Carthage  two  fkins  ot 

the   hairy  women  whom  he  found  on  the  Gorgades 
illands,  and  depofited  them  as  a  memorial  in  the  temple 


of  Juno,  where  they   continued    till  the  dellruflion  of  MMfinni. 
the  city.       Tlie  iiorns  of  a  Scythian  animal,  in  which  ^-^'""''^ 
tire  Stygian    water    that  deftroyed  every  other  vellcl 
could  be  contained,  were  fcnt  by  Alexander  as  a  curio- 
fity  to  lire  temple  of  Dclplii,  where  they  were  fnfpend- 
ed,   with   an  infcription,   which  has  been   preferved  by 
iElian.     The  monllrous  horns  of  the  wild  bulls  v/hich 
had  occafioned  fo  much  devaluation  in  Macedonij,  were, 
by  order  ot  King  Piiillp,  hung  up  in  tlie  temple  ot  Her- 
cules.  The  unr.aturally  formed  llioulder  bones  of  Pelops 
were  depofited  in  the  temple  of  Elis.      The  horns  of  the 
fo  called  Indian  ants  were  (hewn  in  the  temple  of  Her- 
cules at  Erythire  ;  and  the  crocodile  found  in  attempt- 
ing to  difcover  the  fources  of  the  Nile  was  preferved  in 
the  temple  of   His  at  Cxfarea.        A  large  piece  of  the 
root  of  the  cinnamon  tree  was  kept  in  a  golden  veffel  in 
one  of  the  temples  at  Rome,  where  it  was  examined  by 
Pliny.       The  fkin  of  that  monller  which  the  Roman 
army  in  Africa  attacked  and  deftroyed,  and  which  pro- 
bably was  a  crocodile,  an  animal  common  in  that  coun- 
try, but  never  feen  by  the  Romans  before  the  Punic 
war,  was,  by  Regulus,  fent  to  Rome,  and  hung  up  in 
one  of  the  temples,  where  it  remained  till  the  time  of 
the  Numantine  war  (a).     In  the  temple  of  Juno,  in  the 
illand  of  Melita,  there  were  a  pair  of  elephants  teeth  of 
extraordinary  fize,  which  were  carried  away  by  Mafi- 
nilla's  admiral,  and  tranfmitted  to  that  prince,  who, 
though  he  fet  a  high  value  upon  tliem,  fent  them  again 
back,  becaufe  he  heard  tliey  had  been  taken  from  a  tem- 
ple.    The  head  of  a  bafiliic  was  exhibited  in  one  ot  the 
temples  of  Diana;    and  the  bones  of  that  fea  monfter, 
probably  a  whale,  to  which  Andromeda  was  expoled, 
were   preferved  at  Joppa,  and  afterwards   brought   to 
Rome.     In  the  time  of  Paufanias,  the  head  of  the  cele- 
brated Calydonlan  boar  was  (hewn  in  one  of  the  temples 
of  Greece  ;  but  it  was  then  deftitute  of  briftles,  and  had 
fuifered  confiderably  by  the  hand  of  time.     The  mon- 
ftrous  tufks  of  this  animal  were  brought  to  Rome,  after 
the  defeat  of  Anthony,     by  the  Emperor  Auguftns, 
who  caufed  them  to  be  fufpended  in  the  temple  ot  Bac- 
chus.    ApoUonius  tells  us,  that  he  faw  in  India  fome 
of  thofe  nuts  which  in   Greece   were  preferved  in  the 
temples  as  curiofities." 

Tliough  thefe  curiofities  were  preferved  in  the  temples 
for  purpofes  very  diiTerent  from  thofe  for  which  our 
coUeftions  are  made,  there  can  be  no  doubt  but  that 
they  contributed  to  promote  the  knowledge  of  natural 
hiftory.  If  it  he  true,  as  Pliny  and  Strabo  inform  us, 
that  Hippocrates  availed  himlelfofthe  accounts  which 
were  hung  up  in  the  temple  of  JEl'culapius  of  different 
diieafes,  and  of  the  medicines  and  mode  of  treatment 
by  which  they  were  cured  ;  it  will  eafily  be  believed, 
that  the  natural  hiftorians  availed  themfelves,  in  a  fimllar 
manner,  of  the  various  rare  objeifts  which  were  prefer- 
ved in  the  temples  of  the  other  gods.  This,  w-e  fee, 
Pliny  a^ually  did. 

Suetoniua  informs  us,  that  Auguftns  had,  in  his  pa- 
lace, a  colleiflion  of  natural  cuiiotities;  and  it  is  well 
known  that  Alexander  gave  orders  to  all  huntfmen, 
bird-catchers,  hlhermen,  and  others,  to  fend  to  Ariiloile 
whatever  rare  animals  they  could  procure.  M.  Beck- 
mann 


(a)  We  think,  with  the  tranflator  of  Beckraann's  Hiftory,  that  this  animal  was  not  the  crocodile,  but  the  Boa 
cinjlriclor.     See  Boa  and  Serpent,  EncycL 


M     U     S 


C    591    ] 


M     U     S 


Mufcum.  mann  fcems  to  be  of  opinion,  that  the  firft  private  miife- 
^'^~''''**^  um  was  ibrmed  by  Apuleius,  who, next  to  Ariliotkand 
his  fcholar  Theophradus,  certainly  examined  natural 
objiiffs  with  the  greattll  ardour  and  judgment ;  who 
caufL'd  animals  ot  every  kind,  and  particularly  fi(h,  to 
be  brought  to  him  either  dead  or  alive,  in  order  to  de- 
I'cribe  their  external  and  internal  parts,  their  number 
and  I'.tuation,  and  to  deterniine  their  charj.dlerifing 
mari<5,  and  tftabiilh  their  real  names  ;  who  undertook 
diilaul  journeys  to  become  acquainted  with  the  fccrets 
oF  nature;  a:  d  who,  on  the  Getulian  mountains,  col- 
lefled  petrct'aiftions,  which  he  confidered  as  the  elteifts 
cl'  Deucalion's  flood. 

The  principal  cauls  why  colleilions  of  natural  curio- 
fiiies  were  iVaice  in  aiicient  times,  mult  have  been  the 
ignorance  of  natiiralras  in  regard  to  the  proper  means 
of  preferving  lucli  bodies  as  foon  fpoil  or  corrupt.  Some 
nietiiods  were  indeed  known  and  pracftifed,  but  tliey 
were  all  d^fetSive  and  inferior  to  that  by  Ipirit  of  wine, 
which  prevcius  putrefadion,  and  which,  by  its  perfeft 
tranl'parency,  permits  the  objcils  which  are  covered  by 
it  to  t.e  at  all  time;  viewed  and  examined.  Thel'e  me- 
thods were  the  i'^Lrna  as  thofe  employed  to  preferve  pro- 
vifions,  or  the  bodies  of  preat  men  dcceafed.  They 
were  put  into  I'alt  brine  or  honey,  or  were  covered  over 
witli  wax.  Tlius  the  hippopotamus,  defcribed  by  Co- 
lumna,  was  fc.it  to  him  from  Egypt  preferved  in  filt. 
The  body  of  Agefipolis  King  of  Sparta,  who  6\:d  in 
Macedonia,  was  fent  home  in  honey;  the  celebrated 
purple  dye  of  ihs  ancients  was  preferved  frelli  for  many 
years  by  the  f.inii  means;  and  at  ihis  day,  when  the 
Orientals  are  defirous  of  tranfpoiting  filh  to  any  dif- 
tance,  they  cover  ihcm  over  with  wax. 

In  liiofv"  centuries  which  are  ufuaily  called  tlie  middle 
ages,  the  Prole'.ior  finds  no  traces  ofwh.it  can  be  called 
a  mufeum,  except  in  the  treafuries  cf  emperor?,  kings, 
and  princes,  wlieie,  ber;des  auiclcs  o{  great  value,  cu- 
riodiies  of  art,  antiquities,  and  relics,  one  fometimes 
lound  f:arce  and  fingular  foreign  animals,  which  were 
dried  and  preferved.  Such  objedts  were  lo  be  feen  in 
the  old  treafury  at  Vienna  ;  and  in  that  of  St  Denis  was 
exhibircd  the  claw  c;f  a  grifEn,  fent  by  a  king  of  Per- 
li.\  to  Charlcni  igne  ;  the  teeth  of  the  liippopotamus, 
and  other  thing;,  of  the  like  kind.  In  thefe  coilei^lions, 
the  number  of  the  raritits  always  increafed  in  propor- 
tion as  a  tafte  for  natural  hiftory  became  more  preva- 
lent, and  as  the  extenlion  of  commerce  afforded  better 
opportunities  for  procuiing  the  produiflions  of  remote 
countries.  Menageries  were  elfablilhed  to  add  to  the 
riiagnilicence  of  courts,  and  the  Ihiffid  iT^ins  of  rare  ani- 
mals were  hung  upas  rnemoria!si-f  their  having  cxiifed. 
Public  libraries  alio  were  made  receptacles  for  fuch  na- 
tural curiofities  aswcie  tiom  time  to  time  prefenied  to 
them  ;  and  as  in  univerlitics  the  faculty  if  medicine  had 
a  hall  appropriated  lor  tl.e  dilfeclion  of  human  bodies, 
cnriofiiics  fn.m  the  animal  kingdom  were  ccHe^led 
there  alio  by  degrees ;  and  it  is  probable  that  the  pro- 
filfcrs  of  anatomy  lirll  made  attempts  toprcfirve  d  f- 
ferent  parts  of  animalsinfpiritof  wine,as  they  were  obli- 
ged to  keep  them  by  them  for  the  ufe  of  their  fchclars  ; 
and  becaufe  in  old  times  dead  bodies  were  not  given  up 
to  them  as  at  prcfent,  and  were  more  dillicult  to  be 
obt.iined.  Private  colleftions  appear  for  tl'.e  Hill  time 
in  the  l6tii  century;  and  there  is  no  doubt  (fays  our 
autlior)  that  they  wcrs  foniied  by  every  Icarnsd  nun 


vviio    at  that  period  applied  to  the  Rudy  of  natural 
hiftory. 

MUSHROOM,  a  fungus,  of  which  fome  of  the 
principal  fpecies  have  been  difcribed  in  the  Emyc/y- 
paJia  under  the  generic  name  Agaricus.  Theie  is, 
however,  one  fpecies  not  mentioned  there — the  Bohtus 
hirfutus  ot  BuUiard,  which  is  certainly  worthy  of  no- 
tice, fince  one  of  the  Fruicb  chemills  has  lately  ex- 
traded  from  it  a  briglit,  (hiuing,  and  vei  y  durable  yellow 
dye.  Tiiis  pretty  large  mulhtoom  grows  commonly 
on  walnut  and  apple-trees.  Its  colouring-matter  is 
contained  in  abundance,  not  or.ly  in  th.e  tubular  part, 
but  alfo  in  the  pareuiihyma  tf  the  body  of  the  mufli- 
room.  In  order  to  extract  it,  the  mulhroom  is  pound- 
ed in  a  mortar,  and  the  liquor  thence  obtained  is  boil- 
ed for  a  quarter  of  an  hour  in  water.  An  ounce  of 
liquor  is  fufficient  to  communicate  colouring-matter  to 
llx  pounds  of  water.  When  the  liquor  has  been  Itrain- 
ed,  the  llufT  to  be  dyed  is  put  into  ir,  and  boiled  for  n 
quarter  of  an  hour.  All  kinds  of  ftufl"  receive  this  co- 
lour and  retain  it  ;  but  on  linen  and  cotton  it  is  lefs 
bright.  Tliis  colour  may  be  modified,  in  a  very  agree- 
able manner,  by  tlie  efl'eif  of  mordants. 

The  procefs  fucceeded  bell  on  lilk.  When  this  fub- 
flance,  after  being  dyed,  is  madetopafs  througli  a  bath 
of  foft  (oap,  it  acquires  a  Ihiuing  golden  yellow  colour, 
which  has  a  perfecft  rcf'emblance  to  the  yellow  of  that 
filk  employed  to  imitate  embroidery  in  gold,  and  which 
has  hitheito  been  brouglit  from  China  and  fold  at  a 
dstr  rate,  as  the  method  of  dyeing  it  is  unknown  in 
Europe.  The  yellow  coK.ur  extrafted  from  this  rhufii- 
room  may  be  emjjloycd  alii)  with  advantage  for  paint- 
ing in  water-colours  as  well  as  in  oil. 

MUSKINGUM,  that  is,  Elk's  Ey.-,  a  navigable 
river  of  the  N.  W.  Territory.  It  is  250  yards  wide 
at  its  confluence  with  the  Oliio,  172  mdes  belov.'  Pittf- 
burg,  including  the  windings  of  the  Ohio,  though  in 
a  dirttt  line  it  is  but  90  mile.'.  At  its  mouth  Ifancs 
Fort  Haim.ir  and  Marietta.  lis  banks  are  fo  high  as 
to  prevent  iti  oversowing,  and  it  is  navigable  by  large 
batteau?c  and  bargts  to  the  Thiee  Legs,  1  io  miles  from 
its  m'Uith,  and  by  fmall  coats  to  the  lake  at  its  head, 
45  miles  faither.  Fiom  tlience,  by  a  portage  of  .:bouc 
one  mile,  a  communication  is  opened  to  Lake  Erie, 
through  Cayahoga,  a  ilream  of  great  utility,  naviga- 
ble the  whole  length,  without  any  obrtru.fiion  from 
falls.  From  Lake  I'Lrie,  the  avenue  is  well  known  to 
Hudfon's  river  in  the  State  of  New-Yoik.  The  land 
on  this  river  and  its  branclies  is  of  a  fuperior  quality, 
and  the  country  abounds  in  fprings  and  conveniences 
fitted  to  fcttlements  remote  from  lea  navigation,  viz. 
falt-fpiings,  coal,  frce-llone,  and  clay.  A  valuabl; 
faltfpiing  has  been  very  lately  difcovered,  8  miles 
from  this  river,  and  50  from  Marietta,  called  the  Bi<' 
S/>iing.  Such  a  quantity  of  water  flows,  as  to  keep 
1000  gallons  conrtanlly  boiling.  Ten  gallons  of  this 
water  will,  as  experiment  has  proved,  afford  a  quart  cf 
fait  of  fuperior  quality  to  any  made  on  the  fea-coall. 
— Mom. 

MUS()ITAKIES  Inilians  inhabit  the  fourhern  wa- 
ters ot  Lake  Michigan,  having  200  warriors. — ili. 

MUSCULATIONS,  an  Iiidiau  tribe  inhabiting  near 
Lake  Michigan. — .i. 

MUSKITTO  Cuvc,  in  N.  America,  lies  in  hit.  6.|t 
^S  13,  and  in  long.  53  3  45  W'.—IL 


Mufquito, 

II 
Myerf- 
town. 


NAN  [59 

MUSQITITO  River  and  Bay  lis  at  a  fmall  diflance 
north  of  Cape  Canaverel,  on  thecoaft  of  E.  Florida. 
The  banks  of  Mufquito  river  towards  the  continent 
abound  in  trees  and  plants  common  to  Florida,  with 
pleafant  orange  groves  ;  whilll  the  narrow  ftripes  of 
land  towards  the  fea,  are  molUy  fand-hills. — ii. 

MUSQUITONS,  an  Indian  nation  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  the  Piankeftiaws  and  Outtagomies. — ii. 

MUTSUDDIES,  in  Bengal,  writers,  accountants, 
officers  of  government. 

MUZCOORET,  allowances  to  zemindars  in  land  or 
money.     See  Zemindar,  Suppl. 

MYERSTOWN,    a   village    of  Dauphin   county, 


2    3 


NAN 


Pennfylvania,  fituated  on  the  N.  fide  of  Tulpehockon 
creek,  a  few  miles  below  the  canal.  It  contains  about 
25  lioufes,  and  is  32  miles  eaft  by  north  of  Harrifburg, 
and  77  from  Philadelphia. — Morse. 

MYNOMANIES,  or  Minomanies,  an  Indian  tribe, 
who  with  the  tribes  of  the  Chipewas  and  Saukeys,  live 
near  Cay  Puan,  and  could  together  furnifli,  about  20 
years  ago,  550  warriors.  The  Minomanies  have  about 
300  fighting  men. — ib. 

MYRTLE  IJlanJ,  one  of  the  Chandeleurs  or  Myrtle 
iflands,  in  NalTau  Bay,  on  the  coaft  of  Florida,  on  the 
weft  fide  of  the  peninfula. — ib. 


Mynoma- 
nies, 

y 

Myrtle. 


N. 


Naaman's,  "VTAAMAN's  Creek,  a  fmall  ftream  which  runs  S. 
p         _[^   eafterly  into  Delaware  liver,  at  Marcus  Hook. 
Nancowry.  — Morse. 

"-"^^''^'-^  NABOB,  or  Nowab,  a  title  of  courtefy  given  in 
India  to  Mahomcdans  high  in  ftation,  particularly 
provincial  governors. 

NAB's  Bay,  near  the  weftern  limit  of  Hudfon's  Bay, 
known  by  the  name  of  the  Welcome  Sea.  Cape  Eiti- 
maux  is  its  fouthern  point  or  entrance. — Morse. 

NACO,  a  town  of  New-Spain,  in  the  province  of 
Hondura?,  50  miles  north-well  of  Valadolid — ib. 

The  Sun's  NADIR,  is  the  axis  of  the  cone  pro- 
jefted  by  the  iliadow  of  the  earth  :  fo  called,  becaufe 
that  axis  being  prolonged,  gives  a  point  in  the  ecliptic 
diametrically  ojpofite  to  the  fun. 

N  AH  ANT  Poini  forms  the  N.  E.  point  of  Bofton 
harbour,  in  Mallachufetts ;  9  miles  E.  N.  E.  of  Bofton. 
N.  lat.  42  27,   W.  long.  70  ^t.— Morse. 

NAHUNKEAG,  afniall  ifland  in  Kennebeck  river, 
38  miles  from  the  fea,  fignifies,  in  the  Indian  language, 
the  land  where  eels  are  taken. — ib. 

NAIB,  a  deputy. 

NAIN,  a  Moravian  fettlement,  which  was  eftablifh- 
ed  in  1763,  on  Lehigh  river,  in  Pennfylvania. — Morse. 

Nain,  a  fettlement  of  the  Moravians  on  the  coaft  of 
Labrador,  near  the  entrance  of  Davis's  Straits,  being 
S.  S.  W.  of  Cape  Farewell.  It  was  begun  under  the 
protection  of  the  EritiOi  government,  but  is  now  de- 
ferted. — ib. 

NAKED,  in  architeflure,  as  the  naked  of  a  wall, 
&c.  is  the  furface,  or  plane,  from  whence  the  projec- 
tures  arife ;  or  which  fcrves  as  a  ground  to  the  projec- 
tures. 

NAMASKET,  a  fmall  river  which  empties  into 
Narraganfet  Bay  — Morse. 

NANCOWRY,  or  Soury,  as  it  is  fometimes  called, 
is  one  of  the  Nicobar  ifles,  and  fituated  nearly  in  the 
centre  of   the  clufter  (See  Nicobar,   Encycl.).      Its 


length  may  be  about  eight  miles,  and  its  breadth  nearly  Nancowry. 
equal.  The  ifland  of  Comerty,  wliich  is  near  it,  is  v.^"^''^**-' 
more  extenfive,  but  does  not  perhaps  contain  more  folid 
land,  being  excavated  by  a  very  large  bay  from  the  fea. 
The  fpace  between  thefe  two  iOands  forms  a  capacious 
and  excellent  harbour,  the  eaftern  enirance  of  which  is 
fheltered  by  another  ifland,  called  Trikut,  lying  at  the 
diftance  of  about  a  league.  The  inlet  from  the  weft  is 
narrow,  but  fufficiently  deep  to  admit  the  largeft  Ihips 
when  the  wind  is  fair. 

The  Danes  have  long  maintained  a  fmall  fettlement 
at  this  place,  which  ftands  on  the  northern-moft  point 
of  Nancowry,  within  the  harbour.  A  ferjeant  and 
three  or  four  foldiers,  a  few  black  flaves,  and  two  rufty 
old  pieces  of  ordnance,  compofe  the  whole  of  their  efta- 
blifliment.  They  have  here  two  houfes  ;  one  of  which, 
built  entirely  of  wood,  is  their  habitation  ;  the  other, 
formerly  inhabited  by  their  miflicnaries,  ferves  now  for 
a  ftorehoufe. 

Thefe  iflands  are  in  general  woody,  but  contain  like- 
wife  fome  portions  of  clear  land.  From  the  fummits 
of  their  hills  the  profpeifls  are  often  beautiful  and  ro- 
mantic. The  foil  is  rich,  and  probably  capable  of  pro- 
ducing all  the  various  fruits  and  vegetables  common  to 
hot  climates.  The  natural  produdions  of  this  kind, 
which  moftly  abound,  are  cocoa  nuts,  papias,  plantains, 
limes,  tamarinds,  beetle  nuts,  and  the  melori,  a  fpecies 
of  breadfruit ;  yams,  and  other  roots  are  cultivated  and 
thrive  ;  but  rice  is  here  unknown.  The  matigojlain  tree, 
whofe  fruit  is  io  juftly  extolled,  grows  wild  ;  and  pine- 
apples of  a  delicious  flavour  are  found  in  the  woods. 

Of  all  the  Nicobar  ifles  Nancowry  and  Comerty  are 
faid  to  be  the  beft  peopled  ;  the  population  of  both  be- 
ing fuppofed  to  amount  to  eight  hundred.  The  natives 
of  Nancowry  and  of  the  Nicobar  idands  in  general,  live 
in  villages  on  the  fea-fhore,  and  never  ereft  their  habi- 
tations Inland  (a).  Their  houfes  are  of  a  circular  form, 
and  are  covered  with  elliptical  domes,  thatched  with 

grals 


(a)  The  great  Nicobar  ifland  is  perhaps  an  exception,  where,  it  is  faid,  a  race  of  men  exifts,  who  are  totally 
different  in  their  colour  and  manners.  They  are  confidered  as  the  Aborigines  of  the  country.  They  live  in  the 
interior  parts  among  the  mountains,  and  commit  frequent  depredations  on  the  peaceable  inhabitants  of  the  coafts. 


NAN  L    595     1  N     A     N 

Nar.cowry.  grafs  and  the  leaves  of  cocoa  nut.     They  are  raifed  kind  of  pafte  made  of  llie  mc/o/-/,  ferves  them  for  breaJ  ;   Xunjcmjr, 

^^'~''''^"*^  upon  piles  to  the  height  of  fix  or  eight  feet  above  the  and  they  firiilh  ihcir  repall  witJi  copious  potations  of 

ground  ;    the  floor  and  lides  are  laid  wilii  planks,  and  taury,  an  inebriatirig  liquor." 

the  afeent  is  by  a  l.idder.       In   thnfe  bays  fr  inlets         The  Nicobareans  are  hofpitable  ar.d  honcfl,  and  are 

vhich   are   (heltered   from  the  furf,    they  ereA   thtin  remarkable  for  a  ftricf  oblervance  of  truth,    and  for 

fometimes  fo  near  the  margin  of  the  water  as  to  admit  punfluality  in  adhering  to  their  engagements.     Such 

the   tide   to  flow  under,    and  walh  away  the  ordure  crimes  as  theft,  robbery,  and  murder,  arc  unknown  in 

from  below.  tlufi  iflands  ;  but  th:y  do  net  want  fpiiit  to  revenge 

In  front  of  their  villages,  and  a  little  advanced  in  the  their  injuries,  and  will  figlit  refnlutely,  and  flay  thcT 

water,  they  plant  beacons  of  a  great  height,  which  they  enemies,  if  attacked  or  unjullly  dealt  with.     Their  only 

adorn  v.ith  tnits  made  of  grafs,  or  the  burk  of  fome  tree,  vice,  if  this  failing  can  be  fo  railed,  is  inebriation  ;  but 

Thefe  objtfls  are  diiccrnible  at  a  great  dirtance,  and  are  in  their  cups  ihey  are  generally  jovial  and  good-hu- 

intended  probably  for  landmarks  j  their  houfes,  which  moured.      It  fometimes,    however,    hapjiens  at  their 

are  cvcrfhadowed  by  thick  groves  of  cocoa  nut  trees,  feafts,  that  the  men  of  different  villages  fall  out ;  and 

feldom  being  vifible  from  afar.  the  quarrel  immediately  becomes  general.     In   thefe 

The  Nicobareans,   though  indolent,   are  in  general  cafes  they  terminate  thtir  differences  in  a  pit.  hed  battle  ; 

robud  and  well-limbed.     Their  features  are  fomewhat  where  the  only  weapons  ufed  are  long  (licks,  of  a  hard 

like  tlie  Malays,  and  their  col  )Ur  is  nearly  finiilar.    The  and  knotty  wood.     Wich  thefe  they  drub  one  annther 

women  are  much  inferior  in   ftature  to  the  men,  but  moll  heartily,  till,  no  longer  able  to  endure  the  coiiflicf, 

more  aiflive  in  all  domeftic  affairs.     Contrary  to  the  lliey  mutually  put  a  ftop  to  the  combat,  and  all  get 

cuftom  of  other  nations,  the  women  (have  the  hair  of  drunk  again. 

their  heads,  or  keep  it  dofe  cropt,  which  gives  them  an         NANJEMY  River,  a  fnort  creek  which  empties  in- 
uncouth  appearance,  in  the  eyes  of  (Irangcrs  at  lead.  to  the  Patowmac  in  Charles  county,  Maryland,  fouth- 

The  inhabitants  of  Nancowry  perform,  every  year,  weflward  of  Port  I'obacco  river. — Morsa. 
a  very  extraordinary  ceremony  in  honour  of  the  dead.         NANKAR,  ancient  allowance  to  zemindars  in  land 

It  is  thus  delcribed  by  Lieutenant  Colebrooke  :  or  money. 

"  On  the  anniverf-iry  of  this  feftival,  if  it  can  be  fo         NANKEEN,  or  Nan-king,  is  a  well-known  cottorx 

called,    their   houfes   are  decorated  with   garlands  of  fluff,  which  derives  its  name  from  the  ancient  capital  cf 

flowers,  fruits,  and  branches  of  trees.     The  people  of  China  (See  Nan-king,  Encvtl.).     It  is,  however,  ac- 

each  village  affemble,  drelt  in  tlieir  bed  attire,  at  the  cording  to  Van  Braam,  manuf.idtnred  at  a  great  dlftance 

principal  houfe  in  the  place,  where  they  fpend  the  day  from  that  city,  in  the  dillrift  L-i  Foiig  iiargfou,  fituated 

in  a  convivial  manner  ;  the  men,  fitting  apart  from  the  in  the  fouth-eaft  of  the  piovince  of  Kiongnam  upon 

women,    fmokc   tobacco,    and   intoxicate   themfelves ;  the  fea-fhore.     Tlie  colour  {'f  nankeen  is  natural,  the 

while  the  latter  are  nurfing  their  children,  and  employ-  down  of  which  it  is  made  being  d'  the  fame  yellow 

ed  in  preparations  for   tlie  mournful  bufinefs   of  the  tirige  with  the  cloth.     The  colour,  as  well  as  fupeiior 

night.     At  a  certain  hour  of  the  afiernoon,  announced  quality  of  this  cotton,  feems  to  be  derived  from  the  foil ; 

by  llriking  the   Cuung,  the  women  let  up  the  moil  dif-  for  it  is  faid  that  the  feeds  of  the  nankeen  cotton  dege- 

mal  howls  and  lamentations,  which  they  continue  with-  nerate  in  both  particulars  when  tranfplanted  to  another 
out  intermilllon   till   aljout   fun-fet;    when   the  whole 
party  get  up,  and  walk  in  proceQlon  to  tlie  burying- 
ground.       Arrived  at  the  place,    they  form  a  circle 
aroui:d  one  of  the  graves,  when  a  flake,  planted  exadlly 


province,  however  little  different  in  its  climate.  The 
common  opinion,  that  the  colour  of  the  lluff  is  given 
by  a  dye,  occafioned  an  order  from  Europe,  Ibme 
years  ago,  to  dye  the  pieces  of  nankeen  ct  a  deeper 


over  the  head  of  the  corpfe,  is  pulled  up.  The  woman  colour  tl)an  they  had  at  that  period  ;  and  the  reafon  of 
who  is  neareft  of  kin  to  the  deceafed,  Heps  oat  from  their  being  then  paler  than  formerly  is  as  follows: 
the  crowd,  digs  up  the  fkuU,  and  draws  it  up  with  her  Shortly  after  the  Americans  began  to  trade  with 
hands.  At  fight  of  the  bones,  her  ftrcngth  feems  to  China,  the  demand  increafed  to  nearly  double  to  quaii- 
fail  her;  (he  (hrieks,  Ihe  fobs;  and  tears  of  angui(h  tity  it  was  p(  ffiblc  to  fiirnifh.  To  lupply  this  deficiency, 
abundantly  fall  on  the  mouldering  objei.^  of  her  pious  the  manufadurers  mixed  common  while  cotton  with  tiie 
care.  She  clears  it  from  the  earth,  fcrapes  off  the  brown  ;  this  gave  it  a  pale  cail,  which  was  immediately 
feilering  fle(h,  and  laves  it  plentifully  widi  the  mill;  of  remarked  ;  and  lor  this  lighter  kind  no  purchafer  could 
freCh  cocoa-nuts,  fup|)lied  by  the  by  (landers ;  after  be  lound,  till  t!ie  other  was  exhaufted.  As  the  con- 
which  (he  rubs  it  over  with  an  infufion  of  faffron,  and  fumption  is  grown  lefs  during  the  lad  three  yeais,  the 
wraps  it  carefully  in  a  piece  of  new  cloth.  It  is  then  mixture  of  cotton  is  no  longer  necelfary,  and  nankeen 
depofited  again  in  the  earth,  and  covered  up  ;  the  ftake  is  become  what  it  was  before.  By  keeping  them  two 
is  replanted,  and  hung  with  the  various  trappings  and  or  three  years,  it  even  appears  that  they  have  the  pro- 
implements  belonging  to  the  deceafed.  They  proceed  perty  of  growing  darker.  This  kind  ot  (lufi  miift  be 
then  to  the  other  graves  ;  and  the  whole  night  is  fpent  acknowledged  to  be  the  ftrongelt  yet  known.  Many 
in  repetitions  of  thefe  dilmal  and  ditgudful  rites.  perfons  have  found  that  clothes  made  of  it  will  la(t  three 

"  On  the  morning  following,  the  ceremony  is  con-  or  four  years,  although  (or  ever  in  the  wafh.     This  it  is 

eluded  by  an  offering  of  many  fat  fwine  ;  when  the  fa-  that  makes  them  the  favourite  wear  for  breeches  and 

crificc  made  to  the  dead  alTords  an  ample  fead  to  the  waidcoats  both  in  Europe  and  Amciica.     The  white 

living  :  they  befmear  thcmfelves  with  the  blood  of  the  nankeen  is  of  the  lame  quality,  and  is  made  of  white 

flauLjhtt  red  hog?,  and  fome,  more  voracious  than  others,  cotton  as  good  as  the  brown,  and  wliich  alfo  grows  in 

eat  the  flefli  raw.    They  have  various  ways,  however,  of  Kiang-nam. 

drcdlng  their  meat,  but  always  eat  it  without  fait.     A  NANSEMOND,  a  county  of  Virginia,  on  the  S. 

Sur'pL.  Vol.  11.  4  F                                     fide 


NAN 


c  594  ;i 


NAP 


iiiund. 

II 
Ka'itucket, 


fide  of  James's  river,  and  W.  of  Norfolk  county,  on 
the  N.  Carolina  line.  Ii  is  about  44  miles  in  leiigtli, 
and  24  in  breadth,  and  contains  ijoio  inhabitants,  in- 
cluding 3,81  7  Ibves. —  Morje. 

Nansemond,  a  fhort  river  of  Virginia,  wl.icli  rifes 
in  Great  Difmal  Su-anip,  and  purfuin^j  a  N.  then  a  N. 
r..  dire^lion,  empties  into  James's  river,  a  few  miles 
W.  of  Elizabeth  river.  It  is  navigable  to  Sleepy  Hole, 
for  velfcls  of  250  tons ;  to  Suffolk,  for  thofe  of  100 
tons ;  and  to  Milner'«,  for  thole  of  25  tons. — ili. 

NAN  rASKET  RoaJ,  may  be  confidered  as  the  en- 
trance into  the  channels  of  Bollcn  harbour;  lies  S.  uf 
the  li^ht-houfc,  near  Raiasf  rd  or  Hofpital  Illand. 
A  vell'el  may  anchor  here  in  from  7  to  5  fathoms  in 
f.ifety.  Two  huts  vire  eredcd  here  with  accommoda- 
tions for  flilpwiecked  leameii. — ib. 

NANTIKOKE,  a  mvig.ible  river  of  the  eaQern 
ftore  of  Maryland,  empties  into  the  Chelapeak    Uay. 

Nantikokes,  an  Indim  nation  who  formerly  lived 
in  Maryland,  upon  ihe  above  river.  They  iiill  retired 
to  the  Sufq'iehaiinah,  and  then  lanher  north.  They 
•were  (killed  in  the  art  of  poifoning  ;  by  which  Ihocking 
art  nearly  their  whole  tribe  was  extirpated,  as  well  as 
fome  of  their  neighbours.  Thefc,  with  the  Mohickons 
and  Conoys-,  20  years  ago  inhabited  Uilanango,  Chag- 
netand  Owegy,  on  the  E.  branch  of  the  Sufqueiiannah. 
The  two  firll  could  at  that  period  fuinilTi  100  warri- 
ors each  ;  and  the  Conoys  30  warriors. — io. 

NANTMILL,  E'iji  and  //<//,  two  townlliips  in 
Qiefter  county,  Pennlylvania. — ii. 

NANTUCKET   IjLinJ,  belonging  to  the  State  of 
Malfachufetts,  is  fituated   between  lat.  41    13   and  41 
22  30  N.  and  between  6g  56  and  70  13  30  well  long, 
and  is  about  8  leagues  foutliward  ot  Cape  Cod,  and  lies 
eaftward  of  the  ifland  ol  Martha's  Vineyard.     It  is  15 
miles  in  length,  and  11  in   breadth,  including   Sandy 
Point;  but  its   general  breadth  is   3r  miles.     This  is 
thought   to   be   the  ifland  called   Nauticon   by   ancient 
voyagers.     There  is  but  one   bay   of  any  note,    and 
that  is  formed  by  a  long  fandy   point,  extending  from 
the  E.  end  of  the  ifland  to  the   N.  and  \V.  (on  which 
Hands  a  light-houfe,   whicli  was  ereifted  by  the  State  in 
1784)  and  on  the  nortli  fide  of  the  ifland  as  far  as  Eel 
Point.     This  makes  a  fine  road  for  Ihips,  except  with 
the  wind  at  N.  W.  when  there  is  a  heavy  Iwell.     The 
liarbour  has  a  bar  of  fand,  on  which  are  only  7-'  feet 
of  water  at  ebb  tide,  but  within  it  has  12  and  14  feet. 
The   ifland  conftituies  a  county  of  its  own  name,  and 
contains  4,620   inhabitants,  and  fends  one  rcprefenta- 
live  to   the   general  court.     There  is   a  duck   manu- 
factory here,    and    lo  fpermaceti  works.     The   inha- 
bitants are,  for  die  molt  part,  a  robull  and  enterprif- 
ing  fet  of  people,  moltly  feamen  and  mechanics.     The 
feamen  are  the  moll  expert   whale-men  in  the  world. 
The  whale  fiflrery  originated  among  the  white  inhabi- 
tants in  the  year  1690,  in  boats  from  the  Ihore.     In 
1715,  they  had  6  floops,  38  tons  burden,  and  the  fiflie- 
ry   produced  iicol.   fterling.     From    1772,  to    1775, 
the  filhcry  employed  1501'ail  from  90  to  180  tons,  up- 
on the  coal!  of  Guinea,   Brazil,  and  the  Weft- Indies  ; 
the  produce  ot  which  amounted  to  167,0001.  llerl.  The 
late  war  almoft  ruined  this  bufinefs.      They  have  fince, 
however,  revived  it  again,  and  purfue  the  whales  even 
into  the  great   Pacific    Ocean.     There  is   not  here   a 
fingle  tree  of  natural  growth  ;  they  have  a  place  called 


The  Woods,  but  it  has  been  dertitute  of  trees  for  thefe  Nantucttt, 
60  years  pafl.  The  ifland  had  formerly  phnty  of  I 
wood.  The  people,  efpecially  the  females,  are  fondly  >^J2K^!^ 
attached  to  the  itland,  and  few  wifli  to  migrate  to  a 
more  dtlirable  I'ltuation.  The  people  are  moflly  Ftiet:ds, 
or  Quakers.  There  is  one  fociety  ot  Congregational- 
ills.  Some  part  of  the  E.  end  of  the  ifland,  known  by 
the  name  of  Squam,  and  fome  few  cither  places,  are 
held  as  piivate  farm;.  At  prefent,  there  are  near  300 
proprietors  of  the  ifland.  The  proportional  number 
of  cattle,  fheep,  &c.  put  out  to  pafture,  and  the  quan- 
tity of  ground  to  raifc  crops,  are  minutely  regulated  ; 
and  proper  officers  are  appointed,  who,  in  their  books 
debit  and  credit  the  proprietors  accordingly.  In  the 
month  of  June,  each  proprietor  gives  in  to  the  clerks 
the  number  of  his  (lieep,  cattle,  and  horfes,  that  he 
may  be  charged  with  them  in  the  books ;  and  if  the  num- 
ber be  more  than  he  is  entitled  to  by  his  rights,  he  hires 
ground  of  his  neighbours  who  have  lefs.  But,  if  the 
proprietors  all  together  have  mote  than  their  number, 
the  overfilus  are  either  killed  or  iranfported  from 
the  ifland. 

In  the  year  1659,  when  Thomas  Macy  removed 
with  his  faniily  from  Saliibury  in  Edex  county,  to  the 
W.  end  of  the  ifland,  with  leveral  other  families,  there 
were  nearly  3,000  Indians  on  the  ifland,  who  were  kind 
to  llrangers,  and  benevolent  to  each  other,  and  hved 
happily  until  cnitaniinated  by  the  bad  example  of  the 
whites,  who  introduced  rum  ;  and  their  number  foon 
began  to  decreafe.  The  whites  had  no  material  quar- 
rel or  difficulty  with  them.  The  natives  fold  their 
land?,  and  the  whites  went  on  purchafing  till,  in  line, 
they  have  obtained  the  whole,  except  fome  fmall  rights, 
which  are  flill  retained  by  the  native-;.  A  mortal  flck- 
nefs  carried  off  222  of  them  in  1764;  and  they  ara 
now  reduced  to  4  male-,  and  16  females. — lb. 

Nantucket,  (formerly  SLrburne)  a  port-town, 
capital  and  port  of  entry  in  the  above  ifland.  The  ex- 
ports in  tlie  year  ending  Sept.  30,  1794,  amounted  to 
20,517  dollars.  It  is  60  miles  S.  E.  of  New-Bedford, 
123  S.  W.  of  Bollon,  and  3S2  E.  N.  E.  of  Philadel- 
phia. — ib. 

Nantucket  Shoal,  a  bank  which  llretcbes  out  above 
15  leagues  in  length,  and  6  in  breadth,  to  the  S.  E. 
from  tlie  ifland  of  its  name. — ib. 

NANTUXET  Bay,  New-Jerfey,  is  on  the  eafterii 
fide  of  Delaware  Bay,  oppofite  B"mbay  Hook. — ib. 

NAPLES-Yellow,  called  alio  Neapolitan  earth,  in 
Italian  Gialtoimn;  and  in  French  jfaune  de  Naples,  is  a 
beautiful  pigment,  concerning  which  we  have  much  in- 
formation from  the  indefatigable  Beckmann.  "  It  has 
(fays  he)  the  appearance  ot  an  earth,  is  of  a  pale  orange- 
yellow  colour,  ponderous,  granulated,  exceedingly  fri- 
able, does  not  cfHorefce,  nor  become  moill  when  expof- 
ed  to  the  nir,  but  when  applied  to  the  tongue  feems  to 
adhere  to  it.  When  reduced  to  a  fine  powder,  it  re- 
mains for  fome  time  fufpended  in  water,  but  loon  de- 
polits  itlelf  at  the  bottom  in  the  form  of  a  flime.  When 
boiled  wiih  water,  the  water,  at  leall  fometimes,  is  ob- 
ferved  to  have  a  fomewliac  faline  tafle.  It  dees  not  ef- 
fervel'ce  with  acids,  but  is  in  p.irt  diffolved  by  aqua  regia 
(nitio-mnriatic  acid).  In  the  fire  it  emits  no  fulphure- 
ous  vapour,  is  difficult  to  be  fufed,  and  by  that  opera- 
lion  undergoes  no  ma'erial  change,  only  that  its  colour 
becomes  fomewhat  redder.     When  fufed  with  colour- 

fure  proof 
that 


lefs  glafs,  it  gives  it  a  milk-white  colour, 


NAP 


C     595     ] 


N     A     R 


Naples. 


•  IMhogc- 
MnoJiCy  V.  11. 

p.  ij. 


^  Mem.  tf 
the  Acad, 
of  Sciencet, 
1766. 


I  In  Nuova 
raccottii 
d^optjfculi 
Jeientijicif 

t.  iv. 


that  it  contains  no  iron  ;  and,  wiih  Infl  imm.;ible  fub- 
ftances,  there  is  obtained  from  It  a  regulus  whicli  has 
tlie  appearance  of  a  mixture  oi  lead  and  antimony. 

"  Thi,  article  is  brought  from  Naples  for  the  moll  part 
in  the  form  of  an  earthy  crult  about  three  or  four  lines 
in  thicknefs,  and  it  fometimes  retains  the  form  of  tlie 
vellel  in  which  it  has  hardened.  It  can  be  procured  alfo 
as  a  fine  powder,  as  the  colourmen  keep  it  fometimes 
ready  pounded  for  ufe." 

About  the  nature  of  the  fubdance  called  Naples  yel- 
low there  has  been  much  diverfity  of  opinion.  Moll  cf 
thofe  who  have  written  about  it,  confider  it  as  origi- 
nating from  file,  and  as  a  volcanic  production  ol  Mount 
Vefuvius  or  Mount  jEtna  j  others  have  pronounced  it 
to  be  a  natural  ochre.  Guettard  thought  it  rather  a 
kind  of  bole  ;  but  Pott  approached  nearcft  the  truth, 
by  afferting  it  to  be  an  artificial  preparation*.  Fou- 
geroux  is  entitled  to  the  merit  of  having  proved  this, 
and  of  having  iliewn  the  polFibility  of  preparing  it.  Ac- 
cording to  his  experiments,  Naples  yellow  will  be  ob- 
tained, if  you  boil  for  foven  or  ei^ht  hours,  firft  over  a 
flow  and  then  over  a  llrong  fire,  a  niixture  finely  pul- 
verifed  cf  twelve  parts  ot  pure  white  lead,  one  pai  t  of 
alum,  one  part  of  fal  anunoniac,  and  three  jiarts  of 
diaphoretic  anlimonyf  (white  oxyd  of  antimony  by 
nitre).  But  before  Fougeioux,  who  may  have  obtain- 
ed an  account  of  the  procefs  duii.ig  his  travels  thiough 
Italy,  a  more  certain  procels  was  publilhed  in  the  year 
1758,  by  Gianibattilla  Palferi,  in  liis  interefting  work 
on  the  piinting  of  earthen- warej.  The  articles  to  be 
employed,  according  to  this  author,  are,  "  one  pound 
of  antirnony,  a  pound  and  a  hall  of  lead,  one  ounce  of 
alumc  di  Jlccla,  and  the  fame  quantity  of  common 
fait."  I  am  inclined  (f-iys  M.  Beckmann)  to  think 
that  this  receipt  was  not  unknown  to  Fougeroux,  and 
that  he  confidered  a'ume  d't  feccia  to  be  alum.  Pro- 
feflor  Leonhaidi,  a  man  of  very  found  learning,  has 
tranfiated  this  expieifion  by  the  word  alum.  I  will, 
however,  freely  confifs,  that  I  confider  atume  di  feccia 
not  to  mean  alum,  but  fait  of  tartar,  or  potalh.  Paf- 
fcti  fays,  that  the  proportions  may  be  varied  difterent 
ways  ;  and  he  gives  fix  other  receipts,  in  which  he  does 
not  mention  alume  di  feaij,  but  only  feccia  ;  and  this 
word  certainly  means  lueinhrfen  or  winellone  (tartar). 
ProfelFor  Leonhardi  himfelf  fcems  to  confirm  this  opi- 
nion, by  laying,  that  Vairo,  profeflor  of  chcmillry  at 
Naples,  has  trar.flated  "  the  alhes  of  wine  lees"  {cirurct 
infeilorii)  by  the  words  autne  di  feccia. 

After  Fougeroux's  paper  was  primed,  De  la  Lande 
publilhed  a  icceipt  which  he  had  received  irom  the 
well-known  prince  San  Sc-vero,  and  in  which  lead  and 
antimjiiy  only  ate  employed  ;  but  no  mention  is  made 
either  of  alum,  tartar,  or  any  other  fait.  This  receipt 
is  as  follows : 

Take  lead  well  calcined  and  fifted,  witii  a  third  part 
of  its  weight  of  antimony  pounded  and  fitted  alfo.  Mix 
thefe  fubllances  well  together,  and  fitt  them  again 
through  a  piece  of  filk.  Then  take  large  flat  earthen 
diflies,  not  varnilKcd,  cover  them  with  white  paper,  and 
fjircad  out  the  powder  upon  them  to  the  depth  oi 
about  two  inches.     Place  thefe  dilhes  in  a  i)Oticr's  fur- 


nace, but  only  at  the  top,  that  they  may  not  be  expof- 
ed  to  too  viclent  a  heat.  The  reverberation  of  the 
Htme  will  be  fuificient.  The  dilhes  may  be  taken  out 
at  the  fame  tiilie  as  the  earthen-ware,  and  the  fubilance 
will  then  be  found  hard,  and  of  a  yellow  colour.  It  is 
then  pounded  on  a  piece  of  marble  with  water,  and  af- 
terwards dried  for  ufe. 

The  enamel-paintei  s  in  Germany  prepares  ytlhuv 
glazing,  not  very  dilferent  from  the  real  Naples  yellow, 
by  a  prefcription,  according  to  which,  «'  one  pound  of 
antimony,  fix  oimces  of  red  lead,  and  two  ounces  of 
white  fand,  are  to  be  fufcd  together.  The  produce, 
which  appears  quite  black,  is  to  be  poonded,  and  then 
fufed  again  ;  and  this  prccefs  is  to  be  repeated  ti.l  the 
whole  mafs  becomes  thoroughly  yellow.  Hilf  a  pound 
ot  this  mafs  is  to  be  mixed  with  two  ounces  oi  red  lead, 
and  afterwards  fufed  ;  and  by  this  tedious  prcctfs  an 
orange-yellow  pigment  will  be  obtained." 

All  artills  who  fpeak  of  the  ufe  of  Naples  yellow, 
give  cautions  againll  applying  iron  to  it,  as  the  colour 
by  thefe  means  becomes  greenilh,  or  at  leaft  dirty.  For 
this  reafon,  it  niull  be  pounded  on  a  (lone,  and  fcraped 
together  with  an  ivory  fpatula.  It  is  em])l'iyed  ciiiefly 
in  oil  painting,  becaufe  the  colour  is  fcftsr,  brighter, 
and  richer  than  that  ot  ociire,  yellow  lead,  or  orpiment, 
and  becaufe  it  far  exceeds  thefe  pigments  in  durability. 
It  is  employed  in  particular  when  the  yellow  ought  to 
have  tlie  appearance  of  gold,  and  in  this  refpeft  it  may 
be  prepared  with  gum  water,  and  ufed  as  a  water  co- 
lour. A  Hill  greater  advantage  of  it  is,  that  it  is  pro- 
per for  enamel  painting,  and  on  that  account  may  be 
employed  on  porcelain  or  earthen  ware  (a).  ProfelFor 
Beckmann,  however,  recommends  to  arlifts  to  ex•^mine 
whether  the  oxyd  prep  ired  Inm  wolirara,  by  boiling  in 
the  muriatic  acid,  which  has  a  beautiful  yellow  colour, 
might  not  be  ufed  in  the  fame  manner  as  Njples  yellow. 

2\ARDUS.  Under  this  generic  term  we  have,  in 
tiie  Encyclopedia,  given,  from  the  Philofophical  Trjnf- 
aSioris,  a  defcription  of  the  plant  or  grafs  which  Dr 
Blane  confiders  as  the  fpikenard  of  the  ancients.  It  is 
our  duty,  in  this  place,  to  inform  our  readers,  that  Sir 
William  Jones,  in  the  2d  and  41I1  volumes  of  the  ylfutic 
Refiarches,  feem;  to  have  completely  proved  that  the 
fpikenard  of  Diofc(  rides  and  Galen,  or  Nardus  InJic>it 
was  a  very  dllFercnt  plant  from  the  Andrcpogon  of  Dr 
Blane,  and  that  it  grows  in  a  country  far  dilUnt  from 
Mackran-  The  proofs  brought  by  the  illullrious  prclident 
of  the  Afiaiic  Society,  in  fupport  of  his  own  opinion, 
are  too  numerous  and  circumltantial  to  be  introduced 
into  fuch  a  work  as  this.  Wc  Ihall  therefore  only  give 
one  of  them  ;  which  though,  when  fcparated  from  the 
rcll,  it  lofes  much  of  its  force,  muit  be  allowed,  even 
fingly,  to  have  great  weight. 

The  true  Indian  fpikenard  is  confclfcdly  called  bjr 
the  Arabs  Sumlulul  Hind;  for  fo  they  tranllate  the 
name  oi  it  in  Diofcorides.  N^w  (fays  Sir  William)  I 
put  a  fair  and  plain  quellinn  feverally  to  three  or  (our 
MulFulman  phyficians:  "  What  is  the  Indian  n^me  of 
the  plant  ivhich  the  Arabs  call  Sun.bulu'l  Hind?" 
They  all  aniwered,  but  r<ime  with  more  readmcfs  than 
othcr^,  Jdlamartii.  Alter  a  pretty  long  inltrval,  I 
4   1"   2  llieweJ 


(a)  In  the  Memoirs  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  for  1767,  Fougeroux  has  proved  that  the  giallolino  prepar- 
ed by  him  produced  on  porcelain  a  much  more  beautiful  colour  than  the  Naples  yellow  fold  in  tlie  Ihops. 


N    A    R 


[    596    ] 


N     A     R 


fhewed  them  the  fpikes  (as  they  are  called)  of  >'/<}-  friends.  Among  the  foremoft  of  thefe  was  Dr  Fon- 
mam'i  and  alked,  what  was  the  Arabic  name  of  chat  tayne,  the  refpeaable  and  venerable  dean  of  York  ;  ' 
Indian  drue'  They  all  ani\vered  readily,  Sumbulu'l  who,  when  Dr  Green  died,  towards  the  latter  end  of 
liiid  The  fame  evidence  may  be  obtained  in  this  1755,  exerted  his  interell  fo  fuccefstuUy,  that  he  ob- 
c'untry  by  any  other  European  who  feeks  it  ;  and  if  tained  for  him  the  united  places  of  organill  and  com- 
mons twelve  native  phyficians,  verfed  in  Arabian  and  pofer  to  his  m,ijefty.  He  removed  therefore  to  London 
ndian  philology,  a  fingle  man  Ihouid,  alter  due  confi-  in  the  beginning  of  1756  ;  and,  about  the  fame  time, 
leration    eive  different  anfwers,  I  will  cheerfully  fub-  was  created  doitor  in  luufic  at  Cambridge. 


•  Pbte 
XXX. 


Hind      The  fame  evidence  may  be  obtained  in  this  1755,  exerted  his  interell  fo  fuccefstuUy,  that  he  ob- 

ccuntry  by  any  other  European  who  feeks  it  ;   and  if  tained  for  him  the  united  places  of  organill  and  com- 

among 
Indian 

deration,  give  ,,        ,  ^      ,        r         •         1  »«    ,^  •  t>    tt 

mit  to  the  Roman  judgment  ot  mn  liquet.     But  the         On  the  tefignation  ot  Mr  Gates,  m  1757,  Dr  Nares 

fd'amanii*   evidently   belongs    to    the   natural    order  obtained  alfo  the  place  of  mailer  of  the  chcrillers  ; 

which  Linnaeus  calls  aggregate;  with  the  following  cha-  which  having  been,  for  a  long  time,  without  increafe, 

„      .  "^^  notwithftandmg  the  increafe  of  cxpences  attending  it, 

'^''  Cahx    fcarce  any  ;  margin,  hardly  difcernible.     Co-  was,  by  royal  favour,  augmented  about  1775,  tiril  with 

rcUa    otic  petal;   tube  f  mcwhat  gibbous;  border  five  the  falary  of  the  violiR;  and,  on  the  revival  of  that  place 

cleft'     Statmna,  three  ylnthen.     P'ljlula,  Germ  beneath;  for  Mr  Crofdill,  in  1777,  with  that  of  lutanill,  which 


one  Siyle  eied.  S^ed,  folitary,  crowned  with  a  pap- 
pus. Root,  fibrnui.  Lcav:s,  hearted,  fourfold  ;  rmh- 
calU-^vei  peticled.  ,         ,       \ 

It  appears  therefore  (continues  the  learned  author) 
to  be  the  Protean  plant  Valerian,  a  lifter  of  the  Moun- 
tain and  Celtic  Naid,  and  of  a  fpecies  which  I  Ihould 


was  annexed  to  it  for  ever.  It  was  in  this  lituatiorx 
that  Dr  Nares  fuperintended  the  education  of  many 
pupils,  who  have  lince  become  famous  ;  particularly  Dr 
Arnold,  who,  though  with  him  only  for  a  fliorl  lime, 
was  highly  diftinguilhed  by  him  for  talents  and  appli- 
cation.     The  anthems  and  fer vices  which  Dr  Nates 


ucw  c<iit. 


Nares. 


delcribe    in    the   Linnean    ftyle,     Falriana  JutJmansi    produced,  as  compofer  to  the  royal  chapel,  were  very 

floribus  triand/h,  jViii  cordalis  qtiatirms,  radicuHlus  pe-    numerous;  many  of  them  have  fince  been  printed,  and 

tiolatis.     The  radical  leaves,  riling  fr.m  the  ground,     many  which  e.xift  only  in  manufcnpt  Hill  continue  to 

and  enfolding  the  young  Ifcm,  are  plucked  up  with  a    be  performed  in  the  choirs  with  much  effea.     Having 

part  of  the  loot,  and  being  dried  in  the  fun  or  by  an     been   originally   a   mulician   rather   by   accident   than 

artificial  heat,  are  fold  as  a  drug,  which,  from  its  ap-    choice,  with  very  (Ircng  talents  and  propcniities  alfo 

pearance,  has  been  called  fpikenavd.     The  Jataman=i     for  liteiature,  Dr  Naves  was  particularly  attentive  to 

is  a  native  of  the  moll  remote  and  h  Uy  parts  of  India,    exprcfs  the  fenfe  of  the  wcrda  he  undent  ok  to  fet ;   and 

fuch  as  Ne'pa'l,  Marang  Butan,  near  which  Ptolemy     was  the  firll  who  attempted  to  compofe  the  Te  Deum 

fixes  the  native  foil  of  the  Nardus  Ind'-.ca.     It  grows    for  the  ciioirfervice,  in  fuch  a  manner  as  to  fet  off  the 

ereft  above  the  furface  of  the  ground,  relembling  an  ear    fcntiments  it  contains  to  advantage.     Before  his  time, 

of  green  wheat ;  and  when  recent,  it  has  a  faint  odour,     ii  had  been  fet  rather  to  a  regular  llrain  of  chaunt  than 

which  is  greatly  increafed  by  the  limple  procefs  of  dry-    to  any  exprelhve  melodies.     The  merits  of  Dr  Nares 

ijjs,  jt_  were  not  overlooked  by  his  royal  patrons,  whom  ire  had 

NARES  (James),    doflor  of    mufic,    an  eminent    occfionally  the  honour  to  attend   in  private,  though 

compofer  and  teacher  in  that  fcience,  und^r  whom  foine     not  a  pait  of  his  regular  duty.     To  nvanileii  his  itfpeft 

of  the  firll  muficians  of  the  prefent  day  received   the     and  gratitude  for  iheni,  he  compoled  his  dramatic  ode, 

whole  or  part  of  their  educ.ition,  was  the  fon  of  Mr    entitled  The  Royal  Palloral,  the  words  of  which  were 

Nares,  who  was,  for  many  years,  Iteward  to  Montague     written  by  Mr  Bellamy,    author  of  a  book,   entitled 

and  Willoughby,  earls  of  Abingdon.     He  was  born,  as     Ethic  Amuftments. 

well  as  his  brother,  the  late  Mr  Jultice  Nires,  at  St.in-         In  July  1780,  Dr  Nares  was  obliged,  by  declining 
well  in  Middlefex  ;  the  former  in   1715,  the  latter  in    health,  to  rclign  the  care  of  the  chorifiers,  in  which 
1716.      His  mulical  education  he  commenced  under     place  he  was  lucceei'ed  by  Dr  Ayrton,  his  pupil  and 
Mr  Gates,  then  mailer  of  the  royal  chi»iillers;  and     valued  fi  lend.     In  his  lixfy  eighth  year,  a  conftitution, 
completed  it  under  the  celebrated  Dr  Pepufch.      Thus     never  robull,  gave  way,  and  he  died  on  February  10. 
j)repared,  he  olhciated,  for  fome  time,  as  deputy  to  Mr     1 783.     Tellimony  has  be;n  borne  to  the  merits  of  Dr 
Pi"0tt,  organill  of  Wuidfor  ;  but  on  the  rellgnation  cf    Nares  by  feveral  writers,  but  more  particularly  by  Mr 
Mr  Salilbury,  organill  of  York,  in  1734,  was  ch>lcu     Mafon,  in  his  preface  10  a  book  rf  anthem.,  printed  for 
to  fucceed  him,  being  then  only  nineteen.     It  is  related,    the  ufe  of  Yoik  Cathedral ;  and  in  his  laie  Elfays  on 
on  undoubted  authc/nly,  that,  when  the  old  niufician     Church  Mufic,  pige  138.     The  late  Lord  Momington, 
lirft  law  his  intended  liicceli'or,  l;e  faid,  rather  angrily,    fo  well  known  for  mulical  talents,  fiequcutly  confulted 
"  Wliat  !   is  that  child   to  fucceed  me  f"  which   being     him;   and   Sir  Ji'hn  Hawkins   derived  advdui.ige  from 
mentioned  to  the  organilleledl,  he  took  an  eaily  oj).    his  acquaintance,  in  the  progrefs  of  his  Hiltory  of  Mu- 
portunity,  on  a  difficult  fervice  being  appointed,  to  pl.iy     lie.    Througliout  life,  he  was  net  Itfs  reipedled  as  a  man 
it  throughout   half    a   note    below   the   pitch,    which    than  admired  -s  a  niufician  ;  he  had  a  vivacity  that  ren- 
brought  it  into   a  key  with  leven   lliarps  ;  and   v.ent    dered  his  fociety  always  pleafing  ;  and  a  generous  con- 
through   it  without  the  flightell  ernr.      Being  afked     tempt  for  every  thing  bafe,  that  manilelled  itfelf  on  all 
why  he  did  fo  I  he  faid,  that  "  he  only  willied  to  Ihew    proper  occafions,  and  very  juUly  commanded  elleem. 
Mr  Saiifbnry  what  a  child  could  do."    His  knowledge  in         His  piinted  works  are  thefe:     i.  Eight  Sfts  of  Lef- 
;ill  branches  of  his  profellicn  was  equal  to  his  pra<jical     fons  (or  the  Harpfichord  ;  dedicated  to  the  Right  Hon. 
Ikill  in  this  inftance  ;  and,  during  his  relidence  at  York,    Willoughby  Earl  of  Abingdon.     Printed  in  174S;  re- 
where  he  was  abundantly  employed  as  a  teacher,  and     printed  in  1757.     i-  Five  LelFons  f(  i  the  Harpficliord, 
vhere  he  married,  Mr  Nares,  by  his  good  condufl,  as     with  a  Sonata  m  fcore  for  the  Harpfichord  or  Organ; 
well  as  profcllional  merit,   obtained  many  poweiful    dedicated  to  the   Right  Honouiable  the  Countefs  of 

CarliGe; 


N     A     R 


C     S91     ] 


N     A     S 


Nares,  Carlide  j  publlfhed  in  1758  or  1759.  3-  A.  Set  of 
Eafy  Lcirons  for  the  Harpfichord,  three  in  number  ; 
with  a  dedication  to  the  public,  figned  J.  N.  4.  A 
Treatifc  on  ringing,  fmall  lize.  5.  II  Piincipio;  or  A 
reguhir  Iniroduiftion  to  phiyinu;  on  ihe  Harpfichord  or 
Organ.  This  was  the  lirft  fet  ot  progreilive  klfons 
puMifhed  on  a  regular  plan.  6.  The  Royal  Paltoral,  a 
Diamatic  OJe ;' dedicated  to  his  Royal  HIghiiers  the 
Prince  of  Wales ;  printed  in  fc<  re,  w  itli  an  overture  and 
chiTufes.  7.  Citches,  Canons,  and  Glees;  dedicated 
to  the  late  Lord  Morningtou.  8.  Six  Fuguei,  with 
Introduflory  Vi  lun'arics  for  the  Organ  or  Harpfi- 
chord. 9.  A  Concifc  and  Eaiy  Treatiie  on  Singing, 
with  a  Set  of  Englilh  Duets  for  Beginners.  A  differ- 
ent work  from  the  former  fmall  treatife.  10.  Twer.ty 
Anthems,  in  fcore,  for  one,  two,  three,  f  ur,  and  five 
Voices.  Compofed  for  the  Ufe  of  his  MnjeRy's  Cha- 
pels Royal,  1778.  1 1.  Six  Eafy  Anthems,  with  a  fa- 
vourite Morning  and  Evening  Seivice,  left  for  publica- 
tion at  hi^  death,  and  publiflKd  in  1788,  with  a  portrait 
and  a  concife  account  of  the  author.  Of  thefe  connpo- 
fitions  the  following  Ihort  chara<5l;r  is  given  by  an  emi- 
nent mufician,  to  whom  they  arc  all  well  known  :  "  The 
lelfons  are  compofed  in  a  mafteily  and  plealing  ftyle  ; 
free  from  thofe  tricks  and  unmeaning  fucceffions  of 
femitones,  to  which  a  good  ear  and  found  judgment 
never  can  be  reconciled.  The  treatifes  on  finging 
contain  duets  compofed  for  the  ufe  of  the  children  of 
the  royal  chapels,  fuperior  to  any  thing  yet  publilh- 
ed  ;  and  fuch  as  every  teacher  ought  to  perufe.  His 
catches,  canons,  and  glees,  are  natural  and  pleafing  ; 
efpecially  the  glee  to  all  Lovers  of  Harmony,  whicli 
gained  the  prize  medal  at  the  catch-club  in  1 770.  The 
Royal  Palloral  is  compofed  throughout  in  a  very 
mallerly  manner  ;  particularly  the  chorufes,  with  which 
each  part  concludes.  This  ode,  containing  108  pages, 
was  written,  and  all  the  vocal  and  inflrumental  parts 
tranfcribed  for  performing,  within  twelve  days.  The 
fix  fugues,  with  introduftory  voluntaries  for  the  organ, 
contain  the  ftrongeft  proofs  of  ingenuity  and  judg- 
ment ;  few,  if  any,  have  ever  been  written  that  can  be 
preferred  to  them.  In  both  fets  of  the  anthems,  the 
fame  charafteriftics  appear  ;  and  the  fervice  of  the  lat- 
ter very  juflly  acquired  the  ix^Az  oi  favourite  ;  nor  can 
there  be  any  doubt  that  the  works  of  this  author  will 
be  admired  as  long  as  a  talle  for  mullc  fhall  fublill." 

NARRAG.vNSET  i^^jy,  Rhode-Illand,  makes  up 
from  fouth  to  ntrth,  between  the  main  land  on  the  ealt 
and  weft.  It  embofoms  many  fruitful  and  beautiful 
iflands  the  principal  ot  which  are  Rhode- Ifland,  Ca- 
nonicut.  Prudence,  Patience,  Hope,  Dyer^,  and  Hog 
in.mds.  The  chief  harbours  are  Newport,  Wickford, 
Warren,  Brillol,  and  Greenwich,  befides  Providence 
and  Patuxet  ;  the  latter  is  near  the  mouth  of  Patuxet 
river,  which  falls  into  Providence  river.  T.iunton 
river  and  many  imallcr  lli  earns  fall  into  this  capacious 
bay.  It  afFiirds  fine  filli,  oyllers  and  lobfters  in  great 
plenty. — Morse. 

NARRAGUAGUS  Bay.  A  part  of  the  bay  be- 
tween Goldfboiougli  and  Michias,  in  Walhington 
county,  Diftriifl  of  Miiinc,  goes  by  this  name.  From 
thence  for  the  fpace  of  60  or  70  mile?,  the  navigator 
finds,  within  a  great  number  ol'  fine  ifiands,  a  fecure 
andpleafant  (hip-way.     Many  of  thefe  iflands  are  in- 


A  river  of  the     N-rra- 

1 

Naffau. 


habited  and  make  a  fine  appearance, 
fame  name  falls  into  the  bay. — ii. 

Narriguagus,  apod-town,  fituated  on  the  above 
bay,   16  miles  northeaft   of  Goldfborough,  63   eaft   of  v 
Penobfcot,  9  fiom  Pleafant  river,  and  673  from  Phila- 
delphia.— it. 

NARROWS,  The.  The  narrow  pafTage  from  Tea, 
betvreen  Long  and  Sraten  Idands  into  the  bay  v.-hich 
fpreads  before  New- York  city,  formed  by  tile  jiinclion 
of  Hudfon  and  Eaft  rivers,  is  thus  called.  This  ftrait 
is  9  mdes  fouth  of  the  city  of  New- York. — ii. 

Narrows,  Tie,  a  ftrait,  about  3  miles  broad,  be- 
tween the  illands  of  Nevis  and  St  Chriftopher's  Iflands, 
in  the  Weft-Indies. — ik 

NASH,  a  county  of  Halifax  diftria,  containing 
7>393  inhabitants,  of  whom  2,009  ^re  flaves.  There 
is  a  large  and  valuable  body  of  iron-ore  in  this  county  ; 
but  only  one  bloomery  has  yet  been  ereded — ii. 

Nash  Court-Houfe,  in  N.  Carolina,  where  a  poft- 
office  is  kept,  28  miles  from  Tarborough,  and  as  far 
from  Lewifbutg. — ib. 

I4ASHAUN,  or  NtfU'J}?a'wn,  one  of  the  Elizabeth 
Ifles,  the  property  of  the  H  in.  James  Bowdoin,  Efq. 
of  Bofton,  fituated  at  the  mouth  of  Buzzard's  Bay, 
and  3  miles  from  the  extremity  of  the  peninfula  of 
Barnftable  county.  Confiderable  numbers  of  (heep  and 
cattle  are  fupported  upon  this  ifland  ;  and  it  has  be- 
come famous  for  its  excellent  wool  and  cheefe.  Here 
Capt.  Bartholomew  Gofnold  landed  in  1602,  and  look 
up  his  abode  for  fome  time. — ib. 

NASHUA  River,  is  a  confiderable  ftream  in  Wor- 
cefter  county,  Maifachufetts,  and  has  rich  intervale 
lands  on  its  banks.  It  enters  Merrimack  river  at  Dun- 
ftable.      Its  courfe  is  north-north-eaft. — ib. 

NASHVILLE,  the  chief  town  c^f  Mero  Diftria  in 
the  State  of  Tennellee,  is  plcafmtly  fitu.ited  in  David- 
fon  county,  on  the  fouth  bank  of  Cumberland  river, 
where  it  is  2CO  yards  broad.  It  was  named  after  Brig. 
Gen.  Francis  Nafli,  who  fell  on  the  4th  of  Oct.  1777, 
in  the  battle  of  Germantown.  It  is  regularly  laid  out, 
and  contains  75  lioufes,  a  court-houfe,  an  academy, 
and  a  chuich  for  Prefbyterians,  and  one  for  Mcthodifts. 
It  is  the  feat  of  the  courts  held  femiannually  for  the 
diftrifl  ofMero,  and  of  the  courts  of  pleas  and  quarter 
fcffions  for  Davidfon  county.  It  is  185  miles  weft  of 
Knoxville,  66  from  Big  Salt  Lick  garrilbn,  190  S.  by 
W.  of  Lexington  in  Kentucky,  635  W.  by  S.  t^i  Rich- 
mond in  Virginia,  and  1015  W.  S.  W.  of  Philadel- 
phia.    N.  lat.  36,  W.  long.  87  S ib. 

NASKEAG  Point,  in  Lincoln  county,  Diftri(.1  of 
Maine,  is  the  eaftern  point  of  Penobfcot  Bay. — ii. 

NASSAU  Biiy,  or  Spirilo  Santo,  is  a  large  bay  on 
the  coaft  of  Weft-Florida,  about  70  miles  from  north 
to  fouth.  It  has  4  iflands  on  a  line  for  50  miles  from 
S.  W.  to  N.  E.  with  openings  between  ihcm  a  mile  or 
two  wide.  The  moft  northerly  is  called  Myrtle  Illand, 
between  which,  and  the  continent,  is  the  entrance  of 
the  bay.  The  bay  is  15  miles  broad  from  Myrtle 
Ifland  to  a  row  of  iflands  running  parallel  with  the 
main  land,  and  another  bay  between  them  ftretching 
50  or  60  miles  to  the  fouth,  as  far  as  one  of  the  fmall- 
er  mouths  of  the  Mifliffippi. — ib. 

NASSAU  Bay,  an  extenfive  bay  of  the  ocean,  on 
the  S.  coaft  of  Terra  del  Fuego  ifland,  at  the  S.  extre- 
mity 


NAT 


C    598    ] 


N     A     U 


mlty  of  S.  America.  It  is  to  the  E.  of  F.ilfc  Cape 
H<rn,  uhi:l.  forms  tlie  weftern  limit  of  the  bay  ;  C.ipe 
Horn  bcinR  the  S  point  of  the  foucliernmdll  of  tlie 
Hermits  IllanJs,  a  groupe  of  illands  which  lie  off  the 
coaft  oppofite  to  this  Uaj.  This  bay  is  laiga  and  open, 
well  IhcltcreJ  from  the  tempells  of  the  ocean.  It  is 
capable  of  holding  a  fleet  of  lliips,  and  though  there 
are  fmall  iflands  near  its  entrance,  all  the  dangers  are 
vifible,  and  fliips  may  fail  freely  between  them,  or  on 
each  fiJe  of  ihcm. — ii. 

Nassau  Cj/ic;  on  the  coaft  of  Surrinam,  or  N.  E. 
coall  oi  S.  America,  is  to  the  N.  N.  W.  of  Eircqiiibo 
gulf,  and  tlie  E.  point  of  the  entrance  into  the  river 
Pumaron.  It  is  in  about  lat.  7.  40  N.  and  long.  59 
30  \Y.—ik 

Nassai;  Cape,  on  the  N.  (hore  of  Terra  Firma,  S. 
America. — ib. 

Nassau,  a  fmall  town  in  Dauphin  county,  Pennfyl- 
vania.  It  contains  a  German  church,  and  about  35 
lioufes.      It  is  alfo  called  Kempjlown. — ib. 

Nassau  JJlmJ,  at  the  mouth  of  Byram  river,  in 
Long-Illand  Sound. — ib. 

Nassau  Road,  on  the  coaft  of  Weft-FloriJa,  lies  W. 
of  Mobile  Bay,  5  leagues  to  the  northward  of  Ship 
Iflaud,  and  witlun  the  noitli  end  of  the  Chandeleuis 
or  Myrtle  Illands.  It  is  one  of  the  beft  roads  for  large 
velfels  on  the  whcile  coall  of  Florida.  It  affords  good 
llielter  from  winds  that  blow  on  Ihore,  has  no  bar,  and 
is  eafy  of  accefs.  VelFels,  however,  mud  not  go  with- 
in j;  of  a  mile  of  the  inlide  cf  the  illand,  it  being  Ihoal 
near  that  diftance  from  the  (hore.  Veifels  may  go 
round  the  north  end  of  it  from  the  fea  in  54  and  6 
fathoms,  at  4  a  "i"''^  from  the  fliore,  and  afterwards 
muft  keep  in  4I  and  5  fathoms  till  the  north  point 
bears  N.  N.  E.  about  2  miles,  where  they  can  anchor 
in  4  fathoms  good  holding  ground,  fliekered  from 
aflerly  and  foutherly  winds  :  tliis  is  neceifary  for  all 
ertels  frequenting  the  coaft  cf  Florida,  as  eafterly 
winds  are  very  frequent-  There  is  frefh  water  to  be 
get  any  where  on  the  Cliaudeleurs  by  digging  ;  and 
there  is  a  kind  of  well  at  the  north  end,  near  an  old  hut. 
There  i^  no  wood  to  be  iound  here  but  drift  wood,  of 
which  ii:ere  is  great  plenty  along  (hore.  Naffau  Road 
was  fiift  dilcoveied  by  Dr  Daniel  Cox,  of  New-Jerfey, 
who  named  it  fo  in  honour  of  the  reigniug  prince, 
William  III.  He  alio  gave  the  name  of  Myrtle  Idands 
to  thofe  afterwards  call  Chandeleurs,  by  the  French, 
from  the  candles  made  of  the  Myrtle  wax,  with  which 
thefe  iflands  abound. — ib. 

Nassau  River,  on  the  coaft  of  Eaft-Florida,  has  a 
bar  generally  about  8  fee:  water,  but  is  fubjeft  to  (hift- 
ing.  The  tides  are  about  7  feet  at  low  fpring  tides. 
An  E.  S  E.  moon  makes  high  water  here,  as  alfo  in 
moll  places  along  the  coaft. — ib. 

Nassau,  the  chief  town  of  Providence  Ifland,  one 
of  the  Bahamas,  and  the  feat  of  government.  N.  lat. 
25  3.     It   is  the  only  port  of  entry  e.\cept   at  Turk's 

Illand ib. 

NATA,  a  town  and  bay  in  the  province  of  Terra 
Firma,  S.  Ameiica.  Tlie  bay  ol  Nata  lies  on  the  S. 
toaft  of  the  lllhmus  of  Darien,  and  on  the  North  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  From  hence  and  the  adjacent  parts,  pro- 
vifi  MIS  are  fent  for  the  fupply  of  the  inhabitants  of  Pa- 
nama, v\hich  city   is  67  miles   N.   E.  of  Nata.     The 


l)ay  is  fpacioiis  and  deep,  but  is  not  ufed  by  fliips,  but  Natapoiut, 
in  cafes  of  neceflity,  as  they  are   liable  to  be  embayed 
by  the  windb  th.it  blow  frequently  at  E.  upon  the  Ihore. 
The  bay  extends  to  the  illand  Iguenas.     N.  lat.  8  12, 
\V.  long.  81   12.— ib. 

NATA  POINT,  or  Chama,  ox  Ckaumu  Cape,  is  at 
the  W.  point  of  the  gulf  of  Panama,  from  whence  the 
coaft  trends  W.  to  Haguera  Point  7  leagues.  All  fhlps 
bound  to  the  N.  W.  and  to  Acapuko  make  this  point. 
It  is  alfo  called  the  S.  point  of  the  bay,  which  lies 
within  on  the  W.  fide  of  this  great  Gulf  of  Panama. 
~ib. 

NATACHQUOIN  River,  a  large  river  of  the  coaft 
of  Labrador,  in  N.  America,  to  the  weftward  of  Naf- 
quirou  river,  under  Mount  Joli,  where  it  forms  a  fouth- 
erly cape  in  lat.  50  25  N.  and  long.  60  45  W.  The 
little  N.itachquoin  is  to  the  W.  S.  W.  of  this. — ib. 

NATAL,  a  cape  and  town,  on  the  S.  (hore  of  the 
Rii)  Grande,  on  the  N.  E.  coaft  of  Brazil  in  S.  Ame- 
rica, is  to  the  S.  VV.  of  the  4  fquare  Ihoal,  at  the 
TOi  utli  of  the  entrance  of  that  river,  which  contains 
tome  dangerous  rocks.  On  this  point  is  the  Callle  of 
the  Three  Kings,  or  Fortaleza  des  Tres  M.rgos.  The 
town  of  Nat  il  is  3  leagues  from  the  caftle,  before  which 
is  good  anchorage  for  Ihips,  in  from  4  to  5  fathoms, 
and  well  fecured  from  winds. — ib. 

NATCHEZ,  a  powerful  nation  of  Indians  who  for- 
merly inhabited  the  country  on  the  E.  fide  of  the  Mlf- 
fillippi.  Fort  Rofalie  is  fituatcd  in  the  country  which 
they  poiTeffed,  in  lat.  31  40.  Nothing  now  remains  of 
this  nation  but  the  name,  by  which  the  country  con- 
tinues to  be  called.  The  Creeks  or  Mufcogulges  rofe 
upon  the  ruins  of  this  nation.  The  French  completed 
their  deftruiflion  in  1730.  Tlie  Natchez  or  Sun  Set  In- 
dians, are  a  part  of  the  Creek  confederacy  which  they 
joined  after  they  left  Louifiana. — ib. 

NATCHITOCHES.  A  trad  of  country  in  Loui- 
fiana, on  the  river  Rouge,  or  Red  river,  bears  this 
name.  The  French  had  a  very  confiderable  poft  on 
this  river  called  Natchitoches.  It  was  a  frontier  on  the 
Spanilh  fettlements,  being  20  miles  from  the  fort  of 
Adayes,  and  70  leagues  from  the  confluence  of  the 
Rouge  with    the  MiffitCppi. — ib. 

NATICK,  an  ancient  townlhip  in  Middlefex  coun- 
ty, Malfachufetts,  fituated  upon  Charles  river,  18 
miles  S.  W.  of  Bofton,  and  10  N.  W.  of  Dedham. 
Its  name  in  the  Indian  language  fignifies  "  The  place 
of  hills."  The  famous  Mr  Eliot  formed  a  religious 
fociety  here  ;  and  in  1670,  there  were  50  Indian  com- 
municants. At  his  motion,  the  General  Court  grant- 
ed the  land  in  this  town,  containing  about  6000  acres, 
to  the  Indians.  Very  few  of  their  defceiidants,  how- 
ever,  now  remain.  It  was  incorporated  into  an  En- 
glilh  diftiiifl  in  1761,  and  into  a  townlhip  in  1781  ;  and 
now  contains  615  inhabitants  — ib. 

NATEENA'F,  an  Indian  village  on  Nootka  Sound, 
on  the  N.  W.  coaft  of  N.  America.  It  has  a  remark, 
able  cat.irafl,  or  water-fall,  a  few  miles  to  the  north- 
ward of  it.  N.  lat.  48  40,  W.  long,  from  Greenwich 
124  6. — ib. 

NAUDOWESIES,  an  Indian  nation  inhabiting 
lands  between  Lakes  Michigan  and  Superior.  War- 
riors, 500. — ib. 

NAUGATUCK  River,  a  nonh-eaftern  branch  of 

Houfatonic 


N     A     V 


[     599    ] 


N     A     V 


Navi;;i-    Houfatonic  river  in  Connetflicut.     A  great   number  of 
tors.       mills  and  iron-wor!<s  are   upon    chis   ftream  and   its 
'■^^         branches. — ib, 

NAVIGATORS  islanjjs,  an  archipeligo  in  the 
South  Sea,  difcoveied  by  boug.iinville,  who  gave  to 
ihem  that  name,  becaule  the  natives  do  not  pafs  between 
the  different  vili.iges,  which  aie  all  built  in  creeks  and 
bays,  but  in  their  canoes.  ■  he  Nivigators  Iflands  are 
ten  in  number;  namely,  Opoim,  Leone,  Fanfoue,  Ma- 
OUANA,  Oyolava,  Calinujj'e,  Pola,  Shika,  OJfamo,  and 
Ouera, 

We  have  already  given  an  account  of  the  fcil  and 
produ<Siions  at  Maouana  ;  and  as  the  o'her  iilinJs  of 
this  duller  a^e  equally  lertile,  we  need  not  go  over  the 
fame  ground  again.  It  m  ly  be  pioper,  however,  to 
obferve,  that  in  fome  ot  them  the  lugar-cane  was  found 
growing  fpontaneoufly,  though  its  juice  contained  lefs 
of  the  faccharine  ful)llance  than  the  fugar  cane  of  the 
Weft  Indies,  which  our  voyagers  attributed  to  its  grow- 
ing in  a  richer  foil  and  in  the  lliade.  According  to 
Peroufe,  the  Navigators  Iflands  are  fituated  about  the 
14th  degree  of  fouth  latitude,  and  between  the  171II 
and  175th  degrees  of  longitude  well  troni  Paris.  In 
Oyolava  the  fmc  ke  was  Iccn  hovering  over  a  village  as 
over  a  large  European  town  ;  and  the  number  ot  ca- 
noes which  from  that  illand  furrounded  the  friga^tes  was 
imraenfe.  Thefe  are  very  licklifli  velfeh,  and  would  be 
abfolutely  ufelefs  to  any  body  but  fuch  excellent  fwim- 
niers  as  the  iflanders,  who  are  no  more  furprifed  or  un- 
eafy  at  their  overletting  than  we  are  at  the  fall  of  a 
hat.  Taking  up  the  canoe  on  their  Ihoulders,  they 
empty  it  of  water,  and  then  get  in  again,  with  the  cer- 
tainty of  having  the  fame  operation  to  peiform  a  fecond 
time  in  half  an  hour.  Sometimes  they  join  two  canoes 
together  by  means  of  a  crofs  piece  of  wood,  in  which 
they  make  a  ftep  to  receive  ihe  mall ;  and  in  thii  way 
they  are  lefs  liable  to  be  overfet,  fometimes  performing 
a  long  voyage  without  any  iuch  accident.  It  is  need- 
lefsto  add,  that  thefe  canoLS  are  very  fmall,  generally 
containing  only  five  or  fix  perfons,  though  fome  tew  of 
them  may  contain  as  many  as  fourteen. 

Tiie  natives  of  the  Navigators  Illands  are  tall  and 
well  made.  Their  ufual  height  is  live  feet  nine,  ten, 
and  eleven  inches  ;  but  tlieir  Uature  is  lefs  aftonifliing 
than  the  coloflal  proportions  of  the  different  parts  of 
their  bodies.  "  Our  curiolity  (fays  Peroufe),  which 
often  led  us  to  meafure  them,  g.ive  them  an  upportu- 
rity  of  making  frequent  comparifons  of  their  bodily 
ftrength  with  ours.  Thefe  comparifons  were  not  to 
our  advantaije  ;  and  we  perhaps  owe  our  misfortunes 
(fee  Maouana  in  this  Suppl.)  to  the  idea  of  individual 
fuperiority  refuliing  Irom  repeated  trials.  Tlieir  coun- 
tenances often  appeared  to  exprefs  a  fentiment  of  dif- 
dain,  which  I  hoped  to  deftioy,  by  ordering  our  arms 
to  be  ufed  in  their  prefence  :  but  my  end  could  only 
have  been  gained  by  ditedling  them  againll  human  vic- 
tims ;  for  otherwife  they  took  the  noife  for  fpoit,  and 
the  trial  for  a  divcrfion. 

"  Among  thefe  Indians  a  very  fmall  number  is  be- 
low the  height  indicated  above.  I  have,  however,  mea- 
fured  feveral  who  were  only  five  feet  lour  inches,  but 
thefe  are  the  dwarfs  of  the  country  ;  and  although 
their  flature  reftmbles  ours,  their  ftrong  ar.d  nervous 
arms,  their  broad  thefts,  and  their  legs  and  thighs,  are 
of  a  very  different  proportion. 


"  The  men  have  the  body  painted  or  tatowed,  fo  Navigi- 
that  any  one  would  fuppofe  them  clad,  although  they  ""■<. 
go  almoft  naked.  They  have  only  a  girdle  of  f^a- 
weeds  encircling  their  It  ins,  which  comes  down  to  their 
knees,  and  gives  them  the  appearance  of  the  river  gods 
of  fabulous  liittory,  whom  it  is  cullomary  to  depicl  with 
ruihes  roimd  their  waill.  Their  liair  is  very  long.  They 
often  twift  it  rtjund  their  heads,  and  thus  add  to  their 
na'ive  ferocity  of  countenance,  which  always  espreifes 
either  furprile  or  anger.  The  leall  difpute  between 
them  is  followed  by  bl  nvs  of  fticks,  club',  or  paddles  ; 
and  often,  without  doubt,  cofts  the  combatar.ts  their 
lives.  They  are  ainioft  all  covered  wlih  fears,  which 
can  only  be  the  confequence  of  their  individual  quar- 
rels. The  ftature  of  the  women  is  proportioned  to 
that  of  the  men.  They  are  tall,  flender,  and  not  with- 
out grace ;  but  they  lofe,  while  yet  in  their  prime, 
thofe  elegant  forms,  of  which  nature  has  not  broken  the 
mould  among  this  barbarous  race,  but  of  which  Ihe  ap- 
pears to  leave  them  in  poflellion  only  for  a  momcnf,  and 
with  reluftance.  Among  a  great  number  cf  w.)men 
that  I  had  an  opportunity  of  feeing,  1  only  obferved 
three  really  pretty.  The  grofs  eff'rontery  of  the  refl, 
the  indecency  of  their  motions,  and  the  dif^ufting  of- 
fers which  ihey  made  ot  their  tavuurs,  rendered  them 
fit  mothers  and  wives  for  the  ferocious  beings  that  fur- 
rounded  us."  Our  author  gives  the  following  inltance 
of  indecent  manners,  which  is,  perhaps,  with,  ut  a  pa- 
rallel. 

The  young  and  prettieft  females  foon  attradled  tlie 
attention  of  feveral  Frenchmen,  who  in  fpite  of  the 
Commodore's  prohibition,  endeavoured  to  torm  a  con- 
nexion with  them,  and  were  fuccefsful.  The  looks  of 
the  Europeans  expredlng  defires  which  were  foon  di- 
vined, fome  old  women  undertook  the  negociation.  The 
altar  was  prepared  in  the  handfomeft  hut  in  the  village, 
all  the  blinds  were  let  down,  and  the  inquifitive  were 
excluded.  The  vicftim  was  then  laid  in  the  arms  of  an 
old  man,  who  exhorted  her,  during  the  ceremony,  to 
moderate  the  exprelTion  of  her  pain  ;  while  the  matrons 
fang  and  howled  :  the  ceremony  being  peiformed  in 
their  prefence,  and  under  the  aufpices  of  the  old  man, 
who  ferved  at  once  as  prieft  and  altar.  All  the  wo- 
men and  children  in  the  village  were  round  the  houfe, 
gently  lifting  up  the  blinds,  and  feeking  to  enjoy  the 
fight  through  the  fmalleft  crevices  in  the  mats.  What- 
ever former  navigators  may  have  faid,  Peroufe  was  con- 
vinced that,  in  the  Navigators  Illands  at  leall,  the 
young  girls,  before  they  aie  married,  are  miftrelles  of 
their  perfons,  and  that  they  are  not  diflionoured  by 
their  complaifance.  It  is  even  more  than  probable, 
that  in  marrying  they  are  called  to  no  account  con- 
cerning their  pall  conduifl ;  but  he  had  no  doubt  that 
they  are  obliged  to  be  more  refervcd  when  provided 
with  a  hufb.ind. 

Thefe  people  cultivate  certain  arts  with  fuccefs.  Un- 
der the  article  Maouana  mention  has  been  made  of  the 
elegant  form  which  they  give  to  their  huts.  It  is  not 
with  fuch  folly  as  is  commonly  fuppofed  that  they  dil- 
dain  our  inftrimients  of  iron  ;  for  they  finilh  their  work 
very  neatly  with  tools  made  of  a  very  fine  and  conipaiJl 
fpecles  of  bafaltes  in  the  torm  of  an  adze.  For  a  lew 
clafs  beads  they  fold  to  Peroufe  large  three-legged 
dilhes  of  a  llngle  piece  of  wood,  and  fo  well  polilhed 
that  they  fccmeJ  to  have  been  laid  over  with  a  ccat  of 

the 


N     A     V 


[     600    ] 


N    A     V 


K:.v;g--  tlis  finefl  varnifh.  It  would  take  an  European  work- 
'"'■''■  man  ieveral  days  to  produce  one  of  tlitfe  diihw^,  which, 
■'''~^^*^  for  want  of  proper  inilruments,  muft  coft  an  Indian  fe- 
veral  months  labour.  They  fet,  however,  fcarcely 
any  value  upon  then),  becaufe  they  fet  little  upon  the 
time  they  employ.  The  fruit  trees  and  nutriticus  roots 
that  prow  fpontaneoufly  around  them,  ini'ure  to  them 
their  fubfiltence,  as  well  as  that  of  their  hog;,  dogF, 
and  fowls  ;  and  if  they  fomctimcs  (loop  to  wi  rk,  it  is 
to  procure  enjoyments  rather  agreeable  than  nfeail. 
They  manufaclure  very  fine  mats,  and  lome  paper  lIufTs. 
Our  author  remarked  two  or  three  of  them,  whom  he 
took  for  chiefs,  with  a  piece  cf  cloth  tied  round  their 
waill  like  a  petticoat,  inllead  of  a  girdle  of  weeds.  It 
is  conipofed  of  real  thread,  prepared  no  doubt  from 
feme  filamentous  plant  like  the  nettle  or  flax  ;  and  is 
riianufaflured  without  a  fliuttle,  the  threads  being  ab- 
folutely  laid  over  one  another  like  thofe  of  their  mats. 
This  cloth,  which  has  .ill  the  fupplenefs  and  folidity  of 
ours,  is  very  fit  for  the  fails  of  their  canoes ;  and  ap- 
peared far  fuperior  to  the  paper  QufFof  the  Society  and 
Friendly  Ill.inds,  which  they  manufaclure  alfo.  Their 
canoes  are  well  conllruiffed,  and  furnilli  a  good  proof  of 
the  fliill  with  which  they  work  in  wood.  For  a  few 
glifs  beads  they  gave  to  ihe  Frenchmen,  among  other 
things,  a  wooden  veliel  filled  with  cocoa  nut  oil,  exdifl- 
ly  of  the  ihape  cf  our  earthen  pots,  and  fuch  as  no  Eu- 
ropean would  urdertaketo  fafhion  by  any  other  means 
than  a  turning  lathe.  Their  ropes  are  round,  and  twill- 
ed like  watch  chains  of  ribbon  :  their  mats  are  very  fine  ; 
hut  their  RufFs  are  inferior  to  thofe  of  the  Eafiier  and 
Sandwich  Ifland';. 

Peroufe  derives  the  natives  of  thofe  iflands,  whofe 
colour,  he  fays,  nearly  refembles  that  of  the  Algerines 
and  other  nations  on  the  coaft  of  Barbary,  fioni  the 
Malays  ;  and  as  we  do  not  vouch  for  the  truth  ot  his 
theory,  though  we  admit  it  to  be  ingenious,  we  lliall 
give  the  reafoning  by  which  he  fupports  it  in  his  own 
words. 

«'  We  did  not  at  firft  difcover  (fays  he)  any  identity 
between  their  language  and  that  ol  the  natives  of  the 
Society  and  Friendly  Iflands,  of  which  we  had  vocabu- 
laries ;  but  a  more  mature  examination  convinced  us, 
that  they  fjieak  a  dialed  of  tiie  fame  language.  A 
fafl  which  tends  to  prove  it,  and  which  confirms  the 
opinion  of  the  Englifh  concerning  the  origin  of  ihefe 
people,  is,  that  a  young  domellic,  a  native  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Tagayan  in  the  north  of  Manilla,  underftood 
and  explained  to  us  the  greater  part  of  their  words.  It 
is  well  known  that  the  Tagayan,  the  Talgal,  and  the 
generality  of  languages  fpoken  in  the  Philippines,  are 
derived  from  the  Malay:  a  language  more  diffufed  than 
were  thofe  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  and  common  to 
the  numerous  tribes  that  inhabit  the  iflands  of  the  great 


Pacific  Ocean.  It  appears  to  me  evident,  that  a^l  thefc 
different  nations  are  the  progeny  of  Malay  colonies, 
which,  in  fome  age  extremely  remote,  conquered  the  * 
iflands  they  inhabit.  I  fhculd  not  even  wonder,  if  the 
Chinefe  and  Egyptians,  whofe  antiquity  is  fo  much 
vaunted,  were  mere  moderns  in  comparifon  of  the  Ma- 
lays. But  however  this  may  be,  I  am  fatisfied  that  the 
aborigines  of  the  Philippine  Iflands,  Formofa,  New 
Guinea,  New  Britain,  the  New  Htbrides,  the  Friendly 
Iflands,  &c.  in  the  fouthern  hemilphere,  and  thofe  of 
the  Marianna  and  Sandwich  iflands  in  the  northern, 
were  that  race  of  woolly  headed  men  flill  found  in  the 
interior  of  the  iflands  of  I^uconia  and  Formofi.  They 
were  not  to  be  iubjugated  in  New  Guinea,  New  Bri- 
tain, and  the  New  Hebrides  ;  but  being  overcome  in 
the  more  eaflern  iflands,  which  were  too  fmall  to  afford 
them  a  retreat  in  the  centre,  they  mixed  with  the  con- 
quering nation.  Thence  has  refulted  a  race  of  very- 
black  men,  whofe  colour  is  Hill  feveral  fhades  deeper 
than  that  of  certain  families  of  the  country,  probably 
becaufe  the  latter  have  made  it  a  point  of  honour  to 
keep  their  blood  unmixed.  I  was  llruck  with  thefe 
two  very  di.^inft  races  in  the  Iflands  of  Navigators,  and 
cannot  attribute  to  tliem  any  other  origin. 

"  The  defcendants  of  the  Malays  have  acquired  in 
thefe  iflands  a  degree  of  vigour  and  fl:rength,  a  lofty 
(laturc,  and  a  Herculean  form,  which  they  do  not  in- 
herit from  their  forefathers,  but  which  they  owe,  with- 
out doubt  to  an  abundance  of  food,  to  a  mild  climate, 
and  to  the  influence  of  different  phyfical  caufes  which 
have  been  conftantly  ading  duiing  a  long  feries  of  ge- 
nerations. The  arts  which  they  perhaps  brought  with 
them  may  have  been  loft  for  want  of  materials  and  in- 
tlruments  to  pracflife  them  ;  but  the  identity  of  lan- 
guage, like  Ariadne's  clue,  enables  the  obferver  to  fol- 
low all  the  windings  of  this  new  labyrinth.  The  feu- 
dal government  is  alfo  preferred  here:  that  government 
which  little  tyrants  may  regret;  which  was  the  difgrace 
of  Europe  for  feveral  centuries  ;  and  of  which  the  Go- 
thic remains  are  flill  to  be  found  in  our  laws,  and  are 
the  medals  that  attefl  our  ancient  barbarifm  :  that  go- 
vernment, which  is  the  moll  proper  to  keep  up  a  fero- 
city ot  manners,  becaufe  the  Imalleft  difputes  occafion 
wars  of  village  againil  village,  and  becaufe  wars  of  this 
nature  are  conduced  without  magnanimity,  and  with- 
out courage.  Surprifes  and  treachery  are  employed  by 
turns ;  and  in  thefe  unfortunate  countries,  inllead  of  ge- 
nerous warriors,  nothing  is  to  be  found  but  bife  affaf^ 
fins  (a).  The  Malays  are  ftill  the  moll  perfidious  na- 
tion of  Afia  :  and  their  children  have  not  degenerated, 
becaufe  the  fame  caufes  have  led  to  and  produced  the 
fame  efFefts.  It  may  be  obJ£(5led,  perhaps,  that  it 
mult  have  been  very  difficult  for  the  Malays  to  make 
their  way  from  well  to  eafl,  to  arrive  at  thefe  different 

iflands  ; 


Naviga- 
tors. 


(a)  This  was  written  under  the  old  government  of  France  by  a  man  who,  like  other  declaimers  in  the  caufe 
of  liberty,  forgot  the  excellencies,  and  infifted  only  on  the  defefts  of  the  feudal  inltitutions.  Had  Peroufe,  how- 
ever, returned  to  Europe,  and  witnefTed  the  philoJoj>hic  government  of  his  country,  he  would  havj  perceived,  that 
liberty  and  equaiily,  and  the  rights  of  man,  are  as  well  calculated  to  generate  bale  afTafrms,  as  the  Gothic  remains 
of  that  government  by  which  he  fuppofed  Europe  to  have  been  fo  long  difgraced.  He  might  even  have  lived 
to  regret,  that  his  lot  was  not  call  among  the  bold  and  ferocious  inhabitants  of  Maouana  ;  for  the  treachery  and 
cruelty  oi  thefe  people  bears  no  proportion,  even  in  his  affedling  narrative,  to  the  fyllematic  cruelty  of  thofe  who 
decreed,  that  the  end  fanftifies  the  means,  and  that  nothing,  however  atrocious  in  the  eftimation  of  antiquated 
moralifts,  is  to  be  omitted,  which  contributes  to  elevate  the  mean  above  the  noble. 


N     A    Z 


[      ^01      ] 


NEC 


iflinJs;  but  the  ueilerly  winds  blow  as  frequently  as 
the  c:ifterly  in  the  vicinity  of  the  equator,  alor.g  a  zore 
of  feven  or  eight  ciegrees  from  north  to  fouth,  where  the 
wind  is  fo  vaiiable,  that  it  is  hardly  more  difhcult  to 
navigate  eall  than  weft.  Belldes,  thtfe  different  con- 
quells  may  not  have  been  eiFeifted  at  the  fame  lime  : 
the  people  in  queftion  may,  on  the  contrary,  hive 
fpread  themfelves  by  little  and  little,  and  gradually  hive 
introduced  that  form  of  goTernmcnt  which  ftiU  exils 
in  the  peninfula  of  Malacca,  at  Java,  ■Sumatra,  and  at 
Borneo,  as  well  as  in  all  the  other  countiies  fubjeifl  to 
that  barbarous  nation." 

NA.VARRK,  a  province  of  New-Mexico,  on  the 
N.  E.  fide  of  the  Gulf  of  California,  which  feparates  it 
from  the  peninfula  of  California,  on  the  S.  W. — Mors::. 

NAVASIA,  a  fmall  ifland  in  the  Windward  Paf- 
fage,  or  (Irait  between  Cuba  and  Hifpaniola  in  the 
AVeft-Indies.  Thither  the  inhabitants  of  Jamaica  come 
in  boats  to  l<ill  guaras,  an  amphibious  creature  that 
breeds  plentifully  at  the  roots  of  old  trees.  They  are 
in  the  (hape  of  a  lizard,  with  fcales,  and  fome  are  3 
feet  in  length.  Their  tlelh  is  firm  and  white,  and  faiJ 
by  feamen  tn  make  good  broth. — ib. 

NAVAZ  A,  a  fmall  barren  ifland  in  the  Weft-Indies, 
not  very  high,  is  deep  all  round,  and  lies  in  lat.  18  20 
N.  It  is  2  I  leagues  W.  S.  W.  \  W.  of  the  E.  end  of 
Jamaica,  and  11  leagues  from  Tiburon,  in  the  ifland 
of  St  Domingo. — ib. 

NAVESINK  Harbour,  on  the  fea-coaft  of  Mon- 
mouth county,  New-Jerfey,  lies  in  lat.  40  24  N.  hav- 
ing Jumping  Point  on  the  north,  and  is  2\  miles  S.  of 
the  N.  end  of  Sandy  Hook  ifland  ;  and  its  mouth  is  5 
miles  from  the  town  of  Shrewfbury.  The  fmall  river 
of  its  name  falls  into  it  from  the  W.  and  riles  in  the 
fame  county.  Navefink  Hills  extend  N.  W.  from  the 
harbour  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  to  Rariton  Bay  ;  and 
are  the  fii  11  land  difcovered  by  mariners  when  they  ar- 
rive on  the  coaft.  They  are  600  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  fea,  and  may  be  ieen  20  leagues  off. — ib. 

NAVIDAD,  a  town  of  Mechoacan  a  province  of 
Mexico,  with  a  harbour  on  the  N.  P.acific  Ocean,  is 
156  miles  W.  of  Mexico  city.  N.  lat.  i8  51,  W.  long. 
Ill   1  o. —  ib. 

N A VI  RES,  or  Cas  de  Navira  Bay,  in  the  ifland  of 
Martinico,  in  the  Weft-Indies. — ib. 

NAVY,  a  townlhip  in  Orleans  county,  in  Vermont. 
—ib. 

N.-\VY  Hall,  in  Lower  Canada,  ftands  on  the  fouth 
fide  of  Lake  Ontario,  at  the  head  and  weft  fide  of  Ni- 
agara river,  which  laft  feparates  it  from  Fort  Niagara, 
on  the  E.  fide,  in  the  State  of  New- York.  It  is  20 
miles  N.  by  W.  of  Fort  Erie,  and  23  S.  E.  by  S.  of 
York.— lA. 

NAVY  IJlartd  lies  in  the  middle  of  Niagara  river, 
whofe  waters  feparate  it  from  Fort  Sluflier,  on  the  call 
bank  of  the  river,  and  the  fame  waters  divide  it  from 
Grand  Ifland,  on  the  S.  and  S.  E.  It  is  about  one 
mile  long,  and  one  broad,  and  is  about  13  miles  N.  by 
E.  of  Navy  Hall.— ;A. 

NAZARETH,  a  beautiful  town  in  Northampton 
county,  Pcnnfylvania,  inhabited  by  Moravians,  or 
United  Brethren.  It  is  fituated  10  miles  north  of 
Bethlehem,  and  63  N.  by  W.  of  Philadelphia.  It  is  a 
traft  of  good  land,  containing  about  5,000  acrer,  pur- 
chafed  by  the  Rev.  G.  VVhittislJ,  in  1740,  and  fold  2 

Sup  PL.  \'oL.  II. 


years  sfter  to  the  brethren.  They  w.re  liowever  ob- 
liged to  leave  this  place  the  fame  year,  where  ii  fccm; 
they  had  inado  fome  fettlements  before.  Biiliop  Nitch- 
man  arrived  fmni  Europe  this  year  (1740)  with  a  com- 
pany of  brethren  and  fifters,  ^nd  purchafed  and  fettled 
upon  tfe  fpot  v/hich  is  now  called  Bethlehem  The 
town  of  Nazareth  Rands  aliout  the  centre  of  the  mi- 
nor, on  a  fmall  creek  which  lofos  itfelf  in  the  earth  about 
a  mile  and  a  half  E.  of  ilie  town.  It  was  regulaily 
laid  out  in  1772,  and  confills  of  2  principal  ftrestl 
which  crofs  each  other  at  right  angle;,  and  form  a 
fquare  in  the  middle,  of  340  by  2Co  feet.  The  larg- 
eft  building  is  a  ft>ine  h?.ufe,  ereited  in  1755,  named 
Nazareih  Hall,  98  i'eet  by  46  in  length,  and  54  in 
height.  The  lower  floor  is  formed  into  a  fpacious  hall 
f)r  pulilic  wnrfliip,  the  upper  pait  of  the  houfe  is  fitted 
up  tor  a  boarding  fchcol,  where  youih,  fioni  dilFeren: 
parts,  are  under  the  infpevTtion  of  the  mir.ifter  of  the 
place  and  feveral  tutors,  and  are  inflruaed  in  the  En- 
glitli,  German,  French  and  Latin  languages  ;  in  hifto- 
ry,  geography,  book-keeping,  mathematics,  mufic, 
drawing,  and  other  fciences.  The  fiont  of  tiie  lioufe 
taces  a  large  fquare  open  to  the  fouth,  adjoining  a  fine 
piece  oi  meadow  ground,  and  commands  a  muft  de- 
lighttul  pnifpea.  Anotlier  elegant  building  on  the  E. 
of  Nazareth  Hall  is  inh-.ibited  by  the  fingle'fifters,  who 
have  the  fame  regulations  and  way  of  living  as  thofe 
at  Bethlehem.  Befides  their  principal  manufaiflory 
for  fpinning  and  twifting  cotton,  they  have  lately  be- 
gun to  draw  wax  tapers.  At  the  fouth-weft  corner  of 
the  aforefiid  fquare,  in  the  middle  of  the  town,  is  the 
Angle  brethren's  houfe,  and  on  the  E.  S.  E.  corner  a 
ftore.  On  the  fouthernmoft  end  of  the  ftreet  is  a  good 
tavern.  The  dwelling-houfes  are,  a  few  excepted, 
built- of  llme-ftone,  one  or  two  ftories  high,  inhabited 
by  tradefmen  and  mechanics,  moftly  of  German  ex- 
traiflion.  The  inhabitants  are  fupplied  with  water  con- 
veyed to  them  by  pipes  from  a  fine  fpiing  near  the 
town.  The  fituation  of  the  town,  and  the  falubrious 
air  of  the  adjacent  country,  render  this  a  very  agreea- 
ble place.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in  the  town  and 
the  farms  belonging  to  it,  (Shoeneck  included)  con- 
ftituting  one  congregation,  and  meeting  for  divine  fer- 
vice  on  Lord's  days  and  holidays,  at  Nazareth  Hall, 
was  in  the  year  1788,  about  450. — ib. 

NAZER,  N.1ZR,  Nezer,  Nuzzer,  Nuzzerana; 
a  prefent  from  an  inferior  ;   fees  of  office. 

NEBULOUS,  or  Cloudy,  a  term  applied  to  cer- 
tain fixed  liars  which  fliew  a  dim  hazy  light ;  being  lefs 
than  thofe  of  the  fixtli  magnitude,  and  therefore  fcarce- 
ly  vifiblc  to  the  naked  eye,  to  which  at  beft  they  only 
appear  like  little  dulky  fpecks  or  clouds.  Through  a 
moderate  telefcope,  thcfe  nebulous  ftars  plainly  appear 
to  be  congeries  or  clultcrs  of  feveral  li'.tle  liars. 

NECESSITY,  Fort,  in  Virginia,  is  fituated  in  the 
Great  Meadow,  within  4  miles  of  the  W.  bounds  of 
Maryland,  and  on  the  north  fide  of  the  head  waterof  Red 
Stone  Creek,  wJiich  empties  from  the  E.  into  the  Monon- 
gahela,  in  N.  lat.  39  43,  about  26  miles  from  the  fpot 
where  this  fort  rvas  ere^ed.  It  is  23S  miles  E.  by  N. 
of  Alexandria,  and  258  north-weft  of  Frederick ft>urgh. 
This  fpot  will  be  fotevcr  famous  in  the  Liftory  of  A- 
mtrica,  as  one  of  the  firft  Iccnes  of  Gen.  Washing- 
ton's abilities  as  a  commander.  In  1753,  ''  "'>''  f"ly 
a  fmall  ULfioilhed  intrcnchment,  when  Mr  Walhingtoi  , 
*  G  then 


N     E    G 


[     602     ] 


N     E     P 


then  ;i  colon:!,  in  the  2id  yc.ir  oi"  his  age,  was  feiit  with  Negro  PoiiU,  on  tlie  E.  coalT;  cf  Brazil,  is  3  leagues 

^co  nven  towarJs  the  Ohio.     An  eng.igenicnt  vviili  the  at  S.  S.  E.  from  the  Rio  Grands,  and   14  from  Cape 

enemy  cnfiied,  and  the  French  were  defeated.     M.  da  St  Rocque. — -L 

Villier    tlic   French   commander,  Cent  down  900  men  Negro   River  h  the  weftern  boundary  cf  Guidn.i  ia 

hefidcs  Indians,  to  alt.ick  the  Virginians.     Their  brave  S.  America.— /'ii. 

leader,   hov/cver,  made   fiich  an  able  defence  with  his  Negro  Fort,  in  Am;izonia,  ft^nds  on  the  nrrth  fid-; 

'I'ndful  of  men,  in  this  iinfinilhed  fort,  as  to  conllrain  of  Amazon  liver  in  S.  America,  jnii  below  the  juniftion 

the  Frencli  '.fficer  to  grant  him  honourable  teims  of  t.f  its  great  branches  the  Piinis  .<ntl  Ne:jro,  ir.  the  4th 

capitulation.— yl'/oz-A'.  degree  of  north  latitude,  and    abtut  ihe  601I1  of  W. 

NrXKAR  Islf,   a  fmall  birrcn  illand,  or  rather  lon:;iiude. — //■. 

rrck,    difc^vered    by    P.roufe   in   the    Pacitic   Ocean.  NELSON,     a  county   of    Kentucky,    Chief   towr, 

Thou-^h  its  (lerility  renders  it  cf  no  importance  in  it-  Cairdftown. — ii. 

felf,  its  c>;act  filuation  mud  be  iiucrefting  to  navigatois,  Nelson's  Fort,  a  fettlemert  on  the  W.  Ihore  of  Hud- 

who  r.re  therefore  obliged   to  the  Trtnch  Conimodore  fon's  Bay,  fiiuated  at  the  m(  utli  of  a  river  of  the  fame 

for  having  afcertained  its  l.ititnde  to  be  23''  34'  north,  name,   250  miles  footh-eaft  of  Churchill  Fort,  and  600 

and  itslrngitude  tohe  166'' 52' wellfrom  Parii.    From  nonh-weft   of   Rupert's  Fi  rt,  in  the  poiFeffii-n  of  the 

the  foundings  the  Nickar  f^emcd  to  be  only  the  top  or  Hudfon's   Bay    Company.       It  is  in  lat.  57  12  north, 

nucleus  of  a  much  more  corifiderable  illand,  wliich,  pro-  and  long.  92  42  weft.     The  Ihoals  fo  called  are  faid  to 

bably  tr;ira  being  compofed  of  a  foft  and  difloluble  fub-  be  in  lat.  57  35  north,  and  long.  92  12  weft,  and  to 


Ibince,  the  fea  had  gradually  walhed  away.  In  pro 
portion  as  the  frip;ales  left  the  iliore,  the  depih,  which 
at  the  diltance  of  a  mile  was  very  little,  gradually  in- 
creafed,  till,  at  the  dillar.ce  of  about  ten  miles,  no  bet- 


have  high  water  at  full  and  change  days  at  20  minutes 
pall  8  o'ckck. — ib. 

Nelson's  Rrver  is  the  N.  W.  branch  of  Hayes  river, 
on  the  W.  finre  of  Hudfon's   Rry,  wlirh  is  feparated 


tom  was  found  with  a  lin-  cf  150  fathoms;  and  over    into  tu-o   channels  by  Hayes  ISand,  at  the  mouth  of 

vjhich  Nelfon's  Fort  is  fitUJted. — ;/'. 

NENAWEWHCK  Iiulians  inhabit  near  Stvern  ri- 
ver,  fcuth  of  Severn  lake. — ib. 

NEOMINAS  River,  on  the  coaft  of  Peru,  is  12  or 
14  leaeues  to  the  N.  V/.  ot  Bonaventura  river.  It  is 
a  iartrc  river,  and  empties  into  the  ocean  by  2  moutlis. 


the  whole  of  that  llicre  the  bottom  confilted  of  coral 
and  Vrok?n  (helh. 

NEDDICK,  Coj-e,  or  Nedaocl,  lies  between  York 
river  and  Well's  B^y  on  the  ccall  cf  York  county,  Di- 
ftrid  of  Mkine. — Morse. 

Nedoick  RiiK-r,  Cape,  ia  the  above  county,  is  navi- 


gable about  a  mile  from  the  fea,  a.nd  at  full  tide  only  The  Ihore  is  low,  but  there  i^  no  landing  upon  it,  as  it 

tor  veliUs  of  any  confiderable  burden,  it  having  a  bar  is  inhabited  only  by  favages  whom  it  would  not  be  very 

of  {and  at  its  mouth,  and  at  an  hour  before  and  after  fafe  to  truft,  as  their  peaceable  or  hollile  difpnfition  to- 

Inw  water,  tills  rivulet  is  generally  fo  Ihallow,  as  to  be  wards  Europeans  cannot  be  eafdy  known.     The  coaft, 

fordable  within  a  lew  rods  of  the  fea. — ih.  tljough  in  the  vicinity  of  the  moft  flouiilhing  Spanifh 

NEEDHAM's   Pi.ini,  on   the  S.   W.  angle  of  the  colonies,    remains  urfrcquented   and    wild.        P.dmas 


Illand  of  Barbadoes  in  the  Well-Indies,  is  to  the  S. 
eal1;rly  from  Bridgetown,  having  a  fort  upon  it  called 
Charles  Fort. — ib. 

Neidham,  atownlhip  in  Norfolk  county,  Malfichu- 
fetts-,   1  I  miles   from  Bollon.       It  is  about  9  miles  in 


Illand  is  oppolite  to  this  river,  being  low  land,  anel 
hivirg  feveral  Ihoals  about  it  ;  and  from  hence  to  Cape 
Coritntes  is  20  leagues  to  the  N.  W.  The  river  and 
illand  are  in  ktt.  about  4  30  N. — ib. 

NEPAL,  a  kingdom  of  India,  fituated  to  the 
length  and  5  in  breadtli,  and  is  alrnoll  enionipalfed  by  north-eaft  of  the  city  cf  Patna,  at  the  dillance  of  ten 
Chailes  river.  The  lower  fall  of  the  river,  at  the  bridge  or  twelve  days  journey.  Within  the  diftance  of  four 
between  Newton  and  Needham  is  about  20  teet  in  i'.s  days  journey  from  Nepal  the  road  is  good  in  the  plains 
dlrefl  defcent.  Here  the  river  divides  Middlefex  fiom  of  Hindoftan,  but  in  the  mountains  it  is  bad,  narrow, 
Norfolk  county.  It  was  incorporated  in  i  7  1 1,  and  con-  and  dangerous.  At  the  foot  cf  the  hills  the  country  is 
tiins  1 130  inhabitants.  A  flitting  and  rolling  ndll  has  called  Teriani ;  and  there  the  air  Is  very  unwholeforne 
latelv  been  erected  here. — ib.  from  the  middle  ot  March  to  the  middle  of  November  ; 

NEEHEEHEOU,  one  of  the  Sandwich  ifiands,  and  people  in  their  palTage  catch  a  dlfnrder  called  in 
about  5  leagues  to  the  weftward  of  Atooi,  and  has  about  the  language  of  that  country  mil;  which  is  a  putrid 
lOjOCO  inhabitants.  Its  pljce  of  anchorage  is  in  lat.  fever,  and  of  vdiich  the  generality  of  people,  who  are 
2  1  50  N.  and  long.  160  15  W.  Sometimes  it  is  call-  attacked  with  it,  die  in  a  few  days ;  but  on  the  plains 
ed  AW'ffoiy,  or  Oncehcoiu. — ib.  there  is  no  apprehenfion  of  it.     Although  the  ro.id  be 

NEC  ADA,  or  ylnei^i'iln,  one  of  the  Caiibbee  ifiands  very  narrow  and  inconvenient  for  three  c^r  four  days  at 
in  'he  Vv'ell-Indies.  It  is  low  and  defart,  encompalfed  ihe  palfes  of  the  hills,  where  it  is  necelfary  to  crofs  and 
with  llioah  and  fandbanks.  It  is  called  Negada,  from  recrofs  the  river  more  than  fifty  times,  yet,  on  reaching 
its  being  mollly  overflown  by  high  tides.  It  is  50  miles  the  interior  mountain  before  you  defcend,  you  have  an 
north-'Acll  of  Anguilla,  and  abounds  with  crabs.  N.  agreeable  profpeft  of  the  e.^ttnfive  plain  of  Nepal,  re- 
lit. 18  6.  W.  long.  63  5. — ib.  fembling  an  amphitheatre  covered  with  populous  towns 
NEGPJ''.  Harbour,  Nnrth,  at  the  W.  end  of  the  and  villages:  the  circumference  of  the  plain  is  about 
illan  I  of  Jamaica,  his  North  Negril  Pi'int  on  the  north,  zoo  miles,  a  little  irregular,  and  furrounded  by  hills  on 
which  is  the  moll  wellerly  point  of  the  illand  of  Jamai-  all  fides,  fo  that  no  perfnr  can  enter  or  come  out  of  it 
ca.     N.  lat.  18  45,  W.  l"ng.  78. — ib.  without  palling  the  mountains. 

NEGRO   Cape  and   Haibwr,  at  the   fouth-well  ex.         There  are  three  principal  cities  in  the  plain,  each  of 
treii.ity  of  Nova-Scotia — ib^  which  was  the  caf  ital  of  an  independent  kingdom  ;  the 

principal 


N     E     ? 


[     603     ] 


N    E   r 


Nffal.  principal  clly  of  the  three  is  fituatcd  to  llie  norlliward 
'^'^~**^  of  the  pUin,  and  is  called  Cat'hiv.amlu :  it  contains 
about  18, coo  houfes ;  and  this  kingdom,  from  fouih  to 
north,  extends  to  the  diftance  of  twelve  or  iliirteen  days 
journey  as  far  as  the  borders  of  Tibet,  and  is  altnoll  as 
ejtenfive  from  eaft  to  weft.  The  king  of  Cat'iimandu 
has  always  about  50,000  foldiers  in  iiis  fcivice.  The 
fccond  city  to  the  louth-vvcll  of  Cat'hmandu  is  called 
Lelit  Pallati ;  it  contains  near  24000  houfes.  The 
third  principal  city  to  the  eail  of  Lelit  Pattan  is  called 
B'hat^'i'i:  it  contains  about  12,000  iamilies;  and  is 
the  metropolis  of  a  diftriCl  which  extends  towards 
ihe  eall  to  the  dillancc  ol  five  or  fix  days  jour- 
ney; and  borders  upon  another  nation,  alfo  indepen- 
dent, called  Cirntas,  who  profefs  no  religion.  Belides 
thefe  three  principal  cities,  there  are  many  other  large 
and  lefs  conliderable  towns  or  fortrelles  ;  one  of  which 
is  Timi,  and  another  CipJi,  each  of  which  contains 
about  8000  houfes,  and  is  very  populous.  All  thofe 
towns,  both  great  and  I'mall,  are  well  built ;  the  houfes 
are  conftrutfled  vi  brick,  and  are  three  or  four  llories 
high  ;  their  apartments  aie  not  lofty  ;  they  have  doors 
and  windows  of  wood  well  worked  and  arranged  with 
great  regularity.  The  llreets  of  all  their  towns  are  pa- 
ved with  brick  or  ftone,  with  a  regular  declivity  to  car- 
ry oiT  the  water.  In  almoft  every  Ibeet  of  the  capital 
towns  there  are  alfo  good  wells  made  of  ftone,  from 
■which  the  water  pafi'es  through  fevcral  ftone  canals  for 
the  ptiblic  benefit.  In  every  town  there  are  large  fquare 
varandas  well  built,  for  the  accommodation  of  travellers 
and  the  public:  thefe  varandas  are  called  PalJ ;  and 
there  are  alfo  many  of  them,  as  well  as  wells,  in  diffe- 
rent parts  of  the  country  for  public  ufe.  There  are 
alfo,  on  the  outfide  of  the  great  towns,  (mall  fquare  re- 
fcrvoirs  of  water,  faced  with  brick,  with  a  gooji  road  to 
\v.ilk  upon,  and  a  large  flight  of  fteps  for  the  conveni- 
ence of  thofe  who  choofe  to  bathe. 

The  religion  of  Nepal  is  of  two  kinds :  the  more 
ancient  is  profefTed  by  many  people  who  call  themfclves 
Baryefu  ;  they  pluck  out  all  the  hair  from  their  heads ; 
their  drefs  is  of  coarfe  red  woollen  cloth,  and  they  wear 
a  cap  of  the  fame  :  they  are  confidered  as  people  of  the 
religious  order,  and  their  religion  prohibits  them  from 
marrying,  as  it  is  with  the  Lamas  of  Tibet,  from  which 
rountiy  their  religion  was  originally  brought;  but  in 
Nepal  they  do  not  obferve  this  rule,  except  at  their 
difcretion.  They  have  large  monafteries,  in  which  eve- 
ry one  has  a  feparate  apartment  or  place  of  abode.  They 
obferve  alfo  particular  leftivals,  the  principal  of  which 
is  called  Yatra  in  their  language,  and  continues  a  month 
or  longer  according  to  the  pleafure  of  the  king.  The 
ceremony  confifts  in  drawing  an  idol,  which  at  Lelit 
Pattan  is  called  Baghcro,  in  a  large  and  richly  orna- 
mented car,  covered  with  gilt  copper  :  round  about  the 
idol  ftand  the  king  and  the  principal  Baryefus  ;  jnd  in 
this  manner  the  vehicle  is  almoft  every  day  drawn  thro' 
fome  one  of  the  ftreets  of  the  city  by  the  inhabitants, 
who  run  about  beating  and  playing  upon  every  kind  of 
inilrument  their  country  affords,  wliich  make  an  incon- 
ceivable noife. 

The  other  religion,  the  more  common  of  the  two,  is 
that  of  the  Brahmens,  and  is  the  fame  as  is  followed  in 
Hindoftan,  with  the  diiTerence  that,  in  the  latter  coun- 
try  the  Hindus  being  mixed  with  the  M  ihomnicdans, 
liieir  religion  alfo  abounds  wiili  many  prejudices,  and  is 


not  ftridily  obfcrvcd  ;  whereas  in  Nepal,  where  there  a:e  Ntji!- 
no  Muflelmai-.s  (except  one  Calhmirian  merchant),  the  ^-^~''"*« 
Hmdu  religion  is  prafliftd  in  its  greateft  purity  :  eve- 
ry day  of  the  month  they  clafs  under  its  proper  name, 
when  certain  facrilices  are  to  be  performed  and  Certala 
prayers  offered  up  in  their  temples :  the  places  of  wor- 
(hip  are  more  in  r.uinber  in  their  tcr.-ns  than  ara  to  be 
found  in  the  moft  populous  and  moft  flourifhing  cities 
ut  Chriftendom  ;  m.'.iiy  of  them  are  magnificent  accord- 
ing to  their  ideas  of  architeaure,  and  conftrufted  a:  a 
very  confiderabie  expence  ;  feme  of  them  have  four  or 
five  fquare  cupolas,  and  in  fome  of  the  temples  two  (»r 
three  ot  the  extreme  cupalas,  as  well  as  the  doors  and 
windows  of  tJi.'ru,  aie  decorated  with  gilt  copper. 

In  the  city  of  Ldit  Paltan  the  temple  cf  Bdg,hero  is 
more  valuable,  on  account  of  the  gold,  filver,  and  jeweh 
it  contains,  than  even  the  houfe  of  the  king.  Eefides 
the  large  temples,  there  are  alfo  many  fmall  ones,  whicii 
have  ftaii^s,  by  which  a  fingle  pcifun  may  afcend,  on 
the  outfide  all  around  them  ;  and  fome  of  thofe  in\A\ 
temples  have  four  fides,  others  fix,  with  fmall  Hone  (  r 
marble  pillars  poliflied  very  fmooth,  with  tv>-o  or  three 
pyramidal  ftories,  and  all  their  ornaments  well  gilt,  and 
neatly  worked  according  to  their  ideas  of  talte.  On 
the  outfide  of  fome  of  their  temples  there  are  great: 
fquare  pillars  cf  fingle  ftones  frt  m  twenty  to  thirty  feet 
high,  upon  which  they  place  their  idols  fuperbly  gilt. 
The  greateft  number  of  their  temples  have  a  good  ftone 
ftaircafe  in  the  middle  rf  the  four  fquares,  and  at  the 
end  of  each  flight  of  flairs  there  are  lines  cut  out  of 
Hone  on  both  fides:  around  about  their  temples  there 
are  alfo  bells,  which  tlie  people  ring  on  particular  occa- 
fions  ;  and  when  they  are  at  prayers,  many  cupolas  are 
alfo  quite  filled  with  little  bells  hanging  by  cords  in  the 
infide  about  the  diftance  of  a  foot  from  each  other, 
which  make  a  great  noiie  on  that  quarter  where  the 
wind  conveys  the  found.  There  are  not  only  fiiperb 
temples  in  their  great  cities,  but  alfo  within  their  caftles. 

To  the  eaftward  of  Cat'hmandu,  at  the  diftance  of 
about  two  or  three  miles,  there  is  a  place  called  Tolu, 
by  which  there  flows  a  fmall  river,  the  water  cf  which 
is  efteemed  holy,  according  to  their  fuperftitions  idear, 
and  thither  tliey  carry  people  of  high  rank,  wl;en  ihcy 
are  thought  to  be  at  the  point  of  death  :  at  this  place 
there  is  a  temple,  which  is  not  inferior  to  the  heft  and 
richeft  in  any  of  the  capital  cities.  They  alfo  have  it 
on  tradition,  that  at  tv.o  or  tiiree  places  in  Nepal  va- 
luable treafures  are  concealed  under  ground  :  one  of 
thoie  places  they  believe  is  Tolu  ;  but  no  one  is  permit- 
ted to  make  ufe  of  them  except  the  king,  and  that 
only  in  cafes  of  neceftlty.  Thofo  treafures,  tliey  fay, 
have  been  accumul.ited  in  this  manner  :  When  any  teni- 
pie  had  become  very  rich  from  the  offerings  of  the  peo- 
pie,  it  was  deftroyed,  and  deep  vaults  dug  under  ground 
one  above  another,  in  which  the  gold,  filver,  gilt  cop- 
per, jewels,  and  every  thing  of  v. due,  were  dcpofited. 
This  was  found  to  be  aflually  the  cafe  when  the  mif- 
fionary,  from  whofe  memoir  this  account  of  Nepal  is 
taken,  was  at  Cat'hmandu.  One  of  the  kings,  or  pre- 
tenders to  the  crown,  who  were  then  at  war  with  each 
other,  being  in  the  lunioft  diftrcfs  for  want  of  money  to 
pay  his  troops,  ordered  tlie  vauhs  at  Tolu  to  be  open- 
cd  ;  and  found  in  the  firft  vault  more  money,  belidos 
filver  and  gold  idol-,  than  he  had  immediate  occafion 
for. 

4  G  2  To 


N     E     P 


[     604     ] 


N     E     U 


Neus. 


N<Ta!.         To  ilie  wcRwarJ  alfo  of  ilic  great  city  of  Lelit  Pat-  by  one  of  the  armies,  who,  in  digging  their  ditches    Nepcan, 

^^"^  tji,^  at  tlie  Jiitance  of  only  three  miles,  is  a  callle  cal-  among  the  tombs,  found  confiderable   pieces  of  gold,          " 

led  Bnrra,  in  which  there  is  3,  magnificent  temple.     No  wilh  a  quantity  of  which  metal  the  corpfes  of  the  gran-  , 

one  of  die  million.iries  ever  entered  into  this  caftle  ;  be-  dees  of  Tibet  are  always  interred. 

caufe  the  people  who  have  ths  care  of  it,  have  fuch  a  The  kingdom  of  Nepal  our  author  believes  to  be  ve- 

fcrupnlous  veneration  for  the  temple,  that  no  perfon  is  ry  ancient,  becaufe  it  has  always  prcferved  its  peculiar 

permitted  to  enter  it  with  his  (hoes  on  ;  and  the  niilho-  language  and  independence.     It  was  completely  ruined, 

jiaries,  unv.illing  'o  Ihew  fuch  refpeft  to  their  falle  dei-  however,  about  thirty  or  forty  years  ago  by  the  diffen- 

tics,  never  entered  it.    The  author  of  this  memoir,  how-  lions  oi  its  nobles,  who,  on  the  death  "t  their  fovereign, 

<ver,  wiio  A&cd  as  phyfician  to  the  commandant,  was  and,    as  it  would    feeni,    the  extinflion  of  the  royal 

of  courle  admitted  wi-hin  the  caftle,  and  got  a  fight  of  line,  cnuld  n  it  agree  in  their  choice  of  a  proper  fuccef- 

the  celebr.itcd  temple,  which  he  declares,  that  for  mag-  for.     The  confequence  was,   t'.iat  different  fovereigns 

liilicence  he  belicvei  ftiperior  to  every  thing  in  Europe.  were  fet  up  by  the  nobles  of  different  dillricls  ;   and 

Befit'.es  the  magniticcuc:  of  the  temples,  which  their  thefe  waged  war  with  each  other,  with  a   degree  of 

cities  and  towns  coniaiii,  there  aie  many  other  larities.  treachery  and  favage  atrocity  that  hu  hardly  a  parallel 

At  Cat'hmandu,  on  one  fide  of  the  royal  garden,  there  in  the  annals  of  the  world.     Even  the  Brahmens,  whom 

is  a  larj'C  fountain,  in  which  is  one  of  their  idols  called  v/e  are  accullomed   to  confider  as  a  mild  and   innocent 

Narayan.     'I'his  idol  is   of    blue  (lone,    crowned  and  people,  were,  in  the  civil  wars  of  Nepal,  guilty  of  the 

fleeoing  on  a  mattrafs  alfo  of  the  fame  kind  of  llone,  meaneil  and  bafeft  villanies;    they  brought  about  Irca- 

:ind  the  idol  and  the  mattrafs  appear  as  floating  upon  ties  between  the  rival  fovereigns,  and  then  encouraged 

the  water.     This   (lone  machine  is  very  lart^c,  being  him  whom  they  favoured,  to  maifacrs  the  adherents  of 

about  18  or  20  feet  long,  and  broad  in  proportion,  but  the  other  in  cold  blood. 

well  worked,  and  in  go'od  repair.  NEPEAN  IJland,  a  fmall  ifland  of  the  South  Pacific 

In  a  wall  of  the  royal  palace  of  Cat'hmandu,  which  is  Ocean,  oppofite  to  Poit  Hunter  on  the  foulh  coad  of 

built  upon  the  court  before  the  palace,  there  is  a  great  Norfolk  Klrnd — Morse. 

llone  of  a  (Ingle  piece,  which  is  about  fifteen  feet  long,  NEPEAN  Sound,  an  extenfive  water  on  the  north- 

and  four  or  five  feet  thick;  on  the  top  of  this  great  wed  coafl  of  N.  America,  having  a  number  of  illands 

(lone  there  arc  four  fqu.ire  holes  at  equal  diftances  from  in  it,  in  fome  charts  called  Princefs  Royal  lilands.       It 

each  other;  in  the  inlide  of  the  wail  they  pour  water  opens  eallward  from  Cape  St  James,  the  fouthernmoit 

into  the  holes ;  and  in  the  court  fide,  each  hole  having  point  of  Walliington's  or  Queen  Ciiarlotte's   lilands. 

a  clofed  canal,  every  perfon  may  draw  water  to  drink.  Eitzhugh's  Sound  lies  between  it  and  Queen  Charlotte's 

At  the  font  of  the  (lone  is  a  large  ladder,  by  which  Sound  to  the  fouthvvard. — ib. 

people  afcend  to  drink;  but  the  curiofity  of  the  llone  NEPONSET,  a  river   of  Maffachufetts,  originates 

confills  in  its  being  quite  covered  with  charaflers  of  dif-  chiefly  from  Muddy  and  Punkapog  Ponds,  in  Stough- 

ferent  languages  cut  upon  it.     Some  lines  contain  the  ton,  and  Mafnapog  Pond  in  Sharon,   and  after  palfing 

chaiaders  of  the  language  of  the  country,  others  the  over  (alls  fuflicient   to   cairy  mills,  unites  with  other 

charaders  of  Tibet,  others  Pcrfian,  others  Greek,  be-  fmall  dreams,  and  forms  a  very  conftant  fupply  of  wa- 

fides  federal  others  of  different  nations ;  and  in  the  mid-  ter,  for  the  many  mills  fituated  on  the  river  below,  un- 

dlc  there  is  a  line  of  Roman  charaflers,  which  appears  til  it  meets  the  tide  in  Milton,  from  whence  it  is  navi- 

in  this  form,   AVTOMNEVV  INTER  LHIVERT  ;  gable  for  veifels  of  150  tons  burden  to  Bodon  Bay,  dii'- 

but  none  of  the  inhabitants  have  any  knowledge  how  tant  about  4  iriiles.       There  are  6  paper-mills,  befides 

they  came  there,  nor  do  they  know  whether  or  not  any  many  others  of  different  kinds,  on  this  fmall  river. — ib. 

Europeau  had  ever  been  in  Nepal  before  the  miffiona-  NERUKA,  a  port  in  the  iiland  of  Cape   Breton, 

"      '     '      '     '          '"  '       '   '  where  the  French  had  a  fectlement. — lb. 

NESBIT's  Harbour,  on  the  coad  of  New-Britain, 
in  N.  America,  where  the  Moravians  formed  a  fettle- 
ment  in  1752  ;  of  the  firll  party  ii>me  were  killed,   and 


lies,  who  arrived  there  only  the  beginning  of  the  eigh- 
teenth century.  They  are  manifeilly  two  Trench  names 
of  feafons,  with  an  Englifli  word  between  them. 

There  is  alfo  to  the  northward  of  the  city  of  Cat'h- 


mandu a  hill  called  Simbi,  upon  which  are  fome  tombs  others  were  driven  away.     In  1764,  they  made  another 

of  the  Lamas  of  Tiljet,  and  other  people  of  high  rank  aitempt  under  the  protertion  of  the  Britdli  government, 

of  the  fame  nation.     The  monuments  are  condruifled  and  were  well  received  by  the  Efquimaux,  and  by  the 

after  various  forms  :   two  or  thiee  of  them  are  pyrami-  lad   account  the  mlQion  fucceeded. — ib. 

dal,  very  hiwh,  and  well  ornamented  ;  fo  that  they  have  NESCOPECK  River  falls  into  the  N.  E.  branch  of 

a  very  good  appear^mce,  and  may  be  (ecu  at  a  confider-  Sufquehannah  river,  near  the  mouth  of  the  creek  of 

able  dillance.     Round  thefe  monuments  are  remarkable  that  name,  in  Northumberland  county,  Pennfylvania, 

Hones  covered  with  charaifters,  which  probably  are  the  and  oppofite  to  the  town  of  Berwick,   160  miles  N.  W. 

infcriptions  of  fi-iiie  of  the  inhabitants  of  Tibet  whofe  of  Philadelphia,  and  in  lat.  41  3.       An  Indian  town, 

bones  were  interred  there.     The  natives  of  Nepal  not  called  Nefcopeck,  formerly  ftood  near  the  fcite  of  Ber- 

only  look  upon  the  hill  as  facred,  but  imagine  it  is  wick. — ib. 

proteflcd  by  their  idols ;  and  from  this  erroneous  fup-  NETHERLANDS,  New,  is  the  traifl  now  included 

pofiiion  never  think  of  llationing  troops  there  for  tlie  in  the   States  of  New  York,  New-Jerfey,  and  part  of 

defence  of  it,  although  it  be  a  pod  of  great  importance,  Delaware  and  Pennfylvania,  and  was  thus  named  by 

and  only  at  a  ihort  mile's  didance  from  the  city.     Du-  the  Dutch.     It  palled  fird  by  conqued  and  afterwards 

ring  the  hodililies,  however,  which  prevailed  when  our  by  treaty  into  the  hands  of  the  Englilh  — ib. 

auibcr  was  in  the  country,  this  facred  hill  was  fortified  NEUS,  a  river  of  N.  Caroliuj,  which  empties  into 

Pamlico 


NEW  [6 

Ncuftn,  Pamlico  Sound  below  the  town  of  N^wbern.  It  is  na- 
il vigable  for  fea  vefTels  13  miles  above  Mewbern  ;  for 
fcows  50  miles,  and  for  fmall  boats  200  miles. — ib. 

NEUSTRA  Sermora,  Baia  de,  or  Our  Lady's  Bay, 
on  the  coaft  of  Chili,  on  the  S.  Pacific  Ocean,  in  S. 
America,  is  30  leagues  from  Copiapa,  and  20  S.  S. 
W.  of  Cape  Georsje.  It  is  indifferent  riding  in  ihis 
bay,  as  the  N.  W.  winds  blow  right  in,  and  the  gulls 
from  ihe  mountains  are  very  dangerous. — ih. 

NEVERSINK  Cre.4,  a  llreamin  the  Hirdenbergh 
Patent,  in  Ulller  county,  New- York.  On  an  ifland  in 
this  creek  Mr  Baker  having  cut  down  a  hollow  beech 
tree,  in  March,  1790,  found  near  two  barrels  lull  of 
chimney  f^allows  in  tiie  cavity  of  the  tree.  They  were 
in  a  torpid  (late,  but  fome  of  them  being  placed  near  a 
fire,  were  prefently  reanimated  by  the  warmth,  and 
took  wing  with  their  ufual  agility. — ib. 

NEVIL  Biiy,  on  the  welt  lliore  of  Hudfon's  bay,  is 
nearly  due  welt  a  litlle  northerly  from  Cape  Digges  and 
Manlel  illand  at  the  entrance  into  the  bay.  North  lat. 
62  30,  well  long.  95. — -^b. 

NEVIS,  an  illand  h-fs  than  a  league  fouth-eafterly 
of  the  peninfula  of  St  Chrillopher's,  one  of  the  Carib- 
bees.  This  beautiful  little  fpot  is  nc  thing  more  than  .1 
fingle  mountain  rifing  like  a  cone  in  an  ea<y  afcent  from 
the  fea  ;  the  circumference  of  its  bafe  not  exceeding  8 
Btitilh  leagues.  This  ifland  was  doubrlefs  produced 
by  fome  volcanic  eruption,  fcr  there  is  a  hollow  crater 
near  the  fummit  flill  vifible ;  which  contains  a  hot 
fpring,  flrongly  impregnated  wiih  fulphur,  and  fulpbur 
is  frequently  found  in  fubllance,  in  the  neighbouring 
gullies  and  cavities  of  the  earth.  The  illand  is  well 
watered,  and  the  land  in  general  fertile.  Four  thou- 
fand  acres  of  canes  are  annually  cut,  which  produce  an 
equal  number  of  h-aglheads  of  lugar.  The  illand,  fmall 
as  it  is,  is  divided  into  5  paiillies.  It  has  one  town, 
CharhJlorvK,  which  is  a  port  cf  entry,  and  the  feat  of 
government ;  where  is  alio  a  fort  called  Charles  Fort. 
There  are  two  other  fhipping  places,  viz.  Indian  Caftle 
and  New-Cafile.  Nevis  contains  600  whites  and  10,000 
blacks.  It  was  6rll  fettled  by  the  Englilh  in  1628,  un- 
der the  protection  of  Sir  Thomas  Warner.  It  ii  fiid, 
that,  about  tlx;  year  1640  the  illand  contained  4.0CO 
■whites,  and  fome  writers  fay  that  before  tlie  year  1688 
it  had  30,000  inhabitants.  The  invafion  of  the  French 
about  that  time,  and  fome  epidemic  dif  )rders  llrangely 
diminiihed  the  number.  Charlelfown,  the  capital,  lies 
in  lat.  17  15  N.  and  long.  62  i<^  W.  There  are  fede- 
ral rocks  and  fhosls  on  the  coall,  particularly  on  the 
fouth-wetl  fide,  but  Ihips  ride  between  them  in  tolerable 
fafety,  the  hurricane  feafons  excepted,  when  tliey  are 
obliged  to  put  off  to  fea,  and  lun  into  Antigua,  if  poQl- 
ble lb. 

NEW-ALIilON,  a  name  given  to  a  country  of  in- 
definite limits,  on  the  wellerncoafl  of  N.  America,  ly- 
ing  north  of  Califorma. — ib. 

NEW,  a  river  of  N.  Carolina,  wliich  empties,  after 
n  fhort  courfe,  into  the  ocean,  through  New  River  In- 
let. Its  mouth  is  wide  and  ihoal.  It  abounds  with 
mullet  during  the  winter  feafon. — ib. 

NEW-ANDALUSIA,  a  province  of  Terra  Firma, 
S.  America,  Iving  on  the  coail  of  the  North  Sea,  op- 
pofite  to  the  Eeeward  Ulands ;  bounded  by  tlie  river 
Qroonoko  on  the  weft.     This  country  is  called  Paria 


35     ]  NEW 

by  fome  writers.     Its  chief  town  is  St  Thomas.    Some 
gold  mines  were  difcovered  here  in  1785. — ib. 

NEW-ANDOVER,  a  fcttleraent  in  York  county, 
Diftrifl  of  Miine,  which  contain',  including  K:r;'in 
and  Potterfield,  214  inhabitants. — ;/'. 

NEW.ANTICARIA,  a  town  of  New-Spain,  34 
leagues  northward  of  Acapulco. — ib. 

NEW-ANTIGUERA,  an  epifcopal  city  of  New- 
Spain,  in  the  province  of  Guaxica,  erefted  into  a  bi- 
fnoprick  by  Paul  III.  1547.  It  has  a  noble  cathedral, 
fupported  by  marble  pillars. — ib. 

NEWARK,  a  townlliip  in  EITex  county,  in  Ver- 
mont.— ib. 

Newark  Bay,  in  New-Jerfey,  is  formed  by  the  con- 
fluence of  Palfaick  and  Hackenfack  riv^ers  from  the 
north,  and  is  feparated  from  that  part  of  North  river 
oppofiie  to  New- York  city,  by  Bergen  Neck  on  the  E, 
which  neck,  alio,  with  Staten  Iflai.d  on  the  S.  of  it, 
form  a  narrov/  channel  from  the  bay  to  North  river  eall- 
ward.  Newark  Bay  alfo  ccmmunicates  with  Rariton 
Bay,  at  the  month  of  Raritrn  river,  by  a  channel  in  a 
S.  by  W.  direftion  along  the  wcftern  fide  of  Staten 
Ifland.  The  water  palfage  from  New- York  to  Eliza- 
beth-Town Point,  15  miles,  is  through  this  bay. — ib. 

Newark,  a  poft-town  of  New-Jerley  and  capital  of 
EfTex  county,  is  pleafantly  frtuated  at  a  fmall  diftance 
weft  of  Palfaick  river,  near  its  mouth  in  Newark  Bay, 
and  nine  miles  weft  of  New- York  city.  It  is  a  hand- 
fome  and  flourifb'ng  town,  celebrated  for  the  excellence 
of  its  cyder,  and  is  the  feat  of  the  largeft  fhoe  manu- 
facture in  the  State  :  the  average  number  made  daily 
throughout  the  year,  is  eftimated  at  about  200  pairs. 
The  town  is  of  much  the  fame  lize  as  Elizabeth-Town, 
and  is  6  miles  N.  of  it.  There  is  a  Prefbyterian  churcli 
of  ftone,  the  largeft  and  moft  elegant  building  of  the 
kind  in  the  State.  Beftdes  thefe  is  an  Epifcopal  church, 
a  ccurt-houfe  and  gaol.  The  academy,  which  was 
eftablifhed  here  in  June,  1792,  promifes  to  be  a  ufeful 
inftitution.  In  Newark  and  in  Orange  which  joins  it 
on  the  N.  W.  there  are  9  tanneries,  and  valuable  quar- 
ries of  ftone  for  building.  The  quarries  in  Nev.Mrk, 
would  rent,  it  is  faid,  for  ^1000  a  year,  and  the  num- 
ber of  workmen  limited.  This  town  was  originally  fet- 
tled by  emigrants  from  Brandford,  Conceclicut,  as  long 
ago  as  1662. — ib. 

Newark,  a  village  in  Newcaftle  corrnty,  Delaware, 
fituated  between  Chriftiana  and  White  Clay  Creeks,  9 
miles  weft  of  New-Cuftle,  and  10  fouth-wefterly  of 
Wilmington. — ib. 

Newark,  a  town  lately  laid  out  by  the  Britifh  in  Up~ 
per  Canada,  on  the  river  which  conne<fls  Likes  Erie 
and  Ontario,  directly  oppofite  Niagara  town  and  fort. 
— ib. 

NEW-ATHENS,  or  Ti^gi  Point,  ftands  on  the 
poft-road  from  Cooper ftoivn  to  Williamlbargh,  in  Lu- 
zerne county,  Pennfylvania,  on  the  point  of  land  firm- 
ed by  the  confluence  of  Tioga  river  with  the  E.  branch 
of  Sufquehannah  river,  in  lai.  41  54  and  long.  76  32 
W.  and  about  3  miles  S.  of  the  New-Ycrk  line  ;  20  miles 
S.  E.  by  E.  of  Newtown  In  New- York,  14  S.  W.  of 
Owego,  .ind  116  S.  W.  cf  Cioperftown. — ib. 

NLW-BARB.^DOES,  a  townfh^p  in  Bergen  coun- 
ty, New-Jerfey. — ib. 

NEW-BEDFORD,  a  poftiown  and  port  of  entry 

ioi 


N.w-An- 
dovcr, 

II 

fr.rd. 


NEW 


[     606     ] 


NEW 


Newhfni.  in  Bnftcl  county,  Madachufetts,  fituatedon  a  fmall  bay 
''^^'^'^  which  fets  up  norlli  from  Uuzzard's  Bay,  58  miles  S. 
of  liofton.      The  tnwndii;)  was  incorpnrated  in   1787, 
and  is  13  miles  in  lenpih  and  4  in  breadth  ;  bounded  1'-. 
by  Roclitfter,  W.  by  Daitmouih,  of  which  it  was  origi- 
nally a  P'f".  "till  S.  I)y  Buzzard's   B.iy.      jicchufnuit 
was  the  Indian  name  of  New-Bedford;  and  the  fmall  li- 
ver ol  that  n:)nie,  clifcnvered  by  Gofnold  in  j6o2,  runs 
from  niirih  to  fuiith  tluouyh  the  townlhip,  and  divides 
the  villages  of  Oxfcrd  and   Fairhaven  from    Bedttird 
viUa"e.     A  company  was  incorporated   in    1796,   tor 
building  a  bridge  acrofs  this  river.      From  the  head  to 
the  mouth  of  the  river  is  7  or  8  miles.     Fairhaven  and 
Bedford  villaj^es  are  a  mile  apart,  and  a  ferry  cond^'nt- 
ly  attended  is  eilablifhed  between  them.       Tlie  harbour 
is  very  fafe,  in  fome  places  1 7  or  18  feet  of  water  ;  and 
velfjls  of  3  or  4C0  tons  lie  at  the  wharves.     Its  mouth 
is  formed  by  Clark's  Neck  on  the  W.  fide,  and  Sconti- 
cutt  Point  on  the  other.    An  ifland  between  thefe  points 
renders   the   entrance   narrow;    in   5   fathoms   water. 
High  water  at   full  and  change  of  the  moon  37  mi- 
nutes after  7  o'clock.      Dartmouth  is  the  fafeft  place  to 
lie  at  wiih  an  eallerly  wind  ;  but  at  New-Bedford  you 
will  lie  fafe  at  t!ie  wjiarves.     The  river  has   plenty  of 
imall  fifh,  and  a  lliort  way  fiom  its  mouth  they  catch 
cod,  bafs  bljck  fi/li,  Iheeps  head,  S:c.     The  damage 
done  by  the  Britilh  to  this  town  in  1778  amounted  to 
the  value  of  ;^97,ooo.     It  is  now  in  a  flourifhlng  ftate. 
In  the  townlhip  are  a  poll-office,  a  printing-office,  3 
meetings  for  Fiisnds,  and  3  for  Congregali.malifts,  and 
3313  inhabitants.     The  experts  to  the  different  States 
and  to  the  Weft-Indies  for  one  year,  ending  September 
2,0,  1794.  amounted  to  82,085  dollars.     It  is  357  miles 

N.  E.  by  E.  of  Philadelphia lb. 

NEWBERN,  one  of  the  ealtern  maritime  diftrlfts  of 
N.  Carolina,  bounded  E.  and  S.  E.  by  the  Atlantic, 
S.  W.  by  Wilmington,  W.  by  Fayette,  N.  W.  by 
HiV.ltorough,  N.  by  Halifax,  and  N.  E.  by  Edenton 
dlftriifl.  It  comprehends  the  counties  of  Carteret, 
Jones,  Craven,  Beaufort,  Hyde,  Pitt,  Wayne,  Glaf- 
gow,  Lenoir,  and  Johndon  ;  and  contains  55,540  in- 
habitants, including  15,900  llaves. — ib. 

Newbern,  the  capital  of  the  above  diftrifl.  Is  a  poft- 
tovvn  and  port  of  entry,  (ituated  in  Craven  county,  on 
a  flat,  fandy  point  of  land,  formed  by  the  confluence  of 
the  rivers  Neus  on  the  N.  and  Trent  on  the  fouth .  Op- 
pofite  to  the  town,  the  Neus  is  about  a  mile  and  a  half", 
and  the  Trent  three-quarters  of  a  mile  wide.  Newbeni 
is  the  largelf  town  in  the  State,  contains  about  400 
houfcs,  all  built  of  vi-ood  except  the  palace,  the  church, 
the  gaol,  and  two  dwelllng-houfes,  which  are  of  brick. 
The  pjlace  was  ereifled  by  the  province  before  the  re- 
volution, and  was  formerly  the  refidence  of  the  gover- 
nors.  It  is  large  and  elegant,  two  (lories  high,  with 
two  wings  for  office":,  a  I'ttle  advanced  in  front  towards 
the  town  ;  thefe  wings  are  conneiSed  with  the  principal 
building  by  a  circular  arcade.  It  is  much  out  of  re- 
pair ;  and  the  only  ufe  to  which  this  once  handfome 
and  well  furnilhed  building  is  now  applied,  is  for 
fchools.  One  of  the  halls  is  ufed  for  a  Ichool,  and  an- 
other for  ^  dancing-room.  The  aims  of  the  klnsj  of 
Giea'Br  tain  llill  appear  in  a  pediment  in  front  of  the 
buililing.  Tiie  Ep  fcopallan  church  is  a  fmall  brick 
baiidin^f,  with  a  btll.  It  is  the  only  houfe  for  public  wor- 
ship intheplace.  I'he  court-houle  isralfed  on  brick  arch- 


es, fo  as  to  render  the  lower  part  a  convenient  market   Ncvp-Blf- 
place  ;  but  the  principal  marketing  is  done  with  the  pco-        ">'• 
pie  in  their  canoes  and  boats  at  the  river  fide.     In  Sep-      ^\ 
tember,   1791,  near  one-third  of  this  town  was  confum-  Brunfwick. 
ed  by  fire.     It  carries  on  a  confiderable   trade  to  the  s^^^^~>^ 
Wcli-Indics  and  llie  difi'erent  States  in  tar,  pitch,   tur- 
pentine,   lumber,    corn,  &c.        The  exports  in    1794 
amounted  to  69,615  dollars.     It  is  149  miles  from  Ra- 
leigh, 99  S.  W.  of  Edenton,   103  N.  E.  by  N.  of  Wil- 
mington,  2%^  S.  of  Peterfburgh  in  Virginia,  and  501 
S.  W.  of  Philadelphia.    N.  l.tt.  35  20,  W.  long.  77  25. 
—ib. 

NEW-BISCAY,  a  province  in  the  audience  of  Ga- 
licia,  in  Old-Mexico  or  New-Spain.  It  is  laid  to  be 
100  leagues  from  E.  to  W.  and  120  from  north  10 
fouth.  It  is  a  well  watered  and  fertile  country.  Ma- 
ny of  the  Inhabitants  are  rich,  not  only  in  corn,  cattle, 
&c.  but  alfo  in  filver  mines,  and  fome  of  lead. — lb. 

NEW-BOSTON,  a  townfhip  in  Hilllborough  coun- 
ty, New-Hampfhlre,  about  70  miles  weflerly  of  Portf- 
mouth.  It  was  incorporated  in  1763,  and  contains 
1202  inhabitants. — lb. 

NEW-BRAINTREE,  a  townniip  in  Worcefter 
county,  Maflachufetts,  conliillng  of  about  13,000  acres 
of  land,  taken  from  Braintree,  Brookficld,  and  Hard- 
wick,  and  was  incorporated  in  175 1.  It  contains 
940  inhabitants,  moRly  farmers,  and  lies  19  miles 
north-wed  of  Worcefler,  and  66  north-weft  of  Bofton. 
—lb. 

NEW-BRITAIN,  a  townfhip  in  Buck's  county, 
Pennfylvania. — ib. 

NEW-BRUNSWICK,  in  the  State  of  New-York  is 
fituated  on  P.altz  Kill,  about  8  miles  S.  W.  of  New- 
Paltz,  and  69  nortli-weflerly  of  New-York  city. — ib. 

New-Brunswick,  a  Brilifli  province  in  N.  America, 
thi  north- weft;  part  of  Nova-Scotia;  bounded  weft  by 
the  DKtriifl  of  Maine,  from  which  it  is  feparated  by  the 
river  St  Croix,  and  a  line  drawn  due  north  from  its 
fource  to  the  Canada  line  ;  north  by  the  fouthern  boun- 
dary of  the  province  of  Lower  Canada,  until  it  touches 
the  fea-fhore  at  the  weftern  extremity  of  Chaleur  Bay  ; 
then  following  the  various  windings  of  the  fea-fhore  to 
the  Bay  of  Verte,  in  the  ftraits  of  Northumberland  ;  on 
the  S.  E.  it  is  divided  from  Nova  Scotia  by  the  fever;il 
windings  of  the  Miffiquafh  river,  from  its  confluence 
with  Beau  Bafon  (at  the  head  of  Chcgneflo  channel) 
to  its  main  fource  ;  and  from  thence  by  a  due  eafi  line 
to  the  Bay  of  Verte.  The  northern  fliores  of  the  Bay 
of  Fundy  conftitute  the  remainder  of  the  fouthern  boun- 
dary. All  iflands  included  in  the  above  limits  belong 
to  this  province.  According  to  Arrowfmlth's  map,  i: 
extends  from  lat.  45  7  to  47  15  N.  and  from  long.  64 
to  69  50  W.  It  is  about  260  miles  long  and  170  broad. 
The  chief  towns  are  St  John's,  at  the  mouth  of  the  ri- 
ver of  the  fame  name;  St  Annep,  the  prelent  feat  of 
government,  80  miles  up  the  river  ;  and  Frederickf- 
town,  a  fewmiles  above  St  Annes.  Thechlef  rivers  are 
St  John's,  Merrimichi,  Petltcodiac,  Memramcook,  Ri- 
ftigouche,  and  Nipifigult.  The  coaft  of  this  province 
is  indented  with  numerous  bays  and  commodious  har- 
bours ;  the  chief  are  Chaleur,  Merrimichi,  Verte,  which 
laft  is  feparated  from  the  Bay  of  Fundy  by  a  narrow 
irthmus  of  about  18  miles  wide  ;  Bay  of  Fundy,  which 
extendi  50  leagues  into  t!ie  country ;  Chegnecto  Bay, 
at  the  head  of  the  Bay  cf  Fundy  ;  Paffamaquoddy  Bay, 

bordering 


NEW 


[     60 


Ncwbergh,  bordering  upon  the  DilUid  of  Mains.     At  i!ie  entrance 
II  of  this  bay  is  an  iflanJ  granted  tofeveral  gentlemen  in 

^^^^!^^!i;;y^  Liverpool,  in  Lancalbire,  who  named  it  Campo  Billo. 
At  a  very  confiderable  e.\p:nfe  tkey  attempted  to  form 
a  feltlement  here,  but  failed.  On  leveral  other  iflands 
in  this  bay  there  are  fettlements  niado  by  people  from 
MaHaclu'.l'etis.  Here  are  numerous  lakes,  as  yet  with- 
out narr-es.  Grand  Lake,  near  Sr  John's  river,  is  30 
miles  long  and  8  or  ic  broad;  and  in  fum;  places  40 
fathoms  deep. — il: 

NEWBEKGH,  a  townfhlp  in  Ulller  county,  New- 
York,  bcundtd  eallerly  by  Hudfon's  river,  and  foutbei- 
ly  by  New-\V,ndfor,  and  contains  2365  inhabitants  ; 
of  whom  373  are  elecljrs,  and  57  flaves.  The  com- 
pa<S  part  cf  the  town  is  neatly  built,  and  pleafantly 
lituated  on  the  weft  bank  of  the  Hudfon,  66  miles 
noilh  cf  New. York,  oppofite  Filh-Kill  Landing,  7 
miles  from  Filb  Kill,  13  from  Golhen,  and  14  fouth 
from  Poughkeepfie.  It  confills  of  between  50  and  60 
houfes  and  a  Prelbyterian  church,  fituated  on  a  gentle 
afcent  from  the  liver.  The  country  northward  is  well 
cultivated,  and  affords  a  rich  piofpecft.  Vellels  ol  con- 
fidcrable  burden  may  load  and  unlrad  at  the  whaives, 
and  a  number  of  veliels  are  built  annually  at  this  bufy 
anil  thriving  place. — ii. 

NEWBURY,  a  county  of  Ninety-Six  diftrifl,  S.  Ca- 
rolina, which  contaiiis  9,343  inhabitants,  of  whom 
1,144  are  Haves.  Newimry  conrt-hcufe  is  45  miles 
from  Columbia,  and  32  from  Liuren,  court-houfe. 
—it. 

Newbury,  a  townlliip  in  York  countv,  Pennfylvania. 
—ib. 

Newbury,  the  capital  of  Orange  county,  Vermont, 
pleafantly  fitoated  on  the  weft  lide  of  Connedicut  river, 
oppofite  to  ILiverliill,  in  Gralton  county,  New-Hamp- 
(hire,  and  from  which  it  is  5  milts  dillant.  It  criitains 
about  50  houfe«,  a  gaol,  a  ccurt-hcufe,  and  a  hand- 
fome  church  for  Cvingregaiionalills  with  a  (Ueple,  whicii 
was  the  tirll  ereifted  in  Vermont.  The  court-houfe 
{lands  on  an  eminence,  and  commands  a  plcafmg  pro- 
fpeii  of  what  is  c.illed  the  Great  O.ibow  t.f  Connedi- 
cut  river,  where  are  the  rich  intervale  lands  cwlled  the 
I.,ittle  Coos.  Here  a  remarkable  fpring  was  difcovercd, 
about  20  years  fince,  which  dries  up  once  in  two  or 
three  years.  It  has  a  tlrong  fmell  of  fulphur,  and 
throws  up  continually  a  peculiar  kind  of  wl-.ite  fand  ; 
and  a  thick  yellow  fcum  riles  upon  the  water  when  fet- 
tled. This  is  the  more  noticeable  as  the  water  cf  the 
ponds  and  livers  in  Veimont  arc  remarkably  clear  and 
tranfparent.  It  is  130  mil:s  nrrlhcall  of  Bennington, 
and  417  N.  E.  by  5l.  of  Philadelphia.  N.  lat.  44  j. 
Number  cf  inliabitants  875. — .'/'. 

Nkwblrv,  a  townlliip  in  Elfex  county,  Maffachu- 
fetts,  incorporated  in  1635  '>  Situated  on  the  fouthern 
bank  of  Merrimack  river,  and  contains  3,972  inhabi- 
tants. It  formerly  included  Newbury-Port,  and  with 
Merrimack  livcr  tncirclcs  it.  It  is  divided  into  fivepa- 
lillies,  befidcs  a  fociety  of  Friend;,  or  Qu  ikers.  Dum- 
mer  academy,  in  tlii»  townlliip,  is  in  a  liourilliing  ftate; 
it  was  founded  by  Lieut.  Gcv.  Dummcr  in  1756,  open- 
ed in  1763,  and  incoii-oratcd  in  1782.  The  inhabi- 
tants aie  principally  employed  in  hufjandry.  The 
land,  particularly  in  that  part  of  the  town  whicli  lies 
on  Merrimack  river,  and  is  here  called  Nciiiury-Ntw- 
td'-xB,    is  of  a  fuperior  quality,  under  the  bell  culti- 


7     ]  NEW 

vation,  and  is  fiid  by  travellers  to  be  little  infetior  t"  NrwVjry- 
the  mod  improved  parts  rf  Groat-Britain.  Seme  c  f  '"!ilj 
the  high  lands  afford  a  very  extenfive  and  variegated 
view  of  the  furrounding  country,  the  rivers,  the  bay, 
anii  the  fea-coall  from  Cape  Ann  to  York,  in  the  Di- 
ftrie'l  of  Msir.e.  Srme  few  ved'els  are  here  owned  and 
employed  in  the  filhery,  part  of  whicli  are  fitted  out 
from  Parker  river.  It  rifes  in  Rowley,  and  after  a 
courfe  of  a  few  miles,  paffes  into  the  found  which  fe- 
parates  Plumb-Iilaiid  from  the  main  land.  It  is  navi- 
gable about  two  miles  from  its  mouth.  A  woollen  rHa- 
niifadlory  h^s  been  eft.iblillieJ  on  an  extensive  fcale  in 
Byelield  parilh,  and  promifes  to  fucceed.  This  town- 
Ihip  is  ccnnefted  with  Salifbnry  by  Eilex  Merrimack 
(■lidge,  about  2  miles  above  Newbury  I'lUt,  built  in 
1792.  .\t  the  place  where  the  brid>:e  is  erecfted,  an 
idand  divides  the  river  into  two  branches:  an  arch  of 
160  feet  diameter,  40  feet  above  the  level  (f  high  wa- 
ter,  connects  this  ifland  with  the  main  en  the  oppcfue 
fide.  The  whole  length  of  the  bridge  is  ic3ofeet;  its 
breadih  34  ;  its  contents  upwards  cf  60CO  tons  of  tim- 
ber. The  two  large  arches  weie  executed  from  a  mo- 
del inverted  by  Mr  Timothy  Palmer,  an  ingenirm 
houfewright  in  Newbury- Port.  Tlie  v/hcile  is  executed 
in  a  ftyle  far  exceeding  any  thing  of  the  kind  hitherto 
edayed  in  this  country,  and  appears  to  unite  elegance, 
ftrengih  and  lirmnefs.  The  day  before  the  bridge  was 
opened  fir  the  in^pc>51i^n  of  tlie  public,  a  fliip  of  350 
tons  paiTed  under  the  great  arch.  There  is  a  ccmnio- 
modious  houfe  of  entertainment  at  the  bridge,  which 
is  the  refort  of  parties  of  plcafiire,  both  in  funimer  and 
winter. — ///. 

NEWBURY-PORT,  a  port  of  entry,  and  poft-town 
in  Elfex  county,  M-ifiachuletts  ;  pleafantly  fituated  on 
the  S.  fide  cf  Merrimack  river,  about  3  miles  from  the 
fea.  In  a  commerciil  view  it  is  next  in  rank  to  Salem. 
It  contains  4837  inhabitants,  although  it  is,  perhaps, 
the  fioallell  townlliip  in  the  State,  its  contents  not  ex- 
ceeding 640  acres.  It  was  taken  from  Nev%bury,  and 
incorporated  in  1764.  The  churches,  6  in  number, 
sre  ornamented  with  fleeples  j  the  other  public  buld- 
ings  are  the  court-houfe,  gaol,  a  bank,  and  4  public 
fchool-houfes.  To  the  honour  of  this  town,  there  are 
in  it  10  public  fchcols,  and  3  printing-tjffices.  Many 
of  the  dwe'iling-houfes  are  elegant.  Before  the  war 
there  were  many  Uiips  built  here  ;  but  fome  years  after 
the  revolution,  the  bufmel's  was  on  t!ie  decline  :  it  now 
begins  to  revive.  The  Bofton  and  Hancock  continent- 
al frigates,  were  built  here,  and  many  privateers,  du- 
ring the  war.  The  haibonr  is  fafe  and  capacious,  but 
difficult  to  enter.  The  Marine  Society  cf  this  town, 
and  other  gentlemen  in  it,  have  humanely  ere^^ed  fe- 
vcr.nl  fmall  hcufcs,  tn  the  fiiore  cf  Plumb-Illand,  fiir- 
niihed  with  fuel  ami  othir  conveniences,  for  the  relief 
of  liiipwrccked  mariners.  Large  quantities  of  rum  are 
difiilled  in  Newbury- Pott,  there  is  alio  a  brewery  ;  r.nd 
a  confiderable  trade  is  carried  on  with  the  Weft-Indies 
and  liie  fouthern  States.  Some  veliels  are  employed 
in  the  freighting  bufinef-,  and  a  few  in  the  tiflitry.  In 
Nov.  1790,  there  were  owned  in  this  port,  6  foips,  45 
briganiines,  39  fchooners,  and  2S  floops ;  making  in 
all,  1 1,870  tons.  The  exports  for  a  year,  ending  Sept. 
30,  1794,  amounted  to  363.380  dollars.  A  machine 
fcr  culling  nails,  has  been  latch  invented  by  Mr  Ja- 
cob P.;rkius  of  this  town,  a  jjentleman  of  great  me- 

cbaiiical 


K     E    W 


[     6 


Ntw-Ciilc-  cluiiical 
II 


whicli  will    turn    rut,   if   necelfary, 
a  day.       Newbury-Port   is  40  miles 


Nfw- 

(.'.flic. 


geniu5, 
2co,oco  nails  in 

nonli-north-eall  of  IJoilon,  22  fnuth-by-wcll  of  Porif 
nioutli,  12  N.  of  Ipfwich,  and  3S9  north-eafl  of  Phila- 
dclpliia.  I'lie  liirbour  lias  10  t.ilhoms  water:  high 
vater  at  full  and  change  15  minutes  after  11  o'clock, 
'i'lie  light  hiiufe  on  Plumb-Ifiand  lies  in  42  47  north 
lalimdc,  snd  in  7047  welt  longitude. — ib. 

NEW-CALEDONIA,  the  name  given  by  the 
Scotch  to  the  illfateJ  fettlement  v.hich  that  nation 
formed  on  the  Ifthmus  of  Darien,  and  on  the  Ibuth- 
vcll  fide  cf'tlie  gnlf  of  tliat  name.  It  is  fituated  eall- 
ward  of  the  nanowefl  part  of  the  illhmus,  which  is 
between  Panama  and  Porto  Bello,  and  lies  fouth  eaft 
of  the  latter  city.  The  fettlement  was  formed  in  1698. 
—ib. 

NEW-CANTON,  .a  fniall  town  lately  eftablifhed  in 
Buckingham  county,  Virginia,  on  the  fouth  iide  of 
James's  river,  70  miles  above  Richmond.  It  contains 
a  few  houfes,  and  a  ware-houfe  for  infpefting  tobacco. 
—ib. 

NEW  CASTLE,  the  moft  northern  county  of  De- 
1  iware  State.  It  is  about  40  miles  in  length  and  20 
in  breath,  and  contains  19,686  inhabitants,  including 
2,562  flaves.  Here  are  two  fnuff-mills,  a  flittlng-mill, 
4  paper-mills,  60  for  grinding  different  kinds  of  grain, 
and  ftvcral  fulling-mills.  The  chief  towns  ot  this 
county  are  Wilmington  and  New-Caftle.  The  land  in 
it  is  more  broken  than  any  other  part  of  the  State. 
The  heights  of  Chriftiana  are  lolty  and  commanding. 
—rb. 

New  Castle,  a  poft-town,  and  the  feat  of  jaftice  of 
the  above  county.  It  is  fituated  on  the  wcfl  fide  of 
Delaware  river,  5  miles  fouth  of  Wilmington  and  33 
S.  W.  of  Philadelphia.  It  contains  about  70  houfes,  a 
court  houfe  and  gaol ;  a  church  for  Epifcopalians  and 
another  for  Prefbyterians.  This  is  the  oldeft  town  on 
Delaware  river,  having  been  fettled  by  the  Swedes,  a- 
bout  the  year  1627,  who  called  it  Slockholm,  after  the 
metropolis  of  Sweden.  When  it  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  Dutch,  it  received  the  name  of  Ncw-Anf.erdam  ; 
and  the  Englilh,  when  they  took  poifeflion  of  the  coun- 
try, gave  it  the  name  of  Keiv-Cnfilt.  It  was  lately  on 
the  decline;  but  now  begins  to  flourifh.  Piers  are  to 
he  built,  which  will  afford  a  fafe  retreat  to  veffels,  du- 
ring the  winter  feaicn.  Thefe,-when  completed,  will 
add  confideiably  to  i:s  advantages.  It  was  incorpora- 
ted in  1672,  by  the  governor  of  New- York,  and  was 
for  many  years  under  the  management  of  a  bailiff  and 
fix  alfillants.     N.  lat.  39  38. — ib, 

Nkw-Castle,  a  tounlliip  in  Weft-Chefter  county. 
New- York,  taken  from  North-CalUe  in  1791,  and  in- 
cf.rporated.  In  1796,  there  were  151  of  the  inhabit- 
ants quail  tied  electors. — ib. 

New-Castle,  a  finall  town  in  the  county  of  Rock- 
ingliani,  NewHamplhire,  was  incorporated  in  1693, 
and  contains  534  inhabitants. — ib. 

New-Castle,  a  fmall  pofl-town  in  Lincoln  county, 
Diftrift  of  Maine,  fitu.iled  between  Damafcotte  and 
Skungut  livers.  It  is  10  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Wifcaffet, 
66  M.  E.  of  Portland,  and  192  N.  by  E.  of  Bolfon. 
The  t'lwnfhip  contains  S96  inhabitants. — ib. 

Nt  w-Castlh,  a  poft-town  of  Hanover  county,  Vir- 
pinii,  fituated  at  the  mcuth  of  Affequin  creek,  on  the 
i>.  W.  fide  of  Pamun!;y  river,  and  contains  about  36 


Situation 
and  Ex- 
tent. 


08     ]  NEW 

houfes.     It  is  54  miles  N.  W.  of  Williamfburgh,  24  N.      Ncw- 
E.  of  Richmond,  and  297  from  Pliiladelphia. — ib.  Chcftcr, 

NEW-CHESTER,  a  townfliip  in  Grafton  county, 
New-Hamplliire,  fituated  on  the  W.  fide  of  Pemige- 
wafiet  river.  It  was  incorporated  in  1778,  and  contains 
312  inhabitants.  It  is  about  13  miles  below  the  town 
of  Plymouth. — ih. 

NEW-CONCORD,  formerly  called  Gunih-waiU;  a 
townlliip  in  Gralton  county,  New-Hamp(hire,  on  A- 
monoofuck  river,  and  was  incorporated  in  1768,  and 
contains  147  inhabitants. — ib. 

NEW-CORNWALL,  a  townfliip  in  Orange  coun- 
ty. New- Yolk  ;  bounded  northerly  by  Ulller  county, 
and  cafletly  by  Hudfon's  river  and  Haverftraw.  It 
contains  4,225  inhabitants,  inclufivc  of  167  flaves. — ib. 

NEW-DUBLIN,  a  townlhip  in  Lunenburg  county, 
Nova-Scotia  ;  fituated  on  Mahone  Bay  ;  firft  fettled  by 
Irifh,  and  afterwards  by  Germans. — ib. 

NEW-DURHAM,  in  Strafford  county,  New- 
Hampfliire,  lies  on  the  eaft  coalt  of  Winnepiffeoga  Lake, 
weft  of  Merry  Meeting  Bay,  nearly  40  miles  north- 
weft  of  Portfmouth.  Incorporated  in  1762,  having 
554  inhabitants. — ib. 

NEW  ENGLAND,  the  north-eaftern  grand  divi- 
fion  of  the  United  States  of  jiVmcrica,  lies  in  the  form 
of  a  quarter  of  a  circle  around  the  great  bay,  or  part 
of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  which  fets  up  to  the  north-weft 
between  Cape  Cod  and  Cape  Sable.  It  contains  the 
dates  of  Vermont,  New-Hampfhire,  Maine,  (belong- 
ing to  Maffachufetis)  Maffachufetts  Proper,  Rhode- 
Ifland  and  Providence  Plantations,  and  Conneflicut ; 
and  is  fituated  between  41°  and  48°  north  latitude  and 
I"  30'  and  10°  15'  eaft  longitude  from  Philadelphia. 
Its  extreme  length  from  the  north-eaft  corner  of  Maine, 
to  the  fouth-weff  corner  of  Conne(flicut,  is  about  626 
miles  :  its  breadth  is  very  unequal,  from  fifty  to  two 
hundred  miles.     It  contains  about  72,000  fquare  miles. 

New  England  is  bounded  north,  by  Lower  Canada;  Eoundat- 
eaft,  by  the  Britifh  province  of  New  Brunfwick  and  ries. 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  ;  fouth,  by  the  fame  Ocean  and 
Long-Ifland  found  ;  and  weft,  by  the  ftate  of  New- 
York.  Its  weft  line  begins  at  the  mouth  of  Byram 
river,  which  empties  into  Long-Ifland  found,  at  the 
fouth-weft  corner  of  Connefticut,  N.  lat.  41°,  runs  a 
little  to  the  eaft  of  north  till  it  ftrikes  the  45th  degree 
of  latitude,  and  then  curves  to  the  north-ealt  along  the 
highlands,  till  it  reaches  about  the  48th  degree  of 
north  latitude. 

In  April  1614,  Capt.  John  Smith  with  two  fliips,  Dj-fcoYgry. 
commenced  a  voyage  of  difcovery  to  the  northern 
coafts  of  America  :  he  firft  made  the  Ifland  of  Mona- 
higan,  then  computed  to  be  in  latitude  43°  30',  where 
he  built  feven  boats,  in  one  of  whidi,  with  8  men,  he 
ranged  the  coaft  from  Penobfcot  to  Cape  Cod,  entered 
and  furveyed  what  is  now  called  Maffachufetts  Bay, 
and  made  his  obfervations  on  other  parts  of  the  coaft. 
After  his  return  to  England,  he  wrought  thefe  furveys 
and  obfervations  into  a  map,  which  he  prefented  to 
Charles  Prince  of  Wales,  (afterwards  King  Charles 
I.)  with  a  requeft  that  he  woidd  give  a  name  to  this 
newly  explored  country.  Accordingly  he  gave  his 
own  name  to  I!he  river  which  divides  Bofton  from 
Charleftown,  and  to  the  whole  country  that  of  New 
England. 

At  this  period  New  England  was  thickly  inhabited 

by 


NEW 


[    609    ] 


NEW 


New-Eng- 
land. 


by  various  tribes  of  Indians,  Two  years  after  (1616) 
a  mod  diftreOlng  mortal  ficknefs,  by  fome  fuppofed  to 
have  been  the  fmall  pox  ;  by  others  the  yellow  fever  ; 
fpread  through  the  country,  and  fwept  off  a  large  por- 
tion of  its  inhabitants.  From  an  account  given  to  the 
firft  fettlers  at  Plymouth,  on  their  arrival,  by  an  intel- 
ligent Indian,  it  appears,  that  "  by  this  pedilence  and 
a  ferocious  war,  the  number  of  Indians  had  been  fo 
diminilhed,  that  not  more  than  one  in  twenty  remained; 
and  that  on  the  fpot  firft  occupied  by  the  fathers  of 
New  England,  now  the  town  of  Plymouth,  though 
before  very  populous,  every  human  being  died  of  the 
pedilence."  This  account  was  eafily  credited  from  the 
extent  of  the  uncultivated  fields,  and  the  number  of 
graves  and  human  bones  which  appeared. 

An  extraordinary  occurrence  relative  to  this  pedi- 
lence has  been  mentioned  by  the  hillorian  above  named 
as  follows. — "  A  French  fliip  had  been  wreclced  on 
Cape  Cod  ;  the  men  were  faved  with  their  provifions 
and  goods.  The  natives  Icept  their  eyes  on  them  till 
they  found  an  opportunity  to  kill  all  but  3  or  4,  and 
divide  their  goods.  The  captives  were  fent  from  one 
tribe  to  another  as  flaves.  One  of  them  learned  fo 
much  of  their  language  as  to  tell  them  that  "  God 
was  angry  with  them  for  their  cruelty,  and  would  de- 
flroy  them  and  give  their  country  to  another  people." 
They  anfwered  that  "  they  were  too  many  for  God  to 
kill."  He  replied  that  "  if  they  were  ever  fo  numer- 
ous, God  had  many  ways  to  kill  them  of  which  they 
were  then  ignorant."  Afterwards  when  this  new  and 
extraordinary  pedilence  came  among  them,  they  re- 
membered the  man's  words,  and  when  the  Plymouth 
fettlers  arrived  at  Cape  Cod,  the  few  furvivors  ima- 
gined that  the  other  part  of  his  predidion  would  foon 
be  accomplifhed." 

From  the  year  1614  till  1620,  an  advantageous 
trade  was  cariied  on  with  the  natives  along  the  coaft, 
but  no  fettlements  were  made  in  any  part  of  New  Eng- 
land. 

The  fird  fettlement  of  New  England  by  a  civilized 
and  chridian  people  was  the  effeiSl  of  religious  perfecu- 
tion.  Soon  alter  the  commencement  of  the  reforma- 
tion in  England,  in  the  year  1534,  the  Protedants 
were  divided  into  two  parties ;  one  the  followers  of 
Luther,  and  the  other  of  Calvin.  The  former  had 
chofen  gradually,  and  almod  imperceptibly,  to  recede 
from  the  church  of  Rome  ;  while  the  latter,  more  zeal- 
ous, and  convinced  of  the  importance  of  a  thorough 
reformation,  and  at  the  fame  time  puirellmg  much  firm- 
nefs,  and  high  notions  of  religious  liberty,  were  for  ef- 
fcding  a  thorough  cliange  at  once.  Their  confequent 
endeavours  to  expunge  from  the  church  all  the  inven- 
tions which  had  been  brought  into  it  fince  the  days  of 
the  Apodles,  and  to  introduce  the  "  Scripture  purity" 
acquired  for  them  the  name  of  Puritans.  From  tlitfe 
the  inhabitants  of  New  England  defcended.  The  rea- 
fons  adigncd  for  leaving  tiicir  own  country,  and  fet- 
tling a  wildernefs  were  "  that  the  ancient  f.iith,  and 
true  wordiip,  might  be  found  infep;irable  companions 
in  their  pradlicc  ;  and  that  their  pollerity  might  be  un- 
defiled  in  religion."  Letter  of  the  minifters  of  N.  E. 
to  Mr  J.  Duey,  in  Mather's  Apology,  A  pp. 

The  fird  company  that  came  to  New  England  plant- 
ed themfelves  at  Plymouth.  They  were  a  part  of  the 
Rev.  Mr  Robinfon's  congregation,  which,  for  12  years 

SuppL.  Vol.  II. 


before,  had  lived  In  Holland  for  the  fake  of  enjoying 
liberty  of  confcience.  They  came  over  to  America  in 
the  year  1620. 

It  was  their  intention  to  have  fettled  at  the  mouth 
of  Hudfon's  liver;  but  the  Dutch,  intending  to  plant 
a  colony  there  of  their  own,  privately  hired  the  mafter 
of  the  diip  to  contrive  delays  in  England,  and  then  to 
condufl  them  to  thefe  northern  coads,  and  there,  un- 
der the  pretence  of  fhoals  and  winter,  to  difcourage 
them  from  venturing  to  the  place  of  dedination.  This 
is  confidently  aflerted  by  the  hidorians  of  that  time. 
Although  Cape  Cod  harbour,  in  which  they  fird  an- 
chored, was  good,  the  country  around  was  fandy  and 
barren.  Thefe  were  difcouraging  circumdances  ;  but 
the  feafon  being  far  advanced,  they  prudently  deter- 
mined to  make  the  bed  of  their  prefeiit  fituation.  As 
they  were  not  within  the  limits  of  the  patent  and  cc<n- 
fequently  not  under  the  jurifdiftion  of  the  Virginia 
company,  and  having  fome  faftious  perfons  among 
them  in  the  capacity  of  fervants,  who  polfeired  a  por- 
tion of  the  modern  fpirit  o{  liberty  and  equality,  and  who 
had  intimated  that  when  on  Ihore  they  (hould  be  under 
no  government,  and  that  one  man  would  then  be  as 
good  as  another,  the  more  judicious  thought  it  necef- 
fary  to  eftablldi  a  feparate  government  for  themfelves. 
Accordingly,  before  they  landed,  having  on  their  knees 
devoutly  given  thanks  to  God  for  their  fafe  arrival, 
they  formed  tliemfelves  into  a  body-politic,  under  the 
following  covenant  or  contraCi,  which  they  all  fubfcrib- 
ed,  and  made  the  bafis  of  their  government.  "  In  the 
name  of  God,  amen.  We  whofe  names  are  under- 
written, the  loyal  fubjeifls  of  our  Dread  Sovereign 
Lord,  King  James,  by  the  grace  of  God,  of  Great 
Britain,  France  and  Ireland,  king,  defender  of  the 
faith,  &c. — Having  undertaken  for  the  glory  of  God 
and  the  advancement  of  the  chridian  faith,  and  ho- 
nour of  our  king  and  country,  a  voyage,  to  plant  the 
fird  colony  in  the  northern  parts  of  Virginia  ;  Do  by 
thefe  prefents  folemnly,  and  mutually,  in  the  prefence 
of  God,  and  of  one  another,  covenant  and  combine 
ourfelves  together  into  a  civil  body-politic,  for  our  bet- 
ter ordering  and  prefervation  and  furtherance  of  the 
ends  aforefaid  ;  and  by  virtue  hereof  to  enad,  condi- 
tute,  and  frame  fuch  jud  and  equ.il  laws,  ordinances, 
3(515,  conftitutions,  and  offices,  from  time  to  time,  as 
fliall  be  thought  mod  meet  and  convenient  for  the  ge- 
neral good  of  the  colony  ;  unto  which  we  promife  all 
due  fubmilHon  and  obedience:  In  witncfs  whereof",  we 
have  hereunder  fubfcribed  our  names  at  Cape  Cod,  tlie 
iith  of  November;  in  the  year  of  the  reign  of  our 
Sovereign  Lord  King  James,  of  England,  France  and 
Ireland,  the  eiphteentli,  and  of  Scotland  the  fifty, 
fourth:    Anno  Domini,  1620." 

This  indrument  was  figned  by  24  heads  of  families, 
with  the  number  in  their  refpci5live  families  annexed, 
and  17  fingle  men,  making  in  tlie  whole  loi  fouls. 

Afterwards  by  an  unanimous  vote,  they  chofe  John 
Carver  their  governor  for  one  year. 

Having  thus  edabliflied  and  organized  their  govern- 
ment, in  its  form  truly  republican,  their  next  objeft 
was  to  fix  on  a  convenient  place  for  fettlement.  In 
doing  this,  they  were  obliged  to  encounter  numerous 
difficulties,  and  to  fiifler  incredible  hardlhips.  Many 
of  them  were  fick  in  conlequence  o{  the  fatigue  of  a 
long  voyage.  Their  provifions  were  bad  ;  tlie  feafon 
4  H  uncommonly 


New-Eng- 
laad- 


Diflngenu- 
ous  con- 
dud  of  tlie 
Dutch. 


Form  of 
civil  con- 
tra ift. 


John  Car- 
ver firft 
Governor. 


DilGcultici 
encounter- 
ed by  the 
culuniilt. 


NEW 


C     6io    ] 


NEW 


Fortunate 
difcovery 
of  feed 
corn. 


New-Kng-  uncommonl7  cold,    the    Indians,    thougli  afterwards 
land.       friendly,  were  now  hdllile  ;  and  they  were  unacquaint- 
^''^^"^^'^  g(j  vvitii  the  conft.     Tliefe  difficulties  they  furmounted, 
and  on  the  22d  of  December,   (Gregorian  ftyle)  they 
were  all  fifely  landed  at  a  place  which,  in  grateful  com- 
Settlcd  at    memor.ttion  of  Plymouth  in  England,  the  town  which 
riymouth.  jj^ey  \.j^i\  i^f^  j,,  ,heir  native  land,    they   called  Ply- 
mouth.    The  rod  on  which  they  firll  fteppcd  alhore 
is  c.illed  the  f'jre/al/jfr's  rod.     A  part  of  it  has  been 
drawn  up  to  be  preferved  in  the  centre  of  the  town; 
the  remainder  is  buried  in  a  v.-harf. 

The  day  of  their  landing  is  now  annually  kept  as  a 
feftiv.il  in  Plymouth  and  Bofton. 

Plymouth  is  the  oldeft  Englifh  town  in  New  Eng- 
land. 

In  fome  of  the  exctirfions  of  the  immigrants  in  fearch 
of  a  fuitable  place  lo  fettle,  they  found  buiied  feveral 
bafkets  of  Indian  corn,  to  the  amount  of  lo  bulliels, 
which  fortunately  ferved  them  for  planting  the  next 
fpring.  They  made  diligent  enquiry  for  the  owners, 
whom  they  found,  and  afterwards  paid  them  the  full 
value  of  tlie  corn.  The  acquifition  of  tills  corn  was 
always  regarded  as  a  particular  favour  of  divine  Pio- 
vldence,  without  which,  the  colony  could  not  have 
fub  lilted. 

Before  the  end  of  November,  Sufanna,  the  wife  of 

Firft  child   WilU.ini   Wliite,  was  delivered  of  a  fon,  whom  they 

boru.  called  Peregrine.      He  is  fuppofed  to  have  been  the  firll 

child,    of   European  extraft,    born  in  New  England. 

He  died  at  Marflifield  July  1704,  in  the  84th  year  of 

his  age. 

The  whole  company  that  landed  confided  of  but  toi 
fouls ;  their  fituation  was  diftreffing,  and  their  profpecls 
truly  difmal  and  difcouraging.  Their  nearell  neigh- 
bours, except  the  natives,  were  the  Dutch  fettlers  at 
Situation  Albany  and  Bergen,  a  French  feltlement  at  Port  Ro- 
and  prof,  y^i^  g^d  one  of  the  Englifh  at  Virginia  :  the  neareft  of 
rcflsof  the  ti,efe  ^^as  200  miles  from  them,  and  utterly  incapable 
01  aiiordmg  them  any  relief  in  a  time  or  famine  or  dan- 
ger. Wherever  they  turned  their  eyes  dillrefs  was  be- 
fore them.  Perfecuted  for  their  religion  in  their  native 
land  ;  grieved  for  the  profanation  of  the  holy  fabbalh, 
and  other  licentioui'aefs  in  Holland  ;  fatigued  by  their 
long  and  boifterous  voyage  ;  difappointed,  through  the 
treacliery  of  their  commander,  of  their  expcfled  coun- 
try  ;  forced  on  a  dangerous  and  inhofpitable  fiiore  in 
the  advance  of  a  cold  winter  ;  furrounded  with  hoflile 
barbarians,  without  any  hope  of  human  luccour  in  cafe 
of  an  attack  ;  denied  the  aid  or  favour  of  the  court  of 
Engl.md  ;  without  a  patent ;  without  a  public  promife 
of  a  peaceable  enjoyment  of  their  religious  liberties — 
worn  out  with  toil  and  fuiferirgs,  without  convenient 
fhelter  from  the  rigour  of  the  weather  : — Such  was  the 
fitnation  and  fuch  the  prnfpecfls  of  thefe  pious,  folitary, 
chiiftians.  And  to  add  to  their  diftrelfes,  a  general 
and  very  mortal  ficknefs  prevailed  among  them  which 
fwept  off  forty-fix  of  their  number,  before  the  opening 
of  the  next  fpring.  To  fupport  them  under  thefe  trials, 
tliey  had  need  of  all  the  aids  and  comforts  which  chrif- 
tianity  affords,  and  thefe  were  fufUcient.  The  free  and 
unmolefted  enjoyment  of  their  religion  reconciled  them 
to  their  humble  and  lonely  fituation.  They  bore  their 
hardlhips  with  unexampled  patience,  and  perfevered 
in  their  pilgrimage  of  almoft  unparalleled  trials,  with 
fuch  refignation  and  calmnefs,  as  gave  proof  of  great 


piety,  and  unconquerable  virtue.  Immediately  after 
landing,  they  began  to  lay  out  the  town  into  llreets, 
and  lots,  and  to  ereifl  buildings,  for  their  accommoda- 
tion. They  firll  erefled  a  ftore  houfe  with  a  thatched 
roof,  in  which  they  depofited,  under  a  guard,  their 
whole  rtock  of  ammunition  and  provifions.  On  the 
14th  of  Jan.  the  thatciied  roof  of  the  ftore  houfe  acci- 
dentally caught  fire  and  was  confumed  j  but  by  the 
timely  exertions  of  the  people,  the  lower  part  of  the 
building  with  its  contents,  which  were  indifpenfible  to 
the  fupport  of  the  infant  colony,  was  preferved. 

On  the  3d  of  November  1620,  King  James,  being 
informed  that  an  extenlive  country  in  America  had 
lately  been  depopulated  by  a  mortal  licknel's,  and  that 
no  part  of  it  was  then  inhabited  by  the  fubjeils  of  any 
chriftian  prince,  and  being  delirous  to  advance  the  chri- 
llian  religion,  and  extend  the  boundaries  of  his  own 
dominions,  figned  a  patent,  incorporating  the  duke  of 
Lenox,  the  marquelTes  of  Buckingham  and  Hamilton, 
the  earls  of  Arundel  and  Warwick,  Sir  Francis  Gor- 
ges, with  thirty-four  others  and  their  fuccelfors,  (filing 
them,  "  The  council  eftabli(hed  at  Plymouth,  in  the 
county  of  Devon,  for  the  planting,  ruling,  ordering, 
and  governing,  of  New  England  in  America. " 

To  tliis  council  he  granted  all  that  part  oi'  America 
which  lies  between  the  40th  and  48th  degrees  of  north 
latitude.  They  were  inverted  with  powers  of  jiiiifdic- 
tion  over  the  country,  and  authorized  to  exclude  all 
others  from  trading  within  their  boundaries,  and  from 
fifhing  in  the  neighbouring  feas.  This  charter  was  the 
great  ci^>il  bafis  of  all  the  fubfequent  giants  and  patents, 
to  the  fettlers  of  New  England. 

"  This  charter,  (fays  the  correfl  hlftorian  of  Ma/Fa- 
chufetts)  from  the  omillions  of  feveral  powers  necefTary 
to  the  future  fituation  of  the  colony,  Ihows  how  inade- 
quate the  ideas  of  the  parties  were  to  the  important 
confequences  which  were  about  to  follow  from  fuch  an 
aft.  The  governor,  with  the  afTiftants  and  freemen 
of  the  company,  it  is  true,  were  empowered  to  make 
all  laws  not  repugnant  to  thofe  of  England  ;  but  the 
power  of  impofing  fines,  imprifonment  or  other  lawful 
corredlion,  is  exprefsly  given  in  the  manner  of  other 
corporations  of  the  realm  ;  and  the  general  circum- 
ftances  of  the  fcttlement,  and  the  pradice  of  the  times, 
can  leave  us  no  doubt  that  this  body-politic  was  view- 
ed rather  as  a  trading  company,  reiiding  within  the 
kingdom,  than  what  it  very  foon  became,  a  foreign 
government  exercifing  all  the  elfentiah  of  foveretgnty 
over  its  fubjefts." 

As  early  as  March  1621,  MafafToit,  one  of  the  mofl 
powerful  lagamores  of  the  neighbouring  Indians,  with 
fixty  attendants,  made  a  vifit  to  the  Plymouth  fettlers ; 
and  entered  into  a  formal  and  very  friendly  treaty  with 
them,  wherein  they  agreed  to  avoid  injuries  on  both 
fides,  to  punidi  offenders — to  rellore  (tolen  goods — to 
afCft  each  other  in  all  juftifiable  wars — to  promote 
peace  among  their  neighbours,  cScc.  Mafaflbit  and  his 
fuccelfors  for  fifty  yeais  inviolably  obferved  this  treaty. 
The  Englifh  are  much  indebted  to  this  chief  for  his 
friendfliip,  and  his  memory  will  ever  be  refpefted  in 
New  England. 

The  Narraganfets,  difliking  the  condiiifl  of  MafafToit, 
declared  war  againft  him,  which  occafloned  much  con- 
fufion  and  fighting  among  the  Indians.  The  Plymouth 
colony  interpofed  in  favour  of  MafafToit,  their  good 

ally, 


New-Eng- 
land. 


The  coun- 
cil of  Ply- 
mouth efta- 
blilhed  and 
New-Eng- 
hnj 
granted 
them. 


Miiiot's 
Hift.  MafT, 


Treaty 
with  Maf- 
afToit. 


War  with 
the  Narra- 
ganfet  In- 
dians. 


Kcw-Eng' 
land. 


Death  of 
Gov.  Car- 


Cliarai5ter. 


Belknap. 

■William 
Bradford 
chofen  Gi 
vernor. 


EmbafTy  to 
Mafaflbit. 


Friendly 
difpoCtion 
of  the  Indi' 


InAnimeut 
of  their 
iubmiiliun. 


Belknap. 


NEW  [6 

ally,  and  terminated  tlie  difpute  to  the  terror  of  their 
enemies.  Even  Canonicus  himfelf,  the  terrific  fachera 
of  the  Narraganfets,  fued  for  peace. 

In  April  of  this  year  George  Carver,  while  engaged 
in  labour,  wilh  the  reft  of  the  fettlers,  was  feized  with 
a  pain  in  his  head,  which  fliortly  after  deprived  him  of 
his  fenfes,  and,  in  a  few  days,  of  his  life,  to  the  great 
grief  of  thefe  afflicfled  people.  He  was  buried  with  all 
the  honours  in  their  power  to  beftow. 

Of  this  gentleman  the  following  charafter  is  given 
iiy  his  biographer.  "  He  v;as  a  man  of  great  pru- 
dence, integrity,  and  firninefs  of  mind.  He  had  a 
good  eflate  in  England  which  lie  left  in  the  emigration 
to  Holland  and  America.  He  was  one  cf  the  fore- 
iiioft  in  aflion,  and  bore  a  large  fhaie  cf  fuiferings  in 
the  fervice  of  the  colony,  who  confided  in  him  as  their 
friend  and  father.  Piety,  humility,  and  benevolence, 
were  eminent  traits  in  his  charac'ler  ;  and  it  is  particu- 
larly remarked  that  in  the  time  of  general  licknefs, 
which  befel  the  colony,  and  with  v.hich  he  was  afie(fl- 
ed,  alter  he  had  himfelf  recovered,  he  was  affiduous 
in  attending  the  lick,  and  performing  the  molt  humi- 
liating fervices  for  them,  without  any  dillindlion  ot 
perlbns  or  charaflers." 

He  was  fucceeded  by  William  Bradford,  then  in  the 
thirty-third  year  of  his  age,  a  man  of  "  wildom,  piety, 
fortitude,  and  goodnefs  of  heart,"  and  on  thefe  ac- 
counts much  refpefted  and  beloved  by  the  people. 
Ifaac  Allerton  was  chofen  his  afliftant  in  the  admini- 
ftration  of  government.  One  ci  the  firll  official  ads 
of  Gov.  Bradford  was  to  fend  an  embalfy  to  Ma- 
falfoit.  His  objeds  were  to  explore  the  country,  to 
carry  prefents,  and  confirm  the  league  witli  that  chief; 
to  furvey  his  lituation  and  llrength,  to  eftablifh  a  friend- 
ly intercourfe,  and  to  procure  feed  corn  for  the  next 
feafon. 

Edward  Winfiowand  Stephen  Hopkins,  with  Squan- 
to  for  dieir  guide,  compofed  this  emba/Ty.  This  fa- 
chem  lived  about  40  miles  fouthward  of  Plymouth. 
As  they  palTed  ihrougii  the  country,  they  obferved  the 
marks  of  the  ravages  which  tlie  pellilence  had  made  a 
few  years  before.  They  were  received  wiih  IriendDiip, 
and  acccmplilhed  the  bufinels  cf  their  milTion  to  ihe 
fatisfaflion  of  the  governor. 

The  prudent  and  upright  conduifl  of  the  Plymouth 
colony  towards  the  Indians,  fecured  their  friendlhip  and 
alliance.  Through  the  influence  of  Mafallbit,  nine  of 
the  petty  fachems  in  his  neiglibourhood,  who  were  jea- 
lous of  the  new  colonifts,  and  difpofed  to  give  them 
trouble,  came  to  Plymouth,  and  voluntarily  lubfcribed 
the  following  inftrument  of  fubmilFion  10  the  king  of 
England,  viz.  "  Sept.  13th  A.  D.  1621.  Know  all 
men  by  thefe  prefentf,  tliat  we  whole  names  are  under- 
written, do  acknowledge  ourfelves  to  be  the  loyal  ful)- 
jefls  of  King  James,  king  of  Great  Britain,  France  and 
Ireland,  defender  of  the  faith,  &c.  In  witnefs  where- 
of, and  as  a  teltinionial  ot  the  lame,  we  have  fubfcrib- 
ed  our  names  or  marks  as  followeth  : 

Ohquamehud,      Nnttawahunt,      Quadequina, 

Cawnacome,         Caunbatanr,         Huttamoiden, 

Obbatinua,  Chickatabak,        Apannow." 

Hobbamack,  another  of  thefe  fubordinatc  diiel's,  came 
and  took  up  his  rclidence  at  Plymouth,  where  he  con- 
tinued as  a  faithful  guide  and  interpreter  as  long  as  he 
Uved.     The  Indians  of  the  iHand  of  Capawock,  which 


II     ]  NEW 

had  now  obtained  the  name  of  Martha's  or  Martin's  Kcw-Erg- 
Vineyard,  alfofentraelfengers  of  peace."     Thefe  tranf-      '^"t^- 
aflions  are  lb  many  proofs  of  the  peaceful  and  benevo-  ^■^^'^**^ 
lent  difpofition  of  the  Plymouth  fettlers. 

In   September  (  i  C2 1 )  governor  Bradford  fent  ten  Maffachu- 
men,  with   Squanto,  in  a  Ihallop  to  explore  the  bay,  fett»  Bay 
now  called  Mafiachufelts  ;  they  found  that  the  iflands  explored, 
in  this  bay  had  been  cleared  cf  wood,  that  they  had 
been  planted,    but  were  now  almoft  without  inhabi- 
tants. 

In  November,  a  fiiip  with  thirty-five  paflengeis  ar- ^^  a,„f. 
rived  from  England.     Unfortunately  for  the  liltli  co-  fion  to  the 
lony,  the  (liip  was  lliort  of  provifions,  and  the  colonilb,  colony. 
out  of  their  fcanty  pittance,  were  obliged  to  vifiual  her 
home.     In  confcquence,  before  the  next  fpring,  they 
were  reduced  to  great  ftraits,   and  obliged  lor  fome 
time  to  fubfill  on  filli  and  fpring  water.     To  heighten 
their  dillrefles  the  Narraganfet  chief,  Canonicu:-,  threat- 
ened the  peace  of  the  colony  by  a  melTage  fent  in  "  ihs 
emblematical  llyle  of  the  ancient  Scythians,  viz.  a  bun-  E^jj^nj 

die  of  arrows  bound  with  the  fkin  of  a  ferpent.'' The    ^     ^^" 

governor  returned  the  Ikin  filled  with  powder,  and  ball, 
which  had  the  defired  effed.  Afraid  of  its  contents, 
the  chief  returned  it  unopened  and  remained  quiet. 

About  this  time  a  part  of  the  colony  of  Virgiria  was 
furprifed,  and  malfacred  by  tl-e  Indians.  From  this 
circumllance,  and  the  hoftile  difpofition  of  the  Narra- 
ganfets, the  colonills,  feeble  as  they  were  from  famine, 
found  it  expedient  to  fortify  their  town  ;  accordingly 
they  furrounded  it  with  a  ftockade  and  four  flankarts, 
divided  their  company  into  four  fquadrons  and  alter- 
nately kept  guaril  day  and  night.  Their  guns  were 
mounted  on  a  kind  of  citadel  ereded  on  the  top  cf  the 
town  hill,  with  a  flat  roof;  the  lower  ftory  of  which 
ferved  them  for  a  place  of  worfiiip. 

Tlie  pradice  of  dueliin^,  which  has  never  prevailed  pirft  duel 
in  New  England,  was  introduced  by  two  fervants,  who  in  New- 
quarrelled,  and  fought  with  /word  and  dagger.      Both  England, 
were  wounded,    neither  of  them  mortally.     For  this 
difgraceful  condud,  they  were  formally  tried  before  the 
whole  company,  and  fentenced  to  have  "  their  heads 
and  ieet  tied  together,  and  fo  to  remain  twenty-four 
hours,   without  meat  or  drink."      In  confequcnce  of 
their  penitence,  a  part  of  their  puniflrment  was  remit- 
ted. 

The  fummer  of  1622  being  dry,  and  the  harvcft 
fcanty,  the  coli.nills  were  obliged  to  feek  a  fupply  from 
the  Indians.  Governor  Bradford,  with  the  friendly 
and  faithful  Squanto  for  his  guide  and  interpreter, 
made  an  excurfion  for  this  purp-fe  ;  during  which, 
Squmto  fell  fick  and  died.  On  his  death  bed  he  re- d  ,v  , 
quelled  the  governor  to  pray  for  liim,  that  he  might  Squanto. 
"  go  to  the  Englifliman's  God  in  heaven."  This  In- 
dian deftrves  to  have  his  name  recorded  with  honour, 
in  the  hillory  of  New  England  :  he  was  one  of  the 
twenty  Indians  wlio  were  per.^idioufly  taken  by  Capt. 
Thomas  Hunt,  in  1614,  and  carried  to  Malaga,  and 
fold  as  (laves  for  life.  Thence  he  efc.iped  to  London, 
and  alterwards  returned  to  his  native  country,  with  the 
Plymouth  colony.  Forgetting  the  perfidy  of  thofe, 
w)i.>,  by  artifice,  m  idc  him  a  prifoncr,  and  a  flavc,  he 
became  a  hearty  friend  of  the  Englilli,  and  fo  conti- 
nueii  till  his  death,  rendering  them  in  various  ways, 
mod  cllenii.il  fcruces. 

Governor  Bradford  was  treated  with  great  refpeft 
4  H  2  bjr 


N    E    W 


C     612    ] 


NEW 


New-Eng- 
Und. 


Belknap. 


Winflow 
and  Ham- 
den  vifit 
Maf^ffoit 
who  is  Cck 


He  difco- 


by  the  feveral  tribes  which  he  vifited,  and  the  trade 
was  conduced  on  both  fide?,  with  confidence  and  juf- 
tice.  He  purchafed  in  the  whole,  28  hhds.  of  corn, 
for  wliich  he  paid  in  goods  received  from  England. 

The  right  to  the  lands,  fettled  by  the  Englifh  colo- 
nills,  was  early  purchafed  fiom  or  given  by,  the  Indian 
proprietors.  How  great  a  part  of  New  England  was 
thub  fairly  obtained  liom  the  Indians,  cannot  be  afcer- 
l.iin;d.  There  is  evidence  to  believe,  however,  that  a 
large  proportion  of  the  foil  was  purchafed,  at  what 
was  then  confidered  an  equitable  price. 

In  the  fpriug  of  1623,  Mafaffoit  fell  fick,  and  feat 
intelligence  of  it  to  the  governor,  who  immediately 
fent  Mr  Wlnllow,  and  Mr  John  H.imJen,  (the  f.inie 
man  who  afterwards  dillinguilhed  liimfelf,  by  his  oppo- 
fition  to  the  arbiuary,  and  unjuft  demands  of  Cliarles 
I.)  to  pay  him  a  vilit.  They  carried  with  them  pre- 
fents,  and  fome  cordials  for  his  relief.  Their  vifit  and 
prcfents  were  very  confolatory  to  the  venerable  chief, 
and  were  the  means  of  his  recovery. 

In  return  for  their  kindnefs,  he  informed  them  of  a 

vers  a  con-  dangerous  confpiracy  among  the  neighbouring  Indians, 

fpiracy  ol     ^j^^  objecl  of  which  was,  the  total  extirpation  of  the 

"■  "  '^  *'  Englilh.     By  means  of  this  timely  difcovery,  and  the 

Belknap,      confequent  fpirited  exertions,   of  the  governor,  whofe 

wife  plans  were  executed  by  the  brave  Capt.  Standidi, 

the  colony  was  once  more  faved  from  deftruiflion. 

The   "  contrad,"   entered  into  by  the  colonifts  at 
Cape  Cod,   on  their  arrival,  was  intended  only  as  a 
temporary  fubftitute  for  legal  authority  from  their  fo- 
vereign.     Accordingly  as  foon  as  they  were  informed 
of  the  eftablilhment  of  the  "  council  at  Plymouth,  for 
planting  New  England,"  before  mentioned,  they  ap- 
JohnPcirce  plied  for,  and  obtained  a  patent.      It  was  taken  out, 
obtains  a     \^  [),£  name  of  John  Pierce,  in  truft  for  the  colony, 
patent  for    „  -^j^g^  jjg  fg^^,  that  they  were  well  feated,  and  that 
lifts  from    tli*''6  was  a  profpedl  of  fuccefs  to  their  undertaking,  he 
ihe  Coun-    went,  without  their  knowledge,  but  in  their  name,  and 
cil  of  Ply-   folicited  the  council  for  another  patent  of  greater  ex- 
mouth,        tent;  intending  to  keep  it  to  himfelf,  and  allow  them 
no  more  than  he  pleafed,  holding  them  as  his  tenants, 
to  fue  and  be  fued  at  his  courts.     In  purfuance  of  this 
defign,  having  obtained  a  patent,  he  bought  a  fhip, 
which  he  named  the  Paragon  ;  loaded  her  with  goods, 
took  on  beard  upwards  of  fixty  paffengers,  and  failed 
from  London,  for  the  colony  of  New  Plymouth.     In 
the  Downs  he  was  overtaken  by  a  tempeft,  which  fo 
damaged  the  Ihip  that  he  was  obliged  to  put  her  into 
dock  ;  where  Ihe  lay  feveral  weeks,  and  her  repairs  coft 
him  one  hundred  pounds.     In  December  1622,  he  fail- 
ed a  fecond  time,  having  on  board  one  hundred  and 
nine  perfons ;    but   a   feries  of    tempelluous  weather, 
which  continued  fourteen  days,  difabled  his  fhip,  and 
forced  him  back  to  Portfmouth.     Thefe  repeated  dif- 
appointments  proved  fo  difcouraging  to  him,  that  he 
was  ealily  prevailed  upon  by  the  company  of  adven- 
turers to  affign  his  patent  to  them,  for  five  hundred 
Belknap's     pounds.     The  pilfengers  came  over  in  other  fhips." 
Biog.  Tol.        In  tlie  year  1624,  the  charter  of  the  Plymouth  Coun- 

ii.  p.  »34. 


His  difm- 
genuous 
conduit, 
and  fubfc- 
qucnt  mis- 
fortunes. 


oil  was  attacked  by  the  Britifli  Parliament,  and  fome  New-Eng- 
vigorous  refolutions  were  palFed  in  the  Houfe  of  Com-  ^^^jSl. 
mons,  which  fo  far  deprived  the  Council  of  their  re-  charter  at- 
fources,  that,  it  feems,  they  no  longer  thought  it  prac-  tacked, 
ticable  to  fettle  a  plantation,  though  it  appointed  a  go- 
vernor general  for  New  England.     In  confequence  the 
patentees  prudently  concluded  to  divide  the  country 
among  theinfelves.     Accordingly,  in  the  prefence  of  p^tj^fj^ 
King  James,  they  drew  lots  for  the  fhares  that  each  divide  the 
one  was  to  polfefs,  as  his  exclufive  property ;   the  royal  country 
confirmation  was  to  be  obtained  to  each  particular  por-  """"'?. 
tion.     This  was  not  however  immediaely  given,  and     ""  ^  ^^'• 
they  continued  a  few  years  longer  to  adt  as  a  b.)dy-po- 
litic,  and  to  make  grants  of  different  portions  of  the 
country  to  various  focieties. 

In  M.irch  1624,  Mr  Window,  who  had  been  previ-  Neat  cattle 
oufly  fent  to  England  for  the  purpofe,  arrived  with   a  f'rl  'ni- 
fupply  of  clothing,  and  brought  with  him  a  bull  and  PJ"'"^''  >"t° 
three  heifers,  which  were   the  firll  neat  cattle  imported  j^^^     "^" 
into  New  England.       None  of  the  domeRic  animals 
were  found  in  America,  by  the  firfl  European  fettlers. 

At  the  clofe  of  this  year,  the  Plymouth  colony  con-  Situation  of 
filled  of  180  perfons  only,  who  lived  in  32  dwelling '^"^  "^"^""y* 
houfes.  Their  flock  confifted  of  the  cattle  brought 
over  by  Mr  Winilow,  a  few  goats  and  a  plenty  of  fwine 
and  poultry.  Their  town  half  a  mile  in  compafs,  was 
impaled.  On  a  high  mount  in  the  town,  they  had 
erefled  a  fort  of  wood,  lime,  and  Hone,  and  a  hand- 
fome  watch  tower. 

The  year  following,  (March   1625)  that  truly  ven- DestK  of 
erable  and  good  man,  the  Rev.  Mr  Robinfon,  whofe  ^^''-  ^^• 
memory  is  precious  in  New  England,  died  at  Leyden,  K.ol""»o"- 
in  the  50th  year  of  his  age,  greatly  lamented,  both  in 
Holland  and  by  that  part  of  his  congregation  who  had 
fettled  at  Plymouth.     In  a  few  years  after,  part  of  his 
people  who  had  remained  with  him  in   Holland,  re- 
moved, and  joined  their  brethren  at  Plymouth. 

In  1629,  when  the  plantation  confided  of  about  300 
fouls,   a  patent  of  larger  extent  than  the  one  which 
Pierce  had  obtained  and  relinquidied,  was  folicited  by 
Ifaac  Allerton,  and  taken  out  in  the  name  of  "  Wil- 
liam Bradford,    his  heirs,    affociates,    and   afTigns."*  *  Hazard's 
This  patent  confirmed  their  title,   (as  far  as  the  crown  "'"v^°'- 
of   England    could    confirm   it)    to   a   tradl   of  land,  ^^g.'' ''' 
bounded  on  the  eaft  and  fouth,  by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  MrBrad- 
and  by  lines  drawn  weft  from  the  rivulet  of  Conohaf-  fordfurren- 
fet,  and  north  from  the  river  of  Narraganfec,  which  '^"'^^  '•>'' 
lines  meet  in  a  point,  comprehending  all  the  country  r"*^'"  '° 
called  Pokanokit.     To  this  tracfl  they  luppofed  tliey  had  ^0,,,^   ^^ 
a  prior  title  from  tlie  depopulation  of  a  great  part  of  it  their  rc- 
by  a  peftilencc,  from  the  gift  of  Mafaif  jit,  his  volun-  queft,  in 
tary  fubjeftion  to  the  crown  of  England,  and  his  hav-  1640. 
ing  proteflion  of  them.     In  a  declaration  publilhed  by  Extent  of 
them  in  1636,  they  alferted  their  •'  lawful  right  in  re- ''"^ P^'^"'*' 
fpeft  of  vacancy,   donation,  and  purchafe  of  the  na-  Title. 
tives,"-|-    which,   together   with  their  patent  from   the  t  Hazard  i. 
crown  through  the  council  of  New  England,  formed  '*°^' 
"  the  warrantable  ground,  and  foundation  of  their  go- 
vernment, of  making  laws,  and  difpoCng  of  lands."(A) 

In 


(a)  In  1639,  after  the  termination  of  the  Piqued  war,  Mafaffoit,  who  had  then  changed  his  name  to  Woo- 
famequen,  brought  his  fon  Mooanam  to  Plymouth,  and  defired  that  the  league  v.hich  he  had  formerly  made, 
might  be  renewed,  and  made  inviolable.  The  fachem  and  his  fon  voluntarily  proraifed,  "  for  themfelves  and 
their  fucceflbrs,  that  they  would  not  needlefsly,  nor  unjuftly  raife  any  quarrels,  or  do  any  wrong  to  other 


NEW 


[     613    ] 


NEW 


New-Eng- 
land. 


f  Brad  ford's 
Letters 
Hift.  Col. 
Tiii.  p.  29, 
36,  60. 
Difference 
between 
the  trading 
company 
in  England 
and  the 
planter;. 


Belknap's 
Biog.  vol. 
ii.  235,  &c. 

Pcrfecucion 
of  the  Pu- 
ritans. 


Syftcms  of 
fports  ella- 
Wiflied. 


In  die  fair-.e  patent  was  granted,  a  large  tract  border- 
ing (.n  the  river  Kcnnebeck,  where  they  had  carried  on 
a  tralTic  with  the  natives  i'or  furs,  as  they  did  alfo  at 
Conneaicut  river,  which  was  not  equally  beneficial  be- 
caiife  they  had  the  Dutch  tor  rivals.*  The  iur  trade 
was  found  to  be  much  more  advantageous  than  the 
filhery.  Sometimso  they  e.vchanged  corn  of  their  own 
growth  for  furs ;  but  European  coarfe  cloths,  hard 
ware,  and  ornaments,  were  good  articles  of  trade, 
when  tliey  could  command  them. 

The  company  in  England,  with  which  they  were 
connefled,  did  not  fupply  them  in  plenty.  Lofics  were 
fudained  by  f;a  ;  the  returns  were  not  adequate  to  their 
expe^ations ;  they  became  difcouraged  ;  threw  many 
reflections  (>n  the  pl^.nters,  and  tinally  retufed  them  any 
farther  fupplies  ;f  but  (till  demanded  the  debt  due  from 
them,  and  would  not  permit  them  to  connect  themfelves 
in  trade  with  any  other  perfons.  The  planters  com- 
plained to  the  council  of  New  England,  but  obtained 
no  redrefs.  After  the  expiration  of  the  feven  years, 
(1628)  for  which  the  contrad  was  made,  eight  of  the 
principal  perfons  in  the  colony,  with  four  ot  their  triends 
in  London,  became  bound  tor  the  balance  ;  and  trom 
that  time  took  the  whole  trade  into  their  own  hands. 
Thefe  were  obliged  to  take  up  money  at  an  exorbitant 
intereft,  and  to  go  deeply  into  trade  at  Kennebeck, 
Penobfcot,  and  Conneflicut ;  by  which  means,  and 
their  own  great  induftry  and  economy,  they  were  en- 
abled to  difcharge  the  debt,  and  pay  for  the  tranfpor. 
tation  of  thirty-tive  families  ol  their  friends  from  Ley- 
den,  who  arrived  in  1629." 

The  perfecution  of  the  Puritans  in  England,  under 
Archbilhop  Laud,  now  raged  with  unrelenting  feverity, 
and  while  it  caufed  the  deliruction  of  thoulaiids  in  Eng- 
land, proved  to  be  a  principle  ot  life  and  vigour  to  the 
infant  colonies  in  New  England.  Among  other  expe- 
dients for  vexing  the  Puritans  (who  were  now  compof- 
ed  both  of  the  diilentcrs  from  the  eftablillied  church, 
and  the  oppofers  of  defpotic  monarchy;)  "  a  lyllem 
rf  fports  and  recreations  on  the  Lord's  day  which  had 
been  originated  in  the  laft  reign,  was  revived  and  ella- 
blithed  by  the  king.  This  nieafure  was  diredtly  calcu- 
lated both  to  obviate  the  objeiftions  of  the  Roman  Ca- 
tholics to  the  fiippreffion  of  feafts  and  revels,  and  to 
wound  the  feelings  of  the  Puritans,  and  embarrafs  their 
clergy  ;  as  tliey  were  remarkable  for  a  llriifl  attention 
to  the  fourth  coram.indment,  flill  fo  decently  obferved 
by  their  defcendants.  The  magiftrates  had  found  thefe 
fports  which  confifted  of  dancing,  leaping,  vaulting, 
and  various  other  games,  to  be  introduilory  of  profa- 
nation, and  attempted  to  fupprefs  them  ;  but  fo  great 
was  the  zeal  of  the  court  to  root  out  Puritanifm,  wliich, 
from  the  ftriflobfervation  it  enjoined  of  the  Lord's  day, 
they  conceived,  tended  to  diminilh  the  fcaft  days  of  the 
church  ;  that  the  reprefentations  of  the  magiftrates  were 
overruled,  and  the  order  eftablilhing  the  book  of  i'ports 
was  direded  to  be  fead  in  every  parilh.     This  was  a 


net  to  entangle  the  clergy,  and  many  loft  their  livings, 
for  conl'cientioutly  refufing  to  read  the  order.  In  (hort, 
it  became  evident,  in  the  itar-chamber  language  of  the 
Earl  of  Dorlet,  that  to  be  guilty  of  drunkennefs,  un- 
cleannefs,  or  any  lefs  fault,  might  be  pardonable ;  but 
that  the  fin  of  Puritanifm  and  non-conformity  was  with- 
out ibrgivenefs." 

Such  being  the  fituation  of  affairs  in  England,  feve- 
ral  men  of  eminence,  who  were  the  friends  and  protec- 
tors of  the  Puritans,  entertained  a  delign  of  fettling  in 
New  England,  if  they  fhould  fail  in  the  meafiires  they 
were  purfuing  for  the  eftablifhment  of  the  liberty,  and 
the  retormation  of  the  religion  of  their  own  country.. 
They  folicited  and  obtained  grants  in  New  England 
and  were  at  great  pains  in  fettling  them.  Among  thefe 
patentees,  were  the  Lords  Brook,  Say,  and  Seal,  the 
Pelham's,  the  Hampden's,  and  the  Pym's ;  names 
which  afterwards  appeared  with  great  eclat.  Sir 
Mathew  Boynton,  Sir  Wdliam  Conllable,  Sir  Arthur 
Haflerig,  and  Oliver  Cromwell,  were  aflually  on  the 
point  of  embarking  for  New  England  ;  when  Archbi- 
lhop Laud  unwilling  that  fo  many  objefls  of  his  hatred 
Ihould  be  removed  out  of  the  reach  of  his  power,  ap- 
plied for,  and  obtained,  an  order  from  the  court  to  put 
a  Hop  to  tliefe  tranfportations.  "  Reftriflions  were  laid 
upon  their  efcape,  and  whilft  fome  had  fled  to  foreign 
countries,  others  were  not  lb  fortunate  as  to  obtain  this 
dreadful  privilege,  but  were  detained  as  hoftages  for 
the  good  conduci  of  their  brethren  abroad."  How. 
ever,  he  was  not  able  to  prevail  fo  far  as  to  hinder  New 
England  from  receiving  vail  additions,  as  well  of  the 
clergy,  who  were  lilenced  and  deprived  of  their  living 
for  non-contormity,  as  of  the  laity,  who  adhered  to 
their  opinions.  As  in  all  countries  where  perfecution 
rages,  fo  here,  the  wifeft,  moft  wholelbme,  and  molt 
ufeful  members  of  the  community,  were  compelled  to 
leave  their  country.  "  Multitudes,  (faid  Dr  Owen, 
fpeaking  of  thele  times)  of  pious  and  peaceable  Pro- 
teftants,  were  driven  by  the  feverities  of  their  perfecu- 
tors  to  leave  their  native  country,  and  feek  a  refuge  for 
their  lives  and  liberties,  with  freedom  for  the  worfhip 
of  God,  in  a  wildernefs  in  the  ends  of  the  earth." — . 
By  fuch  people  New  England  was  firll  fettled.  A 
body  of  men  more  remarkable  for  their  piety,  and  mo- 
rality, and  more  relpedtable  for  theii-  wifdom,  never 
perhaps  commenced  the  fettlement  of  any  other  coun- 
try. 

As  early  as  1626,  a  few  people  from  Plymouth, 
condui.'led  by  Mr  Roger  Conant,  commenced  a  fettle- 
ment on  Naumkeag  river.  Difcouraged  by  the  diffi- 
culties they  had  to  encounter,  they  had  determined  to 
quit  America  and  return  to  England  ;  but,  encourag- 
ed by  the  Rev.  Mr  White,  of  Dorchefter  in  England, 
who,  with  other  influential  characters  that  were  dellr- 
ous  of  providing  an  afylum  in  America,  for  the  per» 
fecuted  non-conformifls,  alfured  them,  if  they  would 
r«main,  that  they  (hould  receive  a  patent,  fupplies,  and 

friends. 


New-Eng- 
land. 


Mmot's 
continuati- 
on of  Hift. 
of  MaiTi. 
p.  13- 


O.  Crom- 
well and 
others  con- 
template a 
removal  to 
New-Eng- 
land. 

Prevent-d 
by  Apb. 
Laud. 


Minot. 


Charafler 
of  the  firft 
fettlers  of 
New  En- 
gland. 


Maffachn- 
fctts  fet- 
tled. 


natives  to  provoke  them  to  war  againfl;  the  colony,  and  that  they  would  not  give,  fell  or  convey  any  of  their 
lands,  territories,  or  polfeflions  whatever,  to  any  perfon  or  perfons  whomfoever,  without  the  privity  or  ccnfent 
of  tlie  government  of  Plymouth,  other  than  to  fuch  as  the  faid  government  (hould  fend  or  appoint.  The 
whole  court  did  then  ratify  and  confirm  the  aforefaid  league,  and  pr^'mifc,  to  the  faid  Woofamequen,  his  fon 
and  fucccflcrs,  that  they  would  defend  them  againll  all  fuch  as  fhould  unjuflly  rife  up  againft  them,  to  wrong 
cr  opprefs  them." — Morton's  Memorial  p.  ijo. 


NEW 


C     ^H     ] 


NEW 


Purcliafed 
of  the  I'ly 
moutii 
council- 
March  4, 
i6j8.1 
Ckartcr 
obtained. 


Its  con- 
tent*. 


Kcw-Eng-  friends,  rellnqulfhed  their  defign,  and  concluded  to  wait 
land.      the  event.     Accordingly,  on  the  19th  of  March  1627, 
'""'^'^""^  Sir  Henry  RofwtU,  and  levsral  other  gentlemen,   in 
the  vicinity  of  Dorcheller,  purchMed  of  the  council  of 
Plymouth,  all  that  part  of  Nevt'  England,   included 
within  a  line  drawn  from  the  Atlantic  ocean,  3  miles 
foutli  of  Charles  river,  and  3  miles  ndrtli  of  the  Mer- 
rimac  to  the  South  fe:i.     But  as  the  council  gave  them 
no  powers  of  government,  they  afterwards  obtained  a 
charter  of  incorporation,  from  Charles  I.  conftituting 
them  a  body-politic,  by  the  name  of  the  "  Governor 
and  Company  of  Maifachufetts  Bay  in  New  England," 
with  powers  as  extenfive  as  any  other  corporation  in 
England.     The  charter  recited  the  grant  oi  American 
territory  to  the  council  of  Plymouth  in   1620.     It  re- 
granted    M.ifUchufetts    Bay    to    Henry   Rofwell  and 
ntheri.     The  whole  executive  power  of  the  corpora- 
tion was  veiled  in  a  governor,  deputy  governor,  and 
eighteen  alFiftants ;  and  until  the  annual  eleilion  of  the 
company  could  commence,   the  governor,  deputy  go- 
vernor,  and  eighteen  aOiftants  were  fpecitied.      The 
governor,  and  feven,  or  more  affiftants,  were  author- 
il'ed  to  meet  in  monthly  courts,  for  difpatchitig  fuch 
bufinefs  as  concerned  tlie  company  or  fettlement.     But 
the  legiflative  powers  of  the  corporation,  were  veiled 
in  a  more  popular  alfembly,  compofed  of  the  governor, 
deputy  governor,    the  affiftants,   and  freemen  of  the 
company.     This  alfembly  to  be  convened  on  the  laft 
Wcdnefday  of  e.ich  of  the  four  annual  terms,  by  the 
title  of  "  the  General  Court,"  was  empowered  to  enadt 
laws  and  ordinances  for  the  good  of  the  body-politic, 
and  the  government  of  the  plantation,  and  its  inhabi- 
tants ;  provided  they  ihould  not  be  repugnant  to  the 
laws  and  (latutes  of  England.     This  alfembly  was  em- 
powered to  eleifl  their  governor,  deputy  governor,  and 
other  neceffary  officers,  and  to  conler  the  freedom  of 
the  company.     Tlie  company  was  allowed  to  tranfport 
perfons,  merchandize,  weapons.  Sec.  to  New  England, 
exempt  Irom  duty  for  the  term  of  feven  years ;  and  emi- 
grants were  entitled  to  all  the  privileges  of  Englifhmen. 
H.Adams  s  gj,£.)^  are  the  general  outlines  of  the  charter.      Under 
Hift.  N.      jj^jj  cj^gftgr  Mathew  Cradock  was  elefled  the  firft  go- 
Cradock      vernor,   and    J  nomas  Goit,   deputy  governor;   Capt. 
appointed    John  Endicott,  who,  the  year  before  (1627)  had  gone 
Oovernor.   over  with  one  hundred  perfons  to  Salem  to  prepare  the 
way  for  the  fettlement  of  a  permanent  colony,  was  ap- 
pointed, by  the  Plymouth  company,  governor  for  the 
plantation. 

In  May  1628,  about  two  hundred  perfons,  with  the 
Rev.  Melfrs  Skelton,  Higginfon,  and  Bright,  embark- 
ed for  New  England,  and  arrived  at  Naumkeag,  now 
Salem,  on  the  29th  of  June.  The  whole  colony  under 
governor  Endicott,  now  confided  of  about  300  fouls  j 
100  of  whom,  the  fame  year  removed  to  Charleftown. 
Meffrs  Skelton  and  Higginfon  remained  at  Salem, 
where  they  formed,  and  were  ordained  over,  the  firft 
church  in  that  town  ;  Mr  Bright  removed  with  the 
migrants  to  Charleftown. 

Tiie  fituation  of  the  perfecuted  puritans  in  England 
became  more  and  more  intolerable,  and  interefted  num- 
bers of  refpeaable,  and  wealthy  people,  in  their  behalf, 
and  converted  them  to  their  principles.  Several  more 
of  conl'equence  in  the  nation,  had  formed  a  refolution 
to  emigrate  to  Maifachufetts,  provided  they  (hould  be 
permitted  to  carry  the  charter  with  them.     They  were 


Hutchin- 
fon. 


Pirft 
church 
formed  in 
b;ilcm. 


aware  of  the  inconvenience  of  being  governed,  in  a  New  Eng- 
new  and  diftant  country,  different  in  moll  refpeifls  from  .        _'^'     - 
England,  by  men,  over  whom  they  had  no  controul. 
They  infilled  therefore  that  the  ch.iiter  llinuld  be  tranf- 
mitted  with  them,  and  that  the  corporate  powers  which 
it  conferred  fliould  in  future  be  executed  in  New  Eng- 
land.    I'hongh  the  legality  of  the  propofed  meafure 
was  qucftioned,  yet  the  importance  of  engaging  men 
of  wealth  and  influence  in  the  enterprize,  induced  Gov. 
Cradock,  who  entered  fully  into  their  views,  to  call  a  charter  to 
general  court  Aug.  29th  1629,  to  whom  he  fubmitted  be  transfcr- 
the  queftion  ;  whereupon  it  was  unanimoully  refolded  rcdtoMaf- 
"  that  the  patent  (hall  be  tr  insferred,  and  the  govern-  f^i^hufetts. 
ment  of   the  corporatii'n   removed   from    London   to  Chalmers, 
Maifachufetts   Bay."     The  members  of  the  corpora-  p-  iji- 
tion  who  remained  in  England,  were,  by  agreement, 
to  retain  a  fliare  in  the  trading  ftock,   and  the  profits 
of  it,  for  feven  years ;  but  it  does  not  appear  that  any 
dividend  was  ever  made,  or  that  any  trade  was  carried 
on  for  the  company. 

On  the  2oih  of  Oflober  1629,  the  company  proceed- 
ed to  a  new  choice,  of  officers  to  confift  of  fuch  per- 
fons as  had  determined   to  go  over  with    the  charter. 
John  Winthrop  was  elefled  governor,  John  Humphry  ,  j^^^  win- 
deputy    governor.  Sir  Richard   S^dtonltall  and   feven-  throp  go- 
teen  other  affiftants.     The  deputy  governor  and  feveral  veinor. 
of  the  affiftants,  never  came  to  America.       Their  pla- 
ces were  fupported  by  a  new  choice.    Thomas  Dudley 
was  chofen  deputy   governor  in   place  of  Mr   Hum- 
phreys. 

In  the  fpringof  1630,  thefe  officers,  with  about  1500  Fifteen 
emigrants,  embarked  at  various   ports  in  England,  in  hundred 
eleven  velfels  fitted  at  the  expence  of  more  than  ^'21,000  colomfts 
fterling,  having  their  charter  on  board,  and  after  a  te-  f?^  "     °l 
dious  voyage,  they  arrived   at  Salem  in  June,  and  at  j^j, 
Charleftown  the  beginning  of  July.     In  confequence, 
the  8th  day  of  this  month,  was  celebrated  in  all  the 
plantations  in  New  England  as  a  day  of  public  thankf- 
glving  to  God,  "  for  all  his  goodnefs,  and  wonderful  Prince's 
works  to  them."  Chronolo- 

But  there  were  feveral  clrcumftances  which  operated  ^' "' 

as  drawbacks,  upon  the  joys  of  this  occafion.      An  ex- 

tenfive  and  formidable  confplracy  of  the  Indians,  as  far  ,   ,. 

XT  ,-       r       L  r      r        ■         ■         1      -I-      Indian  con- 

as  Narraganlet,  tor  the  purpole  of  extirpating  the  En-  (piracy, 

glidi  colonifts,  had  been,  but  a  few  months  before,  dif- 
covered  to  the  inhabitants  of  Charleftown,  by  John  Sa- 
gamore, in  feafon,  however,  to  prevent  its  horrid  exe- 
cution. The  alarm  and  terror  which  this  event  had 
occafioned,  had  hardly  fubfided. — Of  three  hundred 
perfons  who  were  previoufly  at  Salera  and  Charleftown, 
eighty  had  died  the  preceding  winter.  There  was  not 
corn  enough  to  fupply  their  neceffitles  for  a  fortnight;  scarcity, 
and  their  other  provilions,  in  confequence  of  their  long 
voyage,  were  reduced  to  icanty  pittance.  They  were 
obliged  to  let  their  fervants  (who  had  coft  them  from 
fifteen  to  twenty  pounds  each),  go  free,  and  provide 
for  themfelves.  Under  all  thefe  difadvantages  they 
had  a  few  months  to  prepare  fhelter  and  food  for  along 
and  cold  winter.  To  increafe  their  calamities,  amor-  -MortMtr 
tal  licknefs  foon  commenced  its  ravages  among  them,  aniong  the 
and  before  December,  two  hundred  of  their  number  coloiiifti- 
had  died.  Among  thefe  was  Lady  Arabella,  who 
"  came  from  a  paradife  of  'plenty  and  pleafure  in  the 
family  of  a  noble  Earl,  into  a  wildernefs  of  wants," 
Mr  Johnfon,  her  hufband,  highly  efteemed  for  his  pi- 

ety 


NEW 

Ncw-Eof-  ety  and  wifdom,"  and  one  of  the  afliflants,  and  Mr 
•jlJJ^l;^^  Roffirer  another  of  the  affillants. — To  confole  them  un- 
der their  fevere  dirtreffes,  Mr  Wilfon  preaclied  to  them 
on  the  fubjeft  of  Jacob's  behaviour,  who  was  not  dif- 
heartiined  by  the  death  of  his  nearett  friends  on  the  way, 
when  God  called  him  to  remove.  This  worthy  mini- 
Her  was  liberal,  aimed  to  an  extreme,  in  adminillering 
to  the  relief  of  the  necelUlous,  he  was  indeed  at  all  times 
a  father  to  tlie  p'lor ;  and  even  the  wretched  Indians 
often  tailed  of  his  bounty. 
Part  cf  the  Difcouraged  by  fuch  calamities,  and  gloomy  pro- 
tolonifts  fpeds,  about  an  hundred  p;rfons  who  had  lately  arri- 
return.  ved,  of  "  weaker  minds,"  and  not  of  the  belf  charaders, 
returned  to  England  in  the  veffels  which  brought  them 
over.  The  return  of  thefe  wai.  confidered  as  no  lofs  to 
the  plantation.  This  new  accellion  to  the  Malfachu- 
fetts  colony  coUefled,  fome  from  tlie  wefl  of  England, 
but  chiefly  from  the  vicinity  of  London,  were  of  all 
trades  and  occupations,  neceflary  for  planting  a  new 
country.  As  there  were  not  buildings  fiifficient  to  ac- 
commodate fuch  a  number  of  people,  the  artificers 
among  them  erecfted  tents,  and  temporary  booths  for 
their  accommodaticn. 

As  the  great  objeA  of  thefe  chriftian  pilgrims,  in 
leaving  their  native  country,  and  fettling  this  wilJer- 
nefs,  was  to  "enjoy  the  ordinance?  of  the  gofpcl  and 
worlhip  the  L'lrd  Jefus  Chrift  according  to  his  own 
inftitutions,"  Gov.  Winthrop,  Lieut.  Gov.  Dudley, 
Mr  Johnfon,  and  the  Rev.  Mr  Wilfon,  on  the  30th  of 
July,  1630,  entered  into  a  formal  and  foL-mn  covenant 
with  each  other,  and  thus  laid  the  foundation  of  the 
church  in  Charleftown  and  Bofton.  On  the  27th  of 
Augull  following,  Mr  Wilfon  was  ordained  pallor  of 
the  church  at  Charleftown.  This  was  the  lirft  ordina- 
tion that  took  place  in  Maflachufetts. 

On  the  23d  of  Augull  1630,  the  firft  court  of  allifl- 
cf  affiftanta  ants  was  held  at  Charleftown  on  board  the  Arabella, 
Charlcf-  confifting  of  Gov.  Winthrop,  depuly  Gov.  Dudley, 
town.  3"J  Sir  Richard  Saltonllall,  Meifrs  Ludlow,   Rofliter, 

Newell,  T.  Sh;\rp,  Pynchon,  and  Bradftreet,  aflillants. 
This  court  v/.is  farmed  for  the  determination  of  great 
affairs,  civil  and  criminal  Juftices  of  the  Peace,  invert- 
ed with  the  fame  authority  as  like  magiftrates  in  Eng- 
land, and  other  olRcers,  were  appointed  for  the  pre- 
fervation  of  tranquillity.  The  firll  queltion  that  came 
before  them  was,  "h^w  the  minifter?  Ihould  be  main- 
tained?" On  the  propof.il  of  Melfrs  Wilfon  and  Phillips, 
the  court  ordered  that  houfes  Ihould  be  built  for  them 
at  the  public  charge,  and  the  governor,  and  Sir  Rich- 
ard Saltonftall,  were  appointed  to  carry  the  order  into 
effeifl.  It  was  at  the  fame  time  ordered  that  Mr  Phil- 
lips's falary  (hould  be  £^0,  a  year,  and  Mr  Wilfori's 
/"20,  "  till  his  wife  fiiould  come  over."  Thomas  Mor- 
ton, of  Mount  Wollafton,  who  had  ftolen  a  boat  from 
the  Indians,  was  ordered  to  be  brought  before  them  for 
trial,  without  delay. — Carpenters,  joiners,  bricklayers, 
fawycr5,  and  thatchers,  were  ordered  to  take  no  more 
than  two  fliillings  a  day,  under  penalty  of  ten  (hillings, 
ibid.  146,  to  giver  or  taker,"  and  Mr  Bradftreet  was  chofen  Se- 
347- 

Second 
court. 

Morton 
tried  and 


Firft  Chrif- 
tians  ga- 
thered in 
Charlef- 
town and 
Bofton. 

Prince** 
C'hron.  p. 
343- 


ibid.  p. 
347- 

Firft  court 


cref-ary. 

On  the  7th  of  September,  a  fecond  court  was  held 
at  Charleftown,  before   which  Morton  was  tried,  con- 
demned, and  fentenced  to  be  fet  in  xhebilbozus,  and  af- 
terwards to  be  fent   prifoner  to   England   by  the  fliip 
fcntcnccd.    called  the  Gif:,  now  returning  thither;  that  all  his  goods 


[    615     ]  NEW 

(hall  be  feized  to  defray  the  charges  of  his  tranfporta-  New-Enj. 
tion,  payment  of  his  debts,  and  to  give  fatisfaftion  to      '^"*i- 
the  Indians  for  a  canoe  he  had  unjuftly  taken  from  ^-'~^^"~' 
them  ;  and  that  his  houfe  be  burnt  down  to  the  c^round, 
in  fight  of  the  Indians  for  their  fatibfafti^n,  for  die  ma- 
ny wrongs  he  had  done  them."     All  perfms  were  for- 
bidden to  plant  within  the  limits  of  their  patent,  with- 
out leave  from  the  court;   thofe  perfons  who  had  fet 
down  at  Agawara  were  ordered  to  remove  ;  Trimoun-  Prince,  p. 
tain  they  named  Bojloti,  Mattapan  Durchejicr,  and  the  *4^- 
town  on  Charles  River  Watertoivn. 

Before  the  following  winter.  Sir  Richard  S  iltonftHll,  Water- 
with  Mr  Phillips  and  others   removed,  and   formed  a  town,  Eof- 
plantation    at    IValerioiun ;    the  greater    part    of  the '°"' ^""^ 
church  in  Cliarleilown,  with  Mr  Wilfon,  removed  and  ^^^V 
(ettled  in  Bofton.     Another  company,  with  Mr  Pyn-  ' 

chon  at  their  head,  fettled  at  Roxbury. 

On  the  6th  of  December  the  governor  and  afllftants 
met,  and  agreed  to  fortify  the  Bofton   Neck  ;  but  the 
delign  was  relinquiftied  (hortly  after,  and  inllead  of  a 
fortification  in  this  place,  they  concluded  to  build,  the 
next  fpring,  a  fortified  town,  on  the  fpot,  near  where  Plan  of  a 
Harvard  Univerfuy  has   fince   been  eftablilhed,    then  fu^'t-ificd 
called   Newtown.       In  the  fpring   following,  the  go ■  "'''^'"' 
vernor  accordingly  began  to  erea  a  houfe;  and  ihe  de-  f'J™"'.^"* 
puty  governor   finilhed   his,  and   removed  his  family.  cd.'°^"'  '" 
But  the   neighbouring   Indians  manifefting  a  friendly 
difpofition,  the  apprehenlions  of  danger  le/fened,  and 
the  plan  of  a  fortified  town  was  relinquilhed.     The  go- 
vernor fettled  at  Bofton,  and  the  deputy  governor  re-  ^"='^'"-, 
moved  to  Roxbury.  ^  \% 

As  the  winter  approached,  provifions  became  ex- 
tremely fcarce ;  the   people   were   compelled  to  fubfift 
on  clams,  mufchs,  groundnuts,  and  acorns,  and  even 
thefe   were  procured   with  great  difficulty,  while  the 
fnow  covered  the  ground.      Thefe  trials  difcouraged  Alarming 
many  ;  and  when  it  was  announced  tliat  "  the  governor  Scarcity, 
had  the  laft  batch  of  bread  in  the  oven,"  they  almofl 
defpaired  of  receiving   feafonable  relief.       Tliey  were 
moreover  full  of  fears,  left  a  (hip  which  had  been  dif- 
patched  to  Ireland  for  provifions,  had  either  been  caft 
away,  or  taken  by  pirates.     But  God,  in  his  good  pro- 
vidence, fent  them   timely  relief.       In   their   trouble, 
they  had  appointed  a  day  to  feek   the  Lord  by  faftin" 
and  prayer.     Before  the  day  came,  the  (Lip,  with  pro-  . 
vifions,  competent  to  their  neceflltier,  arrived,  and  they  bj['',  m'"s 
changed  the  day  of  fafting  into  a  day  of  thankfgiving.     no'tcs. 

After  a  winter  oi  great  fufferings  the  court  convened 
in  the  fpring  1631,  and  ordained,""  "  that  the  governor 
and  afllftants  lliall,  in  future,  be  ciiofen  by  the  freemen  "^^"^ 
alone  ;  that  none  lliould  be  admitted  to  the  freedom  of  ^q""  ^°^^' 
the  company   but  fuch  as  were  chol'en   members,  wh<i 
had  certificates  from   their  minifters  that  they  were  of 
orthodox  principles  ;  and  that  none  but  freemen  fhould 
vote  at   eledlions,  or  aft  as  magiftrates  or  jurymen." 
This  extraordinary  law  continued  in  force,  till  the  writ 
oi  quo  tvarranto,  in  1684,  annihilated  the  government  Chalmeri, 
which  enaded  it.  p.  ijj. 

The  diftredes  endured  the  preceding  feafon  induced  p     j   r 
thecolonifts  to  pay  great  attention  to  the  raifing  of  pro-  f^a,  of'tht 
vifions  for  their  future  fupport.     To  encourage  a  fpirit  fcarcity. 
fo  laudable  and  necefiary,  the  court  enabled  "  That  In. 
dian  corn  (hould  be  deemed  a  legal  tender  in  difcharge 
of  debts."     A  great  part  of  the  cattle  which  had  been 
imported  from  England  had  died ;   and  a  milch-cow 

was 


New-  Eng- 
land. 

Union  bc- 
twfcn  the 
colonies  of 
AlaiTachu- 
felts  and 
I'lymouth. 


Complaint 
againi^  the 
colonifls. 


Chalmers. 

New  em- 
barkations 
for  New- 
England, 
and  the 
order  of 
the  king 
thereupon, 


Hutchin- 
fon. 


NEW  [    6i 

was  now  valued  at  twenty-live  to  thiity  pounds  fter- 
ling. 

Two  colonies,  one  at  Plymouth,  the  other  at  Mafla- 
chufetts,  were  now  planted  in  New-England.  Both 
were  critically  lituated  in  refpefl  to  their  neighbours. 
The  Plymouth  fettlers  had  erefled  a  trading  houlc  at 
Penobi'cot  abont  the  year  1627;  of  this  the  French 
from  Arcadia  had  taken  pofTellion.  This  gave  rife  to 
complaints  on  both  fides  of  incroachments  on  their  re- 
fpeiftive  rights,  which  led  on  finally  to  war  between  the 
parent  countries. 

Tlie  MalFachufetts  colony  was  threatened  by  the  fur- 
rounding  Indians.  In  thefe  circumftances  prudence 
dii.1ated  that  union  (hould  be  eflablilhed  between  the 
two  infant  colonies.  To  bring  about  a  me;ifure  fo  ne- 
celfary  to  their  fafety,  the  Governor,  with  the  Rev. 
Mr  Wilfon  and  otliers  proceeded  to  Plymouth,  40  miles 
through  the  wildernefs  on  foot.  They  were  kindly  and 
refpeijtfully  received  by  governor  Bradford,  and  the 
principal  gentlemen  at  Plymouth  ;  and  the  refultof  this 
cmbaliy  was  a  lading  friend(hip  between  the  colonies. 

The  colonills,  in  their  zeal  to  preferve  the  unity  and 
purity  of  the  faith,  had  expelled  from  among  them 
fome,  vvhofe  princip'es  and  condufl  they  difapproved. 
Thefe  perfons  complained  to  the  king  of  the  wrongs 
they  had  futfered.  Their  complaint  was  referred  to  the 
privy  council  for  colonies,  Jan.  1632  ;  but  moll  of  the 
charges  being  denied,  and  "  to  avoid  difcouragement 
to  the  adventurers,  and  in  hopes  that  the  colony  which 
then  had  a  promifing  appearance  would  prove  benefi- 
cial to  the  kingdom,"  the  complaint  was  difniiffed. 

The   fpirit  of  perfecution   lliU   raged   in   England. 
Many   of  the  perfecuted,  lefs  enterprifing   than   their 
brethren  who  had  already  migrated  to  America,  had 
been  waiting  with  folicitude  to  Know  their  fituation  and 
profpeifls.     Satisfied  on  thefe  points  from  the  accounts 
they  had  received,  great  numbers  embarked  this  year 
(1633)  for  New  England.     So  numerous,  and  of  fuch 
charaifter  were  thefe  emigrants,  that  the  king  in  council 
thought  fit  to  ilfne  the  following  order,  Feb.  21.  1633. 
"  W^hereas  tlie  board   is  given  to  underltand  of  the 
frequent  tranfportation  of  great  numbers  of  his  majef- 
ty's  fubjeds  out  of  this   kingdom  to  the  plantation  of 
New- England,  among  whom  divers  perfons  known  to 
be   ill  affefled,  difcontented,  not  only  with  civil   but 
eccleliaflical  government  here,  are  obferved  to  refort 
thither,  whereby  fuch  confufion  and  diftra(5tion   is   al- 
ready grown  there,  efpecially  in  point  of  religion,  as 
befiJes  the  ruin  of  the  faid  plantation,  cannot  but  high- 
ly tend  both  to  the  fcandal  of  church  and  (late  here : 
And  whereas  it  was  informed  in  particular,  that  there 
are  at  the  prefent,  divers  (hips  in  the  river  of  Thames, 
ready  to  fet  fail  thither,  freighted  with  palTengers  and 
provifions:   It  is  thought  fit,    and  ordered   that   (lay 
fhould  be  forthwith  made  of  the  faid  (hips  until  further 
order  from  the  board.     And  the  feveral  mafters  and 
freighters   of  the  fame    (liould  attend  the   board,   on 
Wednefday   next  in   the  afternoon,  with  a  lift  of  the 
palfen^ers,  and  provifions  in  each  iliip.     And  that  Mr 
Cradock  a  chief  adventurer  in  that   plantation,  now 
prefent  before  the  board,  (hould  be  required  to  caufe 
the  letters  patent  for  the  faid  plantation  to  be  brought 
to  this  b  lard." 

This  order,  however,  in  confequence  of  an  able  vin- 
dication of  the  conduit  of  the  governor,  and  colonifts 


6      ] 


NEW 


of  New-England  by  fucli  of  the  company  as  were  pre-  New-Eng- 
fent,  did  not  put  a  (lop  to  emigrations.  Infomeofthe  '^"''• 
fummer  months  of  this  year  there  arrived  1 2  or  14  (hips 
filled  with  palfengers.  Among  the  diftinguilhed  cha- 
racters who  came  over  about  this  time  were  Mr  Haynes, 
Sir  Henry  Vane,  and  the  Rev.  MelTrs  Cotton,  Hooker 
and  Stone. — The  firft  was  afterwards  many  years  go- 
vernor of  Connefticut.  Tiie  fecond  was  the  next  year 
elefted  governor  of  Malfachufetts.  The  three  laft 
named  were  among  the  mod  eminent  divines  of  that 
day,  and  their  migration  to  New-England,  drew  after 
them  multitudes  oi  tlie  perfecuted  puritans.  Mr  Cotton 
is  faid  to  have  been  more  ufeful  and  influential  in  fettling 
the  civil  as  well  as  eccleliaftical  polity  of  New-England 
than  any  other  perfon. 

Until  this  period  the  legidative  powers  had  been  ex-  Reprefen- 
erciled  by  the  governor,  deputy  governor,  and  adift-  "tivc  go- 
ants,  and  the  whole  body  o(  freemen  in  perfon,  though  vcrnment 

the  latter  had  been  permitted  to  have  but  little  (hare  in  ^'^i''^'''^'=<'' 
t  11111.  ^    *^^d  the 

the  government ;  but  the  co(ony   had  now  become  fo  riehts  of 

numerous  that  it  was  inconvenient  and  indeed  imprac-  the  people 
licable   to  legiflate  in  one   aifembly  ;  nor  was  it  fafe,  aflcrted. 
furrounded  as   they  were  with  holtile  Indians,  for  the 
freemen  to  leave  their  lamilies  tor  fo  long  a   time  un- 
protefled:   NeceQity  there(ore  obliged  tliem  to  eftablilli 
a  reprcfitilati-oe  form  of  government ,   which  they   did  by 
general  confent,  though  no  exprefs  provifion  was  made 
for  it  in  the  charter.     Accordingly  the  freemen  eleifled 
twenty-four  deputies,  who   appeared  in  general  court, 
May,   1634,  as  their  reprefentatives.     Their  fiiftbufi- 
nefs  was  to  a(rert  the  rights  of  the  people  by  pafling  the 
following  refolutions  ;  viz.  "  That  none  but  the  gene- 
ral court  had  power  to  make  and  edablifh  laws,  or  to 
eleifl  and  appoint  officers  as  governor,  deputy  governor, 
affiftants,    treafurer,    fecretary,    captains,    lieutenants, 
enfigns,  or  any  of  like  moment,  or  to  remove  fuch  upon 
mifdemeanor,  or  to  fet  out  the  duties  or  powers  of  thefe 
officers. — That  none  but  the  general  court  hath  power 
to  raife  monies,  and  taxes,  and  to  difpole  of  lands,  viz. 
to  give  and  confirm  proprieties.''  After  theferefolutions, 
they  proceeded  to  the  eleiflion  of  magiftrates.     Then 
they   further   determined,  "  That   there  fhall  be  four 
general  courts   held   yearly,  to   be   fummoned  by  the 
governor  for  the  time  being,  and  not  to   be  diflolved, 
but  by  confent  of  the  major  part  of  the  court.     That 
it  (hall  be  lawful  for  the  freemen  of  each  plantation  to 
choofe  two  or  three,  before  every  general  court,  to  con- 
fer of,  and  prepare,  fuch  bufinefs  as  by  them  fhall  be 
thought  fit  to  conlider  of  at  the  next  court  ;  and  that 
fuch  perfons  as  fhall  be  hereafter  fo  deputed  by  the  free- 
men of  the  feveral  plantations,  to  deal  in  their  behalf 
in  the  affairs  of  the  commonwealth,  fhall  have  the  full 
power  and  voices  of  all  tiie  faid  freemen,  derived  to 
them  for  the  making  and  eftablilhing  of  laws,  granting 
of  lands,  &c.   and   to  deal  in  all  other  affairs  of  the 
commonwealth,  wlierein  the  freemen  have  to  do,  the 
matter  of  eleffion  of  magiftrates  and  other  ofllcers  only 
excepted,  wherein   every   freeman  is   to  give   his  own 
voice." — And  to  fhow  their  refentment,  they  impofed 
a  fine  upon  the  court  of  affiftants  for  going  contrary  to 
an  order  of  the  general  court.     "  The  legiflative  body  Hutchin- 
thus  organized,  continued  without  alteration,  (except  fon. 
that  the  number  of  general  courts  annually  was  reduc- 
ed, in  1644,  from  four  to  two,)  till  the  lofs  of  the  charter 
in  1 684.     This  is  fuppofed  to  have  been  the  fecond 

houfe 


NEW 


C    617    ] 


NEW 


New-Eng-  houfe  of  reprefcntatives   th.it  ever  aflemWed  In  Ame- 
hnJ.       rica.     A   houfe  of  burgeiles  met  for  the  firll  time  in 
^^^^"^"^  Virginin,  May  1620,  touneen  years  before. 
Code  of  Having  thus  crtablilheJ  their  firmof  government,  the 

lawiciiatft.  enaaion  o(  a   coJe  of   laws  was  the  next  bulinefs  in 
e<l-  courfe.     The  leading  ch.ira(51ers  among  the  colonilh, 

were  of  opinion  that  ihe  fubje>5ts  of  any  prince  or  Ihite 
haJ  a  natural  right  to  emigrate  to  any  ether  (late  or 
country,  when  deprived  of  liberty  ot  confcience,  and 
that  up  m  fuch  a  reniov.il  their  allegiance  ceafed.  They 
confidered  their  fubjediun  to  the  ciown  ol  England  as 
voluntary,  and  founded  on  mutual  compad,  and  this 
compaft  was  their  charter.  They  maintained  their 
right  to  make  their  own  laws,  and  to  eleift  their  own 
mjglftrates,  but  acknowledged  that  their  laws  mull  not 
be  repugnant  to  thofe  of  England;  and  that  by  their 
compaft  they  had  no  right  to  be  fubjeift  to,  noT  feek 
protedion  from,  any  foreign  piince.  With  thefe  fenti- 
ments,  and  without  any  partiality  lor  the  laws  of  their 
mother  country,  under  which  they  had  luffered  fo  ma- 
ny hardlhips,  it  is  not  furprifing  that  they  did  not  adopt 
the  laws  of  England  as  the  foundation  of  their  code. 
The  peculiarity  of  their  fituation,  indeed,  rendered  ne- 
celFary  cnrrel'p.uiding  laws  and  regulations.  And  as 
their  leading  objeift  in  migrating  to  this  country,  was  to 
enjoy  liberty  of  confcience,  and  to  fupport  and  tranfmit 
pure  to  their  ptfterity,  the  religion  of  the  Bible;  and 
finding  in  this  book  the  leading  principles  ot  good  go- 
vernment, and  a  fyllein  of  laws  tor  the  general  regu- 
lation of  human  condufl,  they  adopted  it  as  their  "  prin- 
cipal code  of  law,  and  declared,  as  an  article  in  their 
bill  of  rights,  that  no  man  iliould  fuffer  but  by  an  ei- 
prefs  law,  fufficienily  publilhed,  yet  in  cafe  of  a  defeifl 
of  law  in  any  particular  inllance,  ty  the  'word  of  God." 

"  It  is  obvious  to  all  in  the  prefent  age,  that  the  pe- 
culiarities of  the  Jewilh  nation  mull  render  their  jurif- 
prudence  inapplicable,  in  a  variety  of  inltances,  to  a 
people  fo  differently  circumftanced  ;  and  the  rights  of 
individuals  could  gain  nothing  by  negledmg  the  expe- 
rience of  mankind,  in  former  judicial  pioceedings, 
where  they  were  in  any  degree  fimilar  to  cafes  which 
might  arife.  The  code  of  laws  became  marked  with 
many  additional  capital  crimes,  unknown  as  fuch  to 
thofe  of  England ;  and  fmaller  offences  were  multi- 
plied wiih  rigorous  exaflnefs.  As  this  feverity  had  for 
its  objeifl,  an  exemplary  purity  of  morals  and  religion, 
which  flioulj  extend  to  every  perfon  in  fociety,  it  of 
courfe  reached  the  more  private  anions  of  its  members, 
;\nd  included  all  the  relationlhips  fublklirg  between 
them. 

"  Their  capital  offences  were  idolatry,  witchcraft, 
1)1  afphemy,  murder,  belliality,  fodomy,  adultery,  man- 
dealing,  hearing  falfc  witntfs,  confpiracy  and  rebel- 
lion, curfing,  or  fmiling  a  parent,  unlefs  when  ne- 
t;leifled  in  education,  or  pr(iVokcd  by  extreme  and  cruel 
correiflion,  rebelli<  us  and  ftubborn  condui5l  in  a  fon  dif- 
obcying  the  voice  and  challifemcnt  of  his  parent?,  and 
living  in  nutoriuus  crimes,  rape,  and  aifbn  ;  other  of- 
fences were  .tlfo  made  capi'al  upim  a  feconJ  or  third 
conviflion,  and  liie  degree  of  the  i  ffeuce  was  in  fome 
inftances  increafed  by  .the  circumilance  cf  its  being 
committed  on  the  Sabbath. 

"  In  the  inferior  clalFcs  of  crimes   were  many  pecu- 
liar to  the  fituation  of   the  colony,  efpccially  wi:h  re- 
gard 10  Aimptuary  legula'.ionj,  and  the  enfcrcing   of 
Suf  PL.  Vol.  II. 


indultry.     In  thcfe  there  are  ftrong  protfs  cf  tfie  difpo-  Nc-w-Fng- 
fition  which  prevailed,  of  iliewing  refpecl  to  particular       '•^'''' 
defcriptions  of  famiHe^  by  diftinctions  in  their  favour. 

Their  punillimenis  bore  a  refemhl*nce  to  the  general 
rigour  of  tl  eir  penal  code,  and  were  fi  metimes,  even 
in  capital  cai'es  left  to  the  dilcreiiin  of  their  judges. 
There  is  a  law  on  ih::  fuljedof  torture,  which  is  a  ftain 
raiher  up<  n  thevi  lume  in  wliich  it  is  recorded,  th  inupon 
the  prav^ice  of  the  country;  to  the  honour  of  which  it  may 
be  faid,  that  iheufe  of  this  ftatutehas  been  fo  little  con- 
templated, that  it  became  wholly  obfolete.  This  law 
prohibits  torture  generally,  but  excepts  any  cafe  in 
vhich  the  criminal  is  firft  fully  convifled,  by  clear  and 
fufficier^t  evidence  ;  after  which,  if  it  be  apparent  from 
the  nature  of  ihe  cafe,  that  there  be  confederates  with 
him,  he  may  be  tortured,  yet  not  with  fuch  tortures  ai 
are  l)arbar(  us  and  inhuman.  The  very  terms  of  this 
flatute  feem  to  difarm  it  of  the  power  cf  irjuring,  and 
would  render  it,  if  it  were  in  force,  a  lefs  dreadful  en- 
gine of  inhumanity  than  the  pe'we fortt  el  dure  of  the 
Englifh  law.  The  rigour  of  jullice  extended  itfelf  aj 
well  to  the  proteftion  cf  the  rights  of  property,  as  to 
the  moral  habits  if  the  people;  and  a  remarkable  in- 
(lance  of  this  is  Ihown  in  the  power  given  to  creditors, 
over  the  perfons  of  their  debtors.  The  law  admitted 
ot  a  freeman's  being  fold  for  fervice  to  dikharge  his 
debts,  the  ugh  it  would  not  allow  of  the  facrifice  of  his 
time,  by  his  being  kept  in  prifon  unlefs  fome  eftate  was 
concealed. 

"  The  governor  and  affiftants  were  the  firfl  judicial 
court;  to  this,  iiferior  jurifdidions  were  added;  and 
upon  the  houfe  of  reprefcntatives  coming  into  eiWlence, 
the  judicial  authority  was  (liared  by  them,  as  in  the 
words  of  their  law,  the  fecond  branch  of  the  civil 
power  ot  this  commonwealth.  The  lubordinate  jurif- 
diiftions,  were  the  individual  magirtrates,  the  commi.'"- 
fioners  of  towns  and  the  county  courts.  Thefe  feem  in 
fome  fcnfe  to  have  a<5ted  a?  the  deputies  of  the  general 
court,  fince,  in  difficult  points,  they  were  allowed  to 
Hate  the  cafe  without  the  names  of  the  parties,  to  that 
court,  and  receive  its  declaration  of  the  law. 

"  The  perpetual  controverfy  incident  to  dividing 
power  among  fcveral  order?,  d^fproportionate  in  t!ieir 
numbers,  took  place  between  the  aflillanis  and  repre- 
fcntatives. Whether  they  flinuld  vote  in  feparaie  bo- 
dies or  colleftively,  became  a  ferious  difpute.  As  by 
a  defefl  in  the  conllitution  they  held  both  legiflatlve  and 
judicial  authority  ;  it  was  at  lall  conipromiled,  tiiat  in 
making  the  laws,  the  two  houfes  (hould  vole  feparately, 
with  a  negative  upon  each  other  ;  but  in  trying  canles, 
in  cafe  they  fhould  differ  in  this  mode,  they  (hould  pro- 
ceed to  determine  tl  e  quellicnby  voting  together. 

"As  in  their  govemniert,  hereditary  claims  were  re- 
jcifled,  their  poblx  officers  being  all  periodically  chofen 
from  tl)e  body  ot  llie  freemen,  and  wihout  rcg^ird  tu 
dirtinift  order^,  fo  in  the  def'cent  and  dtftribution  of  real 
or  perfonal  tflates  of  inteil  ites,  the  excliifive  clam  cf 
any  one  heir  was  not  admitted,  but  tqujl  divifion  was 
made  among  all,  relerving  only  to  the  elded  fon  a  driibls 
portion.  This,  cfpecially  in  cafe  ol  a  numen  us  family, 
which  is  not  an  uncommon  inllance  in  a  you-.g  couiitry, 
tfretffually  picvcnted  the  undue  accumuIaMoa  ot  pro- 
perly. Tiiefc  two  regnl.iti.ins  may  be  fiid  to  l)e  the 
great  pillars  on  wliich  i-.p'iblicaii  liberty  in  Malfachu- 
fcits  is  fupporied.    T.jere  wa;  an  incll^m-.iblj  aJvaitage 


I 


gained 


NEW 


C     6i8     ] 


NEW 


NcwF.ng-  gained  to  the  caufe  of  freedom  by  a  law  in  1641,  which 
land.  declares  the  lands  of  the  inhabitants  free  from  all  fines 
^■^'^'"^^  jj„j  licences  upon  alienation,  herints,  wardlliips,  and  the 
whole  train  of  teudalcxaflions,  which  have  fo  grievoufl)' 
opprtllcJ  mankind  in  other  parts  of  the  world.  They 
tendered  hofpitallty  and  fuccoiir  to  all  ciiriilian  ftrangers 
flying  from  the  tyianny  of  their  perfecutors,  or  from 
famine,  wars,  or  the  like  conipiilfory  caufe,  and  intitied 
them  to  the  fame  law  and  jullicc  as  was  adminiftered 
among  themfelves. 

But  while  they  have  thus  fcrupuloufly  regulated  the 
morals  of  the  inhabitants  within  the  colony,  and  offered 
ita>  an  afylum  to  the  opprelfed  among  mankind,  they 
rieglciSed  not  to  prevent  the  contagion  of  dillimilar  ha- 
bits, an  J  heretical  principles  fi  om  without.     A  law  was 
msde  in  the  year  1637,  ihat  none  Ihould  be  received  to 
inhabit  wiililn  the  jurifdnition,  but  fuch  as  fhould  be  al- 
lowed by  ('on)eof  the  magillrates;  and  it  was  fully  un- 
derftood,  that  dilfering  from  the  religious  tenets  gene- 
rally received  in  tlie  ountry,  was  as  great  a  difqnalifi- 
caiion,  as  any  political  opinions  whatever.    In  a  defence 
of  this  order,  it  is  advanced,  that  the  apollolic  rule  of 
reje'iing  fuch  as   brought  not   the  true  doiftrine  with 
them,  wai  as  applicable  to  the  commonwealth  as  the 
church,  and   that   even  the  prophane  were   hfs  to  be 
dreaded  than  the  able  advocates  of  erroneous  opinions." 
The  fiill  fetileis  of  New  England  were  certainly  a 
remarkable  people  ;  of  a  charafler  peculiarly  adapted  to 
thofe  imf  ortant  dcfigns  in  providence  which  they  were 
to  fulfil.     They  wcie  dtllined  to  plant  and  fubdue  a 
«i'.dernef?,  filled  with  favage  and  feiocious  enemies  ;  to 
lay  the  fotindation  of  a  great  empire  :  and  this  too  un- 
der the  jealcus   and  unpropitious  eye  of  their  parent 
country.     Accordingly  they  were  enterprifing,  brave, 
patient  of  labour  and  fiitlerings,  and  polklFed  a  firmncfs 
of  fpirit,  and  a  zeal  fir  rcligiun  bordering  on  enthufiafm. 
They  had  alfo  among  them  their  full  proportion  ol  the 
learned  and  bell  informed  men  of  that  age.     A  body  ot 
men  more  remaikable  tor  their  piety,  more  exemplary 
in  thtir  mcrals,  mote  refpeftabh  for  their  wifdom,  never 
bef'ue,  nor  fince,   ccmnienced   the  feltlernent   of  any 
cour:try.      Vv'hat  have  been  confidered  as  blemiflies  in 
thtir  ch-racterfe^medneceffary  in  their  fituat'on.  "  Lefs 
rigour  would  have  difqualified  them  for  difcharging  the 
heavy  duties  which  they  had  to  perform,  and  perhaps 
more  liberality  would  have  introduced  fe(ftaries  which 
would  have  weakened  the  commnnity  by  divifions,  and 
proHigates  who  would  h.ive  C(  rrupted  it  by  their  vices." 
Oneof  thefirll  llatermen  in  America>*  hasthuscharafter- 
Adam^.l.t-  j,-gj  (],g  f.ithers  f  f  New  England.     "  Reliizious,  to  fome 
of  the  U.     degree  of  enthufiafm,  it  may  be  admitted  tliey  were, 
but  this  can  be  no  peculiar  derogaiirn  from  their  cha- 
rai^er,  becaufe  it  was  at  that  time  alnioll  the  univerfal 
chaiafler,  not  only  of  England,  but  of  Chtiftendom  : 
had  this  however  been  oiheiwi.e,  their  enthufi  :fm,  con- 
fideiing  the  principles  on  which  it  was  founded,  and  the 
ends  to  which  it  was  directed,  far  from  being  a  reproach, 
was  greatly  t'>  their  honour.     Fur  I  believe  it  wilt  be 
found  uuiverfally  true,  that  nn  great  enterpnze  fur  the 
honour,  or  h.ippinefs  of  mankind,  was  ever  atchi  ved, 
without  a  huge  mixture  of  that  noble  intiimity.   What- 
ever imperfci-'iini-.s  may  be  jultly  afcribed  to  them,  v.hich 
lioivevcr  are  a^  tew  as  ,^ny  mortals  have  difcovered,  their 
judgment  in  forming  their  policy  was  fouiided  on  wife 
and  btnevoleni  piiiicipks;  it  was  founded  un  revelation 


Minor's 
continua- 
tion p.  24 
&c. 

Charaflcr 

of  the  f^rlt 
fcttlers  of 
New-Eng- 
land. 


Minor. 
John 


States. 


and  reafon  too  ;  it  was  confident  with  the  bed,  greateft,  New-Snj;- 
and  wifeft,  legifiaitors  of  antiquity."  v-^1^^w 

In  the  years  1621  and  1622,  captain  John  Mafon,and  New- 
Sir  Ferdinando  G  irges,  obtamed  grants  of  thePlymouth  HamplWrt 
Council,  (of  which  they  were  the  mod  active  members)  »»J  Mam' 
of  all  the  country  between  Naumkeag,   (now  Salem;  l^e'"^"' 
and  Sagadahock  river  ;  and  back  to  the  Lakes  of  Ca- 
nada.    The  trail  between  Naumkeag  and  Merrimack, 
which  was  granted  to  Mafon,  he  called  Mariana.     The 
reft,  granted  jointly  to  both  they  named  Laconia. 

The  next  year  (1623),  they  planted  a  colony,  and 
efiablilhed  a  tilhery  on  Pifcataqiia  river.  About  the 
fame  time  a  variety  of  other  little  fettlements  were 
formed,  on  the  coall  between  the  Merrimack  and  Saga- 
dahock  rivers.  But  none  of  them  flourifhed,  being 
"  rather  temporary  eftablilhments  for  traffick  than  feed 
plots  of  future  plantations."  So  ilow  was  the  progrefs 
of  the  fettlements  in  this  part  of  New  England,  that 
filteen  years  after  their  commencement,  (in  July  1638,) 
when  JotTelyn  failed  along  this  coaft,  he  law,  he  oblerves, 
"  no  other  than  a  mere  wildernefs,  here  and  there  by 
the  fea  fide,  fcattered  plantations  with  a  few  houfes." 

In  1629  the  foutheaftern  part  of  the  prel'ent  (late  of 
New  Hamijftiire  was  purchaled  of  the  Indians,  and  a 
deed  obtained  of  them  by  John  Wheelwright  and  others 
from  Madachufetts.  Thefame  year  captain  Mafon  pro- 
cured a  new  patent  from  the  council  of  Plymouth,  for  a 
dill  larger  traifl,  including  this  Indian  purchale.  This 
tratS  was  nownamed  New  Hampshire. 

For  feveral  years  after  this,  the  adventurers  paid  very 
little  attention  to  agriculture.  They  imported  their 
bread  corn  from  England  and  Virginia.  Their  views 
were  chiefly  turned  to  the  difcovery  of  thelakes,  and  of 
mines,  to  the  cultivation  of  grapes,  to  the  peltry  trade, 
and  the  filheries.  The  peltry  trade  was  of  fome  value,, 
and  the  filheries  fupported  the  inhabitants,  but  neither 
lakes  nnr  mines  were  found,  and  the  vines  which  they 
planted  perilhed.  Difcouraged  by  ill  fuccefs,  the  adven- 
turers in  England  Icld  their  ihares  to  Malbn  and  Gorges, 
who,  in  conleqnence,  became  the  lole  proprietors.  Ttiey 
in  1634.  renewed  their  exertions  to  increafe  the  colony, 
and  appointed  Francis  Williams,  a  wife  and  popular 
man,  its  G  svemor. 

An  attempt  was  made  by  Mafon  and  Gorges  about 
this  time,  to  divide  New  England  into  twelve  Lordlhips, 
under  the  diredi'n  of  a  genera!  governor.  Thisfcheme 
was  countenanced  at  Court,  but  was  never  adopted,  and 
produced  no  material  injury  to  the  rights  ot  the  fettlers. 
The  religious  views  and  fentiments  of  Mafon  and 
Gorge?,  did  not  accord  witli  tholi;  of  the  planters  of 
Madachufetts; — the  objefl  of  the  latter  was  to  eftablifti 
a  thrillian  community,  for  the  prefervatlon  and  fpread 
cf  pure  leliglon,  and  liberty  of  confcience;  while  that 
of  the  former  was  to  plant  colonies,  which  fhould  yield 
them  wealth  and  power.  The  enterprize  cf  M.ifon  and 
Gorges  was,  huwever,  at  this  period,  exemplary  and 
ufeful,  as  it  fervcd  to  excite  a  fpirit  ot  emulation  in  other 
adventurers,  and  thelrmemory  deferves  refpeift.  Captain 
Malon  died  in  the  w-lnter  of  1635-6.  Governor  Winthrop 
in  his  Journal  makes  the  toll  owing  remark  on  his  death, 
evincive  of  the  temper  of  thofe  limes.  "  He  was  the  chief 
mover  in  all  attempts  agalnft  us,  (the  Malfachufetts  co- 
lony) and  was  to  have  lent  the  general  governor  ;  and 
for  this  end  was  providing  Ihips.  But  the  Lord, /;?  n:f;i;y, 
took  him  away,  and  all  the  bufinefs  fell  on  lleep." 


NEW 


[     6 


fttw-r.ng'  In  April  1639,  Gorges  obtained  from  Charles  I.  a 
'"'£•  ccntirmatlon  ot'  hii  patent,  and  "  his  limits  were  now 
extended  to  one  hundred  miies  from  the  rivers  fomh- 
Weft  ward  into  the  deil'rt."  This  trafl  was  called 
Maine.  By  this  patent  Gorges  was  inverted  with  all 
the  royal  riglits  of  a  Count  palatinate — with  greater 
powers  than  had  ever  been  granted  by  a  fovereign  to  a 
fuhjcifl.  Encouraged  by  thcfe  attentions,  and  invefted 
with  authority,  the  following  year  he  eftablifhed  civil 
government  within  the  province,  appointed  Joffelyn 
and  others  his  counlellors,  and  tranlmitied  to  them 
(March  1640)  ordinances  to  regulate  them  in  the  ad- 
minillratlon  of  juilice.  But  he  pollelfed  not  the  talents 
requifite  to  the  government  of  a  colony  ;  the  Conllitu- 
tion  he  had  formed  for  Maine,  was  merely  executive, 
without  any  leglflative  powers,  nor  did  it  provide  any 
afTembly  in  which  the  people  might  be  reprefcnted. 
Eticouragement  was  n"t  given  to  emigrants  to  pur- 
chafe  and  cultivate  his  lands.  Agriculture  was  negleifl- 
ed.  Lands  were  granted,  not  as  freeholds,  but  by 
leafes,  fubjeifl  to  quit-rents,  and  no  provifion  was  made 
for  the  regular  fupport  of  the  clergy.  With  fuch  a 
government  and  fuch  regulations,  it  could  not  be  ex- 
pe>.1ed  that  the  colony  would  dourilh  ;  on  the  contrary 
"  the  province  languifhed  for  years  in  hopelefs  imbeci- 
lity ;  and  its  languors  ceafed,  and  a  principle  of  life 
was  inlufed,  only  when  he  ceafed  to  be  its  proprietary 
and  lawgiver."  The  town  of  York,  however,  was 
incorporated  by  him,  with  city  privileges,  in  1641, 
though  this  circumft.ince  feems  to  have  added  neither 
to  its  wealth  nor  importance. 
Eitter  fet-  Religious  diffcntions  were  excited  about  this  time  in 
tied.  M.iifachufetts  by  the  introduiflion  of  Antinomian  prin- 

ciples. At  the  bead  of  thofe  who  embraced  ihefe  fen- 
timents  was  the  Rev.  John  Wheelwright,  brother  of 
the  famous  Ann  Hutchinfon,  who,  finding  oppofition 
too  powerful,  quitted  Maifachufetts,  and  with  a  num- 
ber of  his  followers,  planted  tlie  town  of  Exeter.  Sen- 
fible  of  the  necelfrty  of  government  and  laws,  of  which 
they  were  dollituie,  thirty-five  perfons,  in  Oiftober  1639, 
"  combined  themfelves  in  the  name  of  Cirrift,  to  ereft 
fuch  a  government  as  fliould  be  agreeable  to  the  will 
of  God."  They  confidered  themfelves  as  fubjefls  of 
England,  acknowledged  the  laws  of  the  realm,  and 
promifed  obedience  to  fuch  laws  as  fhould  be  made  by 
thcT  own  reprefentatives,  and  chofe  a  Mr  Underbill 
for  their  governor.  Their  fuuaiion,  however,  was 
neither  happy  nor  profperous. 

Not  long  after  a  fmall,  but  more  refpeflable  number 
of  perfons  from  England,  fettled  at  Dover,  and  in 
Ocllobcr  1640,  thefc  people,  and  thofe  wlio  had  plant- 
ed themlelves  at  Portfmouth  under  Williams,  formed 
themfelves,  each,  into  a  body  politic,  after  the  exam- 
ple of  iheir  nciglibours  at  Poitfmouth. 

Four  dillin(S  governments,  (including  one  at  Kittery 
on  the  north  fide  of  the  river)  were  now  torraed  on  the 
feveral  branches  of  the  Pifcataqua.  Thefe  combina- 
tions being  only  voluntary  agreements,  liable  to  be 
broken  or  fubiiividcd  on  the  firll  popular  difcontent, 
there  ciinld  be  no  f.tfcty  in  the  continuance  of  them. 
The  diftiai-^ions  iu  England,  at  this  time,  had  cut  off 
all  h'^pe  '  f  the  royal  attention,  and  the  people  ot  the 
fcvijril  fettlcmcnts  were  too  much  divided  in  their 
opitiions  to  f  rni  any  jjencr.il  plan  of  government, 
which  could  alTuid  a  profpc«.l  of  peimanent  utility. 


19     ]  NEW 

The  more  conftderate  perfons  amon^  them,  therefore,  New-Enj- 
thought  it  belt  to  treat  with  Maifachufetts,  about  tak-       '"'•'^• 
ing  them  under  their  proteflion.     That  government  was  ^""^ 

glad  of  an  opportunity,  to  realize  the  conftruflion  which 
ihey  liad  put  upon  the  cLufe,  of  their  charter,  wherein 
tlieir  northern  limits  are  defined  :  for  a  line  drawn  from 
call  to  weft  at  the  diftarce  of  "  three  miles  to  the  north- 
ward ol  Merrimack  river,  and  of  any  and  every  part 
thereof,"  will  take  in  the  whole  Province  of  New- 
Hamplhire,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  Province  of 
Maine,  fo  that  both  Mafcn's  and  Gorges'  patents  mull 
have  been  vacated.  They  had  already  intimated  their 
intention  to  run  this  eall  and  weft  line,  and  prefuming 
on  the  juftice  of  their  claim,  they  readily  entered  into 
a  negociation  with  tlie  principal  fettlers  of  Pifcataqua 
refpeding  their  incorporation  with  them.  The  affair 
was  more  than  a  year  in  agitation,  and  was  at  length 
concluded  by  an  inftrument  fubfcribed  in  the  prefence 
of    the    general    court,    by    George   Wyllys,    Robert  ^ 

Saltonftall,  \Villiam  Whiting,  Edward  Hcliock,  and 
Thomas  Makepeace,  in  behalf  of  themfelves  and  the 
other,  partners  of  the  two  patents ;  by  which  inftru- 
ment  they  reiigned  the  jurifdicflion  of  the  whole  to  Maf- 
fichufetts,  on  condition  that  the  inhabitants  fhould  en- 
joy the  f.ime  liberties  with  their  own  people,  and  have 
a  court  of  juftice  ereded  among  them.  The  property 
of  the  wiiole  patent  of  Ponfmouth,  and  of  one  lliird 
part  of  that  of  Dover,  and  of  all  the  improved  lands 
therein,  was  referved  to  the  lords  and  gentlemen  pro-  Bclknip, 
prietors,  and  to  their  heirs  forever. 

Thus  New-Hampfliire  ceafed  to  be  a  feparate  prov- 
ince.  Each  of  the  alfociations  before  mentioned  dif- 
folved  their  relpeiilive  compadls,  which  had  been  pro. 
duiflive  of  much  contention  and  anarchy,  and  peace- 
ably  fubmitted  to  Malfnchufetts. 

In  the  year  1631,  Wahquimacut,  a  fachem  of  one  Settlement 
of  the  tribes  upon  the  Connedicut  river,  vilr.ed  the  "f  Coimec- 
governors  ot  MalEichufctts  and  Plymouth,  and  earneft-  "'"'' 
ly  befought  them  to  make  a  fettlement  upon  that  tiver. 
Wahquimacut  was  induced  to  make  this  requeil  from 
a  h('pe  that  the  Englilh  might  pruteift  him  and  his  na- 
tion againll  the  Pequods,  who,  from  their  number,  and 
po.ver,  threatened  to  extermirrate  the  river  tribes  To 
perfuade  the  Enjlilh  to  comply  wirh  his  requeft,  he 
reptelented  to  them  the  fertility  of  the  country,  and  its 
advantages  tor  trade,  and  prcmifed  to  give  them  eighty 
beaver  fkins,  and  an  annual  fupply  of  corn.  Mr  Win- 
tlirop,  the  governor  of  Milficliuleits,  was  not  inclined 
to  accept  the  offer. — t\Ir  Winll  iw,  the  governor  of 
Plymouth,  thought  it  worthy  of  confideration,  and, 
that  he  might  judge  of  the  truth  of  the  fachem's  repre- 
fcntations,  vifited  the  river  in  the  latter  part  of  this 
year. 

In  1632,  a  more  particular  examination  of  the  liver 
and  adjoining  territories  was  made  by  the  people  of 
New  Plymouth,  with  a  defign  10  fixorpon  a  proper  fitc 
for  a  trading  hiu'e.  Havii'g  found  rfliiivble  fnuation, 
tliey  endeavoured  to  engage  governor  Winrhiop  and 
his  councrl  to  unite  with  tliem  in  this  new  feitlenunt; 
but  n  It  having  fucceeded  in  tliis  attempt,  th.ey  lef  >lved 
by  tiieniklves  to  un.l.r'akc  it.  Accordingly  in  Oi5lo- 
ber  1633,  William  Holmes  of  Plymouth,  with  a  fmall 
company  ot  men,  failed  up  the  Conuedicut  ;  and  not- 
wi.rllanding  the  thrc.its  of  the  Pcqnods,  and  of  the 
Dutch,  who  hud  lately  built  a  Imall  fort  at  Hartford, 
4  I  3  eroded 


NEW 


C     62 


^'ew-rn^-  ereflfd  a  trading  lioiifc  a  fliort  diftance  below  the  irouth 
lr,n.i  (,(■  the  I'tile  river  in  Windfor.  'J'his  was  the  firft  houfe 
*'"^'"^''^"*^  that  vras  ere(;leJ  in  Conncilicut.  The  EnglKh,  thus 
el\ab!iiii-d,  treated  the  Indians  with  jiiRica  and  kind- 
ncfi ;  and  the  Indians  in  return  teltitied  to  lliem,  in 
every  pofiib'.e  manner,  afTeftian  and  good  will.  The 
fierce  and  ligh  fpitited  Pcquods  were  the  only  people 
who  rctufed  ihib  inierchani^e  of  g..od  offices,  and  who 
thus  caily  manif;fled  a  deep  animofity  towards  the 
ILnglilh.  In  1634,  the  inhaliltants  i-f  Dorchefter, 
Watertown,  and  Newtown,  applied  to  the  general  court 
ol"  Maflachuietts  for  permillion  to  remove  to  Conncfli- 
cut.  After  waim  and  long  debates,  this  permiflion 
was  refufed.  Nevcrthelefs  the  body  of  the  people  of 
Dorchefter,  and  of  the  towns  of  Newtown,  Cambridge 
and  Watertown,  concluded  to  remove. 
Hid.  Col.  In  the  fummer  of  1635,  they  performed  the  danger- 
for  1798,  ous  and  laborious  jouniev  acrofs  the  wildernefs  to  Con- 
W  '67.  nedlicut  river.  At  the  time  of  their  removal,  the  Dutch 
had  extended  their  claim,  to  the  river,  and  made  a  fet- 
lUmcnt  a  few  miles  below  Windfor.  The  fortitude  of 
thofe  pious  adventurers  was  truly  wonderful.  Ab  lUt 
one  hundred  men,  women,  and  children,  took  their 
departure  from  the  three  towns  beforementioned,  to 
travel  through  an  unexplored  wildernefi.  They  were 
fourteen  days  performing  the  tedious  journey.  The 
wildernefs,  through  which  they  palfed,  for  the  firft  time 
refounded,  with  the  praifcs  of  God.  They  prayed, 
and  fang  pfalms  and  hymns  as  they  marched  al  ing  ; 
the  Indians  following  and  looking  on  them  in  filent 
admiration. 

They  arrived  at  this  river,  the  obje<?l  of  their  ardent 
expedlation,  near  the  mouth  of  Scantic  river  in  Eall 
Windfir.  The  Dorchefter  people,  with  Mr  Wareham 
for  their  minlfter,  began  the  fettlement  of  Windfor  on 
the  weft  fide  of  the  river  ;  they  fuffered  great  hardlhips 
the  firft  winter,  and  their  cattle  perifhed  for  want  of 
food  ;  fir  to  carry  much  provifion  or  furniture  through 
a  pathlefs  wildernefs  was  impraflicable.  Tfieir  priuci- 
p  il  provifions  and  houfehold  furniture  had  been  put  on 
board  feveral  fmall  velfels,  which,  by  reafon  of  delays, 
and  the  tempeftuoufnefs  of  the  feafon,  were  either  caft 
away,  or  did  not  ariive.  Several  velfels  were  wreck-ed 
on  the  Ihore  of  New-England,  by  the  violence  of  the 
ftorms.  Every  refource  appeared  to  fail,  and  the  peo- 
ple were  under  the  dreadful  apprehcnfions,  of  penlliing 
by  famine.  They  fuppoited  themfelves  in  this  diftref- 
T rumbuU'i  '"'"g  period  with  that  heroic  firmnefs  and  magnanimity. 
Hid.  Com.  for  which  the  firft  feitlers  of  New-England  had  been 
fo  eminently  diftinguifhed. 

The  Indians  on,  and  near,  the  river  were  numerous. 
Three  Sachemdoms  were  in  the  vicinity.  The  feat  of 
one  was  near  the  mouth  of  Podiinck  river,  lying  in  the 
fouthweft  corner  of  Etft  Windfor.  A  fecond  at  Mid- 
dletown,  twenty  miles  below  ;  and  the  third  at  Farm- 
ington,  about  twelve  miles  weft  of  Windfor. 

Some  of  the  firft  fctt'ers  of  Windfor  were  gendemen 
of  opulence  and  education,  as  were  alfo  thofe  of  Hart- 
ford and  Weatliersfie  d,  which  fettlements  were  begun 
^  at   the  fnme   time.     The  right  of  fettling  here   tliey 

piinha'ed  of  the  old  Plymouth  company  in  England, 
and  they  pa'd  the  Indians  for  the  foil.  They  had  fent 
f.)me  men  the  year  preceding  their  removal,  to  make 
the  puich.ife  of  the  natives,  whom  they  looked  upon 
at  the  CBly  rightful  proprieiors.    (For  the  remainder  of 


o    1  NEW 

the  hiftory  of  Conneflicut,  fee  article  Connecticut,  New-Eng- 
Vol.  I.  of  this  Work.)  vJ^iJlis.., 

Motives  of  the  fame  kind  with  thofe  which  are  well  Sittlimcnt 
known  to  have  occafioned  the  fettlement  of  moft  of  the  of  Rliodc- 
otlier   Uni'ed   States,  give  biith  to  the  fettlement  of  lfl»'i'l- 
KhodelOand.      The  emigrants  iiom   England,    who 
came  to  Maffjchu'etts,  though  they  did  not  perfeflly 
agree  in  religious  feniiments,  had  been  tolerably  united 
by  their  common  zeal  againft  the  ceremonies  of  the 
Church  of  England.     But  as  foon  as  they  were  remov- 
ed from  ecclefiaftical  courts,   and  pofleffed  a  charter 
allowing  liberty  of  confcienee,  they  fell  into  difputes 
and  contentions  among  themfelves  ;  and,  notwiihftand- 
ing  all  their  fufferings  and  complaints  in  England,  ex- 
cited by  the  principle  of  uniformity,   (fuch  is  human 
nature)  the  majority  here  were  as  fond  of  this  principle 
as  thofe  from  whofe  p^rfecution  they  had  fled. 

The  true  grounds  of  religious  liberty  were  not  em- 
b'aced  at  this  time,  nor  unJerftood  by  any  feft.  While 
all  difclaimed  perfecution  for  tlie  fake  of  confcience,  a 
regard  for  the  public  peace,  and  the  prefervation  of  the 
Cfiurch  of  Chrifl  from  infeflion,  together  with  the  ob- 
flinacy  of  the  heretics,  was  urged  in  juftification  of  that, 
which,  ftrippedof  allits  difguifes,  the  light  of  nature,  and 
the  laws  of  Chrift,  in  the  moft  folemn  manner  condemn. 

Mr  Roger  Williams,  a  Puritan  minifter,  came  over 
to  New-England  in  1631,  and  fettled  at  Salem,  affift- 
ant  to  the  Rev.  Mr  Skelion.  His  fettlement  was  op- 
pofed  by  the  magiftrates  becaufe  he  refufed  to  join  with 
the  church,  at  Bofton,  unlefs  they  would  make  a  pub- 
lic declaration,  of  their  repentance  for  maintaining 
communion  with  the  church  of  England,  while  in  their 
native  country.  In  confequence  Mr  Williams  removed 
to  Plymouth  where  he  remained  affiftant  to  Mr  Smith, 
three  years  ;  when  he  difagreed  with  fome  influential 
charadfers  in  that  town,  and  by  invitation  returned  to 
Salem  and  fuccceded  Mr  Skelton  who  had  lately  de- 
ceafed.  His  fettlement  was  flill  oppofed  by  the  magi- 
ftrates,  who  charged  him  with  maintaining,  "  That  it 
is  not  lawful  for  a  godly  man  to  have  co.mmunion  in 
fimily  prayer,  or  in  an  oath,  with  fuch  as  they  judge 
unregenerate;"  therefore  he  refufed  the  oath  of  fidelity, 
and  taught  others  to  follow  his  example  ;  "  that  it  is 
not  lawful  for  an  unregenerate  man  to  pray  ;  that  the 
magiftrate  has  nothing  to  do  in  matters  of  the  firft 
table  ;  that  there  fhiuld  be  a  general  and  unlimited  to- 
leration of  all  religions ;  that  to  puniih  a  man  for  fol- 
lowing the  diiflates  of  his  confcience  was  perfecution  ; 
that  the  patent  which  was  granted  by  king  Charles  was 
invalid,  and  an  inilrument  of  injuftice  which  they  ought> 
to  renounce,  being  injurious  to  the  nations,  the  king 
of  England  having  no  power  to  difpofe  of  their  lands 
to  his  own  fubjefls."  On  account  of  thefe  fentiments,  Mifs  A- 
and  fir  refufing  t(j  join  with  the  Maffachufetts  churches,  dams'  Hid.. 
he  was  at  length  baniftied  the  colony,  as  a  difturber  of  ^'-'^"^■"S" 
the  peace  of  the  church  and  commonwealth. 

He  lelt  his  houfe,  wife  and  children  at  Salem  in  the 
dead  of  winter,  and  fought  a  relidence  within  the  limits 
of  Maffachufetts. — Fortunately  for  Mr  Wdliams,  he 
had  cultivated  an  acquaintance  with  the  Indians,  and 
learned  their  hnguage,  and  before  he  left  the  colony, 
he  had  priva:ely  treated  with  Canonicus  and  Ofama- 
quin,  two  Narraginfet  fachems,  f jr  a  traft  of  land 
within  their  territories,  provided  he  fliould  be  under 
tlie  neceffity  of  fettling  among  ihem.     Thefe  circum- 

ftancesj 


NEW 


[     621     J 


NEW 


New-En»-  ftance?,  together  with  the  advice  or  governor  Wintlirop 
land.  induced  him,  with  four  of  his  friends,  after  his  banKh- 
^■^"^^^^^  mcnt,  to  direa  his  courfe  towards  Nanaganfett  Bjy. 
He  «ith  his  companions  ellabhihed  then)felves  ririt  at 
Secunk,  or  Seckhunck,  new  Rrlioboth.  But  that  place 
being  within  the  bounds  <■(  J'iymouth  colony,  gover- 
nor Winflow,  in  a  friendly  manntr,  advifed  them  to 
remove  to  the  oiher  lide  of  the  river,  where  the  lands 
were  not  covered  by  any  p  .lent.  Accordingly  in  1636, 
they  croiTed  Seekhonk  nver,  and  landed  among  the 
Indians,  by  whom  they  were  hofpitably  received,  and 
thus  hiid  the  found mon  of  a  town  w.ich,  «'  from  a 
fenfe  of  God's  merciful  providence  to  him  in  his  dif- 
trefs,"  Mr  Williams  called  Providence.  Here  the 
little  coljny  were  foon  after  j  ined  by  a  number  of 
others,  and  though  they  were  fecured  againlt  the  In- 
dians by  the  teir  r  of  the  Englilb,  yet,  h;r  a  confider- 
able  time,  they  luffeied  much  from  fatigue  and  want  ; 
but  they  enjoyed  liberty  of  conlcience,  and  the  cunfo- 
lation  of  having  "  provided  a  refuge  ior  perfons  perfe- 
cuted  for  confcience  fake." 

Unhappy  religious  dilFentious  dill  prevailed  in  Maf- 
fachufetts  ;  and  from  a  miftaken  zeal  tor  ihe  purity  of 
the  faith,  governor  Wiiithiop  ftrove  to  exterminate  the 
opinions  which  he  difapproved.  For  this  purpofe,  on 
the  30th  of  Au^ull  1636,  a  fynod  was  convened  at 
Newtown  (now  Cambridge)  to  whom  eighty  erroneous 
opinions  were  preiented  ;  ihefe  were  debated  and  con- 
demned. At  a  court  holden  at  the  fame  place,  the 
following  Oilober,  a  lew  ot  the  leading  characters  who 
had  embraced  thefe  errors  weie  banilned,  and  feveral 
others  were  cenfured  for  feditious  conduct.  Thefe 
tranfadlions  threw  the  Malfachufetts  colony  into  a  fer- 
ment. The  fubfequent  eledion  of  civil  ofiicers  was 
carried  by  a  party  fpirit  excited  by  religious  contro- 
verly.  Thole  who  were  baniflied  by  the  court,  joined 
by  a  number  of  their  friends,  lett  the  colony,  and  went 
in  qucft  of  a  new  place  for  fettlement.  They  firft  pro- 
ceeded to  Providence,  where  they  were  kindly  received 
by  Mr  Williams,  and  with  whom  they  remained  for 
Khode-  fome  time.  In  March  1638,  two  Sachems,  by  virtue 
Ifland  pur-  of  their  authority,  and  in  conlidcration  of  fifty  fathoms 
chafed  and  ^f  white  beads,  fold  to  Mr  Coddington  (one  of  the 
planted.  ^^g  reljieiflable  of  thefe  exiles)  and  his  alTociates,  the 
great  ifland  of  Aquidneck,  and  the  other  ifles  in  Nar- 
raganfet  b.<y,  except  two  which  had  been  previtufly 
fold.  The  liatives  foon  after  agreed  upon  recc  ving 
ten  coats  and  twenty  hoes,  to  remove  before  the  next 
winter.  The  largell  ifland  was  foon  af,er  called  Rhode- 
Ifland.  Having  thus  acquired  a  title  and  poiiellion  on 
conliderations  which  gave  f.itisf.i(5tion  to  the  original 
owners,  they  here  cftabliflied  ihemfelves  ;  and  copying 
tlic  condutft  of  their  neij;hbours,  th<.y  formed  a  fimi- 
lar  all'iciation  for  the  piirpi  fes  ot  civil  government. 
Though  the  numbeis  allbciated  were  few,  yet  the  foil 
being  fruitful,  and  the  climate  agreeable,  many  perfons 
foon  retorted  where  they  liurd  pr'tedinn,  and  the 
ifland,  in  a  few  years,  became  f  >  populuis  as  to  fend 
out  cclonifts  to  the  adjacent  Ihores. — The  little  colony 
elcifled  Mr  Coddingtun  their  judge  and  chief  n.agirtrate. 
This  gentleman  came  to  Anieiica  in  i<>30,  and  fettled 
at  Bollon  as  a  merchant.  Aftei  his  rem  val  to  Rhode- 
Ifland,  he  enibr.TCcd  the  Icn.imci-.ts  of  'he  Friends, 
and  became  the  lather  of  that  denomination  of  Chrif- 
tians  in  that  colony.    Their  Yearly-mceii  ig  was  held 


in  his  houfe  till  his  death  in   16S8.     Mr  John  Clarke  New-En;- 
wis  another  principal  chirafter  among  the  exiles;  for      '""'^• 
the  fake  of  enjoying  liberty  of  c-infcience,  he  vilun- 
tarily  abandoned   the  colony  of  MatFachufetts  and  fet- 
tled in   Rhode-Ifland,  where,  in   1644,  he  founded  a 
Baptill  Church. 

'I'he  firll  fettlement  OT  Rhodelfland  was  made  at 
the  north  end,  and  called  P.irtfmouth.  In  1639,  ano- 
ther fettlement  was  begun  at  the  fouth-weft  par:  of  the 
illand  on  a  fine  harbour,  wh  ch  they  called  Newport. 
From  the  convenience  of  this  harbour,  the  fertil  t)  a-^d 
pleafantnels  of  the  ifland,  and  the  wealth  of  the  firft 
fettlers,  this  place  had  a  rapid  growth,  and  in  a  few 
years  became  the  capital  of  the  colony.  Tiie  govern- 
ment whch  they  ellrblilhed  was  of  the  dem  critic 
kind.  The  chief  magillrate  and  lour  aihit  ints  were 
invelied  with  part  ot  the  executive  powers ;  the  re- 
m  linder  with  the  legiflative  authority  was  exercifcd  bj 
the  body  of  the  people  in  town  meetings. 

The  colonics  at  Providuice  and  Rhode-Iflatsd  at  dif- 
ferent periods  received  lirpe  acceffions  Itom  the  deno- 
minations of  B/iptilts  and  Friends  who  were  perfecuted 
in  other  colonies.  What  ditlinguidies  thefe  colonies 
from  all  others  is,  that  they  were  fettled  on  a  "  plan 
of  entire  religious  liberty  ;  men  ot  every  denomination  Delkaip. 
being  equally  protefled  and  countenanced,  and  enjoy, 
ing  the  honours  and  offices  of  government." 

The  inefficacy  of  a  voluntary  government  and  the 
want  of  a  patent  to  legalize  their  proceedings,  wa;  foon 
experienced  by  the  cclonifts  at  Providence  and  Rhode- 
lfland. Accordingly,  in  the  year  1643,  '^^^y  ^°^-^  ^'^ 
Roger  Williams  to  England,  as  their  agent,  to  procure 
for  tliem  a  charter  from  the  Crown.  On  his  arrival  at 
London,  he  found  that  King  Charles  I.  had  been 
driven  from  his  capital  ;  he  of  courfe  applied  10  thofe 
who  had  alTumed  the  power.  Sir  Henry  Vane,  his 
former  alTociate  and  friend  in  America,  received  him 
kindly,  and  aided  his  views.  In  March  1644,  through 
the  Earl  of  Warwick;,  then  governor  and  adm  ral  of 
all  the  plan'ations  he  obtained  from  Parliament,  "  a 
free  and  abfclute  charter  of  civil  incorporation  of  Pro- 
vidence plantations  in  Narraganfet  bay,"  inverting  the 
inhabitants  with  the  requifitc  authority  to  govern  them- 
felve-:,  but  according  to  the  laws  of  En;.;land. 

Mr  Williams  was  well  received  by  fome  of  the  lead- 
ing members  of  Parliament,  and  wl)en  he  was  about 
to  embark  for  America  they  gave  him  a  letter  of  re- 
commendation to  the  governor  and  aflillants  of  Malfa- 
chufetts, in  which  they  reprefented  the  merits  of  Mr 
Willi  inis,  and  advifed  to  the  performance  of  all  friend- 
ly offices  towards  him.  This  letter  had  the  eflfeft  to 
ameliorate  the  differences  which  had  fubfilfed  between 
Mr  Williams  and  the  MalTachufctts  colony  ;  and  there 
was  afterwards  a  profefliun  of  chrillian  love  and  mutual 
correipondence  between  them.  Yet,  while  Williams 
retained  what  were  deemed  dangerous  priiiciplc:,  the 
governor  and  aflillants  of  Malfachufetts  thought  it  in- 
expedient  to  grant  him  liberty  of  ingrefs  and  cgrefs, 
left  the  people  Ihould  be  drawn  away  with  his  errone- 
ous opinions. 

When  in   1643,  the  dangers  and  neceffities  of  the  Rhode- 
New-England  colonies  induced  them  to  think  of  form-  IflanJ  rcfu- 
ing  a  confederacy  for  their  mutual  fupport  and  defence,  ''■'''  =^'"'f- 
Providence  and  Rhode-lfland  plantAlions  were  defirous  ,h"co"onial 
cf  uniting  ia  the  plan }  but  Moirachufctts,   difliking  confcdcra- 

lllCir  cy  of  1643- 


NEW 


C    622    ] 


NEW 


Und. 


Ilie  Narra- 
ganfct  In- 
dians fnr- 
Tcndcrthtir 
countiy  to 
the  king  of 
£aji  Und. 


Charles  II. 
proclaimed, 
;tnd  a  pa- 
tent obtain- 
ed. 


Its  con- 
tend. 


their  religious  fcntiments,  oppofed  their  motion,  and 
relu'.cd  them  a  feat  in  the  convention  for  forming  the 
cipfederacy.  Thus  forf.iken  of  their  neii;hbours,  tliey 
i'ound  it  nccelTary  to  devife  other  means  of  fafely. 
They  accordingly  ciiltiv;.ted  the  fnendlhip  of  the 
neiqhbourinK  Sachem?,  with  afliduity  and  fuccefs,  and 
in  a  Ihorl  time  acquired  fuch  an  influence  with  them  as 
10  procure  from  the  Narr.iganfett  chiefs,  in  1644,  a 
f  irmal  furrendcr  of  their  coun'ry  to  King  Charles  I. 
in  ri^htof  his  crown,  in  confidcration  ot  his  prctedion 
of  them  againft  their  enemies.  This  territoiy  was  af- 
terwards called  t/jtr  King's  Pro-jhict. 

The  people  of  thele  plantations,  thus  empowered  to 
manage  their  own  alT.nrs,  in  the  tiue  fpirit  of  demo- 
cracy, convened  an  alfcmbly  in  May  1647,  compofcd 
of  liie  body  of  freemen,  in  the  feveral  plmtations. 
Sever.il  falutary  regulations  were  adopted.  The  execu- 
tive power,  by  this  alfcmbly,  was  verted  in  a  preliJent. 
This  form  of  gnveinment,  fo  agreeable  to  their  incli- 
nations and  views,  they  did  not  long  enjoy  in  tranquil- 
lity. It  was  lufpended  in  Oftober,  1652,  by  an  order 
of  the  council  of  dale  for  the  C-immonweahh.  The 
Parliament  wiflied  to  acquire  a  participation,  at  le^ft, 
in  the  adminiftration  of  aifairs,  by  eltablilhing  here 
thofe  plans  of  reformation  which  they  attempted  in 
Maflachufetts,  and  which  they  aftually  efFefted  in  Vir- 
ginia and  Maryland.  But  Providence  and  Rhode- 
Illand,  deriving  the  fame  advantages  from  the  diftrac- 
tions  which  fion  after  enfued  in  England,  that  the 
colonies  have  always  taken  of  the  diforders  of  the  fove- 
reign  ftate,  refumed  its  form  of  government  :  And 
this  it  continued  to  enjoy  without  farther  interruption, 
till  the  Relloration. 

That  event  gave  great  fatisfaflion  to  thefe  planta- 
tions. They  immediately  proclaimed  Charles  II.  and 
not  long  after  fent  Mr  Clarke,  as  their  agent,  to  the 
court  of  that  monarch,  to  folicit  for  a  patent,  which 
W.1S  deemed  in  N.-w-England  fo  elfential  to  real  jurif- 
diiftion:  and  in  Sept.  1662,  he  obtained  the  obje(5l  of 
his  wifhes.  Yet,  owing  to  the  oppolition  of  Connec- 
ticut, the  prefent  ch  irter  was  not  finally  pafied  till  July 
1663.  The  immigrations,  before  mentioned,  from  Maf- 
fachufetts,  and  the  fubfequent  fettlements  at  Providence 
and  Rhode-Illand,  were  recapitulated  ;  "  which  being 
convenient  for  commerce,"  fays  the  patent,  "  may 
much  advance  the  trade  of  this  realm,  and  greatly  en- 
large the  territories  ihereol':"  and  being  willing  to  en- 
courage the  undertaking  of  his  fubjeffs,  and  to  fecure 
to  them  the  fiee  enjoyment  ff  their  civil  and  religious 
rights,  which  belonged  to  them  as  Englilhmen,  he  con- 
ferred on  them  ample  liberty  in  religion,  and  fpecial 
privileges  with  regard  to  jurifdi<5lion.  The  patentees, 
and  fuch  as  fhould  be  admitted  free  of  the  f 'ciety,  were 
incorporated  by  the  name  of  "  The  governor  and  com- 
pany of  the  Englifh  colony  of  Rhode-Ifland  and  Pro- 
vidence." The  fupreme,  or  legiflative  power,  was 
inveded  in  an  aiftmbly  ;  the  conftituent  members  were 
to  conliil  of  the  governor,  the  aliilfants  and  fuch  of 
the  freemen  as  (hoold  be  chr:fcn  by  the  towns ;  but  the 
governor  or  deputy  governor,  and  fix  affiftants  were 
to  be  always  prefent.  Thus  conflituted,  the  aifembly 
was  empowered  to  make  ordinances,  ard  forms  of  go- 
vernment and  magirtr;<cy,  for  the  rule  of  the  hinds  and 
inhabitants ;  fo  that  they  thould  not  be  repugnant,  but 
agreeable  to  the  laws  ot  England,  coufiderin^  the  na- 


ture of  the  place  and  people;  to  ere(5l  fuch  courts  ofNewr-Eng- 
julfice  for  determining  all  aft-  withm  the  colony,  as  ^^^^^L, 
they  Ihould  think  fit ;  to  regulate  the  manner  of  elec- 
tions to  places  ot  triilt,  and  of  Ireemen  to  the  alfembly; 
to  impole  lawful  puuiihments,  pecuniary  and  corporal, 
according  to  the  courfe  ol  other  corporations  within 
the  realm  ;  and  to  pardon  fuch  criminals,  as  they  fhould 
think  fit.  That  the  inhabitants  might  be  religioufly 
and  civilly  governed,  a  govern'>r,  deputy  governor 
and  ten  airnt.tnts  were  appointed  for  the  management 
of  their  alf.iirs  ;  and  they  were  authorifed  to  execute 
the  ordinances  before  mentioned,  which  every  one  was 
commanded  to  obey.  The  governor  and  company 
were  enabled  to  tranfport  fuch  merchandize  and  per- 
fons,  as  were  not  prihibited  by  any  Itatute  of  the  king- 
dom ;  and  "  paying  fuch  cuftoms  as  are,  and  ought  to 
be  paid  for  the  fame  :"  They  were  empowered  to  ex- 
ercife  martial  law,  and  upon  jult  caufes,  to  invade  and 
deflroy  the  native  Indians  and  other  enemies.  There 
was  granted  to  the  governor  and  company,  and  their 
fucccliors,  "  that  part  of  the  dominions  of  the  Crown, 
in  New-England,  containing  the  iflands  in  Narraganfet 
bay,  and  the  countries  and  parts  adjacent :  To  be 
holden  of  the  minor  of  Eaft  Greenwich,  in  common 
foccage.''  The  inhabitants  of  thofe  territories  and 
their  children,  were  declared  fully  intitled  to  the  fame 
immunities,  as  if  they  had  refided  or  had  been  bora 
within  the  realm  ;  and  to  guard  againft  the  experienced 
oppieffions  of  Maffachufetts,  they  were  enabled  to  pais 
and  rei'afs  through  any  other  Englilh  colonies,  and  to 
traffic  with  them.  But  with  this  provifo,  that  nothing 
fhould  hinder  any  fubjefts  whatfoever  from  filhing  on  Chilmerii 
the  c  lafls  of  New-England. 

Such  was   the  fubltance  of  the  charter  of  Rhode- 
Idand,  and  luch  were  the  privileges  conferred  by  it. 
The  government  of  this  Province  was  adminidered  to 
the  fatisfaiilion  of  Charles  II.  during  the  remainder  of 
his  reign.      By  the  charter  of  this  province  "  None 
were  at  any  time  thereafter  to  be  molefted,  for  any  dif- 
ference in  matters  of  religion,"  yet  the  firft  alfembly 
that   convened   under    this   charter,    in    March    1663, 
among  a  variety  of  other  ordinances  and  laws,  enadfed 
one  declarative  of  the  privileges  of  his  majefty's  fub- 
jefts;  in  which  they  fay,  "  that  all  men  of  competent 
eftates  and  of  civil  converfation,   Roman  Catholics  ow/j' Roman  Ca- 
exce^tid,  Ihall  be  admitted  freemen,  or  may  choofe,  or  tholics  bar- 
be  chofen,  coh-inial  othcers."     By  this  aft,  perfecution  "'j^''  ^'^°™.. 
of  the   Roman  Catholics  immediately  commenced,  by  '  J  ^VT^', 
depriving  them  of  the  rights  of  citizens,  in  violation  ni^,,. 
of  their  charter  privileges.     This  is  a  remarkable  fa<ft 
in  the  hiflory  of  a  people   who  have  been  lingular  for 
their  attachment  to,  and  zealous  in  defending,  the  doc- 
trine of  univerfal  freedom  of  opinion  in  matters  of  re- 
ligion. 

Upon  the  accefTion  of  James  II.  to  the  throne,  the 
colonifts  rf  Rhode-Ifland  and  Providence  immediately 
tranfmitted  to  him  an  addrefs,  in  which  they  acknow- 
leJged  their  lubjeflion  to  liim,  pledged  themfelves  to 
obey  his  authority,  and  alked  in  return  for  the  protec- 
tion of  their  chartered  privileges. — This  addrefs  did 
not,  however,  avail  to  proteift  them  againll  the  effefls 
of  the  plans  of  reform  In  New-England,  relolved  on 
by  the  Britilh  court.  Articles  of  «'  iiigh  mifdcmennor 
were  exhibited  to  the  Lords  of  the  C  mmittce  of  Fo- 
reign PLtntations,  againft  the  governor  and  company 

of 


NEW 


[    623    ] 


NEW 


jr«w-l!iiff-  of  t!ie  colony  of  Rhode-IflanJ  and  Providence,''  in  friends  cffcienee,  this  inftitution  foon  lofe  into  rerpedia- 
^h^^i,  wliich,  among  other  things,  tliey  are  charged  with  neg-  bil'ty  and  has  fmce  bpen  the  ibuice  of  incalculable  bc- 
Articlesof  le<^'irig  to  keep  an  authentic  record  of  their  laws;  with    nefic  to  New  England. 

charj,'e  ex-   refuling  to  permit  the  irihabitants  to  have  copies  of  them,         In  1640,111  Ci)nfi.quencc  of  a  change  of  affairs  in  the 
hibitcd        with  razing   or  cancelling   their  laws  as   tliey   plcafe,    mother  country,  enngiation  to  New  England  ceafcd. 
againit  the  ^^ithout  confent  of  the  alllmbly,  and  with  adminiliering    It  was  eftimated  at  the  time,  that  abtut  4000  families, 
fndcnmpu-  '^^  government,  and  jiiUice,  without  taking  the  legal     conQfting  (fa  1,000  f  uls,  had  arrived  in  298  (hips,  and 
ny,  amla     o^ths.     I'hefe  charges  were  referred  to  the  attorney  ge-    fettled  in  this  nt.w  world,     tince  this  period  there  can 
v.r'.tofy;<.  neral,  July  16.S5,   with  orders    immediately  to  illuc  a    be  no  dnnbt,  many  more  pcrf.m-.  have  migrated /rom, 
tuitrrti„i0      writ  <d  yuo  wa''rt;;/«  againit  their  patent.     The  gover-    than /o  New  England.     I'he  expence  of  the  removal  ol 
iffutd.         nor  and  company  were  (crved  \^hh  a.  regular  notice  of    thefe  4000  families  was  eUima.ed  at  192,000/.  llerling, 
the  procefs,  which  had  been  ilfued  agauitt  them,  and    which,  including  what  they  paid  to  the  courcil  of  Ply- 
they  were  pntiip>n  their  defence;  they  declined  Handing    mouth,  and  afterwaids  to  the  fachems  of  the  couctry, 
a  fuit  with  their  king.     In  iiill  airenibly,  they  paii'cd  an     was  a  dear  purchafe  of  their  lands. 
e.£t  formally  funendering  to  his  majelly  their  charter,         Expofed  to  foreign  and  domeltic  enemies,  four  of  the 
with  all  the  poweis  it  con'.ained.     This  afl,  it  is  faid.    New  England  colonies,  -uiz.  Mairachiifetts,  Plymouth, 
•'  was  afterwards  made  way  with,  agreeably  to  a  com-    Connecticut,  and  New-Haven,  confederated  fur  mutual 
ekalmcrs.  men  praiJtice."  I'he  governor  and  company  afterwards    defence.    Rhode-Illand,  as  wo  have  before  noticed,  was 
affembled,  and  on  fcrious  confiderations  of  the  luit  in-    denied  the  privilege  of  joinin"  this  confederacy.  The  ar- 
ftituted  againll  them,  agreed  upon  an  addrefs  to  his  ma-    tides  of  union  were  agreed  on  and  raiitied,  May  lotb, 
jefty,  in  which  they   pray  that  their  charter  piivikges,     1 643,  and  were  in  fubdance  as  follows : 
civil  and  religious,  might  be  continued  ;  that "  all  things         "  The  united  colonies  of  New  England,  viz.  MalFa- 
wherein  they  have  been  weak  and  (hort,  through  igno-    chufetts,  Plymouth,  Conneflicut  and  New  Haven,  enter 
ranee,  may  be  remitted  and  pardoned."  They  conclude 
by  "  prollrating  their  ali  at  fiis  majelly's  feet,  with  en- 
tire reflulion  to  ferve  him  with  faithful  hearts."    Such 

fervile  language  was  impn  per  for  fieemen  to  ufe,  or  for  the  confent  of  the  whole  ;  and  no  other  colony'to  be  r 
the  ruler  of  a  free  people  to  receive.  It  failed  of  its  in-  ceived  into  the  confederacy  without  the  like  confent. 
tended  effedt.  No  fooner  was  the  addrefs  received  than  The  charge  of  all  wars,  offenfive  and  defenfive,  to  be 
the  committee  of  the  colonies,  with  the  approbation  of  borne  in  proportion  to  the  male  inhabitants  between  16 
Cliarter  the  king,  ordered,  that  Sir  Edward  Audio-,  the  gover-  and  60  years  of  age  in  each  colony, 
furrcndcr-  nor  of  Malfachufetts,  fliould  demand  the  furrendcr  of  Upon  notice  from  three  magillrates,  of  any  colony, 
their  charter,  and  govern  them  in  the  manner  the  other  of  an  invafion,  the  rel^  Ihall  immediately  fend  aid  ;  Maf- 
colonies  of  New  England  were  governed.  At  the  fachufetts  100,  and  each  of  tlie  other,  45  men;  and  if  u 
fame  time  they  were  alTured  of  his  majelfy's  protedinn,  gteater  number  be  neceflary,  the  conmiillioners  to  meet 
and  of  his  determination  to  exercil'e  no  other  auih"iity     and  determine  upon  it. 

over  tlieni  than  what  was  common  to  the  other  planta-  Two  commillioners  from  each  government,  being 
tions.  ^accordingly,  in  December  1686,  Andros  for-  church  members,  to  meet  annually  the  fii ft  Monday  ia 
mally  ditfolved  the  government  of  Khodc-Illand,  broke  September ;  the  tiril  meeting  to  be  held  at  Bofton,  then 
their  feal,  affuined  the  reins  of  government,  and  feleflcd  at  Hai  tford.  New  Haven,  and  Plymouth,  and  To  yearly 
five  of  the  citizens  and  formed  them  into  a  legiOative  in  that  order,  faying,  that  two  meetings  fuccelTively  bs 
council.     This  ftate  of  things  continued  fcarcely  two    held  at  Bolton. 

years,  when  the  revolution  of  1688,  put  an  end  to  the  All  matters  wherein  fix  fhall  agree,  to  be  binding 
tyrannic  authority  of  Andros,  in  this,  and  the  other  co-  upon  the  whole  ;  and  if  there  be  a  majority^,  but  under 
lonies.  Their  charter  was  lefumed,  and  has  ever  fmce  fix,  the  matter  in  queftion  to  be  referred  to  the  general 
continued  to  be  the  balis,  of  the  civil  adminiftration  of    court  of  each  colony,  and  not  to  be  obligatory   uiilefs 

the  whole  agree  to  it. 

A  prelldcnt,  for  preferving  order,  to  be  chofen  by  the 


Nrw-Eng- 

lanU. 


Amount  oi 

crigir.al 

fiocli 

wlicncc 

Ncv.'-Er.j^- 

Idcd  wa» 

peopled. 


Conferfcra- 
tion  cf  ths 
coionies. 


into  a  firm  and  perpetual  league  offenfive  and  deienfive. 

Each  colony  to  retain  a  diltinifl  and  feparate  jurifdic- 

tion,  no  two  colonies  to  join  in  one  jurildiiflion,  without 


ed  to  Sir 

Edward 

Andres. 


their  government. 


Earth- 


The  year  1 638  was  remarkable  for  «  great  earthquake 


throughout  New  Englind.     This  eaithquake,  as  did  commlflioners  each  year  out  of  their  number, 
that  alfo  of  1627,  which  was  equally  violent  anil  exten-         The  commifiioners  fhall  have  power  to  ellablifli  laws,, 

five,  conllitu'.ed  a  remarkable  era,  which  wis  long  re-  or  rules,  of  a  civil  nature,  and  of  general  concern  for  the 

membcred  and  referred  to  by   the  pious  inhabitants  of  condutS  of  the  inhabitants,  t;^.  ^el.itive  to  their  behavi- 

thefe  infant  colonie.-.  our  towards  the  Indians,  to  fugitives  from  one  colony 

Gre  it  praife  is  due  to  the  fathers  of  New  England  for  to  anoii.er,  and  the  like, 
their  early  attention  to  the  education  of  children  and         No  colony  to  engage  in  war,  except  upon  a  fudden. 

youth.     In  1636,  the  general  court  granted  400/.  to-  exigency,  and  in  that  cafe  to  be  avoided  as  much  as  pof- 

wards  the  cftablilhment  of  a  public  grammar  fchool  at  liblc,  without  confent  of  the  whole. 
Newtown,  (fince  called  Cambridge.)     Two  years  after.         If  a  meeting  be  fummoned   upon  any  cxtraordinaiy 

the  Rev.  John  Harvard,  a  worthy  minifler  otCharlef-  occafion,  and  the  whole  number  of  commillioners  do 

unvn,    died   and    bequeathed   one   half   of  his  ellate,  not  afiemble,  any  four  who  fhall  meet  may  determine 

amounting  to  a  little  upwards  of  i8co  dollars  to  this  up. in  a  war  when  the  cale  will  not  admit  of  delay,  and 

infant  feniinary  ;  in  confeqnence  of  wliicli,  the  general  fend  for  the  agreed  proportion  of  men  out  of  each  juril- 

court  gave  it  the  name  of  Harvard  Collegk.   Under  dii.'tion;  but  not  lei's  than  fix  (hall  determine  the  juftice 

the  patronage  of  the  legiflatiire,  and  by  Irequciit  and  of  the  war,  or  have  power  to  fettle  bills  of  charges,  or. 

liberal  bencfa<5lioiisitom  the  pious  wealthy  and  gcnerou-s  make  levies  for  the  Un\e. 


NEW 


C    624    ] 


NEW 


Nuw-Eng- 
hnd. 

Hutcliin- 
fon. 

Indians 

chridian- 

Ucd. 


Quaker 
pcrfecu- 
tion. 


If  any  colony  break  any  article  of  the  agreennenr,  or 
in  any  wife  injure  anoilier  colony,  the  matter  (hall  be 
conlidered  and  determined  by  the  commillioners  of  the 
other  c»lonies." 

In  1650  a  fociety  in  England,  inftituted  for  propagat- 
in.;  the  gofpe',  began  a  coirefpondence  with  the  com- 
milli'iners  of  the  united  colonies,  wlio  were  employed 
as  agents  for  the  ibciety.  In  confequence,  exertiims 
were  made  to  chriliianize  the  Indians.  The  Rev.  Mr 
Eliot,  miniller  of  Roxbiiry,  dilHnguilhed  himfelt  in  this 
pious  work.  He  tranll.ited  the  bible  into  the  Indian 
language,  ellab'ilhed  a  town  in  which  he  coUefted  a  num- 
ber of  Indian  families;  taught  tliem  hufbandiy,  the  me- 
chanic arts,  and  a  prudent  management  ot  their  afFiirs, 
and  inlfrucfled  them  with  unwearied  attention  in  the  prin- 
ciples of  tlie  chriliian  religion.  His  zeal  and  fuccefe 
have  jullly  obtained  for  him  the  title  of  the  ^Ipojlle  of 
Niiu  Englaml. 

The  perfecution  of  the  Q_nakers  commenced  in  1656, 
and  continued  till  September  1661,  when  an  order  was 
leceived  from  the  king,  requiring  that  neither  capital 
nor  corporeal  punilhment  Ihould  be  inflidled  on  the 
Quakers,  but  that  olFenders  Ihould  be  fent  to  England. 
During  this  perfecution  feveral  were  executed.  On  the 
fubjeifl  of  the  New  England  perfecutions,  the  author  of 
the  European  fettlements  in  North  America,  judicioully 
remarks;  "  Such  is  tlie  manner  of  proceeding  of  religi- 
ous parties  towards  each  other,  and  in  this  refpedt  the 
people  of  New  England  were  not  worfe  than  the  reft  of 
mankind;  nor  was  their  feverity  any  juft  matter  of  re- 
fledlion  upon  that  mode  of  religion  which  they  profefs. 
No  religion,  however  true  or  talfe,  can  excufe  its  own 
members,  or  accufe  thofe  of  any  other,  on  the  fcore  of 
perfecution."  Religious  intolerance  is  now  very  gene- 
rally reprobated,  and  it  is  hoped  the  time  has  already 
arrived,  when  no  people  can  be  found  who  think,  '♦  that 
by  killing  men  for  their  religion,  they  do  God  good  fsr- 
vice." 
.Synod  held  By  order  of  the  general  court  a  fynod  of  the  New- 
iuBofton.  England  churches  convened  at  Bofton,  September  1662. 
The  pe  pie  were  at  this  time  much  divided  in  opinion 
on  the  two  following  queftions,  which  were  fubmitted 
to  the  fynod  for  their  decifion,  viz.  \Jl  "  Who  are  the 
fubjeifls  of  baptifm  ?"  2d  "  Whether,  according  to  the 
word  of  God,  there  ought  to  be  a  confociaticn  of 
churche?,  and  what  Ihould  be  the  manner  of  it  ?"  The 
general  court  ordered  the  refult  of  this  fynod,  which 
was  not  unanimous,  to  be  printed,  and  it  may  be  feen 
at  large  in  Dr  Mather's  Magnalia,  or  in  Neal's  hiftory 
of  the  Puritans. 

The  peo[)le  of  New  England  were  furprifed  by  the 
appearance  if  a  Comet,  from  the   17th  nf  November, 
1664,  till  the  4th  of  February  following.  They  deemed 
it  ominous,  (as  they  afterwards  did  the  Auroi^i  Borea- 
lis,)  of  fome  calamity  which  was  fhortly  to  befal  them. 
Trdianwar.       In  the   year  1675,   a  war  with    the  Indians,  by  the 
name  of  Phillip's  lujr,  broke  out,  and  endangered  the 
exilUnce  of  the  colony.     Some  doubted  whether  the  In- 
dians would  not  fucceed  in  the  totil  extirpation  of  the 
Englifli.     Thi»  diftreffliig  war  lafted  m  ire  than  a  year, 
and  wa^  finally  terminated  by  the  death  of  Phdlip,  at 
whofe  iuQig.ition  it  was  commenced. 
f'uffericgs         About  this  time  the  colonills  were  afHided  with  va- 
nf  thecolo-  rious  and  great  calamities.      While  they  were  contend- 
rnQs.  i„g  In  a  bloody  war  with  the  natives,  for  theit  lives  and 


Comet. 


their  property,  complaints  were  making  In  England,  New-Snf- 
which  (buck  at  the  powers  of  government.  An  inquiry  i^nd- 
now  commenced  which  ill'iied  in  the  lofs  of  the  charter. 
At  the  f.ime  time  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  were  fuf- 
fering  under  a  piince,  hollile  to  civil  and  religious  li- 
berty  ;  and  conneifted  as  New  England  was  with  the 
mother  country,  Ihe  could  not  but  (h  ire,  in  a  greater  or 
lefs  degree,  in  ihe  evlk  of  fuch  a  government.  Add  to 
thefe,  the  fniall  pox  fpread  through  the  country,  and 
uncommon  lolfes  had  been  fullained  by  fe<i,  during  the 
wars  which  wei  e  about  this  time  carrying  on  againft  the 
French  and  Dutch. 

In  this  (late  of  things,  a  Synod  was  convened  by  or-  Another 
der  of  the  general  court,  in  May  1679,  •'"''  ^^"  quef-  Synod coa« 
lions  referred  to  their  confideration.    i/l,  "  What  are  the  ^^n*"*- 
reafons  that  have  provoked  the  Lord  to  bring  his  judg- 
ments on  New  England  ?  2d,  What  is  to  be  done,  that 
thofe  evils  may  be  removed  ?"  The  folicitude  manilefted 
on  this  occafion,  and  the  meafures  adopted  by  the  fa- 
thers of  New  England,  evinced  their  piety  and  wiidom. 

In  June  1  683,  articles  of  high  mifdemeanor  were  ex- lj,Cj  ^f  ^j^, 
hibited  by  Edward  Randolph,  the  public  accufer  of  charter, 
thofe  days,  againft  the  Governor  and  Company  of  Maf- 
fachufetts.  In  confequence  a  writ  of  quo  luarranto  was 
ordered,  and  Randolph  was  appointed  to  carry  it  to 
New  England;  and  to  give  importance  to  the  meflen- 
ger,  and  to  his  melfage,  both  of  which  were  extremely 
obnoxious  to  the  people  of  Mafl'achufetts,  a  frigate  was 
ordered  to  convey  him  to  Bofton,  To  prevent  too  great 
an  alarm  in  the  colony,  a  declaration  accompanied  the  quo 
ifarra/i/o,  that  it  rtiould  afteift  no  private  rights.  When 
thefe  arrived,  the  general  court  deliberated  on  the  cri- 
tical  ftate  of  their  affairs.  The  governor,  and  a  majo- 
rity  of  the  aftiftants  refolved  to  fubmit  to  the  royal  plea- 
fure,  and  tranfmitted  an  addrefs  to  tliat  effedl.  But  the 
reprefentatives,  fupported  by  the  decifive  influence  of 
the  clergy,  retufed  their  allent.  All  was  ineffcftual  to 
preferve  the  charter.  In  Trinity  term  1684,  judgment 
was  given  for  the  king,  by  the  high  court  of  Chancery, 
againft  the  Governor  and  Company  of  MafTachufetts, 
•' that  their  letters,  patents,  and  the  enrollment  thereof 
be  cancelled." 

Thus  ended  the  ancient  government  of  MafTachufetts 
by  legal  procefs.  The  validity  of  ihcfe  proceedings  was 
afterwards  queftioned  by  high  authority.  The  houfe  of 
commons  at  a  fubfequent  period  refolved,  "  that  thofe 
quo  'warranto'' s  againft  the  charter  of  New  England,  were 
illegal  and  void." 

Amidft  all  her  difputes  with  the  mother   country,  state  of 
New  England  greatly  flouriflied.    Agricultural  purfuits  New-Eng- 
were  lucctfstul,  manufaflures  and  commerce  were  ex-  land  at  tliis 
tended,  and  population  and  wealth  were  increafed,  be- P^"°"' 
caufe  "the  rough  hind  of  opprellion  had  not  touched 
the  labours  of  the  inhabitants,  or  interrupted  the  free- 
dom of  their  purfuits."     If  for  a  fhort  ti.mc  the  fplen- 
dour  of  New  England  independence  was  obfcured  by 
the  clouds  of  royal  authority,   it  foon  blazed  forth  ne- 
ver to  be  extinguilhed. 

Ten  months  palfed  after  the  diflolution  of  the  char- 
ter, when  it  was  thought  necelfary  to  eftablilh  a  tempo, 
rary  government  fur  tlie  prefervation  of  order.  During 
this  period,  James  II.  afcended  the  throne  of  England, 
and  was  proclaimed  in  Bofton,  Apiil  1685,  with  "  for- 
rowfiil  and  affcifled  pomp."  In  September  following, 
a  commiillon  was  illued,  appointing  a  piefident  and 

council, 


>fjw-Eng- 
land. 

Dudley  ap- 
pointed 
prcfident. 


Ilutchin- 
fon. 

SirEdmond 
Andros  ar- 
rives in 
Bulton,  at 
Capt.  CJc- 
fiLTal  of 
Ncw-Eiig- 
luiid. 


The  tenor 
of  hisadnit- 
Biftralion. 


TurnbuU. 


1688. 


1689. 


NEW  [62 

council,  compofeJ  of  the  moll  loyal  of  the  inhabitants 
of  the  government  of  MalTachufetts,  New  Hamplhire, 
Maine,  and  Narraganlet,  till  the  chief  governor  Ihculd 
arrive.  Col.  Dudley,  a  native  of  Maflachufetts,  was 
appointed  prefident. 

The  people  rcluaantly  fubmitted  to  a  power  which 
they  could  not  oppol'e  ;  declaring,  that  "  though  tliey 
could  not  give  their  aflent  to  it,  ihey  fhould  demean 
themfelves  as  loyal  fubjeiSs,  and  humbly  make  their 
addrelfes  to  God,  and  in  due  time  to  their  gracious 
fovereign,  for  relief."  Counfellors  were  nominated  by 
ihe  king  ;  no  houfe  of  reprefentatives  was  mentioned 
in  the  co.iimiffion  ;  ftill,  to  recrncile  the  minds  of  the 
people  to  the  intended  introduftion  of  a  governor  ge- 
neral, the  courts  of  juHice  were  allowed  to  remain  on 
their  original  plan  ;  juries  were  continued,  former  laws 
and  culloms  were  cblerved. 

Before  a  year  of  Dudley's  adminiftration  had  ex- 
pired, (Dec.  1686)  Sir  Edmond  Andros  arrived  in 
Bnfton  from  New-York,  where  he  had  been  governor, 
being  now  appointed  Capt.  General,  and  \'\ce  Admiral 
of  MalFachufctts,  New  Hamplhire,  Maine,  Plymouth, 
Rhode  Ifland  and  ConneiSicnt,  during  pleafure.  In 
1683,  New. York  and  New-Jerfey  were  added  to  his 
jurifdiftion.  He  with  four  of  his  council  was  empow- 
ered to  grant  lands  with  fuch  quit-rents  as  the  king 
fhould  appoint.  Like  all  tyrants,  from  Nero  to  the 
demagogues  of  the  prefent  day.  Sir  Edmond  began  his 
adminiftration  with  proleflions  of  high  regard  for  the 
public  welfaie. 

In  the  fall  of  1689,  he  went  to  Hartford  where  the 
affembly  were  fitting,  and  demanded  the  charter,  de- 
claring their  government  dilfolved.  Remonilrances 
were  made,  and  the  bufinefs  delayed  till  evening  ;  then, 
tradition  fays,  the  charter  was  brought  into  the  affem- 
bly,  and  laid  on  the  table  ;  candles  wero  extinguifhed, 
but  lighted  again.  The  charter  could  not  be  found. 
All  was  quiet  and  peaceable.  The  charter  had  been 
taken  by  Capt.  Wadfworth  and  concealed  in  a  hollow 
tree.  Still  Sir  Edmond  feized  the  reins  of  government ; 
turned  out  the  old,  and  appointed  new  officers,  civil 
and  military. 

Numerous  were  the  oppreffions  of  this  tyrant.  The 
prefs  was  reftrained,  liberty  of  confcience  infringed,  and 
exorbitant  taxes  levied.  The  charter  being  vacated, 
it  was  pretended  all  titles  to  land  were  dellroyed  ; 
farmers  therefore,  who  had  cultivated -their  foil  for 
half  a  century,  were  o  )liged  to  take  new  patents,  giv- 
ing large  tees,  cr  writs  ot  intrulion  were  brought,  and 
their  lands  fold  to  others.  To  prevent  petitions  or 
confultations,  town  meetings  were  prohibited,  except- 
ing one  in  a  year  for  the  choice  of  town  officers.  Left 
the  cries  of  opprcllion  Ihould  reach  the  throne,  he  for- 
bid any  perfon  to  leave  the  country  without  permifll -n 
from  the  government.  But  the  relolute  Dr  Increafe 
M.ither,  efcaped  the  watchful  governor,  and  his  guards 
and  emiliaries  ;  crolied  the  Atlantic,  and  fpread  before 
the  king  the  complrtiius  of  NeA-Eogl.ind.  But  relief 
came  not  till  the  revolution. 

When  the  report  readied  Bofton,  that  the  Prince  of 
Orange  had  1  indcd  in  Engl  did,  j  y  beamed  in  every 
eye.  Thoujjli  the  governor  impr  fciied  the  man  who 
brought  the  Piince''  d.-clarati-Mi;  tli'nigh  by  a  procla- 
mation, lie  coinniandrd  all  ptrf  ns  to  prepare  for  an 
inVc-tfion  iioni  Hnh^nd;  though  niagillrates,  and  the 
SvppL.  Vol.  II. 


5     ] 


NEW 


more  confiderate  men  were  determined  quietly  to  wait  New-Eng- 
the  ilfue;  yet  the  indignant  fpirit  of  the   people  could      ^'^^ 
not  be  reftrained.     On  'he  morning  of  April  18th,  the  i^ r,{. 
public  fury  burft  forth  like  a  volcano.     Tlie  inh.;bitanis  gr:icurul 
of  Bofton  were  in  arms  j  tlie  country  flicking  'to  their  termina« 
alTillance.     Andros  and  his  aifociates  fled  to  a  fort ;  *''"'• 
refift  mce  was  vain,  he  was  made  a  prifoner,  and  con- 
duced to  England.     The  charges  exhibited  againft  him 
not  being  figned  by  the  colonial  agents,  he  was  difmif- 
fed,   and  this  tyrant,   thus  indignantly  fpurned  from 
New  England,  was  appointed  governor  of  Virginia. 

Mr  Bradllrcet,  the  late  governor,  with  thole  who 
had  been  magillratcs  under  the  charter,  affumed  tlie 
government,  taking  the  name  of  a  "Council  of  Safety," 
till  new  orders  fliould  arrive  from  England.  Thefe 
were  Ihortly  after  received  from  King  William,  who, 
with  his  Queen  Mary,  were  proclaimed  in  Bofton  May  '\Villiat>i 
29th   i68y,  wiih  more  ceremony  than  had  ever  been  ^"'' '^"T 

known  in  that  colony  on  tiie  like  rccaiion.     The  revo-  P"'"^'^''"" 
\      ■        ■      -o    It  1-M         TT  n  ■         ■        '"  Bolton, 

lution  m  Bolton  was  popular  in  New  Hampflure,  but 

they  found  themielves  in  a  very  unfettled  ftate.     After 

waiting  in  vain  for  orders  from  England,  tliey  chofe 

deputies  to  agree  on  foms  mode  of  frovernment,  and 

finally  determined  to  return  to  th:ir  ancient  union  with 

MalHichufetts. 

In  1692,  Samuel  Allen  obtained  a  commilTion  for 
the  government  of  New  Hampfhire.  Having  purchaf- 
ed  ot  M.ifon's  heirs  the  lands  of  the  colony,  they  were 
embroiled  with  new  controverfies  for  feveral  years. 

Previous  to  this,  in  1688,  an  Indian  war  broke  out  Indian w»r. 
in  New  England  ;  various  were  the  provocations  plead 
by  the  natives  in  their  jnllification.  They  charged  the 
Englifh  with  flopping  the  filh  in  Saco  river;  with  not 
paying  the  tribute  of  corn  ftipulated  in  a  former  trea- 
ty ;  with  turning  cattle  upon  their  corn;  with  granting 
away  their  lands,  and  cheating  them  in  trade.  The 
firft  blood  was  Ihed  at  North  Yarmouth,  in  September. 
In  the  fpring  the  Penicook  Indians  joining  thofe  of 
Saco,  they  made  a  dreadful  flaughter  at  Cocheco. 
Mefandouit  being  hofpitably  lodged  at  Maj  )r  Wal- 
dron's,  in  the  night  opened  the  gate,  and  a  hundred, 
fome  fay  five  hundred,  Indians  rullied  into  the  garri- 
fon,  murdered  the  Major,  and  220  hers,  took  29 
prifoners,  burned  4  or  5  houfes,  and  fled  loaded  with 
plunder.  The  captives  were  fold  to  the  French  in 
Canada.  In  Auguft  they  took  the  fort  at  Pcmaquid  ; 
and  fo  frequent  were  their  affault-,  and  fo  great  the 
public  alarm,  that  the  country  round  retired  to  Fal- 
mouth for  fafety.  The  fame  month  M.ijor  Swayn,  wiili 
feven  or  eight  companies  from  Malfaciiufe;ts,  relieved 
the  garrifon  at  Blue  Point,  which  was  befct  with  Indi- 
ans. Miijor  Church,  with  another  party  of  Englilli, 
and  chiiltian  Indians,  from  Plymouth  colony,  marched 
to  the  eaftward.  Swayn  making  his  head  quarters  at 
Berwick,  fcnt  Capt.  Wifwel,  and  Lieut.  Flag,  on  a 
fcnut.  Near  Winnipilioke  pond.  Flag  left  a  number 
of  his  friendly  Indi.ins,  who  continued  theie  a  number 
of  days.  It  was  afterwards  difcovered  that  they  had 
an  interview  with  the  hoftile  natives,  and  g  ive  them 
all  the  information  in  their  power.  So  flrung  is  the 
attachment  that  binds  us  to  our  native  country,  that 
often  the  bonds  of  gratitude,  oaths  and  ri:li:;ion,  like 
Sainpf  n's  cords,  burft  aiihnder,  when  they  interfere 
wl;h  this  pallion.  Feeble  then  is  that  government 
which  depends  on  foreigners  for  defence  or  connfel. 

4  K  Gariifous 


NEW 


[    626    ] 


NEW 


Ncw-Eng- 
Und. 


Expedition 

againft  Cj- 

ludu. 


A  new 

charter  »b 
twicd. 


Tr  Stiles' 


Gatrlfons  were  left  in  Wells,  York,  Berwick  and 
Coclieco.  Oi5tober  Jjd,  1691,  Mr  Coodridge  and  his 
wile  were  murdered  in  Rowley,  Byfield  Parilh,  and 
the  family  carried  into  captivity.  The  good  man  was 
(hot  !!'.  hi'  hoiifc.  as  he  ftood  praying  with  his  family. 
As  the  French  were  the  malignant  iiiftigators  oi  the 
Indians  in  their  bloody  alFaults,  it  was  thought  elTential 
to  the  peace  of  New  England,  that  thefe  enemies  fhould 
be  attacked  in  their  own  dominions.  Hence  vigorous 
exertions  were  made  for  an  expedition  againft  Canada. 
The  command  was  given  to  Sir  William  Pliips,  who 
failed  from  Hull  Augnll  iQtIi,  1690,  with  a  fleet  of 
32  fail,  and  arrived  before  Quebec  Oflober  5ih  ;  but 
the  feafon  being  far  fpent ;  the  army  from  Connedicut 
and  New  York  which  was  to  have  entered  the  prov- 
ince, having  returned  after  vifiting  the  lake;  and  the- 
troops  with  Sir  William  being  fickly  and  difcourag- 
cd,  the  expedition  failed,  and  in  November  the  troops 
arrived  at  Bollon.  This  expedition  involved  the  go- 
vernment in  a  iieavy  debt ;  a  thoufand  men  perllhed, 
and  a  general  gloom  fpread  through  the  country.  In 
this  htuation,  a  flag  of  truce  from  the  favages,  defiling 
a  fulpenfion  of  hollilities,  was  doubly  welcome.  A 
conference  was  held  at  Sagadahoc  ;  they  rellored  ten 
captives,  and  agreed  on  a  truce  till  the  firfl  of  May 
1 69 1.  The  next  January  the  favages  deftroyed  York; 
killed  50  perfons,  and  carried  100  into  captivity.  In 
1693,  a  peace  was  concluded  at  Pamaquid. 

In  1 69 1  the  general  court  employed  two  of  their 
-  members,  with  Sir  Henry  Alhhurft  and  the  Rev.  Dr 
Mither,  to  folicit  the  reftoration  of  their  charter.  In 
this  they  were  difappointed  ;  but  a  new  charter  was 
given,  including  the  colony  of  Plymouth,  Province  of 
Maine  and  Nova  Scoti.i,  with  all  the  country  between 
Nova  Scotia  and  Maine  10  the  River  St  Lawrence;  alio 
Elizabeth  Illands,  Nantucket  and  Martha's  Vineyard, 
in  the  government  of  Malfachufetts.  But  the  people 
were  greatly  difippointed  in  their  new  charter.  Many 
of  tiieir  invaluable  privileges  weie  taken  from  them. 
They  no  longer  chofe  their  governors,  fecretary,  or 
oflicers  of  admiralty.  The  militia  was  under  the  con- 
troul  of  the  governor.  A  houfe  of  reprefentatives  was 
.not  mentioned.  To  levy  taxes,  grant  adminiiliatioBS, 
prove  wills,  and  try  capital  olFenders,  was  the  ofUce  of 
the  governor  and  council.  But  in  the  true  fpirit  of 
their  native  independence,  the  firll  a>5l  of  the  legifla- 
ture  in  MaiTachufetts,  after  receiving  the  charter,  con- 
tained the  following  daufs  :  "  No  aid,  tax,  tollage, 
alfelfment,  culloni,  loan,  benevolence,  or  impolition 
whatfoever  (hall  be  laid,  afll-ifed,  impofed,  or  levied 
on  his  majefly's  fubjeifts,  or  their  ellates,  on  any  pre- 
tence whatever ;  but  by  the  aft  and  confent  «f  the 
governor,  council  and  reprefentatives  of  the  people, 
aifembled  in  general  court." 

It  was  nowfeventy-two  years  fince  the  firft  fettlement 
of  Plymouth.  During  this  period,  making  their  own 
laws  and  choofing  their  own  rulers.  New  England  had 
eftablilhed  regulations  for  promoting  learning  and  re- 
ligion, not  equilled  perhaps  in  any  nation.  In  i643> 
there  were  36  churches  in  New  England;  in  1650, 
there  were  40,  which  contained  7750  communicanis ; 
and  th'iugh  the  philofophill  points  the  finger  of  derifion 
at  the  pious  founders  of  thefe  republics,  the  hillory  of 
man  does  not  prefent  any  people  adopting  wifer  mea- 
fures,    or  producing  more  perraaneiii  bkllings.     No 


where  is  knowledge  more  generally  diffufed,  no  where  New-Eng- 
are  morals  more  corredl,  leligion  more  pure,  or  the  ^^"ll. 
inhabitants  more  independent  and  happy. 

But  the  fairell  day  has  its  cloud.     Sir  William  Phlps      1692. 
the  fi:ft  governor  under  the  new  charter,  found  the  Sir  William 
province  in  a  deplorable  htuation.     An  Indian  war  was  Phips  go- 
wading  the  frontiers.     An  agitation,  a  terror  of  the  ^"■°°r* 
public  mind  in  the  greater  part  of  Elfex  county,  like 
a  tornado,  was  diiving  the  people  to  the  mod  defperate 
conduift.     In  the  tempell  of  paffion,  a  government  of 
laws,  trial  by  jury ;  all  tJie  guards  againft  oppreflion, 
were  Ci^O  feeble  to  protedl  the  perfon,  or  property,  of 
the  moll  loyal  fubjcft.-     The  pillars  of  civil  govern- 
ment were  Ihaken  to  their  foundaliori,  by  the  amazing 
power  of    fuppofed  lu'itchcraft.      In  the   beginning  ofThe witch- 
1692,  the   Rev.  Samuel  Paris  of  Salem  village,  now  craft  infa- 
Danvers,  had  a  daughter  aged  9,  and  a  niece  aged  t"^"on- 
II,  "  who  were  dillrelfed  with  lingular  diftempers." 
The  means  ufed  by  the  phyfician  being  ineffeiflual,  he 
gave  it  as  his  opinion,  that  "  they  -were  under  an  evil  Calcf. 
hand."    The  neighbours  immediately  believed  that  they 
were  bewitched.     An  Indian  fervant  and  his  wife,  pri- 
vately made  fonie  experiments  "  to  find  out  the  witch." 
The  children  being  informed  of  tliis,  immediately  com- 
plained of  Tituba,  the  Indian  woman,  that  (he  pinch- 
ed, pricked,  and  tormented  them.     They  laid  (he  was 
vilible  to  them,   here  and  there,  where   others  could 
not  fee  her.     Sometimes  they   would  be  dumb,   and 
choaked,   and  have  pins  thruft   into   their  fleln.     Mr 
Paris,   being  deeply  affe(fted    with   the   diftrefs  of  his 
family,  invited  a  number  of  his  brethren  in  the  mini- 
dry  to  vifit  him,  and  give  their  advice.     They  advifed 
him  "  to  wait  on  the  providence  of  God,  and  to  be 
much  in  prayer."     Accordingly  two  or  three  private 
falls  were  kept  at  his  houle,  at  one  of  which  feveral 
minillers  came  and  joined  with  him.     After  this,  there 
was  a  public  (all  in  the  village,  and  aftei  wards  in  fe- 
veral congregations  in  the  neighbourhood  ;  and  finally, 
the  general  court  appointed  a  lad  through  the  colony, 
"  to   feek   the   Lord,    that  he   would   rebuke   Satan." 
Still  the  didrelTss  increafjd,  mere  perfons  complained 
of  their  fuft'crings,  and  more  were  accufed.     At  the 
fight  of  thefe  the  fufferers  would  fwoon  and  fall  into 
fits  ;  at  the  touch  of  the  fame  perfons,  they  would  re- 
vive.    The  public  mind  was  (hocked  and  alarmed  ;  the 
mod  decifive  proceedings  lollowed.     For  a  time,  all, 
or  mod  of  the  people  were  of  one  mind.     March  2d, 
there  was  a  public  e.vaminatioa  at  the  village,  and  feve- 
ral were  committed  to  prifon.     There  was  another  ex- 
amination at   Salem,   April   22d,  and  a  number  more 
imprifoned.     June   2d,   an  old  woman  was  tiied  and 
condemned  at  Salem,  and  executed  on  the  loth,  mak- 
ing no  confelFion.     Five  more  were  tried  June   30th, 
and  executed  July    I9lh;    fix  more   were   tried  Aug. 
6th,   and   all   executed   the    19th,  except  one  woman 
who  pleaded  pregnancy.     One  of  tliele  was  Mr  George 
Burroughs,  fometlme  miniller  at  Wells;  he  had  alfo 
preached  at  the  vdlage,  bu"^^  met  with  great  oppofition. 
A  great  number  of  witnelfes  appeared  at  his  trial ;  a 
fpecimen  of  their  teftimonies  may  be  feen  by  the  fol- 
lowing depofition.     "  Elizur  Keyftr,  aged  about  for- 
ty-five years  faith,  that  on  Thurfday  laft  pad,  being 
the  5th  of  thi3  inftaut,  month  of  May,  I  was  at  the 
honfe  of  Thomas  Beadle  in  Salem,  and  Capt.  Daniel 
King  being  ihstc  alio  ac  the  fame  time;  aad  in  the 

ianie 


NEW 


C    ^^7     ] 


NEW 


Ncw-Kng-  fame  room,  faid  Capt.  Daniel  King  afiicd  me  whether 
land.  I  would  not  go  up  and  fte  Mr  Burrouglis,  and  dilcourfe 
with  him,  he  beinj;  then  in  one  of  the  chambers  of  f.iid 
bnufe.  I  told  him  it  did  not  belong  to  me,  and  1  was 
unwilling  to  make  or  meddle  with  it  ;  then  faid  King 
faid,  are  you  not  a  chriftian?  If  you  are  a  chrillian,  go 
and  fee  liim,  and  difcourfe  with  liim.  But  I  told  him 
I  did  believe  it  did  not  belong  to  fiich  as  I  was  to  dif- 
couife  him,  he  being  a  learned  mnn.  The  faid  King 
faid,  I  believe  he  is  a  child  of  God,  a  choice  cliild  of 
God,  and  that  God  would  clear  up  his  innocency.  So 
I  told  him  my  opinion  or  fear  wa*.,  that  he  was  the  chief 
of  all  the  perfons  accufed  for  witchcraft,  or  the  ring- 
leader of  them  all;  and  told  him  alfo,  that  I  believed 
if  lie  was  fuch  a  one,  his  mallar  (meaning  the  devil) 
had  told  him  before  now,  what  1  faid  of  him.  And 
faid  King  f;cmlng  to  me  to  be  in  a  paflion,  1  did  after- 
wards forbear.  The  fame  afternoon,  I  having  occalion 
to  be  at  faid  Beadle's  houfe,  in  the  chamber  where  Mr 
George  Burroughs  kept,  I  obferved  that  the  faid 
Burroughs  did  Iteadfalily  fix  his  eyes  upon  me.  The 
fame  evening,  being  in  my  own  houfe,  in  a  room  with- 
out any  light,  1  did  fee  very  flrange  things  appear  in 
the  chimney,  I  fuppofe  a  dozen  of  tliem,  which  feemed 
to  me  to  be  fomelhing  like  jelly  that  ufed  to  be  in  the 
water,  and  quivered  with  a  flrange  motion,  and  then 
quickly  difappeared.  Soon  after  which  I  did  fee  a 
light  up  in  the  chimney,  about  the  bignefs  of  my  hand, 
fomething  above  the  bar,  which  quivered  and  ihaked, 
and  feemed  to  have  a  motion  upward  ;  upon  which  I 
called  the  maid,  and  ihe  looking  up  the  chimney,  faw 
the  fame ;  and  my  wife  looking  up,  could  not  fee  any 
thing.  So  I  did,  and  do  conclude  it  was  fome  diaboli- 
cal operation"!  !  ! 
Onglnal  On  the  margin  of  this  depofition  is  written,  Mr  Eli- 

dipoDtions.  zur  Keyfar  declared  to  the  jury  of  inquefl,  that  the 
evidence  in  the  paper  is  the  truth  upon  oath,  Augufl 
31,   1692. 

Nine  perfons  received  fentence  of  death,  September 
lyih,  eight  of  whom  were  executed  September  22d, 
one  woman  being  reprieved,  pleading  pregnancy. — 
Giles  Cory  had  been  preffed  to  death,  September  16th, 
bec.iufe  he  would  not  (feeing  all  were  conviifled)  put 
himfelf  on  trial  by  the  jury.  Previous  to  this,  numbers 
had  confefled  themfelves  guilty  of  witchcraft,  it  being 
the  only  way  of  faviiig  their  lives,  none  who  confelfed 
being  executed.  But  the  fuppoled  fufferers  becoming 
more  dariiig,  accufed  fome  of  the  beft  people  in  the 
country.  Sufpicion  roufed  from  its  lethargy  ;  cim- 
demn.uion  ceafed  ;  the  accuf'ers  were  filent ;  thofe  under 
fentence  were  reprieved,  and  afterwards  pardoned. 

If  we  can  be  convinced  by  the  the  unitorm  protefla- 
tions  of  thofe  e.\ecuted,  or  the  confefhons  of  numbers 
who  had  been  accufers,  or  the  deliberate  recantations 
of  others  who  hid  conteffed  themfelves  witches,  or  the 
univcrfal  conviction  oi  error  in  the  minds  of  tliofe  who 
had  been  leading  ac'.ors  in  thefe  awful  fcenes,  or  the 
entire  ch.mge  of  public  ojiinion,  we  fh^U  be  t'atisfied 
th.it  tlie  whole  oiiginated  m  lolly  and  delulion.  All 
thefe  are  faiHs.  All  thofe  executed,  the  Hrfl  excepted, 
prote(\i:d  their  innocence  with  their  dying  breath,  when 
a  conlelllon  would  have  faved  their  lives.  Several 
years  after,  perfons  who  had  been  acculers,  when  ad- 
mitted to  the  chuich  confeffed  their  delufiin  in  fuch 
cojiuufl,  and  aikcd  "  pardon  for  having  brought  the 


gmlt  of  innocent  blood  on  the  land."  The  following 
IS  an  extras  from  the  confedion  of  fix  perfons  belonging 
to  Andover,  who  had  owned  themfelves  witchef;— 
"We  were  all  feized  as  prifoners ;  knowing  ourfclves 
altogether  innncetit,  we  were  all  exceedingly  allonilned, 
and  amazed,  and  affrighted  out  of  our  reaf  m  ;  and 
our  dcarefl  relations  feeing  us  in  this  dreadful  condi- 
tion, and  knovymg  our  gieat  danger,  apprehending 
there  was  no  otlier  way  to  fave  our  lives,  perfuaded  i.t 
to  cotifels  :  we  faid  any  thing  and  every  thing  which 
they  dehred. '  ° 

On  the  diy  of  a  public  faft,  in  the  fouth  meeling- 
hou  e  of  Bolton,  one  of  the  judges,  who  was  concerned 
in  the  condemnation  of  thefe  unhappy  viaims  at  Salem, 
dehvered  in  a  paper,  and  while  it  was  readin-  flood 
up  :  It  was  to  dejirc  prayers,  ace.  «  being  apprelienf.vc 
he  might  have  fallen  into  fome  errors  at  Salem  " 

The  following  is  from  the  declaration  of  twelve  men, 
who  had  been  jurymen  at  fome  of  thefe  trials-—"  We 
do  therefore  fignify  our  deep  fenfe  of,  and  forrow  for, 
our  errors  in  afling  on  fuch  evidence_we  pray  that 
we  may  be  conlidered  candidly  and  aright,  by  the 
living  fufferers.  as  being  then  under  the  power  of  a 
li.ong  and  general  delufion."  Mr  Paris,  who  was 
aftive  in  the  profecution,  and  evidently  a  ferious  and 
contc.entious  man,  in  his  public  confeffion.  November 
26th,  1 69+,  fays,  "  1  do  acknowledge,  upon  after  con- 
fideration,  that  were  the  fame  troubles  again  to  happen, 
which  the  Lord  of  hi.  mercy  forever  prevent,  I  fhould 
not  agree  with  my  former  apprehenfions  in  all  points ; 
as  for  inftance.    Sec. 

Martha  Cory,  a  member  of  the  church  in  Salem  vil- 
lage, admitted  April  27th,  1690,  was  after  examina- 
tion upon  fufpicion  of  witchcraft,  March  21,  1692 
committed  to  piifon,  and  condemned  to  the  gallows' 
yeflerday.  This  day  in  public,  by  general  content,  flic 
was  voted  to  be  excommunicated  out  of  ,l,e  church. 
1  he  following  will  fhow.  in  a  moft  atfeaing  manner, 
the  light  in  which  the  church  viewed  this  vote,  ten 
years  after.  "In  December,  1702,  the  paflor 
fpoke  to  the  church  on  the  Sabbath  as  followeth.— 
Brethren,  I  find  in  your  church  book  a  record  of  Mar- 
tha Cory's  being  excommunicated  for  witchcraft-  and 
the  generality  of  the  land  being  fenfible  of  the  errors 
that  prevailed  in  that  d.iy,  fome  of  her  friends  have 
moved  me  feveral  times  to  prop  ,fe  to  this  church, 
whether  it  be  not  our  duty  to  recal  that  fentence,  that 
fo  it  may  not  Hand  againft  her  to  all  generations.  And 
I  mylelt  being  a  fbanger  to  her.  and  being  ignorant 
of  what  was  alleged  againft  her,  I  fluiU  now  only 
leave  it  to  your  confidetation,  and  fhajl  determine  the 
matter  by  a  vote,  the  next  convenient  oppcrtunitv -_ 
February  14th, The  paftor moved  the  chureji  to  revoke 
Martha  Cory's  exc  mmunicatinn:  a  m«JAri,y  voted  for 
revoking  it."  So  deep  was  the  people's  fenfe  of  the 
errors  of  thofe  tranaction?,  that  a  gre.n  part  of  Mr 
Pans's  congrcgat  on  could  not  perfuade  themfelves  to 
lit  under  his  minii.ry.  .-^ccordin'-lv,  after  great  d-PR- 
culty,  after  a  reipec'table  council  had  labnutfd  in  vain 
for  tlieir  rfcrncihation.  a.;er  ;,n  a-'ultra;ioii  refpefline 
the  bufinets,  Mr  Paris  wi  difmillVd  July  24,  1697  a1 
the  aj.,gMevcd  flato  to  the  aibitraiors,  "  for  bein>.'an 
inlfrumeut  to  their  miferics." 

If  any  rcaocr  p<.int  the  finger  of  fcorn  at  th?  people 

of  Lilex,  or  the  judicary  of  MalFachufeu.,  for  th.ir 

4  K  2  credulity 


Nev.-.Erj- 

lar.d. 

v.,^- ' 

Chorcli  re- 
cord* rtf 
Danvfu. 


Mr  Paris' 

public  con  J 
(ctTion 


Il>!4. 


NEW 


[     628     ] 


NEW 


"Walker's 
Ocog. 
Mugnalia, 
The  Bee. 

War  kind- 
Jed  by  the 
ficuch. 


Complaints 
againft 
Ciovcrnor 
Phips. 


His  death. 


Mather. 

Indian  ra- 
»agcs. 


■*  ProjeAed 
French  in- 
valion  fails, 
and  ifTucs 
in  peace 
with  the 
Indians. 


CTcJulity  and  errors,  he  is  informed  they  afted  in  con- 
form! y  to  the  public  opinion  of  the  world  at  that  time; 
tluu  they  were  guided  in  their  judicial  proceedings  by 
tlie  writings  of  Kceble  on  the  common  law,  Sir  Matthew 
H-tle,  Glanvil,  Bernard,  Baxter,  &c.  He  is  informed 
that  while  the  people  of  this  once  devoted  neighbour- 
hood foon  faw  and  retraced  their  errors,  and  would 
now  be  the  laft  people  to  fall  into  fuch  a  delufion,  other 
pirts  of  tlie  world  have  been  more  flowly  convinced. 
At  Tring,  in  Hertfordlhire,  20  miles  from  London,  in 
1751,  two  aged  perfons  were  drowned,  fuppofed  to  be 
guilty  of  witchcraft.  At  Huntingdon,  the  anniver- 
lary  of  tlie  execution  of  a  family  for  witchcraft  is  cele- 
brated to  this  day.  A  preacher  from  Cimbridge 
delivers  a  difcourfe  againll  witchcraft.  At  Embo,  in 
Scotland,  a  petfn  was  executed  for  witchcraft  in  1727. 
At  Rome,  the  Rev.  Father  Altizza  was  lately  feized 
for  the  crime  of  forcery. 

In  1 694,  the  fword  was  drawn  again,  after  being 
fheathed  about  a  year.  The  Sieur  Villion,  commander 
of  the  French  at  Penobfcot,  with  250  Indians  from  the 
tribes  of  St  John,  Penoblcot,  and  N  irridgwag,  allault- 
ed  the  people  on  Oyllerriver,  in  New-Hampfhire  ; 
killed  and  captured  about  too  perfons,  and  burned  20 
houfes,  5  of  wliich  were  garrifons. 

During  thefe  diftreffes,  the  people  became  uneafy, 
afcribing  their  fufferings  to  the  government,  and  a 
numbtr  made  complaint  to  the  king  againll  governor 
Phips.  He  and  his  accufcrs  were  fummoned  to  White- 
hall. In  November  he  embarked  for  England.  A 
majority  of  the  general  court  being  in  his  favour,  he 
carried  a  recommendation  from  the  legilltture,  that 
they  might  not  be  deprived  of  fo  excellent  a  governor. 
But  before  his  trial,  he  was  feized  with  a  malignant 
fever,  of  which  he  died,  in  the  54th  year  of  his  age. 
Sir  William  Phips  was  born  of  poor  parents,  on  the 
bank  of  the  Kenneber.  He  was  firft  a  Ihepherd,  then 
a  fliip  carpenter,  then  a  feaman.  By  difcovering  a 
Spanilli  wr-ck,  near  Port  De  La  Plata,  he  became  rich, 
and  WAS  br'ught  into  notice.  He  was  a  man  of  en- 
terprize,  diligence,  and  perfcverance,  religious  himlelf, 
and  dll'pofed  to  promote  piety  in  others. 

The  Indians  continuing  to  ravage  the  frontiers,  in 
Oiflober,  1695,  a  party  penetrated  to  Newbury,  and 
made  captives  of  John  Brown  and  his  family,  except- 
ing one  girl  who  el'caped,  and  ran  5  miles  to  the  water 
fide,  near  Nev/buryport,  and  alarmed  the  people. — 
Capt.  Greenleaf  init.uidy  purfued,  and,  before  it  was 
light  the  next  day,  overtook  and  refcued  the  captives, 
nine  in  number.  The  Indians,  wiien  they  found  it 
impolfible  to  carry  them  off,  had  determined  and  at- 
tempted to  kill  them  ;  but  fuch  was  their  hurry,  the 
wounds  they  gave  them  were  not  moital :  all  recovered. 

The  French  and  Indians  in  1696,  took  and  demo- 
lilhed  the  fort  at  Pemaquid. 

In  1697,  the  French  pioje<5led  an  invafion  of  the 
country.  A  fleet  arrived  at  Newfiundland,  expedling 
an  army  from  Canada,  to  alTault  Bolton,  and  ravage 
the  coad  to  Pifcataqua  ;  but  the  feafon  was  advanced, 
provifii>ns  failed,  and  the  defign  was  relinquifhed. 
After  the  peace  of  Ryfwick,  1698,  the  French  could 
no  longer  affill  the  favages;  they  therefore  buried  the 
hatchet,  reftored  their  captives,  latified  their  former  en- 
gagemeots,  and,  ia  1699,  fubraitted  to  the  Biitifli 
crown. 


At  the  clofe  of  the  war  in  Europe,  the  king  ap- 
pointed the  earl  of  Bellami.nt  governor  of  New- York, 
Maflachufetts,  and  New-Hamplhire.  He  refided  at 
New- York  ;  Mr  Stoughton  condufted  the  affairs  of 
New-England.  In  May,  1  ird  Bellamont  viftted  Bof- 
ton.  He  was  a  nobleman  of  polite,  conciliating  man- 
ners, and  profelfed  great  efteem  for  the  congregational 
minilters,  and  with  the  general  court,  as  was  cuftomary 
at  that  time,  attended  the  dated  Thurfday  le<51ures  at 
Bollon.  In  his  time,  the  pirates,  who  had  been  con- 
nived at  for  ^o  or  40  years,  were  arrefted  and  punifh- 
ed.  Numbers  were  executed  at  Bofton ;  Bradilh, 
Kidd,  and  others  were  carried  to  England,  tried  and 
executed. 

Soon  after  the  feffion  of  the  general  court,  in  May, 
I  700,  lord  Bellamont  returned  to  New- York,  where  he 
died,  the  5th  of  March  following. 

Queen  Ann  appointed  Jofepli  Dudley,  Efq.  to  fuc- 
ceed  him  as  governor  of  Mallachufetts  and  New-Hamp- 
fhire, in  1702.  According  to  his  inftru<51ions,  he  re- 
quired a  permanent  falary,  and  maintained  a  long  and 
obllinate  llruggle  with  the  general  court  of  Malfa- 
chufetts,  but  was  finally  obliged  to  relinquilh  the  ob- 
jeft. 

In  1703,  the  Indians,  aided  as  ufual  by  the  French, 
attacked  all  the  fettlements  from  Canfo  to  Wells;  killed 
and  took  about  130  people,  and  burned  many  houfes. 
Women  and  children  fled  to  garrifons  ;  the  men  car- 
ried their  arms  into  the  field  of  labour,  and  polled  cen- 
tinels  round  them  ;  fmall  parties  of  the  enemy  were 
frequently  making  affaults ;  and  the  whole  country, 
irom  Deerfield  to  Canfo,  forfome  time  was  in  conftant 
alarm.  Towards  the  clofe  of  the  year,  300  French 
and  Indians  fell  upon  Deerfield,  murdered  40  of  the 
inhabitants,  took  too  captives,  and  left  the  village  in 
flames.  To  repel  fuch  bloody  foes,  the  famous  Col.. 
Church,  fo  dillinguifhed  in  the  wars  of  Philip,  in  1704, 
was  ordered  to  the  eaflward.  At  Pifcataqua,  he  was 
joined  by  major  Hilton ;  they  deftroyed  Minas  and 
Chigneflo,  and  did  fome  damage  to  the  French  at 
Penobfcot  and  Paffamaquoddy. 

The  following  year,  a  number  of  captives  taken  at 
Deeifield  Were  redeemed.  In  April,  1706,  the  Indians 
killed  8  people  at  Oyfter-river.  The  garrifon  was 
near,  but  not  a  man  in  it.  The  women  put  on  hats, 
lowfened  their  hair,  and  fired  fo  biilkly,  that  the  enemy 
fled,  without  burning  or  plundering  tlie  houl'e  they  had 
alfaulted.  The  year  following,  the  Indians  came  to 
Reading,  v^ithin  10  miles  of  Bolton,  killed  a  woman  and 
three  children,  and  carried  off  5  captives.  Perlc.ns  were 
alfo  killed  and  prifoners  taken  this  ye^r  at  Cheimslord, 
Sudbury,  Groton,  and  Exeter. 

On  the  27th  November,  1707,  died  J(hn  Winthrop, 
Efq.  governor  of  Conneilicut,  and  was  buried  in  Bof- 
ton. The  bones  ol  John  Winthrop,  the  firft  governor 
of  Mafficluifetts,  his  fon  and  grandfon,  governors  of 
Conncflicut,  reft  in  the  fame  tomb,  in  the  oldeil  bury, 
ing  ground  in  Bofton.  There  was  this  year  an  unfuc- 
celsful  expedition  againft  Port  Royni, 

On  the  29th  of  Auguft,  1708,  Haverhill  was  affaulr- 
ed  by  the  Indians  ;  30  or  40  perfons  were  killed, 
among  whom  was  their  minifler,  Mr  Rolfe ;  20  or  30 
houfes  were  burned,  and  the  reft  plundered  Such 
had  been  the  lofs  of  men  in  Maflachulf.tts,  by  their 
dreatiful  wars  with  the  French  and  Indians;  that,  in 


New-Eng- 
land. 

Earl  Bella- 
n\ont  go« 


Pirates  «•■ 

tcuted. 


Dudley  go-^ 
vernor. 


War  with' 

the  Frenchi 

and 

Indians.  il 


Belknap. 


Death  of 
governor 
Winthrop. 


Hutchia- 
fon. 


Kew-Hng- 
land. 


Acadia 
taken,  and 
annexed  to 
New-Eng- 
Und. 

Unfucccir- 
ful  expedi- 
tion againft 
Canada. 


Trumbull. 


State  of 
New-Eng- 
land 
cljurchcs. 


Shutc  go- 
vernor ; 


His  contro- 
vcrfy  with 
the  legifla- 
curc 


NEW  [6 

1713,  the  province  had  not  doubled  in  half  a  century. 
The  lame  obfervuions  m,\y  be  made  refpeding  the 
period  from  1722  to  1762.  Had  the  French  in 
C.niada  been  fubdued  a  hunJred  years  fooner,  it  is 
fuppofed  there  would  have  been  more  than  three  hun- 
dred thoufaud  fouls  in  New-England,  more  than  there 
now  is. 

In  1710,  the  territory  of  Acadia  was  fubdued,  by 
the  furrender  of  Port  Rnyal.  The  name  of  the  place 
was  chanji;ed  to  Annapolis,  in  honrnr  of  the  queen. 
Samuel  Vetch,  a  colonel  in  the  vi(florious  army,  was 
appointed  governor. 

This  fuccels  encouraged  New-England  to  attempt, 
(he  next  year,  the  conqueft  of  Cannda.  General 
Nichollbn  was  fuccefsful  in  foliciting  aid  from  the 
Brililh  court.  The  combined  ai  my  of  Old  and  New- 
England  troops,  being  6,500  men,  with  a  fleet  ot  5 
fhips  of  war,  engaged  in  the  enterprize  ;  but  in  the 
way,  eight  tranfports  were  wrecked  on  Egg-Illand,  and 
a  thoul'and  people  perillied,  among  whom  there  was 
but  one  man  from  New-England.  The  expedition  was 
relinquilhed  :  the  confequcnce  was  new  alfauhs  from 
ihe  favages.  But  news  of  the  peace  of  Utrecht  arriv- 
ing, a  fufpenfion  of  arms  was  procl.iimed  at  Portf- 
mouih,  Oili'ber  29,  1712.  The  Indians  came  in,  and 
agreed  upon  articles  of  peace.  Never  wis  an  event 
more  welcome  to  tie  provinces.  They  had  been 
bleeding  for  almoft  40  yeirs  ;  five  or  fix  thouland  men 
had  fallen  in  battle,  or  by  diieafe,  in  the  army.  ilM- 
fachufetts  and  New-Hiniplhire  were  the  principal  fuf- 
ferers.  The  inhabitants  of  CLnnecHciit  had  increaled 
to  about  feventeen  thouland.  The  people  were  reli- 
gious ;  their  righteoufnefs  exalted  their  charafter.  In 
1696,  there  were  one  hundred  and  thirty  churches  in 
thel'e  colonies,  thirty-five  uf  which  were  in  Conneifticut. 
At  tills  period,  C'Tineilicut  had  forty-five  v  wns.  The 
number  of  ordained  niiuillers  was  forty-three.  There 
was  an  ordained  niiniller  to  every  four  hundred  perfons, 
or  to  every  eighty  fimllies.  There  was  not  one  vacant 
church  in  the  colony.  There  was  alio  a  number  of 
candidates  preaching  in  the  new  towns,  where  no 
churclies  were  formed.  Al>out  this  time  Bofton  was 
laid  in  afhes  by  an  accidental  fire,  but  was  loon  rebuilt 
in  a  more  elegant  ftyle. 

The  death  of  qu;en  Ann,  and  the  accefTion  of 
George  I.  was  announced  in  New-Englind,  September 
15,  1714.  Col.  Shuie  being  appointed  governor  of 
Malfachufett  and  New-Hamp(hire,  Mr  Dudley  retired 
to  a  private  Ifatton.  He  wa-;  a  man  of  ambition,  pof- 
fctl'i  ig  too  high  ideas  of  royal  authority,  to  accord  with 
the  republican  feelings  of  the  people  ot  New. England. 
Their  controvelies  with  him, and  with  other  governors, 
proved,  that  they  could  never  be  enllaved,  till  their 
charader  was  totally  changed.  Col.  Shutc  arrived  in 
liolloa,  OiHober  5th,  1 7  1 6,  and  was  received  witii  great 
parade.  Tlie  fummer  following,  he,  witii  a  number 
of  the  council  from  both  provinces,  met  the  Indians  at 
Arr  cofic  IllanH,  to  confirm  their  ttiendll.ip,  to  per- 
fiiade  them  to  relinquiili  p'ipery,  and  embrace  the  prc- 
tedant  religion.  He  off^reil  iJiem  an  Indian  bible,  ai.d 
a  proteftiiit  milnonary  ;  ihey  rejtiStd  botii. 

Some  time  tlapfed  before  llie  opp^frion  ufually  dif- 
playcd  ag.iinll  royal  governors  Ih  .wed  itfelf;  but,  in 
1;^,  the  ilorm  rofe  higher  than  it  ha  i  for  a  numb.T 
©f  years.    The  governor  negaiiysd  the  iijcaker,  cbofcu 


'-9     ] 


NEW 


."imall  poi 
firjl  inocu- 
lation in 
."Vmerici. 


by  the  houfe  ;  they  refufed  to  choofe  another ;  he  dif-  r^cw-Enp- 
folved  them.  The  flame  of  popular  refentment  blazed  ^i^J!^!, 
through  the  province.  He  revived  the  old  controverfy 
of  a  fixed  falary,  and  met  with  the  fate  of  his  prede- 
ceflors.  But  the  people  of  New-Hampfhlre  were  fatif- 
fied  with  governor  Siiute's  adminiftration,  and  contri- 
buted more  than  their  proportion  towards  his  fupport. 
So  Itrong  was  the  tide  of  oppofition  at  Boflon,  that  the 
governor,  in  1720,  returned  to  England,  and  prefented 
a  variety  of  complaints  againft  thehoufe  of  reprefenta- 
tives.  Among  other  things,  he  complained,  that  they 
had  ufurped  his  right  of  appointing  days  of  falling 
and  thankfgiving.  Th:  Britilh  minillry  juilified  the 
governor,  and  the  province  was  obliged  to  accept  an 
explanatory  charter,  dated  Auguft  lath,  1724.  This 
confirmed  the  right  of  the  governor  to  negative  th-: 
fpeaker,  and  forbid  the  lioufe  to  adjourn  tor  more  than 
two  days,  without  his  conlent. 

In  1 72  I  the  fmall  pox  was  very  mortal  in  Bcfton, 
and  feveral  adjacent  towns.  In  Bollon  5889  caught  it, 
and  844  died.  The  Rev.  Dr  Cotton  Mather  had  read 
of  inoculation  among  the  Turks.  He  recommended 
it  to  the  phyficians.  Dr  BoyllU  n  alone  complied.  He 
was  firft  fucrelstul  in  his  own  family,  and  alterwards 
gave  it  to  many  others  in  the  fame  way  ;  but  the  bufi- 
nefs  wa>;,  in  general,  very  unpopular,  and  finally  forbid- 
den by  the  general  court. 

In  the  winter  an  unfuccef>ful  attempt  was  made  to  indianwar. 
feize  Ralle,  the  French  milfionary  at  Norridgwag.  This 
provoked  the  Indians  to  vengeance,  and  alter  various 
hollilities,  they  deltroyed  Brunfwick.  By  thefe  things 
the  government  was  induced  in  1722,  to  make  another 
attempt  upon  Norridgwag.  Captains  Moulton  and 
Harman  of  York,  furprifed  the  village,  killed  the  Jefuit 
and  about  80  Indians;  refcued  three  prifoners,  burned 
the  wigwams,  and  chapel  ;  and  brought  away  the  plate 
and  furniture.  The  military  fpiiit  was  roufed,  govern- 
ment offered  £  too  for  every  fcalp;  captain  Lovewell 
of  Dunftable  became  a  daring  adventurer.  At  one 
time  he  brought  in  ten  fcalps;  but  foon  after  fell  in 
battle  with  more  than  a  fourth  part  of  his  companions, 
near  Winipifiokeepond. 

After  governor  Shute's  departure,  lieutenant  gover- 
nor Dummer  managed  the  affairs  of  MalFachufetts,  and 
Mr  Wentworih  thof'e  of  New  Hampfhire.  In  1  724  fort 
Dummer  was  built  in  Hinfdalo  and  the  firft  lettlement 
made  in  Vermont.  (Sie  Vermont.^  At  his  dcceafe,  go- 
vernor Dummer  bequeathed  a  valuable  eltate  in  Byficl J 
to  that  parifh,  towards  I'uppnrting  a  grammar  fchool. 
This  is  now  Dummer  Academy. 

Upon  the  accefli  m  of  George  H.  in  1727,  Mr  Wil- 
liam Burnet,  fin  to  the  gnod  bilhop  of  Sirume,  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  MalFachulttts  and  New  H.-.mp- 
thire.  Hi  had  been  popular  as  a  governor  of  New 
York  and  New  Jerfey,  and  was  received  in  B  >(lon  with 
great  pomp,  being  met  there  by  the  lieutenant  gover- 
nor of  New  Hampfhire,  and  a  c  mmittee  of  the  coun- 
cil and  ail"embly.  The  government  of  Niw  Hampliiire 
^avc  him  a  fixed  lalarv  on  certain  conditions,  but  in 
Ma'iichufistts  theie  was  foon  a  warm  altercationbetween 
hint  anu  the  geneial  court  on  this  l\ibj>(ff.  His  nerves 
Ihi'uld  have  been  "  made  of  (lerntr  Ihifl","  to  contend  Hiidesti. 
with  Malfachufe'ts.  He  was  difapt'ointed;  he  was  de- 
P'ti!'-d;  he  died  ni  a  ("ew  montl>s.  When  the  r>;ws  c  f 
ihis  redchc  J  EnsjlauJ,  the  rcfeutmtut  ihcic  was  fo  greai-, 

\haM. 


Hutchiilw 
foa. 


Bvirnet  go- 
vernor. 


NEW 


C    63 


Uad. 

Bclclier  go- 
vijrnor. 


Belknap. 


Shirley  go- 
vernor. 


Capture  of 

Louif- 

bourg. 


that  a  prnpof.d  was  made  of  reducing  the  colony  to  al)- 
foUite  dependence  on  the  crown;  but  milder  meafurcs 
prevailed,  and  Mr  Jonathan  Belcher,  a  native  of  the 
province,  an  only  fon  of  a  wealthy  farmer,  then  a  mer- 
cliant  in  London,  was  appointed  governor  ot  Maffk- 
chufctts  and  New  Hampfhire. 

While  thefe  provinces  were  in  a  condant  ferment  by 
their  contentions  with  their  governors,  Conneilicut  and 
Rhode  Itland,  under  their  ancient  charter,  enjoyed 
tranquillity,  cliofe  their  own  rulers,  and  enafled  their 
own  laws.  The  altercations  of  MalTachufetls  fanned 
the  coals  of  independence,  and  finally  produced  the 
explofion  which  has  forever  feparated  the  two  coun- 
tries. 

In  Augufl  1750,  Mr  Belcher  was  received  with  great 
joy;  like  his  prejeccff  irs  he  propofed  a  fixed  falary,  like 
them  he  faw  his  propofal  repelled  w  ith  violence.  He  law 
the  caufe  was  defperate,  and  obtained  leave  from  the 
Britifh  court,  to  receive  fuch  fums  as  (hould  be  granted 
him.  So  terminated  the  long,  the  tedious  coiueft  re- 
fpeifting  the  governor's  falary. 

The  divifional  line  in  1 740,  was  finally  determined  by 
the  lords  of  the  council,  between  New  Hamplhire  and 
MalTachufetts.  New  HampQiire  obtained  14  miles  in 
breadth,  and  about  50  in  length,  more  than  they  had 
claimed.  A  party  the  following  year  oppofed  Mr  Bel- 
cher, and  by  their  incelfant  applications  to  the  miniftry, 
by  falfehood  and  forgery,  they  finally  prevailed.  He 
was  fucceeded  in  New  Hamplhire,  by  Benning  Went- 
worth;  in  Maflachufetts  by  William  Shirley.  Mr  Bel- 
cher repaired  to  court;  demonftraied  his  own  integrity 
and  the  bafenefs  of  his  enemies,  was  appointed  gover- 
nor of  New  Jerfey,  palfed  a  quiet  life,  and  his  memory 
has  been  treated  with  merited  refped. 

In  1744,  news  of  war  with  France  and  Spain  being 
received,  forces  were  raifed  to  attack  Nova  Scotia.  Go- 
vernor Shirley  projecfted  an  invafion  of  Louifbourg,  the 
Dunkirk  of  America.  Its  fortifications  had  employed 
French  troops  twenty- five  years,  and  cod  30,000,000 
livres.  A  majority  of  one,  in  the  general  court  voted 
for  the  expedition.  The  land  forces  were  commanded 
by  colonel  William  Pepperell  of  Kittery;  the  Englilh 
fquadron  by  commodore  Warren.  The  laft  of  April, 
the  following  year,  the  troops,  3800  in  number,  landed 
at  Chapeaurogue  Bay.  The  tranfports  had  been  dif- 
covered  early  in  the  morning  (rom  the  town,  which  was 
the  firft  notice  they  had  of  the  defign.  In  the  night  of 
May  2,  400  men  burned  the  ware-houfes  containing  the 
naval  (lores.  The  French  were  alarmed,  fpiked  their 
guns,  flung  their  powder  into  a  well,  and  abandoning 
the  fort,  fled  to  the  city.  The  New  England  troops 
cheerfully  fubmitted  to  extreme  hardfhips ;  for  14 
rights  fuccefiively,  they  were  yoked  together  like  oxen, 
dragging  cannon  and  mortars,  through  a  morals  of  two 
miles.  The  commanding  artillery  of  the  enemy  for- 
bade this  toil  in  the  day.  No  people  on  earth  perhaps, 
are  more  capable  of  fuch  laborious  and  daring  exploits, 
than  the  independent  farmers  of  New  England.  On 
the  17th  of  June,  the  ganifon  capitulated,  but  tlie  flag 
of  France  was  kept  flying,  which  decoyed  into  the  har- 
bour, fliips  of  the  enemy,  to  the  value  oi £600,000  fter- 
ling.  The  weather,  during  the  fiege,  wa.  fine,  but  the 
day  following  rains  began,  which  Ciniinued  10  days, 
and  mud  have  proved  fatal  to  the  provincial  troops, 
had  not  the  capitulation  prevented.    The  good  people 


Bdknap, 


o     ]  NEW 

of  New  England  were  deeply  affeded  by  this  evident  New-En^; 
interpofition  of  divine  providence.  vJ^^Ili.^ 

The  next  year,   1746,   a  French  fleet  failed   to  pour  Threaten- 
deflrudion  on  New  England.     Twenty  men  of  war,  an  ed  invafion 
hundred  tranfports,  eight  thoufand  veteran  troops,  made  of  New- 
the  country  tremble.     In  their  condernation  they  were  '^/'^'''"'^ ''^ 
difappointed  of  a  fquadron  of  defence,  from  the  mother 
country,    God  interpofed.    A   mortal   ficknofs  fpread 
through  the  fleet;  a  tempell  fcattered  them;   the  com- 
mander, difappointed  and  mortified,  poifoned  hinifelf, 
his  fuccelfor  fell  on  his  fword.     Never  was  the  hand  of 
divine  providence  more  vifible  ;  never  was  a  difappoint- 
ment  more  fevere  to  the  enemy;   never  a  deliverance 
more  comple'e  without  human  aid,  than  this  in  favour 
of  New  England. 

As  the  diftreffes  of  war  ceafed,  the  people  were 
alarmed  in  1749,  wiih  the  report  of  an  American  epif- 
copacy;  but  the  defign  was  not  executed.  This  year, 
Benning  Wentworth  made  a  grant  of  Bennington. 

In  1 754  a  congrefs  met  in  Albany,  confiding  of  de-  ^  conn^t 
legates   from   New  Hampfhire,   Maifachufetts,  Rhode  convene  at 
Ifland,    Conneflicut,    New    York,    Pennfylvania,    and  Albany. 
Maryland;  but  the  plan  of  government  they  propnfed 
was  reje(5led,  both   in  England   and   America.     Had 
this  inltrument  been  accepted  the  mind  is  lod  in  con- 
jefturing  what  might  have  been  the  confequences.  Per- 
haps the  revolution  of  1776,  had  been  podponed  along 
period ;  perhaps  the  millions  and  millions  of  the  human 
rac^'  lately  dedroyed  in  Europe,  and  Afia,  by  the  de- 
mon of  revolutionary  madnefs,  might  have  long  fur- 
vived,  to  fwell  the  tide  of  human  felicity. 

Preparations  were  made,  in   1755,  to  diflodge  the  jjova  ffeo* 
French  from  Nova  Scotia.  Colonel  Winflow  raifed  two  tia  taken 
thoufand  men,  but  the  command  of  the  expedition  was  from  the 
given  to  colonel  Monkton.     The  French  were  fubdued.  French. 
The  inhabitants  had  taken  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the 
Britilh  crown,   but  were  accufed  of  furnilhing  fupport 
and  intelligence   to   Indians  and  French  in  annoying 
the  colcnies,  fome  of  them  were  in  arms.     It  was  de- 
termined to  remove  them;  about  two  thoufand  fouls 
were  accordingly  tranfported  to  New  England.     The 
cloud  of  their  forrows  was  never  difpelled  ;  in  a  land 
of  drangers  they  pined  away  and  died.     They  were  re- 
mnrkat)le  for  the  fimplicity  of  their  manners,  the  ardor 
of  their  piety,  and  the  purity  ot  their  morals. 

General  Braddock,  with  2200  regular  and  provincial  Braddock'ft 
troops,  marched  this  year  for  fort  duQuefne,  but  fell  into  defeat. 
an  ambufcade,  and  was  fatally  wounded,  panic  feized 
his  regular  trciops,  but  colonel  Walhington,  his  aid-de- 
camp, with  his  militia,  covered  their  retreat,  and  faved 
th»  Ihattered  army. 

In  i758,Louift)Durgh,Frontenac,andFortduQuefne,  Succefs  of 
fubmitted    to   the   Enjjlilh,   a  fmall  coropenfation  for  the  Englilh 
more  than   2000  men  killed  and  wounded  in  the  rafli  arms. 
and  unfuccefbful  attack  upon  Ticonderoga.     Splendid 
were  the  viiftories  of  the  year  1759.     Niagar.i,  Ticon- 
deroga.  Crown  Point,   and  Quebec,  fubmitted  to  the 
Enghlh.     At  the  takinr;  of  (^ebec,  Wolfe,  the  Bri-  jjum- 
tilli  commander,   after  being  wounded  in  the  wrid,  re-  p^^-eyj. 
ceived  a  fatal  ball  in  his  bread.    Leaning  on  the  (houl. 
der  of  a  lieutenant ;  finking  in  the  agonies  of  death,  he 
hejrd  a  cry  "  they  run."     Fir  a  moment  reviving,  he 
alked  who  ran.  It  was  anfweied  "the  French."  Heiepli- 
ed  "  I  tliank  God  I  die  happy,"  and  expired.  Montcalm, 
the  French  commander,  alfo  the  fecond  in  command, 

was 


NEW 


[     631     ] 


NEW 


Kew-Eng-  was  killed.  Quebec  furrenjered,  and  the  whole  province 

land.       \^^5  foon  annexed  to  the  Britilh  empire. 
^^^^^"^      In  1762,  Maiiinico,  Grenada,  St  Vincents,  and  Ha- 
vanna  fubmiucd:    Eu^lilh   valour  was    triumphant  in 
every  quarter  of  the  globe;  peace  lollowed. 
Com-  It  was  now  thouglil  a  proper  time  to  tax  America, 

jnencement  The  ftanip  a^l  which  palfed  in  1765,  roufed  New  Eng- 
ofthe  land.     Every  mean  was  uled  to  inform  the  mind,  and 

American  ^j^^jj^  ^Y^^  palTions.  Mairachuletts  made  the  propolal, 
tion°  "'  '"^"^  ^  congrels  alFembled.  In  Connefticut  the  people 
„  met ;  the  ftamp  malter  rcfigned.  The  firft  of  Novem- 
''  "  ber,  when  the  llamp  acl  was  to  operate  in  Bollon,  the 
bells  tolled,  (hops  were  fliut,  effigies  of  the  royalilts 
■were  carried  about  in  derifion,  and  torn  to  pieces.  There 
was  no  violence  to  any  per  Ion,  no  diforder.  At  Portf- 
mouth  the  bells  tolled  ;  a  colHn  was  prepared  ;  on  the 
lid  was  infcribed,  "  Liberty,  aged  145  ;"  a  procedlon 
moved  with  unbraced  dtums;  minute  guns  were  fired; 
an  oration  was  delivered  at  the  grave.  At  the  clofe,  the 
coffin  was  taken  up,  figns  ot  lile  appeared  in  the  corpfe  ; 
"  Liberty  revived,"  was  fubllituced;  the  bells  Itruck  a 
cheerful  key;  joy  Ipaikled  in  every  countenance.  All 
was  decency  and  order.  At  Rhod^  Illind  the  day  palf- 
ed in  a  fimilar  manner.  In  March  1 766,  the  obnoxious 
act  was  repealed;  Ihips  in  the  Tijames  difplayed  their 
colours ;  houfes  ware  illuminated  through  the  city  of 
London;  the  colonies  rejoiced  ui  their  deliverance. 

The  limits  of  this  article,  prevent  a  detail  ot  the  va- 
rious events,  wiii^h  produced  the  revolutionary  war, 
and  the  independence  ot  the  United  States.  We  only 
obfsrve  that  new  duties  on  various  articles,  the  fending 
of  troops  to  Boftv  n  ;  the  firing  ot  the  guard,  after  they 
had  been  highly  provoked,  which  was  called  a  malfacre ; 
the  (hutting  up  of  the  port  ot  Bollon,  &c.  again  tired 
llie  indignation  of  the  country.  Votes  of  legillatures, 
committees  of  correfpondcuce,  liberty  poles  in  towns  and 
villages,  difplayed  tlie  lefolute  zeal  of  the  people  to  de- 
fend their  rights. 

In  thenlght  of  April  iSth,  1775,  Gen.  Gage  fent  800 
troops  to  dellroy  the  llw-es  at  Concord.  At  eleven 
o'clock  they  embarked  at  Bollon  common,  and  landed 
at  Phip's  farm  with  all  polfible  llillncfs.  But  fo  watch- 
ful were  the  people  ;  fo  alive  to  every  motion  of  the  Bri- 
tilh  troops,  that  nothing  could  be  obtained  by  ftratagem. 
News  was  inllantly  carried  to  Concord,  and  the  coun- 
Battle  at  try  was  alarmed.  By  two  in  the  morning,  130  of  the 
tciington.  Lexington  militia  had  alfemblcd  to  oppole  them.  Be- 
tween 4  and  5  o'clock,  the  enemy  appeared.  Major 
Pitcaitn,  rjde  up,  ordered  the  militia  to  difperfe,  fired 
his  piftol  and  ordered  hi-,  men  to  fire.  Some  were  kill- 
ed, feveral  returned  the  tiie;  but  the  BiitilU  proceeded 
to  Concord,  and  executed  their  cominillioii.  There  they 
fired  upon  major  Butterick;  he  returned  the  fire,  and 
the  Britilh  loon  began  their  retreat  to  Boflon.  The 
Americans  clofely  followed,  firing  trorn  fences  and 
walls.  At  Lexington,  Lord  Petcy  met  tlicm  with  900 
men.  Thefe  having  two  pieces  ot  cannon,  kept  their 
purfuers  a  gi  cater  dillance.  Before  dark  they  reached 
Bunker-Hill,  having  travelled  that  day  between  30  and 
40  miles.  The  next  day  they  re.urncd  to  Bollon. 
Sixty-rive  of  th^-ir  niiinbci  had  been  killed,  180  wound- 
ed, zS  taken  prifoners.  'i'lie  Amerxans  had  50  killed, 
38  wriunded,  and  miiTing.  The  provincial  congrcfa  then 
lilting,  voted  an  anny  ot  30,000  men;  13,600  to  be 
from  their  owa  £);oviate.     They  IJait  to  tht  oiher  Ne.w 


^ar  com- 

BicBced. 


An  army 
WiTcd. 


England  colonies,  an  army  of  20,000  men  inftantly  in-  New-Eny- 
vcded  Bollon,  under  the  command  of  general  Ward.  '""''• 
Soon  were  thefejoined  by  a  large  body  from  Connefli- 
cut,  under  Gcneial  Putnam,  wh'jfe  name  was  then  a 
holl.  The  continental  congrel's  refolved  then  to  organ- 
ize an  army,  and  recommend  a  general  Lid.  The 
clergy,  in  their  fermons  and  prayers  confecrated  the 
caule,  and  kept  alive  the  ardour  of  the  people.  Colonel 
Arnold  lent  from  Conneiflicut,  being  joined  by  colonel 
Allen,  May  10th,  took  Ticonderoga,  and  Crown  Point, 
with  all  their  military  (lores. 

On  the  i.ight  of  June  16,  17-5,  general  Putnam  vrith  Bunker  hill 
a  thoufatid  men,  took  polfellion  of  Breed's  Hill  (erro-  battle, 
neoufly  called  Bunker's.)  They  laboured  with  fuch  di- 
ligence and  ardour,  that  by  the  dawn  of  light,  they  had 
thrown  up  a  redoubt,  of  8  rodi  fquare.  As  foon  as  the 
Bririlh  (hips  difcovered  them  in  the  morning  they  began 
a  heavy  fire,  which  was  fupported  by  a  fort  on  Cop's 
hill  in  Bollon.  An  incelfant  llorra  of  balls  and  bombs, 
was  poured  on  this  handful  of  farmers,  the  greater 
part  of  whom  had  probably  never  heard  the  roar  of  ar- 
tillery before.  Dil'gently  they  continued  their  work, 
and  had  almoll  completed  a  breallwork  to  the  water 
ealf  kvard;  when  the  firing  became  intolerable.  They 
had  been  laborious  through  the  night ;  they  had  not 
been  relieved,  nor  fupplied  with  refrelhment.  In  this 
exhauded  fituation,  they  were  deftined  to  meet  the  fury 
of  Britilh  valor.  A  little  after  noon  boats  and  barges 
filled  with  3,000  veterans,  the  flower  of  the  royal  army, 
landed  in  Charlelfown.  Generals  Howe,  and  Pigot, 
commanded.  Bourgoyne  and  Clinton  flood  watchful 
on  Cop's  hill.  Britilh  troops  and  citizens  of  Boflon, 
crowded  their  roofs  and  lleeples  to  witnefs  the  dubious 
conflicl.  The  American  army  and  the  country  people, 
thronged  the  furrounding  hills.  The  fleet,  as  well  as 
the  camps  gazed  at  the  opening  fccne.  The  king's 
troops  deliberately  advanced,  that  their  artillery  might 
dcmolilh  the  new  railed  works.  Charlellown  was  now 
fet  on  fire,  by  order  of  the  Britilh  commander,  and  im- 
mediately 400  houfes  were  in  a  blaze.  The  lofty  (leeple 
of  the  meeting  houfe,  formed  a  pyramid  of  flame,  mag- 
nificent and  awful,  in  view  of  many  thoufand  anxiou.i 
fpeiflators.  The  tlow  approach  of  the  enemy,  gave  time 
to  alTume  greater  prelence  of  mind.  In  this  crifis  Put- 
nam made  an  harangue.  He  reminded  them  "  that 
they  were  all  markfnien;  and  could  bring  a  fquirrel 
from  the  highell  tree."  He  charged  tliem  "  to  be  cool 
and  referve  their  fire  till  the  enemy  were  near;  till  they 
could  fee  the  white  of  their  eyes."  lliey  obeyed.  At 
the  dillance  of  ten  rods,  they  began  a  furious  difchargc 
of  fraall  arms.  The  Britilh,  whole  ranks  were  thinned, 
retre.ited  with  precipitation.  A:;ain  Putnam  addrclFcd 
his  men.  He  told  them  "  they  had  done  well,  and  .S;r  note  ia 
would  do  much  better,  and  direifled  them  to  aim  at  the  ^'•"'-  ^'r 
oflicers."  The  Britilh  returned.  The  ri:e  was  terrible.  P"'"' '=•'""■- 
„..    •       a-  1    ■       J    «i  •    •     J  •    1  .  1     .   1  •     "lo"  on  the 

Ineir  officers  exclaimed,  ♦'  it  is  downright  butchery  to  j^.^^,,  ^j 

lead  the  men  ag.iinll  the  lines."      In  tilling  the  llory,  .rentral 
"  My  God,"  laid  PiUi.am,  "  I  never  law  fuch  carnage  W.:lhing- 
of  the  human  race."    At  the  next  .ilfault,  the  enemy  re-  ton. 
ceiving  new  llrength  by  the  atrivsl  of  general  ClinUn; 
the  cannonade  from  the  Ihips,   the  batteries  of  B   (hin, 
and  the  field  artillery  iiicrcafng  its  liiry,  ;Kjd  the  pow- 
der of  the  Americans  failii.g,  a   retreat  was  ordered. 
Fifteen  hundred  Americans  wore  engaged  ;  lcver,t>-ft- 
v:a  were  killed,  araor^jj  whum  was  the  brave  general 

VVatien* 


NEW 


[    632     ] 


NEW 


FMmouth 
burnt- 


Bo  ft  on  cva- 
cuutcd. 


New-Eng-  Warren,  a  volunteer  in  the  aiftion  ;  278  were  wounded    ftruflion  he  burned  part  of  Greens  Farms,  and  tlie  plea-  Ncw-Eng- 
'^0(1.       and  milling.     The  Britilli  loll  one  thoufand  and  fifty-    fant  town  i  f  Norw;dk.  '""J^,^ 

'"-^^"'^^^  Cp„r  killed;  of  whom  19  were  commillioned  oflicers. —         On  the  4th  of  May  i  780,  the  American  Academy  of  American 
A  greater  number  than  they  loft  at  the  battle  of  Quebec,    Arts  and  Sciences,  now  one  of  the  mod  refpeaable  li-  Academy 
which  gave  them  the  province  of  Canada;  a  pi  oof  that    terary  focieties  in  America,  was  incorporated  by  the  ge-  iucorpo- 
Putiiam's  orders  were  not  difregarded.  neral  court  of  Maliachufetts.  rated. 

The  people  of  Frtlmoulh,  now  Portland,  violently  Early  in  tlie  morning  of  September  6ih,  1781,  gene-  NewLon- 
oppofing  the  loading  of  a  maft  Ihip,  captain  Mowat  re-  ral  Arnold  landed  a  detachment  of  troops  on  Groton  don  burnt. 
ccived  orders  to  burn  the  town.  Piivateers  at  this  time  Point,  and  proceeded  up  to  New  London  with  hib  fleet. 
were  fuccefsful.  Capiain  M.uiley  brought  in  a  vedel  He  fet  tire  to  the  town,  and  immediately  60  houfes  and 
loaded  with  military  llores,  valued  at  ;^50,coo.  This  84  (lores  were  deftruyed,  without  oppofuion.  But  the 
fummer  a  detachment  was  fent  from  Cambridge  to  party  at  Groton  found  more  bloody  work.  The  men 
Expedition  Q,j£j,gc^  under  the  command  of -colonel  Arnold  ;  ihey  in  Fort  Grifwold,  who  had  haftened  there  in  the  morn- 
to  Canada.  y,j.gj,jgj  (jj^  j.^jpnebec,  and  had  a  difmal  march  thence  ing,  fiomthe  neighbourhood,  defended  thenifelves  to 
into  Canada.  Many  of  the  men  became  fickly  ;  one  the  laft  extremity.  The  Britilh  finally  er.tered  the  fort, 
third  were  difcouraged  and  returned;  ihofe  who  bravely  fword  in  hand,  and  killed  every  man  they  found.  Col. 
perfevercd  were  compelled  to  eat  their  dogs,  their  LeJyard  religning  his  fword,  the  officer  plunged  it  in- 
Ihoes,  and  even  their  cartouch  boxes.  In  thirty  one  days  to  his  heart.  One  man  cfcaped  by  concealing  hlmfelf 
tliey  anain  found  inhabitants.  They  joined  general  in  the  magazine,  another  by  climbing  up  a  chimney  in 
Montgomery,  and  with  him  fcaled  the  walls  of  C^iebec.  the  barrack ;  one  or  two,  who  fell  wounded  among  the 
Ameiican  valor  was  unfuccefsful.  The  brave  Mont-  fiain  ;  recovered.  Awful  was  this  day  to  Groton. 
gomcry  fell ;  Arnold  was  wounded  ;  one  hundred  men  The  compad  part  of  the  town  was  in  alhes ;  feventy  of 
were  killed  or  wounded,  three  hundred  taken  prifoners.  her  valuable  citizens,  who  in  the  morning  ruflied  to 
Tliefe  general  Carlton  treated  with  the  moft  delicate  arms,  lay  dead  in  the  fort  ;  they  were  conveyed  to  iheir 
humanity,  as  he  always  did  liis  prifoners.  families  for  interment.    Peace  between   the  belligerent 

On  tlie  night  of  March  4th,  1776,  works  were  raifed  powers,  put  an  end  to  thefe  bloody  fcenes  in  1783. 
on  tlie  hills  of  Doichefter,  twelve  hundred  men  were  In  1784,  New  Hampdiire  eflablilhed  a  conflitution  of 
employed,  and  two  hundred  teams.  So  prodigious  were  civil  government,  as  Malfachufetts  had  done  in  1780. 
tlieir  labours  that  in  the  morning,  the  whole  feemed  to  Conneflicut,  and  Rhode  Ifland,  continued  their  ancient 
the  Britilh  "  like  enchantment  and  invifible  agency."  conftitutions,  and  experienced  no  fenfible  change  by  the 
General  Howe  was  feized  with  confternation.  In  vail  revolution, 
confufion  and  hurry  Bofton  was  evacuated.  Owing  to  their  embarrafTed  circumftances,  from  the  Infurrcc- 

In    1777,   aftonilhment   and  terror  fpread   through    decay  of  trade,  the  lofs  of  public  credit,  the  weight  of 'ion  i" 
New  England  by  the  flight  of  St  Clair  from  Ticonde-    public  and  private  debts,  in  the  fall  of  1786,  the  three  MafTachu* 
roga.     The  rear  of  his  army  was  attacked  at  Rubber-    eaftern  counties  of  Maflachufeits  obftrufted  the  judicial 
ton,  a  few  miles  from  Lake  George.     The  brave  col.    courts  ;  but  were  foon  brought  to  fubmiffion,  and  are 
Francis  of  Beverly  fell,   with   a  number  of  his  men.    now  very  generally  among  the  zealous  friends  of  good 
General  St  Clair  was  at  Callktun  within  hearing  of  the    government. 

mufquetry,  but  though  his  clhcers  entreated  with  tears.         The  next  year  the  federal  conftitution  was  formed.  Federal 
that  they  might  return  to  fuccour  their  brethren,  he    and  afterwards  adopted  by  all   the  dates  of  New  Eng-  conilitu- 
foibade  them.   General  Stark  turned  the  alarming  tide    land  ;  who  with  the  other  parts  of  the  union,  have  li-  t«on> 
of  affairs  by  his  gallant  aflion  at  Bennington.   He  rout-    berally  fhared  the  bleffings  of  that  event,  in  the  revival 
ed  colonel  Baum,  and  killed  or  wounded  a  great  part    of  commerce,  and  public  credit,  the  increafe  of  wealth, 
of  his  detachment.    This  kindled  new  courage  through    the  promotion  of  the  liberal  arts,  and  all  that  exalts  or 
the  Eaftern  States.    It  was  the  firft  Hep  to  the  capture    adorns  civil  fociety;  long  may  tliefe  enterprifing  States 
of  Bourgoyne,  which  procured  us  fuccour  in  Europe,     remain  folid   pillars    in  the   federal   edifice  ;    and  long 
and   infured  the  independence  of  the  country.     This    maintain  the  pure  morals,  the  ferious  religion  and  wife 
year  Vermont  declared  itfelt  a  fovereign  ftate.  inflitutions  of  their  pious  forefathers. 

Five  hundred  Britilh  and  Heffian  troops  burned  the         New-England  is  a  country  which  prefents  to  the  tra- 
unfucccf?-    meeting  houfe  in  Warren   (Rhodelfland,)   the  church    veller  all  the  varieties  of  furf^ce  which  can  be  found, 
ful  exi'cdl-   jn  Brillol,  and  a  number  of  houfes  in  each  town  in  177S.    There  is  a  plain  of  great  extent  in  the  foutheallern  part 
J;""  ^S^'""  Newport  was  foon  threatened  by  land  and  fea.    General    of   Malfachufetts.     Extenfive   plains    are    alfo    fpread 
in'j'        Sullivan  palTed  to  the  ifland  with   ten  thoufand  tioops    through  a  confiderable  part  of  the  couniies  of  York  and 
in  high  fpirlts,  and  nothing  forbid  the  conquell  of  the    Cumberland,    and   along   the  Merrimack  through  the 
Britilh,  who  took  polffllon  of  this  ifland  in  1776,  but  a    interior  of  New  Hainplhire.     Many  others  not  incon- 
failure  of  aid  from  the  French  fleet.     This  brought  on    fiderable  exift  in  other  places.     Vallies  of  every   frze, 
them  many  execrations  in  New  England.    General  Pi-    from   the   great   Conne<5licut  valley   to  the    little    ba- 
got,  the  Britilh  commander,  had  fo  placed  himfelf,  that    fon,   conftitute  of  courfe  nr>  inconlrderable  part  of  a 
a  fleet  was  necelTary  to  attack  them  with   hope  of  fuc-    country  which   is  fo  generally  undulating,  and  whofe 
cefs.     After  an  a<5iion,  fupported  with  fpirit,  Sullivan    hills  are  a  proverbial  defcription  of  its  furface.     Con- 
left  the  illand  wiih  the  lols  of  2  or  300  men.  neflicut  valley  extends  from  Saybrr>ok  to  the  Canada 
Tryon's           In  the  fummer  of  1779,  governor  Tryon  landed  at    line,  and  is  not  far  from  three  hundred  miles  in  length, 
expedition   New-Haven  and    plundered  the  town,  proceeding  by     Its   breadth  variei^  from  half  a  mile  to   twenty  miles, 
water  burned  Fairfield  ;  continuing  the  work  of  de-    and  is  charmingly  diverfified  by  the  intrufion  of  nume- 
rous 


of  affairs 
in  the 
north. 


Sullivan': 


into  Con- 
Dciticut. 


NEW 


C     633     ] 


NEW 


New-Eiig-  rous  fpurs  from  the  two  great  ranges  of  mountains 
■j^i^  which  form  its  eaftern  and  weftern  boundaries. 

The  mountains  in  New-England  are  either  long  ran- 
ges or  feparate  eminences.  The  wefternmoft  range  be- 
gins in  the  county  of  Fairfield,  and,  paffing  through  the 
counties  of  Litchfield  and  Berklhire,  may  be  faid  to 
unite  with  the  Green  Mountains  at  Williamftown,  in 
the  nonhweft  corner  cf  Maffdchufetts ;  being  there  fe- 
parated  only  by  the  narrow  valley  of  Hoofac  river. 
The  highell  p.irt  of  this  range  is  Toghkonnuck  moun- 
tain in  Egrcmont,  the  fouihwertern  corner  of  the  fame 
ftate.  Over  this  mountain,  which  is  probably  elevated 
more  than  3000  feet  above  the  ocean,  runs  the  boun- 
dary between  Malfachufettf,  Connefllcut,  and  New 
York.  This  range,  hitherto  known  by  no  appropriate 
name,  may  with  propriety  be  called  Toghkonnucl  Range. 

The  fecond  range  is  that  ot  the  Grcfn  JlTouniiiins. 
The  eaftern  front  of  tliis  range  begins  at  New  Haven, 
in  a  noble  bliiif  called  Weft  Rock,  and  extends  thence, 
to  the  Canadi  line  ;  (loping  however  with  a  very  gra- 
dual declenfion,  in  the  northern  parts  of  Vermont ;  and 
in  Canada  becoming  merely  a  colleiflion  of  fmall  hills. 
The  two  highell  fummiis  of  this  range  are  the 
Camel's  Rump,  {{o  called  from  its  flrong  relemblance 
to  the  back  of  that  animal)  and  the  mountain  of  Manf- 
field,  both  in  Vermont,  in  the  county  of  Chittenden  : 
Thefe  are  very  lofty,  feveral  ihoufand  feet  above  the 
ocean.  The  third  range  begins  alfo  at  New  Haven  in 
another  very  delrghtful  eminence,  called  the  Eall- 
Rock  ;  and,  palTnig  through  the  counties  of  Nevi*  Haven, 
Hartford,  and  Hampdiire,  extends  into  Canada, 
through  the  whole  length  of  the  If  ite  of  New  H.tmp- 
Ihire.  The  Blue  Hills  in  Southington,  M  aint  Tom, 
Mount  Holyoke,  in  the  vicinity  of  Northampton  and 
Hadley,  and  Mount  Toby,  in  Sunderland,  are  the  prin- 
cipal fummits  of  this  range  foutli  of  New  Hamplhire. 
This  range  although  lefs  lofty  than  the  higheft  parts  of 
the  two  former,  is  yet  more  precipitous  and  romantic 
than  either.  It  crolTes  C^uneifticut  river  jull  below 
Northampton  and  Hadley  in  Malfachufetts.  No  mnun- 
tains  in  New  England  prefent,  from  their  fummits,  fo 
delightful  views  as  are  furnillied  by  various  eminences 
of  this  rani^e.  This  may  be  advantageoully  termed 
Tif  ran^e  of  Mount  Tom,  which  is  the  piincipal  emi- 
nence. 

The  fouth  or  eaftern  range  !s  lefs  diftinftly  marked  ; 
it  begins  at  Lyme,  in  Connefl'cut,  and  forms  the  eaft- 
ern boundary  of  the  C  nneiflicut  valley,  until  it  unites 
With  the  l.irt  mentioned  range  in  the  c(>unty  of  Hamp- 
lhire.     It  has  no  very  remarkable  eminences. 

or  fingle  m  .untains,  the  higlieft,  in  Miirichnfftts, 
is  Saddle  mountain,  in  the  towns  of  Adams  and  VVil- 
liamftown,  fo  called  from  its  ftriking  refcmblance  to 
that  piece  of  furniture.  This  mountain  is  computed 
to  be  little  lef'>  than  4000  feet  above  the  furf  ice  of  the 
ocean.  Its  f'Uthern  point  is  the  highcft  land  in  M  ili'a- 
chufctts.  VVatchufett  is  a  lofty  hill  in  Princctun,  in  the 
county  of  Worcefter.  Afcliutney  is  a  noble  fingle  hill  in 
Windi'or,  in  the  ftate  of  Vermont.  M'uradnock  is  a 
very  1'  fy  c>  nical  monn'a  n  in  Jalfrey,  New  Hamplhire. 
The  White  Mountains  in  New  H  irnpftiire  are  a  round 
clump  with  nunierous  lummits,  of  which  Mount  IVaJh 
ington,  is  lar  tiic  higheft  ;  being  probably  between  ten 
and  eleven  thotifind  feet  above  the  fiirface  of  the 
ocean  ;  and  much  the  higheft  laiid  in  the  United  States. 

StjppL.  Vol.  II. 


Nothing  can  be  more  majeftic  than  the  appearance  of  N 
this  mountain  ;  it  is  covered  a  great  part  of  the  year, 
with  (how,  and  in  this  fta'e  is  feen  ninety  miles  at  fea, 
in  fair  weather,  and  one  hundred  and  fixty  from  its 
bale.  The  mountains  called  M  jofehillock,  or  Moolhee- 
lock  and  Olllj^ce,  are  iKort  ranges  in  New  Hampftiire, 
of  very  conliderable  height,  and  very  refpectable  ap- 
pearance ;  as  are  thofe  calleil  PonJicherry,  (vulgarly 
Cherry)  a  lofty  range  of  the  White  Mountains,  on  the 
northweft  ;  thnngh  thefe  laft  may  be  confidered  as  a 
continuation  of  the  range  of  Mount  Tom. 

New  England  abounds  in  catarafts  and  cafcadcs, 
alternately  of  great  beauty  and  grandeur  •,  of  the  firll 
of  thefe,  the  Conneclicut,  Houfatonlc,  or  Hooeftonnuc, 
Onion,  Saco,  Kennebec,  and  Penobfcot  furnifh  a  great 
number,  as  do  alio  feveral  fmaller  rivers.  The  cafcades 
of  the  White  Mountains  are  perhaps  unrivalled  in  their 
romantic  beauty. 

Pieclpices  of  great  wlldnefs  and  grandeur,  are  pre. 
fented  by  very  many  of  thefe  mountains.  The  fouth. 
wellern  fiJe  of  the  fummit  of  Mount  Wafliington,  par- 
ticularly, which  is  a  perpendicular  defcent  of  vaft  ex- 
tent, and  is  ("uperlatively  majeftic  and  awful.  Of  fofter 
or  more  elegant  fcenery,  tew  countries  furnilh  ia  many 
or  fo  exquilite  varieties  as  New  England.  The  fine  in- 
tervals which  border  its  numerous  dreams,  particularly 
the  noble  ones  on  the  Conneflicut,  are  among  the  mofl 
(inifhed  beauties  of  the  landfcape.  To  complete  the 
pidture,  the  native  and  univerfal  verdure  which  clothes 
the  lean  and  dry,  as  well  as  the  rich  and  molft  part, 
gives  an  unrivalled  cheerlulnefs  to  the  whole  country. 

New  England  has  a  very  healthful  climate,  as  is 
evinced  by  the  longevity  of  the  inhabitants.  It  is  efti- 
mated  that  about  one  in  feven  of  th»inhabltants  live  to 
the  age  of  70  years ;  and  about  one  in  thirteen  or  four- 
teen to  80  years  and  upwards. 

North-weft,  weft,  and  fouth-weft  winds  are  the  mofl 
prevalent.  Eaft  and  northeaft  winds,  which  are  une- 
Inftic  and  difagreeal'le,  are  frequent  at  certain  feafons  ot 
the  year  particularly  in  April  and  May,  on  thefea-coafts. 
The  weather  is  lefs  variable  than  in  the  middle  and 
efpecially  the  fouthern  ftates,  and  more  fo  than  in  Ca- 
nada. The  extremes  o(  heat  and  cold,  according  to 
Farenheit's  thermon:eter  are  frrm  20°  below  to  loo^ 
above  o.  The  medium  is  from  48""  to  50".  The  in- 
habitants of  New  England,  on  account  of  the  dr)  nefs 
of  their  atmofphcic,  can  endure  without  inconvenience, 
a  greater  degr:c  of  heat  thin  the  inh.ibitants  I'f  a  moift- 
er  climate.  It  is  Aippofed  by  fmie  philof  phtrs,  that 
the  dilference  of  moilture  in  the  atmnfphcre  in  Pcnnfyl- 
v,<nia  and  New  England  \s  fuch  as  that  a  pcrfon  miglit 
bear  at  le.ill  ten  degices  of  heat  more  in  the  latter  than 
in  the  lormer. 

The  quantity  of  water  which  annually  fills  in  Eng- 
land is  computed  at  24  inches  ;  in  Neiv-Eiigl.ind,  from 
42  to  48  ;  and  yet  in  the  latter  they  fulTer  more  from 
drought  than  in  the  forrr.cr.  Thefe  ficis  evince  the 
remarkable  dryncfs  of  the  atmofphcre,  in  this  eaftera 
divilion  of  the  United  States,  and  in  part  account  for 
its  fingular  healthfulnelV.  Winter  commonly  com- 
mence .  in  its  level  ity,  about  the  middle  o(  December  ; 
f  metlmes  earlier,  and  f  .metimes  not  till  Chrillmas. 
Cattle  are  fed  or  h.ufcd,  in  the  northern  part-  of  New- 
Ergl  in!,  from  about  the  70'h  •  f  N'  vember  to  the  20th 
of  May  J  iu  the  louihtrn  part  not  quite:fo  long.  Thero 
4  L  baT« 


ew-Eny 

land. 


NEW  C     634    ]  NEW 

New-En»-  have  been  frofts  in  every  month  in  the  year,  though    where,  and  therefore,  as  far  asexcefs  or  want  of  wealth  New-Eng- 
land,      not  in  the  lame  year;  but  not  very  injurious.  may  prove  dcllruifilve  or  falutary  to  life,  the  inhabitants       '^"'1. 
^'^'"'^"^^       The  difeafes  moll  prevalent  in  New-England  are  the    of  this   Hate  may   plead  exempiicn   from  difeafes."- 


following,  viz. 
Alvine  fluxes 
St.  Antiiony's  Fire 
Afthnia 
Atrt  phy 
Catarih 
Colic 


ind  i 


Fevers. 


Inflammatory 

Slow  nervous,  a 

Mixed 

Pulinonary  Confumption 

Q^alnfy 

Rhcumatifm. 
Of  thefe  diforders,  the   pulmonary  confumption  is 
much  the  mod  dellruiflive,  and  i';  commonly  the  effeet 
of  imprudent  expifures  to  cold  and  rainy  weather,  and 


What  this  writer  fays  of  Conne(fticut  in  particular, 
will,  with  very  few  exceptions,  apply  to  New-England 
at  large. 

The  foil  of  New-England  is  diverfified  by  every 
variety,  from  a  lean  and  barren  fand,  to  the  riehell 
clays  and  loam«.  Tlie  firll  great  divifion  of  foil  is  a 
brown  loam  every  where  mixed  with  gravel.  With 
tliis  the  hills,  which  conllitute  a  great  proportion  of  the 
whole  furface,  are  univerfally  covered.  This  foil  is 
always  favourable  to  the  produsTion  ot   grals,  and  in 


the  night  air  with  the  fame  quantity  of  clot!;ing,  and  the  weftern  parts  of  the  country  (when  not  too  moid) 

the   wearing   of  damp  linen;    and  among  the  lowefl  of  wheat  and  all  other  kinds  of  grain,  and  of  every 

order  of  people,  from  the  intemperate  ufe  of  ftrong  kind  of  fruit  fuited  to  the  climate.     Maize,  or  Indian 

liquors,  efpecially  of  frelh  dillilled  rum,  which,  in  too  corn,  grows  well,  even  on  the  wet  grounds,  where  this 

miny  inftances,  proves  the  bane  of  morals,  and  the  ruin  foil  cxills. 


of  fam.ilie 

The  fmall  pox,  which  is  a  fpccihc,  infe(flious  dif- 
eafe,  is  not  allowed  at  prcfent  to  be  communicated 
by  inoculation,  except  in  hofpiials  crefled  for  the  pur- 
pofe,  in  bye  places,  and  in  cafes  where  there  is  a  proba- 
bility of  a  general  fpread  of  the  inle(flion  in  a  town. 
Nor  is  this  difeafe  permitted  to  be  communicated  gene 


Soil. 


Clayey  foils  are  more  rarely  found,  and  are  alio  very 
produiflive,  efpecially  when  manured.  A  rich  loam, 
varying  towards  clay,  begins  at  Guilford  and  Bran- 
ford  in  Couneclicut,  and  fpreads  through  the  whole 
breadth  of  that  ftate,  terminating  in  Well  Springfield. 
The  fame  foil  prevails  alfo  in  Salifbury  and  Sharon, 
and  covers  ab  lut  one  quarter  of  the  weftern  halt  of 
rally  by  inoculation,  in  any  <  f  the  United  States,  Conneflicut.  This  foil,  wherever  it  exifts,  is  favour- 
except  New- York,  New-Jerfey,  Fennfylvania,  Delaware  able  to  every  kind  of  culiivation,  and  is  furpalFed  in 
and  South  Carolina.  goodnefs  by  no  land  in  this  country. 

In  populous  towns,  the  prevalent  difeafes  are  more  Sand  prevails  very  commonly  on  the  plains,  and 
numerous  and  complicated,  owing  to  want  of  frefh  air  abounds  in  the  fouth  eaRern  part  of  MalTachufetts,  in 
andexercife,  and  to  luxurious  and  fafhionable  living.  the  old  colony  of  Plymouth.  •  The  yellow  pine  plains 
In  thefe  northern  latitude';,  the  prevalent  diforders  are  commonly  a  mixture  of  fand  and  gravel ;  are  light 
among  the  males  of  the  winter  months  are /n/?<i.7!ma/or)'.  and  warm,  and  friendly  to  every  produflion  which 
Both  men  and  w^imen  fulTcr  from  not  adopting  a  does  not  demand  a  richer  foil.  The  white  pine  plains 
■warmer  method  of  clothing.  are  ufually  covered  with  loam,  as  are  fome  of  the  yel- 

On  I.,ake  Champlain,  and  fome  other  waters,  and  low  pine  plains,  and  are  not  unfrequently  fertile.  The 
•where  running  dreams  have  been  converted  into  nearly  vallies,  almoll  without  exception,  are  a  rich  mould, 
llagnant  ponds,  intermittents  frequently  prevail.  But  and  friendly  to  every  growth  of  the  climate, 
this  difeafe  is  feldom  known  within  30  or  40  miles  of  The  intervals,  which  border  the  various  ftreams,  are 
the  fea  coall.  In  fome  of  the  elevated  parts  of  Ver-  ufually  lands  lormed  by  earth  depofited  by  the  floods 
rnont,  and  in  a  few  places  in  the  weftern  parts  ot  New-  (or,  as  they  are  called,  fre(hets)  in  the  fprmg,  and  are 
Hamplhire,  children,  women,  and  fome  men  of  deli-  of  the  richeft  quality.  Marlhes,  except  of  trifling  ex- 
cate  conllitution',  are  atFeded  with  fwellings  on  the  tent,  are  rare.  The  mod  confiderable  are  around  New- 
throat.  This  efFeft  i?  afcribed  to  their  drinking  brook  Haven,  and  along  the  eadern  coaft  of  Maflachufetts 
and  river  water.     Bodon,  Providence,  Newbur)  port,    and  New-Hamplliire. 

and  a  few  other  places  on  the  fea  coad,  and  in  the  in-        The  principal  rivers  of  New-England  are  the  Scho-     River*, 
terior  country,  have  been  villted  with  the  yellow  fever,    due,  Penobfcot,  Kennebec,  Amarilcoggin,  Saco,  Pifca- 
A  late  writer  (a)  has  obferved,  that  "  in  other  coun-    taqua,  Merrimack,  Parkers,  Charles,  'I'aunton,  Provi- 
tries,  men  are  divided  according  to  their  wealth  or  iiidi-    dence,  Thames,  Conneiticut,   Hooeftonnuc,  or  Strat- 
gence,  into  three  cl.ilfes  ;    the  opulent,   the  middling,    ford,  Onion,  La  Moille,  and   Miflllcoui.      Penobfcot, 
and  the  poor;  the  idleness,  luxuries  and  debaucheries     Kennebec,  Menimac  and  Conneflicut  are  the  larged. 
of  the  fird,  and  the  mnery  and   too  frequent  intempe-         Innumerable  fmaller   rivers  divide    the   ctuintry    in 
ranee  of  the  lad,  dedroy  the  greater  proportion  of  thefe    every  direfli'>n,  enrich  the  foil,  adorn  the  landfcape, 
two.     The  intermediate  clals  is  below  thole  indulgen-    and  turnilh  mdl  feats  to  almoft  every  village.     Wind- 
cies  which  prove  fatal  to  the  rich,  and  above  thofe  fuf-    mills  are  erefted   in  very  tew  places.     Tlie  principal 
ferings  to  wliich  the  untnrtunale  poor  tall  viiflims :   this    rivers  will  be  defcribed  under  their  proper  headi. 
is  therefore  the  happied  divifinn  of  the  three.     Of  the        The  principal  lakes  are  Cliampl.iine  and  Memphre-  Late,, 
rich  and  poor,  the  American  Republic  turnillies  a  much    magog,  lying  partly  in  Vermont   and   partly   in  New-  Ponds  and 
fmaller  proportion  than  any  other  didriifl  of  the  known    York  ;   Winuipil'eogee  and  Umbagog,  in  New-Hamp-  Harbours. 
woild.      In  Connecticut   pai  ticularly,  the   didributiiiU    fhire  ;     Sebago,    Mjofehead,     Willeguenguagun,    and 
of  wealth  and  its  concomitants  is  more  equal  than  elfe-    Chilmacook  or  Grand  Lake,  in  Maine.     Small  lakes, 

commonly 


(a)  Dr  Foolke,  in  a  difcourfe  read  before  the  American  Philofophical  Society. 


NEW 


[    635    ] 


N     E     W 


Kew-Eng 
hnd. 


ProJuc- 


•  commonly  called  ponds,  of  every  fize,  are  fcattered 
throughout  the  country.  Springs  and  fmall  brooks 
water  alnioll  every  farm. 

Harbours  abound  in  Maine  and  MafTachufett!.  The 
moil  ufeful  ones  at  prefent,  are  thofe  ot  M.ichias, 
Fienchnian's  Bay,  Wil'calfa,  Portland,  and  Wells,  in 
Maine  ;  Pii'cataqua,  in  New-Hamplliire  ;  Ncvvburyport, 
Salem,  Mai  bleheaii,  B'  (Ion,  Province  Town,  and  New 
Bedford,  in  Maifachufelts  proper;  Newport,  Briftol, 
and  Providence,  in  Rhode-llland  ;  and  New  London, 
New-Haven,  and  Black  Rock  in  Fairfield,  in  Connedi- 
cut.  Burlington  Bay  is  the  mjll  cuniiderable  harbour 
in  Lake  Cliamplaine,  on  the  Vermont  Ihore. 

The  produce  of  the  fields  in  New-Engl.ind  is  of 
every  kind  luited  to  the  climate.  In  the  wellern  half, 
and  in  various  parts  cf  the  eallern,  wheat,  before  the 
ravages  of  the  Htlllan  fly,  grew  abundantly  ;  but  that 
infed  has  not  a  little  difcouraged  the  culture  cf  this 
grain.  Indian  corn  is  a  moll  abundant  and  ufelul 
grain,  furnidiing  a  very  healthful  and  pleafing  food  to 
the  inhabitants,  and  yielding  alfo  the  bell  means  of 
fittening  their  numerous  herds  of  cattle  and  fwine. 
'I'he  kind,  frequently  called  fweet-corn,  is  perhaps 
the  moll  delicious  of  all  culinary  vegetables,  if  eaten 
young,  and  one  of  the  mod  falubri<ius.  The  juice  of 
the  corn-llalk  yields  a  rich  molafTes,  and  a  fpirit  not 
inferior  to  that  of  the  fugar  cane.  No  cultivated  ve- 
geta!)le  makes  fo  noble  an  appearance  in  the  field. — 
Fruits  of  every  kind,  which  fuit  a  temperate  climate, 
abound,  or  may  be  eafily  made  to  abound  here.  The 
heat  of  the  fumm^r  brings  to  high  petfecTion  the  peach, 
apricot,  and  neftarine.  The  orchards  of  apple-trees 
cover  a  confideruble  part  of  the  whole  country,  except 
the  new  fetllements.  Cider  is  the  common  drink  of 
the  inhab'tants  of  every  clafs,  and  may  often  be  ob- 
tained, in  the  interior  country,  by  paying  for  the  labour 
of  gathering  the  apples  and  making  the  cider.  Pears, 
plums,  cherries,  currants,  gocfeberries,  whoitleberries, 
blackberries,  bilberries,  &c.  abound.  Perry  is  made  in 
fome  parts  of  the  country,  but  not  in  great  quanti- 
ties. Butternuts,  fliagbarkr,,  and  various  other  fruits 
of  the  dilfercnt  fpccies  of  the  hickory  and  hazle-nuts, 
are  plentiiully  fumilhed  by  the  fouthern  half  of  New- 
Lni^land.  Mtdeira  nuts  and  black  walnuts  are  raiely 
cultivated,  although  the  lall  grow  very  eafily  and 
Japidly.  Hortuiine  produflions  ate  alfo  abundant,  of 
every  kind  found  in  this  climsite,  and  grow  with  very 
little  c.ire  or  cilture.  Gardening  is  much  improved, 
and  (liU  advancing.; ;  many  good  gtrdens  are  feen  in 
almoll  every  quarter  ot  New-F.ngland.  But  tlie  moll 
impoitant  produiflion  of  New. Engl. md  is  grafs.  This 
not  only  adorns  the  face  of  the  country,  wiih  a  beauty 
unrivalled  in  the  new  world,  but  alio  furniflu-s  more 
Wealth  and  property  to  its  inhabitants  th  in  any  rther 
kind  of  vegetation.  A  farm  of  two  lunidred  acres  of 
the  b  ft  grazing  land,  is  worih,  to  the  occupier,  as  much 
as  a  farm  of  three  hundred  acres  of  the  bell  tillage 
land.  'l"he  reafiin  is  olivious.  Par  l.-fs  labour  is  nc- 
celiary  to  gather  the  proiluce,  and  convey  it  to  market. 
The  beef  and  pork  of  New  FnglanJ  are  abundant 
and  excellent,  and  teed  the  inhabitants  nl  many  other 
countries,  'i'he  mutton  ii,  alf)  exquifite,  when  well 
fed,  and  of  the  proper  age  ;  but  it  muit  be  confelfcd, 
that,  except  in  a  part  of  the  eallern  half  of  this  t<  uni  ry, 
k  is  very  often  bioui^'ht  10  market  100  younjj  and  indil- 


ferently  fed,  to  the  injury  cf  both  the  farmer  and  the  NewEnj- 
confumer.  The  lamb  is  univerfally  fine,  but  is  moft  '^J- 
excell.;nt  in  the  Hates  of  New-Hamplliire  and  Vermont;  ""^"^^"^ 
and  pari^icularly  in  the  parts  of  thele  dates  which  bor- 
der on  Cofincaicut  river.  A  great  difcouragement  to 
the  railing  of  (heep,  exifls  in  a  kind  of  enclol'ure  which 
IS  extcniive,  the  Itone  wall  i  over  this  wall  Iheep  pafs 
with  great  eafe,  and  cannot,  withoctt  much  d.fUculty 
and  labour,  be  prevented  from  intruding  into  all  the 
parts  ot  a  farm,  wherever  this  kind  of  fence  is  in  life. 
This  evil,  which  is  not  a  fmall  one,  will,  however,  be 
probably  removed  by  increafing  the  new  breed  of  fiieep, 
called  the  OlUr  hreal.  Tliefe  Iheep,  which,  it  is  faid, 
began  in  an  extraordinary  manner,  at  Mendon,  in  Maf- 
fichufetts  (of  which  a  fufliciently  correc't  account  to 
be  inlerted  here  has  not  been  received),  have  legs 
fomewhat  refembling  thofe  of  a  hare  ;  and  while  they 
are  not  inferior  to  the  common  breed,  in  flefh  or  wool, 
arc  unable  to  climb  any  fence  ;  a  circumllance  which, 

in  New. England,  confers  on  them  a  peculiar  value. 

The  wool  of  the  New- England  (lieep  is  of  a  good 
ftaple,  and  may  be  improved  (as  it  often  has  been  by 
attentive  farmers)  to  a  high,  but  indefinite  degree. 
The  bell  wool,  and  the  belt  mutton  alfo  are  furnilhed 
by^fhort  and  fweet  pallures,  and  in  dry  feafons. 

The  veal  of  New-England  is  extremely  rich  and  fine 
when  well  fed,  as  it  is  to  a  great  extent. 

Batter  and  cheefe,  in  this  country,  are  made  in  vafl 
quantities,  and  of  various  goodnefs.  The  baiter  is  very 
generally  excellent,  but  is  IliU  very  commonly  rendered 
knfibly  worfe  in  the  firkin,  by  the  imperfeet  mannar  in 
which  it  is  prepared.  A  great  quantity  of  ordinary 
cheefe  is  lliipped  yearly,  to  the  difadvantage  of  both  the 
maker  and  the  merchant.  There  is'alfo  a  great  quan- 
tity of  cheefe  of  a  fuperior  quality  made  throughout 
the  country.  The  dairies  in  Pomfret  and  Brooklyn, 
and  a  lew  of  the  neighbouring  towns  in  the  eaflern  part 
of  Conncaicut,  are  probably  more  generally  of  the  firlt 
clals,  than  in  any  other  quarter. 

Ot  the  torc.'ls  of  New-Kngland,  and  not  improbably  forclT}. 
of  the  world,  the  white  pine  is  the  fii  II  01  nament  :  The 
greatell  diameter  of  tliis  extraordinary  tree  does  not 
exceed  fix  feet,  but  its  height,  in  ibme  inllances,  exceeds 
two  hundred  and  lixty.  Tins  vail  Hem  is  often  exaflly 
(Iraight,  and  tapering,  and  without  a  limb,  to  the 
height  ot  more  than  one  liundred  and  fi^ty  feet.  The 
colour  and  form  of  the  foliage  are  exquifite  ;  and  the 
whole  crown  is  noble  beyond  any  thing  of  this  kind, 
and  peitlaly  fuitcd  to  the  Hem  which  it  ad.-rns.  The 
murmurs  of  the  wind  in  a  grove  of  white  pines,  is  one 
of  the  firlk  poetical  objefls  in  the  field  01  n.iiure.  'I'his 
tree  is  ol  vail  importance  I'.'r  building.  The  white  oak 
lit  New-England  is  a  noble  and  molt  ufeful  tree.  It  is 
Icls  enduring  than  the  hv,-,  or  tlie  Englilh  oak  ;  but  the 
early  decay  nf  iliip>,  built  of  the  white  .  <k,  fogeneially 
compla:ned  ot,  is  Icfs  owing  to  the  nature  of  the  tree, 
than  to  the  iialle  and  curelelfntfs  of  the  liuilders. — 
When  the  timber  has  been  well  leletfted  and  leai'oned, 
ihips  termed  ot  tliis  material,  hive  come  near  to  the 
age  ot  thofe  built  ol  the  En^lilli  oak.  Tlic  ch>-fiuit  is 
alio  of  incalciiiabU-  importance  as  a  material  in  the  con- 
llruvlion  ol  buildings,  and  tor  fencing.  A  fence  com- 
p 'led  ot  good  raiU  oi  this  tiee,  will  endure  fovcniy  or 
ciglity  years.  The  clielhut  is  very  C'  jnmjii  thitugh- 
out  the  Ibuiheru  half  of  New. England,  aud  is  .;  no' 
4  L  z.  i'malll 


NEW 


C   636   ] 


NEW 


Ncw-EnR-  fmall  value,  on  account  of  the  nouri{hment  it  affords  to 
land.       fi^iiie  (.luring  their  growth. 

Tlic  cou:itry  liliewife  abounds  in  a  very  great  variety 
of  Howciing  fhtubs  and  plants,  many  oi  which  are  not 
only  Le.iulilul  but  highly  ul'elul. 
Population       New-England   is    the    moll    populous    part   of   the 
and  charac- United  States.      It  contained,  in  1790,  1,009,522  fouls, 
"'^*  and  in  180c,  4,233,011.     The  grcit  body  ot  thefe  are 

landholders  and  cultivators  of  the  foil.  As  they  pof- 
fefs,  in  fee  fimple,  the  farms  which  they  cultivate,  they 
are  naturally  all  attached  to  their  country  ;  the  culti- 
vation of  the  foil  makes  them  robuil  and  healthy,  and 
enables  th.em  to  delend  it. 

New-England  may,  with  propriety,  be  c:dled  a  nur- 
fe:  y  of  men,  whence  are  annually  tranfplanted,  into 
other  parts  cf  the  United  States,  thoufands  of  its  na- 
tives. Vail  numbers  of  them,  fince  the  war,  have 
emigrated  into  the  northern  paits  of  New-Yoik,  into 
Canada,  Kentucky,  the  Welkrn  Territory,  and  Geor- 
gia ;  and  indeed  into  eveiy  Hate,  and  every  town  of 
note- in  the  Union. 

The  inhabitants  of  New-England  are  almcft  univer- 
fally  oi  Englilh  defcent ;  and  it  is  owing  to  this  cir- 
cumllance,  and  to  the  great  and  general  aitentiun  that 
has  be-n  paid  to  education,  that  the  Englilh  language 
has  been  prcferved  among  them  fo  free  from  corrup- 
tion. 

The  Ncw-Englanders  are  generally  tall,  (lout,  and 
well  built.  Their  education,  laws  and  fituation,  fcrve 
to  inlpire  them  with  high  notions  of  liberty.  Their 
jealouly  is  awakened  at  the  firll  motion  towards  an  in- 
vallon  ot  their  rights.  They  are  indeed  olten  jealous 
to  excels ;  a  circumllance  which  is  a  Iruitful  fource  of 
imaginary  grievances,  and  of  groundlefs  fufpicions  and 
complaints  agaiull  government.  Dut  thefe  ebullitions 
of  jealuuly,  though  cenfurable,  and  produflive  of  fome 
political  evils,  Ihcw  that  the  elfence  of  true  liberty  exifts 
in  New-England  ;  for  watchfulnels  is  a  guardian  of 
liberty,  and  a  chaiafleriftic  of  free  republicans.  A 
chiet  toundation  ot  treedom  in  the  New-England  llates, 
is  a  law  by  which  intellate  elfates  defcend  to  all  the 
children,  or  other  heirs,  in  equal  proportions.  In  con- 
fequence  ol  thefe  laws,  the  people  of  New-England  en- 
joy an  equality  ol  condition  unknown  in  any  other  part 
of  the  world  :  And  it  is  in  this  way  that  the  people 
have  pieferved  that  happy  mediocrity  among  them- 
felves,  which,  by  inducing  economy  and  indulby,  re- 
moves from  them  temptations  to  luxury,  and  torms 
lliern  to  habits  of  fobncty  and  temperance.  i\t  the 
fame  time,  their  inJullry  and  frugality  exempt  them 
from  want,  and  irom  the  neceffiiy  of  fubmittmg  to  any 
encroachments  on  their  liberties. 

In  New-Enj;land,  learning  is  more  generally  diffufed 
among  all  ranks  of  people  than  in  any  other  part  of 
the  United  States ;  a  fad  ariling  from  the  excellent 
ellablilhment  ol  fchools  in  every  town. 

Ill  thei'e  fchools,  which  are  generally  fupported  by  a 
public  tax,  and  under  the  diieiilion  ot  a  Ichool  com- 
mittee, are  taught  the  elements  ol  reading,  wrilnig  and 
arithmetic  ;   and  in  the  mere  wealthy  town.*.,  ihcy  are 


beginning  to  introduce  the  higher  branches  of  gram- 
mar, geography,  &c. 

A  very  valu.ible  fource  of  information  to  the  people 
is  the  newfpapers,  of  which  not  lefs  than  30,000  are 
printed  every  week  in  New-England,  and  circulated 
in  almoll  every  town  and  village  in  the  country,  (a) 

A  perfon  ol  mature  age,  who  cannot  both  read  and 
write,  is  rarely  to  be  found.  By  means  of  this  general 
ellablilhment  of  fchools,  the  extenfive  circulation  of 
newfpapers,  and  the  confequent  dilFufion  of  learning, 
every  townlhip  throughout  the  country  is  furnillied 
with  men  caoable  of  conducing  the  affairs  of  their 
town  with  judgment  and  difcretion  :  Thefe  nien  are 
the  channels  ot  political  lnformati-;n  to  the  lower  clafs 
of  people,  if  luch  a  clafs  may  be  faid  to  exift  in  New- 
England,  where  every  man  thinks  himfelf  at  leaft  as 
good  as  his  neighbour.  The  people,  from  their  child- 
hood, form  habits  ol  CHnvailing  public  affairs,  and  com- 
mence politicians.  This  naturally  leads  them  to  be 
very  inquifitive.  It  is  with  knowledge  as  with  riches, 
the  more  a  man  has,  the  more  he  wilhes  to  obtain  ;  his 
delire  has  no  bound.  This  defire  alter  knowledge,  in 
a  greater  or  lei's  degree,  prevails  throughout  all  claifes 
of  people  in  New-England  ;  and,  from  their  various 
modes  of  eiprelfrng  it,  fome  of  which  are  blunt  and 
familiar,  bordering  on  impertinence,  ftrangers  have 
been  induced  to  mention  i/npertlneiU  inquijitivenefi  as  a 
diflinguiihing  charafleridic  of  New-England  people. 
But  this  inqulfitivenefs  is  rarely  troublefome,  and  ge- 
nerally plealing.  Tiie  common  people  in  New-Eng- 
land are  outdone  by  no  common  people  in  the  world, 
in  civility  to  llrangers. 

Before  the  late  war,  which  introduced  into  New- 
England  a  flood  of  corruptions,  together  with  many- 
improvements,  the  Sabbath  was  obferved  with  great 
ftriduefs ;  no  unneceUary  travelling,  no  fecular  buli- 
nefs,  no  vifiting,  no  diverlions  were  permitted  on  that 
facied  day.  The  people  conlidered  it  as  confecra- 
ted  to  divine  worlhip,  and  were  generally  pundual 
and  ferious  in  their  attendance  upon  it.  Their  laws 
were  Hrid  in  guarding  the  Sabbath  againft  every  inno- 
vation. The  fuppol'ed  feverity  with  which  thefe  laws 
were  compofed  and  executed,  together  with  lome  other 
traits  in  their  religious  chaiaiffer,  have  acquired  for  the 
NtW-Englanders  the  name  of  a  fuperftitious,  bigotted 
people.  But  all  perfons  are  called  luperltuicus  by 
thole  lefs  conl'cientious,  and  lefs  dilpofed  to  regard  re- 
ligion with  reverence,  than  ihemfelves.  Since  the  war, 
a  catholic,  tolerant  fpirit,  occalioned  by  a  more  en- 
larged intercourfe  with  mankind,  has  greatly  increafed, 
and  is  becoming  univerfal :  And  if  they  do  not  go 
beyond  the  proper  bound,  and  liberalize  away  all  true 
religion,  of  which  there  is  very  great  danger,  they 
wll  counieradl  that  llrong  propenlity  in  human  nature, 
which  leads  men  to  vibrate  Ir^m  one  extreme  to  its 
opp'  lite. 

Tliere  is  ime  diftinguifhing  charaifleriftic  in  the  re- 
ligious chardifter.  of  this  people,  which  we  mull  not 
omit  to  mention  ;  and  that  is,  tlie  cultom  'f  aniually 
celebrating  falls  and  thankfgivings.       In  the  Ipring, 

the 


New-Eng. 
land. 


(a)  In  1798,  there  were  one  hundred  and  twenty  different  newfp:ipers  printed  in  the  United  States,  many 
of  them  dally  papers,  and  more  printed  twice  a  week.  In  1788,  it  i^as  ellimated,  that  no  lefs  ihun  Jour  mi/liont 
ot  aewfpapers  were  circulated  through  the  country  every  year.     They  have  probably  nearly  doubled  fince. 


N     E     W 


[    ^^c7    ] 


NEW 


New-Eng.  the  governors  of  th»  feveral  New-England  flates,  ex- 
land,  cept  R^  ode  Ifland,  ifTue  their  proclamations,  appoint- 
^^^^^"^  ir.g  a  day  to  be  religiciufly  obferved  in  falling,  liumilia- 
tion  and  prayer,  thtoughout  their  refpeflive  ftates ;  in 
which  the  predominating  vices,  that  particularly  call 
for  humiliation,  arc  enumerated.  In  autiimn,  after 
harvert,  that  gladfonie  era  in  the  hufbandmun's  life, 
tlie  governors  again  ilTue  their  proclamations,  appoint- 
ing a  day  of  public  thankfgiving,  enumerating  the  pub- 
lic bleffings  received  in  the  courfe  of  the  foregoing 
year. 

This  pious  cuftom  originated  with  their  venerable 
ancellors,  the  firll  fettlers  of  New-England  ;  and  has 
been  handed  down  as  facred,  throut;!'  the  fucceffive 
generations  of  tlieir  pollerity.  A  cullom  fo  rational, 
and  fo  happily  calculated  to  cherilli  in  the  minds  of  the 
people,  afenfe  of  their  dependence  on  the  Great  Bene- 
factor of  the  world  for  all  their  bleffings,  it  is  hoped 
will  ever  be  facredly  preferved. 

The  people  of  New  England  generally  obtain  their 
eftates  by  hard  and  perlevering  labour  :  they  of  confe- 
quence  know  their  value,  and  are  frugal.  Yet  in  no 
country  do  the  indigent  and  unfortunate  fare  better. 
Their  laws  oblige  every  town  to  provide  a  competent 
maintenance  for  their  poor,  and  the  neceffitous  ftranger 
is  protcifled  and  relieved  by  their  humane  inflitutions. 
It  may  in  truth  be  faid,  that  in  na  part  of  the  world 
are  the  people  happier,  better  furnidiej  with  the  necef- 
faries  and  conveniences  of  life,  or  more  independent 
than  the  farmers  in  New  England.  As  the  great  body 
of  the  people  are  hardy,  independent  freeholders,  their 
manners  are,  as  they  ought  to  be,  congenial  to  their 
employment,  plain,  limple,  and  manly.  Strangers 
are  received  and  enteitained  among  them  with  a  great 
deal  ok  artlefs  fincerlty,  and  iriendly,  plain  hofpitality. 
Their  children,  thofe  imitative  creatures,  to  whofe  edu- 
cation particular  attention  is  paid,  early  imbibe  the 
manners  and  habits  of  thofe  around  them  ;  and  the 
ftranger,  with  pleafure,  notices  the  honeft  and  decent 
refpcct  that  is  paid  him  by  the  children  as  he  palfes 
through  the  country. 

As  the  people,  by  reprefentation,  make  their  own 
laws  and  appoiiH  their  own  officers,  they  cannot  be 
oppreilcd  ;  and,  living  under  governments  which  have 
few  lucrative  places,  lliey  ha\e  tew  motives  to  bribery, 
corrupt  canvailiuirs,  or  intrigue.  Real  abilities  and  a 
moral  tharaifter  unblemilhed,  are  the  qualifications 
requifitc  in  the  view  i.t  moll  people,,  for  officeis  of  pub- 
lic trull.  Tlie  expreliion  ot  a  wilh  to  be  promoted, 
was,  and  is  lliil,  in  lome  parts  of  New  England,  the 
dired  way  to  be  diiappoinled. 

The  inliabitants  <ire  generally  fond  of  the  arts  and 
fciences,  and  have  cultivated  them  with  great  fuccel's. 
'i'heir  colleges  have  Houiillied.  Tl  e  illultii.)Ub  char. in- 
ters they  have  pioductd,  who  have  diUinguifued  theni- 
felves  in  politics,  law,  divinity,  the  mathematics  and 
ph;h>fophy,  natural  and  civil  liill.ry,  and  in  tlie  hue 
arts,  partitulaily  in  poetry  and  painting,  evince  the 
truth  of  thefc  oblervaiions. 

Many  ot  the  women  in  New  En,;l.ind  are  handfome. 
They  generally  have  fair,  trelli  and  healthliil  tourtc- 
nances,  mingled  with  much  icmale  loltrtels  anj  delicicy. 
Thofe  wlio  have  liad  tlie  advantages  of  a  goi.U  educa- 
tion, and  they  arc  numerous,  arc  genteel,  enfy,  and 
agreeable  in  their  manners,  and  arc  fprightly  and  fcrv. 


domeftic  concerns  with  ncatnefs  and  ec(  nomy. 
of  ilie  firft  dirtln(flion  and  fortune,  make  it 


fible  in  converfation.     They  are  early  taught  to  manage  New-Ki-. 

Ladies  '^'«'- 
t  a  part  of 
their  daily  bufinefs  to  fupcrintend  the  affairs  of  the  fa- 
mily.  Employment  at  the  needle,  in  cookery,  and  at 
the  fpinning  wheel,  with  them  is  honourable.  Idlenefs, 
even  in  thofe  of  independent  fortunes,  is  univerfally 
difreputable.  The  women  in  country  town?,  manu- 
faiflure  the  greater  part  of  the  clothing  of  their  fami- 
lies.  Tlieir  linen  and  woollen  cloths  are  (Irong  and 
decent.  Their  butter  and  cheefe  is  not  inferior  to  any 
in  the  world. 

Among  the  amulements  of  the  people  of  New  Eng- 
land is  dancing,  oi  wliich  the  young  people  of  both 
fexes  are  extremely  fond.  Gaming  is  praiHifed  by  none 
but  thofe  who  cannot,  or  rather  will  not,  find  a  repui.i. 
/■/f  employment.  The  gamefler,  the  hnrfe -jockey,  and 
the  knive,  are  equally  dtfpi'cJ,  and  their  company  is 
avoided  by  ill  who  would  fullain  fair  and  irreproach- 
able chara(fters. 

The  athletic  and  healthy  diverfions  of  cricket,  foot- 
ball, quoits,  wreftling,  jumping,  hopping,  foot  races, 
and  priibn  bafs  are  univerfally  ptadliied  in  tlie  country, 
and  Ibnie  of  them  in  the  molt  populous  place.-,  and  by 
people  of  almoft  all  ranks. 

In  New  England  there  are  eight  colleees,  i  in  Con- 
nedicut,  i'  in  Rhodc-lfland,  2  in  Malfachufctts,  1  in 
Maine,  i  in  New  Hamffhire,  2  in  Vermont,  con- 
taining, in  the  whole  about  a  thoufand  Rudents,  and 
the  number  is  annually  increafing.  There  are  about 
three  times  the  number  of  refpectable  academies,  fcat- 
tered  at  convenient  diftancef,  through  the  country, 
containing  not  lefs  than  two  thoufand  fcholars,  and  a 
great  number  of  grammar  fchools,  in  which  the  dead 
languages  are  taught ;  belides  common  fie;  fihools  al- 
r>.ady  mentioned,  in  every  village  and  neighbourhood 
in  New  England. 

For  promoting  general  fcience,  there  Lave  been  in- 
flituted  the  American  academy  of  arts  and  fciences, 
and  the  Malfachufetts  hillorical  iuciety  at  Bollon,  and 
the  Connecticut  academy  of  arts  and  fciences,  at  New 
Haven.  For  the  advancement  of  agricultural  know- 
ledge, feveral  focieties  have  been  ettabiilhed,  and  many 
others  have  been  formed  for  various  charitable  and 
humane  purpo:es. 

The  people  of  New  England  are  Proteftant  clirif- 
tians,  excepting  a  few  Jews,  who  have  a  fynagoguc  in 
Ncwpirt,  and  a  fmall  1>  ciety  of  Roman  Catholics,  in 
Bollnn.  The  Protellants  are  divided  into  congrega- 
tionalills,  wliich  is  the  prevailing  dtn  imination,  Epif- 
copalians,  Baptills,  Friends  or  (fakers,  Mcthodills, 
and  a  few  Univerl'alills.  As  in  other  parts  of  the 
United  Slates,  fo  in  the  part  we  are  dellribing,  there 
are  numbers  who  have  lhe;r  religion  yet  to  cl.oofe. — 
They  liave  liberty,  but  no  r;h^ion. 

1"he  clergy  uf  New  England  are  a  numerous  body 
of  men,  and,  generally  ipeaking,  are  refpectable  for 
tlieir  pi-ty,  pure  morals,  ieariii.g  and  ul'clul  indullry, 
a  id  live  in  great  harmony  and  aticcli  n  with  tiieir  p.t- 
j)ie.  The  canle  of  general  literature  is  much  ind-bteJ 
10  their  labours.  Probably  eight  tenths  ot  the  pull  - 
calron^,  in  New  England  Irom  its  hrfl  feltlement,  have 
been  from  the  pens  of   the  Clerv;y. 

The  number  and  pious  exertions,  of  miffionary  focie- 
ties of  which  feven  or  eight  are  inllituttd  in  the  differ- 
ent 


NEW  C     638     ]  NEW 

Ncw-Eng-  ent  States,  fome  of  them  patronized  by  the  govern-         NEW  GRANADA,    a  province  in  the  fouthern  NewGrB-. 

land,       nient,   do  honour   to  tlie   religious  chirafler  of  New  divifion  of  Teira  Fimu,  S.  America,  whole  chief  town       "^^^i 

"  England.     At  the  expcnfe,  and  under  the  direcflion  of  is  Santa  Fe  de  B.ic:nta. — ii.  j^J,^^ 

thele  foc^eties,  a  large  number  of  miffionaries  are  annu-         NEW  GRAN  THAM,  a  townfhip  in  Chefiilre  coun-  Hampfhire. 

ally  fcnt  among  the  fronlier  fettlers,  who  are  deftitute  ly.  New   H^mpfh're,   was  incorporated   in   1761,  and  v.^-v-^*» 

of  the  m-.-ani  of  religious  inllruflinn.     The  bufinefs  of  contains  333  iiihabitant-,  and  is  about  15  miles  iouth- 

inidionaries  is  to  inftrud  from  lioufe  to  houfe,  t  >  preach  eaO  of  Dartmouth  college. — ib. 

publicly,  to  admin.lkr  ordinances,  and  diltribute  bi-        NEW   HAMPSHIRE,  one  of  the  United  States 

blci  and  vaiious  other  religious  books.     The  good  ef-  of  America,  is  (itualed  between  lat.  43  41  and  45  n 

feifts  which  h.ive  followed  tliefe  exertions,  in  preferving  north,  and  belwren  70  40  and  72  28  welt  long,  tiom 

and  chcrilhing  the  earlyjreligious  habits  of  ihele  people,  Greenwich;    bounded   noith  by  Lower  Canada;  calt 

and  guarding  them  againit  the  poifon  of  infidelity  and  by  the  Diftriift  of  Maine;   fouth  by  MafTachufctts,  and 

vice,  have  b^en  great  beyond  calcuLition.  well  by  Conneclxut  liver,  which  feparates  it  from  Ver- 

Bollon  is  tie  laigefl  town  in  New  England,  and  may  mont.  Its  lh.ipe  is  neaily  that  of  a  right  angled  tri- 
be confidered  its  capital.  Belides  this  are  Salem,  and  angle.  The  Diltiia  of  Maine  and  the  lea  its  kg,  the 
Newburyport  in  Mjlfichufetts ;  Portland  in  Maine,  hne  of  Midachufetts  its  petpendicular,  and  Connedlicut 
Portfmouih  in  New  Hamplhire,  Bennini^ton,  Wind-  river  its  hypothenufe.  It  contains  9,491  fquare  miles, 
for,  Rutland,  in  Vermont,  Hartford,  New  Haven,  or  6,074,240  acres ;  of  which  at  lead  100,000  acies  are 
and  New  London  in  Connc^icut,  and  Providence  and  water.  Its  leiigih  is  168  miles;  its  greateil  breadth. 
Newport  in  Rhode  Ifland.  See  thefe  defcribed  under  90;  and  its  lealt  breadth  19  miles, 
tlieir  refpedlive  heads.  Exclufive  of  thofe  above  named.  This  Stale  is  divided  into  5  counties,  viz.  Rocking- 
there  arc  in  New  England  upwards  of  100  towns  which  ham,  Strafford,  Ciiefhire,  HiUfborongh,  and  Grafton. 
)iave  each  more  than  2000  inhal)itants — many  of  which  The  chief  towns  are  Portfmouth,  Exeter,  Concord, 
liave  three,  four,  or  live  ihoiifand.  Dover,  Amherft,   Keen,  Charleftown,  Plymouth,  and 

New  Engl.ind  is  the  molt   commercial  part  of  the  tlaverhiU.     Moll  of  the  townlhips  are  6  miles  fquare. 

United   States.     Of  ninety-three   millions  tf  dollars,  and  the  whole  number  of  townlhips  and  locations   is 

tl'.e  amount  of  exports  from  the  United  States  in  the  214;  containing  141,885  peifons,  including  158  flaves, 

year  ending  3o:h  Sept.  1801,  New  England  exported  In  1767,  the  number  of  inhabitants  were  eftimated  at 

18,761,867  dullirs,  01  about  a  fifth  part  of  the  whole.  52,700.     This   State  has  but  about   18   miles  of  fea- 

Hii  tonnigein  1798,  ammnted  to  360,911  more  than  coall,  at  its  fouth-eaft  corner.     In  this  diftance  there 

ha'f  the  whole  belonging  to  the  United  States.     About  are  feveral  coves  for  filhing  veflels,  but  the  only  har- 

30,000  tons   are   ufually    employed   by   Mdiradiufctts  hour  for  fhips   is  the  entrance  of  Pifcataqua  river,  the 

alone  in  carrying  on  the  fifheries  ;  50,000  in  the  coaft-  fl  ores  of  which  are  rocky.     The  fliore  is  mollly  a  fandy 

ing   bufinefs,    and    the   remair.der,    to  the   amount  of  bei:ch,  adjoin  ng  to  wliich  ate  fjlt  marflies,  inierlcificd 

281,436  tons  (owned  in  Maffachufetts  in  1798 J  in  fo-  by  cieekf,  which  produce  good  paflute  for  cattle  and 

reign  trade  to  all  parts  of  the  world. — Morse.  Ihecp.     The  intervale  lands  on  the  margin  of  the  great 

NEWENHAM,  Cape,  is  the  north  point  of  Briftol  rivers  are  the  moll  valuable,  becaufe  they  are  over- 
Bay,  en  the  north-welt  coall  of  North-America.  All  flowed  and  enriched  by  the  water  from  the  uplands 
along  the  coalf  the  Hood  tide  feti  ftrongly  to  the  north-  which  brings  a  fat  Oime  or  i'ediment.  On  Connetlicut 
weft,  and  it  is  high  water  about  noon  on  lull  and  change  liver  thefe  lands  are  from  a  quarter  of  a  mile  to  a  mile 
days.     N.  lat.  58  42,  W.lcng.  162  24. — il/.  and  an  half  on  each   fide,   and   produce  corn,   grain, 

NEW  F.\IRF1ELD,  the  north-weileriimoft  town-  and  grafs,  efpecially  wheat,  in 


fhip  in  Fairfield  county  ConnecTicut. — ii. 


greater  abundance  and 


perftdion  than  the  fame  kind  of  loil  does  in  the  higher 


NEW  F.\NE,  the  chief  town  of  Windham  county,    lands.     The  wide  fpreading  hills  are  efteemed  as  warm 


Vermont,    is  iiiuated  on   Wefl;  river,    a   little  to  the 
iiorih-well  cf  Braltleborough.     In  has  660  inhabitants. 


in  Chefter  county, 


and  rich;  rocky  moill  land  is  accounted  good  for  pai- 
ture  ;  drained  fwainps  have  a  deep  mellow  foil  ;  and 
the  vallies  between  the  hills  are  generally  very  produc- 
tive. Agticulture  is  the  chief  occupation  of  the  inha- 
bitants ;    beef,    pork,    mutton,    poultry,    wheat,    rye. 


■!b. 

NEW  GARDEN,  a  t^wnlhip 
Pennfylvania  — il). 

Niw  Garden,  a  fettlement  of  the  Friends  in  Guild-  Indian  corn,  barley,  pulle,  butter,  cheefe,  hops,  tlcu- 

ford  county,  N.  Carolina. — ii.  I'.nt  roots  and  plants,  flax,  hemp,  &c.  are  articles  which 

NEW  GENEV.-\,  a  fettlement  in  Fayette  county,  will  always  find  a  market,  and  are  railed  in  inimenfe 

Pennfylvania. — il>,  quantities  in  New  Hamplhire,  both  for  home  conlump- 

NEW    GERMANTOWN,    a  po(l-tov.'n  of   New-  tion  and  e.tportation.     Apples  and  pears  are  the  moll 

Jerfey,  lituated  in  Hunterdon  county.     It  is  28  miles  common  fruits  cultivated  in   this  State,   and  no   huf- 

iioith-well  of  Brunfwick,  47  north  by  eaft  of  Trenton,  Ixrndman  thinks  his  farm  complete  without  an  orchard, 

and  77  norih-ealt  by  north  tf  Philaaelphia. — tb.  Tree  fruit  of  the  firfl  quality,  cannot  be  railed  in  fuch 

NEW  GLOUCESTER,  a  fmall  poittown  in  Cum-  a  northern  chmate  as  this,  without  particular  attention, 

berland  county,  Dilhiift  of  Maine,  27  miles  northerly  New  York,  New  Jerfey  and  Pennfylvania  have  it  in  per- 

of   Portland,  and  146  noith  of  Bolton.     It  was  incor-  feition.     As  you  depart  from  that  traff,  either  fouth- 

porated  in  1774,  and  contains  1355  inhabitants ii.  ward  or  northward,  it  degenerates.     The  uncultivated 

NEW  GOl'TINGEN,  a  town  ot  Georgia,  lituatcd  lands  are  covei'ed  with  extenfive  foreils  of  pine,   tir, 

in  Barke  county,  on  tl-.e  well  bank  of  Savannah  river,  cedar,  oak,  walnut,  5cc.     New  Hamplhire  is  interfedt- 

about  18  miles  eall  of  Vv^ayntlborgugh,  and  3 J  nonh-  ed  by  feveral  ranges  of  mountains.     The  firfl  ridge,  by 

weft  of  Ebeaezer.— i,J.  the  name  of  the  Blue  HJls,  pafles  through  Rocheiler, 

Uarrington 


NEW  C     C39     ]  NEW 

Kew       E.irnngton  and  Nottingham,  and  the  fevernl  fiinimits    and  not  by  any  other  white  fubfl 

viliiEil!^'  ^""^  diftinguilhed  by  different  names.     Behind  thefe  are     is  n^ne. 


fevcral  higher  detached  mountains.     Fai  ilier  back  the 
mountains  rife  (till  higher,  and  among  the  third  range, 
Chocorua,  Oii'apy,  and   Kyarfarge,  are  the  principal. 
Beyond   tliefe    is   the    lofty    ridge   which   divides    the 
branches  of  Conneclicut  and  Meniniack  rivers,  deno- 
minated the  Height  of  Land.      In  this  lidge  is  the  cele- 
brated  Monadnock    mountain.      'I'hircy    miles    N.    of 
which  is  Sunapee,  and  48  miles  fuitber  is  Moofeiiillock, 
called  alio  Moolhelock  mountain.     The  ridge  is  then 
continued  niirtheily,  dividing  the  waters  of  the  river 
Conneifticut  from  thofe  of  Saco,    and  Amarifcoggin. 
Here  the  mountains  rife  much  higher,  and  the  moll 
elevated  fummits  in   this  range,  are  the  White  Moun- 
tains.    The  lands  W.  of  this  lalt  mentioned  range  of 
mountains,  bordering  on  Connefticut  river,  are  inter- 
fperfed  with  extenlive  meadows,  rich  and  well  watered. 
Offapy  Mountain  lies  adjoining  the  town  of  Moidton- 
borough  on  the  N.  E.     In  this  town  it  is  obferved,  that 
in  a  N.  E.  dorm  the  wind  falls  over  the  mountain,  like 
water  over  a  dam  ;  and  with  fuch  fcrce,  as  frequently 
to  unroof  houfes.     People  who  live  near  thefe  moun- 
tains, by  noticing  the  various  movements  of  attiacled 
vapours,  can  form  a  pretty  accurate  judgment  of  the 
weather  ;   and  they  hence   ftyle  thefe  mountains  their 
Alrnanack.     It   a  cloud  is  attracted    by  a  mountain, 
and  hovers  on  its  top,  they  predic'^  rain  ;  and  if,  after 
rain,  the  mountain  continues  capped,  they  expert  a  re- 
petition of  (bowers.     A  (iorm  is  preceded  for  feveral 
hours  by  a  roaring  of  the  mountain,  which  may  be 
heard  to  or  12  miles.     But  the  White  Mountains  are 
undoubtedly  the  higheft  land   in  New  England,  and, 
in  clear  weather,  are  dilcovered  before  any  other  land, 
by  velTels  coming  in  to  the  ealtern  coa(i ;  but  by  reaion 
of  their  white  appearance,  are  frequently  miltaken  ior 
clouds.     They  are  vifible  on  the  land  at  the  dillance  of 
80  miles,  on  the  S.  and  S.  E.  fides  ;  they  appear  higher 
when  viewed  from  the  N.  E.   and  it  is  faid,  they  are 
fcen  from  the  neighbourhood  ot  Chamblee  and  Quebec. 
The  Indians  gave  them   the   name   ot    Agiocochook. 
The  number  of  fummits  in  this  duller  ot    mountains 
cannot  at  prefent  be  afcertained,  the  country  around 
them  being  a  thick  wildernels.     The  greatclt  number 
which  can  be  feen  at  once,  is  at  Darimouth,  on   the 
N.  W.  fide,  where  feven  lummits  appear  at  one  view, 
of  which  four  are  bald.     Ot  tliele  the  three  highelt  are 
the  moll  dilUnt,  being  on  the  eallern  (ide  of  ilie  clut- 
ter;  one  of  thefe  is  the  mountain  which  makes  io  ma- 
jiftic  an  appearance  all  along  the  Ihorc  ot   tlie  e.Hltcin 
counties  of    Mairachufelts :    it  h^is    lately  heen  dillin- 
};uilhed  by  the  name  of  Mount  Washington.     Dur- 
ing the  period  of  9  or   10  n<onihs,    tiicic  mountains 
exhibit  more  or  lels  of  lliat  briglu  appearance,  ti^m 
wliich   they  are   denominated   wjiiie.     in   the   ipruig, 
when  the  fnow  is  partly  dilfolvcd,  ihey  appear  ot   a 
pale  blue,  llre.tked  with  white;  and  alter  it  is  wholly 
gone,  at  the  dillancc  of  60  nnles  iliey  are  ahogeihcr 
of  the  lame  pale  blue,  nearly  approaching  a  Iky  c.  k-ui  ; 
while  at  the  fame  time,  viewed  at  ilic  ililiauce  01   y 

miles  or  lefs,   tlicy  appear  of  the  pr(i|>cr  colour  vi   lijc     (l,g  ^oun  '  '-  -  '^'  "  '^  '  '  ••••  "6 

rock.  Thefe  changes  are  nbie.vcd  by  ).cople  wjio  live  F.lifield  county  on  the  well  ;  ab..ul  30  miles  lontrVr.in 
within  conllant  view  ol  them  ;  and  tioni  ihclc  laCIs  and  n^rth  to  Ibuth.  and  28  f.om  call  to  Will.  It  is  d.vi  '. 
obfervaii  ns,  it  may  with  ceiiam  y  b;  ccnciu.jec,  that  ed  into  14  townlhips  It  contaii  ed  in  i-e6  17  gc- 
tlie  wlmcncls  ot  ihcm  is  wholly  cau.ed  by  the  lUow,     i.^e  perfons,  and  226  (laves ;  in  1774,  Zj-.SjeVrecpeV. 

fons, 


ance,  for  in  fadl  there       New 

Harapfhirc, 
The  mod  confiderable  rivers  of  this  Stale  are  C.  n-       ^''^'' 
neftlcut,  Merrimick,  Pifcataqua,  Saco,  AnJrofcog^in,  yj^^^^^ 
Upper  and  Lower  Amnnoofuck,   befid;s  many  oilier 
fmaller  areams.     The  chief  lakes  are  Winnipifeogee, 
Unibagog,     Sunapee,     Scjuam,    and     Great    Ollipee. 
Before  the  war,  Ihip-building  w.-s  a  fource  cf  coniider- 
able  wealth  to  th's  State  ;  ab",ut   200  velfels  were  then 
annually  built,  and  fold  in   Europe  and  in  the  Wcft- 
Indies,   but  that  trad.-  is  much   declined.     Alihough 
this  is  not  to  be  ranked  among  the  great  commetcuil 
States,  yet  its  trade  is  confidcrable.     Its  exports  confift 
of  Limber,  (hip-limber,  whale  oil,  flax-feeJ,  live  (lock, 
beef,  pork,  Indinn  corn,  pot  and  pearl  allies,  &.c.  &c. 
In    1790,    there    belonged    to    Pilcataqua    33    velTeh 
above  too  tons,  and  50  iinJer  that  burden.     The  ton. 
nage  of  foreign  and  American  veli'els  cleared  out  from 
the   III  of  Oaober,    1789,   to    ill  of  Ortober,    1701, 
was  31,097  tens,  of  which  26,560  tons  were  Ameiic.in 
veliels.      1  he  liihcries  at  Pifcataqua,  inckidm''  the  Ifle 
of  Shoals,  employ  annuilly  27  fchooners  and  20  boats. 
In  I  79 1,  the  produce  was  25,850  quintals  of  cod  and 
fcale  hlh.     The  exporis  fri  m  the  port  of  Pifcataqua  in 
tuo  ye.irs,  viz.  from   id  of  Oflober,   1789.  to   ift  of 
Oflober,    1791,    amounted    to   the   value   tf  296,839 
dollars,  51  cents;  in  the  year  ending  Sep'ember  30th, 
1792,     181,407    dollars;    in    1793,    '98,197   dollars; 
and  in  the  year  1794,   153,856  dollars.     The  bank  of 
New  Hampliiire  was  ellabiilhed  in  1792,  with  a  capital 
of   60.OCO  dollars  ;    by  an  art  of  allembly   the   If'ock- 
holders  can   increafe  it  to   200,000  dollars  fpecie,  and 
100,000  dollars,  in  any  other  ellate.     The  only  col- 
lege in  the  State  is  at  Hanover,  called  D.irtmouih  col- 
lege, which  is  amply  endowed  with  lands,   and  is  in  a 
flourilliing    I'ltuatlnn.      The    principal    academies    are 
thofe  of  Exeter,    New  Ipfwich,  Atkinfon,  and  Amher.a. 
— Morse. 

NEW  HAMPTON,  a  po(l-town  of  New  HampHiIre, 
fituated  in  Stiailord  county,  on  the  W.  fide  of  Lake 
Winnipifeogee,  9  miles  S.  E.  of  Plymouth,  and  9  N. 
W.  oi  Meredith.  The  townlhip  was  incorporated  in 
1777,  and  contains  652  inhabitants. — ib. 

NEW  HANOVER,  a  maritime  county  of  Wilming- 
ton dilbid,  N.  Carohna,  extending  from  Cape  Fear  ri- 
ver north-ead  along  the  Atlantic  ocean.  It  contains 
6831  inhabitants,  including  373S  (laves.  Chief  town, 
W  Iming'on. — ib. 

New  Hanover,  a  townHiip  in  Burlington  county, 
New  Jerfey,  containing  about  20,000  acies  of  improv- 
ed laud,  and  a  large  quantity  that  u  barren  and  uncul- 
tivated. The  comp,<i;i  part  of  ihe  townlhip  i^  called 
Niiv-Milli,  where  are  about  50  houfes,   27  m  les  fiom 

Piiiladelphia,  and  13  fr^  m  Burlington ib. 

New  Hanover,  a  townlhip  in  Morgan  county,  Penn- 
fylvani.i. — ib. 

NEW  HARTFORD,  a  fmall  poft-tnwn  i.i  Litch- 
field county,  Conncdicu.,  14  miles  N.  E.  of  Litchfield, 
20  W.  by  N.  of  Hartford.—//^. 

NEW  H.WEN  County,  Connecticut,  extends  a!on" 
the  Sound  beiween  Middlellx  county,  on  the  ead,  and 


NEW 


[     640    ] 


NEW 


fons,  and  925  fl^ves;  a;id  in  1790,  30,397  free  perfons, 
and  433  (laves.—;*.  ^      „■      •      l      l 

New  Havln,  (CityJ  the  feat  of  jultice  in  the  above 
county,  and  die  femi-metropolis  of  the  Stale.  This  city 
lies  ruiuid  (he  head  of  a  bay  which  makes  up  about  4 
miles  north  from  Long  Ill.md  Sound.    It  covers  part  ot 
alargepUin  which  is  ciVcumfcrihed  on  three  fidesbyhigh 
hills  or  moiintaitis.     Two  fmall  rivers  bound   the  city 
eaft  and  well.     It  was  originally  laid  our.  in  fquares  of 
60  rods  J  many  of  thefefquares  have  been  divided  by 
crofs  (Ireets.   Four  ftreets  run  north-weft  and  fouth-eaft, 
and  are  crofled  by  others  at  rii^ht  angles.   Near  the  cen- 
tre of  the  city  is  the  public  I'quare,  on  and  around  which 
ate  the  public  buildings,  which  are  a  Hate  houfe,  two 
college  edifices,  and  a  chapel,  three  churches  for  Con- 
jrrcgationallrts,  and  one  for  Epifcopalians;  all  which  are 
handlome    and   commodious   buildings.    The   college 
edifices,  chapel,  ftate-houfe,  and  one  of  the  churches  are 
ot  biick.     The  public  fquaie  is  encircled  with  rows  of 
trees,  which  render  it  both  convenient  and  delightful. 
Its  beauty,  however,  is  greatly  diminidied  by  llie  burial- 
ground,  and  feveral  of  the  public  buildings  which  occu- 
py a  confiderable  part  of  it.     Many  of  the   llreets  are 
ornamented  wilh  rows  of  trees  on  each  fide,  which  give 
the  city  a  rural  appearance.     The    prolpedt  from  the 
Ueeples  is  greatly  vai  legated  and  extremely  beautiiul. 
There  arc  between  3  and  400  neat  dwelling-houfcs  in 
the  city,  principally  of  wood.    The  ftreets  are  Tandy  but 
clean.     Within  the  limits  of  the  city,  are  4000  fouls. 
About  one  in  70  die  annually.      Indeed  as  to  pleafant- 
nefs  of  lituation  and   i'alnbrity  of  air,  New  Haven   is 
hardly  exceeded  by  any  city  in  America.     It  carries  on 
a  conliderable  trade  with  New  York  and  the  Weft  In- 
dia iflands.     The  exports   for  one  year,   ending  Sept. 
30,  1794.  amounted  to  tlie   value  ct    171,868  dollars. 
Manutaftutes  of  card  teeth,  linen,  buttons,  cotton,  and 
paper  are  cairied  on  here.     Yale  college,  which  is  efta- 
blilhed  in  this  city,  was  lounded  in  1700,  and  remained 
at    KiUingwonh    until   1707,  then   at  Saybrook  until 
1716,  when  it  was  removed  and  fixed  at  New  Haven. 
It  has  its  name  from  its  principal  benefactor  Governor 
Yale.     There  are  at  prelient  fix  college  domic'iLs,  two  ot 
\\hich,  each  100  feet  long  and  40  wide,   are  inhabited 
by  the  ftudents,  containing  32  chambers  each,  fufficient 
for  lodging  120  ftudents  ;  a  chapel  40  by  50  feet,  wiih 
a  fteepl'e  130  ieet  high;  a  dining-h.iU  60  by  40 feet  ;  a 
houfe  for  the  prelldent,  and  an-nher  for  the  protelfor 
of  divinity.      In  the  chapel  is  lodged  the  public  library, 
confuting  of  about  3000  volumes,  and  the  pbilofophical 
apparatus,  as  complete  as   nioft  others  in  the  United 
States,  and  contains  the  machines  necetfary  tor  exhibit- 
ing expsrimeuls  in  tlie  \^hole  courle  of  esperimental  phi- 
lolophy  and  altronomy.     The  mufeum,  to  which  addi- 
tions are  conltantly  making,  contains  many  natural  cu- 
xiefities.     Fr' ni  the  year  1 700  to  I793,tiiere  have  been 
educated  and  graduated  at  this  univcifity  about  2,303. 
The  number  of  Itudents  is  generally    150.     The  liar- 
bpur,  though   inferior  to  New  London,  has  good  an- 
ch'^ra  ,e,  with  3  tathom  and  4  feet  water  at  common 
tides  and  2!-  tathom  at  low  water.     This    place   and 
Haniord  are  the  feats  of  the  legiflaiure  alternately.     It 
is  40  miles  S.  W.  by  S.  of  Haiitord,  54  frtm  New  Lon- 
don, 88  from   New-Y'irk,    152  iioin   BoUon,   and  183 
north-call  of  Pluladelphia.     N.  lat.  41  18,  W.   long. 
72  56. — lb. 


New  Havev,  a  townfhip  in  Addifon  county,  Ver- 
mont, on  Otter  Creek  or  River,  containing  723  inhabi- 
tants.— ib. 

NEW  HEBRIDES,  a  clufter  of  iftands  in  the  Paci- 
fic Ocean,  fo  called  by  Capt.  Cook  in   1794 — the  fame  v 
as  the  Arch'iptlago  ef  the  Great  Cyclades  ot  iiougainville, 
or  the  Terra  y/u/?ra/ of  Quiros. — ib. 

NEW  HAMPSTEAD,  a  townlhip  in  Orange  coun- 
ty. New  York,  bounded  eafterly  by  Clarkftown,  and 
foulherly  by  the  ftate  of  New  Jerley.  It  was  taken  from 
Haverl^raw,  and  incorporated  in  1791.  By  the  ftate 
cenfus  of  i  796,  there  were  245  of  its  inhabitants  quali- 
fied eleiflors. — /'/;. 

NEW  HOLDERNESS,  a  townfiiip  in  Grafton 
county.  New  Hamplliire,  fituated  on  the  E.  tide  of 
Pemigewaflet  river,  about  3  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Plymouth. 
It  was  incorporated  in  i76i,and  contains  329  inhabi- 
tants.— ib. 

NEW  HOLLAND,  a  town  of  Pennfylvania,  Lan- 
cafter  county,  in  the  midft  of  a  fertile  country.  It  con- 
tains a  German  church  and  about  70  houfes.  It  is  12 
miles  E.  N.  E.  of  Luncafter,  aud  54  W.  N.  W.  of  Phi- 
ladelphia.— \b. 

NEW  HUNTINGTON,  a  mountainous  townfiiip 
in  Chittenden  county,  Vermont,  on  the  S.  W.  fide  of 
Onion  river,  containing  136  inliaRitants. — ib. 

NEVVINGTON,  a  townfhip  ;  formerly  part  of  Portf- 
mouth  and  Dover,  in  Rockingham  county,  New  Hamp- 
fhite.     It  contains  ^^xi  inhabitants. — ib. 

NEW  INVERNESS,  in  Georgia,  is  fituated  near 
Darien  on  Alatamaha  river.  It  was  built  by  the 
Scotch   Highlanders,    160  of  whom  landed   here  in 

»735— '■*• 

NEW  IPSWICH,  a  townfhip  in  Hillthorough  coun- 
ty. New  Hamplhire,  on  the  W.  fide  of  Souhegan  river, 
upon  the  louthern  line  of  the  State.  It  was  incorporated 
in  1762,  and  contains  1141  inhabitants.  There  is  aa 
academy,  founded  in  17S9,  having  a  tund  of  about 
;^'i,ooo,  and  has  generally  about  40  or  50  lludents.  It 
is  about  24  miles  S.  E.  of  Keene,  and  75  W.  S.  W.  of 
Portfniouth. — ib. 

NEW  JERSEY,  one  of  the  United  States  of  Ame- 
rica, is  lituated  between  39  and  41  24  N.  latitude,  and 
between  74  44  and  75  33  W.  longitude  fiom  London  j 
bounded  E.  by  Hudion's  river  and  the  Ocean  ;  W.  by 
Delaware  Bay  and  river,  which  d  vide  it  from  the 
States  of  Delaware  and  Pennfylvania;  N.  by  the  line 
drawn  from  the  niou'h  of  Mahakkamak  river,  in  lat. 
41  24  to  a  point  on  Hudfon's  river,  in  lat.  41.  It  is 
about  160  miles  long  and  52  broad,  containing  about 
8,320  fquare  miles,  equal  to  5,324.800  acres.  It  is 
divided  into  13  counties,  viz.  Cape  May,  Cuml)erland, 
Salem,  Gloucelter,  Burlington,  Hunterdon,  and  Sulfex  ; 
thele  7  lie  iVnm  S.  to  N.  on  Delawaie  tiver  ;  Cape  May 
and  Gloucelfer  extend  acrofs  to  the  fea  ;  Bergen,  Eifex, 
Middlcfex,  and  Monmouth,  lie  from  N.  to  S.  on  the 
ealliern  tide  of  the  --tate;  Someri'et  and  Morris  are  inland 
counties.  The  number  of  inhabitants  is  184,139,  of 
wlu  m  1 1,423  are  (laves.  The  moft  remarkable  bay  is 
Arthur  Kail,  or  Newark  Bay,  formed  by  the  union  of 
Paliaick  and  Hackinl'ac  rivers.  Tlie  rivers  in  tins  S;ate 
though  not  large,  are  numerous.  A  traveller  in  palling 
the  common  road  from  New  York  to  Philadelphia, 
en  (fcs  3  conliderable  river',  wa.  the  Hack'nfac  and  Paf- 
faick,  between  Bergea  aud  Newark,  and  the  Rariton  by 

Bruofvvick.. 


New 
Haven, 

U 

New 
jerfcy. 


NEW 


C    641     ] 


NEW 


Kew  Brunfwick.  Paffaick  is  a  very  crooked  river.  It  is  navi- 
Jerfcy.  gable  about  10  miles,  and  is  230  yards  wide  at  the 
"^"^''"^^  lerry.  The  catarai£l,  or  Great  Falls,  in  this  river,  is  one 
of  the  greateft  natural  curiolitles  in  the  State.  The  river 
is  about  40  yards  wide,  and  moves  in  a  flow,  gentle 
current,  until  coming  within  a  Ihort  diftance  of  a  deep 
cleft  in  a  rock,  which  ciofles  the  channel,  it  defcends 
and  falls  above  70  feet  perpendicularly,  in  one  entire 
fiieet.  One  end  of  the  clett,  which  was  evidently  made 
by  fome  violent  convulfion  in  nature,  is  clofed  ;  at  the 
other,  the  water  rulhes  out  with  incredible  fwiftnefs, 
forming  an  acute  angle  with  its  former  direftion,  and  is 
received  into  a  large  bafon,  whence  it  takes  a  v/inding 
courfe  through  the  rocks,  and  fpreads  into  a  broad 
fmooth  ftream.  The  cleft  it  from  4  to  12  feet  broad. 
The  falling  of  the  water  occafions  a  cloud  of  vapour  to 
arife,  which,  by  floating  amidft  the  fun-beams,  prefents 
rainbows  to  the  view,  which  adds  beauty  to  the  tremen- 
dous fcene.  The  new  manufaduring  town  of  Patterfon 
is  ereifled  upon  the  Great  Fall;,  in  this  river.  Rariton 
river  is  formed  by  two  confiderable  Ureams,  called  the 
north  and  fouth  branches;  one  of  which  has  its  fource 
in  Morris,  the  other  in  Hunterdon  county.  It  palfes 
by  Brunfwick  and  Ambuy,  and  mingling  with  the  wa- 
ters of  the  Arthur  KuU  Sound,  helps  to  form  the  fine 
harbour  of  Amboy.  Bridges  have  lately  been  ere<5led 
over  the  Pailaick,  Hackinfac  and  Rariton  livers,  on  the 
poll-road  between  New-York  and  Philadelphia.  Thefe 
bridges  will  greatly  facilitate  the  intercourfe  between 
thefe  two  great  cities.  The  counties  of  Suifei,  Morris, 
and  the  northern  part  of  Bergen,  are  mountainous. 
As  much  as  five-eighths  of  moft  of  the  fouthern  coun- 
ties, or  one-fourth  of  the  whole  State,  is  almoft  entirely 
a  fandy  barren,  unfit  in  many  parts  for  cultivation.  All 
the  varieties  of  foil,  from  the  word  to  the  bed  kind,  may 
be  found  here.  The  good  land  in  the  fouthern  counties 
lies  principally  on  the  banks  of  rivers  and  creeks.  The 
barrensproducelittleelfebut(hrub-oaksandyellowpines. 
Thefe  fandy  lands  yield  an  immenfe  quantity  of  bog 
iron  ore,  which  is  worked  up  to  great  advantage  in  the 
iron-works  in  thefe  counties.  In  the  hilly  and  moun- 
tainous parts  which  are  not  too  rocky  for  cultivation, 
the  foil  is  of  a  (Ironger  kind,  and  covered  in  its  natural 
ftate  with  (lately  oaks,  hickories,  chefnuts.  Sec.  and  when 
cultivated,  produces  wheat,  rye,  Indian  corn, buckwheat, 
oats,  barley,  flax,  and  fruits  of  all  kinds,  common  to  the 
climate.  The  land  in  this  hilly  country  is  good  for 
grazing,  and  farmers  feed  great  numbers  of  cattle  for 
New- York  and  Philadelphia  markets.  The  orchards  in 
many  parts  of  the  State  equal  any  in  the  United  States, 
and  their  cyder  is  faid,  and  n<  t  without  reafon,  to  be  the 
bell  in  the  world.  The  markets  of  New  York  and  Phi- 
ladelphia, receive  a  very  confiderable  proportion  ol  their 
fupplies  from  the  contiguous  parts  of  New-Jerfcy. 
Thefe  fupplies  coulill  of  vegetables  of  many  kinds,  ap- 
ples, pears,  peaches,  plums,  ftrawberiics,  clierries  and 
other  fruits — cyder  in  large  quantities,  butter,  cheefe, 
beef,  pork,  mutton,  and  the  lelfer  me-ils.  Tlie  trade  is 
carried  on  .ilmod  folcly  with  and  from  thofe  two  great 
commercial  cities.  New  York  on  one  fide,  and  Pliiladel- 
phia  on  the  other  ;  though  it  wants  not  good  ports  ot  its 
own.  Maiuifiifliires  liere  have  hitherto  been  iiidiifide- 
rable,  not  fulficicnt  to  fupply  its  own  confumption,  if  we 
except  the  articles  of  iron,  nails,  ;tnd  leather.  A  Ipiiitof 
indullry  and  imprcvcniciii,  p.irlicularl)  in  inanufatlurif, 
SufPL.  \'oi..  II. 


has  however,  of  late,  greatly  increafed.  The  iron  manu- 
failure  is,  of  all  others,  the  greatell  fource  of  wealth  to 
the  State.  Iron-works  are  cretSed  in  Gloncefter,  Bur- 
lington, Siiilex,  Morris,  and  other  counties.  Tlie  moun- 
tains in  the  county  of  Morris  give  rife  to  a  number  <  f 
dreams,  necelf.iry  and  convenient  for  thefe  work',  and 
at  the  fame  time  furnifli  a  copious  fupply  cf  wood  and 
ore  of  a  fuperior  quality.  In  this  county  alone,  are  no 
lefs  than  7  rich  iron  mines,  from  whicli  might  be  taktn 
ore  fufficient  to  fupply  the  United  States  ;  and  to  work 
it  into  iron,  there  are  2  furnaces,  2  rolling  and  flitting 
mills,  and  about  30  forges,  containing  from  2  to  4  fires 
each.  Thefe  woiks  produce  annually,  about  540  lorn 
of  bar  iron,  800  tons  of  pigs,  befides  large  quantities  of 
hollow  ware,  Iheet  iron,  and  nail  rods.  In  the  whole 
State  it  is  fuppofed  there  is  yearly  made  about  i  200 
tons  of  bar  iron,  i  200  do.  of  pigs,  80  do.  of  nail-rods, 
exclufive  of  hollow  ware,  and  various  other  cading«,  ot 
which  vad  quantities  are  made.  The  inhabitants  are  i 
coUeflion  ot  Low  Dutch,  Germans,  Englilh,  Scotch, 
Irilh,  and  New-Englaiiders,  and  their  defcendants.  Na- 
tional attachment,  and  mutual  convenience,  have  gene- 
rally induced  thefe  feveral  kinds  of  people  to  fettle  toge- 
ther in  a  body,  and  in  this  way  their  peculiar  national 
manners,  cudoms  and  charai^er,  are  fti'l  preferved,  efpe- 
cially  among  the  poorer  clafs  of  people,  wlio  h.ive  little 
intercourfe  with  any  but  thofe  of  their  own  nation.  The 
people  of  New-Jerfey  are  generally  indudrious,  frugal, 
and  hofj.itable.  There  are  in  this  ftate,  about  50  Ptef- 
byterian  congregations,  fulijcdl  to  the  care  of  3  I'refljy- 
teries;  befides  upwards  of  40  congregations  of  Friend", 
3D  of  Baptifts,  25  of  Epiftopaliaiis,  28  of  Dutch  Re- 
formed, befides  Methodills,  and  a  fetilement  of  Mora- 
vians. All  thefe  religious  denominations  live  together 
in  peace  and  harmony;  and  are  allowed,  by  thecondi- 
tution  of  the  State,  to  worlhip  Almighty  God  agreeably 
to  the  diiftates  of  their  own  confciences.  The  college  at 
Princeton,  called  Nairau  Hall,  has  been  under  the  caic 
of  a  fucceflion  of  Prefidents,  eminent  for  piety  and 
learning  ;  and  has  furnillied  a  number  of  Civilian?,  Di- 
vines, and  Phyficians,  of  the  fitd  rank  in  America.  It 
has  confiderable  funds,  is  under  excellent  regulations, 
and  has  gener-.lly  from  80  to  ico  dudents,  principally 
from  the  fouthern  dates.  There  are  academies  at  Frec- 
h(ild,  Trenton,  H.ickinfack,  Orangcdale,  Elizabeth- 
Town,  Builingtcn,  and  Newark  ;  and  grammar  fcliools 
at  Springfield,  Moriidown,  Bordcntown,  and  Amboy. 
There  aie  a  number  of  towns  in  this  State,  nearly  of 
equal  fize  and  importance,  and  none  that  has  more  than 
30ohoufescompa<ftly  built.  Trenton  is  one  of  the  larged, 
and  the  capital  ot  the  date.  The  other  principal  towns 
are  Brunfwick,  Burlington,  .Amboy,  Bordentown, 
Princeton,  Elizabeth-Town,  Newark,  and  Mt  rridown. 
This  date  was  the  fe.n  of  war  for  feveral  years,  during 
the  bloody  conted  between  Grejt-Britain  and  Am-.rica. 
Herlolfes  bi  th  of  men  and  pr.perty,  in  proportion  to  the 
population  and  wealth  of  the  State,  was  greater  thar)  cf 
any  other  of  the  Thirteen  Sta'es.  When  General  Wafli- 
ington  was  retreating  through  the  Jcrfies,  almoft  forfakcn 
by  all  others,  her  militia  were  at  all  times  obedient  to  h'S 
orders ;  and,  for  a  confiderable  length  of  time,  compofc.i 
the  ftrength  of  his  army.  There  is  hardly  a  town  in 
the  date  that  lay  in  the  progrtfs  ot  the  Britifli  arnn, 
ihit  was  not  rendered  fignal,  by  fume  enter^rifc  or  ex- 
ploit.— ill. 

4  M  NEW 


KeW 

Jcrfey, 


NEW 


[     642     ] 


NEW 


Ntw  K«nt,      NEW  KENT,  a  county  of  Virginia,  bounded  on  the 

II         S.  fide  of  Pamunky  and  York  rivers.     It  is  about  33 

^''''       miles  lonj^,  and   12  broad,   and  contains  6,239  inhabi- 

ii^'J^  tmts,  including   3,700  flives.    New  Kent  court  houfe 

is  30  m  Iss  from  Richmond,  and  as  far  irom  WiUiaml- 


exrellent.     It  is  about  32  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Albany,    N«^vlin. 
103  north  of  New- York,  and  6  W.  of  Pittsfield. — ib. 

NEWLIN,  a.  townlhip  in  CheRcr  couniy,  Pennfyl- 
vania. — il>. 

NEW  LONDON,  a  maritime  county   of  Connedi- 
cut,  cjrapreliendia^  the  S.  E.  corner  of  it,  bordering 


NEV/LEBANON,  a  poR  town  in  Dutchefs  county,  E.  on   Rhode-Illmd,  and  S.  on  Long-KLnd  Sound, 

New  York,  celebrated  for  its  medicinal  fpring-^.    The  about  30  miles  from  E.  to  W.  and  24  from  north  to 

compaft  part  of  this  town  is  pleafantly  filuated  partly  fomh.     It  was  fettled   foon  after   the  tirll  fettlements 

in  an  cxtenlve  valley,  and  partly  on  the  declivity  of  the  were  tormed  on  Conne>5l!Cut  nver  ;  and  is  divided  into 

furroundins;  hills.     The  fpring  is  on  the  fouth  fide,  and  1 1  tOA-nlhips,  it  which'  New-London  and  Norwich  are 

near  th-  bottom  of  a  genile  hill,  but  a  few  rods  weft  of  the  chief.     It  contained  in  1756,  22.844  inhabitants,  of 

tiie  Malfacluifetts  weft  line  ;  and  is  furrounded  with  fe-  whom  829  were  Haves ;  in  1790,  33,200,  ot  wliom  580 

veral  sood  houfcs,  which  alFord  convenient  accommo-  were  llaves.— ;/<. 

dations  for  the  valetudinarians  who  vifit  thele  waters.  New  London,  a  city,  port  of  entry,  and  poft-town  m 
Concernint-  the  medicinal  virtues  of  this  fpring,  Dr  the  above  county,  and  one  ol  the  molt  confiderable  com. 
Waterhoufe,  Profelfor  of  the  theory  and  praflice  of  mercial  towns  in  the  Stite.  It  Rands  on  the  W.  fide 
phyfic  at  Harvard  Univerfity,  and  who  vilited  it  in  the  ot  the  riv^r  Thames,  about  3  miles  from  its  entrance  into 
fummer  of  1794,  obferves,  "  I  confefs  myself  at  a  lols  the  SounJ,  anJ  is  detended  by  Fort  Trumbull  and 
to  determine  the  contents  of  ihefe  vvaters  by  chymical  Fort  GnfwolJ,  the  one  on  the  New  London,  the  other 
analyfis,  or  any  of  the  oidmary  lefts.  I  fufpeft  their  on  the  Gioton  (ide  ot  the  Thames.  A  confid.rable 
impregnaMon  is  from  fome  caufe  weakened.  Except-  p»rtof  the  town  was  burnt  by  BeneJiA  Arnold  in  1781. 
iaefroiti  their  waimth,  which  is  about  that  of  new  milk,  It  has  Imce  been  rebuilt.  H:re  are  two  places  of  pub- 
I  never  ftiojld  have  fufpe^^d  them  to  come  under  the  I'C  worlbip,  one  tor  Epilcopahans,  and  one  tor  Congre- 
h-^ad  of  medicinal  waters.  They  are  ufed  for  the  vari-  gitionalift,,  about  300  dwelling  houfes  and  4,600  in- 
ous  purpofes  of  cookery,  and  for  common  drink  by  the  habitants.  Tne  harbour  1.  large,  iafe  and  commodious, 
neighbiurs,  and  I  neve:  could  dilcover  any  other  efFcils  and  has  5  fathoms  wuer  ;  hi^h  water  at  full  and 
from  drinkino-  ih;m,  than  what  we  migiit  expe^  fiom  change,  54  minutes  after  8.  On  the  W.  fiJe  of  the  en- 
rain  or  river  water  of  that  temperature.  There  was  no  trance  is  a  light  houle,  on  a  point  ot  land  which  pr.  j.-fti 
vifible  change  produced  in  this  water  by  the  addition  of  coafiderably  into  the  Sjund.  The  exports  tor  a  year 
an  alkali,  nor  by   a  folution  of  alum ;   nor  was  any  ef-  ending   Sep-.ember  30th,  1794,    amounted  10557,453 


iervefcence  raifed  by  the  oil  of  vitriol;  neither  d'd  it 
change  the  colour^  of  gold,  filver,  or  copper  ;  nor  did 
it  redden  beef  or  mutton  boded  in  it ;  nor  did  it  extrafl 
a  black  tincture  from  galls ;   neither  did  it  curdle  milk, 


dollars.  In  ihat  year  looo  mules  were  Ihipped  for  the 
Weft  Indies.  It  is  14  miles  fouth  of  Norwich,  54  S. 
E.  by  S.  of  Hartford,  54  E.  of  New  Haven,  and  237 
N.  E.  by  E.  of  Pnlladelphia.     N.  lat.  41  25,  W.  long. 


the  white;  of  eggsor  loap.  The  quality  of  the  waters  7^  15-  'i'^*  townlhip  of  New  London  was  laid  out  in 
..f  the  pool  at  Lebanon  is,  therefore,  very  dilTerentfiotn  lots  in  164S,  but  had  a  few  Englilh  inhabitants  two 
ihofe  of  Saiaio-'a.     Thele  are  warm  and  warmilh.  thofe    years  before.     It  was  called  by  the  Indians  Nameag  or 


very  cold,  fm.irt,  and  ex'.iilarating.  Frogs  are  found  in 
th*  pool  of  Lebanon,  and  (luusgiow  and  flouriftj  in 
and  aio.ind  it  ;  but  plants  will  not  grow  within  the  va- 
pour of  thofe  of  Saratoga,  and  as  for  fin  ill  anim  lU, 
t'.iey  foon  expire  in  it.  Hence  we  co:iciude  that  th  it 
(hiriius  mlncial'u  which  fome  call  aerial  a^id,  or  fixed  air, 
abounds  in  the  one  bat  not  in  the  other.  Yet  the  Lab  i- 
mn  pool  is  fimous  for  having  wrought  many  cures, 
el\-eciall/  in  rheuiiatifms,  ftiff  joints,  fcabby  eruptions 


'Tuivaiui^,  and  liom  bciag  the  feat  of  the  Pequot  tribe, 
was  called  Pejuot.  It  was  the  feat  of  Siijiinis,  the  grand 
raonirch  ot  Long-Iflaiid,  and  part  of  Connecticut  and 
Narraganfet. — ;'^. 

New  London,  afnulltownrnipinHilltboroughcountjr, 
New  Hamplhiie,  inco:  porated  in  i  779,  and  contains  3  i  i 
inhabitants.  It  lie^  at  the  head  of  Black-watL;r  river,  and 
about  3  miles  Irom  the  N.  E.  (Ide  of  Sunapee  Like. — ib. 
New  Londom,  a  poll  town  of  Virginia,  and  the  chief 


and  even  in  vifceral  obftruaions  and  indigeftions  ;  all  town  of  Bed.ord  coun'y.    It  Hands  upon  rifing  ground, 

of  which  is  very  probable.    If  a  perfon  who  has  brought  and  contains  about  130  houfes,  a  court  hou'e  and  god. 

nn  a  train  of  chronic  cjmpliints,   by  intemperance  in  There  were  here  in  the  late  war  fevera!  woik  (liops  for 

(Mting  and  drinking,  Ihould  fwallow  four  or  hve  quarts  lepairing  Hre  arms.^  It  is  133  miles  VV.  by  S.  of  Rjch 
iif  rain  o 


river  water  in  a  day,  he  woald  not  feel  fo 
keen  an  appetite  for  anim  il  f  jod,  or  thit ft  lor  fpirituous 
liquais.  Hence  fuch  a  courf;  of  wat;r  drinking  wl'.l 
ope.i  obftruiti  jUS,  rinfe  out  impuriliei,  rend.-r  perfpira- 
tion  free,  and  thus  remove  that  unnatural  load  trom 
liii  animal  maehin;,  w;;ichcaufes  and  keeps  up  its  dif- 
nrders.  PolFibly,  however,  there  may  hz  fomeihing  fo 
fubtle  in  thefe  waters  as  to  elud;  the  Icrutiniiing  hand 
of  the  chymills,  fince  they  all  allow  tljitth;  analyfis  ot 
mineral  waters  is  one  am,n'  the  moft  dilficnlt  thini^s 


mond,  152  weft  of  Peterfburg,  and  393  S.  W.  by  ^V.  of 
Plii'adeipliia. — ib. 

NEW  M.'\DRID,  in  the  northern  part  of  Louifiana, 
is  a  fettlement  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Miffiilippl,  ci<m- 
mewced  lome  years  ago,  and  condadtcd  by  Col.  Mor- 
gan of  New  Jeifey,  under  the  patronage  of  the  Spanilh 
king.  The  Ipot  on  which  the  city  was  propofed  to  be 
bum  is  filuated  in  lat.  36  30  N.  and  45  miles  below  the 
mouth  of  Ohio  river.  The  limits  of  the  new  city  of  Ma- 
drid were  to  extend  4  miles  S.   and  2  W.  from  the  ri- 


in  the  chymical  art."  A  Ibclety  of  Shaksn  inhabit  the  ver;  fo  as  to  crofs  a  beautiful,  l.vmg  deep  lake,  of  the 
Ibjth  part  of  the  town  in  view  of  the  ma-n  ftige-road,  purell  fpring  water,  100  yards  wide,  and  feveral  miles 
vhich  palFes  through  this  town.  Their  manutaifures  in  leagth,  emptying  ilfelf,  hy  a  conft:ant  and  rapid  ndr- 
cf  various  kinds  are  co.iliJsrabk,  and  very  nsat  and   row  lUeam,  throutjh  ihs  centre  of  the  city.     The  banks 

of 


N     E    W 


[     <543     ] 


N    E     W 


Madrid, 

II 

ilewmar- 

ket. 


of  this  lake,  called  St.  Annis,  are  high,  bcauiiful  and 
plealant ;  the  w.tter  deep,  clear  and  fweet,  and  well 
(lored  wiih  fi(li;  the  bcttom  a  clear  far.d,  free  from 
woods,  (hrubs,  or  other  vegetables.  On  each  fide  of 
I  this  delightful  lake,  ftreets  were  to  be  hid  out,  loofeet 
wide,  and  a  road  to  be  continued  round  ir,  rf  the  fame 
breadtii;  and  the  ftre.ts  were  cliieifled  to  be  preferved 
forever,  for  the  health  and  pleafure  ot  the  ciiizens.  A 
(treet  120  feet  wide,  on  th:  bank  of  the  M'ffilTippi,  was 
laid  out ;  and  the  trees  were  direifled  to  be  preferved 
for  the  fame  purpofe.  Twelve  acres,  in  a  central  part 
of  the  city  %vere  to  be  preferved  in  like  minner,  to  be 
crnanientcd,  regulated,  and  improved  by  the  magiftracy 
of  the  city  for  publ'c  walks ;  and  40  hall-acre  lots  f -r 
ether  public  ufes ;  and  one  lot  of  1 2  acres  for  the  king's 
ufe.  W;  do  not  hear  that  this  fcheme  is  profecuting, 
and  conclude  it  is  given  up.  The  country  in  the  vici- 
nity of  this  intended  city  is  reprefented  as  excellent,  and, 
jn  many  parts,  beyond  defcription.  The  natural 
growih  conlifts  of  mulberry,  locuft,  fjffafr.i':,  walnut, 
hickory,  oak,  alh,  dog-wood,  &c.  with  one  or  more 
grapevines  running  up  almoil  every  tree;  and  the 
grapes  yield,  from  experiments,  good  red  wine  in  plenty, 
and  wiih  little  labour.  In  ibme  of  the  low  grounds 
grow  large  cyprefs  trees.  The  climate  is  faid  to  be  fa- 
vourable to  health,  and  to  the  culture  of  fruits  of  vari- 
ous kinds,  particularly  for  garden  vegetables.  The 
praires  or  meadows  are  fertile  in  grafs,  flowering-plants, 
ilrawberries,  and  when  cultivated  produce  good  crops 
of  wheat,  barley,  Indian  corn,  flax,  hemp,  and  tobacco, 
and  are  eafily  tilled.  Iron  and  lead  mines  and  falt- 
fprings,  it  is  afferted,  are  found  in  fuch  plenty  as  to 
aflFord  an  abundant  fupply  of  thefe  necelfary  article^. 
The  banks  of  the  Miffiffippi,  for  many  leagues  in  ex- 
tent, commencing  about  zo  miles  above  the  mouth  of 
the  Ohio,  are  a  continued  chain  of  lime-flone.  A  fine 
traa  of  high,  rich,  level  land,  S.  W.  W.  and  N.  W. 
of  New-Madrid,  about  25  miles  wide,  extends  quite  to 
the  river  St  Francis. — ii. 

NEWMANSTOWN,  Pennfylvania,  fituated  in  Dau- 
phin county,  on  the  eall  fide  of  Mill  Creek.  It  con- 
tains about  30  houfes,  and  is  14  miles  E.  by  N.  of 
Harrifburg,  and  72  N.  W.  by  W.  of  Philadelphia.— ;i. 

NEWMARKET,  a  towniliip  in  Rockingham  coun- 
ty. New  Hamplliire,  north  of  Exeter,  of  which  it  was 
formerly  a  part,  and  13  miles  welt  of  Portfmouth.  It 
was  incorporated  in  1727,  and  contains  1137  inhabi- 
tants. Foffil  (hells  have  been  found  near  Lamprey 
river  in  this  town,  at  the  depth  of  17  feet ;  and  in  fuch 
a  fituation  as  that  the  bed  of  the  river  could  never  have 
been  there.  The  lliells  were  of  oyllers,  mufcles,  and 
clams  intermixed. — ;7'. 

Newmarket,  a  village  in  Frederick  county,  Mary- 
land, on  the  high  road  to  Fredcrickllown,  from  which 
it  lies  nearly  13  miles  W.  S.  W.  and  about  36  noril:- 
weft  of  the  Federal  City. — i5. 

Newmarket,  a  village  in  Dorchcfter  county,  Miry- 
land,  3  miles  nonheall  <  f  Indian-Town,  on  Choptank 
river,  9  north-eaft  of  Cambridge,  and  as  far  north-well 
of  Vienna. — Ih. 

Newmarket,  a  town  in  Virginia,  Amherft  county, 
on  the  north  lide  of  James  river,  at  the  mouth  of  Tye 
river.  It  is  a  fniall  place,  contains  a  tobacco  warc- 
houfe;  is  100  miles  above  Richmond,  and  378  from 
Philadelphia. — ii. 


NEW  MARLBOROUGH,  a  townflilp  In  Uider 
C3unty,  Niw-York. — ii. 

New  Marlborough,  Berklhire  countv,  MafTachu- 
fett=.  It  is  23  miles  fouthward  of  Lenckj,  and  14+ 
S.  W.  by  W.  of  Boflrn.— /*.  ^^ 

New  Marlborough,  a  town  in  King  George'u 
county,  V.rgini^i,  on  the  weft  f.Je  of  Patoxmac  livcr. 
10  miles  ealt  ot   Falmouth. —  i 

NEW  MEADOWS  River,  in  the  Diftridl  of  xM.ine, 
a  water  of  Caico  Bay,  navigable  for  veffels  of  a.  conft- 
derahle  burden  a  fmall  dUlance.  —  ii 

NEW  MILFORD,  a  poft  town  cf  Conneflicur. 
Litchfield  county,  on  the  eartern  fide  of  Houfator.ick 
river,  about  16  miles  north  of  Danbury,  20  n.uth.w-ll 
of  Litchfield,  and  52  \V.  by  S.  W.  of  Hartford.— //. 

NEW  ORLEANS,  the  metropolis  of  Louillana,  was 
regulaily  laid  out  by  the  French  in  the  year  1720,  or« 
the  eaft  fide  of  the  river  Miililhppi,  in  lat.  30  2  north, 
.and  long.  89  53  weft  ;  18  miles  from  Detour  des  An- 
glois,  or  Enghlh  Turn,  and  105  miles  from  the  Baliza 
at  the  mouth  ot  the  river.  All  the  ftreets  are  perfecfly 
ftralght  but  too  narrow,  and  end  each  oth;r  at  right 
angles.  There  were,  in  1788,  1,100  houfes  in  ihi> 
town,  generally  built  witli  timber  frames,  raifed  about 
8  feet  from  the  ground,  wi-.h  large  galleries  round 
them,  and  the  cellars  under  the  floors  level  with  ths 
ground;  any  fubterraneous  buildings  would  be  con- 
ftantly  full  of  w.iter.  Mift  of  the  houfes  h.xve  garden-. 
In  March,  1788,  this  town,  by  a  fire,  was  reduced  in 
five  hours  to  200  houfe;.  It  has  fince  been  rebuilt. 
The  fide  next  the  river  is  open,  and  is  fecured  from  th; 
inundations  of  the  river,  by  a  raifed  bank,  generalif 
called  the  levee,  which  extends  from  the  Enghlh  Turn, 
to  the  upper  fettlenients  of  the  Germans,  a  diftance  of 
more  than  50  miles  witli  a  good  road  all  the  way. 
There  is  reafon  to  believe  that  in  a  fhort  time  New-Or- 
leans may  become  a  great  and  opulent  city,  if  we  con- 
fiJer  the  advantages  of  its  fituation,  but  a  few  leac^ues 
from  the  fea,  on  a  noble  liver,  in  a  moft  fertile  country, 
under  a  moft  delightful  and  wlmlefome  climate,  within 
2  weeks  fail  of  Mexico,  and  ftill  nearer  the  French, 
Spanilh,  and  B:itilh  Weft- India  ilUnds,  with  a  moral 
certainty  ct  its  becoming  a  general  receptacle  for  the 
produce  of  that  extenfive  and  valuable  country  on  the 
Miffiffippi,  Ohio,  and  its  other  br.anches  ;  all  which  are 
much  more  than  fu.lrcient  to  enfurc  the  future  wealth, 
power,  and  profperity  of  this  city.  The  velfels  which 
fail  up  the  Miffiffippi  haul  dole  along  fide  the  bank  next 
to  New  Orleans,  to  which  they  make  (d(\,  and  take  in 
or  difcharge  their  cargoes  with  the  fame  eafe  as  at  i 
wharf. — ill. 

^  NEW  PALTZ,  a  townfliip  in  Ulfter  county,  New 
York,  bounded  eaftcrly  by  Hudfon  river,  foutherly  by 
Mailborough  and  Shawangunk.  It  contains  2.309  in- 
habitants including  302  ifaves.  The  compact  part  of 
it  is  fituated  on  the  eaftern  fide  of  Wall  Kill,  and  con- 
tains about  250  houfes  and  a  Dutch  chuich.  It  is  10 
miles  from  Shaw.ingunk,  14  foutherly  of  Kingfton,  20 
fouth-weft  of  Rhinebeck,  and  So  noiih-north-weft  of 
New  York — //.. 

NEWPOR  T,  a  townftiip  of  Nova  Scotia,  in  Hanti 
county,  on  the  river  Avon.  The  road  from  Halifa.x 
runs  part  of  the  way  between  this  townftiip  and  Wind- 
tor;  and  has  feltlements  on  it  at  cert  iln  diftanccs. — ll>. 

Newport,   a  townll.ip    in    Chelliire  county,    New 
4  M  2  Hampihirf, 


Xc» \UtU 

buryugh. 

H 

N'twprrj. 


NEW 


[    644    ] 


NEW 


Newpnit- 


H..mpn>;rc.  eaft  of  Claremont.  It  was  incorporated  in 
I  761,  and  contains  780  inhabitants.-/*. 

NhWPORT,  a  maritime  county  of  the  tlate  of  Rhode- 
Ifland,  comprehending  Rhode-inand  Cannon.cut, 
13'ock,  Prudence,  and  feveral  other  fmall  iQands.  It  is 
divided  into  7  townlliips,  and  contains  14,300  inhabi- 
tants, including  366  Haves.— ;i. 

Newport,  the  chief  town  of  this  county,  and  the 
femi-metropolis  of  the  Hate  of  Rhode  llland;  Hands  on 
the  fouthweft  end  of  Rhode  in.ind,  about  5  miles  from 


NtwpoRT,  a  townfhip  in  Luzerne  county,  Pennfyl-  Nev^port, 
vania. — ib.  B 

Newport,    a   fmall   pod-town   in    Charles   county,  Newton. 
Maryland,  1 1  miles  S.  E.  of  Port  Tobacco,  94  S.  by  W. 
of   Baltimore,   and    195    fouth-well   of  Pliiladelphia. 
—ib. 

Newport,  a  very  thriving  fettlement  in  Liberty 
county,  Georgia,  fituated  on  a  navigable  creek,  34. 
miles  Ibuih  of  Savannah,  and  7  or  8  fouih  of  welt  i-com, 
Sunbury.    Thi>>  place,  commonly  known  by  the  name 


the  fea       Its  haibour,  (which  is  one  ot  the  hnelt  in  the  of  Newport  Brilge,  is  the  rival  ol   Sunbury,  and  corn- 
world)    fpreads  weftward  beiore  the  town.     The  en-  mands    the  piiicip.il   part  of  the  Uade  of  the  whole 
trance  Is  eafy  and  fafe,  and  a  large  fleet  may  anchor  in  county.     A  polt-ofHce  i»  kept  here.— /*. 
hand  lide  in  perfcd  fecurity.     It  \,  probable  this  may,  NEW  RIVER,  a  river  ot  Tenneifee,  which  rifes  oa 
in  fome  future  period,  become  one  of  the  man-ot-war  the  north  lide  of  the  Alleghany  mountains,  and  running 

orts  of  the  American  empire.     Tlie   town  lies  nordi  a  north  ealt  courl'e  enters  Virginia,  and  is  called  Kan- 

nd  fouth  upon  a  gradual  afceni  as  you  proceed  ealt-  Laway.— /T-. 

/ardfromthe  water,  and  exhibits  abeaut.tul  view  tr>.m  NEW   ROCEiELLE,  a  townlhip  in  WeftChefter 

the  harbour,  and  from  the  neighbouring  hills  which  lie  county,  Ncw-Y..rk,  on   Longlfland  Sound.     It  con- 

•wellward  upon  the  main.     Well  of  the  town  is  Goat-  tained  692  inhabitants,  of  whom  89    were  flaves,  in 

IQind     on  which  is  Fort  Walhington.     It  has  been  1790.  In  1796,  there  were  100  of  the  inhabitants  qua^ 


ports 

a 

war 


lihed  eledtors.     It  is  6  miles  S.  W.  of  Rye,  and  20 
north-earterly  of  New  York  city. — ib, 

NEW  S.'iLEM,  or  Pequottink,  a  Moravian  fettle- 
mentj  formed  in  1786,  on  the  E.  fide  of  Huron  river^ 


lately  repaired  and  a  citadel  erefted  in  it.      ihe  fort  has 

been  ceded  to  the  United  States.     Between  Goat-IlUnd 

:.nd   Rhode  IHand  is  the  haibour.     Newport  contains 

about  1,000  houfes,  built  chiefly  ot  wood.     Irhas  10  ,,     ^. 

houfes  for  public  worlhip,  4  tor  Baptilts,  2  tor  Congre-  which  luns  northward  into  Lake  Erie.— ;i^. 

cationalills,  one  for  Epiicopalians,one  tor  Quakers,  one  Ntw  Salem,  a  townfliip  in  Hampdiire  county,  Maf- 

for  Moravians,   and  one  tor  Jews.     The   other  public  fachufelts,   bounded  E.  by  the   wefl:  line  of  Worcefter 

bullain"-s  are  a  ftate  houfe,  andanedidceforthepublic  county.     It  was  incorporated  in   1753,    and  contains. 

libraryf   The  fuuation,  form  and  architedure  of  the  1543  inhabitants,     it  is  85  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Bofton^ 

ftate  houfe,   give  it   a  pleafing  appearance.     It  Ilands  —ib.                                   „..„,., 

fufficiently  elevated,  and  a  long  whart  and  paved  pa-  New  Salem,   a  townlhip   in    Rockingham   county, 

rade  lead  up  to  it  from  the  harbour.     Front  or  Water  New  Hamplhire,  adjoining  Pelhamand  Haverhill. — ib, 

ftreet  is  a  mile  in  length.     Here  is  a  flouriOiing  acade-  NEW-SAVANNAH,  a  village  in   Burke   county,. 

my    under  the  diredlion  of  a  redlor,  and  tutors,  who  Georgia,  on  the  S.  W.  bank  of  the  Savannali,  12  miles 

teach  the  learned  languages,  Englilh  grammar,  geo-  S.  E.  of  Augulla.— ii^ 


praphy,  &c.  A  marine  fociety  was  eftablifted  here  in 
I  752,  for  the  relief  of  diareifed  widows  and  orphans, 
and  luch  of  their  fociety  as  may  need  rehef.  This  city , 
far  famed  for  the  beauty  of  its  fiuation  and  the  ialu 


NEW-SMYRNA  Entrance,  or  Mojilto  InUt,  on  the- 
coall  of  Florida,  is  about  1 1  leagues  north-north-weft, 
\  welt  from  Cape  Cauaverel. — ib. 

NEW-SWEDELAND  was  the  name  of  the  terri- 
Virginia  and  New- York,  when  in  pof- 
'terwards  poffelled,  or 
The  chief  town  was. 


brity  of  its  climate,  is  no  lefs  remark.able  for  the  great  tory  between  Virginia  and  New- 
variety  and  excellent  quality  of  frelh  filh  which  the  fefljon  of  the  Swedes,  and  was  afterwards  poffelled,  or 
market  furnilhes  at  all  feafons  of  the  year.  No  lei's  rath.-r  claimed  by  the  Dutch, 
than  listy  diilertnt  kinds  have  been  produced  in  this  called  Gottenburg. — ib. 
market.  The  excellent  accommodations  and  regula-  NEWTON  (John),  an  eminent  Englilh  mathema- 
tions'of  the  numerous  packets,  which  belong  to  this  tician  was  born  at  Oundle  in  Northamptoiilliire,  1622.. 
port  and  vi'hich  ply  thence  to  Providence  and  New-  After  a  proper  foundation  at  fchool,  he  was  lent  to 
York  are  worthy  ot  notice.  They  are  laid,  by  Euro-  Oxford,  where  he  was  entered  a  commoner  ot  St  Ed- 
pe.in 'travellers,  to  be  fuperior  to  any  thing  of  the  kind  mund's  Hall  in  1637.  He  took  the  degree  of  bachelor 
in  Europe.    This  town,  although  greatly  injured  by  the  of  arts  in  1641  ;  and   the  year  following  was  created 


late  war,  and  its  cjnfequences,  has  a  conliJerable  trade 
A  cotton  and  duck  manufactory  have  been  lately  ella- 
blilhed.  The  exports  for  a  year,  ending  Sept.  30,  1  794, 
amounted  to  31 1,200  dollars.  It  was  firft  Icttled  by 
Mr  William  Coddington,  afterwards  governor,  and  tlr 


niafter,  among  leveral  gentlemen  that  belonged  to  the 
king  and  cmrt,  then  rellding  in  the  univerlity.  At 
which  time,  his  genius  being  inclined  to  aflronoray  and 
the  matheniacics,  he  applied  himfelf  diligently  to  thole 
fciences,  and  made  a  great  proficiency  in  them,  which. 


father  of  Rhode  Ifland,  with  17  others,  in  1639.  It  is  he  found  of  fervice  during  the  times  of  the  ufurpation, 
^to  miles  S.  by  E.  ot  Providence,  14  fouth  ealt  of  Bril-  After  the  relloration  of  Charles  1.1.  he  reaped  the  fruits 
lol,  7;  S.  W.  by  S.  of  Boflon,  1 13  E.  N.  E.  of  New  of  his  loyalty  ;  being  created  doflor  of  divinity  at  Ox- 
Haven,  and  292  N.  E.  by  E.  of  Philadelphia.  N.  lat.  ford  Sept.  i66r,  he  was  made  one  of  the  king's  chap- 
41  29,  W.  long,  from  Greenwich  71   17. — ib.  lains,  and  reflor  of  Rois  in  Herefordfliire,  in  the  place 

NtwpoRT,  a  fmall  poft  town  in  Nev/callle  county,  of  Mr  John  Toombes,  ejefled  for  nonconformity.  He 
Delaware;  fituated  on  thenorth  fide  of  Chriftiana  Creek,  held  this  living  till  his  death,  which  happened  at  Rofs 
three  miles  W.  of  Wilmington.  It  contains  about  200  on  Chrillmas-day  1678.  Mr  Wood  gives  him  the 
inhabitants  and  carries  on  a  confiderable  trade  with  charadler  of  a  capricious  and  humourfome  perfon:  how- 
Philadelphia,  in  flour.  It  is  6  miles  N.  E.  by  N.  of  ever  that  maybe,  his  writings  are  fufficient  monuments 
CUriftiana  Bridge,  aud  31  S.  W.  ot  Philadelphia.— /^.    of  his  genius  and  ikill  in  ihs  mathematics.     Thefe  are, 

I.  /tjlro' 


NEW 


[    HS    ] 


NEW 


Newton,    i.  yljironomia  Britunnica,  &c.  in  three  parts,   1^)56,  in 
U  4to.     2.    Help  to   Calculation  ;  with  Tabhs  ot  Decli- 

^J^^IlJ^^J^  nation,  Afcenfioii,  &c.  1657,  4to.  3.  Tn^onimetria 
Brilannica,  in  two  books,  1658,  folio;  one  compofed 
by  our  aurhor,  and  the  other  tranflated  from  the  Latin 
of  Henry  Gellibrand.  4.  Clnltada  centum  Lognriihmo- 
rum,  printed  with,  5.  Geometrical  Trigonometry,  1659. 

6.  Mathematical    lilements,    three  parts,    1660,    4to. 

7.  A  perpetULil  Diary  or  Almanac,  i66z.  8.  Defcrip- 
tion  fif  the  Uie  of  the  Carpenter's  Rule,  1667.  9.  E- 
phemerid-s,  fliewing  the  Intereft  and  rate  of  Money  at 
6  prr  cent,  &c.  1667.  10.  Chiliadsi  centum  Logarilh- 
morum,  et  Tabula  Parlium  proporl'ionalium,  1667.  II. 
I'he  Rule  of  Intcrelt,  or  the  Cafe  of  Decimal  Frac- 
tio!  s,  &c.  P.irt  II.  r66S,  8vo.  12.  School-Pallimefor 
young  Children,  &c.  1669,  8vo.  13.  Ait  of  pradical 
Gaugina;,  &c.  1669.  14.  Introduiflion  to  the  Art  of 
Rletoic,  1671.  15.  The  Art  ot  Natural  Arithme- 
tic, in  whole  Numbers,  and  Fraiflions  Vulgar  and  De- 
cimal, 167  I,  8vo.  16.  The  Englirt)  Academy,  1677, 
8vo.      17.  Cofmography.      18.   Inlroduiftion  to  Allm- 

•B/of. /5i'<?.  nomy.      19.  Introduftion  to  G:.ography,   1678,  8vo.* 
new  edit.  NEWTON,  a  pleafant  towulhip  in  M:ddlefcx  coun- 

ty, Malfachufetts,  fituated  on  Charles  river,  and  is  9 
miles  well  of  Bofton.  It  was  incotporated  in  1691, 
and  contains  1360  inhabitants. — Morte. 

Newton,  a  fmall  town  in  Chelter  county,  Pennfyl- 
vania,  22  miles  fouth  cf  Philadelphia. — ii. 

Newton,  a  tnwnlhip  in  Rockingham  county.  New 
Hamplhire,  on  Powow  river,  adjoining  Amefbury,  in 
Maflachufetts,  10  or  12  miles  foutherly  of  Exeter.  It 
was  incorporated  in  1749,  and  contains  530  inhabi- 
tants.— ib. 

NEWTOWN,  a  poft-town  in  Fairfield  county,  Con- 
necticut, 9  miles  eaft-north-eaft  of  Danbury,  26  well- 
north-well  of  New-Haven,  61  fouth-well  ot  Hartford, 
and  So  north-eafl  of  New-York.  The  town  (lands 
pleafantly  on  an  elevated  fpot,  and  was  fettled  in  1708. 
— /•*. 

Newtown,  on  Staten-Ifland,  New- York,  is  3  miles 
N.  E.  of  Old-Town,  as  far  call  of  Richmond,  and  9 
louth-wefterly  of  New-York. — ib. 

Newtown,  a  townlhip  in  Queen's  county,  New- 
York,  includes  all  the  iflands  in  the  Sound  oppofite  the 
fame.  It  is  about  8  miles  eaft  of  New  York,  and  con- 
tains 2,111  inhabitants, "including  533  flaves. — ib. 

Newtown,  a  townlhip  in  Weft  Cheller  ciunty,  New- 
York  ;  of  whofe  inhibitants  276  are  eleflors. — ib. 

Newtown,  a  townlhip  in  Tioga  county,  New-York, 
lies  between  the  fouth  end  of  Seneca  lake  and  Tioga 
river;  having  Chemung  townlhip  eaft,  from  which  it 
was  taken  and  incorporated  in  1792.  In  1796,  169 
of  ill  inhabitants  were  elci'tois. — ib. 

Newtown,  a  lownfhip  in  Gloucefter  county,  New 
Jcrfey — :b. 

Newtown,  the  feat  of  juftice  in  Suflex  county.  New 
Jerky,  is  about  10  miles  S.  E.  of  Sandyftou. — ib. 

Newtown,  the  capital  of  15ucks  county,  Pcnnfyl- 
vania.  It  contains  a  prefbyterian  cliurch,  a  ftone  jail, 
a  cnurt-houfe,  an  academy,  and  about  50  houfes.  It 
was  lettled  in  17^5,  and  ii  10  miles  W.  of  Trenton,  in 
New  Jerfey,  and  30  N.  E.  by  N.  of  Piiiladclphia. — 
Tiiere  arc  two  other  townlhips  of  thi>  name,  the  one  in 
Delaware  county,  the  other  in  that  ol  Cumberland. — ib. 
Newtown,  a  fmall  town  of  Virginia,  fituated  in  Fie- 
derick  county,  between  the  nortli  and  fouth  branches 


of  Shenandoah  river;    7  miles  fouth  of  Winchefter,      New 
and  173  north-north-weli  of  Richmond ib  Utrecht, 

NEW-UTRECHT,  a  fmall  maritime  town  of  New.         " 
York,  fituated  in  King's  county,  Long-Ifland,  oppofite  ^l^^^^J^' 
the   Narrows,   and   7   miles   fouth  of  New- York  city. 
The   whole    townlhip   contains    562    inhabitants  ;    of 
whom  76  are  qualified  elcdors,  and  206  flaves ib. 

NEW-^VINDSOR,  a  townlhip  of  Ulfter  county. 
New- York,  pleafantly  fituated  on  the  W.  bank  of  Hud- 
fon  river,  jull  above  the  high  land,,  3  miles  fouth  of 
Newburgh,  and  6  north  of  Weft  Point.  It  contains 
1819  inhabitants  ;  of  whom  261  are  qualified  eledors, 
and  117  (laves.  A  valuable  fet  of  works  in  this  town 
for  manufaauring  fcythes  wen:  deftroyed  by  fire.  In 
1795,  the  legiflature  granted  the  unfortunate  proprie- 
tor, Mr.  Boyd,  ;^i5oo  to  enable  him  to  re-eftablifli 
them.  The  compact  part  of  the  town  contains  about 
40  houfes  and  a  preftjyterian  church,  64  miles  north  of 
New- York.  The  fummer  refidence  ot  governor  Clin- 
ton was  formerly  at  a  rural  feat,  on  the  margin  of  the 
river,  at  this  place. — ib. 

NEW-WRENTHAM,  diftria  of  Maine,  a  townlhip 
6  miles  E.  ot  Penobl'cot  river,  adjoining  Orrington,  and 
15  miles  from  Buckfton. — ib. 

NEWYEAK's  Harbour,  on  the  north  ccp.ft  of 
Staten  Land  llland,  at  the  fouth  extremity  of  South 
America,  affords  wood  and  good  water  ;  was  difco- 
vered  Jan.  1,  1775;  hence  its  name.  S.  lat.  5449* 
weft  long.  64  1 1. — ib. 

New-Year's  IJlands,  near  the  above  harbour,  within 
which  is  anchorage  at  north  half  weft  from  the  har- 
bour, at  the  diftance  of  two  leagues  from  it. — ib. 

NEW-YORK,  one  of  the  United  S.aies  o^  America, 
is  fituated  between  lat.  40  40  and  45  north,  and  be- 
tween long.  73  10  and  80  weft  ;  is  about  350  miles  \n. 
length,  and  300  in  breadih;  bounded  fouth-eallerly  by 
the  Ailantic  ocean;  eaft  by  Conneiflieut,  Malfachufetts, 
and  Vermont;  north  by  Upper  Canada;  fouth-wed- 
and  weft  by  Pennfylvania,  New  Jerfey,  and  Lake  Erie. 
It  is  fubdivided  into  21  counties  as  fallows,  viz.  New- 
York,  Richmond,  Sutfolk,  Weft  Cheller,  Queen's, 
King's,  Orange,  Ulfter,  Dutchef-,  Columbia,  Ren- 
Ifelaer,  Walhington,  Clinton,  Saratoga,  Albany,  Mont- 
gomery, Herkemer,  Onondago,  Otfego,  Ontario,  and 
Tioga.  In  1790,  this  ftaie  contained  340,120  inhabi- 
tants ;  of  whom  21,324  were  Haves.  Since  that  period 
the  counties  of  Rsnlielaer,  Saratoga,  Herkemer,  Onon- 
dago, Otfego,  and  Tioga  have  been  taken  from  the 
other  counties.  In  1796,  according  to  the  ftate  cenfus, 
there  were  195  townlhips,  and  64,017  qualified  elec- 
tors. Electors  in  this  ftate  ate  divided  into  die  follow- 
ing clalfcs  : 

Freeholders  to  the  value  of /"looo  36,338 

Do.  to  ihe  value  ot/"2o  anJ  under /"too         4,83?? 

Do.  who  rent  tenenients  of  40/.  per  annum    22,598 

Other  freeholders  243 

64,017 
It  is  diflicult  to  afcertain  accurately  the  p'opoftion 
the  number  of  elei;ii)rs  bears  to  the  whole  number  of 
inhabitants  in  the  ftate.  In  the  countv  of  Herkemer, 
the  cleiflors  to  the  whole  number  of  inhabi'.arts  was, 
in  1 795,  nearly  as  1  to  6,  but  this  proportion  will  not 
hold  tJirough  the  ftate.  In  1790,  the  number  of  in- 
habitants in  the  ftate  was,  as  alreidy  mentioned, 
340,i20|Of  whom  41,783  werceledcrs.    In  1795,  the 

nuiubcr 


NEW 


[     646    ] 


N 


W 


New  York,  number  of  ekflors  w.is  e+.oiy,  whlcli,  if  the  propor- 
'•-^'^^'^^^  tion  between  the  eleflors  and  the  whcle  number  ot   in- 
habitants be  the  lame,  gives,  as  the  whole  number  of 
Inhabitants  in  1795,  5jO>'77.  »"   inci\are,  in  5  years, 
of  190,057. 

The  cliief  rivers  are  Hudfon,  Moliawk,  and  their 
branches.  The  rivers  Delaware  and  Sufciuehannah 
lile  in  this  It.ite.  The  principil  lakes  are  Otl'ego, 
Oneida,  George,  Seneca,  Cayuga,  Salt,  and  Cliau- 
taughque.  'I'be  principal  bay  is  that  ot  York,  which 
Ipre-ida  to  the  fouihward  before  the  city  of  Nevv-York. 
The  legiflature  of  New. York,  llimulated  by  the  en- 
terprizing  and  aiflive  Penidylvaniin?,  who  are  compe- 
titors tor  the  trade  of  the  weltcrn  country,  have  I.ilely 
granted  very  liberal  furas,  towards  improving  thofe 
roads  that  traverfe  the  nmlt  fettled  parts  of  the  country, 
and  opening  fuch  as  lead  into  the  weftern  and  northern 
parts  of  llie  Hate,  uniting,  as  far  as  polfible,  the  eltab- 
iilhments  on  Hudfon's  river,  and  the  moll  populous 
parts  of  the  interior  country,  by  the  nearell  pradicable 
diftances.  By  late  elUblilhmeuts  of  polt-road?,  a  fafe 
and  direvt  conveyance  is  opened  between  the  mod  in- 
terior wellcrn  paits  of  this  (late,  and  the  feveral  llates 
in  the  Union  :  and  when  the  obftruiftions  between  Hud- 
fon's  river  and  lake  Ontario  are  removed,  there  will 
not  be  a  great  deal  to  do  to  continue  the  water  com- 
municaiion  by  the  lakes,  and  through  Illinois  river  to 
the  Millldlpi.  New-York,  to  fpeak  generally,  is  inter- 
fered l)y  ridges  of  mountains,  extending  in  a  N.  E.  and 
S.  W.  direi-Hion.  Beyond  the  Alleghany  mountains, 
however,  the  country  is  level,  ot  a  fine  rich  foil,  covered 
in  its  natural  ftate  with  maple,  beech,  birch,  cherry, 
black  walnut,  locuft,  hickory,  and  fome  mulberry  trees. 
On  the  banks  of  Lake  Erie  are  a  few  chefnut  and 
oak  ridges.  Hemlock  fwamps  are  interfperfed  thinly 
through  the  country.  All  the  creeks  that  empty  into 
Lake  Eiie  have  falls,  which  afford  many  excellent  mill- 
feats.  The  lands  between  the  Seneca  and  Cayuga 
lakes,  are  repreftnted  as  uncommonly  excellent,  being 
moll  agreeably  diverfified  with  gentle  rillngs,  and  tim- 
beted  with  lofty  trees,  with  little  underwood.  The 
legiflature  have  granted  a  million  and  a  half  acres  of 
land,  as  a  gratuity  to  theofficeis  and  loldiers  of  the  line 
of  this  Hate.  This  traifl  torms  the  military  townlhips 
of  the  county  of  Ouondago.  Ealt  ot  the  Alleghany 
jnounta-ns,  which  commence  with  the  Kaat's  Kill,  on 
the  well  fide  of  Hudfon's  river,  the  country  is  broken 
into  hills  with  rich  intervening  vallies.  The  hills  are 
cloathed  thick  with  timber,  and  when  cleared  afford 
fine  pafture;  the  vallies,  when  cultivated^  produce 
wheat,  hemp,  Ha.v,  peas,  grafs,  oats,  Indian  corn,  &c. 
Of  the  commodities  produced  from  culture,  wheat  is 
the  principal.  Indian  corn  and  peas  are  likewife  raifed 
for  expf nation  ;  and  rye,  oats,  barley,  &c.  for  home 
confumpticn.  The  belt  lands  in  the  tlate,  along  the 
Mohawk  river  and  north  of  it,  and  welt  of  the  Alleg- 
hany mountains  but  a  few  years  ago  was  moftly  in  a 
fl-ate  of  nature,  but  has  been  of  late  rnpidiy  fettling.  In 
the  northern  and  unl'etiled  parts  of  the  llate,  are  plenty 
ct  monfe,  deer,  bears,  fome  beavers,  martins,  and  moll 
other  inhabitants  of  the  forell,  except  welves.  The 
BalUloun,  Saratng,,,  and  New-Lebanon  medicinal 
fpiings  are  much  celebrated.  The  fait  made  from  the 
Salt  Springs  here  is  equal  in  goodnefs  to  that  imported 
from  Turk's  Illand.  The  weight  of  a  bulhel  of  the  fait 
is  136  lb.     A  fpring  is  reported  to  h.ive  been  difco\er- 


ed  in  the  Sufquchannah  country,  impregnated  with  New  York, 
nitre,  from  which  falt-petre  is  made  in  the  fame  manner  ^-^"''''^•-^ 
that  common  fait  is  made  from  the  Onondago  fprings. 
Large  quantities  of  iron  ore  are  found  here.  A  hlver 
mine  has  been  worked  at  PhiUiplburg,  which  produced 
virgin  lilver.  Lead  is  found  in  Herkemer  county,  and 
fulphur  in  Montgomery.  Spar,  zink  or  fpcller,  a  femi- 
metal,  magnez,  uled  in  glazings,  pyrites  of  a  golden 
hue,  vaiious  kinds  ot  copper  ore,  and  lead  and  coal 
mines  are  iound  in  this  Hate,  alio  petrified  wood,  plafter 
of  Paris,  ifmglafs  in  Iheets,  talcs,  and  cryftals  of  vari- 
ous kinds  and  colouis.  Hint,  afbeltos,  and  feveral  other 
foffils.  A  fmall  black  Hone  has  alio  been  found,  which 
vitririis  with  a  (mall  heat,  and  it  is  faid  makes  excellent 
glals.  The  chief  manufaiitures  are  iron,  glafs,  paper, 
pot  and  peail  allies,  earthen  ware,  maple  fugar  and 
molail'es,  and  the  citizens  in  general  manufaifture  their 
own  clothing.  This  Hate,  having  a  ihort  and  eafy 
accels  to  the  ocean,  commands  the  trade  of  a  great  pro- 
portion of  the  bell  lettled  and  beH  cuhivated  parts  of 
tlie  United  States.  Their  exports  to  the  Well-Indie* 
are  bifcuit,  pea":,  Indian  corn,  apples,  onions,  boards, 
ft.ives,  horfes,  Hieep,  butter,  cheefe,  pickled  oyllers,  beef 
and  pork.  But  wheat  is  the  ftaple  commodity  of  the 
ftate,  of  which  no  lefs  than  677,700  bufhels  were  ex- 
ported fo  long  ago  as  the  year  1775,  befides  2,555  '°"* 
of  bread,  and  2,828  tons  of  Hour.  The  increal'e  fince 
has  been  in  proportion  to  the  increafe  ot  the  population. 
In  wheat  and  flour  about  a  million  bufhels  are  now  an- 
nually exported.  Weft-India  goods  are  received  in 
return  for  the  above  articles.  Belldes  the  articles  al- 
ready enumerated,  are  exported  flax-feed,  cotton  wool, 
farfaparilla,  coffee,  indigo,  rice,  pig-iron,  bar  iron,  pot- 
afti,  pearl-afti,  furs,  deer  Ikins,  logwood,  fuftic,  maho- 
gany, bees-wax,  oil,  Madeira  wine,  rum,  tar,  pitch, 
turpentine,  whale-fins,  fill),  fugars,  molaifes,  fait,  to- 
bacco, lard,  &c.  but  moftof  thele  articles  are  imported 
tor  reexportation.  The  exports  to  toreign  parts,  for 
the  year  ending  September  30,  1791,  1792,  &c.  con- 
fiftlng  principally  of  the  articles  above  enumerated, 
amounted  as  follows;  in  1791,  to  2,505,465  dolls,  to 
cents;  1792 — 2,535,790  dolls.  25  cents;  1793 — 
2,932,370  dolls.;  1794 — 5,442,183  dolls.  10  cents; 
1795 — 10,304,580  dolls.  78  cents.  This  ftate  owned 
in  1792,  46,626  tons  of  (hipping,  befides  which  (fie 
finds  employment  for  about  40,000  tons  of  foreign 
velfels.  There  are  in  this  ftate,  two  handfomely  en- 
dowed and  flourilhing  colleges,  viz.  Columbia,  formerly 
King's  College,  in  the  city  of  New- York,  and  Union 
College,  at  Scheneiftady.  Befides  thefe,  there  are  dif- 
perfed  in  different  parts  of  the  ftate,  14  incorporated 
academies,  containing  in  the  whole  as  many  as  6  or 
700  ftudents.  Thefe,  with  the  eftablilhment  of  fchocb, 
one  at  leall  in  every  diftriift  of  4  fquare  miles,  for  the 
common  branches  of  education,  mult  have  the- moil 
beneficial  effedls  on  the  ftate  of  fociety.  The  fums 
granted  by  the  legiflature  of  this  ftate  for  the  encour- 
agement of  literature  fince  the  year  1790,  have  been 
very  liberal,  and  is  evincive  of  the  wilelt  policy.  In 
March,  1790,  the  legiflature  granted  to  the  regents  of 
the  univerlity,  who  have  by  law  the  luperintendance 
and  management  of  the  literature  of  the  Hate,  feveral 
large  and  valuable  tiaifts  of  land,  on  the  waters  of 
Lakes  George  and  Champlain,  and  alfo  Governor's 
Ifland  in  the  harbour  of  New-York,  with  intent  that 
the  rents  and  income  thereof  Ihould  be  by  them  ap- 
plied 


NEW 


[     647     ] 


NEW 


New  York,  plied  to  the  advancement  of  literature.  At  the  fame 
^■^"^■^"^^  time  they  granted  them  £ioco  currency,  for  the  fame 
general  purpofe.  In  April,  1792,  they  ordered  to  l<e 
paid  to  tlie  regents  ,^1500  for  enlarging  the  library, 
jf  200  for  a  chemical  apparatus,  ;^I200  lor  ere(fting  a 
wall  to  fupport  the  college  grounds,  and  ;^500o  for 
creitinp  a  hall  and  an  additional  wing  to  the  c'>llege  : 
Alfo  ^"1500  annually  for  5  years,  10  be  difcietioiially 
diftribut-d  among  the  academics  of  the  Hate.  Alio 
£l^o,  for  5  years,  to  be  applied  to  ih;  payment  of  the 
falaries  of  additional  proftlfois.  In  their  icflaons  fince 
1795,  '^^  fjms  they  have  granted  lor  the  fuppoit  of 
the  colleges,  academies,  and  of  common  fchocls 
throughoni  the  ftatc,  have  been  very  liberal.  'I'lie  re- 
ligions fcils  or  denominations  in  this  (late  are,  Englilli 
Pi elhytcrians,  Dutch  reformed,  Bapiifts,  Epifcopalians, 
Friends  or  Quakers,  German  Lutherans,  Moravians, 
Methodifls,  R  man  Catholics,  Shakers,  a  few  followers 
of  Jern-nia  Wilkmf.  n  at  Geneva,  and  f<ime  Jews  in 
the  city  of  New-York.  The  treafury  of  this  Itate  is  one 
of  the  richell  in  the  Union.  The  treafuier  of  the  (late 
reported  to  the  legiQ  iture  in  Jan.  1796,  that  the  funds 
amounted  to  2,119,068  dollars,  33  cents,  which  yields 
an  annuity  of  234.21S  dollars.  JJeUdes  the  above  im- 
nienfe  fum,  there  was  at  that  peri  'd  in  the  treafury 
;^I34  207  :  19  :  10}  currency.  The  ability  of  the 
itate,  theiefore,  is  abundantly  competent  to  aid  public 
inftituti'ins  of  every  kind,  to  make  roads,  erect  bridges, 
open  canals,  and  pufh  every  kind  of  improvement  to 
the  moll  defirabb  length.  The  body  of  the  Six  Na- 
tions of  Indian,  inhabit  the  weftern  part  of  this  llate. 

The  Englilh  language  is  gen;ra!ly  fpokcr.  throngh.- 
out  the  Ihite,  but  is  not  a  li:tle  cjirupted  by  the  Dutch 
dialeft,  which  is  ftill  fpoken  in  fome  counties,  particu- 
larly in  King's,  Ulller,  Albany,  and  that  part  of 
Orange  which  lies  S.  of  the  mountains.  But  a-.  Djtch 
Ichools  are  ahnoft,  if  not  wholly  difcontiiiued,  that 
Itnguage,  in  a  few  generations,  will  probably  ceafe  to 
bo  ufed  at  all.  And  the  increafe  of  Englilh  Ichools 
has  alteady  had  a  perceptible  eifeift  in  the  improvement 
of  the  Englilh  language.  Befides  the  Dutch  and  E'lg- 
lilh,  there  are  in  ;his  ftate  many  eni'grants  from  Scot- 
Itnd,  Ireland,  Germany,  and  fome  tew  from  France. 
Many  G-rmans  are  fettled  on  the  Mohawk,  and  fome 
.Scots  people  on  the  Hudfon,  in  the  county  ot  W.ilhing- 
ton.  The  principal  part  cf  the  two  former  fettled  in  the 
city  of  Nsw-York,  and  retain  the  minners,  the  religion, 
and  fome  of  them  the  language  of  their  refpe<5tive 
c  )untries.  The  French  em  grants  fettled  principally 
at  New-Rochelle,  and  on  St.iten-ltland,  and  their  de- 
fcendants,  fevcral  of  th^m,  now  fi.l  Ibme  of  the  h'ghell 
offices  in  the  United  State--.  Tile  wellern  parts  of  the 
Rate  are  fettled  and  fettling  principally  from  NewEng- 
land.  There  are  three  incorporated  cities  in  this  llate, 
N.-wrYork,  Albany,  and  Hudfon  — ib. 

New-York  County,  in  the  above  (late,  comprehending 
the  ifland  of  New-York,  or  Manhattan,  on  which  the 
metropolis  Hands,  and  the  f  Uowing  fmall  ill  mds  : 
Great  Barn,  Little  Barn,  Manning's,  Nuttcn,  Bedlow's, 
IJucking,  and  Oyfler  Iflinds.  It  contained,  in  1790, 
33,131  inhabitants,  including  2369  ll  ives.  Now,  in 
>796,  the  number  of  inhabitants  amounts  to  about 
70,000,  of  whom  7,272  are  qualitied  ele^'lots. — ib. 

Nkw-York  C'uy  is  fitnated  on  the  S.  W.  point  of 
YcrL  illaad,  a:  ih:  confluence  of  liudf^^n  and  \LxX 


rivers,  and  is  the  metropolis  of  the  (late  of  its  n*me,  XtwYijik- 
and  the  fecond  in  rank  in  the  Union.  The  length  of  '■'^'^^^•^ 
the  city  on  Eall  river  is  upwards  of  two  miles,  and 
rapidly  increallng,  but  falls  fh  irt  cf  that  diftance  oa 
the  banks  of  the  Hudfon.  Its  breadth,  on  an  average, 
ii  about  a  mile  ;  and  its  circumference,  4  or  5  miles. 
The  plan  of  the  city  is  not  perfedlly  rtgular,  but  is 
laid  out  with  reference  to  tlie  (iiuation  of  the  ground. 
The  ground  which  was  unoccupied  before  the  p;ace  of 
1783,  was  laid  out  in  parallel  flreets  of  convenient 
width,  which  has  had  a  good  efTeift  upon  the  pans  of 
the  city  lately  built.  The  principal  (Ireets  run  nearly 
parallel  v/ith  the  rivers.  Thefe  are  intcrfefled,  though 
not  at  right  angles,  by  ftreets  running  from  river  to 
river.  In  the  width  of  the  llreets  theie  is  a  great  di- 
verlity.  Water-ftreet  and  Pearl-lireet,  which  occupy 
the  banks  of  Eall  river,  are  very  conveiiiently  fituated 
for  bufinefs,  but  they  are  low  and  too  narrow;  not. 
admitting  in  fome  places  of  walks  on  the  fides  f  ;r  foot 
palfengers.  Broad-llreet,  extending  from  the  E-xhange 
tj  City  Hall,  is  faffi.iintly  wide.  Tnis  w.n  originally 
built  on  each  fide  of  the  creek,  which  penetrated  almoil 
to  the  City  Hall.  Tins  (Ireet  is  low,  but  pleafant. 
But  the  mill  cjnven  eat  and  agreeable  part  of  thj 
city  is  the  Broaiway.  It  begins  at  a  point  which  is 
lormed  by  the  junflion  of  the  Hudf.)n  and  Eall  rivers 
— occupi.s  the  h.-ight  of  land  between  them,  upon  a 
true  meridionil  line — rifes  gently  to  the  mithw-ird — 
is  nearly  yD  feet  wide — adirnsd,  where  the  fort  for- 
merly flood,  (which  has  hu^ly  been  levelled  >  with  an 
elegant  brick  edifice,  for  the  accommodation  of  the 
governor  of  the  ftate,  and  a  public  walk  from  t;:e  ex- 
tremity of  the  point,  occupying  the  ground  of  the  lower 
battery  which  is  now  demolifhsdj  alfo  with  two  Ej  i:"- 
copal  churches,  and  a  number  of  elegant  private  build- 
ings. It  terminates,  to  the  northward,  in  a  triangular 
area,  fronting  the  bridewell  and  alms-hjU.'e,  and  com- 
mands from  any  point,  a  view  of  the  Bay  and  Narrows. 
Since  the  year  1788,  that  part  oi  the  city,  which  was 
baried  in  rums  daring  the  war, has  been  rapidly  rebuild- 
ing, the  llreets  widened,  (IraiteneJ,  railed  in  the  middle 
under  an  angle  futucient  to  carry  off  the  water  to  the 
fide  gutters,  and  foot-ways  of  brick  made  on  each  fide. 
At  this  time,  the  part  that  was  dellrnyed  by  tire  is  all 
covered  with  elegant  brick  houfes.  WaU-ilreet  is  gene- 
rally 50  feet  wide  and  elevated,  and  the  buildings  ele- 
gant. Hanovi.rf^uareand  Djck-flreet  are  conveniently 
lituated  for  bufinefs,  and  the  houfes  well  built.  William- 
(Ireet  is  alfo  clev.ited  and  convenient,  and  is  the  plir^c:- 
pal  market  (or  retailing  dry  goods.  Many  rf  t!;e  other 
llreets  ate  pleafant,  but  moll  of  them  are  irregular  and 
n  irrow.  Tiie  houfes  are  generally  built  of  brick,  and 
the  roofs  tiled.  There  arc  remaining  a  fe-,»  houfes 
built  after  the  old  Dutch  manner  ;  but  the  Englilh  tailc 
has  prevailed  almoll  a  century.  The  moll  magnificent 
eddice  in  this  city  is  F^J.'ral  Hull,  lituated  at  the  head 
of  Broad-dreet,  where  its  fnmt  appears  to  great  advan- 
tage, in  which  is  a  gallety  \z  fe;t  deep,  pnarded  by  an 
elegant  iron  railing.  In  tliis  gallery  out  beloved  Wash- 
ington, attended  by  the  fenate  and  hoafo  of  reprrfcnta- 
tives,  look  his  oath  of  oflice  in  the  tace  of  Ilraven,  and 
in  prefmce  of  a  large  conc.>mfc  of  people  alFembled  in 
fiont,  at  the  commencement  of  the  operation  of  ths 
Federal  conllitution,  Apiil  3o:h,  17S9.  The  other 
public  buildii'-j^s  iu  ihc  city  aic,  three  ho\iki  for  public 

vri^rfliip 


NEW 


[     648     ] 


NEW 


NfwYoik.  wotfhip  for  the  Dutch  Reformed  church,  four  Prcfby- 
^'^"'^'^^  terian  churches,  three  Epifcop.il  churches,  two  for  Ger- 
man Lutherans  and  C  ilvinifts,  two  Friends'  mceting- 
htnifss,  two  for  IJaptifts,  two  for  Methodills,  one  for 
Mor;ivians,  one  Roman  Catholic  church,  one  French 
Troteftant  church,  and  a  Jew's  fynigogue.  Befides 
thcfe  there  is  the  governor's  honfe,  already  mentioned, 
a  iiandfome  building,  the  college,  jail,  and  feveral  other 
buildings  of  lefs  note.  The  city  is  accommodated 
with  four  markets  in  different  parts,  which  aie  turnifh- 
ed  with  a  great  plenty  and  vaiiety  of  provifions,  in 
neat  and  excellent  order. 

King's  college,  in  the  city  of  New-Y<irk,  was  princi- 
pally founded  by  the  voluntary  contributions  ot  the 
inhabitants  of  the  province,  alTilled  by  the  general 
alfcnibly,  and  the  corporation  of  Trinity  Church;  in 
the  year  1754.  a  royal  charter  (and  grant  of  money) 
being  then  obtained,  incorporating  a  number  ol  gentle- 
men therein  mentioned,  by  the  name  of  "  The  Gover- 
nors of  the  College  of  the  province  of  New- York,  in 
the  city  of  New-York,  in  America  ;"  and  granting  to 
them  and  their  fuccelfors  forever,  amongft  various 
other  rights  and  priveleges,  the  power  ot  conterring  all 
fuch  degrees  as  are  ufually  conferred  by  either  ot  the 
Englilh  univerlltle?.  By  the  charter  it  was  provided 
that  the  prelident  (hall  always  be  a  member  of  the 
church  of  England,  and  that  a  form  of  prayer  collefted 
from  the  liturgy  of  that  church,  with  a  particular 
prayer  for  the  college,  fhall  be  daily  ufed,  morning  and 
evening,  in  the  college  chapel  ;  at  the  fame  time,  no 
left  of  their  religious  perfuafion  was  required  from  any 
of  the  fellows,  profetTors  or  tutors  ;  and  the  advantages 
of  education  were  equally  extended  to  ftudents  ot  all 
denominations.  The  building  (which  Is  only  one  third 
of  the  intended  flruflure)  confilts  of  an  elegant  ftone 
edifice,  three  complete  llories  high,  with  four  ft<iir- 
c.tfes,  12  apartments  in  each,  a  chapel,  hall,  library, 
muleum,  anitomical  theatre,  and  a  fchool  for  experi- 
mental philofophy.  The  college  is  fituated  on  a  dry 
gravelly  foil,  about  150  yard*  from  the  bank  of  Hud- 
son's river,  which  it  overlooks,  commanding  a  mod 
extenfive  and  beautiful  profpetfi.  Since  the  revolution, 
the  leglflatuie  pafTed  an  acfl  conftltuiing  21  gentlemen 
{of  whom  the  governor  and  lieutenant-governor,  for 
the  time  beinc,  are  members  ex  ojjiciis )  a  body  corpo- 
rate and  politic,  by  the  name  and  tlyle  of  "  The 
Regents  (if  the  Univeifity  of  the  State  of  New-York." 
They  are  entrufted  with  the  care  of  literature  in  gene- 
ral in  the  ftate,  and  have  power  to  grant  charters  of 
incorporation  for  ereifling  colleges  and  academies 
throughout  the  flate,  are  to  vilit  thefe  inditulions  as 
often  as  they  Ihall  think  proper,  and  report  their  (late 
to  the  Ict'iflature  once  a  year.  King's  College,  which 
■we  have  already  defcribcd,  Is  now  called  Columbia  Col- 
lege. This  college,  by  an  aft  of  the  legifl.'.ture  paffed 
in  the  fpring  of  1787,  was  put  under  the  cue  of  24 
gentlemen,  who  are  a  body  corporate  by  the  name  and 
Ityle  of  "  TheTruQees  of  Columbia  College  in  the  city 
of  New- York."  This  body  poifefs  all  the  powers 
vefted  in  the  governors  of  King's  College,  before  the 
revolution,  or  in  the  regents  of  the  univerlity,  fince  the 
revolution,  fo  lar  as  their  power  refpecTed  this  inflitu- 
tion.  No  regent  can  be  a  trudee  of  any  particular 
college  or  academy  In  the  ftite.  The  regents  of  the 
univeifity  have  power  to  confer  the  higher  degrees, 


and  them  only.  The  college  edifice  has  received  no  New  York, 
addition  lince  the  peace,  though  the  ereiftlon  of  a  hall  *-'"^'^'*^ 
and  a  wing  have  been  contemplated,  and  tund^  for  the 
purpofe  granted  by  the  legiilalure.  The  annual  reve- 
nue aiiling  from  the  eftate  belonging  to  the  college, 
exduiive  ot  fome  bond^,  which  are  not  at  prefent  pro- 
ductive, amounts  tOj^'1,535  currency.  Columbia  col- 
lege conlilla  of  two  (acuities;  a  faculty  of  arts  and  a 
faculty  of  phyfic.  The  tirfl  has  a  prefid«nt  and  7 
protelibis,  and  the  fecund  a  dean  and  7  profeflbrs. 
The  Itudents  attending  both  the  faculties  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  year  1795  amounted  to  140.  The  officers 
of  iiiltiuftion  and  immediate  government  in  the  faculty 
of  arts,  are  a  prelident,  profelfor  of  mathematics  and 
natural  philofophy,  a  profelfor  of  logic  and  geography, 
and  a  protelfor  of  languages.  To  thefe  have  lately 
been  added  a  profelfor  of  cbymlftry  and  agriculture,  a 
protelfor  of  oriental  languages  a  profelfor  of  law,  and 
a  proti-lfor  ot  the  French  language.  In  the  faculty  of 
phyfic,  the  dean  is  le^^urer  on  clinical  medicine  in  the 
New-York  holpital  ;  and  there  are  the  profelforlhlps  of 
botany,  of  anatomy,  of  the  obrtetric  art,  of  materi.^ 
medica,  of  the  inltitutes  of  medicine,  of  furgery,  and 
the  praSice  of  phylic.  Thele  profelfors  afford  the  ne- 
celfary  inlh  udion  in  the  healing  art.  The  library  and 
mufeum  were  dellroyed  during  the  wir.  Upwards  of 
;^8oo  (of  monies  granted  by  the  leglllature)  have  been 
lately  expended  in  books  to  iucreafe  the  library.  The 
philofophical  apparatus  is  new  and  complete.  The 
government  of  the  city  ^which  was  incorporated  in 
1696)  is  now  in  the  hands  of  a  mayor,  aldermen  and 
common  council.  The  city  is  divided  into  feven  wards, 
in  each  of  which  there  is  chofen  annually  by  the  people 
an  alderman  and  an  allillant,  who,  together  with  the 
recorder,  are  appointed  annually  by  the  council  of  ap- 
pointment. The  mayor's  court,  which  is  held  from 
lime  to  time  by  adjournment,  is  in  high  reputation  as 
a  court  of  law.  A  court  of  felllons  is  likewife  held  for 
the  trial  of  ciiminal  caufes.  The  fituation  of  the  city- 
is  both  healthy  and  plealant.  Surrounded  on  all  fides 
by  water,  it  is  refrelhed  with  cool  breezes  in  fummer, 
and  the  air  in  winter  is  more  temperate  than  in  other 
places  under  the  fame  parallel.  This  city  is  efteemed 
the  motl  eligible  fituation  for  commerce  in  the  United 
States.  It  almotl  necelTarily  commands  the  trade  of 
one  half  New  Jerley,  moft  of  that  of  Connefticut,  part 
of  that  of  Malfachufetts,  and  almolt  the  whole  of  Ver- 
mont, belides  the  whole  fertile  interior  country,  which 
is  penetrated  by  one  of  the  largeft  rivers  in  America. 
This  city  imports  moft  of  the  goods  confumed  between 
a  line  ot  30  miles  E.  of  Conneifllcut  river,  and  20  miles 
weft  ot  the  Hudtbn,  which  is  130  miles  ;  and  between 
the  ocean  and  the  confines  of  Canada,  about  400  miles ; 
a  conliderable  portion  of  which  is  the  beft  peopled  of 
any  part  of  the  United  States;  and  the  whole  territory 
contains  nearly  a  million  people,  or  one  one-fifth  of  the 
inhabitants  of  the  Union.  Befides,  fome  of  the  other 
ftates  are  partially  fupplied  with  goods  from  New- York. 
But  in  the  ftaple  commodity,  flour,  Pennfylvania  and 
Maryland  have  exceeded  it,  the  fuperfine  flour  of  thofe 
ftates  commanding  a  higher  price  than  that  of  New- 
York  ;  not  that  the  quality  of  the  grain  is  worfe,  but 
becaufe  greater  attention  is  paid  in  thofe  ftates  to  the 
infpeftion  and  manufa-.'^ure  of  that  article.  In  the 
inanuiafture  likewife  of  iron,  paper,  cabinet  works,  &c. 

Pennfylvania 


N     E    Y 


[    649    ] 


N     I     A 


1  New  York,  Pennfylvania  exceeds  not  only  New  York,  but  all  her 
(         II  filler  States.     In  times  of  peace,  however,  New  York 

Ncybe.  ^^,|i]  ct.mmand  more  commercial  bufinefs  than  any  town 
in  the  United  S;ate^.  In  time  of  war  it  will  be  infe- 
cure,  withe  ut  a  marine  force  ;  but  a  fraall  number  of 
lliips  will  be  able  to  defend  it  from  the  nnll  formida- 
ble attack'^  by  fea.  A  want  of  good  waicr  is  a  great 
inconvenience  lo  the  ci'.izens,  there  being  few  wells  in 
the  city.  M'lft  of  the  people  are  fapplicj  every  day 
with  frelli  water,  conveyed  to  their  doors  in  calk?,  from 
a  pump  near  the  head  ol  Queen  ftreet,  which  receives 
it  from  a  fpiing  almort  a  nnle  from  the  centre  of  t!ie 
ciiy.  This  well  is  about  20  feet  deep  and  four  feet 
diameter.  The  average  quantity  drawn  daily  from 
this  remarkable  well,  i-.  no  hoglheads  of  130  gallons 
each.  In  fome  hot  fummer  days  216  hoglheads  have 
been  drawn  from  it  ;  and  what  is  very  fmgular,  there 
is  never  more  or  lefs  than  about  3  feet  witer  in  the 
well.  The  water  is  fild  commonly  at  three  pence  a 
liogihead  at  the  pump.  This  inconvenience,  however, 
has  ot  late  been  removed  in  a  great  degree  by  the  in- 
troduiflion  of  the  Manhattan  water  in  pipes  to  various 
paits  of  the  city,  this,  fo  lar  as  it  has  been  carried, 
ii  of  very  grett  advantage.  On  a  general  view  of 
this  city,  as  defcribed  40  years  ag",  and  in  its  prefcnt 
(late,  tlie  comparifon  is  flattering  to  the  prefent  age  ; 
particulai  ly  the  improvements  in  talle,  elegance  of  man- 
ners, and  that  eal'y  unaflfcifled  civility  and  p  litenefs 
which  form  the  hapoinefs  ol  fecial  intercouife.  The 
number  of  inhabitants  in  the  city  and  county  of  New- 
Yi:rk  in  1756,  was  io,S8i  ;  1771,  21,863;  1786, 
23,614;  1790,33,131;  1796,  7.272  eledors  ;  piobi- 
bly  about  70,000  inhabitants.  There  is  no  bafon  for 
the  reception  of  velfcls,  but  the  road  where  they  lie  in 
E.ift  river,  which  is  protected  from  the  violence  of  the 
fea  by  the  circumjacent  illands.  The  great  rapidity  of 
the  tides  in  the  narrow  channels  between  Long  Iflrnd 
and  York  IflinJ,  and  between  Long  Ifland  and  Staten 
Illand,  increafed  by  the  water  of  Hudfon  and  Eaft  ri- 
vers, preferves  the  channel  from  being  obllrufled  by  ice; 
fo  that  navigation  is  always  open,  except  a  few  days 
when  the  weather  is  uncommonly  fevere.  The  entries 
from  foreign  ports  only  into  thi*  port  in  1795  were  941, 
viz.  Iliips,  178 — brigs,  309 — barques,  9 — fnows,  7 — 
fchooners,  268 — (loops,  170.  Works  of  defence  have 
been  credled  here  to  a  confider.ible  extent,  and  when 
completed  on  the  original  plan,  will  afford  great  fecu- 
rity  to  the  city,  from  enemies'  (hips.  New  York  city 
is  95  miles  N.  E.  of  Philadelphia,  127  S.  \V.  of  Hert- 
ford, 197  N.  E.  of  Baltimore,  252  S.  W.  of  Bodon, 
■^75  irom  Portland,  in  Maine,  373  from  Richm-nd, 
620  from  Fayetteviile,  913  from  Charlellon,  and  i.cJO 
from  Savannah.  N.lat.  4042  8,  W.long.  74  9  45. — iL 
New  York  JJland,  on  which  ^the  city  of  that  name 
ftandE,  is  about  15  miles  long,  and  does  not  exceed  two 
in  any  part  in  breadth.  It  is  jcined  to  the  main  land 
by  a  bridge,  called  King's  Bridge,  i/milci  N.  of  New 
York  citv  . — ib. 

NEYBE,  or  Ke'iva,  a  fertile  plain  on  the  fouth  fide 
of  the  ifland  of  St  Domingo;  bounded  E.  by   the  bay 
SurPL.  Vol..  II. 


and  river  of  its  n.ime,  on  the  W.  by  the  river  of  Dames,  Niagara. 
and  the  Pond  of  Henriquelle.  It  contains  about  80 
fquare  leagues,  abounds  with  game,  and  it  achofcn  fpot 
f")r  flamingoes,  [jhe.ifants,  and  royal  or  crowned  pe^- 
cocks.  Thefe  lall  have  a  more  delicate  flavour  and  m(.re 
brdliant  plumage  y\nn  the  peacocks  ol  Europe.  Nine 
l;aguei  Irom  the  \V.  bank  of  the  N'.-ybe  is  the  town, 
containing  ab^.ut  200  houfes,  and  can  turn  out  300  men 
fit  to  bear  arms.  This  town  is  15  le-igues  W.  by  N. 
ol  A/.ua,  and  16  from  the  point  where  the  line  of  de- 
marcation cuts  Brackilh  Pond.  This  ten  itory  produces 
a  fort  of  plaider,  talc,  and  folFil  fait.  The  natural  re- 
produiflion  of  the  I'alt  is  fo  rapid,  that  a  pret  y  large 
hollow,  is  abfolutely  filled  up  again  in  the  ccurfe  of  a 
year.  The  river  m'ght  be  rendered  aavieable  for  fmall 
craft,  and  the  pl.iin  is  able  to  afford  eligible  fituatiocs 
for  150  fugnr  plantatiuns. — ib. 

NIAGARA  River  and  Falh.  Niagara  river,  con- 
nefts  ih.'  N.  E.  end  of  Lake  Erie  wi:h  Lake  Ontario, 
and  is  about  30  miles  in  length,  fr'.m  Fort  E;ie  lo 
Niagara  F  rf,  and  forms  a  part  of  tii;  boundary  be- 
tween the  United  Srates  and  U])per  Cmada.  It  re- 
ceives Chippeway  or  VVclland  river  from  the  W.  and 
Tonewan:o  Creek  from  the  E.  and  embofoms  Great 
and  Nivy  Iflands.  Fort  Sluflier  Hands  on  the  E.  fide  of 
this  river  near  Navy  Illand.  The  FjUs,  in  this  river, 
are  oppofite  Fort  Sliilher,  about  7  or  8  miles  fouih  of 
Lake  Ontario,  and  form  the  greatell  curiofity  which 
this,  or  indeed  any  other  country,  affords.  In  order 
to  have  a  tolerable  idea  of  this  llupendous  fall  of  water, 
it  will  be  neceffary  to  conceive  that  part  of  the  country 
in  which  Lake  Erie  is  liquated,  to  be  elevated  above 
that  w-hich  contains  Like  Ontario,  about  300  feet  ;  the 
flipe  which  feparates  the  upper  and  lower  country  is 
generally  very  lleep,  and  in  many  places  almoll  per- 
pendicular;  it  is  formed  by  horizontal  llrata  of  llone, 
great  part  of  which  is  lime  llone.  The  (lope  may  be 
traced  by  the  north  fide  of  I^ake  Ontario,  near  the  bay 
of  Torento,  rour.d  the  wxll  end  of  the  Lake  ;  thence  the 
direction  is  generally  eaft.  Between  Lake  Ontario  and 
Lake  Erie  it  erodes  the  flrait  of  Niagara  and  the  Genelfee 
river;  after  which  it  becomes  loll  in  the  country  to- 
wards Seneea  Like.  It  is  to  this  flope  tlie  country  is 
indebted  both  for  the  Cataradl  ol  Niagara  and  the  great 
Falls  of  Geneffee.  The  Cataiafl  of  Niagara,  Vome 
have  fuppofed,  was  formerly  at  the  northern  lide  of  the 
(lope  near  the  landing  ;  and  that  from  the  great  length 
of  time,  and  the  quantity  of  water,  and  dillance  which 
it  falls,  the  folid  llone  is  worn  away  fir  about  feven 
mile:,  up  towards  Lake  Erie,  (b)  and  a  ch.ifin  is  formed 
which  no  perfon  can  appr<'ach  without  terror.  Down 
this  chafm  the  water  rulhes  with  a  moft  allonilhing  noifi 
and  velocity,  after  it  makes  the  great  pitch.  Here  the 
fancy  is  conllantly  engaged  in  the  contemplation  of  the 
moll  rnm  iniic  and  awlul  profpcd  imaginable;  when  the 
eye  catches  the  falls,  the  contemplation  is  inllantly  ar- 
relleil,  and  the  bch  Ider  admires  in  filence.  The  river 
is  about  742  yards  wldeat  the  fill-.  The  perpendicu- 
lar pitch  of  this  vafl  boily  of  water  produces  a  ii'Und 
that  is  frequently  heard  at  the  dillancc  of  20  miles,  and 
4  ^'  in 


(b)  Gen.  Lincoln,  who  vifited  and  examined   thefe  falls,  in  1794,  f^iys,  "  On  a  careful  cxaminatioD  of  the 
bjiaks  of  the  river,  there  appears  to  be  no  good  foundation  for  this  opinion." 


N     I     C 


[     650     ] 


N     I     C 


Niagara,    in  a  clear  day,   and  f.iir  wind,   40  and  even  50  miles. 
II  A  pcrcept-ble  tremulous  motion  in  the  carlli  is  felt  fnr 

J]"^S^  fevjral  rods  round.  A  heavy  cloud  or  fog  isconftantly 
^*^  afcendln;:  from  the  f.(lls,  in  which  rainbows  may  always 
be  Teen  when  the  fun  Ihines.  This  fog  or  fpray,  in  the 
winter  fcafi.n,  falU  upon  the  neighbouring  tree-,  where 
it  congeals,  and  produces  a  mt  It  be.<uiiful  ciyftalline 
sppe.irance  :  this  remark  is  appHiable  alfo  to  the  Fills 
cf  GenelTee.  It  is  conj  ifturcd  that  the  water  muft  fill 
at  lead  65  feet  in  the  chafm;  the  perpendicular  pitch 
at  tliecataraa  is  150  feet;  other  accounts  fay  only  137 
feet:  to  thefe  add  5S  feet,  which  the  water  falls  the 
l.id  li.ilf  mile  immediately  above  the  falls,  and  we  have 
273,  which  the  water  falls  in  the  dillance  of  7I  miles. 
Animals  fwimming  near  the  Rapids  above  the  great 
Cataraa  are  inllantly  hurried  to  deRruaion.  Jull  be- 
low the  Great  Pitch,  the  water  and  foam  may  be  feen 
pufTcd  up  in  large  fpherical  figures  ;  they  burlf  at  the 
top,  and  projea  a  column  of  the  fpray  to  a  prodigious 
height,  and  then  fubfidc,  and  are  fucceeded  by  others 
which  bind  in  like  manner.  This  appearance  is  irio(l 
remarkable  about  half  way  between  the  ifland  that  di- 
vides the  falls  and  the  weft  fule  of  the  ftrait,  where  the 
largcft  column  of  water  defcends.  The  defcent  into 
the  chafm  of  this  Rupendous  cataraa  is  very  difficult,  on 
account  of  the  great  height  of  the  banks;  but  when  once 
a  perfon  has  defcended,  he  may  g"  up  to  the  foot  of  the 
l\ills,  and  take  (helter  behind  the  defcending  columii  of 
water,  between  that  and  the  precipice,  where  there  is  a 
(pace  fufficient  to  contain  a  number  of  people  in  perfed 
fafety,  and  where  convcrfation  may  be  held  without  in- 
terruption from  the  noife,  which  is  lefs  here  than  at  a 
confider^ble  diltance.  On  Chriftmas  night,  1795,3 
fevcre  iliock  of  an  earthquake  was  felt  here,  and  by  which 
a  large  piece  of  the  rock  that  forms  the  famous  cataract 
was  broken  off. — ih. 

Niagara,  a  fort  and  pod  town  in  the  State  of  New 
York,  fituated  on  the  E.  lide  of  Niagara  river,  at  its  en- 
trance into  Lake  Ontario,  and  oppofi,'  to  Newark,  in 
Canada.  Niagara  Fort  is  a  molt  important  poft,  and 
fecures  a  greater  number  of  communications,  through 
a  large  country,  than  probably  any  other  pafs  in  interior 
America.  It  is  abnut  9  miles  below  the  cataraa,  80 
N.  W.  of  Williamlburg  on  GenelFee  river,  370  N.  W. 
of  Philadelphia,  and  560  W.  by  N.  of  Bofton.  N.  lat, 
43  20  W.  long.  79.  The  fort  was  built  by  the  French 
about  the  year  172.5,  and  was  delivered  up  to  the 
United  States,  according  to  the  treaty  of  1794,  by  the 
Britiih,  in  1796.  Although  it  is  a  degree  N.  of  Bof- 
ton,  yet  the  leafon  is  quite  as  mild  here  as  at  that  town, 
and  vegetation  quite  as  early  and  forward.  It  is  thought 
that  the  climate  meliorates  in  the  fame  latitude  as  one 
proceeds  from  the  Atlantic  weftward. — lb. 

NICARAGUA,  a  lake  in  the  province  of  New  Spain, 
117  leagues  in  circumference.  lis  wellern  part  is  not 
more  than  20  miles  from  the  S.  W.  coaa  of  Mexico.  It 
fends  its  waters  eaft  to  the  ocean,  by  a  fpacious  river  of 
its  name,  which  divides  the  province  of  Nicaragua  from 
Colla  R  CO.  This  renders  the  towns  on  the  banks  of  the 
lake  of  conliderable  importance,  particularly  the  cities 
«f  Granada,  Leon,  and  Nicaragua..  The  firft  is  on  the 
fcuth  lide  in  lat.  1 1  8  N.  and  long.  85  12  W.  and  is 
45  mites  weftward  of  the  city  of  Nicar.agua,  that  (lands 
at  fume  diftance  fouth  from  the  lake.  Leon  is  at  the 
weft  end  of  the  lake,  and  in  lat.  12  N.  and  long.  87  W. 


The  lake  is  interfperfed  with  feveral  ifland',  and  full  of  Nic.iragua,| 
fifh,  but  ii.felUd  with  alligators.     Nicaratrua  river  emp-  il 

tics  into  the  fea,  nppofite  to  the  ifland  of  Monglares.  N.  ,_^!!^-I!^ 
lat.  1 1  40,  W.  I'uig.  82  47. — ib. 

Nicaragua,  a  maritime  province  of  Mexico,  having 
Honduras  on  the  n^rth,  the  North  Sea  on  the  eaft, 
Cofta  Rico  on  the  S.  E.  and  the  South  Sea  on  the  S. 
W.  It  is  about  400  rr.iles  long,  and  120  broad.  The 
air  is  wh'ilefome  and  temperate,  and  the  foil  fertile, 
producing  quantiiies  of  fugar,  cochineal,  and  fine  cho- 
c'lae.  This  is  confidered  as  the  garden  of  America; 
being  fo  pleafant  and  fruitfu',  that  when  the  Sj'anlards 
firft  vilited  it,  they  called  it  Mahomet's  paradife. — ib. 

NICHOLAS,  Cipe  Si,  the  north-weft  exti  emity  of  the 
ifland  of  St  Domingo,  in  the  Weft  Indies.  Ir  is  2  leagues 
W.  of  the  town  of  its  name,  but  more  commonly  called 
The  Mole,  9  or  10.  leagues  eaft  of  Cape  Mayzi,  at  the 
eaft  end  of  Cuba,  and  46  leagues  north-eaft  by  north  of 
Cape  Dame  M.irie,  and,  with  this  laft  cape,  forms  tlie 
entrance  into  the  large  bay  called  the  Bite  or  Bight  of 
Leogane tb. 

Nicholas,  Port  St,  on  the  coaft  of  Peru,  In  S.  Ame- 
rica, lies  north  of  Port  St  John,  about  a  league  to  lee- 
ward of  the  river  Mafca,  and  6  leagues  S.  S.  E.  of  Port 
Cavallo.  It  is  fafer  than  St  John's  harbour,  but  affords 
neither  wood  nor  water. — ib. 

NICKAJACK,  an  Indian  town  on  the  S.  E.  fide  of 
Tenncliee  river,  at  the  point  of  a  large  bend,  about  36 
miles  north-eaft  of  the  Creek's  CroHrng  Place.  Half 
way  between  thefe  lies  the  Crow  Town,  on  the  fame 
fide  of  the  river. —  ib. 

NICKER,  one  of  the  fmall  Virgin  Iflands,  fituated 
between  Anegada  and  Virgin  Gorda,  on  the  latter  of 
which  it  is  dependent.  N.  lat.  18  30,  VV.  long.  65  5. 
—ib.. 

NICOLE  (Francis),  a  very  celebrated  French  ma- 
thematician, was  born  at  Paris  December  23.  1683, 
His  early  attachment  to  the  mathematics  induced  M. 
Montmort  to  take  the  charge  of  his  education  ;  and 
he  opened  out  to  him  the  way  to  the  higher  geometry. 
He  fiift  became  publicly  remarkable  by  deteaing  the 
fallacy  of  a  pretended  quadrature  of  the  circle.  This 
quadrature  a  M.  Mathulon  fo  alFuredly  thought  he  had 
difcovered,  that  he  depofited,  in  the  hands  of  a  public 
notary  at  Lyons,  the  Aim  of  3000  livres,  to  be  paid  to 
any  perfon  who,  in  the  judgment  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences,  (liould  demonftrate  the  falfity  of  his  fulution. 
M.  Nicole,  piqued  at  this  challenge,  undertook  the  taik, 
and  expofing  the  paralogifm,  the  Academy's  judgment 
was,  that  Nicole  had  plainly  proved  that  the  reailineal 
figure  which  Mathulon  had  given  as  equal  to  the  circle, 
was  not  only  unequal  to  it,  but  that  't  was  even  great- 
er than  the  polygon  of  32  fides  circumlcribed  about  the 
circle.  The  prize  of  3000  livres  Nicole  prefcuted  to 
the  public  hofpital  of  Lyons. 

The  Academy  named  Nicole,  Eleve-Mechanician, 
March  12.  1707;  Adjuna  in  1716,  AlFociate  in  171 8, 
and  Penfioner  in  1724;  which  he  continued  till  his 
death,  which  happened  the  1 8th  of  January  1758,  a: 
75  years  of  age. 

His  works  wsre  all  inferted  in  the  different  volumes 
of  the  Memoirs  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences ;  and  are 
as  follow:  i.  A  General  Msihoj  for  determining  the 
Nature  of  Curves  formed  by  the  Rolling  oi  other  Curves 
upon  any  Given  Curve ;  in  the  volume  for  the  year. 

1707. 


Nicola, 

II 
Niibc. 


N     I     E  C    6ji     ]  N     I     E 

1707.     2.  A  General  Method  for  Rei!l!fying  all  Rou-        NIEUWLAND  (Peter),  prof-flTor  of  mathenialic^  ^■;eu^T!JH■!. 
lets  upon  Right  and  Circular  Bafes,  1708.     3.  General  and  natural  philofophy  in  ilie  iiniverfity  of  Leydcn,  was  ^-^~'"'*"*' 
Method   ot  determining  the  Nature   of  thofe  Curves,  bornat  Diemermetr,  a  viUajje  near  Amfierdam,  on  the 
whicli  cut  an  Infinity  of  other  Curves  given  in  Pofition,  5'h  of  November,    1764.     His  father,  by  trade  a  car- 
cutting  them  always  in  a  Conftant  Angle,  1715.   4.  So.  penter,  having  a  great   fondncfs  for  books,  and  being 
lution  of  a  Problem  propofed  by  M.  de  Lagny,   1716.  tolerably  well  v  cried  in  the  mathematics,  ir.ftrucled  l.is 

5.  Treatife  of  the  Calculus  of  Finite  Differences,  1717.  fon  himt'cif  till  he  attained  to  his  eleventh  year.     Young 

6.  Second  Part  of  the  Calculus  of  Finite  D:fFerences,  Nieuwland  appears  to  have  difplayed  ftrong  marks  of 
1723.  7.  Second  Sedicn  of  ditto,  1723.  8.  Addi-  genius  at  a  very  eaily  period.  When  about  the  age  of 
lion  to  the  two  foregoing  papers,  1724.  9.  New  Pro-  three.  Lis  mother  put  into  his  hand  fome  prints,  which 
pofition  in  Elementary  Geometry,  1725.  10.  New  So-  had  fifty  verfes  at  the  bottom  of  them  by  way  of  expla- 
iution  of  a  Problem  propofed  to  the  Englifh  Mathema-  nation.  Thefc  veifes  ihe  read  aloud,  without  any  in- 
licians,  by  the  late  M.  Leibnitz,  1725.  11.  Method  of  tentioii  th.it  her  fen  Ihould  learn  them;  and  fhe  was 
Summing  an  Infinity  of  New  Series,  which  are  not  fum-  much  furprifed  fome  time  after  to  hear  him  repeat  the 
mable  by  any  other  known  method,  1727.  12.  Trea-  whole  from  memory,  vviih  the  uimoll  corrednefs,  on 
tife  of  the  Lines  of  the  Third  Order,  or  the  Curves  of  being  only  fhewn  the  prints. 

the  Second  Kind,    1729.      13.  Examimtion  and  Refo-         Before  he  was  feven  years  of  age  lie  had  read  mo:e 

lution  of  lonie  QnelUons  relating  to  Play,    1730.       14.  than  fifty  different  books,  and  in  fuch  a  manner  that  1.= 

Method  of  determining  the  Chances  at  Pl.iy.      15.  Ob-  could  frequently  repeat  palfages  from  them  both  in  pro;e 

fervaiions  upon  the  Conic  Seftions,   173 1.       16.   Man-  and  in  verfe.     When  about  the  age  of  eight,  Mr  Aen<s 

ner  of  generating  in  a  Siilid  Body  all  the  Lines  of  the  at  Amfterd  im,  one  of  the  grcateft  calculators  of  the 

Third  Order,   1731.       17.  Manner  of  determining  the  age,  afked  him  it   he  could  tell  t!ie  folid  contents  of  a 

Nature  of  R  >ulets  formed  upon  the  Convex  Surface  of  wooden  Ifatue  of  Mercury  whicii  flood  upon  a  piece  of 

a  Sphere;    and  of  determining   which  are  Geometric  clock-woik.      "  Yes  (replied  young  Nieuwland),  pio- 

and  which  are   Reftifiable,   1732.      iS.  Sohuicn  of  a  vided  you  give  me  a  bit  of  the  fime  wood  of  which  the 

Problem  in  Geometry,   1732.       19.  Tlie  Ufe  of  Series  ftatue  was  made;  for  I  will  cut  a  cubic  inch  out  of  it, 

in  refolving  many  Problems  in  the  Invcfe  Method  of  and   then  compare  it  wiih  the  ftatue."      Poems  «hlcli 

Tangents,  1737.     20    Obfervations  on  the  Iireducible  (fays  his  eulogill)  dil'play  the  utmoll  livelinefs  of  imi- 

Cafe  in  Cubic  Equations,   1738.     21.  Obfervations  up-  gination,  and    whioh   he  coiiipofed  in  his  tenth   year, 

on  Cubic  Equations,   1738.       22.  On  the  Tnfcftion  of  while  walking  or  amufing  himfelf  near  hii  father's  houfe, 

an  Angle,   1740.     23.  On  the  Irreducible  Cafe  in  Cu-  were  received  with  admiration,  a:.d  inferted  in  dilTerent 

bic   Equations,    1741.     24.   Addition   to  ditto,    1743.  poetical  colle(flion?. 

25.  His  Laft  Paper  upon  the  fame,  1744.     ^^'*  lister-         Such  an  uncommon  genius  muft  foon  burft  through 

ir.ination,  by  Incommenfurables  ar.d  Decirnds,  the  Va-  thofe  obrtades  which  confine  it.     Bernardus  and  Jeroni- 

lues  of  the  S:des  and   Areas  of  the   Series  in  a  Double  mode  Bufch,  two  of  the  fiift  and   wealthiell   mtn   at 

Pjogreffion  of  Regular  Polygons,  infcribed  in  and  cir-  Amlterdam,  became  young  Nicuwland's  benef.<flors, 

cumfcribed  about  a  Circle,  1747.*  and  contrihuted  very  much  to  call  forth  his  latent  ta- 

NICOLA,  or  N'lcho^a  Tw.un  Gut,  on  the  north  eaft  lents.        He  was  taken  into  the  houfe  of  the  former  in 

coaft  of  the  illand  of  St  Chrillopher's. — Morse.  his  eleventh  year,  and  he  received  daily  inftiuflion  fioni 

NICOYA,  or  5/  l.ucar,  a  town  of  Colla  Rico,  in  the  the  latter  for  the  fpace  oi  four  years.      Wliile  in  this 

kingdom  of  Mexico,  North  America,  having  a  harbour  li:uation  he  made  confiderable  progrtb  in  the  L.itiii  and 

on  a  bay  of  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  in  lat.  10  20  N.  Greek   languages,  and  he  ftudied  phllof  phy  and  the 

and  long.  88  10  W.     About   10  leagi.'es  is  the  bay  of  mathematics  under  Wyttenbach.     In  the  year  1783  he 

Salinas,  from  whence  the  inhiibit  ints  of  this  place  pro-  iranflatcd  the  two  diifertations  of  hi.-,  celebrated  nillruc- 

cure  and  fend  to  Panama  the  purple  juice  ot  a  flicll-fiili  tors,  Wyttenbach  and  de  Bolch,  on  the  opinions  which 

found  in  it,  bcfides  fait,  h  ney, maize,  fowls  and  wheat;  the   ancients  entertained   of  the  tlate  of  the  foul  after 

and  here  is  alfo  a  pearl  filhery.      The  town  is  up  with-  death,  which  had  gained  the  prize  ot  the  Te)krian  llieo- 

in  the  land,  but  lliips  ride  in  the  liver  Cipanfo,  2  leagues  logical  fociety. 

to  the  N.  W.  ;rom  the  ill.'.nd  of  Chira,  ',0  take  in  goods         Fi(im  the  month  of  September  17S4  to  1  7S5,  Nieuw. 

from   it;   which  river  is  navigable  f  r  large  periaguas  land  refidtd  at  Levden  as  a  ftudcnt  in   the   univerfity, 

that  biing  down  the  goods  to  the  Ihips.     The  ifl.ind  of  and  afterwards  applied  with  great  diligence,  at  Amfler- 

Chira  affords  plenty  ol  trclh  water  ar.d  provifiors. — ib.  dam,  to  natural   phlofophy   and   every  branch  of  the 

NIC  lAlT,  a  river  ol  Nova  Scotia,  which  waters  the  matiiematics,  under  the  dirctflion  of  Prolclfor  van  Swin- 

towi.diip  of  Annipolis;  on  its  banks  arc  quantities  of  den.     He  had   fcarcely  begun  to  tuin  hi.>  attention  10 


bog  and  mount.iin  ore. 
in  the  town. — ib. 

NICUES.\,  Gulf  of,  is  on  ilie  ead  coaft  of  the  cun- 
try  ol  Honduras,  on  the  Spanilh  Miin,  having  C  ipe 
Graclas  a  Dios  fur  its  north  limit,  ani.'  Cape  Bl.inc'^, 
on  the  fouth  ;  Catherine,  or  Piovidtncc,  is  duceaft  l"io:ii 
it. — ib. 

NlEBE,    or  h'eybt,   a  biy   and  river  on   tlie   fouth 


A  bloomery  has  been  ercflcd    clicmiflry,  wlien  he  ni^de  luinfcK  mader  ot  the  thtory 

of  the  niUch-lan-.e.ttd  Lavoilier,  and  ci  uld  ap;  ly  it  to 
every  phenomenon.  He  could  read  a  work  through 
with  nncommon  qu'cknei's,  and  yet  retain  in  his  mind 
tlie  principal  p  irt  of  its  content'. 

Nieuwland's  attention  was  direi.'t.'d  to  three  prii.cip  il 

purlnits,  wl.ich  ai  e  k-ldom  united  ;  poet'  y,  ihc  pure  ma- 

ihem.^iics,  and  natural  philoft.phy.    In 'he  latter  p.irt  <f 

coaft   'f  ti.e  ifl.tnd  of  St  Doini'  go.     Tht-  bay  is  lituitfd     his  life  he  a  Ulid  to  thefc  alfo  aftronomy.     Among  the 

at  n  iilh-ni  nh-eaft  non;  C  ipc  Be.ita.      N.  lat.  18  3,  W.     p.)cnis  which  he  (-ublifht-.t,  his  Orion  ih  ne  ha«  leuc; red 


l3"ii-  73  46  — /■*• 


his  name  imaicinal 


in    :;«llanj.     Ol  tlie  Itnall  clfiy* 
4  N  :  which 


N    I     E 


[    652     ] 


N    I     E 


N;eu»lan(!.  wlilcli  he  piiblillied  in  his  youih,  the  two  following  are    dertnok  alfo  to  prepare  a  nautical  almanacV,  and  to  cal-  Nltuwknd. 
^"^""'"'^^  particularly   dtl'crving  of  notice:     1.  A  Comparative    culate  the  neccffiiry  tables.    Tlie  mathematical  p.irt  was   '«'^"^''^*-' 
View  of  the  Value  of  thaditTerent  Branches  of  Science;     in  general  entrulled  to  Nieuwland  ;  but  he  afiilleJ  alfo 
and      2.  The  beft  Means  to  render  general,  not  Loarn-    his  two  colleagues  van  Swinden  and  van  Keulen,  in  the 
in-',  but  Soundnefs  of  Judgment  and  Good  T.ille.  departments  alligned  to  them,  with  fuch  affiduity,  that 

One  of  his  great  objects  was  to  bring  the  pure  mi-  moll  of  the  work  publilhed  on  the  longitude,  together 
thematics  nearer  to  perteiflion,  to  clear  up  and  conieft  with  the  three  additional  parts  were  the  fruits  of  his 
their  different  parts,  and  in  particular  to  apply  them  to  labour.  In  the  ferond  edition  of  the  explanation  of 
natural  philofophy  and  aftronomy.  Cornelius  D-'Uwes  the  nautical  almanacic,  he  had  alfo  the  prJncipil  Ihare  ; 
difcovered  an  eafy  method  of  determining  the  latitude  and  he  was  the  auth  ir,  in  ptrticu.a'-,  of  the  exp.anation 
of  a  p'ace  at  fea,  not  by  the  nieridi.m  altitude  of  the  of  the  equation  of  time,  lli;  method  ol  dctermiiiing  ihs 
fun,  but  by  two  obfervations  made  at  any  other  p,-riod  gi  ing  of  a  time  piece,  and  of  calailating  the  deolina- 
of  the  day.     Thi.- method,  however,  being  lld'i  irnper-    tion  of  tie  moon. 

feift,  Nieuwland  turned  his  thoughts  towards  the  ini-  Soon  after  Nieuvvhmd  engaged  in  this  emp'oyment,. 
provement  of  it,  and  in  the  beginning  of  the  year  1789  ,  it  appeared  as  if  his  d  ftination  wis  about  to  be  chang- 
wrote  a  paper  on  the  fubjcdl,  which  he  trsnfmitted  to  ed.  In  the  year  1787,  he  was  chofen  by  the  States 
M.  de  Lalandc  at  Paris,  ir.m  whom  it  met  with  great  of  Utrecht  to  fucceed  Profclfor  Hinnert ;  but  ><n  ac- 
approb  .tion.  In  the  year  1792,  wh^n  Nienwlard  r;-  cun  ot  certain  circumilanCiS  this  appointment  did  not 
Tided  two  months  at  Gotha  with  Mijor  von  Za^h.  iheie  take  place.  He  was,  however,  invited  to  Aiiiftcrdam 
two  learned  m.-n  often  converlcd  on  this  method  of  by  the  magi  Urates  of  that  city,  to  give  leiflures  on  ma- 
finding  tlie  latitude,  and  calculated  the  refult  of  ohfer-  tl.ematics,  allronomy,  and  navigation.  While  in  this 
vations  v.hich  tliev  had  made  with  a  fextant  and  an  ar-  (Ituation,  he  wrote  his  ufefiil  and  excellent  treatife  on 
tificial  horizon.  The  above  paper,  enlarged  by  ihefe  navigation,  the  firll  part  of  whlcli  was  publifhcd  at  Am- 
obfervation^  was  inferted  Ijy  Maj  ir  von  Zich  with  Iteidimin  1793,  by  George  Hulll  van  Keulen  ;  audit 
Nieuv.'land's  name  in  the  full  Supplement  to  B  jde's  i:  much  to  be  wilhed  that  M.  van  Sw  nden  vviuld  com- 
Aftronomical  Aim  inack,  Berlin,  1793.  plete  this  work  from  the  papers  bequeathed  to  him  by 

This,  however,  was  not  the  only  i'erv.ce  which  Nieuw.  his  deceafed  fiiend  the  author, 
land  endeavoured  to  render  to  allronomy.  It  had  been  In  agronomical  purfuits,  Nieuwland  applied  not  only 
cbferved  by  N.;wtrn,  Euler,  De  la  Place,  and  oihers,  to  th.-  tlieoretical,  but  alfo  to  the  praflical  part ;  and  in 
that  the  axes  of  the  plane's  do  not  11  md  perpendicular,  this  lludy  he  was  encouraged  and  alli'.ted  by  Mijor  von 
but  inclined,  to  llie  plane  of  their  orbits;  and  Du  Se-  Zach,  with  whom  he  refided  fome  time  in  the  courfe  o£ 
jour,  in  his  analytical  trea'ife  on  the  apparent  motion  the  year  1792,  and  who  inftrufled  him  in  the  proper 
of  the  heavenly  b  >dies,  confiders  it  as  highly  probable  ufe  of  the  fextant.  This  affeiflionate  friend  publifhed 
that  tliis  phenomenon  depends  on  fome  piyficat  cavk  ;  alfo  all  his  obfervations  and  calculations  in  the  before- 
v.'hich,  however,  lie  does  not  venture  to  alTign.  Nieuw-  mentioned  Supplement  to  Bode's  Aftronomical  Alma- 
land  proceeded  farther,  and  laid  down  principles,  from     nack. 

which  he  drew  this  conclu'lon,  ihat  the  above  pheno-  In  the  yetr  1789,  Nieuwland  was  chofen  member  of 
menon  is  intimately  connefled  with  the  whole  fyllem  a  learned  fociety  whofe  object  was  chemical  experi- 
of  attradi  )n.  On  ihefe  principles  he  m  ide  calculations,  ments  ;  and  fo  apt  wis  his  ger.ius  for  ac<)uiring  know- 
the  rcfult  cf  which  was  ex.iftly  equ  il  to  the  angle  of  leJg?,  that  in  a  liitle  time  he  made  himfelf  completely 
the  inclination  of  the  earth's  axis  to  the  plane  ot  its  muter  of  the  tlieory  of  chemiftry.  A  proof  of  this  is 
orbit.  Nieuwland  communicated  his  dilcovery  with  the  treatife  which  he  read  on  the  24th  of  May  179', 
much  modelly  to  the  celebrated  Piofeflor  Damen  at  in  the  fociety,  dillinguiflied  by  the  motto  ci(  FJix  Me- 
Leyden,  who  propofcd  fome  olijeifli  ms  to  it  which  dif-  rirls,  and  which  has  been  printed  in  the  firft  part  of  the 
couraged  N'euft'land,  and  induced  him  to  revile  his  cal-  New  General  Migizine  [N'ww  Aigemesn  Migszyn). 
culati ons  with  more  accuracy.  Major  von  Zach  tranf-  At  the  f  ime  time  he  was  able  to  examine  the  important 
mitted  the  paper  which  contained  them  to  M.  De  la  difcoveries  made  by  the  fociety,  to  alliil  in  preparing 
Place  at  Paris,  and  caufeJ  it  to  be  printed  alfo,  for  the  an  account  of  them  for  the  prefs,  an  J  to  pubMli  them 
opinion  <>f  the  learned,  in  the  S  ipplemen'.  to  Proiellbr  with  fulHcient  accuracy  in  ihe  French  language.  Three 
Piode's  Agronomical  Almanack  for  the  year  1793.  parts  of    this  work  appeared   under  the  title  of    /J»- 

Tiie  v.'iiter  of  this  article  is  not  acquainted  ei'.her  churches  Plnjico  ch^niinues-  The  firft  part  appeared  in 
with  the  principles  which  this  young  aitronomer  af-  1792,  and  was  afterwards  reprinted  in  the  yuurnal  de 
famed,  or  with  the  calcalations  wh  ch  he  mide  from  Phvftque.  The  fec^md  w  :s  publilhed  in  1793,  and  the 
them;  but  if  he  holdsgrivitation  to  be  elTential  to  mat-  fojithin  1794.  Some  letters  ot  his  on  chet^illry  may 
ter,  and  the  inclination  of  the  axes  of  the  plinets  to  be  be  fo'ind  alfo  in  a  peiiodical  work  called  The  Mijfenger 
the  necelftrv  refult  of  the  law  of  gravitation,   he  is  un-     (LdtcrboJe). 

doubtedly  in  an  err'r.  Tlie  axes  of  the  planets  are  not  This  ingenious  and  diligent  man  was  of  great  fervice 
all  equally  inclined,  nor  does  the  inclination  vary  in  ex-  alfo  in  the  philofophical  department  to  the  above  foci- 
a£l  proportion  to  the  fquares  of  the  diftances.  ety,  Fc/ix  Mentis,  oi  which  he  h.id  been  chofen  a  tilu- 

Nieuwland's  talents  and  diligence  loon  recommended  lar  member  on  the  25th  of  January  17S8,  and  an  ho- 
liim  to  the  notice  of  his  country.  In  his  twenty-fecood  norary  member  on  the  15th  of  March  1791.  The  pa- 
year,  he  was  app  in'ed  a  member  of  the  commlili  ni  pers  for  which  it  was  indebted  to  him  are  as  follows  : — 
chofen  by  the  College  of  Admiralty  at  Amllerdam  for  i.  On  the  Neweft  Dilcoveries  in  Aftronomy,  and  the 
determiiiing  the  longitude  and  improving  marine  charts.  Progiefs  lately  m  ide  in  that  Science,  1788.  This  is 
On  this  labour  he  v.-as  employed  eight  years,  and  un-    aa  extra^Tt  from  a  L.itia  oration  which  he  intended  to 

deliver 


N     I     E 


Nieuwlind,  deliver  at  TJtreclit  when  lie  expecled  to  fucceej  Pro- 
.11  fefTor  Hennerr. — 2.  On  the  Figure  of  the  Einh,   1739. 

^^llF^il. — 3.  On  the  Caiirfe  of  Comets,  and  the  Uncertainty 
of  the  Return  of  l!ie  Comet  now  ExpeflcJ,  1  790. — 
4.  On  the  Nature  o;  t!ii  M  itherrutics.  The  principal 
obje£t  cif  this  paper  was  tn  i'Uiflr;ite  rlie  iJe.i,  that  the 
mathemntici  may  be  confiJered  as  a  bean  itul  and  per- 
{e&  laoKuaj:e. — 5.  On  the  Periodical  Decr<;afe  or  In- 
creafe  in  the  Lit;ht  oi  Certain  Fixed  S'irs,  and  Parti- 
Culaily  of  the  Star  Ali^ol,  1790. — 6.  On  <.]i'.  Sdurion 
of  Spherical  Trigon)nie'ry  by  Me  ins  of  a  New  Iiilliu- 
ment  Invented  by  I^e  G  lin,  1791.  M.  le  Guin  hav- 
ing tranfniitted  to  the  C  )llege  of  Admir.ihy  at  Ani- 
ftcrJam  an  inllrument  which  mi^'ht  be  ufed  witli  great 
advantage  in  trigoncm  trical  operations,  and  by  which, 
in  calcula'ing  the  longitude,  one  could  deduce  the  real 
from  the  apparent  diltance,  the  admiiaiiy  charged 
Nieu'.vUnd  to  enmine  this  inltrument;  and  he  found 
that  it  might  be  of  excellen'  I'ervice  /or  the  above  pur- 
pofe. — 7.  On  the  Relative  Value  or  Importance  of  the 
Sciences,  1791 — 8.  On  the  Syftem  of  Lavoilier,  1792. 
— 9  On  the  tijlenntopograi  hia  of  Scluoder,  J  793. — 
10.  On  what  is  Commonly  Called  Cukivalion,  laltiuc- 
tion,  or  Enlighiennig,   1793. 

Nieuwland  had  a|>plied  clofely  to  the  mathematics, 
aflronomy,  and  navigatifm,  tor  iix  years ;  dunng  which 
time  he  mide  confiderable  iniprnveniei.ts  in  nautical 
charts,  iwid  tilled  up  his  vacant  hours  wnli  the  fludv  of 
philofophy  and  chemillry.  In  the  month  of  July  1793 
he  was  invi;ed  to  the  univerlity  of  Leyden,  to  be  pro- 
feflbr  of  philofophy,  aftionomy,  and  the  higher  m  ithe- 
niatics,  in  the  room  of  the  celebrated  D  imen  ;  and  the 
admiralty  of  Amfterdam  requelted  him  to  continue  his 
nautical  refearches,  which  he  did  with  great  afllduity 
till  the  (leriod  of  his  death.  The  only  variation  which 
lie  now  made  in  his  ftudies  related  to  natural  philofo- 
phy, for  with  tlie  mathematics  he  was  alieady  fulncient- 
Jy  acquainted.  He  applied  therefore  to  the  experi- 
rnental  part,  and  fpared  no  pains  nor  labour  to  become 
perfcil  in  it;  which  would  certainly  have  been  the  cafe, 
iiad  he  not  been  fnatclied  from  fcience  and  his  friends 
at  tiie  early  age  of  thirty.  He  died  of  an  inflammation 
in  his  thioit,  accompaiiii;d  with  a  fever,  on  the  13th 
of  November  1794. 

In  his  external  appearance,  N'enwland  was  not  what 
might  be  called  handfome,  n'.>r  had  he  ever  been  at 
pains  to  acquire  that  e  ife  of  dep  rtment  which  diflin- 
tnilhes  thofe  who  have  ficqueatcd  polite  company.  His 
liehaviour  and  convevlaiion  were  however  agreeable,  bc- 
caafe  he  could  difcourfe  with  f.icility  on  fo  many  fnb- 
jed:-,  and  never  w  fiiid  to  appear  but  under  his  re  il 
charaiSer.  On  the  firlt  view  one  might  have  difterned 
that  he  was  a  man  of  great  modefty  and  the  llri^.Tell 
morality.  His  father  was  a  Lutheran,  and  his  mother 
a  baptilt ;  but  he  lumfelf  was  a  m-.-mbcr  ol  what  is  railed 
the  reformed  church,  ;'.  e.  a  Calvinilt,  and  alwa\  s  Ih  w. 
ed  the  utmofl  reipecl  for  the  Supreme  Being  both  by 
his  words  and  his  afti  ns. 

NIEVA  //7.1'ia',  Iks  lomh-wcft  ..f  Miftake  Bay,  and 
on  the  noMJi-eall  fide  ot  Hudlon's  Straits. — ;i. 

NIEVA  TERRA,  near  the  eaft  end  ■  f  Hudfon's 
S'.raits,   in  Ncrth  Ameiica,  in  lat.  62  4  N.  and  long. 


[     C^Si     ] 


N     I     G 


67  7  W.  and  lias  high  water  on  the  fprlng-tiJe  days  at 
50  min.  part  9  o'clock. — ii. 

NIGANICHE,  an  ifland  on  the  coaft  of  Cape  Bre- , 
ton  Illand,  and  in  the  fouth  part  of  the  Gulf  of  St  Law- 
rence, is  tn  the  fouthward  of  a  cape  about  4  leagues 
fouth  foiith-well  of  Achspe harbour,  and  8  leagues  from 
North  Cape. — ii. 

NIGER,  a  large  river  in  Africa,  of  which  many 
erroneous  accounts  have  been  pnblifhed,  and  among 
them  that  which  we  have  given  in  the  Encyc!ij>>a:dia. 
By  Her.'  dntus,  Pliny,  Ptolemy,  and  other  ancient  au- 
thors, it  is  unihrmly  faid  t"  flow  from  ivej)  to  eajl,  di- 
viding Africa  ;.s  the  Danube  divides  Europe  ;  and  from 
the  repf  rt  of  the  Africans,  the  firft  of  thel'e  authors 
calls  it  a  large  river  abotinding  with  crocodiles.  In 
the  tWi^lfth  ccr.tury,  however,  Edrifi  defcribes  the  Ni- 
ger, which  lie  calls  the  Nile  of  the  negoes,  as  running 
from  eajl  to  ii-ejl,  and  falling  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ; 
and  his  arc<iUnt  wa'  univerfilly  adopted  by  fubfcquent 
Writers,  till  its  falfchood  was  difcovered  by  the  African 
Alfociatinn.  From  a  number  of  concurring  reports, 
Majir  Houghton  was  led  to  believe  that  the  couife  of 
ilie  N'ger  is  from  ivejl  to  eujl,  according  to  the  mod 
ancient  account  ;  and  the  truth  c>^  thefe  reports  has 
been  eftablilhcd  bey,  nd  all  contrnverfy  by  Mr  Park, 
who  f.iw  the  Niger  himfelf,  and  adually  accompanied 
it  for  many  miles  in  its  majedic  courfe  as  laid  down 
by  Herodotus. 

This  river  rifes  in  or  near  the  country  of  Mandisg 
(which  fee  in  lliis  Siipflemcnt),  between  the  parallels  of 
10  and  II  degrees  of  north  latitude,  and  between  the 
5th  and  9th  degree  of  well  longitude,  which  compre- 
liends  a  fpace  the  mofl  elevated  of  all  tliis  portion  of 
Africa.  This  is  evident  from  the  oppofite  cc>urfes  of 
the  three  great  rivers  which  rife  in  it.  Thefe  are  the 
Gimbia,  vhich  runs  to  the  wcft-nnrth-weft  ;  the  Se- 
negal, which  runs  to  the  north-weft  ;  and  the  Joliba  (  a), 
or  Niger,  running  to  the  caft-northeaft.  Tlie  head  of 
the  principal  branch  cf  the  Senegal  river  is  about  80 
geographical  miles  to  the  well  of  that  of  the  N'ger  ; 
and  the  head  of  the  Gambia  is  again  abi..ut  100  miles 
weft  of  the  Senegal. 

Mr  Park  traced  the  Niger  to  Sill  a,  a  confiderable 
town  about  420  miles  from  its  f  urce  ;  and  it  wa£  there 
larger  than  t!-.e  Thames  at  Weftminfter.  But  420 
miles  are  but  a  very  finall  part  of  the  ccurfe  of  the 
Niger,  which  donbtlei's  receives  many  tributary  ftreams 
before  it  reach  Kafllna,  700  miles  fartlier  eaftward, 
where  there  is  every  rcafon  to  believe  that  it  was  view, 
ed  by  the  ancient  R  mans.  O'lr  traveller  collected  at 
Silla  what  information  he  could  from  the  Moor  Ih  and 
Negro  traders  concerning  the  further  courfe  of  this  ma- 
j-.ll  c  llreani,  as  well  as  of  tlic  kingdoms  through  which 
It  runs  ;  and  the  following  notices  he  believes  to  be  au- 
tlientic : 

Two  ftiort  days  journey  to  the  eaftward  of  Silla,  is 
the  town  of  Jenne,  which  is  fuualed  on  a  fmall  ifland 
in  the  river  ;  and  is  faid  to  contain  a  greater  mimber  of 
inhabitants  than  Sego  ii.elf,  or  any  other  town  in  Bam- 
barra.  (See  Stco,  AV/yt/. ) .  At  the  diftance  fjf  two 
days  more,  the  river  fpreads  into  a  confiderable  lake, 
called  DMie  \o\  the  daik  lake);  concerning  the  eitent 

of 


Niganiclie, 

.11 
Niger. 


(a)  Thib  is  ihe  negro  name  of  the  river,  and  fignlfics  llic^rra/  waUr. 


N     I     L 


C     654    ] 


N    I     L 


Nigna,  of  which,  all  the  information  which  our  author  could 
P  obtain  was,  that  in  cruffing  it,  from  wcfl  to  eaft,  the 
^''''  canoes  lofe  fight  oi  land  one  whole  day.  From  this 
lake,  the  water  iflueb  in  many  different  llreams,  which 
lerniinate  in  two  large  branches,  one  wbereoi  flows  to- 
wards the  north-eulV,  and  the  other  to  the  call ;  but 
thefe  branches  join  at  Kabra,  which  is  one  day's  jour- 
ney to  the  fouthward  of  Tumbiidoo,  and  is  the  port 
or  fliipping-place  of  tliat  city.  The  iraft  of  land  which 
the  two  dreams  encircle,  is  called  JInbala,  and  is  inha- 
bited by  negroes ;  and  tlie  whole  dillance  by  land,  from 
Jenne  to  'rnmbu(51oo,  is  twelve  days  journey. 

From  Kabra,  at  the  dillance  of  eleven  days  journey, 
down  the  dream,  the  liver  pafles  to  the  fouthward  of 
HoufT.i,  which  is  two  days  journey  didant  from  the 
river.  Of  the  further  progrefs  of  tliis  great  river,  and 
its  final  exit,  all  the  natives  with  whom  Mr  Park  con- 
verfed  feemcd  to  be  entirely  ignorant.  Their  com- 
mercial purl'uits  feldom  induce  them  to  travel  further 
than  the  cities  of  Tiimbuftoo  and  Houfla  ;  and  as  the 
fole  objed  of  thofe  journeys  is  the  acquirement  of 
wealth,  they  pay  but  little  attention  to  tlie  courfe  of 
livers,  or  the  geography  of  countries.  It  is,  however, 
highly  probable  that  tiie  Niger  affords  a  fafe  and  eal'y 
comraunicafion  between  very  remote  nations.  All  our 
author's  informants  agreed,  that  many  ot  the  negro 
merchants  who  arrive  at  Tumbu(5ioo  and  Houlfa,  from 
the  eaftward,  fpcak  a  diff^-rent  language  from  that  of 
Bambarra,  or  any  other  kingdom  with  which  they  are 
acquainted.  But  even  thefe  merchants,  it  would  feem, 
are  ignorant  of  the  termination  of  the  river  ;  for  fuch  of 
them  as  can  fpe,-.k  Arabic,  defcribe  the  amazing  length 
of  its  courfe  in  very  general  terms,  faying  only,  that 
they  believe  il  runs  to  the  luorlcTs  en.l. 

Major  Rennel,  by  comparing  a  great  many  accounts 
of  the  progrefs  of  this  river  beyond  Houfla,  with  the 
idea  which  prevails  in  that  city  ot  its  termination,  has 
(hewn  it  to  be  in  a  very  high  degree  probable,  that  the 
waters  of  the  Niger  have  no  direft  communication  w  ith 
the  fea,  but  that  tliey  are  fpread  out  into  a  great  lake 
in  Wangara  and  Ghana,  and  evaporated  by  the  heat 
of  the  fun.     S.-e  Wangara  in  this  Supplement. 

NIGUA,  a  river  on  the  fouih  fide  ot  the  illand  of  St 
Domingo.  Its  mouth  is  7  leagues  ead  of  the  Nifao. 
The  rivers  Nigua  and  Jayna  are  not  very  far  apart. 
But  as  they  advance  trom  their  fprings,  they  recede 
from  each  other,  the  former  running  wedward  fiom  the 
latter.  Between  them  lies  an  exrenfive  and  fertile  plain. 
The  quantity  of  pure  gold  that  was  dugfiom  its  cavi- 
ties, its  fugar,  cocoa,  indigo,  and  other  plantations,  paid 
duties  of  a  greater  amount  than  thole  now  paid  by  all 
the  Spanidi  part  of  the  illind  put  together.  All  thefe 
rivers  might  be  eal'dy  rendered  navigable.  Tlieparilh 
and  fmall  town  of  Nigua  contain  about  2,500  perfo.ns, 
partly  free  people  of  col  ur. — Mone. 

NILE,  the  name  of  a  celebrated  river,  which,  as  it 
has  been  defciibed  in  the  Eii-yclol'xdia,  fliould  not  have 
been  introduced  in;o  this  place,  did  \\"e  not  think  our- 
felves  bound  candidly  to  coafcfs  that,  in  our  opinion, 
its  fources,  at  lead  ihofe  fourccj  which  were  the  objtffs 
of  ancient  curiofity,  have  never  )et  been  feen  by  any 
European.  Tliis  feenis  to  be  proved,  beyond  the  pof- 
fibility  ot  controverfy,  by  M^jor  Rennel  in  the  Appen- 
dix to  Mr  Paik's  Travels,  and  by  Mr  Browne  in  bis 


account  of  the  Bjhr-el-ab'uid,  and  Dar-Fur  or  Souilan. 
See  Soudan  in  this  Suppuvient. 

Mr  Bruce  hinifclf  acknowledges  that  the  Nile,  which 
waters  Egypt,  is  the  confluence  oi  two  dreams,  and 
that  the  weilcrn  dream,  which  he,  with  others,  calls 
Bahr-d-al'tiid,  or  the  'wh'ite  rivir,  is  the  larged  of  the 
two.  Were  a  man  therefore  to  travel  from  Cairo  up 
the  banks  of  the  Nile  in  qued  of  its  fource,  he  would, 
doubtlefs,  when  l;e  ihould  arrive  at  the  divifii  n  of  the 
river  into  two  channels,  continue  his  journey  up  tlie 
greater  of  thefe  ;  fur  what  could  induce  liim  to  turn 
afide  with  the  lefs  ?  Not  the  name  ;  for  neither  the  lefs 
nor  the  greater  has  by  itfelf  the  name  which,  in  Egypt, 
is  given  to  both  when  united.  The  former,  which  un- 
doubtedly has  its  fource  in  Ab\dinia,  is  there  called 
tlie  Abay  or  Abavi ;  and,  in  other  countries  through 
which  it  runs,  the  B.ihr  el  Afick  ;  the  latter  is,  from 
its  fource  to  its  juniflion  with  the  Abay,  called  the 
Bahr  el  abiad.  Pliny  believed  that  the  Nile  came  from 
the  wed  ;  and  Ptolemy  fays  exprefsly  that  its  remote 
fource  is  in  the  mountains  of  the  vioon.  But  this  Nile 
mud  be  the  White  River,  which  certainly  rifes  to  the 
wedward  of  Abylfinia,  and,  according  to  Abulfeda,  in 
the  mountains  of  Komri  or  Kummeri  ;  which,  in  Ara- 
bic, fignifies  lunar,  being  the  adjedive  of  Kuinmer,  the 
moon. 

In  perfeifl  conformity  with  this  ancient  account  of 
the  fource  of  the  Nile,  Mr  Ledyard  was  told  at  Cairo 
by  certain  perfons  from  Dar-Fur,  that  this  celebrated 
river  has  its  coy  fountains  in  their  country,  at  the  didance 
of  55  days  journey  to  the  wedward  of  Senaar,  which 
biings  thtm  to  the  Komri  mountains  of  Abulfeda,  who, 
as  well  as  Ptolemy  and  Edrifi,  places  the  head  of  the 
Nile  in  a  quarter  far  removed  from  Abydinia.  Ptolemy 
has  indeed  mentioned  Loth  branches ;  and  while  he  de- 
fcribes  the  eadernin  fuch  a  way  as  that  it  cannot  be  ta- 
ken for  any  other  than  the  Abyffinian  branch,  or  the 
Nile  of  Bruce  and  the  Portuguefe  Jefuits,  fpeaks  of  a 
larger  branch  flowing  from  a  more  didant  fource,  fitua- 
ted  to  the  fouth wed.  But  this  can  be  no  other  than 
Biuce's  white  river,  the  Bahr  el  abiad  of  Ledyard  and 
Browne.  It  is  true,  there  is  an  apparent  difference  in 
the  account  given  by  thefe  two  lad  mentioned  travellers 
of  the  country  in  which  the  Bahr-el-abiad  lifes  ;  but  it 
is  a  difference  only  apparent.  Ledyard  was  told  at 
Cairo  that  it  riles  in  Dar  Fur  ;  Mr  Browne,  who  re- 
fided  long  in  D.ir-Fur,  was  there  told,  that  the  fources 
of  the  river  are  near  to  a  place  called  Donga,  the  refi- 
dence  of  the  chief  or  king  of  an  idolatrous  nation  to 
the  fouthward  of  Dar-Fur.  It  is  to  be  obferved,  how. 
ever,  that  the  flavemerchants  who  trade  between  Don- 
ga and  Cairo  are  always  attached  to  the  Soudan  or  Dar- 
Fur  caravan  ;  and  that  therefore  the  perfons  ulio  told 
Ledyard  that  the  Nile  rif;s  in  their  country  were  pro- 
bably from  D.inga,  though  he  took  them  tor  Furians 
fiom  tht  name  of  their  caiavan.  Mr  Browne  informs 
us,  that  the  country  about  Donga  is  very  mountainous, 
and  that  in  the  fpot  where  the  liver  tiles  there  are  faid 
t  be  forty  dilli.d  hilh,  which  irt  called  Kumri.  Frt^m 
them  illlies  a  great  number  ot  Iprings,  that,  uniting  in- 
t  1  oiit  great  channel,  form  the  Bahrel-abiad,  which 
luff-'s  the  fame  periodical  increafe  and  diminution  a» 
ti'-'  Nile  in  Egypt.  The  people  of  Donga  are  quite 
nak.d,  black,  and,  as  we  have  already  obferved,  idola- 

teis. 


Nile. 


N     I     M 


[     (^5S     ] 


N     I     M 


Jlimiquas.  tcrs .  Major  Rennel  places  the  mountains  of  llie  niocn 
^•^~^'^^^-^  bttween  5"  40'  and  8"  10'  N.  Lut.  and  between  24° 
30'  and  30°  ^5'  E.  Long.  Their  ia;itu.)e  and  longi- 
Uidc,  as  laid  down  by  Mr  Browne,  are  fomcwhat,  tho' 
very  little,  dilTerent;  whilft  Geefli,  the  fource  ot  B;uce's 
INilc,  lies  between  tlie  loth  and  i  ith  degree  of  N.  L.it. 
and  in  about  the  37th  degree  ot  E.  Long. 

NIMIQLfAS,  a  natit  n,  or,  more  pioperlr,  two 
tribes  in  South  Africa,  called"  by  Vaillant  ti.e  Le/s  and 
Greater  Nimiquas. 

The  country  of  the  Lefs  Nimiq'as  extends  in  longi- 
tude from  the  m'"untains  of  Caniis  to  the  fea  on  the 
vcft,  /'.  f.  from  tj"  25'  to  iR°  25'  eall  from  London, 
and  in  latitude  from  zS"  12'  to  29"  36'  fouth.  From 
the  information  which  our  author  could  colleif>,  he 
thinks  that  the  number  of  inhabitants  throughout  the 
vhole  of  this  tra<ft  does  not  exceed  6000  fouls.  Even 
this  number  is  annually  dimiralhed  by  the  frequent  at- 
tacks of  Bolhmen,  and  the  aridi'y  of  the  foil.  Of  the 
BosHMEN  we  have  already  given  fuch  an  account  as 
can  leave  no  doubt  of  the  dedruflive  nature  of  their  in- 
curfions  ;  and  the  foil  mud  be  arid  indeed,  if  it  be  true, 
as  Vaillant  affures  us,  that  in  the  country  of  the  Lefs 
Nimiquas  rain  never  falls  except  vvlien  it  thunders,  and 
tliat  thunder  is  fo  rare  as  frequently  not  to  be  heard  for 
the  fpace  of  a  whole  year. 

For  this  want  of  rain  our  author  accounts  in  a  fatis- 
faiflory  manner:  "  The  country  (he  fays)  having  nei- 
ther forefts  nor  lofty  mountains  to  arreft  the  clouds, 
ihofe  which  come  from  the  north  pafb  freely  over  it,  and 
proceed  on  to  Camis,  where  they  burft  and  fall,  eiiher 
in  rain  in  the  valleys,  or  in  fnow  on  the  fummits  of 
thefe  mountains,  which  are  the  loftieft  throughout  the 
f.nith  of  Africa."  The  country  is  of  couife  not  fruit- 
ful, and  its  llcrillty  obliges  the  inhabitants  frequently 
to  change  their  refidence,  fo  that  they  are  the  nioll  wan- 
dering of  all  the  Hottentot  tribes.  In  this  barren  re- 
gion the  Dutch  colonifts  fuppofe  that  gold  mines  may 
be  found ;  but  our  author  dlfcovered  among  the  hordes 
no  traces  of  this  metal,  though  he  found  many  indica- 
tions of  rich  copper  mines. 

The  Lefs  Nimiquas,  though  of  a  tolerable  flature, 
are  not  fo  tall  as  their  neighbours  to  the  eallward  ;  and 
indeed  Vaillant  affirms,  that  tlie  people  to  the  cad  in 
the  fouthern  part  of  Afiica  are  much  fupcrior  to  thofe 
of  the  well  bnth  in  moral  and  phyfical  qualities,  while 
the  animals  are  far  inferior.  The  Lefs  Nimiquas  are 
great  believers  in  witchcraft  ;  and  our  author  gives  a 
ridiculous  account  of  an  interview  that  he  had  with  an 
old  witch  named  Kukocs,  who  had  a  complete  afcen- 
dency,  not  only  ever  the  whole  horde,  but  alio  over  the 
lavage  Boihmen.  Thefe  robbers,  he  fays,  never  at- 
tempted to  plunder  the  territory  where  fhe  took  up  her 
refidcnce  ;  and  ihe  has  been  known,  when  their  thefts 
came  to  her  knowledge,  to  proceed  alone,  and  unguard- 
ed,  to  their  retreats  in  the  midft  of  the  woods,  to  threat- 
en them  with  her  vengeance,  and  thus  compel  them  to 
a"retlitutinn  oftheftolen  property.  All  her  influence, 
however,  over  her  own  tribe,  could  procure  for  our  au- 
thor and  his  attendants  only  fix  Ihecp. 

The  women  of  the  hoide  received  his  Hottentots 
with  great  kindnef.  j  and  permitted  them  to  difcover 
very  lingular  charms,  of  which  it  is  necdlefs  here  to  in- 
fcrt  a  defcription.  Among  this  people  he  faw  abun- 
(lacce  of  bracelets,  necklaces,  and  ear-iings  of  copper ; 


and  fome  of  thefe  ornaments  were  fo  well  made  and  KbnJquas. 
finely  polifhcd,  that  they  mull  have  been  manufaflur^d  ^-^"^'^^ 
in    Europe,  and  the  fruits  of  an  intcrcourfe   with  the 
whites.     But  he  faw  feveral  others,  which,  fn  m  their 
grotefque  lliape  and  rude  \vorkmanlhip,  evidently  (hew- 
ed that  they  were  fabricated  by  the  lavages  themielves. 

"  Tliefe  ornaments  (fays  he)  are  worn  by  the  Nimi- 
quas  in  the  fame  manner  as  by  the  other  lavages;  yn 
I  obferved  am'^ng  them  fome  whimlical  peculiarities.  I 
have  feen  perfons  with  fix  ear  rings  of  the  fame  (liapc 
in  one  ear,  and  none  in  the  other;  I  have  feen  fume 
with  bracelets  from  the  wrift  to  the  elbow  on  one  arm, 
while  the  other  arm  was  bare  :  I  have  feen  others  witli 
one  fide  of  the  face  painted  in  compartments  of  various 
colours,  while  on  the  other  fide  both  the  colours  and 
figures  were  different.  In  general,  I  obferved  great 
propenfity  to  ornaments  among  the  Lefs  Nimiquas"; 
for  thtir  krolfes  and  all  their  garments  were  plentifully 
covered  with  glaf,  and  copper  beads,  ftrung  on  threads, 
and  fallencd  on  every  part  of  their  drefs.  They  even 
wore  them  in  their  hair,  which  was  p'afttred  with 
greafe  in  the  mod  difgulling  manner.  Many  had  theii 
heads  covered  with  a  reddllli  incrullation,  compofed  of 
greafe  and  a  powder  rcfembling  brick  duft,  with  which 
their  hair  was  fo  palled  together,  th..t  you  would  have 
fworn  it  to  be  a  cap  of  red  morter.  Thofe  who  had  it 
in  their  power  to  difplay  this  luxury  of  diefs,  were  as 
proud  as  are  our  p,tils-muitra,  when  they  can'fhake  a 
head  loaded  with  powder,  perfume,  and  pomatum.  The 
nuyp-hro<,  or  (hort  apron,  of  the  women,  was  adorned 
with  rows  of  glafs  beads  hanging  down  to  their  feet ; 
in  other  refpeas  they  were  drelTcd  like  the  other  Hot- 
tentots." 

The  country  of  the  Greater  Kim:quas  is  placed  by 
the  author  in  nearly  the  fame  longitude  with  that  of  the 
Lefs,  and  between  2^°  and  2S"  fouth  latitude.  It  is 
barren  like  the  other;  but  the  people  are  much  taller, 
being  generally  about  five  feet  ten  inchea  high.  The 
men  are  dull  and  lUipid,  but  the  women  are  lively  and 
extremely  amorous;  and  both  men  and  women  are  com. 
paratively  handf  me  and  of  a  (lender  m.»ke.  Extrav.i- 
gantly  addifted  to  fmuking  tobaeco,  the  young  girls 
bartered  tlieir  favours  for  a  fingle  pipe  ;  and  a«  Vail- 
lant was  chief  of  the  caravan,  a  white,  and  pofleiror  of 
tobacco  of  much  better  quality,  many  advances  were 
made  to  him.  "  I  have  no  doubt  (fays  he)  but  I 
might  have  formed,  for  a  few  pipcfulsonly,  an  alliance 
with  every  family  in  the  horde.  I  was  even  prelTed  fo 
clofely,  as  to  be  obliged  to  employ  fome  refillance: 
but,  at  the  fame  time,  I  mud  confeG,  th.it  my  refufals 
were  given  in  fuch  a  way  as  not  to  offend  ;  and  they 
who,  in  confcc^uence  of  their  advances,  had  been  expo- 
fed  to  thcm^  having  foon  found  other  arr-ingemcnts  to 
make,  did  not  Ihew  me  the  lefs  friendlhip.  I  muft  here 
add,  tliat  the  girls  alone  appeared  to  me  thus  free; 
■while  the  married  women  on  the  contrary  were  modeft 
and  referved.  This  is  a  chara^criftic  difference,  which 
dillinguilhes  the  Greater  Nimiquas  from  the  Hottentot 
people  in  general;  as  likewife  does  the  low  cringing 
air  they  affume  when  they  have  any  tliing  to  a(k." 

It  has  been  faid  by  Kolben,  that  the  N'miqua  wo- 
men, when  they  bear  twins,  dellroy  one  of  the  infants; 
but  Vaillant  affures  us  that  this  is  a  filfehood,  as  is  like- 
wife  another  talc  which  is  current  in  the  colopy.  It 
has  been  faij  that  ibc  fathers,  to  (hcv  what  aJTc^ioa 

they 


N     I     M  [     wj 

Kiraiquas.  they  bear  iheir  children,  fcei!  their  eldeft  in  a  particu- 
^•^^"^^^  \^j  maimer,  as  being  of  tlt!a!:  the  firft  ol)je<a  of  p.itern.il 
care.  Fur  this  pui  poic  they  put  him  in  a  coop  as  it 
were  ;  th.it  U,  they  fl.ut  him  up  in  a  trench  made  un- 
der their  hut,  where,  being  deprived  li  motion,  he  lofes 
little  by  peilpiration,  while  they  iced  Kfid  cram  him  in 
a  maimer  with  milk  and  greafe.  By  degrees  the  child 
fattens,  ar.d  gets  as  round  as  a  band  ;  and  when  he  is 
come  to  ftich  a  (late  as  not  to  be  able  to  walk,  but  to 
bend  under  his  own  weight,  the  parents  exhibit  him>  to 
tlie  admiration  of  the  horde;  who  from  that  period 
conceive  more  or  lefs  efteem  and  conlideration  fir  tlie 
family,  according  as  the  monfler  has  acquired  more  or 
lefs  rotundity. 

Such  was  the  account  given  to  our  author  by  a  man 
who  aflirnicd  that  he  had  been  an  eye  w  itnefj  of  this 
mode  of  cramming  the  hcii-nppaient  ;  but  whenever 
any  queftions  were  alked  on  the  fubjeifl  of  the  Nimi- 
quas  thcmfelve',  the  perfons  addreffed  were  ready  to 
laugli  in  our  author's  face.  "  Still  (fays  he),  as  it  ap- 
peared flrange  to  nre,  that  a  man  Ihould  talk  of  what 
he  had  feen,  when  he  had  in  reality  feen  nothing  ;  as 
it  was  prffible  that  the  table  might  have  fome  founda- 
tion, without  being  true  in  all  particular; — I  was  wil- 
ling to  convince  myfelt  what  could  have  given  rife  to  it ; 
and  every  lime  I  vifited  a  horde,  1  look  care,  under 
different  pretences,  to  examine,  one  after  another,  all 
the  huts  of  the  krajl,  and  to  afk  which  was  the  eldeft 
child  of  the  family  :  but  I  nowhere  faw  any  thing  that 
indicated  either  this  pretended  coop,  or  this  pietended 
cramming." 

The  Nimiquas  are  great  cowards ;  yer,  like  the  fur- 
rounding  nations,  they  have  their  alT.igays  and  poifoned 
arrows  ;  and,  like  them,  can  handle  thefe  arms  w  ith 
dexterity.  They  polTsfs  alfo  thofe  war  oxen,  lb  for- 
midable in  battle,  and  fo  favourable  to  the  cowardice 
or  inailivity  of  the  combatants.  They  have  even  a  pe- 
culiar implement  of  war,  which  their  neighbours  have 
not.  This  is  a  large  buckler,  of  the  height  of  the  per- 
fon  who  bears  it,  behind  which  the  Nimiqua  can  com- 
pletely conceal  himfelf.  Bui,  befide  that  his  natural 
apathy  prevents  him  from  giving  or  taking  offence,  he 
is  in  reality  pullllanimous  and  cowardly  from  the  cold- 
nefs  of  his  difpofition.  To  utter  only  the  name  of 
ffouzouana  before  him  is  fufficient  to  make  him  trem- 
ble.    See  HouzouANAs  in  this  Supj)/. 

Notw  ithftanding  his  frigidity,  tlie  Nimiqua  is  not  in- 
fenfible  to  pleafure.  He  even  feeks  with  avidity  thofe 
which,  requiring  but  little  exertion,  are  capable  of  agi- 
tating him  and  procuring  agreeable  fenfations.  Their 
jnuilcal  inftruments  are  the  fame  as  thofe  of  the  other 
H  ttentots ;  but  their  dancing  is  very  different,  and 
lefembles  the  temper  of  the  nation.  If  the  counte- 
nance have  received  from  nature  features  that  can  ex- 
prefs  our  paflions,  the  body  alfo  has  its  attitudes  and 
movements  that  paint  our  temper  and  feelings.  The 
dance  of  the  Nmiiqua  is  frigid  like  himfelf,  and  fo  de- 
void of  grace  and  hilarity,  that,  were  it  not  for  the  ex- 
treme gaiety  of  the  women,  it  might  be  called  the  dance 
of  the  dead. 

Thefe  tortoifes,  to  whom  dancing  is  a  fatigue,  fliew 
little  eagernei's  for  any  thing  but  wagers  games  of  cal- 
culation and  chance,  and  all  the  fedentary  amufements 
which  require  p.itience  and  rcfl-jaion,  of  which  they 
are  mere  capable  than  they  are  of  motion.     When  our 


6s6    3 


N    I     Z 


-Sil 


Nizofius. 


author,  with  j»reat  propriety,  prohibited  gamn^  In  his  Ninety 
camp,  the  Nimiciuas,  who  had  (laid  long  with  him,  U 
took  thtir  departure.  ^ 

NINETY  SIX,  a  diftiift  of  the  upper  country  of 
South  Carolina,  well  of  Orangeburg  dillrifl,  and  coni- 
prehenda  the  counties  of  Edgefield,  Abbeville,  Lrurens, 
and  Newbury.  It  contains  33,674  white  inhabitants, 
fends  iz  reprefentatives  and  4  ienators  to  the  State  Ic- 
giflature,  3  of  the  former  and  (  ne  of  the  latter  for  each 
county,  and  one  member  to  Congrefs.  It  produces 
conliderable  quantities  of  tobacco  for  exportation. 
Chief  town,  CdtnbrHgc,  or,  as  it  was  formerly  called. 
Nine y  S'lx,  which  is  60  miles  weft  by  north  of  Ci'lum- 
bia,  147  north  well  of  Charletlon,  49norih  of  Augi:fta 
in  Georgia,  and  762  from  Philadelphia.  In  Mny,  1781, 
this  town  was  cl  fely  befieged  by  Gen.  Greene,  and 
bravely  defended  by  the  Britifli,  commanded  by  Ccl. 
Cruger. — Morse. 

Nil'ECON,  a  large  river  which  empties  into  Lake 
Superior,  from  the  northward.  It  leads  to  a  tribe  of 
the  Chippewas,  who  inhabit  near  a  lake  of  the  fame 
name.  Not  far  frtm  the  NIpegon  is  a  fmall  river,  that, 
juft  before  it  enters  the  l,;ke,  has  a  perpendicular  fall, 
fri  m  the  top  of  a  mountain  of  600  feet.  It  is  very  nar- 
row, appears  like  a  white  garter  fufpended  in  the  air. 
—ih. 

NIPISSING  Lake  is  north-eaft  of  Lake  Huron,  and 
conneifled  with  it  by  French  river. — ib. 

NIPISSINS.  Indians  inhabiting  near  the  head  wa- 
ters of  the  Ottowas  river.     Warriors  300. — ib. 

NiSAO,  a  river  which  rifes  in  the  centie  of  the 
ifland  of  St  Dcmingo,  and  falls  into  the  fea  on  tlie 
fouth  fide,  and  on  the  weftern  fide  of  the  point  of  its 
name  ;  7  leagues  W.  of  Nigua  river. — \b. 

NISC^IIEUNIA,  a  fettlement  in  the  State  of  Newr 
York,  above  the  city  of  Albany.  This  is  the  principal 
feat  of  the  fociety  called  Shakers.  A  few  of  this  fe(5l 
came  from  England  in  1774;  and  a  ii'^  others  are 
fcatteied  in  different  p.irts  of  the  country. — ib. 

NITTA,  a  fpecies  of  the  Mimosa,  which  flourifhes 
on  the  banks  of  the  Senegal  in  Africa.  It  is  valuable 
to  the  inhabitants  for  its  fruit,  the  pods  of  which  are 
long  and  narrow,  containing  a  few  black  feeds  envelo- 
ped in  a  fine  mealy  powder,  of  a  bright  yellow  colour, 
which  refembles  the  f!cur  of  fulphur,  and  has  a  fweet 
mucilaginous  tafte.  When  eaten  by  itfelf  it  is  clammy  ; 
but  when  mixed  with  milk  or  water,  it  conilitutes  a 
very  pleafant  and  nourilhing  food,  fupplying  the  placs 
of  corn  to  the  negroes. — Park's  Travels. 

NITTANY  Mountain,  in  Pennfylvania,  is  between 
the  Juniatta  and  the  W.  branch  of  Sufquehannah  river. 
— Morse. 

NIVERNOIS,  a  large  bay  at  the  eaft  end  of  Lake 
Ontari'i.- — ib. 

NIXONTON,  a  poft  town  of  N.  Carolina,  and  ca- 
pital of  Palquotank  county  ;  lies  on  a  northern  water  of 
Alljemaile  Sound,  and  contains  a  couithoufe,  gaol, 
and  a  few  dwelling  houfes.  It  is  28  miles  N.  E.  of 
Edenton,  and  468  S.  W.  of  Philadelphia. — ib. 

NIZOLIUS  (Marius),  a  grammarian  of  Italy,  who 
by  his  wit  and  erudition  contributed  much  to  the  pro- 
motion of  letters  in  the  i6th  century.  He  publifhed, 
in  1553,  Lib.  4.  De  ver'is  Prlncipiis  et  vera  RatioM 
philofophandi,  contra  Pfeudo  philofophoi.  In  this  work 
lie  attacks,  with  much  vivacity,  the  fchoolmcn,  not  on- 


N     O     M 


[     ^Sl     ] 


NOR 


•Koblebo-    ly  for  the  barbarifm  of  their  terms,  but  fnr  many  ridi- 
rough,      culous  opinions    which   they  held.       Leibnitz   was  fo 
„     j[      ,    ftruck  with  its  fulidity  and  elegance,  that,  to  expofe 
Dios.       ''^^  obflinacy  of  thole  who  were  zealoufly  :ittaciied  to 
v^^v^>w/ And  >tle,   he  gave  a  new  edition  of  it,   wiih  critic  il 
notes  of  his  own,  1670,  in  410.     Nizolius  publ  (bed  A- 
fo,    "Tbefaurus    Ciceronianus,  fivt  Apparatus   Lingua  L.a- 
tiuit  e  Scr'iplis   Tullii  Ckeroiiis  collciius,   in   fob  >.     1'liis 
is  a  good  L'tin  diiflionary,  compoled  of  the  words  and 
expreffions  of   Cicero;    to  which,    it  feera-,    Nizolius 
fliewed  as  mucli  bijjotry  as  the  ichoolmen  to  their  no- 
lion";  ;   and   fell   under  the  chara>fter  of  the  fe  pedants 
Biog.  DU-    whom  Er;ifmus  has  ridiculed  in  his  Ciceronianus .     We 
titnary.         Jq  f|ot  find  the  year  either  of  his  birth  or  death. 

NOBI.EBOROUGH,  a  townliiip  in  Lincoln  coun- 
ty, Dillrid  of  Maine,  incorporated  in  1788,  and  con- 
tains (fi6  inhabitants.  It  is  lo  miles  S.  E.  of  New- 
CaRle,  and  192  N.  E.  of  B^aon— Morse. 

NoBLEBOROuGH,  z  townlliip  in  the  northeartern  part 
of  Herkemer  county.  New  York,  fituated  on  the  north- 
wedern  fide  of  Canada  Creek. — ii. 

NOCKAMIXON,  a  townihip  in  Buck's  county, 
Pennf)  Ivan'a — ii. 

NOCTURNAL  arch,  is  the  arch  of  a  circle  de- 
fcribed  by  the  fun,  or  a  ftar,  in  the  night. 

NODDLE'S  IJIanJ,  a  fmall  pleafant  and  fertile 
ill.ind  in  Bolion  harbour,  Malfachufetts.  It  is  about  2 
miles  eaft  north-eaft  of  the  town,  on  the  Chelfea  (Lore. 
It  is  occupied  as  a  faim,  and  yields  large  quantities  of 
excellent  hay. — Morse. 

NODWAY,  a  river  or  rather  a  long  bay  which  com- 
municates with  James'  Bay,  at  the  S.  E.  extremity  of 
Rupert's  river. — ii. 

NOIR,  or  Blaci  River,  in  Louifiana,  runs  fouthward, 
and  joins  Rouge  or  Red  River. — ii. 

NoiR,  Ciipf,  <  n  the  S.  W.  coaft  of  the  ifland  of  Terra 
del  Fuego,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Straits  of  Magellan. 
S.  l.if.  54  30,  W.  long.  73  13. — ii. 

NOIX,  IJle  an,  or  Nut  IJle,  a  fmall  ifle  of  50  acres, 
near  the  north  end  of  Lake  Champlain,  and  within  the 
province  f  Lower  Canada.  Here  the  Britifli  have  a 
garrifon  containing  ico  men.  It  is  about  5  miles  N. 
N.  E.  of  the  mouth  ot  La  Cole  river,  20  nortli  of  Ifle 
La  Motte,  and  i  2  or  15  fouthward  of  St  John's. — ib. 

NOi^ACHUCKY,  a  river  in  the  eadern  part  of  the 
State  of  Tenneffee,  which  runs  W  S.  \V.  into  French 
Broad  river,  about  26  miles  fn'm  H  lllon  river.  Near 
the  banks  of  this  river  Grenville  college  is  eilablilhed. 
~ii. 

NOLIN  Creel,  a  branch  of  Green  river  in  Kentucky. 
The  bind  here  is  of  an  inferior  quality. — il. 

NOMAN'sZ,r7«</y)7<jW,liesalit.leS  W.  of  Martha's 
Vineyard,  and  ib  about  3  miles  long  and  two  broad.  It 
belongs  to  Duke's  county,  Maifachufetts.  N.  lat.  41 
15,  W.  lon^.  71  5. — ib. 

NOMBRE  DP.  DIOS,  a  port  to  the  S.  S.  E.  of  the 
cape  to  the  eallw.ird  of  Potto  Bello,  on  the  Spanifh 
Main,  or  N.  coaft  01  S.  America,  at  the  dillance  of  ab'ut 
7  leagues.  It  is  at  the  boti  m  of  a  large  deep  bay, 
being  wide  to  the  eafl  fide  in  l.it  9  43  N.  and  long.  78 
35  W.  The  iflancis  c.iUed  Ballimeiio.s  are  in  this  bay. 
Large  veffels  feldom  tieqncnt  this  part  now,  .lUliougli 
there  i  from  5  to  8  fathoms  and  clean  p'Ound.  Exie- 
rience  p  linted  out  tba:  'liey  weie  in  danger  (f  I oiin  !er- 
ing   It   iiuhor,  fii' li  is  the  fury  with  whith  the  lea  pours 

SuppL.  Vol.   II. 


Norfolk. 


into  the  bay.     Thofe  vefTels  that  now  viAt  it,  if  their  Nonibre  dc 
bufinefs  require  any   Itay,   prefer  riding  at  the  B.idi-      ^'f"> 
mcnto.,  or  it  Porto  Bello. — .A. 

NoMBRE  DE  Dios,  on  the  W.  co.ift  of  Mexico,  fituat- 
ed on  the  Nortli  Pacific  Ocenn,  is  a  large  and  p(  pulous 
tiwn,  a  little  to  the  northward  of  tlie  tropic  of  Cancer, 
and  20  leagues  to  the  north  of  Guadalaxara.  N.  lat. 
23  3^,  W.  long.  104. — ib. 

NONAGESIMAL,  or  Nonagesimal  7;f_jw,  cal- 
led  alfj  the  Mid  heaven,  is  the  highclt  point,  or  90th 
degree  of  the  ecliptic,  reckoned  from  its  interfeii^ion 
With  the  horizon  at  any  lime  ;  and  its  altitude  is  equal 
lo  the  angle  that  the  ecliptic  makes  with  the  horizon 
at  iheir  interfeaion,  or  equal  to  the  dillance  of  the  ze- 
nith from  the  pole  of  the  ecliptic.  It  is  much  ufed  in 
the  calculation  of  fiilar  eclipfes. 

hONAGON,  a  figure  h.iving  nine  fides  and  angles. 
In  a  regular  nonagon,  or  that  whofe  angles  and  fides 
are  all  equal,  if  each  fide  be  i,  its  area  will  be  6-1818242 
=  f  of  the  tangent  of  70",  to  the  radius  i. 

NONESUCH,  a  river  of  Cumberland  county,  Dif- 
triifl  of  Maine.  It  paffes  to  the  fea  through  the  town  of 
Scarborough  ;  and  receives  its  name  from  its  extraor- 
dinary frelhets. — Morse. 

Nonesuch,  a  harbour  at  the  E.  end  of  the  ifland  of 
Antigua.  The  road  is  foul  and  full  of  rocks  ;  and  it 
has  not  more  than  6  or  8  feet  water,  except  in  one  place, 
which  is  very  diflicult. — ib. 

NOOHEEVA,  one  of  the  Ingrahain  Iflands,  faid  to 
be  the  parent  of  them  all,  fituated  about  10  leagues  S, 
W.  of  Ooahoona.  Capt.  Roberts  named  it  Adams  ; 
it  ib  the  fame  which  Ingraham  called  Federal  Ijltnd. 
The  lat.  of  the  body  of  the  iflind  is  8  58  S.  and  near- 
ly  in  the  fame  meridian  with  Wuoapo,  between  140  and 
140  10  W.  long,  from  Greenwich.  All  accounts  of 
the  natives  concurred,  fays  Capt.  Roberts,  in  reprefent- 
ing  it  as  populous  and  fruitful,  and  to  have  a  large 
bay  with  go  d  anchorage. — ii. 

NOORT  Point,  on  the  coaft  of  Chili,  is  the  north 
point  of  the  bay  or  port  uf  Coquimbo,  the  other  is  call- 
ed Point  Tortugas. — ii. 

NORFOLK,  a  populous  maritime  county  of  MaHa- 
chuletts,  lately  taken  from  the  fouthern  part  of  SuiTolk 
county,  and  lies  to  the  fouthward  around  the  town  and 
harbour  of  Bofton.  And  contains  20  townfliips,  of 
which  Dedham  is  the  feat  of  juftice.  Number  of  inha- 
bit ints  24,280. — ii. 

Norfolk,  a  populous  county  of  Virginia,  bounded 
north  by  James's  river,  which  divides  it  fmm  Warwick, 
It  contains  14,524  inhabitants,  including  5.345  flaves. 
— ;'/'. 

NtiRroLK,  a  port  of  entry  and  port  town  and  feat  of 
juliice  in  the  above  county,  on  the  eaft  fide  of  Eli/.abeth 
liver,  immediately  below  the  confluence  of  the  eallera 
branch.  It  is  the  moft  confiderable  commercial  town 
in  Virginia.  The  channel  of  the  river  is  from  350  to 
400  yards  wide,  and  at  common  flood  tides  has  18  (cet 
water  up  to  the  town.  Thchaibnur  is  iAe  and  com- 
modious, and  iHrge  enourrh  to  contain  300  fliips.  It  was 
burnt  on  the  ift  ol  Janu.iry,  1776,  by  the  Liverpool 
man  of  war,  by  order  oi  ;l;e  Britilh  governor  Lord  Diin- 
mnre;  and  the  lol>.  amounted  to  ^^,'300,000  fterling.  It 
n  I'v  contains  about  500  dwelling  houfes,  a  court  houfe, 
gaol,  an  cpifcop.il  and  nicthodift  thiircli,  a  theatre,  and 
and  an  academy,  la  1790,  it  contained  2,959  inhabi- 
4  O  tants, 


NOR 


C     658     ] 


N    O     R 


Norfolk,  tants,  including  129+  (laves.  The  town  is  governed  by 
a  mayor  and  feveral  aldermen.  It  carries  on  a  bri& 
trade  to  the  Weft-Indies,  Europe  and  the  different 
■  dates,  and  conditutes,  wiih  Portfmouth,  which  ftands 
on  the  oppolkc  fide  of  the  river,  a  port  of  entry.  The 
exports  for  one  year,  ending  September  30th,  1794, 
.-imounted  to  1,660,752  dollars.  A  canal,  of  16  miles 
in  lengih,  is  now  catting  from  ihe  north  branch  of  Al- 
bemarle Sound  in  N.  Carolina,  to  the  waters  of  the  S. 
branch  of  Elizabeth  river.  It  will  communicate  with 
Elizabeth  river  y  miles  from  Norfolk.  Merchant 
veffels  of  the  largelt  fize  may  go  within  a  mile  from  the 
mouth  of  the  canal;  and  here,  the  water  being  frelh, 
tlie  worm,  which  does  fuch  dam.Tge  to  vcliels  in 
Norfolk  and  Ponfmouth,  will  not  afFc-a  them.  It  is 
1 14  miles E.S.  E.  of  Richmond,  54from  WiUiamfbiirg, 
30  N.  E.  of  Suffolk,  and  3S9  S.  by  VV.  of  Philadelphia. 
N.  lat.  36  55,  W.  long.  76  28. — ii. 

Norfolk,  a  townlliip  in  Litchfield  county,  Connefli- 
cut,  15  miles  north  of  Litclitield,  on  the  ^Ial^achufetts 
line. — il>. 

NORM.\L,  is  ufed  fometlmes  for  a  perpendicular. 

NORMAN,  Ciipe,  on  the  well  coaft  of  Newfound- 
land ifland,  is  on  the  gulf  of  St  Lawrence,  and  the 
weflern  entrance  of  the  narrow  bay  of  Mauco,  20 
leagues  from  Cape  Ferrol.  N.  lat.  31  39,  W.  long. 
55  58.  High  water  at  full  and  change  days  at  9 
o'clock. — Alone. 

NORONHA  I/IunJ,  FenlinanJo,  in  the  S.  Pacific 
Ocean,  laid  down  in  lat.  3  56  foutli,  and  long.  132  38 
veil.  Captain  Cook,  in  his  fecond  voyage,  looked  for 
it  in  lone;,  i  \2  5,  but  did  not  find  it. — ib. 

NORRIDGEWALK,  or  Norndseivock,  a  poft-town 
in  Lincoln  county,  on  Kennebeck  river,  Maine,  incor- 
porated in  1788,  and  contains  376  inhabitants.  It  is 
10  miles  well  of  Canaan,  239  N.  by  E.  of  liollon,  and 
587  norlh-eall  of  Philadelphia.  The  Indian  town  of 
this  name  llood  about  40  miles  above  Fort  Halifax, 
■where  Kennebeck  river,  as  you  afcend  it,  after  taking  a 
fouth-wedward  courfe,  turns  to  the  northward,  and 
forms  a  point  where  the  town  flood.  It  was  dellroyed 
by  a  party  under  Col.  Harman,  in  1724. — ib. 

NORRISTON,  the  principal  town  in  Montgomery 
county,  Pennfylvania,  is  about  20  miles  N.  W.  of  Phi- 
ladelphia, on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Schuylkill,  liaving 
about  20  houfcs,  a  court  houfe  and  jail,  and  a  hand- 
fome  edifice  of  Hone  for  the  preiervation  of  records, 
and  an  obfcrvatory.  This  town  was  the  relidence  of 
that  celebrated  philof^pher  and  philanthropift.  Dr. 
David  RilUnhoufi.  In  his  clfervcilory,  near  his  manliun 
houfe,  he  was  interred,  agreeably  to  his  requell,  June, 
"1796.  Plis  tomb-done  contains  nothing  but  his  name 
and  the  liraple  record  of  the  days  and  yeai  s  of  his  birth 
and  dealh.  "  Here,  (fays  the  elegant  writer  of  his 
eulogy,  Dr.  Rujh)  (hall  the  philofophers  of  future  ages 
refort  to  do  homage  to  his  tomb,  and  children  yet  un- 
born fhall  point  to  the  dome  which  covers  it,  and  ex- 
ultingly  fay,  "  There  lies  our  Rf"enhoufc" — ib. 

NORTHAMPTON,  a  large  uneven  county  of 
Pennfylvania  ;  fuuated  in  the  N.  E.  corner  of  the  Hate 
on  Delawiire  river,  which  feparales  it  from  the  ftate  of 
New  jerfey  and  New  York.  It  is  divided  into  27 
lownftiips  and  contains  24,250  inhabitants. — ib. 

Northampton,  a  townftip  in  Buck's  county,  Penn- 
fylvdcia. — ib. 


Northampton,  a  town  in  Northampton  county,  Nonhamp- 
Pennfylvanii,  on  the  S.  W.  bank  of  Lehigh  river,  5       '""' 
or  6  miles  S.  W.  of  Bethlehem. — ib.  Korth 

Northampton-,  a  county  of  Halifax  diftridl,  North   Carolina. 
Carolina,  bounded  north  by  the  ftate  of  Virginia,  con-  \-^n''>«»' 
taining  9,981  inhabitants,  including  4,409  llaves. — ib. 

Northampton,  a  maritime  county  of  Virginia,  fitu- 
ated  on  the  point  of  the  peninfula,  which  forms  the  E. 
fide  of  the  entrance  into  Chefapeak  Bay.  It  has  the 
ocean  E.  and  Accomack  county  on  the  north.  Its 
fouthern  extremity  is  Cape  Charles,  in  lat.  37  1 1  N. 
and  long.  75  57  W.  off  which  is  the  fmall  ifland  called 
Smith's  Ifland.  This  county  contains  6,889  inhabi- 
tants, including  3,244  flaves.  The  lands  are  low  and 
fandy. — ib. 

Northampton  Court  Houfe,  in  the  above  county, 
wliere  a  poft-ofiice  is  kept,  is  40  miles  S.  by  W.  of 
Accomack  court  houfe,  43  north-eaft  of  Norfolk,  and 
239  fouth  of  Philadelphia. — ib. 

Northampton,  a  refpeftable  poft  town  and  capital 
of  Hampfhire  county,  Maffachufetts,  fituated  within  a 
bend  of  Conneflicut  river,  on  its  \V.  fide,  40  miles 
north  of  Hartford,  in  Conneifticut,  and  100  weft  of 
Bofton.  It  contains  a  fpacious  congregational  church, 
a  court  houfe,  jail,  and  about  250  dwelling  houfes, 
many  cf  which  are  genteel  buildings.  Its  meadows 
are  extenfive  and  fertile  ;  and  it  carries  on  a  confider- 
able  inland  trade.  This  townlhip  was  incorporated  in 
1685,  and  contains  1,628  inhabitants. — ib. 

Northampton,  a  townlhip  in  Burlington  county. 
New  Jerfey,  which  contains  about  56,000  acres,  half  of 
which  is  under  improvement,  the  other  half  is  moftly 
pine  barren.  The  chief  place  of  the  townfliip  is  called 
Mount  Holly.  It  contains  about  1 50  houfes,  an  Epifcopal 
church,  a  Friend's  meeting-  houfe,  and  a  market-houfe. 
It  is  22  miles  from  Trenton,  and  20  from  Philadelphia. 
—ib. 

NORTH  BO  ROUGH,  a  townfliip  in  Worcefler 
county,  Maffachufetts,  formerly  the  northern  part  of 
Weftborough.  It  was  incorporated  in  1760,  and  con- 
tains 619  inhabitants.  It  is  lomiles  E.  of  Worcefter^ 
and  1,6  W.  of  Bofton. — ib. 

NbraTIBRIDGE,atownniipinWorcefter  county, 
Maflachufetts,  taken  from  Uxbridge,  which  bounds  it 
on  the  S.  It  was  incorporated  in  1772,  and  contains 
569  inhabitants.  Blackftone  river  runs  through  this 
town.  It  is  12  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Worcefter,  and  45 
S.  W.  of  Bofton.—;/;. 

NORTH  CAROLINA,  one  of  the  United  States, 
i':  bounded  N.  by  Virginia ;  E.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ; 
S.  by  S.  Carolina,  and  VV.  by  the  ftate  of  Tenneffee. 
It  lies  between  33  50,  and  36  30  N.  lat.  and  between 
76  8  and  83  8  W.  long,  being  about  450  miles  in 
length,  and  180  in  breadth,  containing  about  34,000 
fquare  miles.  The  diftrids  of  this  ftate  are  claffed  in 
three  divifions,  viz.  The  Eajlern  diftrifts,  Edenlon, 
Neiu'jern  and  Wilmington — the  Allddle  diftridls,  Fayette- 
■ville,  Hilljborough  and  Halifax — and  the  IVtJlern  diftrifrs, 
Morgan  and  Salifiury.  The  eaftern  diftriifls  are  on  the 
fea-coaft,  extending  from  the  Virginia  line  fouthward 
to  S.  Carolina.  Tlie  five  others  covet  the  whole  ftate, 
\V.  of  the  maritime  diftrids ;  and  the  greater  part  of 
them  extend  acrofs  the  ftate  from  N.  to  S.  Thefe 
diftrifls  are  fubdivided  into  58  counties,  which  con- 
tained, in  1790,  393'75i  inhabitaLts,  of  whom  100,571 

wsrc 


NOR 


C    ^59    ] 


NOR 


The  chief  rivers  of  N.  Carolina  are  Cho-    latte 


Uortl,      were  flaves.      i  he  chiet  nvtn  ot  N.  tJaroima  are  Uho-  latter  is  an  evergreen,  and  is  food   for  the  cattle   In      Korth 

^^I^^^^J^  wan  and  its  branches,  Roanoke,  Tar,  Neus,  and  Cnpe  winter.     The  milVletoe  is  common  in  the  ba-k  coun'ry    Carolina 

Fear  or  Clarendon.      Moft  of  thefe  and  the  fmaller  This  is  a  (hrub,  which  difiers  in  kind,  peihaps,  from  " 

rivers  have  bars  at  their  mouths;    and  the  coaft  fur-  all  others.     It  never  grows  out  i.f  the  earth    but  "" 


the  tops  of  trees.  Tlie  roots  (if  they  may  1>-  {o  called) 
run  under  the  ba.k  of  the  tree,  and  incorporate  wiUi 
the  wood,  li  is  an  evergreen  refembling  the  garden 
bux-wood.  The  late  war,  by  whi.h  i\.  Carolina  w.,s 
greatly  injured,  put  a  (lop  to  feveral  iron  works.     There 


nifhes  no  good  harbours  except  Cape  Fear.  There 
are  two  remarkable  fuiamps  in  this  (late,  the  one  in 
Currituck  county,  the  other  on  the  line  between  this 
ftate  and  Virginia.  The  mod  remarkable  founds  are 
Albemarle,    Pamlico    and    Core    Sounds — the    capes. 

Lookout,  Hatteras  and  Fear.     Newbein  is  the  largcft    are  four  or  five  furnaces' in  the  ftate,  that  are  in  bla(l 
town  in  the  (late  ;  the  other  towns  of  note  are  Edentun,    and  a  proportionable  number  of  forges.     The  weftera 
Wilmington,    Halifax,    Hillfborongh,    Salilbury,    and    parts  of  this  (late,  which  have  been  fettled  within  llie 
Fayettevilie;  each  of  which  have  been,  in  their  turns,    la(l  40  years,   are  chieiiv    inhabited  by   Prefbyterlans 
the  feat  of  the  general  affembly.       Raleigh,  fituated    from  Penufylvania,  the  dcfcendants  of  people  from  the 
near  the  centre  of  the  (l.ite,  has  lately  been  cftabhfhed    north  of  Ireland,  and  are  exceedingly  attached  to  the 
as  the  metropolis.     N.  Carolina,  in  its  whole  width,    doctrines,  difcipline  and  ufages  of  the  church  of  Scot- 
for  60  miles  from  the  fea.  is  a  dead  level.     A  great    land.     They  are  a  regular  induftrious  people.     Tlie 
proportion  of  this  traft  lies  in  foreft,  and  is  barren.    Moravians  liave  feveral  flourifhing  fcttlements'  in  tlie 
On  the  banks  of  fome  of  the  rivers,  particularly  of  the    upper  part  of  this  (late.     The  Friends  or  Ou.ikers  liave 
Roanoke,  the  land  is  fertile  and  good.       Interfperfed    a  iettlement  in  New-Gardcn  in  Guilford  county,  and 
through  the  other  parts,  are  glades  of  rich  fwamp.and    feveral  congregations  at  Perquimins  and  Pafquo'tank 
ridges  of  oak  land,  of  a  black,  fertile  foil.     Sixty  or    The  Methodirts  and  Baptids  are  numerous  and  increa' 
eighty  miles  from  the  fea,  the  country  rifes  into  hills    fmg.     The  general  allcmbly  of  N.  Carolina,  in  D:cem- 
and  mountains,  as  in  S.  Carolina  and  Georgia.  Wheat,    ber  1789,  palfed  a  law  incorporating  40  gentlemen,  c 
rye,  barley,  oats  and  flax,  grow  well  in  the  back  hilly    from  each  dlftrift,  as  truftee*  of  the  Univetfity  of  N. 
country.     Indian  corn  and  pulfe  of  all  kinds,  in  all    Carolina.     The  ftate  has  given  handlbme  donations  for 
parts.     Cotton  and  hemp  are  alio  confiderably  culti-    the  endowment  of  this  feminary.  The  general  a (fembly 
vatedhere,  and  might  be  raifed  in  much  greater  plenty,    in  December,  1 791,  loaned  j^\,cco  to  the  trudees.to  en- 
The  cotton  is  planted  yearly  :    the  ftalk  dies  with  the    able  them  to  proceed  immediately  with  their  buildings, 
froft.      The  labour  of  one  man    will  produce  icoo    There  is  a  very  good  .academy  at  Warrenton,  another 
pounds  in  the  feeds,  or  250  fit  for  manufaduring.     A    at  Williamlborough,  in  Granville,  and  three  or  four 
great  proportion  of  the  produce  of  the  back  country,    others  in  the  ftate,  of  confiderable  note.     North  Caro- 
confifling  of  tobacco,  wheat,  Indian  corn,  &c.  is  carried    lina  has  had  a  rapid  growth.      In  tlie  year  i-io   it  con- 
to  market  in  S.  Carolina  and  Virginia.     The  fouthern    tained  but  about   1200  fcncible  men.     In   1704.    the 
interior  counties  carry  their  produce  to  Charlefton,  and    number   was   eftimaled  at  about  jo,ooo.     It  is  now 
the  northern  to  Peterfburg,  in  Virginia.     The  exports    in  point  of  numbers,  the  fourth  ftate  in  the  Union.    Br 
from  the  lower  parts  of  the  ftate,  are  tar,  pitch,  turpen-    the  conllitution  of  this  ftate,  which  was  ratified  in  De- 
tirie,    rofin,    Indian    corn,    boards,    fcantling,    ftaves,    cumber,  179^;,  all  legiflative  authority  is  vefted  in  two 
fliingles,  furs,  tobacco,  pork,  lard,  tallow,  bees-wa.x,    dillind  branches,  both  dependent  on  the  pecple   viz.  a 
myrtle-wax,  and  a  few  other  articles,  amounting  in  the    fenate  and  houfe  of  commons,   "-hich,  when  convened 
year,  ending  September  30th,  1791,10  524,548  dollars,    for  bufinefs,  are   ftylcd   the   general  alfembly.       The 


Their  trade  is  chieHy  with  the  Weft  Indies  and  the 
northern  ftates.  In  the  flat  country  near  the  fea-coaft,the 
inhabitants,  during  the  fummer  and  autumn,  are  fub- 
je(51  to  intermitting  fevers,  which  often  prove  fatal,  as 
bilious  or  nervous  fymptoms  prevail.    The  weftern  hilly 


lenatc  is  compofed  of  reprefentatives,  one  from  each 
county,  ch.  fen  annually  by  ballot.  The  houfe  of  com- 
mons confifts  of  reprefentatives  chofen  in  the  fame  way, 
2  for  each  c;mnty,  and  one  for  each  of  the  towns  of 
Edenton,  Newbern,  Wilmington,  Saliftjury,  Hillf- 
parts  of  the  ftate  are  as  healthy  as  any  part  of  A  me-  borough,  Halifax,  and  Fayettevilie.  Tl:e  hiftory  of 
rica.  That  country  is  fertile,  full  of  fptings  and  rivu-  North  Caroliiia  is  lefs  known  than  that  of  any  other  of 
lets  of  pure  water.  Autumn  is  very  pleaiant,  both  in  the  ftates.  From  the  beft  accounts  that  liiftory  affords 
regard  to  the  temperature  and  ferenity  of  the  weather,  the  firft  permanent  fcttlement  in  Noith  Carolina  was 
and  the  lichnefs  and  variety  of  the  vegetable  produc-  made  about  the  year  1710,  by  a  number  of  PdUilnes 
lions,  which  the  feafon  affords.  The  winters  are  fo  from  Germany,  who  had  been  reduced  to  circumftances 
mild  in  fome  years,  that  autumn  may  be  faid  to  conti-  o(  great  indigence,  by  a  calamitous  war.  The  infant 
nue  till  fpring.  Wheat  harveft  is  in  the  beginning  of  colony  remained  under  the  general  government  of  South 
June,  and  that  of  Indian  corn  early  in  September.  Carolina,  till  about  the  year  1729,  when  fcven  ol  the 

The  large  natural  growth  of  ihc  plains,  in  the  low    proprietors,  for  a  valuable  confideration,   veiled   their 


country,  is  almoft  univerfiUy  pitch  pine,  which  is  a  tall 
liandfome  tree,  far  fuperior  to  the  pitch  pine  of  the 
northern  ftates.  This  tree  may  be  called  tlie  (laple 
commodity  of  N.  Carolina.  It  affords  pitch,  tar,  tur- 
pentine, and  various  kinds  cf  lumber,  which,  together, 


property  and  jurifjiaion  in  the  crown  ;  and  the  colonv 
was  erefted  into  a  fcparate  province,  by  the  name  of 
North  Can  hna,  and  its  pielcnt  limits  cftablilhed  by 
an  order  of  George  11. — ih. 

NORTH  C.-\STLE,  a  townftiip  of  New  York,  In 


conftitute  at  leaft  one  hjlf  ri  the  exports  of  this  ftate.  Weft  Chcller  county,  north  of  Mount  Pleafant,  and  the 
No  country  produces  finer  wliite  and  red  oak  for  ftaves.  Wliite  Plains  on  the  borders  of  Connciflicut.  In  i-go 
The  fwampi  abound  with  cyprefs  and  bay  ti»es.     The    it  contained  2,478  inliabitants.      In  1796,  there  were 

40;  '  ,-, 


North 

Cart]?. 


NOR 


C    660    ] 


NOR 


Norih- 
£aft, 

II 
North 
Kingf- 
town. 


173  of  the  inliabitants  qualified  eleflois.  It  is  10  miles 
from  Wliite  Plains,  and  20  from  Ridgeticld  in  Connec- 
ticut.— ib. 

NORTH-EAST,  a  fmuU  river  which  empties  in  at 
the  head  of  Chefnpeak   B.iy,  about  five   miles  below 
'  Charleftown  ;  only  n  iticeable  for  the  quantity  of  her- 
rincjs  caught  in  it. — ib. 

NOin'H-E.-\ST-TOWN,  a  townthip  in  Dutchefs 
county,  New- York,  about  90  miles  N.  of  New-York 
city  ;  between  Rhynbeck  and  Connedicut  well  line.  In 
1790,  it  contained  3,401  inhabitants.  In  I7<;6,  there 
were  in  it  yji  qualified  eleflors. — ib. 

NORTH-EDISTO  Inki,  on  the  coaft  of  S.  Caro- 
lina, is  n  miles  irom  Stono  Inlet,  and  3  E.  N.  E. 
from  South  Edillo — ib. 

NORTHFIELD,  a  townfliip  in  Orange  county, 
Vermont,  between  20  and  30  miles  W.  of  Newbury, 
in  the  W.  part  of  the  county. — ib. 

NoRTHFiELD,  a  thriving  townlhip,  in  the  N.  part  of 
H.implhire  cnuiity,  M-ilHichufetts  ;  filuated  on  the  E. 
fide  ot  Connedicut  river,  30  miles  N.  of  Northampton, 
100  N.  W.  by  W.  of  Boltcn.  It  contains  868  inhabi- 
tants. The  town  was  incorporated  in  1673,  ^"''  fome 
years  after  defolated  by  the  Indians.  The  inhabitants 
returned  again  in  1685,  but  it  was  foon  after  dellroyed 
a  fecond  time.  In  17  13  it  was  again  rebuilt,  and  one 
third  of  the  townfliip  was  taken  off,  and  incorporated  by 
the  n.ime  of  Hinfdale.  Fort  Dummer  was  in  the  vici- 
nity of  this  town. — lb. 

NoRTHFiELD,  3  fmall  town  in  Rockingham  county, 
New  Hamplhire,  taken  fiom  Canterbury,  on  the  E. 
flde  of  Merrimack  river,  and  incorporated  in  1780.  It 
contains  606  inhabitants. — ib. 

NoRTHFiELD,  a  townlhip  in  Richmond  county, 
Staten  Ifland,  New  Yoik,  containing  1021  inhabitints, 
including  133  qualified  electors,  and  133  llaves. — ib. 

NORTH  HAMPTON,  a  townlhip  uf  New  Hamp- 
fhire,  in  R'ckingliam  county,  which  contains  657  inha- 
bitants, taken  irom  Haraptoo  and  incorporated  in 
1742. — ib. 

NORTH-HAVEN,  a  townfliip  of  Connefticut,  fitu- 
ated  in  New-Haven  county,  on  the  E.  fiJe  of  E.»ft 
river,  8  miles  N.  by  E.  of  New-Haven,  and  32  S.  by  W. 
of  Hartford.  It  was  fettled  in  1660  by  35  men,  prin- 
cipally from  Siybror.k.  This  town  is  the  birth-place 
of  that  learned,  pious  and  excellent  man,  Dr  Ezra 
Stiles  late  prelident  of  Yale  college. — ib. 

NORTHHEMPSTEAD,  a  townlhip  in  Queen's 
county,  Long-Iiland,  New  York,  bounded  ealterly  by 
Oyfter  Bay,  northerly  by  the  found,  and  fouh  by 
South  Hempllead.  In  1790,  it  crntained  2696  inha- 
bitants, of  whom  507  were  flaves.  In  1796,  232  of 
the  inhabitants  weie  qualified  eleftors.  The  foil  is  but 
indifferent. — ib. 

NORTH-HUNTINGTON  a  townfliip  in  Wefl- 
morel-ind  county,  Pennl'ylvania. — ib. 

NORTH  Ifland.  on  the  coaft  <  f  S.  Carolina,  lies  on 
the  north  fide  of  Winyah  harbour  — ib. 

NORTHLINED  Lake,  in  N.  America,  i^  about 
160  miles  S.  <if  ths  head  of  Chellerfield  Inl  t  ;  is  full 
ot  illands,  and  aho.it  80  miles  long,  and  25  broad. — ib. 
NORTH  KINGSTOWN,  a  town  in  Wafhicgt-.a 
county,  Rhode  Uland,  which  carries  on  a  confiderable 
trade  in  the  filheries,  befides  fome  to  the  Well  Indies. 
Its  harbour  is  calkd  Wickford,  on  the  weft  fide  of 


Narraganfet  bay,  oppofite  the  north  end  of  Canonnicut      Nurth 
Ifl.ind.      It  is  about  8  miles  north-weft  of  Newport,  and  Mountain, 
20  foutherly  of  Providence.      The  townfliip  contains  j^    ,h  m. 
2,907  inliabitants. — ib.  bcrland 

NORTH  MOUNTAIN,  one  of  the  ridges  cf  the  v-^-v^- 
Allegany  Mountains,  which  extends  through  Virginia 
and  Pennfylvania.  There  is  a  curious  fyphon  foun- 
tain in  Virginia,  near  the  interfeilion  of  lord  Fairfax's 
boundary  with  the  North  Mountain,  not  far  from 
Brock's  Gap,  on  the  flream  of  which  is  a  grift  mill, 
which  grindb  two  bulhels  cf  grain  at  every  flood  of  the 
fprine. — ib. 

NORTHPORT,  a  townfliip  in  Hancock  county^ 
Diflrift  of  Maine,  taken  from  the  northerly  part  of 
Duck  Trap  Plantation,  and  incorporated  in  1796. — ib. 

NORTH  REEF,  off  the  ilknd  of  St  Domingo,  in 
the  Weft-Indies,  lies  in  lat.  20  33  N.  and  long.  69  12 
Vf.—ib. 

NORTH  RIVER,  in  Maffachufetts,  for  its  fize,  is 
remarkable  for  its  depth  of  water,  being  in  fome  places 
not  more  than  40  or  50  feet  wide,  yet  vcll'els  of  300 
tons  are  built  at  Pembroke,  and  defcend  to  Maffachu- 
fetts  Bay,  18  miles  diftant,  as  the  river  runs.  It  rifes 
in  Indian  Head  Pond,  in  Pembroke,  and  runs  a  ferpen- 
tine  courfe  between  Scituate  and  Marflifield.  The 
liver  is  navigable  for  boats  to  the  firft  fall,  5  miles  from- 
its  fource.  Thence  to  the  neareft  waters  which  run 
into  Taunton  river,  is  only  three  miles.  A  canal  to 
conned  the  waters  of  thefe  two  rivers,  which  commu- 
nicate with  Narraganfet  and  Maffachufetts  bays,  would 
be  of  great  utility,  as  it  would  fave  a  long  and  danger- 
ous navigation  round  Cape  Cod. — ib. 

North  River,  a  very  confiderable  river  of  New 
Mexico,  in  North  America,  which  rifes  in  the  north 
part  of  it,  and  direfts  its  courfe  to  the  S.  E.  and  empties 
into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  at  the  W.  end,  in  about  lat. 
26  I  2  north. — ib. 

North  River,  a  branch  of  Fluvanna  river,  in  Vir- 
ginia.— ib. 

NORTH  SALEM,  a  townfliip  in  Weft  Chefter 
county,  New  York,  bounded  foutherly  by  Salem,  eaft- 
erly  by  Connedlicut,  northerly  by  Dutchefs  county, 
and  wefterly  by  the  middle  of  Croton  river.  In  1790, 
it  contained  1058  inhabitants,  including  58  flaves.  In 
1796,  162  ot  the  inhabitants  were  qualified  eledors. — ib. 

NORTH  SOUND  POINT  is  the  projefling  point 
of  land  on  the  N.  E.  fide  of  the  ifland  of  Antigua,  in 
the  Weftlndits,  and  is  about  S.  S.  E.  from  Long 
Ifland.— (7>. 

NORTHUMBERLAND,  a  town  in  Grafton 
county,  New  Hamplhire,  fiiuated  on  the  E.  fide  of 
C'nneiflicut  river,  at  the  m  ■>uth  of  the  Upper  Amonoo- 
fuck.  It  was  incorporated  in  1779,  and  contains  117 
inhabitants. — ib. 

Northumberland,  a  county  of  Pennfylvania, 
boundeJ  N.  by  Lycoming,  S.  and  W.  by  Dauphin  and 
MifHiii  touniies.  It  is  divided  into  i6  townlhips,  and  in 
1790  contained  17,161  inhabitants.  The  county  of 
Lyc'.m.ng  has  fiuce  the  ccufus  been  lately  taken  from 
it,  but  the  county  is  fi'ppofed  to  coatain  nearly  as  many 
ii  habitants  as  befoie;  a  great  number  of  people  having 
emigrated  to  this  part  ct  the  ftate.  Chief  town,  Sun- 
bury — ib. 

Northumberland,  a  flourifhing  port  town  in  the 
above  county,  lltuaced  on  the  £oiac  of  land  formed  by 


Norway. 


NOR  I    66 

Northum-  the  jundlion  of  the  E.  and  W.  branches  of  the  Sulque- 
bcrland,  hannah.  It  is  laid  out  regularly,  and  contains  about 
120  houfes,  a  Pietbyteiian  church,  and  an  academy. 
It  is  2  miles  N.  by  W.  ot  Sunbury,  and  124  N.  W. 
by  W.  of  Philadelphia.— ;i. 

NoRTHUMBLRLAND,  a  couuty  of  Virginia,  bounded 
E.  by  Chefapeak  Bay,  and  W.  by  Richmond.  It  c^n- 
tains  9,163  inhabitants,  including  4,460  Haves.  The 
courth'aile,  where  a  poll  office  is  kept,  is  12  miles 
from  Kinfale,  18  from  Lancafter  courthoufe,  86  from 
Erederickfburg,  and  317  from  Pliiladelphia. — 1/>. 

NORTH-WALES,  a  town  of  Caroline  county, 
Virginia,  on  Pamunky  river,  about  2  miles  below  the 
juniftion  cf  N.  and  S.  Anna  branches. — it, 

NORTH-WEaT  River,  a  branch  of  Cape  Fear, 
or  Clarendon  river,  in  N.  Camlina.  It  is  formed  by 
the  juncflion  of  Haw  and  Deep  rivers;  and  it  is  300 
yards  wide  at  Alliwood,  80  or  90  miles  above  the 
Capes  ;  even  when  the  ifream  is  low,  and  withm  its 
banks.  On  the  weft  lide  of  this  river,  about  40  miles 
above  Alhwood,  in  the  banks  of  a  creek,  5  or  6  feet 
below  tlie  fandy  furface,  are  to  be  feen,  pnjeifling  out 
many  feet  in  length,  trunks  of  trees  entirely  petrified. 
— /i. 

NORTHWOOD,  an  interior  and  elevated  townfliip 
in  Rockingham  county,  New-Hamp(hire,  in  which, 
and  on  its  borders,  are  a  number  of  fmall  ponds, 
vhofe  waters  teed  Pifcacaqua  and  Suncook  rivers.  It 
was  incorporated  in  1773;  contains  744  inhabitants, 
and  is  about  39  nules  north-well  of  Portfmouth. 
Cryllals  and  cryllalline  fpars  are  found  here. — 16. 

NORTH-YARMOUTH,  a  poft-town  of  the  Dif- 
tri(5t  of  Maine,  in  Cumberland  county,  on  a  fmall 
river  which  falls  into  Cafco  Bay.  It  is  17  miles  W. 
by  S.  of  Brunfwick,  14  north  of  Portland,  and  140 
E.  of  Bofton.  The  townlhip  is  extenfive,  was  incor- 
porated in  1713,  and  contains  1,978  inhabitants.  Cuf- 
fen's  river  divides  it  ffom  Freeport  on  the  N.  E. — ii. 

NORTON,  a  townftiip  in  Elfex  county,  Vermont, 
fituated  on  the  Canada  line,  having  Canaan  eall,  and 
Holland  on  the  welt — ili. 

Norton,  a  townfhip  of  MalTachnfetts,  fituated  in 
Brillol  county,  and  33  mile»  foulhward  of  Bofton.  It 
was  incorporated  in  171  i,  and  contains  1428  inhabi- 
tants. The  annual  amount  of  the  nail  manufaiflure 
here  is  not  lefs  than  300  tons.  There  is  alio  a  manu- 
fai51urc  of  ochte  which  is  found  here,  fimilar  to  that  at 
Taunton. — ii. 

Norton,  a  fettlement  on  the  north-eaft  coaft  of 
Cape  Breton  Ifland. — /''. 

Norton's  Sound,  on  the  N.  \V.  co.ifl  c^{  N.  America, 
extends  iVom  Cape  Darby  on  the  N.  N.  W.  to  Cape 
Denbigh,  or  Cape  Stephen's  on  the  S.  or  S.  E.  N. 
lat.  64  50. — /■/'. 

NORWALK,  a  ple.ifant  poft-town  in  Fairfield 
county,  Couneifticut,  fituated  on  the  north  fide  of 
I^iOng-lfland  Smmd.  It  contains  a  Congregational  and 
an  Epifcop  il  church  which  are  neat  edifices,  and  be- 
tween 40  and  50  compaiS  hMile?.  It  is  13  miles  W. 
by  S.  of  F-,  rficld,  34  S.  W.  by  W.  of  New-Haven, 
54  N.  E.  cf  New  Yoik,  and  149  from  Philadelphia. 
N.  lat.  41  9,  W.  long.  73  47.  The  tawnfiiip  is  fituat- 
ed in  a  t  itle  wheat  country,  and  was  fettled  in  1651. 
Here  are  iri  n-wrks  and  a  number  of  mills.  It  has  a 
fmall  trade  to  New  York  and  the  Weft-Indies. — ib. 


I       ] 


NOT 


NORWAY,  a  townfhip  of  New  York,  in  Herkemer    Norway, 
county,  incorporated  in  1792.     By  the  State  cenfua  of         P 
1796,   it  contained   2,164  inhabitants,   of  whom   lSl\Jt^^^-^ 
were  eleftors. — ib. 

Norway,  a  new  townfiiip  in  Cumberland  ccunty, 
Diftiifl  of  Maine,  incorporated  179". — ih. 

NORWICH,  a  conliderable  t  .wnfiiip  in  Windfor 
county,  Vermont,  on  the  weft  fide  of  Connecticut  li- 
ver, oppofite  to  Dartmouth  college.  It  contains  j  158 
inhabitants. — ib. 

Norwich,  a  townfliip  in  Hampfhire  county,  MalTa- 
chufetts,  24  miles  S.  W.  of  Northampton,  and  114 
weft  of  Bofton.  It  was  incorporated  in  1773,  and 
contains  742  inhabitants. — ib. 

Norwich,  a  city  and  poft  town  of  Conneflicut,  and 
of  tlie  fecond  rank  in  New  London  county,  fituated  at 
the  head  of  navigation  on  Thames  river,  14  miles 
noith  of  New  London,  and  40  S.  E.  of  Hartford. 
This  commercial  city  has  a  rich  and  extenfive  back 
country;  and  avails  itfelf  of  its  happy  fituation  on  * 
navigable  river,  which  affords  a  great  number  of  con- 
venient feats  for  m.ills,  and  water  machines  of  all  kind?. 
The  inhabitants  manufaiflure  paper  of  all  kinds,  ftock- 
ings,  clocks  and  watches,  chaifes,  buttons,  ftone  and 
earthen  ware,  oil,  chocolate,  wire,  bells,  anchors,  and 
all  kinds  of  fnrge-work.  The  city  contains  about  450 
dwel!ing-houfe!>,  a  court  houfe,  and  two  churches  for 
Congreg-itionalifts,  and  one  for  Epifcopalians,  and 
about  3000  inhabitants.  The  city  is  in  three  detached, 
compaft  divifions,  viz.  Chelfea,  at  the  landing,  the 
Town,  and  Bean  Hill ;  in  the  latter  divifion  is  an  aca- 
demy, and  in  the  town  is  an  endowed  fchool.  The 
courts  of  law  are  held  alternately  at  New  London  and 
Norwich.  This  t^wn  was  fettled  in  i66c,  by  35  men, 
principally  from  Saybrook.  It  is  251  miles  N.  E.  of 
Philadelphia.     N.  lat.  41  34,  W.  long.  72  29. — ib. 

Norwich,  a  townfliip  in  Tioga  county,  N;w  Yc  rk, 
taken  from  the  towns  of  Jericho  and  Union,  and  incor- 
porated in  1793.  It  is  fettled  principally  by  people 
from  ConneiSicut  ;  is  bounded  fnutherly  by  Oxford, 
and  lies  55  miles  weft  of  Cherry  Valley.  By  the  Slate 
cenfiis  of  1796,  129  of  its  inhabitants  were  eledors. — //'. 

NOTCH,  The,  a  pafs  in  the  weftern  part  of  the 
WHiite  Mountains,  in  New  Hampfliire  ;  the  narrowed 
part  cf  which  is  but  22  feet  wide,  between  two  per- 
pendicular rocks.  It  is  25  miles  from  the  Upper  Coos. 
From  the  height  above  it  a  brook  delcends,  and  mean- 
ders through  a  meadow,  foimerly  a  beaver  pond.  Ic 
is  (urrounded  by  rocks,  which,  on  one  fide,  are  per- 
pendicular, and  on  the  others,  rife  in  an  angle  of  45- 
degree-s  a  ftrikliigly  piifturefque  fcene.  Tills  defile  was 
known  to  the  Indians,  who  fotmerly  led  their  captives 
tlirough  it  to  Canada  ;  but  it  had  been  forgotten  or 
neglecfled,  till  the  year  1771.  when  two  hunters  palfed 
through  it.  There  is  a  road  this  way  now  to  the  Up- 
per Coos. — ib. 

Notch,  Cape,  is  the  W.  point  of  G^odluck  Bay, 
in  the  Straits  of  Magellan.     S.  lat.  53  33,  W.  long. 

74  34— '/'■ 

NOTTAWAY,  a  fmall  river  of  Virginia,  which 
runs  E.  by  S.  and  receives  Black  ^Vater  on  the  line  of 
N.  Carolina;  thence  purfuing  a  S.  by  W.  courfe  of 
about  10  miles,  it  joins  the  Meherrin  ;  the  confluent 
ftream  then  afiumes  the  name  of  Chowan  river,  and 
em^jties  ioto  Albemailc  Sound. — ib, 

NOTT./t(v 


N    O     X 


C   662   ] 


N    U    E 


Notfaway, 

II 
Noxan. 


NoTTAWAV,  a  county  of  Virginia,  bounded  N.  and 
N.  W.  by  Amelia,  from  which  it  was  taken  in  the 
year  1788. — ih. 

NOTTINGHAM,  a  townfliipin  Rockingham  coun- 
ty, Ne\v-H;implliire,  14  miles  N.  of  Exeter,  and  25 
N.  W.  of  Ponfmouth.  It  was  incorporated  in  1722, 
and  contains  io6S  inhabitants. — ib. 

Nottingham,  JVefi,  a  townlhip  in  Hillfborough 
county,  New-Hanipfliire,  ficuated  on  the  E.  fide  of 
Merrimack  liver;  was  incorporated  in  1746,  and  con- 
t,iins  1064  inhabitants.  It  has  Maflachufetts  line  for 
its  fouthern  boundary,  which  divides  it  from  Dracut, 
and  is  about  45  miles  N.  N.  W.  of  Bollon. — ib. 

Nottingham,  a  townfliip  in  Chefter  county,  Penn- 
fylvania. — ib. 

Nottingham,  the  moft  northern  town  of  Burling- 
ton county,  New  Jcrfey,  fitnated  on  the  eaftern  bank 
of  Delaware  river,  between  Bordentown  and  Trenton. 
—ib. 

Nottingham,  a  town  in  Prince  George's  county, 
Miryland,  fituated  on  Patuxent  river,  nearly  16  miles 
north-eafterly  of  Pifcataway  and  20  S.  E.  of  the  Fe- 
deral City. — ib. 

NOXAN,  or  Noxonton,  or  N(,s-Town,  a  town  of  New- 


NueTO. 


Caftle  county,  Delaware,   2 1  miles  north  of  Dover,   Kutlada, 
and  9  S.  by  S.  W.  of  St  George's  town. — ib. 

NUBLADA,  an  ifland  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  with  ^ 
3  fmall  ones  north  of  it  and  near  to  it,  W.  by  S.  of 
Cape  Coiientcs,  on  the  coalf  of  Mexico,  and  eaft  of 
Roco  Ponida.     N.  lat.  16  40,  W.  long.  122  30. — ib. 

NUCHVUNK,  a  place  in  New-Britain,  the  refort 
of  Walruffes,  in  winter  ;  with  the  teeth  of  thefe  ani- 
mals the  Indians  head  their  darts.     Lnt.  60  north. — ib, 

NUEL,  or  Newel,  the  upright  port  about  which 
flairs  turn,  being  that  part  of  the  ftaircafe  which  fuf- 
tains  one  end  of  the  fteps. 

NUESTRA  Scnora  di  la  Pat,  an  epifcopal  fee  and 
town  of  Peru,  in  S.  America.  S.  lat.  17  10,  W.  long. 
64. — Morse. 

Ni;i;sTRA  Senora  tie  la  Vitloria,  a  town  of  Mexico. 
N.  lat    18,   W.  long.  92  35. — ib. 

NUEVO  Baxo,  a  bank  called  by  the  Britifli  the 
New  Bear,  being  about  32  leagues  fouth  of  the  weft 
end  of  the  ifland  of  Jamaica,  in  lat.  15  57  north.  It 
has  a  key,  2  cables  length  long  and  ly  broad;  (Iretching 
E.  by  N.  and  W.  by  S.  The  Britilh  find  this  a  good 
ttation  in  a  Spmifli  war,  as  moll  fliips  come  this  way 
from  the  Spanilh  Main,  going  to  the  Havannah. — ib. 


o. 


Oachate, 


o 


,  ACHATE   Harbour,    near   the    fouth  point   of 

Ulietea,  one  of  the  Society   Iflands,   in  the  S. 

Oakmulgce  p_jj.j6c  Ocean,  N.  W.  of  Otaheite.  S.  lat.  16  ss> 
weft  long.  151  24. — Morse. 

OAHAHA,  a  river  of  Louifiana,  which  empties  in- 
to the  MidiiTippi  from  the  N.  W.  in  lat.  39  10  north, 
and  7  miles  north  of  Riviere  au  Beuf. — ib. 

OAHOONA,  one  of  tlie  Ingraham  Ifles,  which  is 
faid  to  be  the  northernmoll  of  all  this  clufter.  It  lies 
about  10  leagues  nonheaft  of  Nooheeva.  To  this 
ifland  Capt.  Roberts  gave  the  name  of  Majfachufells. 
Capt.  Ingraham  had  before  called  it  WaJInngton. — ib. 

OAITIPIHA  or  Aitepcha  Bay,  fituated  near  the 
north-eaft  end  of  the  lelTer  peninfula  of  the  ifland  of 
Otaheite,  has  good  anchorage  in  12  fathoms.  S.  lat. 
17  46,  weft  long.  149  14. — ib. 

OAK  Bay,  or  the  Devil's  Head,  in  the  Bay  of  Fun- 
dy,  is  9  leagues  S.  S.  E.  of  Moofe  Ifland.  It  is  very 
high  land,  and  may  be  feen  at  10  or  13  leagues  dif- 
tance. — ib. 

Oak  IJlattd,  a  long  narrow  ifland  on  the  coaft  of  N. 
Carolina,  which  with  Smith's  Ifland  forms  the  S.  W. 
channel  of  Cape  Fear  river — ib. 

OAKHAM,  a  townfliip  in  Worcefter  county,  Maf- 
fachufetts;  15  miles  north-weft  of  Worcefter,  and  62 
weft  of  Bollon.  It  was  incorporated  in  1762,  and 
contains  772  inhabitants. — ib. 

OAKMULGEE  River  is  the  fouthern  great  branch 
of  the  beautiful  Alatamaha,  in  Georgia.  At  the  Oak- 
mulgee  Fields  it  is  about  300  or  400  yards  wide. 
Thele  rich  and  fertile  fields  are  on  the  eaft  fide  of  the 


river,  above  the  confluence  of  the  Oconee  with  this  ri- 
ver ;  thefe  two  branches  are  here  about  40  miles  apart. 
Here  are  wonderful  remains  of  the  power  and  grandeur 
of  the  ancients  of  this  part  of  America,  confifting  of 
the  ruins  of  a  capital  town  and  fettlement,  vaft  artifi- 
cial hills,  terraces,  &c. — ib, 

OASIS,  (plur.  Oases),  a  fertile  fpot  in  the  midft 
of  a  fandy  defart.  In  the  Sahara,  or  Great  Defart 
of  Africa,  there  are  many  Oafes  of  extreme  fertility. 

OATARA,  a  fmall  woody  ifland  on  the  fouth-eaft 
of  Ulietea  Ifland,  in  the  S.  Pacific  Ocean  ;  between  3 
and  4  miles  from  which  to  the  north-weft  are  two  other 
fmall  iilands  in  the  fame  direflion  as  the  reef,  of  which 
they  are  a  part. — Morse. 

OBED's  River,  in  Tenneflee,  runs  fouth-wefterly 
into  Cumberland  river  290  miles  from  its  m^uth,  by 
the  courfe  of  the  ftream.  Thus  far  Cumberland  river 
is  navigable  for  large  veffels. — ib. 

OBION,  a  navigable  river  of  Tenreflee,  which  runs 
fouth-wellerly  into  the  MitfilTippi,  24  miles  foutherly  of 
Reelfoot  rivers.  It  is  70  yards  broad,  17  miles  from 
its  mouth. — ib, 

OBITEREA,  an  ifland  100  leagues  S.  of  the  So- 
ciety Iflands.  S.  lat.  22  40,  W.  long.  150  jo.  It 
contains  no  good  anchorage,  and  the  inhabitants  are 
averfe  to  the  intrufion  of  ftrangers. — ib. 

OBLATE,  flatted  or  fliortened  ;  as  an  oblate  fphe- 
roid,  having  its  axis  fhorter  than  its  middle  diameter; 
being  formed  by  the  rotation  of  an  ellipfe  about  the 
fhorter  axis. 

OBLIQI.TE  ASCENSION,  is  that  point  of  the  equi- 

noAial 


O     C     G 


C    663    ] 


O     D     O 


Occoquan. 


noiflial  which  rifes  with  the  centre  of  the  fun,  or  ftar, 
or  any  other  point  of  tlie  heavens,  in  an  oblique 
,  fphere. 

Obli£wf  C'lrclt,  in  the  ftereogiaphic  projeflion,  is  any 
circle  that  is  oblique  to  the  plane  of  projeftion. 

OmiiiUE  Defcenjion,  that  point  of  the  equinoctial 
whicli  fets  with  the  centre  of  the  fun,  or  ftar,  or  other 
point  of  the  heavens,  in  an  oblique  I'phere. 

OsLiQUE  Fore:,  or  PcrcuJJion,  or  Po'ujer,  or  Slrcie, 
is  that  made  in  a  dlreilion  oblique  to  a  body  or  plane. 
It  is  deniondrated,  that  the  e£Fedl  of  fuch  oblique  furce, 
Sec.  upon  the  body,  is  to  an  equal  perpendicular  one, 
as  the  (ine  of  the  angle  of  incidence  is  to  radius. 

OBLONG  spMEKoiD,  is  that  which  is  formed  by 
an  ellipfe  revolved  about  its  longer  or  tranlveife  axis ; 
in  contradilf  indtion  from  the  ol/att  fpheroid,  or  that 
which  is  flatted  at  its  poles,  being  generated  by  the 
revolution  of  the  ellipfe  about  its  conjugate  or  Ihoiter 
axis. 

OBSERVATORY,  port.ible.  See  Astrono- 
my, n°  504,  Encycl. 

OCCIDENT  equinoctial,  that  point  of  the  ho- 
rizon where  the  fun  fets,  when  he  crolles  the  equinoc- 
tial, or  enters  the  fign  Aries  or  Libra. 

OcciDF.KT  Eftival,  that  point  of  the  horizon  where 
the  fun  fets  at  his  entrance  into  tlie  fign  Cancer,  or  in 
our  fummer  when  the  days  are  longeft. 

Occident  Hybenial,  that  point  of  the  horizon  where 
the  fun  fets  at  midwinter,  when  entering  the  fign  Ca- 
pricorn. 

OCCO.'\,  or  Ocoa,  a  bay  on  the  fouth  fide  of  the 
ifiand  of  St  Domingo,  into  which  fall  the  fmall  rivers 
Sipicepy  and  Ocoa.  It  lies  eaft  of  Neybe  or  Julienne 
bay,  and  is  bounded  fouth-callward  by  Point  Salinas, 
and  wedward  by  the  call  point  at  the  mouth  of  Bya 
river.  Spanifli  fhips  of  war  anchor  in  this  bay.  Point 
Salinas  is  22  leagues  weft  of  the  city  of  St  Domingo. 
— Mors:. 

OccoA,  a  bay  near  the  eaft  end  of  the  ifiand  of  Cuba, 
in  the  windward  paflage,  about  20  miles  call  of  Guan- 
tanamo  Bay. — ib. 

OCCOCHAPPO,  or  Bear-Crcch,  in  the  Georgia 
Weftern  Territory,  empties  thiou^h  the  S.  W.  bank 
of  Tennefiee  river,  juft  beluw  the  inufcle  flmals. 
There  is  a  portage  of  otily  about  50  miles  from  this 
creek  to  the  navigable  waters  of  Mobile  river.  The 
mouth  of  this  creek  is  in  the  centre  ot  a  piece  of  ground, 
the  diameter  of  which  is  5  miles,  ceded  by  the  fouth- 
ern  Indians  to  the  United  States  for  the  ellablilhnient 
of  trading  ports. — ib. 

OCCONEACHEY  IJlandt,  two  long  narrow  iflands 
nt  the  head  I'f  Roanoke  river,  in  Virginia,  jull  below 
where  the  Staunton  and  Dan  unite  and  form  that  river. 
— /■*. 

OCONA  Port,  on  the  coafl  of  Peru,  on  the  South 
Pacific  Ocean,  is  1 1  leagues  N.  W.  of  Quilca,  and  a 
bold  coaft,  and  14  leagues  S.  E.  of  Attico. — ib. 

OCONEE,  the  north  main  branch  of  Alatamaha 
river,  Georgia.  It  is,  in  many  places,  250  yards 
wide.  Its  banks  abound  with  oak,  adi,  mulberry,  liic- 
kory,  black-walnut,  elm,  faifafras,  &c. — ib. 

Oconee  T'jiun  lies  on  the  eaft  hank  of  the  river  cf 
Us  name  in  Georgia  ;  about  26  miles  weft-north-wcft 
cf  Golphington,  and  62  weft  by  north  of  Augufta. — ib. 

OCCOQT-TAN,  a  river  in  Virginia  which,  after  a 


fliort  courfe,  empties  into  Paiowmac  river,  at  High 
Point,   5  miles  below  Colchefter. — ib. 

OCRECOCK  Inlet,  on  the  coaft  of  N.  Carolina, 
leads  into  Pamlico  Sound,  and  out  of  it  into  Albemarle 
Sound,  through  which  all  velicls  muft  pafs  that  are 
bound  to  Edenton,  Wafliington,  Bath,  or  Newbern. 
It  lies  in  lat.  ^^  10  N.  A  bar  of  hard  find  erodes  the 
inlet,  on  which  is  14  feet  water  at  low  tide.  The  land 
on  the  norih  is  called  Ocrecock,  that  on  the  fouth 
Portfmouth.  Six  miles  within  the  bar,  there  is  a  hard 
fand  fhoal  which  crofl'es  tlie  channel  called  the  SwafU. 
On  each  fide  of  the  channel  are  dangerous  llioals, 
fometinies  dry.  Few  mariners,  however  well  acquaint- 
ed witii  the  inlet,  choofe  to  go  in  without  a  pilot ;  as 
the  bar  olten  iliitts  during  their  abfcnce  on  a  voyage. 
It  is  about  7^  leagues  foulh-weft  \  weft  of  Cape  Hat- 
teras. — ib. 

OCTANT,  the  eighth  part  of  a  circle. 

ODD,  in  arithmetic,  is  faid  of  a  number  that  is  not 
even.     The  feiies  of  odd  numbers  is  1,3,  5,  7,  &c. 

ODDLY-ODD.  A  number  is  faid  to  be  oddly-odd, 
when  an  odd  number  meafures  it  by  an  odd  number. 
So  15  is  a  number  oddly-odd,  becaufe  the  odd  number 
3  meafures  it  by  the  odd  number  5. 

ODOUR,  that  quality  of  certain  bodies  which  ex- 
cites the  fenfation  of  fmell.  In  the  Jnn.iles  ds  Chimic, 
Vol.  XXI.  p.  254,  we  have  a  detailed  account  of  cer- 
tain experiments  made  by  M.  Benedict  Prevoll  of  Ge- 
neva, with  a  view  to  render  the  emanixtio^is  of  cdorant 
bodies  perceptible  to  fight.  The  account  is  by  much  too 
long  for  a  work  like  ours  ;  efpecially  as  we  feel  nut  our- 
felves  inclined  to  attribute  to  the  experiments  all  the 
importance  which  feems  to  have  been  allowed  to  them 
by  the  firft  clafs  of  the  French  National  Inftitute.  We 
fliall  therefore  ftate  only  a  few  of  them,  which  feem 
moft  to  favour  the  author's  hypothefis. 

1.  A  concrete  odorant  fubftance,  laid  up-^n  a  wet 
glafs  or  broad  faucer,  covered  with  a  thin  ftratum  of 
water,  immediately  caufes  the  water  to  recede,  fo  as  to 
form  a  fpace  of  feveral  inches  around  it. 

2.  Fragments  of  concrete  odorant  matter,  or  fmall 
morfels  of  paper  or  cork,  impregnated  with  an  odorant 
liquor,  and  wiped,  being  placed  on  the  furface  of  w.i- 
ter,  are  immediately  moved  by  a  very  (wift  rotation. 
Romicu  had  made  this  obfervation  on  camphor,  and  er- 
roneoufly  attributed  the  effeift  to  eleftiicity.  The  mo- 
lion  was  perceptible  even  in  pieces  of  camphor  oi  feven 
or  eight  gros. 

3.  An  odoiant  liquor  being  poured  on  the  water, 
ftops  the  motion  till  it  is  dilfipated  by  evaporation. 
Fixed  oil  arrefts  the  motion  for  a  much  longer  time, 
and  until  the  pellicle  it  forms  on  the  water  is  taken 
off. 

4.  When  the  furface  of  the  water  is  cleaned  by  a 
leaf  of  metal,  of  paper,  or  of  glafs,  plunged  in  and 
withdrawn  fucceirively  until  the  pellicle  is  removed,  the 
gyratory  motion  is  renewed.  If  a  piece  of  red  wax  or 
of  taper  be  dijiped  in  water,  and  the  drops  fhakcn  oflf 
into  a  glafs  of  water  containing  odorant  bodies  in  mo- 
tion, the  movement  will  be  ftopped.  The  fame  effeA 
is  not  produced  by  metal. 

5.  A  morfel  of  camphor,  plunged  to  the  depth  of 
three  or  four  lines  in  water,  without  floating,  excites  a 
movement  of  trepidation  in  t!ie  furrounding  water, 
which  repels  {inall  bodies  in  its  vicioity,  and  carries 

tbcm 


O     D     O 


C    664   ] 


O     D     O 


ojour.     them  atr^in  to  the  camphor  hj   ftarts.     The  author  folving  camphor  refides  at   that  part  where  both  the     Odour. 

'^''^'^'^  concludes,  that  an  elaltic  fliiij  efcapes  from  the  (do-  air  and  the  water  touch  the  camphor  at  the  fame  time.  ^-^'^^'^ 

rant  body  in  tlie  manner  of  the  tire    of   a  fufee    or  the  Hence  he  explains  why,  in  like  circumftances,  camphor 

<lifchart;e  of  fire-arms.  ev.iporaies  more  quickly  in  a  moill  than  in  a  dry  air; 

6.  When  there  is  a  certain  propoilinn  between   the  and  why  the  Hollanders  ufe  water  in  their  procel's  for 
height  of  the  water,  and  tlijt  ot  the  fm  dl  fragment  of  fubliming  this  fubllance. 

camphor,  the  water  is  briflcly  driven  iff,  returns  again         It  might  be  thought  that   the  camphor  was  decom- 

to  the  camphor,  and  agam  retires,  as  if  by  an  explofion,  pofed  at  the  fuiface  of  the  water  ;  that  the  w.ucr  might 

the  recoil  of  which  often  caules  the  camphor  to  make  ft;ize  the  acidifying   part,  which  renders  the  camphor 

part  of  a  revolution  on  its  axis.  concrete;  and  that  the  volatile  part  is  ditllpated  in  the 

7.  Camphor  evaporates  thirty  or   forty  times  more  atmol'phere.      The   author    rtjeds   this    notion.      He 
fpeedily   when  placed  upon  water,  than  when  entirely  thinks  that  water  with  camphor  floating  on  its   furface 


(urrounded  with  air. 

8.  Camphor,  during  the  aft  of  dilTipation  in  the  air, 
preferves  its  form  and  its  opaque  whitenefs  ;  upon  wa- 
ter it  is  rounded,  and  becomes  tranlpatent  as  if  it  had 


becomes  cliarged  with  no  more  than  a  very  fmall  por- 
tion :  I.  BfCaufe  in  thefe  circumftances  the  water  ac- 
quires the  farne  tafle  and  Imell  of  camphor  as  it  ob- 
tains when  a  fmall  quantity   of  this  fubflance   is  kept 


undergone  a  kind  of  iulion.  It  may  be  inferred,  that  plunged  in  the  fame  fluid.  This  water,  by  expofure  to 
this  ari.es  from  the  acquired  motion,  which  caufes  it  to  the  air,  lofes  the  qualities  with  which  it  had  been  char- 
prefent  a  greater  furface  to  the  air.  ged,  and  becomes  infipid,  and  without  fmell.     2.   Be- 

9.  When  Imall  pieces  of  camphor  are  plimged  in  wa-  caufe  when  the  water  is  faturated  with  all  it  can  take 
ter,  the  camphor  becomes  rounded  and  tranfparent,  up,  the  diffipation  of  the  camphor  continues  at  its  fur- 
does  not  acquire  any  motion,  and  its  diffipation  is  lefs  face  as  before.  3.  Becaufe  the  aerial  emanations  of 
perceptible  th  in  in  the  air.  The  concurrence  of  air  camphor  made  at  the  furface  of  water  do  themfelves 
and  water  is  therefore  necelFary  to  difengage  the  fluid    cryftallize  into  camphor. 

which  is  the  caufe  of  the  motion  and  total  difllpation  Camphor  at  the  furface  of  the  water  does  nothing, 
of  odorant  bodies.  therefore,  but  dilTolve  ;  and  when  dilfolved  at  the  ordi- 

10.  The  motion  of  odorant  bodies  upon  water  decays  nary  temperature  of  the  atmofphere,  it  is  not  at  firft  ia 
and  ceafes  fpontaneoufly  at  the  end  of  a  certain  time  ;  the  ftate  "f  vapour,  as  has  been  thought.  It  is  fimplf 
becaufe  the  water  having  then  contraifled  a  ftrong  fmell,  a  liquid  which  extends  itfelf  over  the  furface  of  water 
the  volatilization  takes  place  in  all  the  points  of  its  fur-  itfelf;  and  by  this  means  coming  into  contaft  with  a 
face  ;  and  the  fmall  mafs  being  thus  furrounded  by  the  great  furface  of  air,  it  is  afterwards  abforbed  and  eva- 
odorant  fluid,  which  ts  no  longer  air,  diflblves,  as  in  porated.  This  is  proved  by  the  following  faffs :  i.The 
the  ordinary  odorant  fluid',  without  forming  the  ga-  folution  of  camphor  at  the  furface  of  water  is  more  ra- 
feous  jet  which  is  the  caufe  of  the  motion.  The  au-  pid  in  proportion  to  the  extent  of  the  furface.  In  nar- 
thor  compares  the  volatilization  of  the  aromatic  fub-  row  veifels,  the  fefti' n  of  the  column  would  not  be 
llance  to  a  combuftion  excited  by  water.  completed  in  ten  days,  even  though  the  water  might  be 

M.   Prevoll  hopes,  that  thefe  and  other  experiments    extremely  pure.     2    When  the  column  of  camphor  has 
which  he   explains,   will  contribute   to  the  theory    of    pr.  jcifling  parts,  the  liquid  may  be  feen  ifluing  by  pre- 
odours,  which  fo  nearly  refembles  that  of    the  gafs.    ference  from  certain  points  of  the  column, covering  the 
He  does  not  flatter  himfelf  with  having  exhaufled  this    furtace  of  the  water,  and  driving  fmall  floating  bodies 
fubjeift,  but  confidcrs    his  difcoveries  as  the  means   of    before  it,  in  the  fame  manner  as  floating  bodies  go  and 
rendering  odour  perceptible  by  water,  not  only  to  the    retu:n  in  a  bafon  into  which  the  water  of  a  canal  enters 
fight  but  even  to  the  touch,  as  are  likewife  the  vibra-     wiih  rapidity.     3.   Ifafmall  piece  of  camphor,  already 
tions  of  fonorous  bodies.     Men  deprived  of  the   fenfe     wetted  at  one  end,  be  brought  near  the  edge  of  water 
of  fmell,  and  even  the  blind,  according  to  him,  may  in     contained  in  a  broad  faucer,  and  be  made  to  touch  the 
this  manner  diftinguilh  odorant  bodies  irom  thofe  which     faucer  itfelf,  it  depofits  a  vifible  liquor,  which  is  oily  | 
have  no  fmell.     "  Perhaps  (  f  lys  he  )  this  kind  of  odo-    and  by  attacning  itfelf  to  the  faucer,  deffroys  the  adhe- 
rofcope  may,  by  improvement,  become  an  odorimeter.     fion  between  the  velfel  and  the  border  of  the  water,  fo 
The  exceptions,  fuch  for  example  as  that   of  the  ceru-    thai  the  water  retires  on  account  of  the  affinity   of  ag- 
men  of  the  ears,  which  produces  much  efFefl  on  water    giegalion,  which   not  being  oppofed  by  the   attr^flion 
without  being   perceptibly   odorant,  and    that   of  the    of  the  faucer,  caufes  the  water  to  terminate  in  a  round 
fingers  when  hot  or  moilf,  are  merely  apparent  ;  for  if     edge.     If  you  remove  the  piece  of  camphor,  the  water 
our  fenfes  do  not  in  thofe  cafes  difcover  odour,  thofe  of    will  not  return  to  its  place  until  the  oily  fluid  is  evapo- 
auimals  more  powerfully  energetic,  fuch   as  the  dog,     rated.     4.  In  the  fame  manner,  when  the  column  of 
perceive  and  dillinguifh  individuals  by  its  peculiar  cha-     camphor  is  half  immerfed  in  the  water,   the  oily  liquor 
rafter.     The  odorofcope  may  afford  the   information     which  ilfues  forth  dellroys  the  adhefion  of  the  water  to 
which   is  wanting  relpefting  thefe  effluvia.     Thus  it  is    the  C(>kimn,  and  produces  a  fmall  furrounding  cavity, 
that  the  fat  of  game,  the  fmell  of  which  is  nearly  to  us    The  folution  flops,  or  is  retarded  for  a  moment,  until 
imperceptible,   is  very    much  fo  to  dogs,  and  exhil  its    the  fluid,  exiending  itfelf  over  the  water,  becomes  eva- 
fenllble  marks  by  the  odorofcope."  porated  :   the  water  then  returns  to  its  place,  and  touch- 

ProfelFor  Venturi  of  Modena,  who  heard  Prevoft's    es  the  fame  part  of  the  camphor  ;  the  folution  begins 
memoir  read  in  the  National  Inftitute,  had  himfelf  made    again,  and  in  this  manner  the  procefs  is  effcfted  by  al- 
fome  experiments  with  camphor  kept  feparately  in  the    ternations  of  contaft  and  apparent  repulfion. 
air,  in  the  water,    and  at  the  furface  of  the  wa'er;         Of  thefe  memoirs  by  Prevoft  and  Venturi,  the  Eng. 
whence  he  deduces,  that  the  moll  aftive  virtue  for  dif-    lifh  reader  will  find  accurate  and  full  tranflations  in  the 

&tft 


O    E    C 


[    66s     ] 


O     E    C 


firfl  volume  of  Nkholfon^  rlnlofophkal  Journal,  toge- 
ther with  f  ime  judicious  obfervacions  on  them  by  the 
editor,  which  we  (hall  take  the  liberty  tu  adopt.  "The 
philofophical  coufideration  oi  odorant  bodies  is  fome- 
what  obfcured  by  the  old  method  of  generalifing,  or 
referring  the  properties  of  bodies  to  fome  diftind  prin- 
ciple or  thing  fuppnfed  capable  of  being  feparated  from 
the  body  itfelf.  Thus  the  odours  of  bodies  have  been 
fuppofed  to  depend  on  a  fubftance  imagined  in  a  1  oofe 
way  to  be  common  to  them  all  and  feparable  from  them. 
Hence  the  terms,  principle  of  fmell,  fpiritus  reftor,  and 
even  in  the  modern  nomenclature  we  find  aroma.  There 
does  not  in  efFed  fcem  to  be  any  more  reafon  to  infer 
the  exiftence  of  a  common  principle  of  fmcll  than  of 
tade.  The  fmell  of  ammoniac  is  the  aflion  of  that  gas 
upon  the  organ  of  fenfe  ;  and  this  odorant  invlfible 
matter  is  exhibited  to  the  fight  when  combined  with  an 
acid  gas.  But  in  the  fam:  minaer  as  ammoniac  em.i- 
nates  from  water,  and  leaves  mod  part  of  that  fluid  be- 
hind, fo  will  the  volatile  parts  of  bod  es  be  mjll  emi- 
nently productive  of  ths  aflion  ;  and  very  few,  if  any, 
natural  bodies  will  be  found  which  rife  totally.  The 
moil  llriking  circumilance  in  the  effeil  is,  th  it  an  ail 
of  fuch  power  fljould  be  attended  with  a  lofs  by  exha- 
lation which  is  fcarcely  to  be  appreciated  by  weight, 
or  in  any  other  method  during  a  fhort  interval  of  time. 
But  we  know  fo  little  of  nervous  acflion,  and  of  other 
phenomena  of  eleiflricity,  of  galvanifm  (fee  Galva- 
nism in  this  Suppl.)  or  even  of  heat,  which  ftrongly 
affeifl  the  fenfes,  but  elude  admeafurenisnt  by  gravita- 
tion, that  the  difficulty  of  weighing  the  effluvia  of  odo- 
rant bodies  become.!  lefs  aftondhing." 

CECONOMISTS,  a  ka  of  phil  .fophers  in  France, 
who  have  made  a  great  noife  in  Europe,  and  are  gene- 
rally believed  to  have  been  unfriendly  to  religion.  The 
founder  of  this  fed  was  a  Dr  Duquefnai,  who  had  lb 
well  infinuated  himfelf  into  the  favour  of  Louis  XV. 
that  the  king  ufed  to  call  him  his  iktnker.  The  left 
was  called  coconomiJIs,  becaufe  the  ceconomy  and  order 
to  be  introduced  into  the  finances,  and  other  means  of 
alleviating  the  diftrelT.s  of  the  people,  were  perpetually 
in  their  mouths.  The  Abbe  Barruel  admits,  that  there 
may  have  been  foms  few  of  them  •  Iio  direded  their 
fpecnl.itions  to  no  other  objed  ;  at  he  brings  very 
fafficier.t  proof  that  the  great  i.  .1  of  the  majority  of 
the  fed  was  to  eradicate  from  the  minds  ot  the  people 
nil  reverence  for  divine  revelation. 

••  Duquefnai  (fays  he)  and  his  a Je,  ts  had  more  ef- 
pecially  undertaken  to  pcrfurde  their  readers,  that  the 
country  people,  and  mechanics  in  towns,  were  entirely 
deftitute  of  th  it  kind  of  inftiudi"n  necelfary  for  their 
profelFionj ;  that  men  of  thia  clafs,  unable  to  acquire 
knowledge  by  reaJing,  pined  aw.iy  in  an  ignorance 
cqu.illy  fatal  to  theiiifelvei  and  to  the  ftite  ;  that  it  was 
necelfiry  to  eRabliih  free  fchiol-,  and  paiticulaily 
through  'ut  the  country,  where  children  niigh:  be 
brouj^ht  up  to  d  fferent  trades,  and  inflruiled  in  tlie 
p  inciples  of  agriculture.  D'Alemb.rt,  and  the  Vol- 
tai-.ein  adepts,  fo .11  perceived  the  advantages  they  could 
iv.ap  fiom  thefe  ellablilhnien'.s.  In  union  with  the  ce:o. 
nomiils.they  prefented  various  m.-moriils  to  Lonib  XV. 
in  which  n.it  only  tlie  temporal  but  even  the  fpiiitual 
aJvantiges  of  fuch  cdabi  Ihni.nli  for  the  people,  are 
lii.inj;ly  urged.  The  king,  who  really  loved  the  people, 
embraced   the   pr  jed    wiili   warni'.h.      He  opened  his 

i;ui'rL.  \'oL.   II. 


mind  on  the  fubjed  to  Mr  Bcrtin,  whom  he  Iionoured 
with  hi;,  confidence,  and  had  entrufted  with  his  privy 
purfe  ;"  and  it  was  with  great  dilliculty  that  this  miniller 
could  convince  him  of  the  dangerous  defigns  of  the  fed. 

"  Determined  (fays  he)  to  give  the  kinj,  pofit  ve 
proot  that  the  cccon  imifts  impofed  up  m  him,  I  fought 
to  gain  the  confidence  of  thofe  pedlars  who  travel 
through  the  country,  and  expofe  their  goods  to  fale  in 
the  villages,  and  at  the  gates  of  country  feats.  I  fuf- 
peded  thofe  in  particular  who  dealt  in  books  to  be  no- 
thing lefs  than  the  agents  of  philofiphifm  wiih  the 
good  country  folks.  In  my  excurfions  into  the  coun- 
try I  fixed  my  attention  above  all  on  the  latter.  When 
they  offered  me  a  book  to  buy,  I  qtiellioned  them  what 
might  be  the  books  they  had  I  Probably  catechifms  or 
prayer-book:,?  Few  others  are  read  in  the  villages.'  Ac 
tiieie  words  I  have  ksn  m.uiy  fmile.  N)  they  anfvver- 
ed,  thofe  are  not  our  works;  we  make  much  more 
money  of  Voltaire,  Diderot  and  other  philofophic  wri- 
ting'.. What? laid  I  ;  the  country  pe  iplj  buy  Voltaire 
and  Diderot  ?  Where  do  they  find  the  money  f  jr  fueh 
dear  works  ?  Their  condant  anfwer  was,  we  have  them 
at  a  much  cheaper  rate  than  prayer-books  ;  we  can  fell 
them  at  ten  foli  (jd.)  a  volume,  and  have  a  pretty  pro- 
fit into  the  bargain.  Qjieftioning  fome  of  them  fiill 
farther,  many  of  them  owned  that  thofe  books  colt 
them  nothing  ;  that  they  received  whole  bales  of  them 
without  knowing  whence  they  came,  but  being  fimply 
defired  to  fell  them  in  their  journeys  at  the  lowell 
priCe.'' 

"  Louis  XV.  warned  by  the  difcovery  made  by  his 
mini  tier,  was  at  length  fa'.isfied  that  the  eflablilhmenc 
ot  thefe  fcnools,  fo  much  urged  by  the  confpirators, 
would  only  be  a  new  inllrument  ot  fedudi  in  i.i  their 
hands.  He  abandoned  the  plan  ;  but,  perpetually  ha- 
rafled  by  the  protediug  fophillers,  he  did  not  Itrike  at 
the  root  of  the  evil,  and  but  feebly  impeded  i's  pro- 
grefs.  The  pedlars  continued  to  promote  the  meafures 
of  the  confpirators ;  yet  this  was  but  one  of  .he  infe- 
rior me;".ns  employed  to  fupply  the  want  of  their  free 
fchools,  as  a  new  difcovery  brou^rht  to  light  one  far 
more  fatal. 

"  About  the  middle  of  the  month  of  September 
1789,  little  more  than  a  fortnight  antecedent  to  the  a- 
trocious  5th  and  6th  of  Odober,  at  a  time  when  th« 
condud  of  the  National  All'embly,  having  thrown  the 
people  into  all  the  horrors  of  a  revolution,  indicated 
that  they  would  fet  no  bounds  to  their  pretenfiond,  Mr 
Le  R  ly,  lieutenant  of  the  King's  Hunt,  and  an  acade- 
mician, being  at  dinner  at  the  houfe  of  Mr  D'Ange- 
villiers,  intendant  of  the  buildings  of  his  majelly,  the 
converfuion  turned  on  the  dil'allers  of  the  revoluion, 
and  on  thofe  tha'.  were  too  cleai  ly  to  be  foreleen.  Din- 
ner over,  the  nobleman  above  mentioned,  a  liiend  of  Le 
R  >y,  huit  at  having  leen  him  fo  gieat  an  admirer  of 
the  fo|>hillers,  repro.iched  him  with  it  in  the  follow  in;; 
exprellive  word^:  lr\-il!  this,  tun,  is  tk  work  of  PhUo- 
fophy  !  Thu.idetllnick  at  thefe  words— .^las  !  cried  the 
academician,  tj  iv'.'em  (fo  you  ftj  fo  ?  J  i/i'ii'  it  lut  to* 
•w.'.l,  aiij  1  Jhall  di!  0,'  or  iff  tin,/  lemorfc  !  A.\.  the  word 
rimorj'e,  the  fame  noMeiiian  qiiclliontd  him  whether  he 
had  lb  grea  ly  contiibulcd  towards  the  revoluti  >n  as  to 
u,^braid  himfelf  with  it  in  that  violent  manner  ?  '  Yes 
(anfwered  lie),  I  have  contributed  to  it,  and  far  more 
t.'ian  1  was  aware  of.  I  was  fecretary  ro  the  committee 
4  I'  to 


O    G    L 


[     666    ] 


O     H     I 


Oenemad:,  to  which  you  are  indebtcJ  for  it ;  but  I  call  heaven  to 

II  whnefs,    that   1   never    thought  it  would  go  to    fuch 

^^i^^j^^'  lengths.     You  have  ften  me  in   the  king's  I'ervice,  and 

you   know  that  I  love  his  peri'ou.      I  hrtle  tlioujht  ot 

bringing  his  fulijeds  to  this  pitch,  and  1  Jhall  die  of  grief 

and  reini'^fc  !  ' 

"  rrcli'ed  to  explain  what  he  meant  by  this  commit- 
tee, this  fecret  fociety,  entirely  new  to  the  wh  le  com- 
pany, the  academician  relumed  :  '  This  fociety  was  a 
ibrt  of  club  that  we  philofophers  had  formed  among 
us,  and  only  admitted  into  it  perfons  on  whom  we  could 
perfeiflly  rely.  Oir  fittings  were  regularly  held  at  the 
Baron  D'Hulbach's.  Lell  our  objsft  Ihould  be  fur- 
rnifod,  we  called  ourfelves  ceconomills.  We  created 
Voltaire,  though  abfenr,  our  honorary  and  perpetual 
prefident.  Our  principal  members  were  D'Alembert, 
Turgot,  Condorcet,  Diderot,  La  Harpe,  and  that  La- 
moignon,  keeper  of  the  feals,  who  on  his  difmiffion  ihut 
bimfelf  in  liis  park.' 

"  The  whole  of  this  declaration  was  accompanied 
with  tears  and  fighs  ;  when  the  adept,  deeply  penitent, 
continued  :  '  The  following  were  our  occupations ;  the 
moft  of  thofe  works  which  have  appeared  for  this  long 
time  paft  againft  religion,  morals,  and  government,  were 
ours,  or  thofe  of  authors  devoted  to  us.  They  were 
all  compofed  by  the  members  or  by  the  orders  of  the 
fociety.  Before  they  were  fent  to  the  prefs,  they  were 
delivered  in  at  our  ofHce.  Tiiere  we  revifed  and  co- 
re>5ied  them  ;  added  to,  or  curtailed  them,  according 
as  circumftances  required.  When  our  philofophy  was 
too  glaring  for  the  times,  or  for  the  object  of  the  work 
we  brought  it  to  a  lower  tint ;  and  when  we  thought 
that  we  might  be  more  daring  than  the  author,  we 
fpoke  more  openly.  In  a  word,  we  made  our  writers 
fay  exaiflly  what  we  pleafed.  Then  the  work  was  pub- 
lilhed  under  the  title  or  name  we  had  chofen,  the  better 
to  hide  the  hand  whence  it  came.  Many  fuppofed  to 
have  been  pollhiimous  works,  fuch  as  Chrijlianity  Un- 
maficd,  and  divers  others  allriLtitid  to  Freret  and  Bou- 
hm^er  after  their  deaths,  were  illued  from  our  fociety. 
'  When  we  had  approved  of  thofe  woiks,  we  began 
by  printing  them  on  tine  or  ordinary  paper,  in  fufficicnt 
number  to  pay  our  expences,  and  then  an  immenfe 
number  on  the  commonell  paper.  Thefe  latter  we  fent 
to  hawkers  and  bookfellers  free  of  coft,  or  nearly  fo, 
who  were  to  circulate  them  among  the  people  at  the 
lowed  rate.  Tliefe  were  the  means  ufed  to  pervert 
the  people,  and  bring  them  to  the  ftate  yon  now  fee 
tliem  in.  I  Ihall  not  fee  them  long,  for  I  Jhall  die  of 
grief  :ind  remorfe  !' 

This  recital  is  too  well  authenticated  to  be  called  in 
quellion,  and  ton  pliin  to  need  a  commentary.  Let  it 
be  a  warning  agiinll  all  i'ecret  ficietie?,  by  whatever 
title  of  benevolence  they  may  be  defigned  by  thofe  who 
form  them. 

OENEMACK,  the  fouth  point  rf  Rriftol  B.iy,  on 
the  N  W.  coaft  of  N.  America.  N.  lat.  54  30,  W. 
long.  160  30 — Morse. 

OGEECHEE,  a  river  of  Georgi.i,  18  miles  fouth 
of  Savann-h  river,  and  whole  courles  are  nearly  pa- 
rallel with  each  oth.r.  It  empties  into  the  fea  oppo- 
fite  the  north  end  of  Olfabaw  Illand,  18  miles  fonth 
of  Savannah.  LniifviUe,  Lexington  and  Georgetown 
are  on  the  upper  part  of  this  river. — ib. 

OGLETHORPE,  a  new  county  on  the  north  fide 
of   Alatamaha  river,  weft  of  Liberty  county.     Fort 


Telfair  is  in  the   S.  E.  corner  of  this  county  on  the 
Alat^^maha. — ib. 

OHAMANENO,  a  fmall  but  good  harbour,  on  the 
W.  fide  of  Ulietea,  one  of  the  Society  Iflands,  in  the  S.  , 
Pacific  Ocean.  S.  lat.  16  45,  W.  long.  151  38.    The 
variation  of  the  compafs  in  1777,  was  6  19  E. — ib. 

OHAMENE  Ilirlour,  a  fine  bay  on  tlie  E.  fide  of 
Otalia,  one  of  the  Society  Iflinds.  It  pafles  in  by  a 
channel  between  the  two  fmail  iflands  Toahoutu,  and 
Whennuaia.  Within  the  reef  it  forms  a  good  harbour, 
from  25  to  16  fathoms  water,  and  clear  ground. — ib. 

OHERURUA,  a  large  bay  on  the  S.  W.  part  of 
the  illand  of  Otaha,  one  of  the  Society  Illands,  and 
the  next  harbour  to  the  northward  from  Apotopoto 
Bay.  There  is  anchorage  from  2c  to  25  fathoms,  and 
has  the  advantage  of  frelh  water.  The  breach  in  the 
reef  which  opens  a  palTa^e  into  this  harbour,  is  \  of  a 
mile  broad,  in  lat.  16  38  S.  and  long.  151  30  W. — ih. 

OHETEROA,  one  ot  the  Society  Iflands,  which 
is  about  1 2  miles  long  and  6  broad,  inhabited  by  a  peo- 
ple of  very  large  ftaiure,  who  are  rather  browner  than 
thofe  of  the  neighbouring  iflands.  It  has  no  good  har- 
bour nor  anchorage.     Lat.  22  27  S.  long.  15047. — ib. 

OHETUNA,  a  harbour  on  the  S.  E.  fide  of  Ulie- 
tea, one  ot   the  Society  Iflands. — ib. 

OHEVAHOA,  an  ifland  in  the  South  Pacific 
Ocean.     S.  lat.  9  41,  W.  long.  139  2. — ib. 

OHIO,  a  moft  beautiful  river,  feparates  the  North 
Weftern  Territory  Irom  Kentucky  on  the  S.  and  Virgi- 
nia on  the  S.  E.  I;s  current  gentle,  waters  clear, 
and  bofom  fmooth  and  unbroken  by  rocks  and  rapids, 
a  fingle  inftance  only  excepted.  It  is  one  quarter  of  a 
mile  wide  at  Fort  Pitt ;  500  yards  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Great  Kanhaway  ;  1 200  yards  at  Louifvllle,  and  at  the 
Rapids  half  a  mile,  but  its  general  breadth  does  not  ex- 
ceed 600  yards.  In  fome  places  its  width  is  not  400, 
and  in  one  place  particularly,  far  below  the  Rapids,  it 
is  lefs  than  300.  Its  bre.idib,  in  no  one  place,  exceeds 
1200  yards;  and  at  its  jiimflion  with  tlie  MUridippi, 
neither  river  is  more  than  goo  yards  wide.  Its  length, 
as  meafured  ^iccording  to  its  meanders  by  Capt.  Hut- 
chins,  is  as  follows  : — From  Fort  Pitt  to 


Log's  Town 

is;- 

Little  Miami 

1 26  J 

Big  Be  iver  Creek 

loi 

Licking  Creek 

8 

Little  Beaver  Creek 

i3i 

Great  M>ami 

26i 

Yellow  Creek 

la 

Big  B ones 

3^4: 

Two  Creeks 
Long  Reach 
End  Long  Reach 

2li 

i6i 

Kentucky 
Rapids 
Low  Country 

443: 

ni 

Mufliingum 

26i 

Buffalo  river 

64^ 

Little  Kanhaway 
Hockhocking 

i2j 
16 

Wabafti 
Big  Cave 

971 
42-1 

Great  Kanhaway 

82^ 

Sh  iwanee  river 

52 1 

Giiiandoc 

43  i 

Cherokee  river 

'3 

Sandy  Cieek 
Sioio,  or  Scioto 

Hi 
4«i 

Mall'ic 
MilFidippi 

II 

46 

Ohama- 

neno, 

I 
Ohio. 


n88 
In  common  winter  and  fpring  floods,  it  affords  30 
or  40  feet  water  to  Louifville  ;  25  or  30  feet  to  La 
Tarte's  Rapids  ;  40  above  the  mouth  of  the  Great: 
Kanhaway  ;  and  a  liifficiency  at  all  times  for  light  bat- 
tea'ix  and  canoes  to  Fort  Pitt.  The  Rapids  are  in  lat. 
38  8.  Tiie  inundations  of  this  river  begin  about  the 
laft  of  March,  and  lubdde  m  July,  although  they  fre- 
quently happen  iq  other  months ;  fo  that  boats  which 

carry 


O     I     L 


[     667     ] 


O    I    L 


©hie, 

« 
Oil. 


carry  300  barrels  of  fiour  from  the  Monongshela,   or 
Youhiiigenx,    above    Plttfburgh,   have  ielJui-.i   long  to 
,  wait  for  wjter.     During  thele  floods,  a  tint  rate  inan- 
ot'->.var  may  be  carried  from  Louifville  to  New  Oile.ins, 
if  the  hidiien  turns  vi  the  river  and  the  (trength  ol  its 
current  will  admit  a  late   fteerage.     It  is  ilie  opinion 
oi  fonie  well  informed  i!;entlcmen,  that  a  velFel  properly 
bnilt  for  the  Tea,  to  draw  12   feet  water,  when  loaded, 
and  carrying  from  12  to  1600  barrels  of  fl  )ur,  may  be 
miTL-  eafdy,   cheaply  and   fafely  navigated  from   Pittf- 
burg  to  the  fea,   than  thofe  now  in  ule  ;  and  that  this 
matter  only  requires  one  man  of  capacity  and  enter- 
prize  to  afccrtain  it.      A   veliel  intended  to  be  rigged 
as  a  briqantine,  fnow,  or  Ihip,  lh(Tuld  be  double-decked, 
take  her  mails  on  deck,  and  be  rowed  to  the  Ibbervilie, 
below  which  are  no  ilfind.-.,  or  to  New  Orleans,  with 
20  men,  fo  as  to  aiford  reliefs  of  lo  and  loin  the  night. 
Such  a  veifel,  without  tlie  ufe   of  cars,  it  is   fuppofed, 
would   float   to   New  Orleans  from   Plttfburgh  in    20 
days.     If  tnis  be  fo,  what  agreeable  profpeits  are  pre- 
fented  to  our  brethren  and  lellow-citizens  in  the  weltern 
couniry  I   The  Rapids  at  Louifville   defcend  about   10 
feet  in  the  diftance  of  a  mile  and  a  half.     The  bed  of 
the  river  is  a  folid  rock,  and  is  divided  by  an  ifland  into 
two  branches,  the  fouthern  of  which  is  about  200  yards 
wide,  but   impadable  in  dry  feafons.     The  bed  of  the 
northern  branch  is  worn  into  channels  by  the  condant 
cour;e  of  the  water,  and  attrition  of  the  pebble  Hones 
carried  on  with  that,  fo   as  to  be  palfable  for  batteaux 
through  the  greater  part  of  the  year.     Yet  it  is  thought 
that   the   fouthern  arm  may  be  mod  eafily  opened  for 
condant  navigation.     The  rife  of  the  waters   in  thefe 
Rapids  does  not  exceed  20  or  25  feet.     There  is  a  fort 
fituatcd  at  the  head  of  the  Falls.     The  ground  on  the 
fouth  fide  rifes  very  gradually.     At  Fort  Pitt  the  river 
Ohio  lofes  its  name,  branching  into  the  Monongahela 
and  Allecjhany. — ii. 

Ohio,  the  nortli-wefternmod  county  of  the  State  of 
Virginia,  bounded  ead  by  Walhington  county,  in  Penn- 
fylvania,  and  N.-W.  by  the  river  Ohio,  which  divides 
it  from  the  N.  W.  Territory.  It  contains  5,213  inha- 
bitants, including  281  flaves.   Chief  town.  Liberty. — ib. 

Ohio  Company's  Purcbafe,  in  the  N.  W.  Territory,  is 
a  tra<5l  cf  excellent  land  fituated  on  the  north  bank  of 
the  Ohio,  ead  of  Cul.  Symes's  purcbafe.  In  this  traifl 
there  were  about  2,500  inliabitants  in  1792. — lb. 

OHIOPE,  a  fmall  northern  tributary  Itream  of  Al.i- 
tamaha  river,  in  Ogleihoipe  county,  Georgia. — ib. 

OHIOPIOMINGO,  a  traa  of  land  fo  called  in  the 
State  of  Kentucky,  liluated  in  Nelfon  county,  on  Ohio 
river,  and  fnuth  weftward  ot  Salt  river. — ib. 

OHIOPYLE  Falls,  in  Youghiogany  river,  areabout 
20 feet  perpendicular  height,  where  the  river  is  80  yards 
wide.  I'hey  are  30  or  40  miles  from  the  mouih  of  this 
river,  where  it  mingles  its  waters  with  the  Mononga- 
hela— ih. 

OHITAIIOO,  an  ifland  in  the  S.  Pacific  Ocean.  S. 
lat.  9  55,  W.  l<jng.  139  6. — ib. 

OIL  Cnck,  in  Alleghany  county,  Pennfylvania, 
ilfues  from  a  fpriiig,  on  the  top  of  which  floats  an  oil, 
fimilar  to  that  called  Eaibadoes  tar,  and  empiies  into 
AHei^hany  river.  It  is  found  in  inch  quantities,  that  a 
man  may  gather  fevcial  galh  ns  in  a  day.  Tlie  troops 
fent  to  guard  the  Wullvrn  Polls,  halted  at  tliis  fpring, 
C>lleaed  fomc  of  the  oil,  and  bathed  their  joints  with  it. 


This  gave  them  great  relief  from  the  rheumatic  com-    Oil-MSI. 
plaints,   with  wliich  they  were  afHifled.     The  waieis,  '-^'^^^'-^ 
ot  v.hich  the  troops  drank  freely,  operated  as  a  gentle 
cathartic. — ib. 

OIL-MILL,  a  mill  for  cxprefling  the  oils  from  fruits, 
or  grains,  &c.  As  thefe  States  do  not  produce  the 
olive,  it  would  be  needlcfs  to  defcribe  the  mills  which 
are  ennpl.ycd  in  the  fouthern  parts  of  Europe.  We  Ihall 
content  oarl'elves,  therefore,  with  a  defcription  of  a 
Dutch  oil  mill,  employed  for  grinding  and  prefling  lint- 
feed,  rape-feed,  and  other  oleaginous  grains.  Farther, 
to  accommod.ite  our  defcription  (till  more  to  our  Ijcal 
circumltances,  we  fliall  employ  water  as  the  fird  mo- 
ver ;  thus  avoiding  the  enormous  expeoce  and  complica- 
tion of  a  windmill. 

In  Plate  XXXVIII.  fig.  A, 

1.  Is  the  elevation  of  a  wheel,  over  or  underfhot,  as 
the  fituation  may  require. 

2.  The  bell-metal  locket,  fupported  by  mafonry,  for 
receiving  the  outer  gudgeon  of  the  water  wheel. 

3.  The  water  courie. 
Fig.  B. 

1.  A  fpur  wheel  upon  the  fame  axis,  having  53 
teeth. 

2.  The  trundle  that  is  driven  by  N'^  i.  and  has  78 
ftaves. 

3.  The  luallowcr,  or  axis  for  raifing  the  pedles.  It 
is  furniflied  round  its  circumference  with  wipers  for 
lifting  \.ht  pcjller,  fo  that  each  may  fall  twice  during 
one  turn  of  the  water  wheel,  that  is,  three  ivipcrs  for 
each  pedle. 

4.  A  frame  of  timber,  carrying  a  concave  half  cylin- 
der of  bell-metal,  in  which  the  wallower  (cafed  in  that 
part  with  iron  plates)  refts  and  turns  round.  It  will 
be  feen  in  profile,  fig.  G. 

5.  Mafonry  fupporting  the  inner  gudgeon  of  the 
water  wheel  and  the  above  mentioned  frame. 

6  Gudgeon  of  the  wallower,  which  bears  againd  a 
bell-metal  Hep  fixed  in  the  wall.  This  double  fupport 
of  the  wallower  is  found  to  be  necelTary  in  all  mills 
which  drive  a  number  of  heavy  dampers. 

Fig.  C,  Is  the  elevation  of  the  pedle  and  prefu 
frame,  their  furniture,  the  mortars,  and  the  prefs- 
pedles. 

1.  The  fix  pedles. 

2.  Crofs  pieces  between  the  two  rails  of  the  frame, 
forming,  with  thefe  rails,  guides  for  the  perpendicular 
motion  of  the  peftles. 

3.  The  two  rails.  The  back  one  is  not  feen.  They 
are  checked  and  bolted  into  the  dandards  N*^   12. 

4.  The  tails  of  the  lifts,  correfponding  to  the  wiper* 
upon  the  wallower. 

5.  Another  rail  in  front,  for  carrying  the  detents 
which  hold  up  the  pedles  when  not  adling.  It  is  mark- 
ed 14  in  fig.  M. 

6.  A  beam  a  little  way  behind  the  pedles.  To  this 
are  fixed  the  pulleys  for  the  ropes  which  lift  and  Hop 
the  pelUes.     It  is  reprefented  by  16  In  fig.  M. 

7.  The  fald  pulleys  with  their  ropes. 

8.  The  driver,  which  ftrikes  the  wedge  that  prefTcs 
the  oil. 

9.  The  difeharger,  a  damper  which  drikes  upon  the 
inverted  wedge,  and  loolijns  the  prefs. 

10.  The  lower  rail  with  its  crols  pieces,  forming  the 
lower  guides  of  die  pedles. 

4  P  3  II.  A 


O    I    L 


[    668    ] 


O     I     L 


Oil-Mill.        !  I.  A  fmall  cojT  wheel  upon  ths  walbwer,  for  turn- 
"*^'~^'^**^  ing    the  ffatula,  which  rtir^  about  the  oilfeeJ  in    the 

chiuffer-pan.     It  has  28  teeth,  and  is  maiked  N'  6  in 

fig.'  M. 

12.  The  four  ftanJards  mortifed  below  into  the 
lloi.k,  and  above  into  the  joills  and  beams  of  the  build- 
ing. 

13.  The  fu  mortars  hollowed  out  of  the  block  itfelf, 
,-inJ  in  fhape  pretty  much  like  a  kitchen  pot. 

14.  The  feet  of  the  peftle';,  rounded  into  cylinders, 
and  ihod  with  a  gre.it  lump  of  iron. 

I  J.  A  board  behind  the  peftles,  llanding  on  its  edge, 
but  inclining  a  little  backward*.  There  is  fuch  ano- 
ther in  front,  but  not  rcprelented  here.  Thefe  form  a 
Ibrt  of  trough,  which  prevents  the  feed  from  being  fcat- 
tered  about  by  the  fall  of  tlie  peftlef,  and  lolt. 

16.  The  firft  prcfs-lox  (alfo  hollowed  out  of  tlie 
block),  in  which  the  grain  is  fqueezed,  after  it  has 
come  for  the  fir  ft  time  from  below  the  milftones. 

17.  The  fecond  prcfi  hox,  at  the  other  end  of  the 
block,  f  jr  fquee-zing  the  grain  after  it  has  palfed  a  fe- 
cond  time  under  the  peftles. 

18.  Frame  of  limber  for  fupporting  the  other  end  of 
tlie  wallower,  in  the  fame  manner  as  al  N"  4  fig.  D. 

19.  Small  cog  wheel  on  the  end  of  the  wallower  for 
giving  motion  to  the  mll-flones.     It  has  28  teeth. 

20.  Gudgeon  of  the  wallower,  bearing  on  a  bell  me- 
tal focket  fixed  in  the  wall. 

21.  Velfels  for  receiving  the  oil  from  the  prefs- 
bcxes. 

22.  Joifts  fupporting  the  block. 

Fig.  D.  Elevation  and  mechanifm  of  the  mil- 
ftones. 

I .  Upr'ighlfiafly  carrying  the  great  cog  wheel  above, 
and  the  runn:r  mllflones  below  in  their  frame. 

3.  Cog-wheel  of  76  cogs,  driven  by  N"  19.  of 
fig.  C. 

3.  The  frame  of  the  runners.  Tliis  will  be  more 
diltinaly  underllood  in  N°  4.   fig  H. 

4.  The  innermoft  runner,  or  the  one  nearefl  the 
fhafr. 

5.  Outermoft  ditto,  being  farther  from  the  rtiaft. 

6.  The  i/intr  rahe,  which  colle<fls  the  grain  under  the 
outer  runner. 

7.  The  oi/cr  raL',  which  collecfls  the  grain  under 
the  inner  runner.  In  this  manner  the  grain  is  always 
turned  over  and  over,  and  crulhed  in  every  direflion. 
The  inner  rake  lays  the  grain  in  a  finpe,  of  which 
fig.  O.  is  a  fe<5^ion  ;  tlie  runner  flattens  it  and  the  fe- 
cond  rake  lifts  it  again,  as  is  marked  in  fig.  P  ;  fo 
that  eveiy  fide  of  a  grain  is  prefented  to  the  milftone, 
and  the  reft  of  the  h'g^^cr  or  ne'.hcr  miljlom  is  fo  fwept 
by  them,  that  not  a  fingle  grain  i^  left  on  any  part  of 
k.  ■  The  outer  rake  is  alfo  furnilhed  with  a  rag  of 
cloth,  which  rubs  againft  the  border  or  hoop  that  fur- 
rounds  the  nether  milftone,  fo  as  to  drag  out  the  few 
grains  which  might  otherwife  rema'n  in  the  corner. 

8.  The  ends  of  the  iron  axle  which  palfes  through 
the  upright  (haft,  and  through  the  two  runners. 
Thus  they  have  two  motions  :  \mt>,  A  rotation  round 
the'r  own  axis.  2J0.  That  by  which  they  are  carried 
round  upon  the  nether  milftone  on  which  they  roll. 
The  holes  in  thefe  milftones  are  made  a  little  widllh  ; 
and  the  holes  in  the  ears  of  the  frame,  wliich  carry  the 
ends  of  the  iron  axis,  are  made  oval  up  and  down.     This 


great  freedom  of   motion  is  neceftary  for  tlie  runner   Oil-Mill. 
milftones,  becaufe  frequently  more  or  lefs  of  tlie  grain  ^^^"^"^^ 
is  below  them  at  a  time,  and  they  muft  therefore  be  at 
liberty   to  get   over  it  without   llraining,   and  perhaps 
breaking,  the  fliaft 

9.  Thi  ears  of  the  frame  which  lead  the  two  extre- 
mities  of  the  iron  axis.  They  are  mortifed  into  th; 
under  fide  of  the  bars  of  the  fq  tare  frame,  that  is  car- 
ried round  with  tlie  Ihatr. 

10.  The  border  or  hoop  which  furrounds  the  nelher 
milftone. 

1 1 .  and  12.  The  nether  milflone  and  mafonry  whicli 
fupports  it. 

Fig  E.  Form  of  the  wallower,  fliewing  the  difpofition 
of  the  wipers  along  its  furface. 

1.  Two  parts  of  this  iliaft,  which  are  nicely  round- 
ed, and  fortified  with  iron  plates,  and  which  reft  upon 
the  bell-metal  concaves,  which  are  rcprefented  in  n"  4, 
of  fig.  C. 

2.  The  little  wheels  at  each  end,  for  giving  motion  to 
the  two  fpatul:r,  marked  n°  1 1.  fig.  C. 

3.  Tiie  wipers  for  the  fecond  prefs. 

4.  The  wipers  for  the  firft  prefs. 

5.  The  wipers  for  the  fix  peftles. 

Fig.  F.  Reprefents  the  furface  of  the  wallower  un- 
folded into  a  re(5langul,ir  parallelogram,  in  order  to 
(hew  the  diftribution  of  the  wipers,  and  confequently  the 
fucceflion  of  the  ftrokes  given  by  the  different  peltles. 
This  diftribution  has  fomething  peculiar.  Each  peftle 
has  three  wipers  ;  and  there  are  alfo  three  for  the  driver 
and  difcharger  of  the  fecond  pref<.  The  driver  and 
wiper  of  the  firft  prefs  have  but  one  and  a  half;  one 
for  the  driver,  and  the  half  for  the  difcharger  ;  fo  that 
it  ftrikes  twice,  and  the  driver  only  once,  in  a  turn  of 
the  fhaft.  This  is  the  Dutch  pra<5lice,  which  differs 
from  that  of  Flanders.  The  fucceffion  of  the  ftrokes 
may  be  conceived  as  follows :  Reckon  'he  ftampers,  in- 
cluding^ thofe  of  the  prcft;s,  from  the  water  wheel  to- 
ward the  other  end  nf  the  wallower,  and  calling  therti 
a,  b,  c,  d,  e,f,g,  h,  i,  i,  and  fuppofing  that  a  makes 
the  firft  ftroke,  they  proceed  in  the  following  order  for 
one  turn  of  the  wallower. 
ab,  d,  /,  /;,  c,  e,  g,  ah,  d,f,  h,  c,  e,  g,  ah,  d,f,  h,  c,  e,  •. 

Here  it  may  be  observed  that  a  and  b  ftrike  together. 
They  would  do  fo  if  allowed  ;  but  one  of  them  is  held 
up  by  its  detent  till  the  workman  fees  proper  to  dif- 
engage  it.  Each  peftle,  and  the  driver  and  difcharger 
of  the  fecond  prefs,  make  three  ftrokes  for  one  turn  of 
the  wallower.  But  the  driver  ,f  of  the  firft  prell>  makes 
only  one  ftroke  in  that  time,  namely,  in  the  interval 
between  the  laft  ftrokes  of  e  and  g.  The  difcharger  /  of 
this  prefs  makes  two  ftrokes  ;  one  of  them  in  this  fame 
interval,  and  the  other  al'^ng  with  the  firft  ftroke  of  ^.. 
The  fecond  prefting  requiies  a  much  more  violent  prel- 
fure  than  the  firft,  becaufe  the  cake  muft  be  left  per- 
fciStly  dry  and  hard.. 

Fig.  G.  Profile  of  the  frame  of  timber  which  carries 
the  wallower,  and  greatly  contributes  to  render  its  mo- 
tion fteady. 

Fig.  H.  Is  a  view  of  one  of  the  milftones. 

1.  The  nether  milftones  and  the  mafonry  fupporting: 
the  wh'le. 

2.  The  runner. 

3.  A  fort  of  cafe  which  enclofes  the  two  w'ngs  of 
the  milftone  at  a  very  fmall  diftance  from  it,  in  order 


O     I     L 


C    669    ] 


O     I     L 


Oil-Mill,  to  prevent  the  grain  which  (licks  to  it  from  being  fcat- 
^-^"^''^''^  tered.     There  is  another  methnJ  praflifeJ  at  fome  milN. 

Fi,!^.  I.  Reprefi.nts  th.it  of  S.irtlamm.  A  A  are  two 
iron  rods,  about  half  an  inch  fqiiare,  hinging  on  the 
axle,  on  each  fide  of  the  milftone.  Thefe  rods  are 
joined  by  a  crofs  piece  C.  which  almoll  touches  the 
milftone.  A  piece  of  le:nher  is  put  between,  which 
rubs  upon  the  mihlcne,  and  clears  it  of  the  grain  which 
chances  to  flick  to  it.  N"  4.  and  6.  repril'er.t  the  ears 
of  this  frame,  by  which  the  en  J  nf  the  iron  axle  is  fup- 
ported,  and  carried  r  und  by  the  upright  (h.ift  n"  5. 

Fig.  K.  Plan  of  the  runner  mildones,  ?nd  the  frame 
which  carries  them  rourd. 

I,    I.   Are  the  two  mllilones. 

3»  3'  3'  3-  '^''*  outfide  pieces  nf  the  frame. 

4.  4,  4,  4.  The  crofs  bars  of  the  frame  which  em- 
brace the  upright  fhaft  5,  and  give  motion  to  the  whole. 

6.  6.  The  iron  axis  upon  which  the  runners  turn. 

7.  The  outer  rake. 

8.  The  inner  ditto. 

Fig.  L.  Reprefents  the  nether  milftone  feen  from 
above. 

1.  The  wooden  gutter,  which  furrounds  the  nether 
milftone. 

2.  The  border  or  hoop,  about  fix  inches  high,  all 
round  to  prevent  any  feed  from  be'ng  fcattered. 

3.  An  opening  or  trap  door  in  the  gutter,  which  can 
be  opened  or  Ihut  at  pleafure.  When  open,  it  allows 
the  bruifed  grain,  colleifted  in  and  Ihoved  along  the 
gutter  by  the  rake's,  to  pafs  through  into  troughs  pla- 
ced below  to  receive  it. 

^.  P.rlion  of  the  cirtle  defcribed  by  the  outer  runner. 

5.  Portion  of  the  circle  defcribed  by  the  inner  one. 
By  tluTe  we  fee  that  the  two  ftones  have  different  routes 
round  the  axis,  and  bruife  more  feed. 

6.  The  cuter  r.ike. 

7.  The  inner  d'tto. 

8.  The  fweep,  making  part  of  the  inner  rake,  oc- 
cafionally  let  down  for  fweeping  ofF  all  t!ie  feed  when 
it  lias  been  fulfijienily  bruifed.  I'he  prelfure  and  ac- 
tion of  thefe  rakes  is  adjuited  by  means  of  wooden 
fpring?,  which  cannot  be  eafdy  anj  dlHindly  reprefent- 
ed  by  any  figure.  The  oblique  pofition  of  the  rakes 
(the  ouier  point  going  foremull)  caufes  them  to  Ihove 
the  grain  inwards  ur  toward  the  centre,  and  at  the  fime 
time  to  turn  it  over,  fomewhat  in  the  fame  manner  a'  the 
mould-board  "f  a  plough  Ihoves  the  e.irth  to  the  right 
hand,  and  partly  turub  it  over.  S-me  mills  have  but  one 
fweeper  ;  and,  indeed,  there  is  great  vane'y  in  the  form 
and  conftruiflion  I't  iliis  part  of  the  machinery. 

Fig.   M.   Profile  of  the  pell'e  frame. 

1.  Se<5tion  of  the  hoiiz'^ntal  Ihaft. 

2.  Thrie  wipers  for  lilting  the  pelll  <;. 

3.  Little  wheel  of  28  teeth  for  giving  motion  to  tlie 
fpatula. 

4.  Another  wheel,  which  is  driven  by  it,  having  20 
teeth. 

5.  Horizontal  axle  of  ditto. 

6.  Another  wheel  on  the  fame  axle  having;  13  teeth. 

7.  A  wheel  upon  the  upper  end  of  the  fpinJle,  having 
I  2  teeth. 

8.  Two  guides,  in  which  the  fpindle,  turns  freely,  and 
fo  that  it  cannot  be  fhiited  higher  and  lower. 

9.  A  lever,  moveable  round  the  piece  ri"  '4.  and  ha- 
ving a  hole  in  it  at  9,  through  which  the  fpindle  palTes, 
turning  freely.     The  fpindle  has  in  this  place  a  Ihoulder 


which  reds  on  the  border  cf  the  hole  9  ;  fo  that  by  the  Oil-iMiII. 
motion  of  this  lever  the  fpindle  may  be  difengaged  from  ^»^^''^*^ 
the  wheel  work  at  pleafure.  This  motion  is  given  to 
it  by  means  of  the  lever  10,  10,  moveable  round  its 
middle.  The  workman  employed  at  the  chautfer  pulls 
at  the  rope  10,  11,  and  thus  difengages  the  fpindle  ani 
fpatula. 

11.  A  peQle  feen  fidewife, 

12.  The  li/t  of  ditto. 

13.  The  upper  rails,  marked  n^  3.  in  fig.  C. 

14.  The  rail,  marked  u°  5.  in  fig.  C.  To  this  are 
fixed  the  detents  which  ferve  to  flop  and  hold  up  the 
pelllcs. 

1 5.  A  detent,  which  is  moved  by  the  rope  at  its  outer 
end. 

1 6.  A  bracket  behind  tlie  peflles,  having  a  pulley, 
through  which  palfes  the.  rope  going  to  the  detent  15. 

I  7.  The  faid  pulley. 

18.  The  rope  at  the  workman's  h  ind,  pafTmg  through 
tlie  pulley  17,  and  fixed  to  the  end  of  the  detent  15. 

This  detent  naturally  hangs  perpendicular  by  its  own 
weight.  Wlien  the  workman  wants  to  (lop  a  pellle,  he 
pulls  at  the  rcpe  18,  during  the  rife  of  the  peftle. 
When  this  is  at  its  greateft  height,  the  detent  is  hori- 
zontal, and  prevents  the  pedle  from  falling  by  mean? 
of  a  pin  projecling  from  the  fide  of  the  pellle,  which 
reds  upon  the  detent,  the  detent  it(elf  being  held  in 
that  pofition  by  hitching  the  loop  of  the  rope  upon  a. 
pin  at  the  workman's  hand. 

19.  The  two  lower  rails,  marked  n°  10.  fig.  C. 

20.  Gr^nt  wooden,  and  fometimes  (lone,  iJoci,  in 
which  the  mort.trs  are  formed,  marked  n'  21  in  fig.  C. 

21.  Velfcl  placed  below  the  prefs  boxes  tor  receiving 
the  oil. 

22.  Chauffer,  or  little  furnace,  for  warming  the  brui- 
fed grain. 

23.  Backet  in  the  front  of  the  chauffer,  tapering 
downwards,  and  opening  below  in  a  narrow  flit.  The 
hair  b.tgs  in  which  the  grain  is  to  be  preiTed  af'er  it  has 
been  warmed  in  the  chauffer,  are  filled  by  plicini  them 
in  this  backet.  The  grain  is  htted  out  of  the  chiuffer 
with  a  ladle,  and  put  into  thefe  bags ;  and  a  good  quan- 
tity of  oil  runs  from  it  through  the  flit  at  the  bottom 
into  a  velfel  fet  to  receive  it. 

14.  The  fpatula  attached  to  the  lower  end  of  the 
fpindle,  and  turning  round  among  the  grain  in  the 
chautf;r-paii,  and  thus  preventing  it  from  (licking  to. 
the  bottom  or  fiJes,  and  getting  too  much  heat. 

Fig.   N.   Plan  cf  patt  of  the  works. 

1,  I.  Furnaces  for  warming  tlie  grain. 

2,  2.  The  backets  for  holding  the  facks  while  they 
are  a  filling. 

3,  3.  TTie  pan  in  which  the  bruifed  grain  is  heated  by 
the  chauffer. 

4,  4.  A  trough  fi  r  receiving  the  chips,  into  which 
the  prelfed  oil-cakes  are  cut,  to  be  afterwards  put  into 
the  pan  and  warmed. 

5.  The  prefsbox  for  the  fecond  prelTing. 

6.  The  prefs  box  for  the  firll  prtlling. 

7.  The  fix  mortars. 

8.  The  (loping  boards,  to  hinder  the  fcatteting  of  the- 
oil  feed. 

9.  The  nether  milllone,  but  out  of  its  place. 

10.  Its  centre  a  little  higher  than  the  rell. 

It.  A  rib  rf  wood  going  round  the  edge  cf  the- 
neiher  milllone,  and  even  with  its  furface,  but  rifing  a-. 


O     I     L 


t    67 


Oil-m!ll.    rzry  little  outwards,  and  furrounded  with  a  border  or 
'-''"^^'^-'  hoop  about  ;in  inch  high,  to  prevent  the  feed  from  be- 

iiiT  fcaticred  on  ihc  ground. 
'Fig.  Q^    A  Raion,  kngthwife,  of  the  great  block, 

with  ihs  riKirtars  and  prefs- boxes. 

1.  The  fix  pelUes. 

2.  The  fix  mortars,  each  of  which  has  an  iron  plate 
at  its  bottom. 

3.  The  i/rivin;:  Clamper,  wi.ich  falls  on  the  wedge  of 
llie  firft  prelling. 

4.  Ditto,  for  the  fecond  ditto. 

5.  The  difcharger,  which  (hikes  on  the  inverted  wedge 
in  order  to  free  tlie  prefb. 

6.  Ditto,  for  the  fecond  preffing. 

7.  Wedge  for  freeing  the  prels. 

8.  Wedge  for  preffing. 

9.  Wooden  cherLs,  two  inches  thict,  which  are  plac- 
ed between  the  middle  wedge  and  the  JJiding  -wedoes  on 
each  fide. 

10.  Piefs-irons,  between  which  are  placed  the  hair- 
bags  containing  the  bruifed  grain. 

11.  Iron  plate,  called  \hs  foun/ain,  at  the  bottom, 
pierced  with  hohs,  correfponding  with  a  hole  in  the 
block,  for  allowing  the  oil  to  nm  off  from  the  prefled 
grain. 

12.  Veflel  for  receiving  ditto. 

13.  A  long  iron  plate  at  the  bottom  of  the  prefsbor, 
under  the  drawing  and  difcharging  wedges. 

Fig.  R.     Another  view  of  the  prefs-irons. 
I.  The  fide-irons  laid  flat. 
3.  Tlie  fame  feen  edgewife. 

3.  The  pierced  iron  plate,  upon  wliich  the  two  irons, 
n"  I.  ftand  upright,  with  the  hair-bag  between  them. 

4.  One  of  the  hair-bags.  It  may  be  obferved  that 
the  feams  of  thefe  bags  are  made  on  the  flat  fides,  and 
not  on  the  edges,  where  they  would  be  in  danger  of 
burfting. 

5.  A  long  hair-cloth,  in  which  the  bag  is  wrapped 
before  it  is  fet  into  the  prefs.  The  bag,  being  filled 
with  bruifed  grain,  is  placed  with  its  bottom  at  a,  and 
the  top  at  b;  the  part  caU  lapped  over  it,  reaching  to 
t,  and  then  the  other  end  J  is  lajiped  over  that,  and 
reaches  to  a,  and  the  loop  at  its  end  ferves  as  a  handle 
by  which  to  lift  it,  and  place  it  properly  between  the 
prefs-irons. 

Fig.  S.     The  principal  pieces  of  the  prefs. 

1.  The  wooden  checks. 

2.  The  difcharging  wedge. 

3.  The  driving  wedge. 

4  and  5.  The  Aiding  blocks,  which  tranfmit  the  pref- 
fure  produced  by  the  driving  wedge. 

The  foregoing  enumeration  and  views  of  the  different 
parts  of  a  Dutch  oil-mill,  are  fiiflicient,  we  imagine,  to 
enable  an  intelligent  mill-wright,  to  whom  the  machine 
is  altogether  new,  to  underfland  its  manner  of  work- 
ing, and  its  adaptation  to  the  various  parts  of  the 
procefs  for  extrading  the  oil  from  feeds  or  kernels. 
It  would  recjiiire  a  very  minute  delcription  indeed  to  ex- 
plain it  to  a  perfon  altogether  unacquainted  wi  h  mill- 
work. 


o     ]  OIL 

The  Grft  part  of  the  procefs  is  bruifing  the  feed  un-  Oil-milt, 
der  the  runner  (tones  (a).  That  this  may  be  more  ex-  '^-^■^''""*» 
peditioully  done,  one  ol  the  runners  is  fet  about  -yds  of 
its  own  thickncfs  nearer  the  (haft  than  the  other.  Thus 
they  have  dilferent  treads ;  and  the  grain,  which  is  a 
little  heaped  towards  the  centre,  is  thus  bruifed  by 
both.  The  inner  rake  gathers  it  up  under  the  outer 
ftone  into  a  ridge,  of  which  the  feflion  is  reprefented 
in  Plaie  XL.  fig.  O.  The  ftone  palfes  over  it  and 
flattens  it.  It  is  gathered  up  again  into  a  ridge,  of 
the  form  of  fig.  P.  under  the  inner  ftone,  by  the  outer 
rake,  which  confifts  of  two  parts.  The  outer  part 
prelTes  clofe  on  the  wooden  border  which  furrounds  the 
nether  (lone,  and  Ihoves  the  feed  obliquely  inwards, 
while  the  inner  part  of  this  r.ike  gathers  up  what  had 
fpread  toward  the  centre.  The  other  rake  has  a  joint 
near  the  middle  of  its  length,  by  which  the  outer  half 
of  it  can  be  railed  from  the  nether  (lone,  while  the  inner 
half  continues  preffing  on  it,  and  thus  (crapes  off  the 
moid  pafte.  When  the  feed  is  fufficiently  btuifed,  the 
miller  lets  down  the  outer  end  of  the  rake.  This  im- 
mediately gathers  the  whole  p.iRe,  and  fhoves  it  oblique- 
ly outwards  to  the  wocdtn  rim,  where  it  is  at  lad 
brought  to  a  part  that  is  left  unboarded,  and  it  falls 
through  into  troughs  placed  to  receive  it.  Thefe 
troughs  have  holes  in  the  bottom,  through  which  the 
oil  drips  all  the  time  of  the  operation.  This  part  of 
the  oil  is  direifled  into  a  particular  ciftern,  being  confi- 
dered  as  the  pured  of  the  whole,  having  been  obtained, 
wiihout  prelfure,  by  the  mere  breaking  of  the  hull  of 
the  feed. 

In  fome  mills  this  operation  is  expedited,  and  a  much 
greater  quantity  of  this  bell  oil  is  obtained,  by  having 
the  bed  of  mafonry  which  (upporls  the  legeer  formed 
into  a  little  furnace,  and  gently  heated.  But  the  ut- 
mnfl  care  is  necelfary  to  prevent  the  heat  from  be- 
coming confiderable.  Thi":,  enabling  the  oil  to  ditfolve 
more  of  the  fermentable  fubftance  of  the  feed,  expofes 
the  oil  to  the  rifk  of  growing  foon  very  rancid  ;  and, 
in  general,  it  is  thought  a  hazardous  pradice,  and  the 
oil  does  not  bring  fo  high  a  price. 

When  the  pafte  comes  Irom  under  the  (lones,  it  is 
put  into  the  hair  bags,  and  fubjefled  to  the  fird  pref- 
fing. The  oil  thus  obtained  is  alfo  efteemed  as  of  the 
firll  quality,  fcarcely  inferior  to  the  former,  and  is  kept 
apart  (The  great  oil  citlern  being  divided  into  feveral 
portions  by  partitions). 

The  oil  cakes  of  this  preffing  are  taken  out  of  the 
bags,  broken  to  pieces,  and  put  into  the  mortars  for 
the  firft  ftiimping.  Here  the  paile  is  again  broken  down, 
and  the  parenchyma  of  the  feed  reduced  to  a  fine  meal. 
Thus  free  egrefs  is  allowed  to  the  oil  from  every  vefide 
in  which  it  was  contained.  But  it  is  now  rendered 
much  more  clammy,  by  the  forcible  mixture  of  the  mu- 
cilage, and  even  of  the  finer  parts  of  the  meal.  When 
fulhciently  pounded,  the  workman  (lops  the  pedle  of 
a  mortar,  when  at  the  top  of  its  lift,  and  carries  the 
contents  of  the  mortar  to  the  fii  (I  chauffer  pan,  where 
it  is  heated  to  about  the  temperature  of  melting  bees 
wax   (this,  we  are  told,  is  the  ted),  and  all  the  while 

dirred 


(a)  We  are  told,  that  in  a  mill  at  Reichenhoffen  in  Alface,  a  confiderable  improvement  has  been  made  by 
palling  the  feed  between  two  fmall  iron  rollers,  before  it  is  put  under  the  mildones.  A  great  deal  of  work  is 
laid  to  be  laved  by  this  preliminary  operation,  and  finer  oil  produced,  which  we  think  very  probable.  The 
ftaroping  and  preffing  go  on  as  in  other  mills. 


Oil.   Mil, I.  .  I'l    \  I  l-VWVTIT  


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O     I     L 


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OLD 


Oil-null,  ftlrred  about  by  the  fpatula.  From  tlience  it  is  again 
^^""""^^  put  into  hair  bags,  in  the  manner  already  defcnbed  ; 
and  the  oil  which  diips  from  it  during  this  operation  is 
confidered  as  the  beft  of  the  fecond  quality,  and  in  fome 
mills  is  kept  apart.  The  pade  is  now  fubje£ted  to  the 
I'econd  pietllng,  and  the  oil  is  that  of  the  fecond  quality. 

All  this  operation  of  pounding  and  heating  is  per- 
formed by  one  workman,  who  has  conduit  employ- 
ment by  taking  tlie  four-inortats  in  fucceflion.  The 
putting  into  the  bags  and  conducing  of  the  preffing 
gives  equal  employment  to  another  workman. 

In  the  mills  of  Ficcardy,  Alface,  and  moll  of  Flan- 
ders, the  operation  ends  here;  and  the  produce  iiom 
the  chauffer  is  increafed,  by  putting  a  fpoonful  or  two 
of  water  int"  the  pan  among  the  pa(le. 

But  the  Dutch  take  moie  pains.  They  add  no  water 
to  the  palle  of  this  lhe\r  Jir/lJ/am/>ing.  They  Uj  that 
this  gieotly  lowers  the  quality  ot  the  oil.  Tiie  cakes 
which  refult  from  this  prelTing,  and  arc  there  fold  as 
food  for  cattle,  are  ftill  fat  and  foftilh.  The  Dutch 
break  them  down,  and  fubJLifl  them  to  the  pelUes  for  the 
fecond  faviptr.g.  Thel'e  reduce  them  to  an  impalpable 
pade,  llifFlike  clay.  It  is  lilted  out,  and  put  into  tlie 
fecond  chautfer  pan  ;  a  lew  fpoonfuls  of  water  are  add- 
ed, and  the  whole  kept  for  fbme  time  as  hot  as  boil  ng 
Water,  and  carefully  Itirred  all  the  while.  From  thence 
it  is  lift^;d  into  the  hair  bdgs  of  the  lall  picfs,  fubjeiffed 
to  the  prels ;  and  a  quantity  of  oil,  of  the  lowelf  quali- 
ty, is  obtained,  fufficient  for  giving  a  f^tisfatflory  profit 
to  the  miller.  The  cake  is  now  perfeflly  dry,  and 
hard,  like  a  piece  of  board,  and  is  fold  to  tlie  farmers. 
Nay,  there  are  fmall  mills  in  HnlUnd,  which  have  no 
other  employment  than  extra<5ling  the  oil  from  the 
cakes  which  they  puichafe  from  the  French  and  Bra- 
banters;  a  clear  indication  ot  the  fupciiority  of  the 
Dutch  praflice. 

The  nicety  with  which  that  induflrious  people  con- 
duct all  their  bufinefs  is  remarkable  in  this  manu- 
faffure. 

In  their  oil  ciftern,  the  parenchymous  part,  which  un- 
avoidably gets  through,  in  fome  degree,  in  every  opera- 
tion, gradually  lublides,  and  tlie  liquor,  in  any  divifion 
of  the  cillern,  comes  to  confifl  of  ftrata  ot  different  de- 
grees of  purity.  The  pumps  which  lift  it  out  of  each 
ilivifion  are  in  pairs  ;  one  takes  it  up  from  the  very  bot- 
tom, and  the  other  only  fiom  half  depth.  Tiie  I4II 
only  is  barrelled  up  for  the  maikei,  and  the  other  goes 
into  a  deep  and  nariow  cillern,  where  the  dreg  again 
fub.'ides,  and  more  pure  oil  of  that  quality  is  obtained. 
By  fuch  careful  and  judicious  praftices,  the  Dutch  not 
oiily  lupply  themfclves  with  this  important  article,  but 
annually  fend  conlideiable  quantities  into  the  vey  pro- 
vinces of  France  and  FlanJers  where  they  b>iUght 
the  feed  fiom  which  it  was  extrafled.  When  we  re- 
fleO  on  tlie  high  price  of  labour  in  Holland,  on  the  want 
of  limber  for  m.ichincry,  on  the  expenfe  of  building  in 
that  cruntry,  and  on  the  enormous  expenfe  of  wind  mill 
machinery,  both  in  the  fiifl  ereL^ion  and  the  fubfcquent 
^■ear  and  tear,  it  mull  be  evident,  that  oil  mills  ereiflcd 
in  this  country  on  water  falls,  and  after  the  Dutch  man- 
ner, cannot  fail  <if  beirg  a  great  national  advantage. 
The  chatcllauie  or  felgniurie  of  L.ille  alone  makes  an- 
nually between  30,000  and  40,000  barrels,  each  con- 
taiiii.'ig  about  26  gallon'!. 

What  is  here  delivered  is  only  a  fkeich.     Every  per- 


fon  acquainted  with  machinery  will  underftand  the  ge- 
neral movements  and  operations.  But  the  intelligent 
mechanic  well  kr.o.vs,  that  operations  of  this  kind  have 
miny  minute  circumUances  which  cannot  be  defcribed, 
and  which,  neverthclefs,  may  have  a  great  influence  on 
the  whole.  The  rakes  in  the  bruifnig-mill  have  an 
office  to  perform  which  refembles  th:it  of  the  hand,  di- 
redled  by  a  careful  eye  and  uncealing  attention.  Words 
cannot  communicate  a  clear  notion  of  this ;  and  a  mill, 
conltruded  fi(;m  the  belt  drawings,  by  the  m.oll  fsilful 
woikman,  may  gather  the  feed  fo  ill,  that  the  half  of 
it  fliall  not  be  btuifed  after  many  rounds  of  the  machi- 
nery. This  produces  a  fcaniy  return  of  the  linetl  oil; 
and  the  mill  gets  a  bad  charaffer.  The  proprietor  1  ifes 
his  money,  is  difcouraged,  and  gives  up  the  work. — 
There  is  no  fecurity  but  by  procuring  a  Dutch  mill- 
wright, and  giving  him  a  liberal  com.penfation. 
Such  unhoped-for  talks  have  been  performed  of  late 
years  by  machinery  ;  and  mechai;ical  knowledge  and 
invention  is  now  fo  generally  diffufed,  that  it  is  highly 
probable  that  we  fiiould  foon  excel  our  teachers  in  this 
blanch.  But  this  very  diffufion  of  knowledge,  by  en- 
couraging fpeculation  among  the  artills,  makes  it  a  flill 
greater  rifk  to  erccl  a  Dutcli  oil-mill  without  having  a 
Dutchman,  acquainted  with  its  moll  improved  prefent 
form,  to  conduifl  the  work.  We  do  our  duty  in  giving 
this  counfel. 

OISTIWS  Bay,  is  near  the  fouthern  extremity  of  ihe 
idand  of  Barbadoes,  in  the  Weil-Indies.  It  is  formed 
to  the  S.  E.  by  Kendal's  Point.  The  bay  is  well  de- 
fended by  forts.  The  town  of  Oiflins  Hands  on  this 
bay. — Morse. 

OKU  jEsso.     See  Segalien  in  this  Supph 

OLD  CAPE  FRANCOIS  forms  the  N.  point  of 
Ecoffoife  or  Cofbeck  Bay,  on  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  ifland 
of  St  Domingo.  All  the  French  fhips  coming  from 
Europe  or  the  Windward  iflands,  and  bound  to  tlie 
north  or  weft  part  of  St  Domingo  Ifland,  are  obliged 
to  come  in  fight  of  the  Cape  Samana,  (near  27  leagues 
fouth-eaft  by  call  of  this  cape;  or  at  leafl  of  Old  Cape 
Francois,  on  account  of  the  dangers  of  flioals  to  the 
eaft.  It  is  about  5  leagues  eaft  of  Cape  de  ]a  Roche. 
N.  lat.  19  40  30,  W.  long,  from  Paris  72  22. — Alone. 

OLD  FORT  Bay  is  lituated  at  the  louth  end  of  the 
iflind  of  St  Lucia,  in  the  Weft-Indies,  having  St  Mary's 
Ifland  and  B  ly  to  the  eaft. — ib. 

Old  Fort  Iflcnds,  in  El'quimaux  Bay,  on  the  coafl 
of  Labrador,  in  N.  America.    N.  lat.  51  24,  W.  Icng. 

57  4«— '■'^• 

OLD  ILirbotir,  on  the  fntith  coaft  of  the  ifland  nf  Ja- 
maica in  the  Wcft-Indies,  is  to  the  weftward  of  P.iit 
Royal.  There  are  a  number  of  llioals  and  iflands  in 
the  entrance  to  it.  Under  fbme  of  them  there  is  fate  tid- 
ing, in  from  6  to  8  fathoms. — ib- 

OLD  MAN'S  Cieck,  in  New  Jerfey,  empties  into 
Delaware  river,  about  4  miles  below  Penn's  Neck,  and 
fcp.irates  the  counties  of  Salem  .ind  Gloucefter. — :b. 

OLD  MEN'S  Port  lies  northward  of  Lima  river  in 
Peru,  S  or  9  miles  N.  of  Cadavayllo  river. — ib, 

OLD  ROAD,  a  town  and  harbour  in  the  ifland  of 
Antigua  in  the  Weft-Indies — ib. 

Old  Road  Bjy,  on  the  S.  W.  coaft  of  the  ifland  of 
St  Chriftophet's  in  the  Weft-Indies,  between  Church 
Gut  W.  and  Bloody  Point  E.  There  is  from  5  to  15  fa- 
thoms near  the  Ihorc,  and  the  leall  towards  the  fort. — ib. 

Old 


O    M     O 


C    672    ] 


O    N     I 


Oi.D  Road  To-xvn,  on  iliis  bay,  lies  between  Euft  and 
Black  rivers,  and  li  a  port  ot  entry.— /i. 

OLD  TOWN,  in  the  State  of  New  York,  is  fituated 
on  Staccn  llluid,  3  miles  S.  W.  of  Newtown,  and  12 
f.iiith-wefterly  of  New  Yoikciiv. — lb. 

Old  Town,  afmall  poft  town  of  Maryland,  fituated 
in  All.-gliany  county,  in  lat.  39  30,  on  the  N.  bank  of 
Patowmac  river,  and  W.  fide  of  Saw  Mill  Rtin  ;  14 
miles  S.  E.  of  Cumberland,  142  W.  by  N.  of  Baltimore, 
and  213  from  Philadelphia. — lb. 

OLDTowN.in  N.  Carolina,  near  Brunfwick. — lb. 

Old  Town,  a  finall  town  of  Georgia,  lying  on  the 
Ojjeechee  river,  85  miles  N.  \V.  by  W.  ot  Savannah. 

—>b. 

OLEOUT,  a  fmall  creek  which  empties  into  the  eall 
branch  of  Sufqnehann.ih,  5  miles  N.  E,  of  the  mouth 
<jf  UnadiUa  livcr. — lb. 

OLIND.-\,  tiie  chief  town  of  the  c.iptainfhip  ofPer- 
rambuco,  in  Brazil,  S.  America.  It  is  fometimes  called 
Pernambiico,  and  has  a  good  harbour  filuaied  north  of 
Cape  St  Augulline,  and  iouth  oi  Paraibo.  It  was  taken 
by  the  Dutch  in  1630,  but  was  retaken  by  the  Portu- 
vuefe.    S.  lat.  8  13,  W.  long.  35  5.— /i. 

OLLEROS,  Poini,  on  the  coall  of  Peru,  is  6  leagues 
S.  E.  of  Qaemada  M  irro,  or  Headland,  and  as  far  N. 
W.W .  of  Porto  Cavallo.  It  is  little  frequented  on  ac- 
count of  want  of  trade,  aliliough  it  is  a  good  harbour  in 
cafe  of  fqualls  from  the  mountains,  or  ot  llrong  currents 
fetting  down  from  the  fea. — lb. 

OMAGUAS,  a  tribe  of  Indians  inhabiting  the  banks 
cf  the  river  Amazon,  and  converted  to  Chrillianity  in 
the  year  1686,  by  father  Fiitz,  a  Spanilh  milliunary. 
They  flat  the  hind  and  fore  part  of  the  heads  of  their 
thildren,  which  gives  them  a  monllr.  us  appearance. 
They  make  a  jell  of  other  nation-,  caUing  them  calabafli 
heads. — lb. 

OMAR  A,  a  river  on  the  coaft  of  Brazil,  whofe 
r.iouth  is  in  lat.  5  o  S.  and  long.  36  o  VV. — lb. 

OMASUOS,  a  jurifdiction  in  toe  diocefe  ot  La  Paz, 
in  Peru,  It  begins  almoQ  at  the  gates  ot  the  city  of 
L:i  Paz,  and  extends  20  le.t).".)es,  being  bounded  on  the 
veR  by  the  f.imous  lake  of  -'  11 '  Caca.  The  air  of  this 
jurifdidtion  is  fomewhat  cold,  IJ  that  it  produces  little 
grain  ;  but  has  numerous  flocks  of  cattle  fed  in  its  paf- 
turet>;  there  is  be-fides,  a  very  advantageous  trade  carried 
on  in  aniilher  jurifdi(ftion  by  ll.e  Indians  living  on  the 
borders  of  the  lake,  who  are  remarkably  indullrious  in 
i.T.proving  that  advantage. — lb. 

OMEE,  a  corrupt  name  for  The  Miami  of  the  Lake. 
The  Miami  towns  on  its  banks  are  called  the  Omee 
towns,  or  An  Mi,  by  the  French  Americans,  as  a  con- 
trafti.  n  of  An  Miami. — ib. 

OMEETOWN,  one  of  the  Miami  towns,  fuuated 
on  a  pleafan:  point  tormed  by  the  jnnflion  of  the  rivers 
Miami  and  St  J  ileph.  This  town  Hood  on  the  E. 
bank  of  the  latter,  oppofite  the  mouth  of  St  Mary's  ri- 
ver, and  was  del\ro)ed  in  Gen.  Harmar's  expedition, 
in  1790. — lb. 

OMOAH,  a  fnoall  f  irtitied  town  in  the  Spanifli  Main, 
at  the  bottom  of  the  bay  of  Himduras,  on  the  S.  fide, 
and  is  within  a  gilf  to  the  eallward  of  Dolce  Gulf,  into 
■which  the  river  ot  its  r;ame  comci  in  iVom  the  fouth- 
ward.  It  has  a  good  haibour,  which  is  open  to  the  N. 
VV.  in  which  fhips  of  any  burd.;n  may  ride  in  peifeift 
i«fety.     The  Br.tiOi  admiial,   Parker,  in  coij'indion 


tcr, 


with  the  people  of  Honduras,  reduced  the  ftrong  fort,  Omphslop- 
\ihich  is  iituated  on  the  E.  tide  of  the  river,  in  1779. 
The  fpoil  wai  immenfe,  being  valued  at  3  millions  of 
dollars.  The  Spaniards  in  vain  offered  300,000  dollars 
as  a  ranfom  for  250  quintals  of  quickfilver  ;  a  commo- 
dity indifpenfably  necetTary  in  working  their  gold  and 
lilver  mines. — ib. 

OMPHALOPTER,  or  Omphaloptic,  in  optics, 
a  glafs  that  is  convex  on  both  tides,  popularly  called  a 
co>ive.x  lens. 

OMPOMPANOOSUCK,  a  (hort,  rapid  river  of  Ver- 
mont, which  empties  into  the  ConneiSlicut  at  Norwich, 
oppolite  to  Dartmouth  College.  Its  courfe  is  S.  £. 
its  breadth  not  more  than  40  or  50  yards. — lb. 

ONATIAYO,  or  Oneatuye,  an  itlind  in  the  S.  Pacific. 
Ocean.      S.  lat.  9  58,  W.  long.  138  51. — lb. 

ONEEHOW,  one  of  the  Sandwich  Iflands,  in  the 
N.  Paeific  Ocean,  called  alfo  Kechethcoiti,  about  5  or  6 
leagues  to  the  weftward  of  Atooi.  There  is  anchorage 
all  along  the  coaft  of  the  itland .  It  produces  plenty  of 
yams,  and  a  fweet  root  called  tee.  N.  lat.  21  50,  \V. 
long.  160  15. — ib. 

ONEIDA,  one  of  the  Six  Nations  of  Indians,  con- 
t.diiing  628  foul-,  who  inhabit  the  country  S.  of  Oneida 
Lake,  called  the  Oneida  Reteivation.  I'heir  principal 
village,  Kahnonwolohale,  is  about  20  miles  S.  W.  of 
Whiteflown.  Thefe  Indians,  tor  a  number  of  years 
p  ill,  have  been  under  the  paiforal  care  of  the  Reverend 
Mr  Kiikland,  who  with  the  Reverend  Mr  Sarjeant, 
have  been  chiefly  fupported  in  t';eir  million,  by  the  fo- 
ciety  eflablifhcd  in  Scotland  f i  r  promoting  Chrillian 
knowledge.  'This  nation  receive  an  annuity  from  the 
State  of  New  York  of  3552  do!lais,  for  lands  purchafed 
of  them  in  1795,  and  an  annuity  of  about  628  dollars 
from  the  Uiiit.-d  States.  Thele  annuities,  (which  ope- 
rate as  a  difcourigement  to  induftiy)  together  with  the 
c  irn,  beans  and  potatoes  raifed  by  the  fquaws,  and  the 
filh  an  J  game,  caught  by  the  men,  afford  them  a  barely 
toleiahle  fubfitlence.  They  are  a  pr.jud  nation,  and  af- 
feift  to  defpife  their  neighbours,  the  Stockbtidgeand  Bro- 
therlon  lodian-,  fir  their  attention  to  agiiculture  ;  but 
they  already  begin  to  feel  their  dependence  on  them,  and 
are  under  a  necellity  of  purchaling  provifions  of  them. 
The  natii  n  is  divided  into  three  tribes,  or  clans,  by  the 
names  of  the  Jl'olJ,  the  Bear,  and  the  Turtle.  They  have 
their  name  from  their  Pagan  Deity,  which  fome  few  of 
the  nation  ftili  worfnip,  and  which  is  nothing  more  than 
amilhapen,  luJe,  cyliadiicaly/onc,  of  about  120  pounds 
weij^'ht,  in  their  language  called  Oneida,  v.-hich  fignifies 
the  Upright  Stone.  Foinierly  thia  ftone  was  placed  in 
the  crot.:h  ct  a  tree,  and  then  the  nati  n  luppofed 
ihemfelves  invincible.  Thefe  Indians  are  all  cf  mixed 
blood;  there  has  not  been  n pure  Oneida  for  feveral 
years  pall. — lb. 

Oneida  LaLe  is  about  20  miles  \Y.  of  Old  Fort 
Sanwix,  now  c  died  Rome,  S  a:e  ot  N-w  York,  and  is 
between  20  and  30  miles  long,  and  narrow.  It  iscon- 
nefted  with  Lake  Ontaiio  on  th;  V/.  by  Ofwego  river, 
and  with  Fort  Stanwix  by  Wood  Creek. — IL. 

ONEMACK  Point  is  the  fouth-wefl  point  of  the  con- 
tinent of  N.  America,  in  the  N.  W.  coall,  and  the  fiuth 
limic  of  Brilfol  Bay.  Ic  is  82  leagues  S.  S.  W.  of  Cape 
Newenham,  or  ihe  n.r.h  p.'in  ot  that  extenlive  bay  ; 
and  ill  lat.  54  30  north,  and  long.  163  30  weft. — ib. 
O  NIMAMOU,   a  h.iibour   ou  the   S.  E.  coaft  of 

LUietea, 


O     N     O  C    673     ]  ONI 

Ulietea,  one  of  the  Society  Iflinds,  in  the  S.  Pacific    lage  ot  Aurora,  in  the  tcwnfliip  of  Scipin,  This  coun*' 
Ocean.     It  is  north-eall  of  Ohetuna  Harbour,  on  the    is  admirably  (iiuateJ  tor  inland  navigation,  l)ein?in'e/. 


Cnonda^, 


E°\  fame  coaft  — //;. 


'^'^''^^  by  the  two  navi-able  rives  Seneca  and  dhvego.    ^"''''='^- 
ONION,  Ca/>r,  on  the  fouth-well  fide  of  Ncwf  unJ-    having  belides  5  lakes  and  a  number  of  creeks.     There 
land    Iflmd,   is  about  four   leagues   well  ot  Qu  rpon     were  1323  cf  the  mliabitanis  qualified  to  be  e'lcflors  in 


Illand,  or  the  norihern  point   of  that  extenfive  liland 

Oniom  River,  in  the  State  of  Vermont,  formerly 
c.:lled  French  River,  and  by  the  Indians  Winoojli,  rifes 
in  Cabot,  about  14  miles  to  the  welt  of  Conned  cut  ri- 
ver, and  is  navigai'le  for  fmall  velfels  5  miles  from  its 
mouth,  in  Lake  Champlaiii,  between  ihe  towns  of  Bur- 
lington and  Colcherter  ;  and  for  boats  between   its  fe- 


1796,  as  appears  by  the  State  cer.fus.—//.. 

Onondago,  formerly  the  chief  town  of  the  Six  Ni- 
tions,  fituated  in  a  very  pleafunt  and  fruitful  coun'ry. 
and  conliltcd  of  five  Imall  towns  or  villages,  al  out  VJ 
miles  S.  W.  ot  Whiteltown  — ,-^  ^  ^ 

ONONDAGOE.S,  a  tri  ,e  of  Indians  who  live  nc,r 
Onondago  Lake.  About  20  years  fince  they  couKl 
furmlh  260  warriors.     In  1779  a  regiment  of  men  was 


vcial  falls.  It  is  (  ne  ot  the  finelt  llreams  in  Vermont,  feut  from  Albany,  by  Gen.  1.  Clinton  who  furpiized 
and  runs  through  a  moll  fertile  country,  the  produce  of  the  town  ot  thia  tnbc,  took  33  prifoners  killed  12  or 
which   for  fever.il  miles  on  each   (ide  of  the  river,    is     14,  and  returned  without  the  lofs  of  a  man       Ataitof 

bronght  down  to  the  lake  at  Burlington.      It  is  fiom  the  Indians  ^^ere  then  ravaging  the  American  frontiers 

20  to  30  rods  wide,  40  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  its  This  nation,  which  now  condils  of  4-0  fouls    receives 

defcent  in  that  dillance  is  172  feet,  which  is  abnnt  4  annually  from  the  Itate  of   Nsw  York     2  coo  dollars  • 

feet  to  the  mile.     Between  Burhngton  and  Colcheder  and  from  the  United  S'ates  about  4-0' dollars ib      ' 

this  river  his  worn  through  a  folia  rock  of  lime-llone,        ONISCL'S  (See  Encycl.).     'J"wo  new  fpecies  of  this 
which  in   Ibme  time  r^i  remote   antiquity   mull   have  genus  of  infeds  were  difcovcred  by  La  Mart'w-ere    the 
formed  at  this  place  a  prodigious  cataradt.     The  chafm  naturalift  who  accompanied  Peroule  on  his  lalf'  vo'v  ice 
is  between  70  and  80  feet  in  depth  at  low  water,  and  of  cifcovery.     For  the  information  of  fuch  of  <  ur  read- 
in  one  place  70  feet  from  rock  to  rock,  where  a  wooden  ers  as  are  entomologiffs,  we  Ihall  give  the  au'hoi's  de- 
bridge  is  thrown  acrofs.     At  Bolton  there  is  a  chafm  fcription  of  ihele  fpecies.     Of  the  firft    which  he  fay 
of  the  fame  kind,  but  fomewhat  wider,  and  the  rock  is  only  r^ear'y  anfweis  to  ilie  "eueric  chara'ifler  l^\  on  Tfi'' 
atleall  130  fee;  in  height.     From  one  fide  feveral  rocks  E  (fig.  i.)  is  a  view  of  tlie  upper  part  of  its  bodv' Plate 
have  fallen  tcrofs  the  river,  in  fuch  a  manner  as  to  form  and  at  F  of  the  lower.      Its  body  is  crull;)reon<:    n   d  '  <  XXXll. 
a  natural  bridge  at  low  water,  but  in  a  fitualicn  to  be  an  opaque  white,  wiih  two  round  ru(l-col",ure'd'  foot 
an  objed  of  curiollty  only.      It  was  along  this  river  that  on  the  anterior  part  of  its  ctrllet;   ttvo  others    n      h 
the  Indians  formctly  travelled  from  Canada,  vhen  they  larger,  in  the  form  of  a  crefcenr,  are  on  the  ,;'■/     •  > 
made  their  attacks  on  the  frontier  fcttlements  on  Con-  ihicld  is  alfo  of  the  lame  colour.     The  unde      '^ \  '  f 
nefticut  river.—/*.  the  thorax  is  furnilhed  with  four  pair  of  lees  -"^  thYfiUi: 

ONONDAGO  Cajlk,  on  the  Onondago  Refervation  and  third  of  which  are  teiminatcd  wiih  Iharo     1  u- 

Lands  in  the  State  ot  New  York,  is  25  miles  fouth-well  the  fecond,  fiom  its  form,  ferves  it  to  fwim  with  '  th  * 

of  Oneida  Callle.-,*.  .      .     „_      ^  ^^       ^^    ,  *f""h  is  very  Imall    confiding  of  two  membra'naceou! 

Onond.ago,  or  Salt  Lake,  in  the  State  of  New  York,  threads.     Some  fcales,  alfo  membranacerus  and  v 

is  about  5  miles  long  and  a  mi!e  broad,   and  fends  its  channelled,  m.iy  alio  perform  the  oSice  offers-  of  th  I- 

waters  to  Seneca  liver.     The  waters  of  the  Salt  fprings  the  two  lower  are  tlie  largelf.     Its  belly  i.s  filled    -th 

here  are   capable  of  producing  immei.fe  quantities  of  vermicular  intellinei  ot  the  (ize  of  a  hair  •  its  mouth  ' 

fait.     One  perfon  near  the  lake  boiled  down  at  the  rate  placed  between  the  firlt  and  feci  nd  pair  of  leo-t    and  is 

of  50  bulhels  a  week,  in  the  year  1792,  which  he  fold  of  the  form  cf  a  (mall  trunk  placed  between^two  lips 

for  five  fiiillings  a  bulhel;  but  any  quantity  may  be  joined  only  at  the  upper  extremity.  ' 

made, and  at  a  lefs  price.      Thefe  fprings  are   in   the         Fig.   2.  reprelents   an    inl'edt    of   the    senus   on/ZTaj 

State  refervation,  and  are  a  great  benefit  to  the  country,  L'mn.     Its  body  is  nearly  of  the  form,  conliflence   and 

every  part  of  which  is  fo  united  by  lakes  and  rivers  as  colour,  of  the  onifcm  afellus,  except  that  it  is  no't  d'. 

to  render  the  fupply  of  this  bulky  and  necclfary  article  vided  by  fegments  as  ttiis  lall  is.     It  has  a  double  tall' 

very  eafy.— ,*.       _  r  m       v     .,      u-  u    -r     •      u  ^^'!^\'''""^\'.^^"S  *^  '^'^  body  ;  from  the  infertion  If 

ON0ND.iGO,  a  river  ot  New  York,  which  rifes  in  the  which,  at  the  hinder  part  of  the  body,  fprinT  two  lee-; 

Oneida  Lake,  and  runs  weltwardly  into  Lake  Ontario  ufed  chiefly  by  the  animal  in  t'wimmiri"-  up,m  i-s  back' 

at  Ofwego.     It  is  boatabie  from  its  mouth  to  the  head  The  miitU  viewed   on  the  lower  part'^H,  prefents  fi.? 

of  the  lake,  74  miles,   except  a  fall  which  occalions  a  pair  of  legs;  the  two  firll  of  which  terminate  in  very 

portage    of  20   yards,   thence  battcaux  go  up  Wood-  Iharp  and  thick  points;  it  makes  ufe  if  the  third   to 

Creek  almoll  to  Fort  Slanwix,  40  miles,  whence  there  fwim  with,  and  to  balance  its  boav,  together  wiih  that 

is  a  portage  of  a  mile  to  Mohawk  river.     Toward  the  pair  which  is  inferted  at  tiie  bafe  ot  tlielail  ;  the  fourth 

head  of  this  river,  falmon  are  caught  in  great  numbers,  pair,  and  the  laigelt  of  all,  is  armed  with  two  very  (harp 

— '*•  points,   which  the  animal  forces  into  the  body   cf  any 

Onond.^co,  a  county  of  New  York  State,  confiding  tilh  on  which  it  Iti^es  ;  the  two  lad  pair  are  nothing 

of  military  lands  divided  into    11  townlhips   viz.  Ho-  more  than  very  finely  divided   membranes.     Between 

mer,  I'ompey,  Manlius  Lvfander,  Marcellus,  Ulyffcs,  the  two  firll  is   fituated  it.   trunk,  fm.  oth.'and  about 

Milton,  Scipio,  Aurelius,  Ovid,  and  Romulus.     The  half  a  line  long  ;  at  the  bafe  of  the  third  pair  are  two 

county  is  bounded   wcderly   by  On-ario  county,  and  points,  cf  a  horuey  confidence,  very  hard,  and  fiimly 

northerly  by  Lake  Ontario,  the  Onondago   river,  and  fixed.     The  two  horns  a:fo  below  ihelai'e  pair  ot  le'S 

Oneida  Lake.     The  county  coutts  are  held  in  the  vil-  aie,  in  like  manner,  very   fimiiy  ui,itcd''to  its  bodv 
SuppL.  Vol.  II.  ,  <)  ict    .    • 

4  x^  Martinieie 


O     O     N  [    674     ]  OPE 

Onflow,    Marlinierc  imagines  it  to  be  by  means  of  tbefe  darts    who  alfo  keep  them  in  fubj^aion.     There  is  a  channel 
II  that  it  pierces  th:  body  of  the  filh  on  which  it  ii  found,    between  this    and  the  land  to  the  north,   aboui  a  niile 

OMalaflikj.  yj^j  ,]jjj  ,j,j(,^  changing  its  fituatlon,  it  finds  means  to 


introduce  its  trunk  into  ihe  holes  thua  formed.  When 
put  into  a  gljfs  it  fmks  to  the  bot'om,  and  rifes  again 
10  the  furface  with  the  greatcft  eafe,  advancing  with 
the  edge  of  its  body,  and  defcribing  curves.  Its  two 
Jung  tails  are  very  eafily  pulled  off,  without  the  animal 
appearing  to  fuller  any  pain. 

ONSLOW,  a  ni.iiitime  county  of  Wilmington  dif- 
tria,  N.  Carolina,  W.  of  Cape  Lookout.  It  contains 
^,387  inhabitants,  including  I748llaves.  Chief  town, 
Swanlb-irough. — Morse 


broad,  in  which  are  foundings  from  40  to  27  fathoms. 
N.  lat.  53  55,  W.  long.   166  31. — ill. 

OPAQUE,  not  tranllucent,  nor  tranfparent,  or  not 
admitiing  a  free  pallage  to  the  rays  of  light. 

OPARO  or  Oparro,  the  name  given  by  Captain 
Vancouver  to  a  fmall  ifland  which  he  difcovered  in  la- 
titude 27°  36'  fouth,  and  in  longitude  215°  49'  eaft 
from  Greenwich.  It  was  eftimated  at  about  61  miles 
in  length,  and  no  other  land  was  in  fight.  Its  principal 
character  is  a  clufter  of  high  cragg)  mountains,  form- 
ng,  in  feveral  places,  moll  romantic  pinnacles,  with  per- 


Onslow,  a  townlh'p  of  Nova  Scotia,  Halifax  county,     pendicular  cliffs  nearly  iVum  their  fummits  to  the  fea 


■at  the  head  of  the  Ba'fin  of  Minas  35  miles  N.  E.  of 
Windfor,  and  46  N.  by  W.  of  Halifax.  It  was  fettled 
by  emit^rants  from  New  England. — ib. 

ONr.-\RIO,  one  of  that  grand  chain  of  lakes  which 
divide  the  United  States  from  Upper  Canada.  It  is 
fituated  between  l.it.  43  15  and  44  N.  and  long.  76  30 
and  80  W.  Its  form  is  neaily  elliptical  ;  its  gieateft 
length  is  from  S.  W.  to  N.  E.  and  its  circuniteience 
ab("ut  600  miles.  The  divifi.jn  line  between  the  State 
of  New  York  and  Canada,  on  the  N.  paffes  through  this 
lake,  and  leaves  within  the  United  States  2,390,000 
acres  of  the  water  of  Lake  Ontaiio,  accordinj^  to  the 
calculation  of  Mr  Hutchins.  It  abounds  with  filh  of 
an  excellent  flavour,  among  whicli  ate  the  Ofwego  bafs, 
weighing  3  or  4  lbs.  Its  banka  in  mary  places  are  deep, 
and  the  fouthem  ftiore  is  covered  principally  with  beech 
trees,  and  the  lands  appear  good.  It  communicates  with 
Lake  Erie  by  the  river  Niagara.  It  receives  the  waters 
of  Geneffee  river  from  the  S.  and  of  Onondago,  at 
Fort  OlVego,  from  the  S.  E.  by  which  it  communicates 
through  Oneida  Lake,  and  Wood  Creek,  with  the  Mo- 
hawk river.  On  the  N.  E.  this  hike  difcharges  itfelf  into 
the  rivei  Cataraqui,  (which  at  Montreal  takes  the  name 
of  St  Lawrence)  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  It  is  alferted 
that  thefe  lakes  fill  once  in  7  years  ;  but  the  fi£t  is 
doubted.  The  iflands  are  all  at  the  ealtern  end,  the 
chief  of  which  are  Wolf,  Amherft,  Gage,  and  Howe 
Iflands. — it. 

Ontario,  a  large,  fertile  county  of  New  York,  com 


the  vacancies  between  the  mountains  would  more  pro- 
perly be  termed  chafms  than  valleys.  The  tops  of  fix 
of  the  hlghcft  hills  bore  the  appearance  of  fortified 
places,  refembling  redoubts  ;  having  a  fort  of  bluck- 
houfe,  in  the  fliape  of  an  Englilh  glafs-houfe,  in  the 
centre  oi  each,  with  rows  of  palifadoes  a  ccnfiderablc 
way  down  the  fides  of  the  hills,  nearly  at  equal  di- 
ftances.  Thefe  overhanging,  feemed  intended  for  advan- 
ced works,  and  apparently  capable  of  defending  the  cita- 
del by  a  few  againft  a  numerous  hoft  of  affailants.  On 
all  of  litem  people  were  noticed  as  if  on  duty,  conllantly 
moving  about.  What  we  confidered  ..fays  the  author)  as 
block-houfe?,  from  their  great  fimiliariiy  in  appearance- 
to  that  fort  of  building,  were  fufficiently  large  to  lodge  a 
conlideiable  number  of  perfons,  and  were  the  only  ha- 
bitations we  fdw.  Yet,  frcm  the  number  of  canoes  that 
in  fo  ftiort  a  time  affembled  round  the  Englilh  fhip,  it 
is  natural  to  conclude,  that  the  inhabitants  are  very  fre- 
quently afloat  ;  and  to  infer,  that  the  fhores,  and  not 
thole  fortified  hills  which  appeared  to  be  in  the  centre  of 
the  ifland,  would  be  preierred  for  thelrgeneral  refidence. 
Whether  the  fortified  places  here  defcribed  were  in- 
tended for  defences  of  the  iflanders  againft  each  other, 
or  againft  attacks  ftom  fome  more  powerful  neigh- 
bours, could  only  be  conjeftured  ;  but  the  latter  idea 
feenis  the  mi  ft  probable.  From  the  language  of  the 
people,  and  their  refemblance  to  the  Friendly  iflanders, 
Captain  Vancouver  confiders  them  all  as  having  fprung 
from  the  fame  original  flock.     The  people  of  Oparo,. 


prehending  the  Geneffee  country,  and  bounded  N.  by  however,  are  diftlnguiihed  by  two  circumftances,  cer- 

the  lake  of  its  name.     It  is  well  watered  by  Gennelfee  tainly  in  their  favour.     Not  one  of  them  was  tattowed  ; 

river,  its  tributaries,  and  a  number  of  fmall  lakes.     Here  and  though  they  appeared  not  to  have  ever  feen  a  Eu- 

are    8    towndiips,    viz.    Geneffee,    Erwine,   Jerufalem,  ropean  before,  they  all  feemed  perfedlly  well  acquainted 

Williamfburg,  Toulon,  Seneca,  Bloomfield,  and  Cana-  with  the  ufes  to  which  they  could  apply  iron,  and  pre- 

daqua,  or  Kanandaigua,  which  lafl  is  the  chief  town,  ferred  articles  of  it  to  lookingglaffes,  beads,  and  other 

fituated  at  the  N.  W.  corner  of  Canandarqna  Lake,  15  trinkets,   with    which   fava^es   are   ufually    delighted. 


miles  W.  of  Geneva,  and  30  N.  E.  of  VVlUiamlburg. 
Tills  county  was  taken  from  Montgomery  in  1789,  and 
in  1790,  contained  1,075  inhabitants,  including  11 
fl.ives.  Such  has  been  the  emigration  to  this  county, 
that  there  were,  in  1796,  1258  of  the  inhabitarits  who 
were  qualified  to  be  cledlors. — ib. 

ONZ.\N,  a  c.ipe  or  point  on  the  north  coaft  of  Bra- 
zil, oppofite  to  cape  St  Lawrence,  forming  together  the 
points  of  Laguariba  river  ;  the  laiter  cape  being  on  the 
well  fide  of  the  river.  The  river  is  10  leagues  S.  E.  by 
E.  of  Bohi'i  Bax.i. — lb. 

OONALASHKA,  one  of  the  iflands  of  the  north- 
ern Archipelago,  on  the  N.  W.  coaft  of  America,  the 
natives  of  which  have  the  appearance  of  being  a  very 


ground  near 


Though  there  appeared   to  be  anchorin 

the  north  weft  end  of  the  Ifland,  circumftances  rendered 

it  inconvenient  for  Captain  Vancouver  to  land  on  it; 

fo  that  we  are  yet  in  a  great  meafure  ftrangers  to  the 

difpofitions  ef  the  people,  though  they  appeared  to-be 

hofpitable. 

OPECKON  Creei,  in  Virginia,  a  fouth-weft  water 
cf  Potowniac  river. — Alone. 

OPEN  Flank,  in  fortification,  is  that  part  of  the 
flank  which  is  covered  by  the  orillon  or  fhoulder. 

OPENING  0/  lie  Trenches,  is  the  firft  breaking  of 
gri  und  by  the  befiegers,  in  order  to  carry  on  their  ap- 
proaches towards  a  place. 

OPERA  Glass,  is  a  diagonal  perfpeilive,  of  which 


peaceable  people,  bsing  much  polillied  by  the  Ruflisas,    the  folio i/ving  coacife  and  perfpicuous  delcription  is  ta. 


kea-.' 


O     P     II 

Ophry*.  ken  from  Dr  Hiitton's  Mathematical  DIflionary. — 
^^"^"^^  ABCD  (Plate  XLl.)  reprelcnts  a  tube  about  tour 
inclies  lona;  ;  in  each  fiJe  of  which  there  is  a  hr>le 
EF  and  GH,  exactly  agiinft  t!ie  mUdle  of  a  pl.ine 
mirror  IK,  which  r-flfi5ls  the  rays  fMling  upon  it  to 
the  convex  glals  LM ;  ihruUi»h  which  they  are  re- 
fiaded  to  the  concive  eye  gl.ifs  NO,  whence  they 
emerge  parallel  t"  the  eye  at  tlie  hole  rs,  in  the  end  of 
the  tube.  Let  P  a  Qbe  an  objeft  to  be  viewed,  from 
which  proceed  the  rnjs  V  c,  a  b,  and  Q__(/.-  ihel'e  rays, 
bein^  reflefted  by  the  plane  mirror  IK,  will  Ihew  the 
objeifl  in  the  diie<flion  c  p,  La,  d  q,  in  the  image  p  q, 
equal  to  the  onjcfl  PQ,  and  as  far  behind  the  mirror  as 
the  objed  is  before  it:  the  minor  being  placed  fo  as 
to  make  an  angle  of  45  degrees  with  the  fides  of  the 
tube.  And  as,  in  viewii.g  near  objcifls,  it  is  not  necef- 
fary  to  magnify  them,  the  focal  Jiftances  of  both  the 
glafles  may  be  nearly  equal ;  or,  if  ihat  of  LM  be  three 
inches,  and  that  oi  NO  one  inch,  the  dirtance  l.etween 
them  will  be  but  two  inches,  and  the  objeift  will  be 
magnified  three  times,  being  fufficient  for  the  purpofes 
to  which  this  glafs  is  applied. 

When  the  ohjed  is  very  near,  as  XY,  it  is  viewed 
through  a  hole  x  y,  at  the  other  end  of  ihe  tube  AB, 
without  an  eye  glafs  ;  the  upper  part  of  the  mirror  be- 
ing polilhed  tor  that  purpofe  as  well  as  the  under.  The 
tube  unfcrews  near  the  objeff -glafs  L  M,  for  taking  out 
and  cleanfing  the  gluTes  and  mirror.  The  pofiip  n  of 
the  objeiff  will  be  ereft  through  the  concave  eye-glafs. 

The  peculiar  artifice  of  this  glafs  is  to  view  a  perfon 
at  a  fmall  dilfance,  fo  that  no  one  (hall  know  who  is 
obferved  ;  for  the  inflrument  points  to  a  different  ob- 
jedl  from  that  which  is  viewed;  and  as  there  is  a  hole 
on  each  fide,  it  is  impoffiblc  to  know  on  which  hand 
the  objeiff  is  lltuated  which  you  are  viewing.  It  is  chief- 
ly ufed  in  play-houfes;  and  hence  its  name:  but  we  have 
feen  it  mod  indecently  employed  by  thofe  who  fhould 
have  fet  a  better  example,  even  in  a  cathedral  church  ! 

OPHRYS  (See  Encycl.)  A  new  fpecies  of  this 
plant  has  been  lately  defcribed  in  the  Annual  Hampjhlre 
Repofitory,  by  a  Fellow  of  the  Linnean  Society,  in  the 
following  words : 

"  Skm — about  i  2  inches  high,  erefl,  ftlpulate,  geni- 
culate, pubefcent  at  the  upper  genicles.  Spike — ftriftly 
fpiral,  flowers  fpirally  afcending,  about  24,  brightly 
white.  Upper  petal  ovato-acuminate,  pubefcent,  lightly 
ciliate,  ftraight.  Two  middle  petals  oblong-rccui  vcd. 
Two  lower  petals  oblong-acuminate,  lightly  ciliate  only 
on  the  lower  lide  near  the  bafe,  projeiffing  like  ele- 
phant's tiifks.  A'i-aarv,  broad,  recurved,  ragged,  bici- 
pitate.  Leaves Jloral — carinate  acuminate,  ciliate  reach- 
ing and  pointing  to  the  middle  of  the  flowers.  Leaves 
radical — Hve  or  fix,  about  fix  inches  long,  narrow,  at- 
tenuate both  ways,  acuminate,  the  lower  more  hailate. 
Leaves  cauline — lanceolate,  alternate. 

"  Obfervation. — This  plant  has  much  the  habir,  as 
well  as  autumnal  florefcence,  of  Oriental  fpiralis,  and  is 
fo  perfeiftly  fpiral  alf),  that  the  fp.citic  name  of  ihe 
other  fhould  tie  alteied,  as  being  no  longer  exclufively 
fpiral;  at  the  fame  time  that  a  fpeciiic  name  Ihould  be 
given  to  this:  neither  of  which  (fays  the  author)  I  ihall 
prcfumc  to  do,  but  fhall  fugged  it  tj  the  Linnean  So- 
ciety, of  which  I  have  the  honour  'o  be  a  Fellow." — 
This  ophrys  flowered,  for  the  &  il  time,  it  is  believed, 
in  Englanii,  in  Hamplhire,  0.5fober  1796. 


[    675     ]  OPT 

OPHIUCUS,  a  r^.i  llellatinn  of  the  nortliern  hemif-  Ophincns,. 
phcre  ;  called  a^li.  Herpentarius.  0 

OPIUM  (See  Enrycl.),  is  a  medicine  of  fuch  intrin-  ^^^^^ 
.  fie  Value,  and  of  fo  high  a  price,  that  every  methr^d 
wh'ch  proniifes  to  incieafe  the  quantity  in  the  market 
mild  be  of  imp'irtance.  It  was  therefore,  with  much 
pnipriety,  that  ibe  Society  for  the  Encourugement  of  Arts, 
i^i.  fome  time  ago,  voted  50  guineas  to  Mr  John  Ball 
ot  Willitoii,  S'  merfetlhire,  for  the  d'fcovery  of  his  me- 
thod of  preparing  opium  from  poppies  of  the  growth  of 
Enjiland.  The  poppies,  which  he  recommends  as  the 
mod  produdive,  are  the  doulle  or  femi-douilr,  of  a  dark 
colour  ;  tlie  feeds  of  which  he  advifes  to  be  fown  the 
latter  end  of  February,  and  again  abiuit  the  fecond  week 
in  March,  in  beds  three  feet  and  a  half  wide  (well  pre- 
pared with  good  rotten  dung,  and  ofien  turned  or 
ploughed,  in  order  to  mix  it  well,  and  have  it  fine;, 
erhei  in  fmall  drills,  three  in  each  bed,  in  the  manner 
fallads  are  fownj  and  when  about  two  inches  high,  to 
thin  thtm  one  foot  apart;  or  otherwife,  to  fow  them  in 
beds,  in  the  broad-cad  way,  and  thin  them  to  tlie  fame 
did<nce.  If  tliey  be  kept  free  from  weeds,  they  will 
grow  well,  and  will  produce  from  four  to  ten  heads, 
(hewing  large  and  different  coloured  flowers  ;  and  when 
their  leaves  die  away,  and  drop  off,  the  pods  then  be- 
ing in  a  green  date,  is  the  proper  time  for  extracting 
the  opium,  by  making  fuch  longitudinal  incifi  >ns  as  are, 
for  this  purpofe,  made  in  the  ead  (See  Of  iUM  and  Pa- 
paver,  Encycl.)  Immediately  on  tlie  incifion  being 
made,  a  milky  fluid  will  ilfue  out ;  which  is  the  opium, 
and  which,  being  of  a  glutinous  nature,  will  adhere  to 
the  bottom  <>f  the  incilion  ;  but  fome  poppies  are  {o 
productive,  that  it  will  drop  from  the  pod  on  the  lenves 
underneath.  Tlie  next  day,  if  the  weather  Ihould  be 
fine,  and  a  good  deal  of  funthine,  the  opium  will  be 
found  a  greyiih  fubdance,  and  fome  almod  turning 
black  :  it  is  thet  to  be  fcraped  from  the  pods,  and  (if 
any  there)  from  the  leaves,  with  the  edge  ot  a  knife,  or 
other  indrument  for  that  purpofe,  into  pans  or  pots ; 
and  in  a  day  or  two,  it  will  be  of  a  proper  confidence 
to  make  into  a  mafs,  and  to  be  potted. 

According  to  Mr  Ball,  fields  cannot  be  fown  with 
any  thing  more  lucrative  to  the  farmer  than  poppies, 
efpecially  if  thofe  fields  have  a  fouth  expofure.  "  Bjr 
a  calculation  (fays  he)  which  J  have  made,  fuppofing 
one  poppy  to  grow  in  one  fquare  foot  of  earth,  and  to 
produce  only  one  grain  cf  opium,  more  tlian  ,^"50  will 
be  coUeded  from  one  datute  acre  of  land  ;  but  if  we 
confider,  that  one  poppy  produces  from  three  or  four  to 
ten  heads,  that  in  each  head  from  fix  to  ten  incifions 
may  be  made,  and  that  from  many  of  them,  (I  mean 
from  one  incifion)  I  have  taken  away  two  or  three  grains 
of  opium — What  mud  then  be  the  produce  i" 

Mr  Ball  produced  to  the  Society  letters  from  Dr 
Latham  of  Bedford-row,  Dr  Pearfon  of  Leiceder- 
/quare,  and  Mr  Wilton  of  Bedford-ftreet,  declaring, 
that,  in  their  opini  n,  his  EngMh  opium  is  equal  inef- 
feit,  and  fuperior  in  purity,  to  the  bed  foreign  opium. 

OPPS,  a  village  in  Northampton  county,  Penn- 
fylvania,  6  miles  fouth-cad  of  Bethlehem,  and  about  7 
north  bv  e.\[l  of  Quaker's  Town. — Morse. 

OPTIC  iNEtjuALiTY,  in  adronomy,  is  an  apparent 
irregularity  in  the  motions  of  far  didant  bodies;  fo  call- 
ed, betaufe  it  is  not  really  in  the  moving  bodies,  but 
arifing  from  the  fituation  of  the  obferver's  eye.    For  if 
4  Q  2  the 


o    r   T 


[     C>-jG    ] 


OPT 


Plate  T.  fig 
I.  Appen- 
dix- 


llie  eye  were  in  the  centre,  it  would  always  fee  the  mo- 
tions as  they  really  are. 

Optic  Pyramid,  in  perfpeflive,  is  a  pyramid  formed 
by  tliC  vi.lble  objcifl  which  is  the  la/e,  and  the  rays 
drawn  from  the  perimeter  of  that  objeifl-,  which  me.-t  at 
the  eye  in  a  point,  which  is  the  a;c.\  of  the  pyramid. 
Hence,  alfu,  we  may  know  what  is  meant  by  an  opiic 
triangle. 

Optic  R.iyi,  particuhrly  means  thofe  by  which  an 
optic  pyramid,  fr  optic  triangle,  is  terminated. 

OPTICS.  Under  this  head  in  the  EncyclopseJia 
n*  259  to  264  have  been  defciibed  various  kinds  o{ 
inicrofcope>,  which  fee.  The  Rev.  Dr  John  Prince 
cf  Silem,  MalTachufetts  has  politely  favoured  the 
editor  with  the  following  defcription  of  the  Lucernal 
MicROSCOPF,  the  improvements  of  which  are  his  in- 
vention. This  account  was  publilhed  by  Mr  Hill  from 
Dr  Prince's  letter  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  for 
N)V.  1796,  and  af;erwards  in  Mr  Jones's  new  edition 
cf  Adjnis's  Microfcopical  Elfays. 

The  Luctrn.il  being  generally  allowed  to  be  the  mofl 
jierleifl  micrufcope,  and  of  the  moll  extenfive  ufe  of  any 
yet  made,  and  a  very  material  inipruvement  in  the  con- 
lirudion  of  that  dcl'criijed  in  the  Microfcopical  Effays 
«.f  that  indefatigable  artid  and  worthy  man  the  late 
Mr  George  Adams,  Iravlng  been  fiigjieCled  to  him  by 
the  Rev.  Dr  Prince  of  Salem,  Malfachufetts,  at  a  time 
vhen  I  had  given  orders  for  one,  I  w.rs  the  firft  perfon 
lor  whom  he  made  one  on  the  new  principle. 

"  In  the  former  ccnftruciion  there  was  no  contrivance 
fur  bringing  the  objedl  into  the  field  of  view  ;  fo  that, 
upon  the  lead  variation  iti  fnuation  or  fize,  you  were 
obliged  to  find  out  the  place  for  the  ohj-v5t  by  moving 
it  backwards  and  lorwards.  This  is  now  remedied  by 
mounting  the  microfcope  on  a  firm  d -uble  joint  like  a 
telefcojie  (as  at  B).  The  adjufting  apparatus  is  fixed 
at  the  broad  end.  The  j  'int  is  neirly  in  the  centre  of 
gravity,  fo  that  a  very  fmall  motion  will  bring  any 
objeift,  lefs  than  an  inch  in  diameter,  into  the  fis!d  of 
view.  Tiiis  motion  is  efre>fted  by  two  fcrews  at  right 
angles  to  each  other  ;  one  fcrew  raifing  or  covering  the 
b'dy  ;  the  other  moving  it  fideways :  the  fcrew  at  the 
lame  time  forming  a  double  joiiu  to  accommodate  the 
parts  to  the  movement  (as  at  C).  Tlie  handle  of  the 
r.ickwork  is  Ihev^n  at  D. 

"  To  fcreen  the  image  from  the  light  (which  will  be 
often  lound  to  be  advantageous),  there  is  a  p)ramidi- 
cal  box,  of  fuch  a  fize  as  to  pack,  when  not  ufed,  in 
the  body  of  the  microfcope.  When  in  ufe,  the  broad 
end  of  the  fcreen-box  is  to  be  fl  ded  into  the  groove 
Jrom  which  the  external  cover  at  the  end  has  been 
taken.  This  method  is  peculiarly  ufcful  in  the  day- 
liine  ;  a=,  by  fcreening  the  large  lenfes  from  the  light, 
it  may  even  th;n  be  ufed  with  faiisfaftion." 

A  A  llrew  the  body  of  the  microfcope. 

"  The  large  lens  may  occaficnally  be  placed  on  the 
cuter-edue  ot  the  fcreen-box  (the  other  lens  being  taken 
out).  The  view  on  the  grey  glafo  is  by  this  means 
nragnified, -and  appears  to  greiter  advantage.  But, 
befides  the  grey  glafs  ufed  in  the  former  conllruflion, 
there  is  a  fecond  in  this,  placed  farther  within  the  body 
(about  where  the  dotted  line  is  in  the  Iketch)  ;  and, 
when  the  l.ir-e  lens  is  in  the  fcreen  box,  I  think  objeas 
appear  better  in  this  than  the  formsr  way.  It  has  a 
ftiU  greater  eff-.a  upon  ihofe  who  are  unacquainted 


with  the  nature  of  lenfes,  as  it  makes  them  judge  the 
dilfance  and  magnitude  mu.h  greater  than  they  really  ^ 
aie,   and  is,   therefore,   more  pleafing   than  the  grey 
glafs  in  front." 

E  (hews  the  bottom  board,  of  mahogany. 

*'  It  is  fcarcely  necelfary  to  obferve,  that  only  one 
grey  glafs  can  be  ufed  at  a  time,  and  that  both  are  to 
be  taken  out  when  opake  objeds  are  viewed. 

"  The  ftage  (F)  is  confiderably  different  from  that 
figured  in  my  eflays.  It  is  much  more  convenient  and 
commodious  than  the  other,  and  anfwers  with  very 
little  trouble,  and  fcarcely  any  alteration  for  both  tranf- 
parent  and  opake  objects.  A  truncated  cone  can  alfo 
be  here  applied  for  cutting  off  fuperfiuous  rays  of  light 
occafionally. 

"  The  method  of  illuminating  the  objsdls  is  alfo 
different.  The  mode  now  adopted  anfwers  better  for 
opake  and  tranfparent  cbjefts,  throws  a  ftronger  light, 
and  is  more  convenient  in  application.  It  confilU  of 
two  lenfes  (i  and  2).  The  larger  one  is  to  be  placed 
at  the  end  of  the  bar  next  the  lamp.  The  fmaller  one 
to  be  adjuded  fo  as  to  give  a  (Irong  light.  A  third  is 
alfo  added,  to  be  ufed  occafionally  v/ith  opake  objeils. 
It  is  to  be  applied  clofe  to  the  hirge  lens.  Experience 
will  (hew  when  it  is  to  be  ufed,  and  wlien  laid  afide. 

"  By  moving  the  bar  G  (on  which  ihefe  lenfes  are 
placed)  round  ab  ut,  you  biini?  it  fo  much  fronting 
the  ftage  as  effedually  to  enlighten  opake  objeds  (by 
means  of  the  lamp.  The  light  thus  afforded  is  receiv- 
ed direitly,  and  none  is  loll  by  refleiftion. 

"  As  f.ime  objecfls  (fuch  as  feiSions  of  wi^od)  are 
fcen  to  advantage  both  as  tranfparent  and  opake,  a 
frame,  co;it. lining  a  plain  and  a  concave  mirrur,  is 
added  to  this  inftrument,  ferving  two  purpofes ;  by 
bringing  the  bar  to  the  front  of  the  ftage,  removing 
the  latge  lens,  and  putting  the  miror  in  its  place,  the 
objefS  may  be  viewed  either  way,  without  moving  from 
the  feat,  by  turning  the  inftrument  a  little  round.  This 
experience  will  difcover. 

•»  The  light  of  the  fun  may  be  thrown  by  the  plain 
mirror  on  the  condenfing  lens  fo  as  to  produce  a  ftror.-g 
full  field  of  light  on  the  grey  glafs.  This  has  a  grand 
effedt  when  the  large  lens  is  at  the  end  of  the  fcreenbox, 
and  Could  not  at  all  be  applied  in  this  manner  in  former 
conftruftions.  It  bee  ime  alfo  an  opake  folar  micro- 
fcope by  turning  the  bar  round  to  enlighten  opake  ob- 
jefls. 

"  By  bringing  the  concave  mirror  to  a  focus  that 
w'ill  burn  objedls,  a  fet  of  very  curious  and  entertain- 
ing experiments  mjy  be  made  and  exhibited  on  the 
grey  glafs.  The  object  for  combuftion  fhould  be  put 
in  the  nippers,  and  a  piece  of  fiate  tied  as  a  ground  on 
the  ftage.  The  ebullition  of  a  piece  of  alum  viewed 
in  this  manner  is  very  beautiful ;  the  bubbles,  as  they 
rife  and  pafs  off  rapidly,  appear  tinged  with  all  the 
colours  of  the  rainbow. 

"  There  are  large-fized  magnifiers  for  the  purpofe  of 
throwing  tranfparent  objefts  on  a  fcreen,  in  imitation 
of  the  fohir  microfcope.  By  removing  the  large  hnfes 
in  front,  and  the  grey  glafs,  and  placing  the  black  tin 
cylinder  (reprefented  in  the  drawing  by  dofed  marks) 
over  the  lamp,  they  may  be  fhewn  in  that  manner  to 
feveral  perfons.  Thus  tliis  inftrument  fupetfedes  the 
ufe  of  a  lantern.  The  image  may  be  contrafled  occa- 
fionally by  one  of  the  large  lenfes." 

With. 


Optics. 


O     R     A 


C    ^11    ] 


O     R     A 


Wuh  refpe<ft  to  my  own  improvement,  it  is  certainly  iiiflieJ  from  Spain  ;  and  the  fame  may,  in  a  great  mea- 
trifling  in  C(imp;irifon  with  the  former  ;  yet,  as  it  unites  fure,  be  fdid  of  the  foldiers,  who  compofe  the  garrifun. 
thofe  parts  of  the  inftiumeni  that  were  lieretofoie  fepa-  Five  regiments  aie  commonly  ftationed  here  ;  but  ow- 
rate,  and  theieby  not  only  make^  the  w-hole  more  com-  ing  to  continual  delcition,  tlieir  ftrength  fcarcely  equah 
pad,  but  keeps  the  lamp  always  in  the  p.>rition  requir-  tiiat  of  four  complete  regiments.  One  of  them  wholly 
eJ,  notv.'ithllanding  any  motion  of  the  niachii-eiy  for  confids  cf  maletaftors,  who  have  been  condenmed  to 
adjuHing  the  focal  dilUuce  of  the  different  iiiagnifiers,  remain  here  for  life  ;  the  reft  are  fuch  as  have  been 
1  have  fund  it  extremely  ct^nvenicnt,  and  have  no  .tianfpoi  ted  for  one  or  more  years.  There  is  here  liLe- 
doubt  of  its  being  thought  fo  by  oihirrs  w-ho  may  pleafe  wife  a  military  Ichool.  Around  the  city  are  pleafanc 
to  adopt  it.  It  is  very  limple,  as  the  following  de-  gardens;  but  it  is  very  dangerous  to  cultivate  them,  oq 
fcriptive  reference  to  the  plate  w  ill  evince.  account  of  the  Moors  and  Arabs  who  frequently  lie  in 

H,  the  brafs  fupporter  to  the  arm  G,  to  enable  It  to  ambulh  among  them.  The  fame  reafon  prevents  the 
fuftain  the  weight  ot  the  lamp.  This  turns  round  cultivation  of  the  fields  in  the  vicinity  ;  and  the  garri- 
with  the  bar  on  the  ftage  pillar  at  M.  fon  and  itihabltanls  niuft  be  fupplied  with  provifiou.-  im- 

I,  a  braf-icap  (foldercd  to  the  luppoiter),  and  which    mediately  from  Spain, 
flips  over  the  Aider  that  cairies  the  lens  2.  ORANG's  Key,  one  of  the  Bahama  illands,  in  the 

K,  a   ftnmg  joint   lallciied   to   the  faid  cap,   which    Weft-Indies.   N.  lat.  24  28,  weft  Ion".  79  37. Morse. 

gives  the  lamp  an  horizontal  movement  when  an  ob-  ORANGE,  a  bay  on  the  north-eaft  coallof  the  ifland 
lique  light  is  required.  At  the  end  of  this,  the  lamp  of  Jamaica,  E.  N.  E.  of  the  high  mountain,  a  little 
is  fixed  in  fiuh  manner  as  eafily  to  flide  in  a  perpendi-  within  land,  under  which  is  Crawford's-Town.  Alfo 
cular  dlreaicn  to  regul  ite  the  height  of  the  light.  a  bay  at  the  n>jrth-weft  end  of  the  fame  illand,  between 

L,  a  fquare  piece  of  brafs,  to  be  occafionally  fcrew-  Gieen-Illand  N.  and  North  Negrll  haibour  S.  or  S.  W. 
eJ  into  the  refervoir  ot  the  lamp,  to  carry  the  tin  cy-    — ib. 

linder  when  it  is  wifhed  to  throw  iranfpaient  ohjeds  on  Orange,  a  cape,  the  eaft  point  of  Oyapok  river 
a  fcreen.  f-mth-eaft  ot  Cayenne  Mand.     N.  lat.  4  20,  Will  long. 

The  fixing  of  Mr  Hill's  lamp  to  it  is  a  convenience    50  50. — ib. 
in  ufing  the  inftrumcnt ;  but  not  effentlal,  and  it  con-        ORANGt  Key,  or  Cay,  a  fmall  ifland  in  Orange  bay 

fines  the  lamp  to  this  ufe  only,  wheieas  on  a  ftand  by    at  the  north-weft  end  of  the  ifland  of  Jamaica. ib. 

itfelf  it  may  anfwer  as  well  for  family  ufe  as  for  the  Orange,  a  county  of  Vermont,  which  in  1790  con- 
niicrofcope.  tained    10,529   inhabitants.     Since   that   time   feveral 

OR,  Cape  d\  in  Nova  Scotia,  is  fituated  on  the  north    other  counties  have  been  ereded  out  oTit.     It  is  bound- 
Cde  of  the  Bafin  of  Minas.     Some  fmall  pieces  of  cop-    ed   weft  by  part  ot  Addifon  and  Chittenden  counties 
per  have  been  found  here. — Murse.  and   eaft  by  Connedlicut  river.     It  now  contains   20 

OR  A  Caleca  Bay,  on  the  north  fide  of  the  ifl  and  of  townthips.  The  county-town,  Neu  bury,  and  the  town- 
Jamaica,  in  the  Weft  Indies,  has  a  ftrong  fort  on  the  fiiips  fouth  of  it,  viz.  Biadford,  Fairlee  and  Thetford 
eaft  fide,  and  Salt  Gat  wefteily  ;  at  both  thefe  places  is  Iront  Coniiedllcut  river.  It  is  high  land,  and  lends  nu- 
good  anchorage  for  large  veifels. — ib.  mtroui  ftreams  in  oppofiie  directions,  boih  to  Connec- 

ORANAI,  or  Raiiai,  one  of  the  Sandwich  Iflands    ticut  river  and  to  Lake  Champlaln. ib. 

in  the  N.  Pacific  Ocean,  9  miles  from  Mowee  and  Mo-  Orange,  a  townlhip  on  the  north  line  1  f  the  above 
rotoi.  The  fouth  point  is  in  lat.  20  46  north,  and  county,  in  the  uorth-eaft  corner  of  which  is  Knox's 
long.  15652  weft. — ih.  Mountain. — ib, 

ORAN,  aconfiJerable  city,  occupied  by  the  Spa-  Orange,  formerly  Cardlgan,a.  towndiip  in  Grafton 
niards,  in  the  province  of  Mafcura,  in  the  country  of  county.  New  Hamptliire,  which  gives  rife  to  an  eaft 
Algiers.  It  has  ftrong  and  regular  fortifications,  and  branch  of  Malcomy  river.  It  was  incorporated  in 
can  eafily  be  fupphed  trom  Spain  with  provifions  and  1769;  contains  131  inhabitants;  and  is  20  miles  eaft  of 
Warlike  ftores.     It  lies  in  35'  of  longitude  weft  from    Dartmouth  college. — ib. 

Greenwich,  and  in  35"  55' norili  latitude.  Since  the  Orange,  a  townlhip  of  MalFachufetts,  fituated  on  the 
year  1732,  the  Spaniards  have  held  uninterrupted  pof-  eaft  line  of  Hamplhiie  county,  on  Millei's  liver  qj. 
ietfion  of  Oian.      It  has  a  [arilh  church,  thiee  inona-    miles  N.  W.  by  W^.   of  B.jfton.     It  was  incorporated 

lleiies,  an  hofpital :   and  the  number  of  tlie  iiiliabltants,    in  17H3.  and  contains  784  inhabitants. ib. 

according  to  the  account  given  if  it  by  the  Spaniards,  Orange,  a  mountainous  and  hilly  county  of  New. 
amount  to  12,000.  Towards  the  fea,  the  city  rifes  in  York,  which  contains  all  that  p.irt  of  the  State  bounded 
the  form  of  an  amphl'hc-atre,  and  is  lurroundcd  with  foutheily  by  the  State  of  New  Jerfey,  wcfterly  bv  the 
lorts  and  batteries.  Clofe  to  the  city  lies  a  ftrong  caftle.  State  of  Pennl'ylvania,  callerly  by  the  middle  of  MudVon's 
Akazava  in  which  the  Spinifh  governor  refides.  On  river,  and  northerly  by  an  eaft  and  weft  line  from  llie 
the  higheft  hill  ftands  Fort  St  Croix,  whofe  guns  com-  middle  ot  Murderer's  Creek.  It  is  di\idcd  into  8 
mand  the  city  and  the  adjacent  country.  From  this  tow.ihips,  of  which  Golhen  is  the  chief,  and  contains 
i'ort  they  make  (ignals  of  the  approach  of  iliips,  and  18,492  inhabitants,  of  whom  2,09^  are  eleiflors  and 
carefully  watch  the  motions  of  the  Moors,  who  often  966  Haves.  In  this  county  are  laifed  large  quan;iiies 
attempt  predatory  incurfion^  into  the  neighbouring  di-  of  excellent  butter,  which  is  collected  at  Newburghand 
llrids.  A  con'.'ideral.le  number  of  Mahoniedans  take  New  Windfor,  and  thence  tranfported  to  New  York 
jefuge  in  Oran  ;  they  dwell  in  a  diftiiet  part  of  the  ci-  On  the  N.  Ildc  of  the  mouiitaino  in  this  county,  is  a  very 
ty,  receive  pay  from  the  court  of  Spam,  and  render  fig-  valuable  iraiit  called  the  Drowned  Lands,  containing 
lial  fervices  againft  the  Moors.  The  grcateft  part  of  about  40  or  50,000  acres.  The  waters  which  defcend 
the  inhabitants  of  Oiau  confiils  of  fudi  as  have  bt;en  ba-   from  ihc  furrouuding  hill.',  being  but  flow  ly  difdiargedi 

by 


O    R    A 


[    678     ] 


O    R     A 


by  tlie  river  ifTuing  from  it,  cover  thefe  vad  meadows 
every  winter,  and  render  them  extremely  fertile  ;  but 
they  expoie  the  ii  hibitants  of  the  vicinity  to  intermit- 
tents.  Wallkill  river,  which  palfes  through  this  traft 
and  empties  into  Hudfon's  liver,  i.s  in  the  Ipring,  ftnred 
with  very  large  eels  in  great  plenty.  The  boitom  ot 
this  river  is  a  broken  rcclc  j  and  it  is  fuppoftd  that  for 
/,'2,ooo  the  channel  might  be  deepened  fo  as  to  drain 
oiT  the  waters,  and  thereby  redeem  from  tlie  floods  a 
large- traa  of  rich  land,  for  grafs,  hemp  and  Indian 
corn. — ii. 

Orangr,  called  alfo  Orangedale,  a  town  in  Effex 
county,  New  Jerfey,  coniaiiung  about  80  houfes,  a 
Prefoyterian  church,  and  a  flourilhing  academy,  and 
lies  norlhweft  of  Newark,  adjoining. — ib. 

Orange,  a  county  <.f  HiHPoonnigh  diftridl,  North 
Carcilin.i  ;  bound.-d  north  by  Cafwell  counly,  and  fouth 
by  Chatham.  The  rivers  Haw  and  Enoe  in  this 
county  have  rich  lands  en  their  borders.  It  contains 
12,216  inhabitants,  of  whom  2,060  are  flaves.  Chief 
town  Hlllfcorough. — ib. 

Orange,  a  county  of  S.  Carolina,  in  Orangeburg 
diftria.— /■*. 

Orange,  a  connty  of  Virginia,  bounded  north  by 
Culpepper,  and  fouth  by  Albemarle.  It  contains 
9,921  inhabitants,  including  4,421  (laves.  The  court- 
lioufe  ia  fituated  20  miles  from  Culpepper  court  houfe, 
30  from  Charlotteville,  and  273  from  Philadelphia. 
—ib. 

ORANGEBURG.a  diftria  of  S. Carolina,  bounded 
fouth-wefl  by  Savannah  river;  eaft  by  the  river  San- 
tee  ;  and  nurth-eaft  by  the  Congaree,  which  divide  it 
from  Camden  diftria;  fouth  by  Beaufort,  and  fouth-eaft 
by  Charlefton  diftria.  It  contains  18,513  inhabitants, 
of  whom  5,93  I  are  flaves.  Sends  to  the  ftate  legiflature 
10  reprelentdtives  and  3  fenators ;  and,  with  the  dif- 
tria of  Beaufort,  one  member  to  congrefs.  It  is 
divided  into  4  counties,  viz.  Lewifburg,  Orange,  Lex- 
ington and  Winton. — ib. 

Orangeburg,  a  pod  town  of  S.  Carolina,  and  capi- 
tal of  the  above  diftria,  is  on  the  E.  fide  of  the  north 
branch  of  Edifto  river.  It  has  a  court  houfe,  jail,  and 
about  50  houfes;  diftant  77  miles  N.  N.  W.  of  Charlef- 
ton, 36  foutherly  of  Columbia,  and  721  from  Phila- 
delphia.— ib. 

ORANGE  Men,  an  appellation  affumed  by  certain 
focieties  in  Ireland,  of  which  the  firft  was  formed  in 
the  county  of  Armagh,  on  the  2 1  (I  of  November  1 795, 
others  in  fome  town^  of  UUler  and  Leinfler  in  the  year 
1797,  another  in  the  city  of  Dublin  1798;  and  fince 
that  period,  thefe  focieties  have  fpread  over  the  whole 
of  that  kingdom.  The  objta  of  thefe  aflbciations  is 
exhiliited  in  the  following  authentic  Declaration  of  the 
Principles  of  Orange-men,  publifhed  1799. 

"  From  the  various  attempts  that  have  been  made  to 
poifon  the  public  mind,  and  flander  thofe  who  have  had 
the  fpirit  to  adhere  to  their  kin^  and  conllituiion,  and 
to  maintain  the  laws : — 

"  We,  the  Protedants  of  Dublin,  afTuming  the  name 
of  Orange-men,  feel  ourfelves  called  upon,  not  to  vin- 
dicate our  principles,  for  we  know  that  our  honour  and 
loyalty  bid  defiance  to  the  Ihafts  of  malevolence  and  dif- 
affeaion,  but  openly  to  avow  thofe  principles,  and  de- 
clare to  tbe  world  the  objeas  of  our  inditution. 


Orai'ge- 
town. 


"  We  have  long  obferved,  with  indignation,  the  ef-    Orangec 
forts  that  have  been  made  to  foment  rebellion  in  this      Men, 
kingdom,  by  liie  feditiou^,  who  have  formed  themfelves 
into  focieties,  under  the  fpecious  name  of  United  Irifj' 
men .  s, 

"  We  have  feen  with  pain  the  lower  orders  of  our 
fellow-lubjeas,  forced  or  fediiced  froni  their  allegiance, 
by  the  threats  or  macliinations  c.{  trailors. 

"  And  we  have  viewed  with  hoiror  the  fuccefsful  ex- 
ertions ('(  mijcreanis,  to  encourage  a  foreign  enemy  to 
invade  this  happy  land,  in  liopes  of  rifing  into  confe- 
quence  on  the  downlal  of  their  country, 

"  We  therefore  thought  it  high  time  to  rally  round 
the  conlbiution,  and  there  pkdge  ourfelves  to  each 
other,  to  mainta'n  the  laws,  and  fupport  our  good  king 
againft  all  his  enemies,  whether  rebels  to  their  God  or 
to  their  country  ;  and  by  fo  doing,  ihew  to  the  world 
that  there  is  a  body  oi  men  in  this  ifland,  who  are  ready, 
in  the  hour  of  danger,  to  ftand  forward  in  defence 
of  that  grand  palladium  of  our  liberties,  the  conftitu- 
tion  ot  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  obtained  and  eftab- 
liflird  by  the  courage  and  loyalty  of  our  anceftors  under 
the  Great  King  William. 

"  Fellow-fubjeas,  we  are  accufed  with  being  an  in- 
JlilutiuB,  f 'unded  on  principles  too  fhocking  to  repeat, 
and  bound  together  by  oaths,  at  which  human  nature 
may  fhudder  :  but  we  caution  you  nor  to  be  led  away 
by  fuch  malevolent  falfehoods;  for  we  folemnly  affure 
you,  in  the  prefence  of  the  Almighty  God,  that  the 
idea  of  injuring  any  one,  on  account  of  his  religious 
opinion,  never  entered  into  our  hearts  :  we  regard  every 
loyal fubjea  as  our  friend,  be  his  leligion  what  it  may  ; 
we  have  no  enmity  but  to  the  enemies  of  our  country. 
"  We  farther  declare,  that  we  are  ready,  at  all  times, 
to  fubmit  ourfelves  to  the  orders  of  thofe  in  authority 
under  his  majetly,  and  that  we  will  cheerfully  under- 
take any  dmy  which  they  fliall  think  proper  to  point 
out  for  us,  in  cafe  either  a  foreign  enemy  Ihall  dare  to 
invade  oui  coaft s,  or  that  a  domeilic  foe  (hall  prefume  to 
raife  the  tlandard  of  rebellion  in  the  land.  To  thefe 
principles  we  are  pledged — and  in  fupport  of  them  we 
are  leady  to  fpend  the  laftdropofour  bh  od. — (Signed) 
Thomas  Verner,  Grand  Majler;  John  Clan.  Beresford, 
Grand  Secretary;  William  James,  J.  De  Joncoi»rt,  Ed- 
ward   Ball." 

ORANGETOWN,  or  Greenland,  a  plantation  in 
Cumberland  county,  Maine,  N.  W.  of  Waterford.  One 
branch  of  Songo  river  rifes  in  the  northern  part  of  this 
plantation,  within  about  3  miles  of  Amarifcoggin  river, 
where  there  is  a  pond,  2  miles  Ion;:,  called  Songo  Pond, 
from  thence  the  ftream  runs  fouth  ward.  It  is  very 
difficult  to  effea  roads  through  this  mountainous 
country  ;  f  ime  of  the  mountains  affording  precipices 
200  feet  perpendicular.  The  fides  of  the  mountains 
and  vallies  are  fertile,  produce  good  crops,  and  in  fome 
inftances  afford  wild  onions,  which  refenible  thofe  that 
are  cultivated.  Winter  rye,  which  is  the  chief  pro- 
duce, has  amounted  to  20  bulhels  an  acre  The  coun- 
try in  the  neighbourhood  formerly  abounded  with 
variety  of  game,  viz.  moote,  deer,  bears,  beaver,  ra- 
coon, fable,  &c.  but  fince  it  has  been  inhabited,  game 
has  become  fcarce  ;  deer  are  extirpated  from  the  vici- 
nity  ;  fome  moofe  remain  among  the  mountains,  and  a 
few  beaver,  that  are  too  fagacious  to  be  taken  by  the 

inoft 


ORG 


[    C79    3 


O     R    D 


Oraiigc- 
town, 

II 

Orchanl. 


moft  crafty  hunter.  Since  the  deer  have  been  deftroyed, 
the  wolves  have  wholly  left  this  part  of  the  country. 
— Morse. 

Orangetown,  in  Orange  criunty,  New  Yotk,  is 
fituited  un  the  well  fide  of  the  Tappan  Sea,  oppi)fiti 
Philipfburgh,  and  about  27  miles  north  of  New  York 
city.  The  townfhip  is  bounded  ealUrly  by  Hudfon's 
river,  and  foutheily  by  the  (late  of  New  Jerfcy.  It 
contains  1175  inhabitants,  of  whom  162  are  electors, 
and  203  fl.ives. — ib. 

Orangetown,  in  WaOiington  county,  Maine,  is  19 
miles  dillantfrom  Machias. — ib. 

ORCHARD.  As  an  appendix  to  this  article  in 
the  Encycl.  fome  of  our  readers  will  be  pleafed  vi-ith 
the  following  means,  employed  by  the  Rev.  Mr  Ger- 
vierjhauffn,  for  promoting  the  growth  of  young  trees, 
and  intreafing  the  iu-t.  and  flavour  of  the  fruit  in  or- 
chards. 

Having  planted  feveral  young  plum-trees  in  an  or- 
chard, he  coveted  the  ground,  for  fome  ye  ts,  around 
the  tiunks,  as  far  as  the  roots  extended,  with  flax-lhows 
(a)  ;  by  which  means  thofe  trees,  though  in  a  grafs- 
helJ,  increafed  in  a  wonderful  manner,  and  far  excelled 
other',  piinted  in  cultivated  ground.  As  far  as  theihows 
reached,  the  grafs  and  weeds  were  choaked;  and  the 
foil  under  them  was  fo  tender  and  foft,  that  no  better 
mould  could  have  been  wifbcd  for  by  a  florilh 

When  he  obferved  this,  he  covered  the  ground  with 
the  fame  fubllance,  as  far  as  the  routs  extended,  around 
an  old  plum-tree,  which  appeared  to  be  in  alangttifhing 
ftate,  and  which  ItooJ  in  a  grafs  field.  The  confequen- 
ces  wete,  that  it  acqtiired  a  lliong  new  bark  ;  produced 
larger  and  better-tailed  fruit;  and  that  thofe  young 
(hoots,  which  before  grew  up  around  the  (lem,  and 
which  it  was  every  year  neceffary  to  dellroy,  were  pre- 
vented from  fprouting  forth,  as  the  covering  of  flax- 
fhows  impeded  the  free  accefs  of  air  at  the  bottom  of 
the  trunk. 

In  the  year  1793,  he  tranfplanted,  from  feed-beds, 
into  the  nurfery,  feveral  fruit-tiees  ;  the  ground  around 
fome  of  which  he  covered,  as  above,  with  flax-rtiows. 
Notwithftanding  the  great  heat  of  the  fummer,  none  of 
thofe  trees  where  the  earth  was  covered  with  ihows  died 
or  decayed;  becaufe  the  fhows  prevented  the  earth  un- 
der them  from  being  dried  by  the  fun.  Ot  thofe  trees 
around  which  the  ground  was  not  covered  as  before 
mentioned,  the  fourth  part  mifcarried ;  and  thofe  that 
continued  alive  were  far  weaker  than  the  tormer. 

The  Uaves  which  fall  from  trees  in  autumn  may  alfo 
be  employed  for  coveiing  the  ground  in  like  manner; 
but  Hones,  or  loc;s  of  wood,  mud  be  laid  on  them,  to 
prevent  their  being  difperfed  by  the  wind.  In  grafs- 
iand,  a  fniall  trench  may  be  made  around  the  roots  of 
the  tree,  wlien  planted,  in  order  to  leceive  the  leaves. 
If  fl.ix-lh'.ws  are  ufed,  this  is  not  necelTary;  they  lie 
on  the  furface  of  the  ground  fo  fall  as  to  refill  the  force 
cf  the  moll  violent  ll  .rm.  The  leaves  which  our  au- 
thor found  mod  effedual  in  piomoting  the  growth  and 
fertility  of  fruit  trees,  are  thofe  of  the  walnut-tree. 
Whether  it  is,  that,  on  account  of  their  containing  a 
gi  eater  abundance  of  faline  particles,  tliey  communicate 


manure  to  the  ground,  which  thereby  becomes  tender 
under  them  ;  or  that  they  attraft  nitrous  particles  (rom 
the  atmofphere  ;    or  that,  by  both  thefe  means,  they  , 
tend  to  nourilh  the  tree  both  above  and  below. 

Thofe  who  are  defirous  of  raifing  tender  exotic  trees 
from  the  feed,  inoider  to  accuftcm  them  to  our  climate, 
may,  when  they  tranfplant  them,  employ  flax-fhows 
with  great  advantage.  Thi^  covering  will  prevent  the 
froll  fiom  making  its  way  to  the  roots  ;  and  rats  and 
mice,  on  account  of  the  (liarp  prickly  points  of  the 
flax-lhows,  will  not  be  able  to  Ihelter  themfelves  under 
them. 

ORCHILLA,  a  weed  ufed  in  dyeing,  which  grows 
in  the  Canary  Iflands,  and  is  monopolized  by  the  go- 
vernment. "  It  is  a  minute  vegetable  (fays  Sir  George 
Staunton),  of  the  lichen  kind,  growing  chiefly  upon 
rocks  of  a  loofe  texture,  and  produces  a  beautiful  vio- 
let blue  colour." 

Orchilla,  one  of  the  Leeward  ill.inds  in  the 
Well-Indies,  fituated  near  the  coall  of  Terra  Firma, 
S.  America;  between  the  iflands  of  Tortuga  and  Reca, 
15  or  16  leagues  north-well  of  the  former,  and  6  or  7 
E.  and  E.  by  N.  of  the  latter.  It  is  about  8  leagues 
long.  On  the  S.  and  S.  W.  fide,  the  llrand  is  lleep 
and  bold,  fo  that  a  fhip  may  lay  her  brsadfide  clofe  to 
the  fiiore  ;  but  the  north  fide  is  foul  and  rocky.  Here 
is  no  good  water,  nor  indeed  any  thing  elfe  but  (belter 
from  northerly  winds,  and  goat's  flelh.  It  is  divided  in- 
to feveral  fmall  iflands,  feparated  from  each  other  by 
(hallow  canals.    N.  lat.  1152,  W.  long.  65  15. — Morse. 

ORDADO  Rock,  near  the  coall  of  Peru,  is  4  miles 
fouth  by  eall  of  Port  Callao.  Near  it  are  fome  fmaller 
ones,  and  round  them  from  9  to  16  fathoms  water. — ib, 

ORDEAL.  See  this  article  in  the  Encydopdd'm,  at 
the  end  of  which  we  have  given,  from  Dr  Henry's  Ki- 
ftory  of  England,  fome  llrong  reafons  fur  fufpecfting 
that  the  ordeal,  by  fire  at  leafi,  was  a  grofs  impofitioi\ 
on  the  credulity  of  an  ignorant  and  fuperflitious  age. 
This  fufpicion  of  impolture  is  raifed  to  certainty  by 
ProfelTor  Beckmann,  who,  in  his  Hillory  of  Inventions, 
gives  us  the  whole  procefs  by  which  the  clergy  con- 
duced the  trial,  and  brought  proofs  of  innocence  or  of 
guilt  at  their  pleafure.  The  perfon  accufed  was  put 
entirely  under  their  mandgement  tor  three  days  before 
the  trial,  and  for  as  many  after  it.  They  covered  his 
hands  (when  he  was  to  lift  red-hot  iron)  both  before 
and  after  the  proof ;  fealed  and  unlealed  the  coverinij. 
The  former  was  done,  as  they  pretended,  to  prevent  the 
hands  from  being  prefared  any  how  by  art  ;  the  latter^ 
that  it  might  be  accurately  known  whether  or  not  they 
were  burnt. 

Some  artificial  preparation  was  therefore  known,  el.e 
no  precautions  would  have  been  necelfary.  It  is  highly 
probable,  that  during  the  three  fiifl  days  the  preventa- 
tive was  applied  to  thofe  perlons  whom  th;y  wilhed  to 
appear  innocent ;  and  that  the  three  days  after  the  trial 
were  requifite  to  let  the  hands  refume  their  natural  ftate. 
The  facred  lealing  fecured  them  from  the  examination 
of  prefumptuous  unbelievers  ;  tor  to  determine  whether 
the  hands  were  burnt,  the  three  laft  days  were  certain- 
ly not  wanted.     When  the  ordeal  was  abolifhed,  and 

this 


(a)  Shows  are  ihc  rcfuii:  oi  £a;c  wbea  ii  is  fcut<,b«J  cr  heckled. 


O    R    F 


[    68 


Oreihou,  this  art  rendered  ufelefs,  the  clergy  no  longer  kept  it  a 
II  fecret.  In  the  1 3th  crntiiry,  an  account  of  it  was  puh- 
Orfc^rJ.  jjfi,pj  ijy  Albeuus  M:ignus,  a  Dominican  monk  (a). 
H  his  receipt  be  genuine,  it  feems  to  have  confifted  ra- 
ther in  covering  the  hands  with  a  kind  of  pafte  than  in 
hardening  them.  The  fapof  the  allhiea  (marlhmallovv), 
the  (limy  feeds  of  the  flea-bane,  which  is  dill  ufed  for 
rtilfening  by  the  hat-makers  and  filk-weavers,  together 
with  the  white  of  an  egg,  were  employed  to  make  the 
parte  adhere.  And  by  thefe  means  the  hands  were  as 
fafe  as  if  they  had  been  fecured  by  gloves. 

OREAHOU,  or  Oreehnu,  a  fmall  elevated  illand, 
clofe  to  the  north  fide  of  Oneeheow,  one  of  the  Sand- 
wich Iflands,  with  which  it  is  connefled  by  a  reef  of 
coral  rocks.  It  contains  about  4,000  inhabitants.  N. 
lat.  222,  W.  long.  160  S. — Morse. 

ORFFYREUS's  Wheel,  in  mechanic?,  is  a  ma- 
chine fo  called  from  its  inventor,  which  he  aiferted  to 
be  a  peipetual  motion.    This  machine,  according  to  the 
Huiion,    account  given  of  it  by  Gravefande,  in  his  Oeuvres  Pln- 

Diilionary.  lofophtques,  publiflied  by  AUemand,  Amft.  1774,  con- 
filled  externally  of  a  large  circular  wheel,  or  rather 
drum  12  ttet  in  diameter,  and  14  inches  deep;  being 
very  light,  as  it  was  formed  of  an  aflemblage  of  deals, 
having  the  intervals  between  them  covered  with  waxed 
cloth,  to  conceal  the  interior  parts  ot  it.  The  two 
extremities  of  an  irrn  axis,  on  which  it  turned,  relied 
on  two  fupports.  On  giving  a  flight  impulfe  to  the 
■wheel,  in  either  dire(5llon,  its  motion  was  gradually  ac- 
celerated ;  fo  that,  after  two  or  three  revolutions,  it  ac- 
quired fo  great  a  velocity  as  to  make  25  or  26  turns  in 
a  minute.  This  rapid  motion  it  aflually  preferved  du- 
ring the  fpace  of  two  months,  in  a  chamber  of  the  land- 
grave ot  Helfe,  the  door  of  which  was  kept  locked,  and 
fealed  with  the  landgrave's  own  feal.  At  the  end  of 
that  time  it  was  flopped,  to  prevent  the  wear  of  the 
materials.  The  prolelfor,  who  had  been  an  eye  wit- 
nefs  to  thefe  circumrtances,  examined  all  the  external 
parts  of  it,  and  was  convinced  that  there  could  not  be 
any  communication  between  it  and  any  neighbouring 
room.  Oiffyreus,  however,  was  fo  incenfed,  or  pre- 
tended to  be  fo,  that  he  brcke  the  machine  in  pieces  ; 
and  wrote  on  the  wall,  that  it  was  the  impertinent  cn- 
riofity  of  Profeffor  Gravefande  which  made  him  take 
this  Hep.  The  prince  of  Heife,  who  had  feen  the  in- 
terior parts  of  this  wheel,  but  fw.irn  to  fecrecy,  being 
alked  by  Gravefande,  whether,  after  it  had  been  in  mo- 
tion for  fome  time,  there  was  any  change  obfervable  in 
it,  and  whether  it  contained  any  pieces  that  indicated 
("raud  or  deception  ?  anfwered  both  queftions  in  the  ne- 
gative, and  declared,  that  the  machine  was  of  a  very 
*  limple  conflru(flirn. 

ORFOKD,  a  townfhip  in  Grafton  county.  New 
Hamplhire,  fituated  on  the  eaft  bank  of  Connefticut 
river,  about  1 1  miles  north  of  Hanover,  and  oppofite 
to  Fairlee  in  Vermont,  595  miles  N.  N.  E.  of  Phila- 
delphia.    It  was  incorporated  in  1761,  and  contains 


O       ] 

540  inhabitants. 


o 


R 


I 


The  foap-rock,  which  has  the  pro- 
perty of  fuller's  earth  in  cleanfing  cloth,  is  found  here; 
alfo  alum  ere,  free-rtone  fit  for  building,  and  a  grey 
ftone,  in  great  demand  for  mill  flones,  reckoned  equal 
in  quality  to  the  imported  burr-dores. — Morsf. 

Orford,  Cape,  the  northwerternmoft  point  of  the 
large  i{l,ind  to  the  wellward  of  Falkland's  Sound  in  the 
Falkland's  Iflands,  in  the  S.  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  fouth- 
eaft  of  Cape  Percival. — ih. 

ORICOU,  a  new  fpecies  of  the  vulture,  difcovered 
by  Vaillant  at  Orange  river,  in  South  Africa.  As  he 
thii  ks  it  unqueftionably  ihemoft  beautiful  of  its  genus, 
and  tells,  as  ufual  with  him,  a  wrndeiful  ftory  about 
it,  we  have  given  a  figure  of  this  vulture  in  Plate  XLI. 
Our  traveller  fays,  that  it  is  more  than  three  feet  high, 
and  eight  or  nine  in  breadth  of  wing.  Its  feathers,  the 
general  hue  of  which  is  a  light  brown,  are  of  a  particular 
kind  on  the  bread,  belly,  and  (ides,  where  they  are  of 
unequal  lengths  pointed,  curved  like  the  blade  of  a 
fahre,  and  brilUe  up  dift'nfl  from  each  other.  The 
feathers  being  thus  feparated,  would  difclofe  to  view  the 
(kin  on  the  breaft,  if  it  were  not  completely  covered 
with  a  very  thick  and  beautiful  white  down,  which  is 
eafily  fetn  between  the  rtiffled  plumage. 

A  celebrated  naturalill  has  faid,  that  "no  bird  has 
eye  lafhes  (r  eyebrows,  rr,  at  leaf!,  hair  round  the  eyes 
like  that  in  quadrupeds."  This  aifertion,  advanced  as 
a  general  law  of  Nature,  is  a  miftake.  Not  only  the 
oricou  has  this  peculiarity,  but  we  know  of  many  orher 
fpecies  in  which  it  exifls;  fuch  as,  in  general,  all  the 
c.ilaos,  the  fecretary,  and  feveral  other  birds  of  prey. 
Befide  thefe  eye  laflies,  the  vulture  in  queftion  has  flifF 
black  hairs  on  its  throat.  All  the  head  and  part  of  the 
neck  are  bare  of  feathers;  and  the  naked  fkin,  which  is 
of  a  reddifh  colour,  is  dafhed  in  certain  places  with  blue, 
violet,  and  white.  The  ear,  in  its  external  circumfer- 
ence, is  bounded  by  a  piomincnt  fkin,  which  forms  a 
fort  of  rounded  crnch,  that  mull  necelfarily  heighten  the 
faculty  of  hearing  in  this  fpecies.  Tliis  kind  of  conch 
is  prolonged  for  fome  inches,  and  defcends  down  the 
neck ;  which  induced  our  author  to  give  it  the  name 
of  oricou. 

Its  ftrength,  he  fays,  mufl  be  very  confiderable,  if 
we  may  judge  from  its  mtifcles  and  finews  ;  and  he  is 
perfuaded  that  there  is  not  a  flronger  among  the  whole 
order  of  carnivorous  birds,  not  excepting  the  famous 
condor,  which  fo  many  travellers  have  feen,  but  of  which 
their  defcriptions  are  fo  different  as  to  render  its  exift- 
ence  extremely  doubtful.  But  there  was  no  occafion 
for  this  reafoning,  and  thofe  inferences,  if  what  he  re- 
lates as  fai5ts  deferve  any  credit.  The  oricou  which  he 
defcribes,  he  firlf  perceived  perched  on  the  carcafe  of  a 
hippopotamos,  eagerly  devouring  its  flcfh.  He  fhot  at 
it,  and  wounded  it  flightly  ;  upon  which,  "  though  it 
had  already  gorged  itfelf  with  a  confiderable  quantity  of 
flelh  (for  upon  opening  it,  he  found  in  its  ftomach  no 
lefs  a  quantity  xhan  fx  pounds  and  a  half),  yet  its  hun- 
ger 


(a)  In  his  work  De  MiralUibut  MtinJi,  at  the  end  of  his  book  De  Secreth  Mulierum,  Amflelod.  lycz, 
12m",  p.  100.  Experimentum  mirabile  quod  facit  homiucm  ire  in  ignem  fme  Ixfione,  vel  portare  ignem  vel 
ferrum  ignitum  fine  lasfione  in  manu.  Recipe  fuccum  bil'malvoe,  et  albumen  ovi,  et  femen  pfylli  et  calcem,  et 
pulveriza,  et  confice  cum  illo  albumine  ovi  fuccum  raphanl  ;  commifce  ;  ex  hac  confeft'one  illineas  corpus  tuum 
vel  manum,  et  dimitte  ficcaii,  et  poftea  iterum  illineas,  et  poft  hoc  poteris  auda&er  fuftinere  ignem  fine  nocu- 
jnento.  ' 


O    R     O 

ger  and  voracity  were  fuch,  that  it  ftruck  its  beak  into 
the  carcafe  when  attempting  to  take  wing,  as  if  defi- 
rous  of  carrying  the  whole  ot  it  away. 

"  On  the  other  hand,  the  weight  of  the  flefli  it  had 
devoured  rendering  it  the  more  heavy,  it  could  not  ea- 
fily  rife  ;  fo  that  we  had  time  (fays  he)  to  reach  it  be- 
fore it  was  on  the  w'ing,  and  we  endeavoured  to  knock 
it  on  the  head  with  the  but-ends  of  our  mufkets.  It 
defended  itfelf  a  long  time  with  great  intrepidity.  It 
bit  or  ftruck  at  our  weapons  with  its  beak,  and  its 
ftrength  was  ftill  fo  great,  that  every  (Iroke  made  a 
mark  on  the  barrel  of  ihe  piece," 

ORIENT,  the  eaft,  or  the  eaftern  point  of  the  ho- 
rizon. 

Orient  EqulnoHial,  is  ufed  for  that  point  of  the 
horizon  where  the  fun  rifes,  when  he  is  in  the  equinoc- 
tial, or  when  he  enters  ihe  figns  Aries  and  Libra. 

Orient  Aejli-val,  ii  the  point  where  the  fun  rifes  in 
the  middle  ot  fummer,  when  the  days  are  longeft. 

Orient  Hybernal,  is  the  point  where  the  fun  rifes  in 
the  middle  of  winter,  when  the  days  are  fiiorteft. 

ORLEANS,  the  middle  of  the  three  northern  coun- 
ties of  Vermont.  A  part  of  Lake  Memphremagog 
projefts  into  the  northern  part  of  it  from  Canada.  It 
contains  23  townfliips.  It  is  very  high  land,  and  fends 
its  waters  in  almoft  every  diredion  of  the  compafs. 
Clyde,  Barton  and  Black  rivers  empty  into  Lake  Mem- 
phremagog ;  the  waters  of  many  branches  of  Miffifcoui, 
La  Moelle,  and  Onion  rivers,  rifing  here,  fall  into  Lake 
Champlain  ;  thofe  of  Mulhegan  and  Pafumpfick  empty 
into  Connefticut  river. — Morse. 

Orleans,  a  townlhip  in  the  county  of  BarnQable, 
Maffachufelts,  taken  from  the  foutherly  part  of  Eall- 
ham,  and  incorporated  1797. — ib. 

Orleans,  Ifleof,  is  fitu.ited  in  the  river  St  Lawrence, 
a  fmall  diftance  below  Quebec,  and  is  remarkable  for 
the  richnefs  of  its  foil.  It  lies  in  the  middle  of  the 
river,  the  channel  is  upon  the  S.  fide  of  the  illand,  the 
N.  fide  not  having  depth  of  water  at  full  tide,  even  for 
fhallops.  The  S.  W.  end  of  the  ifland  is  called  Point 
Orleans.  The  coaft  is  rocky  for  a  mile  and  a  half 
within  the  S.  channel,  where  there  is  a  careening  place 
for  merchant  fliips.  Round  Puint  Levi,  and  along  the 
S.  E.  fide  of  the  river,  the  (hore  is  rocky,  but  the  middle 
of  the  bafon  is  entirely  free. — ib. 

Orleans,  Old  Foit,  is  fuuated  on  the  W.  bank  of  a 
bend  of  Miifouri  river,  in  Louifiana,  a  confiderablc  dil- 
tance  from  its  mouth. — ib. 

ORODADA  PENA,  on  the  coaft  of  Pern,  is  two 
leagues  due  north  ol  Lobos  de  Payta,  and  i  fouth  by 
well  of  Pavta.— /i. 

OROMCOTO,  a  river  of  New  Crunfwick,  which 
empties  into  St  John's  river.  By  this  palfage  the 
Indians  have  a  communication  with  Palfamaquoddy 
Bay.— /i. 

ORONDOCKS,  an  Indian  tribe  who  live  near  Trols 
Rivieres,  and  could  turniili  100  warriors  about  20 
years  ago. — ib. 

ORONOKO,  or  Oromque,  one  of  the  largefl  rivers 
of  S.  America,  and  is  itmaik;ilile  f'r  its  rifing  and 
falling  once  a  ytar  only;  for  it  gradually  rifci  during 
the  f|).ice  of  5  monih'i,  and  then  leniains  one  month 
ft  itii-iiiry,  af  er  wliich  it  falls  for  5  months,  and  in 
that  flate  continues  fir  one  month  alfo.  Thefc  alter- 
nate- ch.inges  are  regular,  and  even  invariable.   Perhaps 

SupfL,  Vol.  II. 


[     681     ]  O     R     O 

the  rifing  of  the  waters  of  the  river  may  depend  on   Oronoko, 
the  rains  which  conilantly  fall  In  the  mountains  of  the  li 

Andes,  (where  the  river  has  its  fource)  every  year  Orotava. 
about  the  month  of  April;  and  though  the  height  of '~'"'''^~' 
the  flood  depends  much  upon  the  breadth  or  extent  of 
the  bed  of  the  river,  yet  in  one  part  where  it  is  narrow- 
eft,  it  rifes  to  the  aftonilhing  height  of  120  feet.  The 
mouth  of  the  river  is  S.  by  E.  of  the  Gulf  of  Paria,  in 
lat.  8  30  N.  and  long.  59  50  W.  and  oppofite  to  the 
Ifland  ot  Trinidad.  It  is  large  and  navigable,  and  has 
many  good  towns  on  its  banks,  that  are  cliicfly  inha- 
bited by  the  Spanifli,  and  is  juincd  alfo  on  the  E.  fide 
by  the  Lake  Cafipa.  There  are  two  other  iflands  at 
its  mouth,  the  entrance  to  which  is  alfo  fcmewhat  dan- 
gerous,  as  there  is  frequently  a  dreadful  conflid  between 
the  tide  of  the  ocean  and  the  current  of  the  river,  that 
muft,  for  the  reafons  afligned,  fometimes  run  very 
rapidly.  It  is  faid  the  river,  including  its  windings, 
takes  a  courfe  of  1380  miles,  and  prefer  ves  the  frefti- 
nefs  of  its  waters  twelve  leagues  from  the  mouth  of  that 
vaft  and  deep  channel,  within  which  it  was  confined.  It 
may  be  confidered,  however,  as  having  many  mouths, 
which  are  formed  by  die  iflands  that  lie  before  its  open- 
ing towards  the  ocean  ;  yet  there  are  only  two  that  are 
confidered  as  of  any  ufe  for  the  purpofes  of  navigation. 
Thefe  are  the  channels  of  Sabarima  and  Corobana, 
otherwife  called  Caribbiana.  The  latter  lies  in  a  S.  by 
W.  direiflion,  and  is  alfo  divided  into  two  dillimft  chan- 
nels, that  afterwards  meet  again  at  the  ifland  of  Trini- 
dad in  the  mouth  of  the  Grand  river.  But  pilots 
pretend  to  fay,  that  the  mouth  of  this  great  river  begins 
from  the  river  Amugora,  reaching  from  thence  to  the 
river  Sabarima,  and  from  thence  about  to  the  river 
Caribbiana  ;  and  feme  accounts  Rate  its  mouths  to  be 
40  in  number,  as  it  it  were  a  coUeition  of  many  rivers, 
all  uniting  at  the  mouth  of  the  great  river,  and  aflifling 
to  convey  the  main  flream  of  that  river  into  the  ocean. 
The  weft  paflage  or  channel  of  the  river  Oronoko, 
called  by  the  Spaniards  the  Gulf  of  Paria,  lies  between 
Cape  Salinas  on  the  main,  and  the  north-weft  point  of 
the  ifland  of  Trinidad.  It  contains  feveral  iflands, 
which  divide  the  ftream  of  the  river  into  feveral 
branches,  particularly  the  Great  Boco,  or  mouth, 
which  is  the  eafternmoft,  being  about  gun-fhot  wide,  but 
having  no  foundings,  with  300  fathoms,  and  the 
Little  Boco,  or  Mouth,  which  is  tlie  wefternmoft,  being  * 

almoft  as  wide  as  the  other,  and  having  ground  at  from 
50  to  60  fathoms.  At  New  Cape  Araya.  on  the  north- 
ward tide  of  the  mouth  of  this  river,  are  fait  pits  which 
yield  the  linelt  fait  in  the  world.  In  fome  maps,  the 
head-waters  are  called  Inircliia. — ib. 

OROPESA,  a  town  in  the  jurifdiflion  of  La  Plata, 
S.  America;  fituated  60  miles  N.  W.  of  that  city,  in 
the  valley  of  Cochabaniba,  on  a  fmall  rivulet  which 
empties  into  the  river  Guapay.  It  has  a  confiderable 
trade  in  corn  and  fruits. — ib. 

Oropesa,  a  town  of  S.  America,  in  Peru,  featcd  at 
the  foot  ol  the  nn  untains,  750  miles  from  Lima,  and 
150  N.  E.  of  Potofi.     S.  lit.  iS,  W.  h-ng.  63  ^o. — ib. 

OROTAVA,  a  town  in  the  Ifland  ci"  Teiie'i iife,  at 
the  bottom  of  tl-.ol'e  mountains  out  of  which  the  Peek 
riles,  neatly  luiilt  of  done,  on  an  irregular  furface.  The 
moft  remarkable  o'^jcfl  near  it  is  a  dragon's  blood  tree, 
of  which  the  trunk  meafures,  at  the  heiglit  of  ten  feet 
tioni  die  ground,  36  lect  in  giith.  Concerning  this 
4  R.  tree 


O     R     O  C     6'i 

Orotcliys.  tree  there  is  a  tradition  current  in  the  ifland,  that  it  ex- 
v^~^""»-^  ided,  ot"  no  incoiiliderable  dimenfions,  when  ths  Spa- 
niards made  the  conquell  of  Teneriffe,  about  three  cen- 
tuiies  ago  ;  and  thai  it  wa\i  then,  wliat  it  Hill  is,  a  land 
mark,  to  dilliugullh  the  boundaries  of  landed  pofief- 
lions  near  it. 

Diftant  about  three  miles  on  the  fea-coaft  is  the  puer- 
to,  or  fea-port,  of  Orotava,  where  is  carried  on  a  con- 
liJcrable  degree  of  commerce,  principally  for  the  expor- 
tation of  wine.  It  is  chiefly,  as  at  Madeira,  in  the 
hands  of  a  few  Britifh  commercial  houfes,  which  im- 
port, in  return,  the  nianufaflures  of  Great  Britain. 
Within  a  mile  is  a  coUefiion  of  living  plants  from  Mexi- 
co, and  other  parts  of  the  Spanilh  dominions  in  Ame- 
rica. From  hence  they  are  to  be  tranfplanted  into 
Spain.  It  is  an  eftab'ilhment  of  fume  expence;  and, 
whatever  may  be  its  fuccefs,  it  fhows  a  laudable  atten- 
tion, en  the  part  of  that  governman,  to  the  promotion 
of  natur.il  knowledge. 

OROTCHYS  and  Bitchys,  two  tribes  of  Tartars, 
who  were  vifited  by  La  Peroufe  in  1787,  and  of  whofe 
manners  he  gives  fuch  an  account  as  renders  it  difficult 
to  fay  wlieiher  tiiey  have  the  bed  claim  to  be  called  a 
favage  or  a  civilized  people.  He  fell  in  with  a  fmall 
village  of  them  on  the  ealt  co.ifl  of  Tartary,  in  a  bay  to 
which  he  gave  the  nan-.e  of  B.de  de  djirie,  in  lat.  51° 
29'  north,  and  long.  139'  39'  eaft  t'lom  Paris. 

Thsir  village,  their  employment,  their  drefs,  and 
their  apparent  ignorance  of  all  religion,  befpoke  them 
lavages.  Their  village  was  compofed  of  four  cabins, 
built  in  a  folid  manner,  of  the  trunks  of  fir-trees,  and 
covered  with  bark.  A  wooden  bench  conipalfed  the 
apartment  round  about  ;  ard  the  l;earth  was  placed  in 
tlie  middle,  under  an  cpsuing  large  enough  to  give  vent 
to  the  Imoke. 

This  village  was  built  upon  a  fngue  of  low  marfhy 
land,  which  appeared  to  be  uninhabitable  during  the 
winter ;  but  on  the  oppohte  iide  of  the  gulf,  on  a  more 
elevated  fituaiion,  and  expol'ed  to  the  foulh,  there  was, 
at  the  entrance  of  a  wood,  another  village,  confirtlng 
of  eight  cabins,  much  laiger  and  better  built  than  the 
firft.  Above  this,  and  a:  a  very  Imall  dilfance,  were 
three  yourts,  or  fubterraneous  houfes,  perfedtly  fimilar 
to  thofc  of  the  Kamtlchadales,  defcribed  in  the  thiid 
volume  of  Captain  Cook's  lall  voyage;  they  were  cx- 
tenlive  enough  to  contain  the  inhabitants  of  the  eight 
cabins  during  the  rigour  of  the  cold  feafon;  befides,  on 
fome  of  the  ficirts  of  this  village  were  feen  fcveral  tombs, 
which  were  larger  and  better  built  than  the  houfes  ; 
each  of  them  enclofed  three,  four,  or  five  biers,  of  a 
neat  workman(hip,  orn.imentcd  with  Chinefe  ftufl's, 
fome  pieces  of  which  were  brocade.  Bows,  arrows, 
lines,  and,  in  general,  the  moll  valuable  articles  of  thefe 
people,  were  fufpended  in  the  interior  of  thefe  monu- 
ments, the  wooden  door  of  vv-hich  was  clofed  by  a  bar, 
fupported  at  its  extremities  by  two  prop-. 

Their  fi  le  employment  feemed  to  be  the  killing  and 
'  curing  of  falmon,  of  which  they  eat  raw,  the  fnout,  the 

gills,  the  fniail  bones,  and  fometlmes  the  entire  fkin, 
which  they  ftiip  off  with  infinite  dexterity.  When 
the  liript  falmon  were  carried  to  the  huts,  the  women, 
in  the  moft  difgufting  manner,  devoured  the  mucilagi- 
nous part  of  them,  and  feemed  to  think  it  the  mcll  ex- 
quifite  fjcd.  Every  cabin  wasfurrounded  with  a  dry- 
ing place  for  falmon,  which  remain  upon  poles,  espofed 


2       ] 


O     R     O 


to  the  heat  of  the  fun,  after  having  been  during  three  Omtcliyt. 
or  four  days  fmoked  round  the  fire,  which  is  in  the  *>^^'^^ 
middle  of  their  cabin;    the  women,  who  are  charged 
with  this  operation,  take  care,  as  foon  as  the  fmoke  has 
penetrated  them,  to  carry    them  into   the  open  air, 
where  they  acquire  the  hardnefs  of  wood. 

The  bones  of  the  falmon  fo  cured  were  fcattered, 
and  the  blood  fpread  round  the  hearth  ;  greedy  dogs, 
though  gentle  and  familiar  enough,  licked  and  devour- 
ed the  remainder.  The  naftinefs  and  ftench  of  this 
people  are  difgufting.  There  is  not  perhaps  anywhere 
a  race  of  people  more  feebly  conftituted,  or  whofe  fea- 
tures are  more  different  from  thofe  forms  to  which  we 
attach  the  idea  of  beauty  ;  their  middle  ftature  is  below 
four  feet  ten  inches,  their  bodies  are  lank,  their  voices 
thin  and  feeble,  like  that  of  children  ;  they  have  high 
cheek  bones,  fmall  blear  eyes,  placed  diagonally;  a  large 
mouth,  flat  nofe,  ihort  chin,  almoft  beardlefs,  and  an 
olive-coloured  fkin,  varnilhed  with  oil  and  fmoke.  They 
fuffer  their  hair  to  grow,  and  tie  it  up  nearly  the  lame 
as  we  do ;  that  of  the  women  falls  loofe  about  their 
Ihoulders,  and  the  portrait  vvl-.ich  has  juft  been  drawn 
agrees  equally  well  with  their  countenances  as  thofe  of 
the  men,  from  whom  it  would  be  diliicuk  to  dillinguifh 
them,  were  it  not  for  a  Ihght  difference  in  the  drefs, 
and  a  bare  neck  ;  they  are  not,  however,  fubjecled  to 
any  labour,  which  might,  like  the  American  Indians, 
change  the  elegance  ot  their  features,  if  nature  liad  fur- 
niflied  them  witii  this  advantage.  Their  whole  cares 
are  limited  to  the  cutting  and  lewing  their  clothes,  dif- 
pufing  of  their  filh  to  be  dried,  and  taking  care  of  their 
children,  to  whom  they  give  the  breaft  till  they  are  thres 
or  four  years  of  age. 

With  refpefl  to  drefs,  the  men  and  little  boys  are 
clothed  vv'ith  a  waillcoat  of  nankeen,  or  the  fkin  of  a  dog 
or  a  filh,  cut  in  the  fliape  of  a  waggoner's  frock.  If 
it  reach  beloW  the  knee,  they  wear  no  drawers;  if  it 
do  not,  they  wear  fome  in  the  Chinefe  flyle,  which  fall 
as  low  as  the  calf  ot  the  leg.  All  of  them  have  boots 
cf  feal's  fkin,  but  they  keep  them  for  the  winter  ;  and 
they  at  all  times,  and  of  every  age,  even  at  the  breall, 
wear  a  leather  girdle,  to  which  are  attached  a  knife  in 
a  fheath,  a  fteel  to  ftrike  a  light  with,  a  pipe,  and  a 
fmall  bag  to  contain  tobacco.  The  drefs  of  the  women 
is  fomewhat  different ;  they  are  wrapped  up  in  a  large 
nankeen  robe,  or  ialmun's  Ikin,  which  they  have  the  art 
of  perfeflly  tanning,  and  rendering  extremely  fupple. 
This  drefs  reaches  as  low  as  the  ankle-bone,  and  is 
fometimes  bordered  with  a  fringe  of  fmall  copper  orna- 
ments, which  make  a  noife  fimilar  to  that  of  fmall  bells. 
Thofe  falmon,  the  fkins  of  which  ferve  for  clothing, 
are  never  caught  in  lummer,  and  weigh  thirty  or  forty- 
pounds. 

Though  they  had  neither  priefts  nor  temples,  they 
feemed  to  be  belie'.ers  in  forcery,  and  took  the  motion 
of  the  Frenchmen's  hands,  when  writing,  for  figns  of 
magic.     Thus  far  they  appeared  favages. 

Their  facred  regard  of  property,  their  attention  to 
their  women,  and  the  delicacy  of  their  polltenefs  to 
llrangers,  would,  on  the  other  hand,  do  honour  to  the 
moll  civilized  nation.  While  Peroufe  and  his  people 
were  in  the  bay,  one  of  the  families  took  its  departure 
on  a  voyage  of  fome  length,  and  did  not  return  during 
their  ftay.  When  he  went  away,  the  mailer  of  the  fa- 
mily put  fome  planks  before  the  door  of  his  houfe,  to 

prevent 


OUR 


C    68j     ] 


O     R     Y 


©r«tchy»,  prevent  the  dogs  from  entering  it,  and  in  tliis  (late  left 
II  it  full  of  their  effeifls.       "   We  were  foon   (fays  our 

Orrington.  author)  fo  perfeftly  convinced  of  ihe  inviolable  fidehty 
^■^~''^*^  of  thefe  people,  and  their  almoft  religious  refpecT  for 
property,  that  we  left  our  facks  full  of  ftuffs,  beads, 
iron  tool';,  and,  in  genera),  every  thing  we  ufed  ai  ar- 
ticles of  barter,  in  ^he  middle  of  their  cabins,  and  un- 
der no  rther  Teal  of  fecurity  than  their  own  probity, 
without  a  fingle  inftance  rf  their  abufint;  rur  extreme 
confidence  ;  and  on  our  departure  fr^im  this  bay,  we 
firmly  entertained  the  opinion,  that  they  did  not  even 
fufpeift  the  exigence  of  luch  a  crime  as  theh." 

Their  attention  to  their  women,  fo  uncommon  among 
favages  was  difplayedintheirexempting  them  from  hard 
labour;  in  their  never  concluding  a  bargain  with  the 
Frenchmen  witiiout  prcvioufly  confulting  their  wives  ; 
and  in  their  referring  the  pendent  filver  ear-rings  and 
copper  trinkets,  which  they  purchafed,  for  their  wives 
and  daughters.  Of  the  delicacy  of  their  manners  to 
ftrangers,  we  (hall  give  the  following  interefting  inftance 
in  the  words  of  Peroufe's  tranflator: 

Obferving  with  what  repugnance  they  received  pre- 
fents,  and  how  often  they  refufed  them  with  obftinacy, 
"  I  imagined  (fays  Peroufe)  I  could  perceive,  that 
they  were  perhaps  defirous  of  more  delicacy  in  the 
manner  of  offering  them  ;  and  to  try  if  this  fufpicion 
were  well  founded,  I  fat  down  in  one  of  their  houfes, 
and  after  having  drawn  towards  me  two  little  children, 
of  three  or  four  years  old,  and  made  them  fome  trifling 
careifes,  I  gave  them  a  piece  of  rofe-coloured  nankeen, 
which  I  had  brought  in  my  pocket.  The  moft  lively 
falisfadlion  was  vifibly  tellitied  in  the  countenances  of 
the  whole  family,  and  I  am  certain  they  would  have 
refufed  this  prefent,  had  it  been  direcftly  offered  to 
tliemfelves.  The  hufband  went  out  of  his  cabin,  and 
foon  afterwards  returning  with  his  molt  beautiful  dog, 
he  entreated  me  to  accept  of  it.  I  refufed  it,  at  the 
fame  time  endeavouring  to  make  him  underftand,  that 
it  was  more  ufeful  to  him  than  to  me  :  but  he  infilled  ; 
and  perceiving  that  it  was  without  fuccefs,  he  caufed  the 
two  children,  who  had  received  the  nankeen,  to  ap- 
proach, and  placing  their  little  hands  on  the  back  of  the 
dog,  he  gave  me  to  uuderltand,  that  I  ought  not  to  re- 
fule  his  children. 

"  The  delicacy  cf  fuch  manners  cannot"  exift  but 
among  a  very  polillied  people.  It  feems  to  me,  that 
the  civilization  of  a  nation,  which  has  neither  flocks 
nor  hufbandry,  cannot  go  beyond  it.  It  is  neecelfary 
to  obfervc,  that  dogs  are  their  moll  valuable  property  ; 
they  yoke  them  to  (mall  and  very  light  iledgcs,  ex- 
tremely well  made,  and  exacftly  fimilar  to  tlicfe  of  the 
Kamtfohadales.  Thole  dogs,  of  the  fpecies  of  wolf 
dogs,  and  very  Ilrong,  thouj.'h  of  a  middle  fize,  are  ex- 
tremely docile,  and  very  gentle,  and  feem  to  have  im- 
bibed the  charaifler  of  their  maflers." 

ORPHAN'S  Banl;  a  filliin^  bank  of  the  S.  E.  point 
of  Chalcui'i  Bay,  on  the-  N.  L.  coall  of  New  Brunf- 
wick,  in  N.  America.  On  it  is  from  75  to  30  fathoms 
water. — Mane. 

Orphan's  JJland,  a  fetilcment  belonging  to  Han- 
cock county,  Didriiftof  Maine,  haviug  124  inhabitants. 
—ill. 

ORRINGTON,  a  plantation  in  Hancock  county, 
Diftriit  of  Maine,  having  477  inhabitants.     It  lies  oa 


the  ead  fide  of  Penobfcnt  river,  16  miles  above  Buckf-  Orthodro- 
tov/n,  and  256  N.  N.  E.  of  Bofton. — ih.  "'''^'> 

ORTHODROMICS,  in  navigation,  is  great-circle  „    l 
failing,  or  the  art  of  failing  in  the  arch  of  a  great  circle,       .^^ 
which  is  the  fhortell  courfe  :   For   the  arch  of  a  great  v-^~v^n^ 
circle  is  orihodromta,  or  the  fliorteft  ciftance  between 
two  points  or  places. 

ORUA,  Oriibo,  or  /Iniha,  the  mofl  weflerly  cf  the 
Ciribbee  Klands  in  the  Well  Indies,  called  by  the  Spa- 
niards Las  Illas  de  Sottovento.  It  is  on  the  coad  of 
tlie  Spanifh  Main.  N.  lat.  12  3,  W.  long.  69  3. — 
Morse. 

ORURO,  a  jurlfdiflion  in  the  archbifhcpric  of  La 
Plata.  Its  capital  is  San  Phelipe  de  Alluria  de  Oruro, 
30  leagues  from  the  city  of  La  Plata. — il. 

ORWEL,  a  townfhip  cf  Vermont,  tlie  north-weftern- 
moft  in  Rutland  county,  and  fituated  on  the  eall  fide 
of  Lake  Champlain.  It  contains  778  inhabitant.. 
Mount  Independence  (lands  in  this  townfhip  oppofitc 
Ticondernga,  in  the  (late  of  New  York.  Near  Mount 
Independence  is  a  chalybeate  fpring. — ih. 

ORYCTEROPUS,  the  name  given  by  M.  Geof"- 
froy,  proteflor  of  zoology  in  the  Fiench  mufeum  of  na- 
tural hillory,  to  the  animal  called  by  other  zoologifts 
Myrmscopliaga  Capenjis.  (See  Mvrmecophaga,  En- 
eye/.)  He  conliders  it  as  a  dilliiiifl  genus,  and  feems 
indeed  to  have  proved,  by  a  comparifon  of  the  organs 
of  the  oryderopus  wiih  thofe  of  the  laloiu  tfujipiis  of  Lin- 
nxus,  and  of  the  mvrmecophagi,  that  this  genus  is  in- 
termediate, by  its  forms  and  habits,  between  thofe  two 
families.  It  approaches  to  the  tatous  in  its  organs  cf 
maftication,  and  the  form  of  the  toes  and  nails,  and  in 
having  a  fhort  and  (ingle  coscum,  whilft  ih.it  of  the 
myrmecophagi  is  double,  as  in  birds,  by  the  reuniting 
of  the  bones  of  the  os  pubis,  which  are  not  articulated 
together  in  the  myrmecoph.igi.  The  oryiteropus, 
however,  bears  a  relation  to  the  lad,  fince  it  has,  like 
them,  a  very  fmall  mouth,  whence  its  tongue,  covered 
with  hair,  may  be  protruded  to  a  conliderable  length. 
Finally,  the  habits  of  the  oryfteropus  refemble  thofe  of 
the  animals  to  which  it  approaclies  the  mod  ;  it  does 
not  climb  trees,  but  lives  under  the  earth  like  the  ta- 
tous ;  it  feed?  like  them  on  roots,  but  alfo  it  hunts  after 
anthills,  like  the  myrmecophagi.  Its  fnout  terminates 
in  a  blunt  callus  i  a  charafler  which  is  peculiar  to  it. 
It  may  be  dillinguilLed  in  the  works  of  naturalills  by 
the  following  delcription  : 

Oryfleropus.  Molar  teeth  (fii)  with  flat  vertices; 
the  body  covered  with  hair. 

The  oryfleropus,  as  appears  from  the  preceding, 
connefts  the  tatous  with  the  myrmecophagi  and  with 
the  pangolin  manis  of  Linnxus.  The  large  folTile  fpecies 
found  in  Paraguay,  for  which  Citizen  Cuvicr  has  eda- 
blKhed  a  new  genus,  under  the  name  of  vi.'gaUrium, 
is  intermediate  between  the  (loth  and  the  myrmeco. 
phagu'i  ;  and,  ladly,  the  adonidilng  animal  cf  New 
Holland,  covered  with  bridles  like  the  porcupine,  fup- 
ported  by  very  Ihort  leg'-,  and  of  very  (ingular  con- 
formation, and  with  a  head  round  at  the  occiput,  ter- 
minating in  a  fnout,  without  teeth,  very  (lender,  long, 
and  cylindrical,  and  defciibed  by  Mr  George  Shaw 
under  the  name  of  myi  mecophaga  aculeata,  appe  irs  to 
have  very  linking  relations  to  the  pangolin  and  the 
orvderopus  :  from  hence  it  follows,  that  in  confequence 
4  R  2  of 


OSS 


C   684   ] 


OTA 


Otobalo. 


or  ihefe  important  acquifitions,  we  ought  for  the  fu-  ver,  form  Gnat  Ofipee  River,  which  empties  into  Saco  Offnoblau, 

lure  to  count,  in  the  number  of  our  natural  orders,  that  river,  near  the  Uivillon  line  between  York  and  Cumber.  H 

of  tlie  edaitalld,  or  eder.tcd,   conlilUng  ot  the   following  hiiid  counties,  in  Maine,  between  Limerick  and  Gor- 

creneTA-  Dj,^pus,oryacrafus  mynnecophjsa,dndaculeata,  ha.m.—ii. 

h    myrmffoph^'-a,  ,m^aUr\a,n  et  bradypuu  OSSNOBIAN,  or  Jljfenehnyne  Indians,  a  tnbe  found 

'    <- -  -  ■'^    "•     ■  ■        who  inhabit  fouth   of  about  the  fource  ot  Olihobian  or  All'eneboyne  river,  tar 


mams 

O SAGES,' an  Indian  nation 
the  MiiFouri,  and  can  furnilh  400  warriors.— iUorj^. 

Osage s,  a  river  of  Louifiana,   which  runs  eatlward 
to  the  Millbuii. — lb. 

OSCILLATION,  in  mechanics,  vibration,  or  the 
reciprocal  aicent  and  delcent  of  a  pendulum. 

Axis  of  Oscillation,  is  a  line  parallel  to  the  ho- 
rizon, fuppoled  to   pafs    through  the  centre  or  fixed 


W.  of  Lake  Superior.  Tliey  are  faid  by  the  Moravian 
miifionaries  to  live  wholly  on  animal  (ood,  or  at  leall 
to  confine  ih .mfelves  to  the  fpontaneous  produiftious  of 
nature  ;  giving  thofe  who  dig  the  ground,  the  appella- 
tion ofy^uwx.  Bread  is  unkno>vn  to  them.  A  traveller, 
who  lived  fome  months  in  their  country,  offered  to 
fome  a  few  remnants  of  bread,  which  they  chewed  and 

Thefe  Indians, 


point  about  which  the  pendulum  ofciUates,  and  perpen-  fpit  out  again,  calling  it  rotten  wood 

dicular  to  the  plane  in  which  the  ofcillation  is  made.  as    well  as  thofe  numerous    nations  who    inhabit   the 

C^rt/;\?  o/'OsciLL^TioN,  in  a  fufpendeJ  body,  is  a  country  from  Lake  Superior,  towards  the  Shining 
certain  point  in  it,  fuch  that  the  ofcillations  of  the  body  Mountains,  aie  great  admirers  of  the  bell  hunting- 
will  be  made  in  the  fame  time  as  if  that  point  alone  horfes,  in  which  the  country  abounds.  The  horfes  pre. 
were  fulpended  at  that  diltance  fiom  the  point  of  pared  by  them  for  hunters,  have  large  holes  cut  above 
fufpenfion.  Or  it  is  the  point  into  which,  if  the  whole  their  natural  noftrils,  which  they  fay  makes  them  longer 
weight  of  the  body  be  colleded,  the  feveral  ofcillations  winded  than  others  not  thus  prepared.  The  Olfnobians 
will  be  periormed  in  the  fame  time  as  before  :  the  ofcil-  have  no  permanent  place  of  abode,  but  live  wholly  in 
lations  being  made  only  by  the  force  of  gravity  of  the  tents,  made  of  buifaloe  and  other  hides,  with  which  they 
ofcillatin?  hndy.  travel  from  one  place  to  another,  like  the  Arabs ;  and  as 

OSCULATION,  in  geometry,  denotes  the  contaft  foon  as  the  food  for  their  hori'cs  is  expended,  they  re- 


between  any  curve  and  its  ofculatory  circle  ;  that  is,  the 
circle  of  the  fame  curvature  with  the  given  curve,  at 
the  point  ofcontaftorof  ofculation.  See  Involution 
in  this  Suppl. 


move,  and  pitch  their  tenis  in  another  fertile  fpot ;  and 
fo  on  continually,  fcarcely  ever  returning  to  the  iame 
fpots  again. — ib. 

OSTICO,   a  fmall  lake  in  Onondago  county.  New 


Oscula'tion  alfo  means  the  point  of  concourfe  of  York,  partly  in  the  S.  E.  corner  of  Marcellus,  and  N. 

two  branches  of  a  curve  which  touch  each  other.  For  ex-  W.  corner  of  the  townlhip  of  TuUy.     It  fends  its  wa- 

ample,  if  the  equation  of  3  curve  be  _)>  =  .^Z  x  -{-  "  v'  «'»  ters  from  the  N.  end,  which  is  eight  miles  S.  wefterly  of 

it  is  eafy  to  fee  that  the  curv;  has  two  brandies  touch-  Onondago  CalUe,  by  a  ftream  16  miles  long,  to  Salt 

inf  one  another  at  the  point  where  x  zz  o,  becaufe  the  Lake. — ib. 


roots  have  each  the  figns  -|-  and  — 

OSNABURG,  afmall  illandinthe  S.  Pacific  Ocean, 
having  the  appearance  of  tlie  roof  of  a  honfe.  It  is 
about  4  leagues  in  circuit ;  is  high  laud  ;  full  of  cocoa- 


OSTINES,  or  Charkjloivn,  a  confiderable  town  in 
the  iiland  of  Barbadoes. — ib. 

OSWEGATCHIE  River  and  Lake,  in  Herkemer 
county,  New  York.     The  river  empties  into  the  river 


has  "^10   anchoring    place,   and  fcarcely  affords     St  Lawrence,  or  Cataraqui.      Ofwe^atchie  Lake  is  jhoui 


landing  for  a  boat.  It  was  difcovered  by  Capt.  Wallis, 
•and  is  c.illed  M.ii:ea  by  the  natives.  S.lat.  17  52,  W. 
Ion;;,  i486. — Alone. 

OsNABURG,  another  ifland  in  the  fame  fea,  difcovered 
by  Capt.  Carteret.   S.  lat.  22,  W.  long.  141  34.—/*. 

OsNABURG  Houfe,  a  iettlement  of  the  Hudion's  Bay 
Company,  in  N.  America  ;  fnuated  at  the  N.  E.  cor- 
ner of  L.ike  Sr  Jofeph,  120  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Gloucef- 
t«r  Houfe.     N.  lat.  51,  W.  long  90  15.— /i. 

OSORNO,  an  inland  town  ot  the  kingdom  of  Chili, 


19  miles  long,  from  S.  W.  to  N.  E.  and  7  broad,  and 
fends  its  waters  north-eaftward  into  the  river  of  its 
name.  It  is  about  10  miles  S.  E.  of  The  TJioufand 
Lakes,  near  the  entrance  into  Lake  Ontario.  There  is 
a  fort  of  the  fame  name,  fituated  on  the  Cataraqui  ri- 
ver, 58  miles  N.  E.  of  Kingfton,  on  Lake  Ontario. — 
ib. 

OSWEGATCHIES,  an  Indian  tribe  refiding  at 
Swagatchey,  on  the  liver  St  Lawrence,  in  Canada. 
They  could  furnifh  about  100  warriors,  20  years  fince. 


fituated  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  river  Buena  ;   42  miles    — ib. 

E.  of  thefea  coaft,  and  45  S.  E.  of  Baldivia.     The  ad-        OSWEGO,  a  navigable  river  of  New  York,  which 

jacent  country  is  far  from  being  fruitful,  but  very  rich     conveys  the  waters  of  Oneida,  and  a  number  of  fmall 


in  gold  mines,  which  renders  tlie  plate  very  populous. 
S.  lat.  40  30,  W.  long.  71  50  — ib. 

OoSABAW  Souud  and  IJland,  on  the  coaft  of  the 
State  of  Georgia.  The  found  opens  between  WalTaw 
Ifland  on  the  N.  and  Olfabaw  Ifland  on  the  S.  and  leads 
into  the  river  Ogeechee. — ib. 

OSSIPEE,  nr  Ofapy,  a  townfhip,  mountain,  and 
pond,  in  New  Himplhire,  in  Strafford  county,  near  the 
E.  line  of  the  State.  The  town  was  incorporated  in 
1785,  and  has  339  inhabitants.  The  lake  lies  N.  E.  of 
Wiiiipifeoree  Lake,  between  which  and  Ofllpee  Lake 
is  Offipce  Mouiilain,  defcribed  in  the  account  of  New 
Hampfliire.   Its  waters  luu  E.  and,  joined  by  South  ri-    great  quantities  of  fugar. 


lakes,  into  Lake  Ontario.  It  is  more  commonly  called 
Onondago ib. 

Oswego,  a  fortrefs  fituated  on  the  E.  fide  of  the 
mouth  of  the  above  river,  and  fouth-eallern  fide  of 
Lake  Ontario,  in  lat.  43  18  N.  and  long.  76  30  W. 
It  was  taken  by  the  Britilh  from  the  French  in  1756, 
and  confirmed  to  them  by  the  peace  of  1763.  It  was 
delivered  up  to  the  United  States  July  14,  1796.  It 
ia  about  150  or  160  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Niagara. — ib. 

OTABALO,  ajurifdidfion  in  the  province  of  Q^ito, 

joined  on  the  fouth  to  that  of  Sin  Miguel  de  Ibaira. 

The  lands  are  laid  out  in   plantations,  and   produce 

The  Indians  in  the  villages, 

at 


O     T     S 


C    685    ] 


O     U     A 


Otffgo. 


Owbalo,    as  alfo  thofe  wlio  are  independent,  manufaifture  great 
"  variety  of  cottons,    viz.  car[.ets,    pavilions   for  beds, 

,  quilts  in  damalk  work,  v\h(lly  of  cotton,  either  white, 
blue,  or  variegated  with  different  colours  ;  all  which 
are  highly  valued,  both  itj  the  province  of  Q^iito  and 
Pen),  where  they  are  difpufed  of  to  great  advantage. 
The  wheat  and  barley  here,  is  fowed  like  Indian  corn, 
in  little  holes,  a  foot  dillant  from  each  other,  putting 
5  or  6  corns  into  each  ;  and  they  generally  reap  above 
an  hundred  fold.  I'iie  country  is  remarkably  fertile, 
and  large  quantities  of  cheefe  are  made. — lb. 

OTABALO,  the  princip:d  village  of  the  above  ju- 
rifdiftion,  is  large  and  populous,  and  faid  to  contain 
18,000  or  20,000  fouls.  Among  them  is  a  conl'ider- 
able  number  of  Spaniards. — ib. 

OTAHA,  one  of  the  Society  Idands  in  the  S. 
Pacific  Ocean,  whofe  north  end  is  in  lat.  16  33  fouth, 
and  Ions;.  151  20  weft.     It  his  2  good  harbours. — lb. 

OTAKOOTAI,  a  fmall  ifland  in  the  S.  Pacific 
Ocean,  4  leagues  Ir  'm  Wateeoo,  and  about  3  miles  in 
circuit.      S.  lat.  19  15,  W.  long.  158  23. — ib. 

OTCHIER,  a  bay  on  the  north  coaft  of  S.  Ameri- 
ca, to  the  weft.'.arJ  of  the  river  or  creek  called  Usano, 
and  eafl  of  Cape  Caldero. — ib. 

OTEAVANOOA,  a  Lrge  and  fpacious  h.irbour 
and  bay  on  the  fouth-wefl  c^aft  of  the  illand  of  Bola- 
bola,  one  of  the  Stjciety  Iflands.  S.  lat.  16  30,  W. 
long.  151  ArZ.—lb. 

OTISFIELD,  a  plantation  in  Cumberland  county, 
Diftriift  of  M.une,  ealt  ol  Bridgetown  in  York  county, 
and  152  miles  N.  N.  E.  uf  Botlon.  A  ftream  from 
Songo  Pond  palles  through  the  wefterly  part  of  this 
town,  on  its  way  to  Sebayo.  It  is  very  free  of  ragged 
hills  and  mountains.  The  greateft  part  of  it  aiFords  a 
growth  of  beecii,  maple,  a(h,  bals,  and  birch,  and  is 
good  land.      It  contains  197  inhabitants. — ib. 

OTOGAMIES,  an  Indian  nation  in  the  N.  W. 
Territory,  who  inhabit  between  the  Lake  of  the  Woods 
and  Miffiffippi  river.     Warriors  300. — ib. 

OTOQUE,  an  Ifland  on  the  N.  Pacific  Ocean,  or 
W.  coaft  ot  New-Mexico,  fituated  in  the  Bay  of  Pa- 
nama, 17  le  igues  S.  of  the  city  of  that  name,  from 
whence  it  i-.  fuijplied  with  provifions.  N.  lat.  7  50, 
W.  long.  Si   10. — ib. 

OTSEGO,  a  county  of  New- York,  on  tlie  S.  fide 
of  Mohawk  river,  oppofite  the  German  Flats.  The 
head  wateis  of  Sufquchannah,  and  the  Cookquago 
branch  ot  Delaware,  interfeft  this  county.  Here  are 
alfo  the  lakes  O.fego,  and  Caniaderago,  wliich  fend 
their  waters,  in  an  united  ftream,  to  the  bufquehannah. 
It  contains  9  townlhiiis,  viz.  Konripht,  Harper>field, 
Franklin,  Cherry  Valley,  Doilach,  Richrield,  Otfegn,, 
Burlingt"n,  and  Unadilla.  It  contained,  a  few  years 
ago,  about  1000  inhabitants;  but  fucli  h.is  been  the 
rapi^;  feitlement  oi  this  coun'y,  that  in  January, 
1796,  it  cont.iined  3237  inhabitants,  qualified  10  be 
eleiilors.  In  1791,  when  tliis  county  was  but  thinly 
fettled,  as  many  as  300  chefts  of  maple  I'gar,  were 
mannfafliired  here,  40olbi.  ea.  h.  The  courts  are 
Iield  at  Cooperft.)wn,  in  t'  :  tnwn(hip  of  Otfego. — ib. 

OrsiiCO,  a  townfli  p  and  lake,  in  the  county  above 
defcribed.  Tlie  townlhip  was  taken  from  Unadilla. 
and  incori  lared  in  1796.  On  the  E  the  townlhip 
enclofcs  Lake  Oliego,  vhich  fepaiates  it  from  Ciierry 
Valley;.     Lake  Olfego  is  about  9  miles  long,  and  litila 


more  than  a  mile  wide.     The  lands  on  its  banks  are    Oitawss, 
very  good,  and  the  cultivation  of  it  eafy.     In    1790,  H 

it  contained  1702  inhabitants,  including  8  flaves.     By  ^^^^^^^i^ 
the  State  cenlus  ci  i^gO,  there  were  490  of  its  inha- 
bitants eleiftors. — H. 

OTTAWAS,  an  Indian  nation  in  the  N.  W.  Ter- 
ritory,  who  inhabit  the  E.  fide  of  Lake  Michigan,  21 
miles  from  Mlchilimacklnack.  Their  hunting  grounds 
lie  between  Lakes  Michigan  and  Huron.  They  could 
furnifh  200  warriors  20  years  ago.  A  tribe  of  thefe 
alfo  lived  near  St  Jofeph's,  and  had  150  warriors. 
Another  tribe  lived  with  the  Chippewas,  on  Sagulnam 
Bay,  who  together  could  raife  200  warriors.  Two  of 
thefe  tribes  lately  hoftile,  figned  the  treaty  of  peace 
with  the  United  States,  at  Greenville,  Auguft  3d, 
1795.  In  confequence  of  lands  ceded  by  them  to  the 
United  States,  government  has  agreed  to  pay  them  in 
goods,   1000  dollars  a  year,  forever. — ib. 

Ottawas,  a  large  river  of  Canada,  which  empties 
into  the  St  Lawrence  at  the  Lake  of  the  Two  Moun- 
tains, 9  miles  from  Montreal.  The  communication 
of  the  city  of  Montreal  with  the  high  lands,  by  this 
river,  if  not  impradlicable,  is  at  leall  very  expenfive 
and  precarious,  by  reafon  of  its  rapids  and  tails. — ib. 

OTTER  Bay,  on  the  fouth  coaft  of  the  ifland  of 
Newfoundland,  is  between  Bear  Bay  and  Swift  Bay, 
and  near  Cape  Rave,  the  fouth-weft  point  of  the  ifland. 
—lb. 

Otter  Creei,  called  by  the  French  Riviere  a  Lotris, 
a  river  of  Vermont,  which  rifes  in  Bromley,  and  pur. 
fuing  a  northern  diiection  about  90  miles,  empties  into 
Lake  Champlain  at  Ferrifturg  ;  and  in  its  courfe  re- 
ceives about  15  fm.aU  tributary  ftreams.  In  it  aie 
large  falls  at  Rutland,  Pittsford,  Middlebury,  and 
Vergennes.  Between  the  tails  the  water  is  deep  and 
navigable  for  the  largeft  boats.  Velfels  of  any  burdea 
may  go  up  to  the  falls  at  Vergennes,  5  miles  from  its 
mouth.  The  head  of  this  river  is  not  more  than  30 
feet  from  Batten  Kill,  which  runs  in  a  contrary  direc- 
tion, and  falls  into  Hudfon's  river.  Its  mouth  is  3 
miles  north  of  Bafon  Harbour. — ib. 

Otter  Creek,  a  fmall  ftream  which  empties  into 
Kentucky  river,  in  the  ftate  of  that  name,  and  E.  of 
Boonfborough. — ib. 

Otter's  Head,  a  fmall  peninfula,  proje(5lingfrom  the 
north-eaftern  (hore  (^i  Like  Superior,  and  north-weft  of 
Mlchiplcoton  Ifland. — ib. 

OU.ADELIM  and  Labdesseba,  two  tribes  of 
Arabs  inlnbiiing  the  Sahara  ox  Great  Defert  of  Africa, 
ofwhom  almoft  nothing  was  known  to  Europeans  till 
the  publication  of  Biilfon's  narrative  of  his  ihlpwteck 
and  captivity  among  the  latter  tribe.  He  defcribes  the 
Guadclim  and  LabJelfeba  as  the  moft  formidable  of  all 
the  interior  tribes  of  Arabs,  and  as  often  extending 
their  ravages  to  the  very  gates  of  Morocco.  "  Their 
hordes  (he  fiys)  are  frequently  Intermingled  with  thofe 
of  the  Roufege,  Rathidium,  Clicliis,  Tucanois,  and  Ou- 
adeli  tribes,  as  they  have  no  diftinct  boundaries,  and 
change  their  habitations  as  ilic  dcfart  affords  pafturage 
and  Wrtier.  They  are  tall,  h.u.dfomt.-,  It 'Ut,  ind  vigo- 
rous men.  Tiicir  haii  is  briftkJ,  and  llicir  nails,  which, 
they  ofien  ufe  in  battle,  as  l.>n;;  as  cl.iws;  larve  lung- 
ing ears  and  a  liing  b.arJ  give  then  a  ftern  ferocious 
air.  The  Ouadeliiii  ui  particul.ir  are  fieice,  atroganr, 
and  warlike,  but  foon  dilpirited  by  obftiuate  lefiltance,. 

efpecially 


O     U     A 


C     GQ6    ] 


O     U     A 


Ouadclim.  efpcclally  when  they  have  not  a  tleclJeJ  fiiperiority  in 
'^^'^■^^'^  numbers.  In  tlieir  hordes  they  lodj^e  by  families,  in 
tents  which  are  coveretl  with  a  thick  cloth  of  camels 
hair,  whii-h  the  women  fpin  am!  weave  upon  a  loom  fo 
fniall,  tliat  iliey  worii  litiiii;;  on  the  gr-.-'und.  The  fur- 
niture of  their  tents  conlill  of  two  large  facks  of  lea- 
ther, in  wliich  they  keep  old  ch'thes  and  pieces  of  old 
iron,  tlirce  or  four  goat  (kins  for  iiolJing  milk  and  wa- 
ter, two  large  Hones  for  grinding  tleir  barley,  afmaller 
one  fordrivmg  the  pins  of  their  tents,  an  ozier  malting 
■which  ferves  for  a  bed,  a  thick  carpet  for  a  covering,  a 
fmall  kettle,  and  fome  wooden  dirties,  witii  pack-faddlcs 
for  their  camels.  The  perfun  who,  befides  thefe  arti- 
cles, poflelles  a  few  horfcs,  camels,  ihsep,  and  goats,  is 
reckoned  wealthy,  as  there  are  many  i\rabs  who  only 
poffefs  Iheep  and  goats.  Except  fore  eyes  and  the  cho- 
lic,  they  are  fubjei.'t  to  few  endemic  dlfeafe«.  The  firft 
diforder  is  cauled  by  the  reflexion  of  light  from  the 
burning  fands  of  the  defirt,  the  other  proceeds  from 
the  verdigrcafe  which  contaminates  all  their  viftuals. 
Their  kettles  are  not  tinned,  and  never  wafhed,  fo  that 
they  are  quite  crulled  over  with  verdigreafe,  the  viru- 
lence of  which  is  probably  diminirtied  by  the  quantity 
of  milk  they  ufe.  Wlien  they  refide  long  in  one  place, 
they  fonietimes  plough  the  fpots  which  are  moiftened  by 
the  rain,  and  fpi  inkle  them  with  feed  in  a  carclefs  man- 
ner. Plentiful  crops  are  often  thus  produced  ;  but  in- 
llead  of  waiting  till  the  grain  attains  maturity,  they  cut 
it  down,  and  dry  it  over  hot  cinders.  Treachery  and 
petfidy  are  the  innate  vices  of  the  Arabs ;  affafiinatlons 
are  frequent  ;  no  man  trufts  the  promfe  of  another  ; 
no  man  makes  a  written  agreement,  as  the  poignard 
cancels  .-ill  bonds  and  obligations.  The  men  often  re- 
late their  exploits  to  each  other  ;  the  embelliihing  of  a 
llory  is  fucceeded  by  a  charge  of  falfehood,  and  the 
poignard  folves  every  difficulty.  The  ancient  rites  of 
hofpitality,  however,  are  pradifed  among  thefe  tiibes 
in  their  utmoft  extent.  The  Arab,  who  in  the  field  is 
a  rapacious  plunderer,  becomes  liberal  and  generous  as 
foon  as  he  enicrs  his  tent.  War  is  only  a  Ipccies  of 
rapine,  and  the  viflory  is  decided  at  the  firll  fljock. 
The  Arab  is  devoid  ot  fangninary  courage  ;  he  attacks 
only  to  plunder,  and  never  thinks  that  booty  is  to  be 
put  in  competition  with  his  life.  When  the  battle  is 
ended,  each  party  makes  graves  for  the  rtain,  and  enclofe 
the  tombs  with  mounds  of  (tones.  The  ages  of  the 
warriors  arc  denoted  by  the  fpace  of  ground  which  the 
grave  occupies,  and  the  funeral  proceffion  is  clofed  by 
the  hovvls  of  the  females. 

"  The  women  never  alTume  the  name  of  their  huf- 
hands,  and  never  eat  with  ihem  at  meals.  They  are 
faithtul  to  their  hulbands,  and  cannot  be  divorced  ex- 
cept by  the  decree  of  the  feniors  of  the  horde.  The 
Arabs  difplay  their  opulence  by  the  ornaments  of  their 
women,  whole  ear«,  arms,  and  legs,  are  generally  adorn- 
ed with  rings  of  golc  '.d  filver.  An  Arab  beauty  mull 
have  long  teeth  Ihocting  out  of  her  mouth,  a  body  ex- 
tremely thick,  and  limhs  of  the  longefl  fize.  At  the 
birth  of  a  fon,  every  woman,  to  teltify  her  joy,  black- 
ens her  face  for  40  days.  At  the  birth  of  a  daughter 
Ihe  only  daubs  the  half  of  her  face  during  the  fpace  of 
20  days.  A  mmher  treats  her  fon  with  the  fame  re- 
fpca  as  her  hufband,  almoft  as  foon  as  he  is  able  to 
walk  ;  rtie  prepares  his  food,  ferves  him,  and  eats  when 
he  has  finilhed  his  repaft.     In  the  education  of  their 


young  rr.cr,  tlie  mod  important  acquifuions  are,  dexte-  Omdellm. 
rity  in  the  ufe  of  the  poignard,  Ikill  in  embowellnig  ^■^"■^^^*~' 
their  enemies  with  their  long  nails,  and  a  plaufible  air 
in  uttering  a  falfehood.  More  ludeand  ferocious  than 
the  tiibes  whole  territories  lie  upon  the  Ihore  of  the 
fea,  the  Labdeifiba  and  Ouadelim  Arabs  are  alio  more 
confined  and  illiberal  in  their  ideas,  not  only  believing 
that  they  are  the  firll  nation  in  the  world,  but  fancy- 
ing that  the  fun  riles  only  for  them.  BrilTon  relates, 
that  fome  of  them  exprelfed  this  idea  in  unequivocal 
terms.  '  Behold  (faid  they)  that  luminary,  which  is 
unknown  in  iliy  country.  During  the  night,  thou  art 
not  enlightened,  as  we  are,  by  that  heavenly  body, 
which  regulates  our  days  and  our  fall?.  Kis  children, 
(the  ftars)  point  out  to  us  the  hours  of  prayer.  You 
have  neither  trees  nor  camels,  Iheep,  goals,  nor  dogs. 
Are  your  women  (imilar  to  ours  ?'  «  How  long  diult 
thou  remain  in  the  womb  of  thy  mother  (laid  another)  ?' 
'As  long  (replied  Biiffon)  as  thou  in  that  of  thine.' 
'  Indeed  (faid  a  third,  counting  the  fingers  and  toes  of 
the  Frenchman)  he  is  made  like  us;  he  differs  only  in 
his  colour  and  language.'  '  Do  you  fow  bai  ley  in  your 
houfes  ?'  faid  the  Arabs,  alluding  to  the  Ihips  of  the 
Europeans.  '  No  (laid  Brilfoii),  we  fow  our  fields  al- 
moft in  the  fame  feulVn  as  you.'  '  How  !  (cried  feve- 
ral)  do  yon  inhabit  the  earth  ?  we  believed  that  you 
were  born  and  lived  upon  the  fea.'  Thefe  Arabs,  ac- 
cording to  the  Turkdh  proverb,  believe  that  all  the 
woild  is  like  their  father's  houfe:  unacquainted  with 
the  manners  of  other  nations,  and  unaccuftomed  to  re- 
fled  upon  the  caufes  of  national  charafter,  every  varia- 
tion from  their  own  cuftoms  appears  not  only  ridicu- 
lous, but  monftrous;  every  difference  of  opinion  not 
only  abfurd,  but  criminal.  This  ignorance  of  the  A- 
rabs,  conjoined  with  their  local  and  religious  prejudices, 
enables  us  to  account  for  the  infulting  treatment  which 
Brilfon  and  his  companions  received,  without  having 
recourfe  to  inherent  depravity  of  nature."  That  treat- 
ment was  indeed  rtiocking. 

Brid'on  liad  furrendercd  himfelf,  on  his  fhipwreck,  to 
Sidi  Mahomet,  a  Talii;  or  priell  of  the  tribe  of  Lab- 
deffeba.  During  the  abfcnce  of  the  priefl,  the  Lab- 
delfeba,  who  guarded  the  captives,  were  attacked  and 
maltreated  by  a  parly  of  the  Ouadellms,  and  during  the 
buftle  which  enfued,  Brilfon  had  almoft  loft  his  life. 
Inftead  of  compafhonating  his  forlorn  fituation,  the 
women  threw  fand  into  his  eyes,  as  they  faid,  to  dry 
his  eyelids.  The  Arabs,  into  whofe  hands  he  had 
fallen,  had  only  come  down  to  the  feacoaft  to  gather 
wild  grain,  three  days  before  the  fhipwreck  ;  and  to 
prelerve  their  booty,  they  immediately  retreated  to  the 
interior  part  of  the  deiart.  A  guide  preceded  the 
horde,  to  place  at  intervals  fmall  pyramids  of  ftone,  to 
direi^  their  courfe,  at  a  diftance  from  every  hoftile 
tribe.  After  pafling  fome  very  high  mountains,  wholly 
covered  with  fmall  greyifh  pebbles  as  fliarp  as  flints, 
they  defcended  into  a  fandv  plain  overfpread  with 
thorns  an>l  thirties.  When  Brilfon  was  unable  to  walk, 
on  account  of  the  bleeding  of  his  feet,  he  was  mounted 
on  a  camel  ;  the  briftly  hair  and  hard  trot  of  v/hich 
foon  excoriated  him  fo  much,  that  the  blood  run  co- 
pioufly  down  its  flanks.  By  throwing  heated  Ikones 
into  a  wooden  vert'el,  filled  with  barley  meal,  diluted 
with  water  procured  on  the  fea-lhore,  preferved  in  a 
goat's  (kin,  and  mixed  with  pitch  to  prevent  putrefac- 
tion 


O     U     A 


L     687     ] 


QUA 


Ouadclim.  tion,  the  Arabs  prepared  a  kind  of  fnup,  which  they 
^'^'^■^^^^'  kneaded  with  their  hands,  and  ate  uiichewed.  They 
roafted  a  goat  in  heated  fand,  ate  iti  fat  J.iw,  and  af- 
ter having  devoured  the  fleth,  jinawed  the  bones,  and 
fcraped  ihem  with  their  nails,  threw  them,  to  lliillon 
and  his  connpanions,  defiring  them  to  eat  quickly,  and 
load  the  camels,  that  the  j-iurney  might  not  be  impe- 
ded. Proceeding  eaftward,  they  croifed  a  vad  plain, 
covered  with  fmall  ftones  white  as  fnow,  round  and 
flat  us  a  lentil,  where  not  a  fingle  plant  was  prodi:ced. 
The  earth  beneath  their  feet  refcunJed  dull  and  hol- 
low, and  the  fmall  ftones  pricked  llieni  like  fparks  of 
fire.  The  refleiftion  of  th^  rays  of  the  fun  trom  the 
fand  wa-.  fcorching ;  ;he  atnicfphere  w.is  loaded  with  a 
red  vapour,  and  the  country  appeared  as  it  tilled  with 
flaming  volcanoes.  Neither  bird-  n^T  inleds  could  be 
feen  in  the  air.  The  profound  filence  was  fiightlul. 
If  a  gentle  breeze  ever  arofe,  it  produced  extreme  lan- 
gour,  chopping  of  the  lips,  burning  heat  ot  the  fkin, 
with  fmall  fmaiting  pimples.  This  pl.un  was  ev<.u  Ihun- 
ned  by  wild  bcalls.  Alt(.-»travjrllng  '.hi.  plain,  ihey 
entered  another,  where  the  wind  had  thriAvn  up  in  fur- 
rows the  fand,  which  was  1  f  a  reddilh  col.  ur.  On  the 
tops  of  the  furrows  grew  a  few  fwectfc.nted  plants, 
which  were  devoured  by  the  camels.  On  quitting  this 
faiidy  plain,  they  entered  a  valley  furronnded  by  moun- 
tains, where  the  foil  was  white  and  lliiny,  and  wiiere 
they  found  water  of  a  noxious  ImtU,  covered  with 
green  mofs,  and  foon  after  difcoversd  a  horde  of  the 
friendly  tribe  Routfye. 

Alter  another  journey  of  fixteen  days,  they  arrived 
at  the  tents  of  the  LabdetTeba  horde,  to  wliich  Sidi 
M;diomet  belonged.  The  tents  pitched  among  thick 
bulliy  tree-,  and  the  numerous  tlocks  feeding  along  the 
(ides  of  the  hill:,  prefcnted  at  a  dillance  an  afpetft  of 
happinefs  and  patloral  Imiplicity.  On  approacliing 
near,  ihe  trees  of  beautiful  green  foliage  proved  to  be 
only  old  gummy  Humps,  almoil  void  of  branches,  fo 
encircled  with  thorns  that  their  Ihade  was  inaccelGble. 
The  women  approached,  with  loud  crits  and  the  molt 
fawning  ferviliiy,  to  welcome  their  tyrants,  to  tlirovv 
ftones  at  the  Chriflians,  and  tpit  in  their  faces,  while 
the  children  imitated  the  example  of  their  mothers. 
Briffon,  who  endeavoured  to  ingi  atiate  himfelf  with  his 
matter's  favourite,  not  >.nly  tailed  in  this,  Ijut  incurred 
her  implicable  releutment,  through  his  irritability, 
which  to  the  Arab  women  teemed  extremely  to  re- 
feni'ule  petulance.  Daring  his  relidence  with  Sidi  Ma- 
homet, tiie  hardthips  he  endured  were  almoft  incredi- 
ble. With  the  exccilive  heat,  the  milk  of  ihe  Iheep, 
goats,  and  camels,  diminilhed,  and  tiicn  the  dogs  fared 
better  than  the  Chriltians,  "^ho  were  forced  to  fubf.tl 
on  wild  herbs  and  raw  fnails.  When  the  lains  fell,  and 
the  leall  preifure  made  the  water  to  Ipriiig  up  through 
the  fandy  foil,  the  Ciiridians  tlept  behind  a  bulh,  un- 
fheltered,  on  the  bare  ground.  Briifon  and  his  matter 
fornetimes  real'oned  abi  ut  religion  ;  when  the  latter  al- 
ways anfwered  the  harangues  of  the  former  by  decla. 
ring,  that  he  preferred  a  bowl  of  churned  milic  to  fuch 
abfurdities.  Several  of  his  companions  perilhed,  and 
were  left  by  the  Arabs  to  be  devoured  by  the  ravens, 
while  in  the  tlruggles  of  death.  One  of  them  was  fup- 
poled  to  be  murdered  by  his  mafler  for  milking  his  ca- 
mels clandellincly.  An  application  made  by  Brilfon  to 
the  conful  at  Mogador,  by  a  letter  enttuHed  to  a  Jew- 


Ouafioto. 


idi  merchant  w.is  fiullra'ed  th.rou:;!)  the  negligence  of  Ouais's, 
tile  vice-conful  ;  and  the  Labdetieba  Arabs  thought  the 
journey  too  dangerous  to  be  encountered  for  the  ran- 
iom  of  their  flares.  He  was  however  at  lalf  relieved, 
through  the  humanity  of  his  mailer's  brother-in-law, 
who  carried  him  to  Morocco,  where  liis  ranfom  was 
paid  by  the  Emperor,  and  whence  he  returned  to  France. 
For  H  fuller  accouut  of  thefc  two  favage  tribes,  fee 
Saugtiia's  av.A  Ihijun's  A'.iiralivrs  ;  or  a  very  pleafing 
HiJIoncal  and  Phiiofothical  Skclch  of  the  Dijcov.nej,  iSt. 
oj  the  Europeans  in  Northern  and  WcJLrn  Africj,  pub- 
hfhed  1799  by  Syifiin^ion  Edinburgh,  and  Firnor  ^ml 
Hood  London. 

OUAIS's  Bijy  and  River,  are  about  2  leagues  round 
the  north  point  of  ti)e  ifland  of  Cape  Breton,  in  the 
Gull  of  St  Lawrence,  and  fouth-fouih-wcll  of  the  ifland 
ot  Limbach. — Morse. 

OUANAMINTHE,  a  French  parifh  and  village  on 
the  N.  tide  of  the  illand  of  St  Domingo,  about  a  league 
and  a  half  W.  ot  Daxabon,  in  the  Sp  mith  part,  from 
which  it  is  feparatcd  by  the  river  Maifacre  ;  6  leagues 
from  the  mouth  of  the  river,  and  5  S.  E.  of  Fore 
Daupliin. — ib. 

OUAC^APHENOGAW,  or  Ehanfanola  is  a  lake 
or  rather  matlh,  between  Flint  and  Oakmulgee  rivers, 
in  Georgia,  and  is  nearly  300  miles  in  circumference. 
In  wet  feafcns  it  appears  like  an  inland  fea,  and  has  fe- 
veral  large  illands  of  rich  land  ;  one  of  which  the  pre- 
fent  generation  of  Creek  Indians  reprcfcnt  as  the  niofl. 
blifslul  fpot  on  earth.  They  fay  it  is  inhabited  by  a 
peculiar  race  ot  Indians,  whofe  women  are  incompara- 
bly beautiful.  They  tell  that  this  terreltrial  paradifc 
has  been  feen  by  lome  enterprizing  hunters,  when  in 
purfuit  of  their  game,  wlio  being  hit  in  iacxtiicable 
fwamps  and  bogs,  and  on  the  pcii;t  of  peritain"',  were 
unexpecledly  relieved  by  a  compjny  cf  beautiful  wo- 
men, whom  they  call  daughters  of  the  Sun,  who  kindly 
gave  them  fuch  provinons  a.  they  had  with  them,  con- 
iltliiig  of  fruit  and  corn  cakes,  and  then  enjoined  them 
to  t]y  for  fatety  to  their  own  country,  becaul'e  their 
hutbands  were  tierce  men  and  cruel  to  llrangers.  They 
further  fay  that  thelij  hunters  had  a  view  of  tlieir  fettle- 
ments,  lituated  on  the  elevated  banks  of  an  illand,  in  a 
beautiful  lake  ;  but  in  all  their  endeavours  to  approach 
it,  they  were  involved  in  perpetuid  labyrinths,  and,  like 
enclianted  land,  fliU  as  they  imagined  they  had  jult 
gained  it,  it  feemed  to  fly  before  them  ;  and  having- 
quitted  the  delulive  purfuit,  they  with  much  ditnculty 
etfedted  a  retreat.  They  tell  another  ftory  concerning 
this  fequcltercd  country,  whicii  feenis  not  improbable, 
which  is,  that  the  inhabitants  are  the  pofterity  of  a  fu- 
gitive remnant  of  the  ancient  Tamafes,  who  efcaped 
m.iiracre  after  a  bloody  and  decilive  battle  between 
them  and  tiie  Creeks,  (who  it  is  certain,  conquered  and 
nearly  exterminated  that  once  powerful  people)  and. 
here  found  an  at'ylu.ni,  remote  and  I'ecure  from  the  fury 
of  their  proud  conquerors.  The  rivers  St  Mary  and 
Slilia,  wiiich  fall  into  the  Atlantic,  and  the  beautilul 
Lil'le  St  juan,  which  empties  into  the  bay  of  Appalachi 
at  St  Maik's,  arc  laid,  bv  Bartram,  to  flow  from  this 
lake.— ;A. 

OU.-\SIOTO  Mountain,  are  fituated  N.  W.  of  the. 
Laurel  Mountains  in  N.  Carolina  and  \'irginia.  They 
are  50  or  60  miles  wide  at  the  Gap,  and  450  in 
length,  N.    E.  and    S.   W.      They  abound  in  coal^ 

limc^ 


O     W     E 


[     688     ] 


O     X     Y 


l!m;,  ana  f.ee-nnne.     Their  fumniits  nre  generally  co- 
vered with  good  foil,  and  a  variety  of  timber,  and  the 
,  intervale  kinds  are  well  w.itered. — ib. 

OUEPAS,  a  town  on  the  coaft  ofCofta  Rica,  on  the 
N.  Pacific  Occiin,  and  S.  of  Cartliago. — w. 

OUI ATANON,  a  fmall  ftock.ided  fort  in  the  N.  W. 
Territory,  on  the  weftern  fide  of  the  Wabafti  river,  in 
lat.  40  38  N.  and  long.  87  57  W.  and  faid  to  be  about 
130  miles  foutherly  of  Fort  St  Jofcph.  This  was  for- 
merly a  French  pod.  Thus  far  the  Wabafh  is  naviga- 
ble, 412  miles  from  its  mouth,  for  batteaux  drawing  3 
ft-et  water.  A  filvcr  mine  has  been  difcovered  here. 
The  neighbouring  Indians  are  the  Klckapoos,  Mufqui- 
tons,  Pyankifhaws,  and  a  principal  part  of  the  Ouiata- 
nons.  The  whole  of  ihefe  tribes  could  furnilh,  about 
20  years  ago,  loco  warriors.  The  fertility  of  foil,  and 
diverfity  of  timber  in  this  country  are  the  fame  as  in  the 
vicinity  of  Poft  St  Vincent. — ib. 

OUINEASKE,  or  Shelburue  Buy,  on  the  E.  fide  of 
Lake  Champl.iiii,  fcts  up  S.  eafterly  through  the  town 
of  Burlington  in  Vermont  into  the  northern  part  of 
Shelburne. — ib. 

OUISCONSING,  a  navigable  river  of  the  N.  W. 
Territory,  ivhich  empties  into  the  Milllffippi  in  lat.  43 
33,  and  long.  94  8  ;  where  are  villages  of  the  Sack  and 
Fo.\  tribes  of  Indians.  This  river  has  a  communication 
-with  Fox  river,  which,  paffing  througli  Winnebago 
Lake,  enters  Puan  Bay  in  Lake  Michigan.  Between 
the  two  rivers  there  is  a  portage  of  only  3  miles.  On 
this  I  iver  and  its  branches  refide  the  Indians  ot  its  name. 
Warriors  300, — ib. 

OULIONT,  a  village  of  the  (late  of  New- York,  on 
the  pod  road  from  Hudfon  to  the  Painted  Port.  It  is 
35  miles  W.  of  Harpersfield,  and  50  N.  E.  of  Union, 
on  Sufquehannah  river,  and  lies  on  the  north  fide  of  a 
creek  of  its  name  which  empties  into  Unadilla  river. — 
ii. 

OUTER  Buoy,  in  Hiidfon's  Bay,  lies  in  lat.  51  38 
N.  and  5  leagues  eaft  of  North  BlufF. — ib. 

Outer  IJlaml,  on  the  coaft  of  Labrador,  is  in  the 
duller  called  St  Auguftine's  Square  ;  S.  W.  of  Sandy 
Ifland.and  eaft  of  Inner  lil^nd. — ib. 

OUTIMACS,  a  tribe  of  Indiins,  in  the  N.  W.  Ter- 
ritory, refiding  between  Lakes  Michigan  and  St  Clair. 
Warriors  200. — ib. 

OVEN'S  MOUTH  Bay,  in  the  Diftria  of  Maine, 
lies  on  the  S.  fide  of  Booth-bay  townftiip,  in  Lincoln 
county,  12  miles  from  the  fliire  town,  and  190  N.  by 
■E.  of  Bofton. — \l. 

OVID,  a  townfhip  of  New-York,  in  Onondago  coun- 
ty. It  was  incorporated  in  1794;  is  feparated  from 
Milton  on  the  E.  by  Cayuga  Lake,  and  comprehends 
all  the  lands  in  the  county  on  the  W.  fide  of  Seneca 
Lake.  The  centre  of  the  townlhip  is  20  miles  S.  of 
the  W.  fide  of  the  ferry  on  Cayuga  Lake.  In  1796, 
there  were  107  of  its  inhabitants  qualified  to  be  elec- 
tors.— ib. 

OWASCO,  a  lake,  partly  in  the  towns  of  Aurelius 
and  Scipi<i,  in  Onondago  county.  New  York.  It  is 
about  1 1  miles  long,  and  one  bread,  and  communicates 
with  Senec.i  river  on  the  N.  by  a  ftream  which  runs 
through  the  town  of  Briitu-s.  The  high  road  from 
Kaats'  Kill  weftward,  palTes  towards  Cayuga  ferry, 
neai  the  N.  end  of  the  lake. — ib. 

OWEGO,  a  poft-town  in  Tinga  county,  New  York, 


on  the  eaft  branch  of  the  Sufquehannah,  20  miles  weft-    Owego, 
erly  of  Union,  34  N.  E.  of  Athens,  at  Tioga  Point,         [I 
and  284  from  Philadelphia.     In  1796,  170  of  its  inha-  ^^^ygjy^ 
bitants  were  eled'^rs. — ib. 

Owego  Creek,  in  Tioga  county,  ferves  as  the  eaft 
boundary  of  the  townlhip  of  its  name.  It  has  feveral 
fmall  branches  which  unite  and  empty  through  the  N. 
bank  of  the  eaft  branch  of  Sufquehannah  river,  about 
iS-i  miles  W.  of  the  mouth  of  Chenengo  river. — ib. 

OUYATOISKA  Bay  and  Ri-ver,  on  the  coaft  of 
Efquimaux,  or  N.  fiiore  of  the  Gulf  of  St  Lawrence,  is 
to  the  weftward  of  Natachquoin  river. — ib. 

OWHARREE,  a  harbour  on  the  northern  part  of 
the  weft  coaft  of  Houaheine,  one  of  the  Society  Illands, 
25  leagues  N.  W.  by  W.  of  Olaheite  Ifland.  S.  lat.  16 
44,  W.  long.  151  8. — ib. 

OWL's  Head,  a  head  land  on  the  W.  fide  of  Penob- 
fcot  Bay,  in  the  Diftriiff  of  Maine.  It  has  a  good  har- 
bour on  the  larboard  hand  as  you  go  to  the  eaftward. 
The  harbour  makes  with  a  deep  cove  ;  has  4  fathoms 
water,  and  a  muddy  bottom.  It  is  open  to  the  E.  to  N. 
and  E.  N.  E.  winds ;  but  in  all  other  winds  you  are 
fafe.  The  tide  of  flood  fets  to  the  eaftward,  and  the 
tide  of  ebb  S.  W.  through  the  Mufcle  Ridges. — ib. 

OXBOW,  Great,  a  bend  of  the  river  Connedicur, 
about  the  middle  of  the  townfiiip  of  Newbury,  in  Ver- 
mont. It  contains  450  acres  of  the  fineft  meadow  land 
in  New  England. — ib. 

OXFORD,  a  townfhip  in  Worcefter  county,  MafTa- 
chufetts.  It  contains  1000  inhabitants;  is  11  miles 
fouthward  of  Worcefter,  and  54  S.  W.  of  Bofton. — ib. 

Oxford,  a  village  in  Briftol  county,  Mailachufetts. 
—ib. 

Oxford,  a  parifti  in  the  northern  part  of  Derby,  in 
Conneiflicut,  containing  140  families  ;  17  miles  N.  W. 
of  New  Haven. — ib. 

Oxford,  a  poft-town  of  New  York,  in  Tioga  county, 
45  miles  N.  E.  of  Union,  and  20  S.  W.  of  Butternutts. 
This  townfiiip,  lies  between  Jericho  and  Union,  and  is 
bounded  northerly  on  Norwich,  and  wefterly  by  the 
tradt  called  the  Chenengo  Triangle.  It  was  incorpo- 
rated in  1793.    Here  is  an  incorporated  academy. — ib. 

Oxford,  a  townfhipof  New  Jerfey,  fituated  in  Sulfex 
county,  on  the  eaft  bank  of  Delaware  river,  15  or  20 
miles  N.  E.  of  Eafton  in  Pennfylvania.  it  contains 
1905  inhabitants,  including  65  flaves. — ib. 

Oxford,  a  townfhip  of  Pennfylvania,  fituated  in 
Philadelphia  county.  There  is  one  of  the  fame  name 
in  Chefter  county. — ib. 

Oxford,  a  port  of  entry,  on  the  eaftern  fhore  of 
Chefapeak  Bay,  in  Talbot  county.  Its  exports  in  1794 
amounted  to  6,956  dollars.  It  is  13  miles  S.  by  W. 
of  Eafton,  and  about  48  S.  E.  of  Baltimore. — ib. 

Oxford,  a  fmall  poft-town  of  N.  Carolina,  36  miles 
from  HilHborough,  and  about  416  from  Philadelphia. 
—ib. 

OXYGLYCUS  CERASU3,  the  name  given  by  the 
editor  of  Dalzel's  Hillory  of  Dahomy  to  a  very  fingu- 
lar  fruit  produced  in  that  country,  as  well  as  in  fome 
other  parts  of  Africa.  It  refembles  a  Imall  olive  in 
every  refpedt  but  the  colour;  being  of  a  dullcy  reddilh 
hue,  changing  at  the  end  next  the  ftalk  to  a  faint  yel- 
low. The  pulp  is  firm,  and  almoft  iniipid  ;  the  ftone 
is  hard  like  that  of  the  olive.  After  having  chewed 
one  or  more  of  fuch  berries,  and  fpit  out  or  Iwallowed 

the 


O    X    Y 


[    689    ] 


O    X    Y 


0.xy-Mari- 

atic  Acid. 


Oiyglycus,  the  pulp  at  pleafure,  a  glafs  of  vinegar  will  tafte,  to  the 
perfon  trying  the  experiment,  like  fweet  wine  ;  a  lime 
will  leem  to  have  the  flavour  of  a  very  ripe  China 
,  orange  ;  and  the  fame  change  is  produced  on  other 
acids,  the  ordinary  eifefls  of  which  upon  the  palate  is 
deftroyed  in  a  very  unaccountable  manner,  without  ef- 
fervefcence  or  any  fenfible  motion.  Indeed,  the  eiFe(fl 
is  very  different  from  neutralization,  aiifing  from  the 
mixture  of  acid  and  alkali  ;  fuch  combination  produ- 
cing a  neutral  faline  liquor,  wliilft  this  miraculous  ber- 
ry feems  to  convert  acids  to  fweets.  Food  or  drink, 
not  containing  any  acid,  fuffer  no  change  by  the  pre- 
vious ufe  of  this  fruit  ;  its  elfedl  upon  acids  continues, 
even  after  a  meal,  though  in  a  much  fmaller  degree. 
Tlie  natives  ufe  it  to  render  palatable  a  kind  of  gruel 
called  gudJoe,  which  is  made  of  bread  after  it  becomes 
too  ftale  for  any  other  purpofe.  They  defcribe  it  as 
the  fruit  of  a  large  tree. 

Plants  fix  or  feven  inches  high  were  raifed  from  this 
fruit  by  Mr  Dalzel,  who  tried  to  carry  them  from  An- 
gola to  the  botanic  garden  at  St  Vincent's  ;  but  they 
died  on  the  paflage.  He  preferved  the  berries  in  fpi- 
rits,  in  fyrup,  and  in  a  dry  form  ;  but  they  loft  their 
fingular  quality  in  all  thofe preparations.  The  plant  is 
an  evergreen,  and  the  leaves  in  this  infant  ftate  are  like 
thofe  of  the  olive. 

OXY-MuRiATic  Acid  (See  CHEMisTRy-/n</cx  in 
this  Sup(il.),\%  the  principal  agent  in  the  new  procefs 
of  bleaching  (fee  Bleaching,  Suppl.)  ;  but,  till  very 
lately,  at  leall,  il  nr't  even  at  prefent,  the  bleachers 
were  in  the  practice  of  adding  fome  alkali  to  the  acid, 
notwithftanding  the  ftrong  objeiftions  which  M.  Ber- 
thoUet  made  to  that  addition,  and  notwithftanding  the 
proofs  urged  by  Mr.  Rupp,  that  it  increafes  the  ex- 
pence  of  bleaching  about  40  pir  cent.  The  chiet  rea- 
fon  for  perfifting  in  a  practice  to  which  fuch  ohjedions 
were  urged  was,  that  the  addition  of  the  alkali  deprives 
the  liquor  of  its  fuffocating  effefts  without  deftroying 
its  bleaching  powers.  Mr  Kupp,  however,  has  contri- 
ved the  following  apparatus,  in  which  may  be  fafely 
ufed  the  pure  oxy-muriatic  acid  fimply  dilfolved  in 
water,  which  is  at  once  its  cheapeft  and  beft  vehicle. 

Figure  I.  (Plate  XLI.)  is  a  fedion  of  the  appa- 
ratus. It  confills  of  an  oblong  deal  ciftern  ABCD, 
made  water  tight.  A  rib  EE  of  aih  or  beech  wood 
is  firmly  fixed  to  the  middle  of  the  bottom  CD,  being 
mortiled  into  the  ends  of  the  ciftern.  This  nb  is  pro- 
vided with  holes  at  FF,  in  which  two  perpendicular 
axes  are  to  turn.  The  lid  AB  has  a  rim  GG,  which 
finks  and  fits  into  the  ciftern.  Two  tubes  HH  are 
fixed  into  tlie  lid,  their  centres  being  perpendicularly 
over  the  centres  of  the  fockets  FF  when  the  lid  is  up- 
on the  ciftern.  At  I,  is  a  tube  by  which  the  liquor  is 
introduced  into  the  apparatus.  As  it  is  neceffary  that 
the  fpice  within  tiic  rim  GG  be  air.ti;.^ht,  its  joints  to 
the  lid,  and  the  ji>iiits  of  the  tubes,  muU  be  very  clofe  ; 
and  if  neceffary  feciired  with  pitch.  Two  perpendi- 
cular axes  KL,  made  of  afli  or  beecii  wood  pais  thro' 
the  tubes  HH,  and  reft  in  llic  fcickets  FF.  A  piece 
nf  ftrorg  canvas  M  is  fewed  veiy  light  round  the  axis 
K,  one  end  of  it  projeiJling  from  the  ;ixis.  The  other 
axis  is  provided  with  a  fimilar  piece  of  canvas.  N  arc 
pieces  nf  cloth  rolled  upon  the  axis  L.  Two  plain 
pulleys  00  are  fixed  to  the  axes,  in  order  to  prevent 
the  cloth  from  flipping  down.     The  fliafts  are  turned 

SuppL.  Vol.  II. 


by  a  moveable  handle  P.  QJs  a  moveable  pulley,  round  Oxy-Muri- 
which  paffes  the  cord  R.     This  cord,  which  is  faftened   "'cAdd- 
on  the  oppofite  fide  of  the  lid  (fee  fig,   2.),  and  paffes  '"^''"'''^*~^ 
over  the  fmall  pulley  S,  produces  fridion  by  means  of 
the  weight  T.     By  the  ft^igot  and  fauffet  V,  the  liquor 
is  let  ofl"  when  exhaufted. 

The  dimenfions  of  this  apparatus  are  calculated  for 
the  purpofe  of  bleaching  twelve  or  fifteen  pieces  of  -J 
callicoes,  or  any  other  ftuffs  of  equal  breadth  and  fub- 
ftance.  When  the  goods  are  ready  for  bleaching,  the 
axis  L  is  placed  on  a  frame  in  an  horizontal  pofition, 
and  one  of  the  pieces  N  being  faftened  to  the  canvas  M 
by  means  of  woc^den  fkewers,  in  the  manner  reprefented 
in  fig.  I.  it  is  rolled  upon  the  axis  by  turning  it  with 
the  handle  P.  This  operation  muft  be  pei formed  by 
two  perfons ;  the  one  turning  the  axis  and  the  other 
direfling  the  piece,  which  muft  be  rolled  on  very  tight 
and  very  even.  When  the  firft  piece  is  on  the  axis,  the 
next  piece  is  faftened  to  the  end  of  it  by  fkewers,  and 
wound  on  in  the  lame  manner  as  the  firft.  The  fame 
method  is  purfued  till  all  the  pieces  are  wound  upon  the 
axis.  The  end  of  the  laft  piece  is  then  faftened  to  the 
canavs  of  the  axis  K.  Both  axesare  afterwards  placed 
into  the  ciftern,  with  their  ends  in  the  fockets  FF,  and 
the  lid  is  put  on  the  ciftern  by  pafling  the  axes  through 
the  tubes  HH.  The  handle  P  is  put  upon  the  empty 
axis,  and  the  pulley  Qjipon  the  axis  on  which  the  cloth 
is  rolled,  and  the  cord  R,  with  the  weight  T,  is  put 
round  it  and  over  the  pulley  S.  The  ufe  of  the  fiiflion, 
produced  by  this  weight  is  to  make  the  cloih  wind  tight 
upon  the  other  axis.  But  as  the  effeft  of  the  weight  will 
increafe  as  one  cylinder  increafes  and  the  other  leffens, 
Mr  Rupp  recommends  tliat  three  or  four  weights  be  fuf- 
pended  on  the  cord,  which  may  be  taken  off  gradually 
as  the  perfon  who  works  the  machine  may  find  it  con- 
venient. As  the  weights  hang  in  open  hooks,  which  are 
faftened  to  the  cord,  it  will  be  little  or  no  trouble  to  put 
them  on  and  to  remove  them. 

Things  being  thus  difpofed,  the  bleaching  liquor  is 
to  be  transferred  from  the  veffels  in  which  it  has  been 
prepared  into  the  apparatus,  by  a  moveable  tube  paf- 
fing  through  the  tube  I,  and  defcending  to  the  bottrm 
of  the  ciftern.  This  tube  being  connefled  with  the 
veffels,  by  means  of  leaden  or  wooden  pipes  provided 
with  cocks,  hardly  any  vapours  will  efcape  in  the  trans- 
fer. When  the  apparatus  is  filled  up  to  the  line  a, 
the  moveable  tube  is  to  be  withdrawn,  and  the  tube  I 
clofed.  As  the  liquor  rites  above  the  edge  of  the  rim 
G,  and  above  the  tubes  HH,  it  is  evident  that  no  eva- 
poration can  take  place,  except  where  the  rim  does  not 
apply  clofely  to  the  fides  of  the  box  ;  which  will,  how- 
ever, form  a  very  trifling  furface  if  the  carpenter's  work 
be  decently  dune.  Tlie  cloth  is  now  to  be  wound  from 
the  axis  L  upon  the  axis  K,  by  turning  this  ;  and  when 
this  is  acconipllflied,  the  handle  P  and  pulley  ()  are  to 
be  changed,  and  the  cloth  is  to  be  wound  back  upon 
the  axis  L.  This  operation  is,  of  courfe,  to  be  repeat- 
ed as  of"ten  as  neceffary.  It  is  plain,  th.tt  by  this  pro- 
cefs  of  winding  the  cloih  from  one  axis  upon  the  other, 
eveiy  part  of  it  is  expofed,  in  tlie  moll  complete  man- 
ner, to  the  a>.^ion  of  the  liquor  in  which  it  is  immerfed. 
It  will  be  necelfiry  to  turn,  at  firft,  very  brifkly,  not 
only  becaufe  the  liquour  is  then  the  ftrongeft,  but  alfo 
becaufe  it  requiies  a  number  of  revolutions,  when  th* 
axis  is  bare,  to  move  a  certain  length  of  clodi  in  a  given 
4  S  time 


O     Y     S 


[     690     ] 


O     Z    A 


Oxy-Muri- 
atic  Acid, 

II 
Oyfttr. 


time,  thnugh  tills  may  be  performed  by  a  fingle  revolu- 
tion when  the  axis  is  filled.  Experience  muft  teach 
how  long  the  goods  are  to  be  worked;  nor  can  any 
rule  be  given  rdpe(5ilng  the  quantity  and  ftrength  of 
the  lio,uor,  in  ord;r  to  bleach  a  certain  number  of 
pieces.  An  intelligent  workman  will  foon  attain  a  fuf- 
ficient  knowledge  of  thefe  points.  It  is  hardly  necef- 
firy  to  oblerve,  that,  if  the  liquor  Ihould  retain  any 
llrength  after  a  fct  of  pieces  are  bleached  with  it,  it 
may  again  be  employed  for  another  fet. 

AVith  a  le.v  alterations,  this  apparatus  might  be  made  • 
applic;ible  to  the  bleaching  of  yarn.  If,  for  inftance, 
the  pulley  O  were  removed  from  the  end  of  the  axis 
K,  and  fixed  immediitely  under  the  tube  H  ; — if  it 
were  perforated  in  all  direflions,  and  tapes  or  rtrings 
palfeil  lhrou.',h  the  holes,  fkains  of  yarn  might  be  tied 
to  thefe  tapes  undernvalh  the  pulley,  fo  as  to  hang 
<!cwii  t  >waidi  the  bottom  of  the  box.  The  apparatus 
bcin'j  r.f.erx'.  ards  filled  with  bleaching  liquor,  and  the 
axis  turned,  the  motion  would  caufe  every  thread  to  be 
aifled  upon  by  the  liquor.  Several  axes  might  thus  be 
turned  in  the  fiime  box,  and  being  connefted  with  each 
other  by  pulleys,  they  might  all  be  worked  by  one  per- 
fon  at  the  fame  time ;  and  as  all  would  turn  the  fame 
way  and  with  the  fame  fpeed,  the  fkains  could  not  pof- 
fiblv  entangle  each  other. 

OVSTER  Bay,  a  townfliip  of  New-Ycik,  fituated 
in  Queen's  county,  Long-Ifland,  extending  from  the 
Sound  S.  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  arid  includes  Loyd's 
Neck,  cr  Queen's  Village,  and  Hog-Ifland.  It  con- 
tains 4097  inhabitants;  of  whom  611  are  eleftors, 
and  381  llaves. — Morse. 

Oyster  Bay,  a  harbour  for  fmall  veflels  in  the  S.  W. 
limits  of  the  town  of  Barndab!:,  in  Barntlable  county, 
Maflachufetts.  It  affords  excellent  oyfteis  ;  hence  its 
name. — ib. 

Oyster  Beds,  in  Delaware  Bay,  lie  oppofite  Nan- 
tuxet  Bay. — \h. 

Oyster   Fo'tnt,  on  the  coaft  of  S.  Carolina,  where 


the  water  does  not  ebb  till  an  hour  and  a  half  after  it 
begins  to  ebb  at  the  bar  of  Afhley  river,  near  Charlef- 
ton.  It  is  bell  to  go  in  an  hour  and  an  halt  before 
high  water. — ib. 

Oyster  Pond,  a  part  of  the  waters  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  which  fet  up  weftward  into  Long-Iiland,  in  the 
State  of  New- York,  between  the  north-eafternmoft  point 
of  the  illand  called  Oyfler  Pond  Point,  and  Gardner's 
Kland.  Off  the  point  are  \.\so  fmall  ifles,  one  of  which 
is  called  Plumb- Ifland. — ib. 

Oyster  River,  a  W.  branch  of  Pifcataqna  river  in 
Ntw-Hamplhire.  Duihara  liands  on  its  S.  fide,  near 
its  jun(5lion  with  the  main  ftream  at  Htlion's  Point. 
—ih. 

O-YONG-WONGEYK,  on  Lake  Ontario,  at  J.)hn- 
fon's  Landing-Place,  about  4  miles  eaftwaid  of  Fort 
Niagara. — \b. 

OZAMA,  one  of  the  largeft  rivers  of  the  ifland  of 
St  Domingo,  in  the  Wed-lndies,  and  on  wh'ch  the 
city  of  St  Domingo  is  fituated.  It  is  navigable  9  or 
10  leagues  from  S.  to  N.  One  may  judge  of  tije  enor- 
mous volume  or  water  which  the  confluent  ftieam  of 
Ifahella  and  Ozama  i'ends  to  the  fca,  by  the  red  colour 
it  gives  it  in  the  time  of  the  floods,  and  which  is  per- 
ceivable as  far  as  the  eye  can  diftlnguifh.  There  is  a 
rock  at  the  moufh,  which  prevents  the  entrance  of  vef- 
fels  drawing  more  than  18  or  20  feet  of  water.  The 
river  for  a  league  is  24  feet  deep  ;  and  its  banks  are  20 
feet  perpendicular,  but  N.  of  the  city  this  height  is  re- 
duced to  4  feet.  This  real  natural  bafon  has  a  bottom 
of  mud  or  foft  fand,  with  a  number  of  careening  places. 
It  feldom  overflows  its  banks,  except  in  very  extraor- 
dinary inundations.  The  road  beioie  the  mouih  of 
the  Ozama  is  very  indifferent,  and  lies  expofed  from 
W.  S.  W.  to  E.  It  is  imp^'lTible  to  anchor  in  it  in  the 
time  of  the  fouth  winds,  and  the  north  winds  drive  the 
veffels  from  their  moorings  out  into  the  fea,  which 
here  runs  extremely  high.  The  mouth  of  the  river  is 
in  lat.  t8  18  N.  and  long,  from  Paris  73  38  W. — ib-. 


P. 


P 


ABLO,  St,  a  ]a't;e  in  the  jurifdidiion  of  Otabalo, 
in  the  province  of  Quito,  3  leagues  in  length, 
and  about  half  a  league  in  breadth.  The  lake  is  every 
where  furrounded  with  a  fpecies  of  ruflies  called  Toto- 
ral,  among  which  are  vaft  numbers  of  wild  geefe  and 
galarettes.  Its  waters  empty  into  the  Rio  Blanco. 
— Morse. 

Pablo,  St,  a  village  on  the  above  lake,  inhabited 
ptincipally  by  Indians. — ib. 

Pablo,  St,  a  town  on  the  S.  coaft  of  the  Ifthmus 
of  Darien,  in  the  province  of  Veragua,  S.  America. 
— ib. 

PACAJES,  a  province  of  S.  America,  which  is 
rich  in  filver  mines,  though  they  are  not  much  work- 
td.  Here  are  alfo  mines  of  talc,  called  Jafpes  Blancos 
de  V'erenguela,  on  account  of  their  tranfparent  white- 
nefs.  In  this  province  are  an  abundance  of  emeralds. 
— «*. 


PACAMORES,  a  diftrifl  of  Peru,  in  S.  America.  Pacamores,., 
The  air  is  temperate,  and  th.e  earth  abounds  in   gold.  || 

An   Indian  nation  of  this  name  inhabit  the  banks  of  ^^'^''^"™* 
Amazon  river. — ib. 

PACAYITA,  a  volcano  in  Guatimala,  in  New- 
Spain.  In  1773  the  lava  which  iffiied  from  it  dellroy- 
ed  the  city  of  St  Jago,  which  was  fituated  in  the  val- 
ley of  Panchoi. — ib. 

PACHACAMA,  or  Pachamac,  a  famous,  fruitful, 
and  pleafant  valley  in  Peru,  4  leagues  from  Lima, 
formerly  beautified  with  a  magnificent  temple  built  by 
the  Incas,  and  dedicated  to  the  Creator  of  the  Univerfe. 
The  Peruvians  had  in  it  feveral  idols ;  but  they  had  fo 
great  a  reverence  for  God,  whom  they  called  Pacha- 
CAMAC,  that  they  offered  him  what  they  efteemed  mod 
precious,  and  durft  not  look  upon  him  ;  fo  that  their 
kings  and  priefts  entered  his  temple  with  their  backs 
tow'ards  his  altar,  and  came  out  again  without  daring 

to 


P     A     I  [     691 

to  turn  about.  The  ruins  of  tliis  fuperb  ftruftuie,  fays 
Jovet,  do  yet  demonllrate  its  former  magnificence  and 
greatnefj.  Such  immtnfe  treafures  had  been  laid  up 
in  it,  that  Ferdinand  Pizarro  found  to  ths  value  of 
90o,oco  ducats  in  it ;  although  400  Indians  liad  taken 
away  as  much  as  they  could  carry  ;  and  the  Spanifli 
foldiers  pillaged  it  before  he  came.  The  cruel  Spani- 
ards tortured  the  native?,  but  could  not  extract  a  dif- 
covcry  of  the  hidden  treafure. — ib. 

PACHEA,  the  moft  northerly  of  the  iflands  called 
the  Pearl  or  King's  lll.inds,  all  low  and  woody,  and 
about  12  leagues  from  Panama.  Within  a  leas>ue  of 
ihis  ifl-tnd  there  is  anchorage  in  17  fatlioms. — ib. 

PACHEGOIA,  a  lake  of  New  SouTh  Wales,  in 
N.  America,  in  hit.  55  N. — ib. 

PACHEQIJE,  a  tine,  but  fmall  ifland  on  ths  vS.  W. 
fide  of  the  bay  of  Panama,  on  the  coall  of  the  N.  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  and  one  of  the  beautiful  iflands  within  the 
femicircular  bay  from  Panama  to  Point  Mala.  Thefe 
iflands  yield  wood,  water,  fruit,  fowls,  hogs,  &c.  and 
afford  excellent  harbour  for  fliipping. — ib. 

PACHUCO,  a  town  of  Mexico  famous  for  the  fil 
ver  mines  in  its  vicinity, 
there  arc  1000  of  them, 
of  Mexico. — ib. 

PACKERSFIELD,  a  townOiipof  New-Harpplhire, 
Chefliire  county,  E.  of  Kcene,  on  the  head  branches 
of  Afliuelot  river.  It  is  86  miles  wefterly  of  Portf- 
mouth,  was  incorporated  in  1774,  and  contains  721 
inhabitants. — ib. 

PACMOTE,  a  bay  on  the  eart  fide  of  the  ifland  of 
Martinico,  between  Vauclin  Bay  on  the  north,  and 
Fere  Ance  or  Creek  on  the  fouth. — ib. 

PACOLET,  a  fmall  river  of  South  Carolina,  which 
rifes  in  the  White  Oak  Mountains,  and  unites  with 
Broad  river,  30  miles  above  Tyger  river,  and  24  fnuili 
of  the  North  Carolina  line.  lis  courfe  is  about  fcuth- 
eaft,  and  on  it  are  the  celebrated  Pacolet  Springs,  17 
miles  above  its  confluence  with  Broad  river. — ib. 

PADOUCAS,  a  weftern  branch  of  Miffouri  river. 
The  tribe  of  Indians  of  this  name  are  faid  by  fome  to 
be  of  Welch  origin. — ib. 

PAGET's  Port,  a  fmall  harbour  witliin  the  great 
found  in  the  Bahama  Iflands,  and  in  the  moil  ealterly 
part  of  the  found. — ib. 

PAGl'ISA,  or  Pciquifa,  on  the  weft  fide  of  South- 
America,  in  lat.  21  55  S.  and  10  leagues  north  of  the 
harbour  of  Cobija,  in  the  bay  ot  Atacama.  Haguey 
de  Paguifa,  or  the  watering  place  of  Paguifa,  is  15 
leagues  from  Cobij.i.  The  whole  coafl  between  is 
high,  mountainous  and  rocky,  in  the  dire.5tion  of  north- 
north-eaft. — ib. 

PAINTED  Pojl,  a  ftation,  fo  called  in  New- York- 
State,  in  Tioga  county,  on  the  northern  lide  of  Tinga 
river,  between  Bath  and  N;wtown;   40  miles  N.  W. 


] 


P    A     I 


antiquity,  wliich,  after  being  lofl  for  many  ages,  was 
rcllored,  as  is  commonly  believed,  by  the  celebrated 
Count  Caylus,  whofe  method  was  greatly  improved, 
liilt  by  Mr  Jofiah  Colebrooke,  and  afterwards  by  Mifs 
Greenland,  who  brought  the  rudiments  of  her  know, 
ledge  from  Italy  (See  Enc.iustic,  Emycl.).  In  that 
country  encauHic  painting  had  employed  the  attention 
of  various  artifts  and  men  of  learning,  fuch  as  Requcno, 
Lorgna,  and  ARori,  &o. ;  but  tire  bcR  acccun:  of  ic 
that  has  fallen  under  our  notice,  is  in  that  valuable  mil- 
cellany  called  the  PkiLfol>hical  Mugazine,  taken  from  a 
work  of  Giov.  Fabbrorii,  pubiifhed  at  Rome  in  the  year 
1797- 

According  to  this  author,  "  the  knowledge  and  uTe 
of  enc«u(tic  paiming  is  certainly  older  than  the  time  ot 
the  Greeks  and  the  Romans,  to  whom  the  learned  Re- 
quetio  feems  to  afligir  the  exclufive  polfefllon  of  this 
art;  becaufe  the  Egyptians,  who,  with  the  Etrufcans, 
were  the  parents  of  the  greater  part  of  the  inventions 
known  among  mankind,  and  from  whom  the  Greeks 
learned  fo  much,  were  acquainted  with  and  emp'.oyed 
encauftic  painting  in  the  ancient  ages  of  their  grealnefs 
It  is  faid  that  within  20  miles  and  fplendour,  as  is  proved  by  the  valuable  fr=;gments 
It  lies  60  miles  from  the  city     of  the  bandages  and  coverings  of  feme  mummies  which 

he  had  examined.  No  oil-painting  (he  fays),  of  cmly 
two  or  three  hundred  years  old,  exhibits  a  white  paint 
which  has  kept  fo  well  as  that  feen  on  thefe  fragments  ; 
and  this  circumftance  fufficiently  proves  the  fuperiority 
ot  the  encauflic  method  over  the  common  oil-painting, 
which,  notwithftanding  the  general  opinion,  cannot,  he 
thinks,  have  been  unknown  to  the  ancients.  ' 

"  It  is  impnflible  (fays  he)  that  in  Egypt  and  Phcs- 
nicia,  where  fo  much  ufe  was  made  of  flax,  the  oil  pro- 
cured in  abundance  from  that  plant  fhould  have  been 
unknown.  Thofe  who  have  kept  oil,  or  who  have  fpilt 
any  of  it,  whether  nut  or  lintlised  oil,  mud  have  re- 
marked that  it  polTefles  the  property  of  foon  drying  by 
the  effefls  of  the  atmofphere  ;  and  therefore  it  may  be 
eafily  believed  that  mankind  mud  foon  have  conceived 
the  idearf  employing  it,  particularly  for  fliips,  which, 
as  Herodotus  fays,  were  painted  with  red  ochre  in  the 
earlieil  periods,  and  adorned  with  figures  and  orna- 
ments. The  ufe  of  oil  afforded  painting  a  much  fimpler 
and  eafier  method  than  that  of  wax  ;  it  muft  therefore 
have  been  fiifl  adopted,  and  the  tranfiiion  from  oil  to 
wax  muft  be  confidered  as  a  ftep  towards  bringing  tlie 
art  to  pcrfcclion  ;  becaufe  encauftic  painting  is  not  ex- 
pofed  to  the  irremediable  inconveniences  that  arile  in 
oil-|iainiIng,  the  value  of  which  we  extolled  through  ig- 
norance, and  praifed  as  a  new  invention. 

♦'  Oil  In  general,  and  in  particular  drying  oil  which 
the  p.iinters  ufe,  has  naturally  a  ftrong  inclination  to 
combine  itfelt  w  ith  the  vital  air  or  oxygen  of  the  atmo- 
fphere, and  by  imbibli^g  oxygen  it  f.ecomes  dry,  and 
alfumes  the  characier  of  refin  ;  but  the  col.^ur  then  be- 


raiiUing. 


by  W.  of  Tioga  Point,  or  Athens,  58  iouth-call  of    comes  darker,  as  is  the  cafe  with  tranfparent  turpentine, 


Williamft)urg  on   Geneffec  river,   and   230  N.  W.  of 
Philadelphia.     A  poft-office  is  kept  here. — ib. 

PAtNTED  Rock  is  on  French  Broad  river,  by  which 
the  line  runs  between  Virginia  and  Tennellee. — ib. 

PAINTER'S  Harbour,  on  the  weft  cohU  of  Cape 
Breton  Ifland,  is  nearly  due  eaft  of  Eaft  Point  in  tlie 
iiland  of  St  John's.  N.  lat.  46  22,  W.  long.  61  16. 
—ib. 

Encaustic   PAINTING   is  an   art  of  very  high 


which  gradually  becomes  a  black  pitch. 

"  Actordir.g  to  the  new  and  more  accurate  method 
of  decompofing  bodies,  oil  confifts  principally  of  hy- 
drogen and  carbon.  By  coming  into  contad  with  the 
atmifpherc,  and  abforbmg  its  niygen  and  light,  it  un- 
dergoes a  flow  and  imperceptible  combuftion,  which  is 
not  edenti.illy  dilferent  froni  the  fpeedy  and  vi.lent  one 
which  it  would  irndergn  in  the  common  mode  of  burn- 
iDg.  It  firft  palFcs,  by  imbibing  oiygcn,  into  the  ftate 
4  S  2  of 


1>    A     I  C     692     ]  P     A    I 

Painting,  of  a  more  or  lefs  dark  refin  ;  lofes  gradually  its  eflential  wax-painting,  and  the  latter  certainly  alludes  to  paint-   Palming;. 

"""^^^^^"^  hydrogen,  which  makes  a  new  combination,  and  after-  ings  in  oil.     It  is  well  known  that  paintings  with  wet  *«^'^''>»' 

wards  the' oxygen  itlelf  which  has  attracted  the  carbon  ;  chalks  or  water  colours  do  not  become  black  by  age, 

and  at  len"-th  leaves  behind  a  thin  layer  of  adual  car-  and  that  this  is  the  cafe  alfo  with  encauftic.     Of  this 

bon    which  in  the  end  becomes  black  in  the  courfe  of  any  one  may  be  convinced,  not  only  by  the  exprefllons 

time,  and  confiderably  obfcures  the  oil-painting.     By  of  the  above  quoted  authors,  but  by  one's  own  eyes  on 

a  continuance  of  the  before-mentioned  flow  combuftion,  furveying  the  Egyptian  fragment  alluded  to.     Galland 

the  carbon  itfelf,  as  it  were,  burns  alfo  :  if  it  be  flrong-  proves,  on  various  grounds,  that  a  painting  was  made 

ly  afted  upon  by  the  light,  it  attrafts  the  oxygen  of  with  oil  fo  early  as  the  reign  of  Marcus  Aurelius  ;  and 

the  atmofphere,  and  again  brings  forward  the  carbonic  if  no  fpecimens  of  that  period  have  reached  us,  this  is 

acid  or  fixed  air,  which  gradually  flies  off.     By  this,  perhaps  to  be  afcribed  to  the  frail  and  periftiable  nature 

which  I  may  call  the  fecond  degree  of  combuftion,  the  of  this  fpecies  of  painting." 

painting  mull  become  dully  and  friable,  like  crayon        Sign.  Fabbroni,  after  fome  farther  obfervations,  cal- 

piiiri/irig.  culated  to  prove  that  metallic  oxyds  or  calces  could  not 

"  Hence  it  appears  (fays  our  author)  that  one  can  have  been  employed  as  pigments  on  fuch  mummies  as 

hope  only  tor  a  tranfieut  or  deceitful  effedl  from  the  re-  ftill  retain  their  colours  freih,  proceeds  thus:    "  Thofe 

frelhing  of  oil-paintings  with  oil;  becaufe  the  harmony  who  are  acquainted  with  the  accuracy  and  certainty  of 

of  the  tones,  which  the  painter  ellabliflies  as  fuited  for  the  method  not   long  fmce  introduced  into  sliemical 

the  moment,  does  not  proceed  with  equal  fteps,  and  operations,  will  be  convinced,  that  in  24  grains  of  the 

cann' t  preferve  itfelf  in  the  like  nieafure  for  the  courfe  encauftic  painting,  which   I  ventured  to  detach  from 

of  a  few  years,  as  each  tint,  as  they  fay,  ought  to  in-  the  above-mentioned   Egyptian  fragment,  in  order  to 

creafe,  or,  to  Ipeak  more  properly,  to  burn  in  propor-  fubjedl  it  to  examination,  the  mixture  of  an  hundredth 

tion  to   its  antiquity.       It  thence  follows,    that  mere  part  of  a  foreign  fubflance  would  have  been  difcovered 

walhing  may  be  prejudicial  to  an  old  painting;  and  that  with  the  greateft  certainty  ;  that  the  refin  of  Requeno 

the  method  of  refrefliing  paintings,  as  it  is  called,  by  muft  undoubtedly  have  been  perceptible  to  me,   and 

daubing  over  the  fiirface,  fiom  time  to  time,  with  new  that  the  alkali  of  Baclielier  and  Lorgna  could  not  have 

drying  oil,  is  highly  prejudicial  and  ill  calculated  for  efcaped  the  counterafting  medium.     But  in  this  Egyp- 

the  intended  purpofe,  fince  the  oil  when  it  becomes  dry  tian  encauftic  I  found  nothing  except  very  pure  wax, 

contraifls  in  its  whole  furface,  carries  with  it  the  paint  though  I  varied  my  analyfis  in  every  known  method, 

under  it,  and  occafions  cracks  in  the  painting.     New  I  muft  therefore  conclude,  that  modern  learned  writers, 

oil  of  this  kind  gives  occafion  to  mineral  paints  to  be  at  leaft  in  refpeft  to  this   Egyptian  mode  of  painting, 

reftored  ;  but  covers  the  pifture  with  a  new  coat  of  re-  were  as  far  from  the  truth  as  the  accounts  of  ancient 

fin,  and  then  of  carbon,  which  arifes  from  the  gradual  authors  appear  to  me  precife  and  fatisfaiftory  ;  and  that 

com'uuftion,  and  always  caliles  more  blacknefs,  and  the  the  encauftum  with  which  formerly  the  fore  part  of 

decay  of  the  painting  which  one  wifhes  to  preferve.  fnips  and  ihe  walls  of  houfes  and  temples  were  painted, 

"  Wax,  on  the  other  hand,  undergoes  a  change  which  was  fometliing  different  from  foap  or  refinous  crayons, 
is  very  different  irom  that  of  drying  oil.  The  wax,  "  1  am  well  aware  that  it  will  be  afked,  In  what 
inftead  of  becoming  black  by  the  contaft  of  the  atmo-  manner  can  wax  at  prefent  be  rendered  lufficiently  li- 
fphere,  increafes  in  whitenefs,  and,  according  to  its  na-  quid  for  the  ftrokes  of  the  pencil,  if  it  be  not  convert- 
tural  quality,  is  not  deconipofed  in  the  air,  and  it  does  ed  into  powder  or  foap?  This  queftion,  in  my  opi- 
not  ftrongly  attraifl  the  oxygen  of  the  cakes  or  metallic  nion,  can  be  fully  anfweied  from  the  words  of  an  an- 
afhes  which  are  commonly  uled  in  painting.  Moreover,  cient  author,  and,  in  the  next  place,  by  experience, 
the  fo  called  earths,  which  are  in  themfelves  white,  and  "  Vitruvius  in  particular,  bo  ik  vii.  chap,  ix,  exprefles 
are  never  variable  either  by  the  prefence  or  abfence  of  himfelf  in  the  following  clear  manner  : 
cxy£;en,  cannot  be  employed  in  oil-painting,  becaufe  '  Thofe  (fays  he)  who  wi(h  to  retain  cinnabar  on 
that  fluid  makes  them  almoft  tranfparent,  and  caufes  walls,  cover  it,  when  it  hat  been  well  laid  on  and  dried, 
them  to  remain  as  it  were  without  body,  and  not  to  with  Punic  wax  diluted  in  a  little  oil  (let  this  be  well 
produce  the  willicd-for  elfeifl.  That  beautilul  vvliite,  remarked);  and  after  they  have  fpread  nut  the  wax 
which  may  be  obfcrved  on  the  before-mentioned  Egyp-  with  a  h.iir  brulh,  they  heat  the  wall  by  means  of  a 
tian  encauftic,  is  nothing  elfe  than  a  fimple  earth,  and  br.-i'/'ier  tilled  with  burning  coals  (hence  it  is  called  en- 
according  to  our  author's  chemical  experiments,  a  chalk  caullic  painting),  and  then  make  it  Imooth  and  level 
which  is  alfo  unalterable."  by  rubbing  it  with   wax  tapets  and  clean  cloths,  as  is 

That  the  ancients  were  once  acquainted  with  the  ufe  done  wlien  marble  ftatues  are  covered  w'ah  wax.     The 

of  oil-painting,  and  neglefted  it  on  account  of  the  great  effeift  of  tliis  wax  crull  is,  that  the  colour  is  not  de- 

fuperiotity  of  the  encauftic  method,  our  author  thinks  llroyed  by  the  light  of  the  fun  or  the  moon  (a).' 
farther  evident  from  tiie  different  accounts  which  we         "  It  here  appears,  that  the  liom.ms,  who  copied  the 

have  of  the  ancient  paintings.     "  Tiuis  Petronius  praifes  Grecian  procels,  which  the  latter  borrowed  from  the 

the  frefti  appearance  which  the  valuable  works  of  Zeuxis  Egyptians,  mixed  the  wax  with  an  oil  to  make  it  pli- 

and  Apelks  had,  even  in  this  time  ;  but  Cicero,  on  the  able  under  the  brnfli ;  but  no  maftic,  alkali,  or  honey> 

other  hand,  fpeaks  of  the  paintings  of  the  ancients  ha-  as  has  been  ingenioufly  imagined,  and  which  fome  have 

ving  fuffered  from  blacknefs.     The  former  fpeaks  of  thought  might  be  employed  with  fuccefs.     The  ditK- 

culty 


(a)  The  reader  will  find  the  original  of  this  paffage,  with  a  tranflation  fomewhat  different,  in  the  article 
■Encaustic,  Encycl. 


P     A     I 


[     C93     ] 


P    A     I 


'Painting,  culty  now  will  be  confined  to  point  out  in  what  manner 
II.  this  oil  was  employed.  It  does  not  appear  that  they 
^'J!14J1^  ufed  thofe  fat  oils  which  are  commonly  called  drying 
oils ;  becaufe  they  could  have  employed  thefe  as  we  do, 
without  the  addition  of  wai,  which,  in  fuch  a  cafe, 
would  have  been  entirely  fuperfluous.  Fat  oils  which 
do  not  dry  would  not  have  been  proper  for  that  pur- 
pofe,  as  they  would  have  kept  the  wax  continually  in 
the  (late  of  a  foft  pomade  or  fjlve.  Befides,  my  expe- 
riments (continues  the  author)  would  without  doubt 
have  ftiewn  me  the  exiftence  of  any  oily  matter. 

«'  With  regard  to  elfential  or  volatile  oils,  a  knowledge 
of  them  is  not  allowed  to  the  ancients,  as  the  invention 
of  diftilling  is  not  older  than  the  eighth  or  ninth  cen- 
tury, and  therefore  falls  in  with  the  period  of  Geber 
or  Avicenna."  Yet  it  is  certain,  that,  in  order  to  ufe 
wax  in  their  encaullic  painting,  they  mull  have  com- 
bined it  with  an  ethereal  volatile  oil,  of  which  no  traces 
fhould  afterwards  remain  ;  becaufe  this  was  neceflary 
for  the  folidity  of  the  work,  and  becaufe  no  oil  was 
found  in  the  fragment  that  was  exHmined.  But  naphtha 
is  fuch  an  oil,  much  lighter  (lays  our  author)  than 
ether  of  vitriol  itfelf.  It  is  exceedingly  volatile,  and 
evaporates  without  leaving  a  tiace  of  it  behind.  On 
this  account  it  is  ufed  when  fiynatures  and  mAnufcripts 
are  to  be  copied;  becaufe  the  p;iper,  which  is  moillened 
by  it,  and  fo  rendered  tianfparent,  quickly  becomes 
white  and  opaque  as  before  by  the  complete  evapora- 
tion of  the  naphtha.  That  tlie  AliViians,  Chaldeans, 
and  Perfians,  were  well  acquainted  with  the  properties 
of  naphtha  is  known  to  every  fcholar;  and  hence  our 
author  thinks  it  highly  probable  that  it  was  ufed  by 
thofe  nations  to  render  wax  fit  for  painting.  "  It  ap- 
pears to  me  (fays  he)  that  the  Gieeks,  as  was  the  cafe 
with  many  other  things,  learned  encaullic  from  the 
Egyptians,  who  probaljly  derived  it  from  the  Alfyrians 
or  Chaldeans  ;  and  it  fo,  we  have  difcovered  the  real 
mixtuie  ufed  tor  ancient  encauftic  painting." 

To  put  the  matter,  however,  b;;yond  a  doubt.  Sign. 
Fabhroni  prepared,  tor  an  eminent  Saxon  painter,  a  fo- 
lution  ot  Vepetl  n  wax  in  highly  purified  naphtha,  de- 
tiring  him  to  mix  up  witli  it  the  C(  lours  necelf-iry  for 
a  painting.  The  anilt  complied  ;  and  b'>th  he  and  our 
author  were  allon  Ihed,  as  well  as  all  their  friends,  at 
the  high  tone  which  the  C"lours  atfunied,  and  the  agree- 
able lullie  which  the  painting  altervvards  acquit ed  when 
it  had  been  rubbed  over  with  a  fdft  cloth  A  fimilar 
folution  nf  wax  was  made  for  another  artift,  in  which 
the  (pirit  of  turpentine  was  ul"';d  inllead  of  naphtha 
with  equal  liicceis.  Our  author  therefore  concludes, 
we  think  with  reafon,  that  if  he  has  not  difcovered  the 
real  comp'Wition  empl  lyed  by  the  ancients  m  tlieir  en- 
caultic  pointings,  he  has  ^t  leal!  approached  much  nearer 
to  that  difcovery  than  any  nt  his  iTedecelfors  who  have 
enipli  yed  their  learned  labours  in  the  fame  field  of  in- 
vellii;ati')n. 

PAINTINGS,  or  Pictures,  are  often  dene  upon 
objeitb  trom  which,  when  they  are  valuable,  it  would 
be  dclirable  to  transfer  them.  Thus,  a  connoitfeur  in 
painting  might  naturally  with  to  transfer  an  old  and  va- 
luable picture  from  the  ceiliiig  or  walls  of  his  room  to 
llretchcd  canva« ;  and  fuch  a  man  would  coiifider  hlm- 
fclf  as  deeply  indebted  to  the  artill  wlin  Ihould  perform 
fo  arduous  a  talk.  This  talk  lias  aflu.illy  been  perform- 
ed by  Mr  Rol/ert  Salmon  of  Woburn,  BeJfordihire,  who 


was  honoured  by  the  Society  for  the  Encoui-ageimnt  e/Talntings. 
Arts,  isfc.  with  the  greater  lilver  pallet,  for  communi-  '^^'^'^^-^ 
eating  the  method  by  which  he  accompli thed  it. 

"  The  firft  thing  (fays  Mr  Salmon)  to  be  attended 
to  with  refpea  to  paintings,  either  on  plaftered  walls 
or  ceilings,  or  on  boards,  is,  that  the  place  in  which 
they  are  be  fecure  from  wet  or  damp.  If  the  paintings 
are  on  old  walls  in  large  builings,  or  other  places 
where  this  cannot  be  attained  by  art,  then  the  fummer 
feafon  Ihould  be  taken  tor  the  purpole,  as  the  pidure 
will  rarely  efcape  damage,  if  wet  or  damp  gets  at  it 
while  under  the  procefs.  At  the  fame  time,  care  (hould 
be  taken  that  the  room,  or  other  place,  be  not  over- 
heated  ;  as  th-tt  would  produce  equally  bad  effefls. 

"  Thefe  precautions  being  taken,  the  next  thing  is 
to  examine  the  furface  of  the  painting.  If  there  are 
any  holes  in  the  fame,  they  muft  be  carefully  filled  up 
with  a  parte  or  putty,  made  of  glue  and  whiting:  this, 
if  the  holes  are  large,  Ihould  be  twice  or  thrice  done, 
fo  as  entirely  to  fill  them  up,  and  leave  the  furface  even 
and  fmooth  ;  but  if  there  are  any  bruifed  places,  with 
paint  Hill  remaining  on  the  furface  of  the  bruifed  parts, 
then  this  Hopping  mull  not  be  applied,  but  the  fecur- 
ing-canvas,  hereafter  defcribed,  mull  be  prelTed  down 
into  thefe  places.  In  the  places  that  are  liopped,  there 
will  of  courfe  appear  blemilhes  when  the  pifture  is  trans- 
ferred ;  but  the  piocefs  is  rendered  much  more  certain 
and  fure  by  being  fo  done.  Attention  muft  next  be 
paid  to  lay  down  any  blillcrs,  or  places  where  the  paint 
is  leaving  the  ground  :  this  is  done  by  introducing,  be- 
tween the  paint  and  the  ground,  tome  very  llrong  palle 
of  Hour  and  water;  and  the  furface  of  the  bllftercd 
paint  being  damped  with  a  wet  fponge  or  brulli,  it  may 
be  preffed  with  the  hand  home  to  the  ground,  to  which 
it  will  then  adhere. 

"  All  the  unlound  places  being  thus  fecuved,  care 
mull  be  taken  to  clear  the  furface  of  any  greafe  or  dirt, 
as  alio  of  any  particles  of  the  palle  that  may  happen 
to  be  left  on  it.  The  next  thing  is,  to  determine  tiie 
fize  of  the  painting  meant  to  be  taken  off:  If  it  is  on 
a  plnin  furface,  a  board  of  the  fize  of  the  piiflure  muft 
be  procured,  not  lei's  than  an  inch  in  thicknel's,  and 
framed  together  with  well  feafoiied  wood,  in  fmall  pan- 
nels,  imooth  and  fiulli  on  one  fide.  Tliis  done,  a  piece 
of  fine  open  canvas  mull  be  provided,  fuch  as  ijie  finell 
fort  ufed  for  hanging  paper  on  ;  which  canvas  is  to 
be  fomewhat  larger  than  the  piflure,  and  fo  fcwed  to- 
gether, and  the  team  fo  prelfed,  iliat  it  be  perfcflly 
fmooih  and  even.  This  is  wh.u  Mr  S  ilmon  calls  the 
feciiring  canvas;  which,  being  lb  prepared,  is  to  be 
lltick  on  the  furface  ot  the  pidiurc  with  a  palte  made 
ot  Itrorg  beer,  boiled  till  it  is  lialf  reduced,  and  then 
mixed  with  a  iuthcient  quantity  of  flour  to  give  it  a 
very  llrong  confillence.  To  l.irge  piflures  on  walls  or 
ceilings,  the  canvas  muft  for  fome  time  be  prelfed,  and 
rubbed  with  the  hand  as  fmooth  as  pollible,  workine  it 
from  the  middle  to  the  outfide,  fo  as  to  make  it  toler- 
ably light;  nblerving,  as  it  dries,  to  prefs  it,  with  the 
hand  or  a  cl  'th,  into  any  h.llow  or  bruifed  places,  (o 
that  it  may  adliere  to  every  part  of  the  painting  :  this 
done.  It  is  lefl  to  dry,  which  it  will  gener.dly  do  in  2 
day  ■.  r  two.  When  dry,  a  fccond  canvas,  of  a  ftrong- 
er  at  J  clofer  fori,  and  of  the  i.mie  liie  as  the  otiier.'is 
in  like  in.tii'icr  to  be  attached  on  the  top  of  ihe  tirft. 
This  kill  v,ill  w^nc  very  liliie  attcotion,  as  it  will  rea- 

dily 


P     A     I 


[     694     ] 


P     A     I 


l';.lnting.  dily  adlieft;  to  the  firft  ;  and,  being  drv,  attention  muft 
"-'^^'"^^  be  paid  to  take  olV  any  fmall  icnots  or  uneveiinefs  that 
ni  ly  be  upon  the  furfacc  of  it ;  which  done,  the  whole 
llioiild  be  again  covered  with  a  chin  pade  of  fize  and 
wliiiinR;  vUiich  is  to  be  pumiced  over  when  dry,  fo  as 
to  make  the  vviiuk  peifertly  i'mooch  and  even. 

"  'I'he  painting  being  thus  fecured,  the  board,  al- 
ready prepared  to  the  fi/.e  of  the  picture,  is  to  be  put 
with  tlie  fmooth  fide  againll  the  furface  thereof,  fo  as 
exaflly  to  cover  as  much  as  is  intended  to  be  transfer- 
'  red.  The  edges  of  the  canvas,  which,  as  before  di- 
rected, is  to  belarger  than  the  painting,  are  then  to  be 
ptilled  tight  over,  and  clofely  nailed  to  the  edge  of  the 
board.  If  the  painting  is  large,  and  either  on  a  ceil- 
ing or  wall,  the  board  mull,  by  proper  fupports,  be 
hrmly  fi-ied  againll  it,  fo  that  it  can  readily  bs  lowered 
down  when  the  plalkr  and  painting  are  detached. 

"  The  canvas  and  board  being  fixed,  the  painting  is 
to  be  freed  from  the  wall  or  ceiling,  together  with  a 
certain  portion  of  tlie  plalleiing  :  this,  with  projier  care 
and  attention,  may  be  readily  done.  If  on  a  ceiling, 
the  firft  tiling  is  to  make  fome  holes  through  the  plaf- 
tering,  round  the  outfide  of  the  board  and  painting  ; 
and,  with  a  fmall  faw,  to  faw  tlie  pLiftering  from  one 
hole  to  another,  till  the  whole  is  difunited  from  the 
other  parts  of  the  ceiling  :  this  done,  the  workman  mull 
get  at  the  upper  fide  of  the  ceiling,  where  he  muft  free 
the  plaftering  from  the  laths,  by  breaking  off  the  keys 
thereof,  and  with  a  chifel  cut  out  the  laths ;  whereby 
the  plaftering,  together  with  the  pi<aure,  will  be  left 
refting  on  the  board  and  fupports. 

"  If  the  painting  is  on  a  brick  or  ftone  wall,  the  wall 
muft  be  cut  away  at  top,  and  down  the  fides  of  the 
painting  ;  and  then,  by  meanb  of  chlfels  or  faws  in  wood- 
en lian'dles,  of  different  lengths,  the  wall  muft  be  cut 
away  quite  behind  the  painting  ;  leaving  the  fame,  to- 
gether with  the  plaftering,  refting  on  the  board.  This 
operation  may  iometimes  be  done  with  a  faw  ;  or,  if 
the  wall  be  not  thick,  nor  the  other  fide  of  much  con- 
fequence,  the  bricks  or  ftones  may  be  taken  out  from 
that  fide,  leaving  the  plaftering  and  painting  as  before. 
This  laft  method  (fays  the  author)  I  have  not  praftifed  : 
the  other,  of  cutting  away  fome  part  of  the  wall,  I 
have,  and  fee  no  difficulty,  or  very  great  labour,  in  the 
operation  ;  but  that,  of  courfe,  muft  be  various,  accord- 
ing to  the  texture  of  the  wall  and  mortar. 

"  If  the  paintings  are  on  curved  furfaces,  fuch  as  the 
coves  of  ceilings,  then  the  only  difference  of  operation 
is,  that  fome  ribs  of  wood  muft  be  cut  out,  and  board- 
ed fmooth  to  the  curve  of  the  furface  of  the  painting, 
and  then  fixed  up  thereto,  in  place  of  the  before-defcri- 
bed  bearing-board  ;  the  painting  is  then  to  be  freed, 
and  left  with  the  plaftering,  refting  on  the  bearers. 

"  For  paintings  on  wainfcot  or  boards,  the  fame  fe- 
curing  and  procefs  is  to  be  exaflly  followed  ;  only  that, 
as  the  wainfcot  or  board  can  always  be  cut  to  the  fize 
wanted,  and  laid  horizontal,  the  fecuring  canvas  is  to 
be  ftretched  thereon,  and  turned  over  the  edges  of  the 
fame,  till  it  is  dry  ;  after  which  the  edges  are  again  to 
be  turned  up,  and  nailed  to  the  board,  in  the  fame  man- 
ner as  with  refpeft  to  painting,  from  walls. 

"  Having,  as  before  defcribed,  in  any  of  the  afore- 
mentioned cafss,  freed  the  paintings  from  their  original 
places,  you  have  got  them  fecured  to  two  thickneffes  of 
canvas,  with  their  furfaces  on  the  board  prepared  for 


that  purpofe  ;  tliis  being  the  cafe,  they  can  readily  be  1': 
removed  to  any  room  or  lliop,  to  be  finifhed  as  follows:  ^ 
Having  can  led  the  painting  into  the  fliop  or  room, 
which  Ihould  be  moderately  warm  and  dry,  but  by  no 
means  overheated,  lay  tlie  bo.ird  on  a  bench  or  trelfels, 
fo  that  the  back  of  the  plflure  be  iippermoft  ,  the  plaf- 
tering or  wood,  as  may  happen,  is  then  to  be  cleared 
away,  leaving  nothing  bat  the  body  of  paint,  which  will 
be  firmly  attached  to  the  fecuring  canvas.  To  per- 
form this,  a  1  irge  rafp,  a  narrow  plane,  and  chifelf,  will 
be  requilite.  This  operation,  though  dlHictilt  to  be  de- 
fcribed, would  foon  be  learned  by  any  one  who  fhould 
make  the  attempt;  nor  is  it  very  tedious-;  and  being 
performed,  the  pifture  is  ready  to  be  attached  to  its 
new  canvas,  as  follows. 

"  The  painting  being  cleared,  and  lying  on  the  board, 
the  back  thereof  is  to  be  painted  three  or  four  times 
over  fucceflively,  with  any  good  ftrong-bodied  paint ; 
leaving  one  coat  to  dry  before  another  comes  on  :  a  day 
or  two  between  each  will  generally  be  found  fufficient. 
Each  of  thefe  coats,  and  particularly  the  firft,  ihould 
be  laid  on  with  great  care,  taking  but  a  fmall  quantity 
in  the  brulh  at  a  time,  and  laying  it  very  thin.  This 
precaution  is  neceffary,  to  prevent  any  of  the  oil  or  paint 
from  palling  through  any  fmall  cracks  or  holes  in  the 
furface  of  the  pidlure  ;  as  fuch  oil  or  paint  would  run 
into  the  pafte,  and  fo  attach  the  fecuring  canvas  to  the 
picture,  as  to  prevent  its  being  afterwards  got  off.  If 
any  fuch  holes  or  cracks  are  obferved,  they  fhould  be 
ftopped  up  with  the  glue  and  whiting  pafte,  and  the 
painting  then  repeated,  till  a  complete  coat  is  formed 
on  the  back  of  the  pidture.  It  is  then  ready  for  at- 
taching to  its  canvas,  which  is  done  by  fpreading  all  over 
the  piflure  a  pafte  made  of  copal  varnifh,  mixed  with 
ftiff  white  lead,  and  a  fmall  quantity  of  any  other  old 
fat  paint ;  all  which  being  fpread  equally  over  with  a 
pallet  knife,  fuch  a  canvas  as  the  firft  fecuring  canvas 
is  laid  thereon,  and  ftrained  and  nailed  round  the  edges 
of  the  board  ;  in  which  ftate  it  is  left  till  it  becomes 
tolerably  dry  :  then  a  fecond  canvas,  of  a  flronger  fort, 
muft  be  in  like  manner  attached  on  the  firft,  and  left 
till  it  is  perfeiftly  dry  and  hard.  This  generally  takes 
about  two  months  ;  and  the  longer  the  painting  is  left, 
the  more  fecurely  it  will  be  attached  to  its  canvas,  and 
lefs  liable  to  crack  or  fly  therefrom.  When  fufficiently 
dry,  all  the  four  canvaffes  are  to  be  unnailed  from 
the  board,  and  the  edges  turned  up  the  reverfe  vv-ay, 
and  nailed  to  a  proper  ftretching-frame.  This  is  done 
by  unnailing  from  the  board  a  part  on  each  fide  at  a 
time,  and  immediately  nailing  it  to  the  ftretching-frame, 
fo  as  never  to  leave  the  canvas  to  crack  or  partially 
ftretch,  which  would  damage  the  pifture.  In  this  man- 
ner, by  degrees,  the  cloths  are  entirely  detached  from 
the  board,  and  firmly  fixed  on  the  ftretching-frame. 
The  fuperflous  canvas,  left  larger  than  the  frame,  may 
then  be  cut  off,  and  the  wedges  put  in  the  frame,  ami 
moderately  tightened  up.  There  remains  then  only  to 
clear  the  furface  of  the  painting  from  the  fecuringcan- 
vas ;  which  is  done  by  repeatedly  wafbing  the  furface 
with  a  fponge  and  moderately  warm  water.  In  doing 
this,  no  violence  or  force  muft  be  ufed  ;  and,  by  frequent 
and  gentle  wafhings,  the  pafte  will  all  be  worked  out 
with  the  fponge.  The  edges  of  the  outer  canvas  are  then 
to  be  cut  round,  and  ftnpped  off:  the  other,  next  the 
furface  of  the  piilure,  is  to  be  ferved  in  like  manner  ; 

which 


P     A     I 


C    695    ] 


PAL 


Fainting,  which  done,  notliing  remains  but  to  take  the  pafte  clean 
^•""^''^"^  ofF,  and  repair  any  defe>5lb  :  the  pidure  will  then  be  as 
ftrnng  as  it"  painted  on  the  canvas. 

"  For  taking  pldlures  off  walls,  without  taking  the 
walls  down,  or  cutting  away  m  re  thereof  than  the  plaf- 
tering,  the  t'ollowing  procels  is  propoled  : 

"  The  furface  of  tiie  p'duie  is  to  be  firft  fecured,  in 
the  manner  before  defcnbsd  ;  but  inftead  of  the  plain 
board,  a  bearer  Ihould  be  prepared  wiih  a  convex  fur- 
face,  comp'-'fed  of  ribs  boar.leJ  over,  fo  as  to  form  part 
of  a  cylinder,  of  not  lels  than  five  feet  radium,  and  as 
long  as  the  height  of  the  piflure.  This  hearer  being 
prepared,  in  order  to  apply  it,  a  floor  or  platform  (hould 
be  ere(5led,  and  placed  horizontally,  with  its  furface 
level,  and  its  edge  immediately  in  contaift  with  the  bot- 
tom of  the  pi(flure  meant  to  be  transferred.  The  ufe 
of  this  platform  is  tor  the  above  dcfcribed  bearer  to  rell 
and  move  upon;  i\hich  bearer  (hould  be  feton  its  end, 
with  one  edge  in  c()nta(fl  with  the  w.iU,  at  one  fids  of 
the  pidtiire  ;  conlcqnei.tly  the  other  edge  will  be  at 
fome  diitance  from  the  wall,  according  to  the  fize  ot 
the  picture  and  convexity  of  the  bearer.  Being  thus 
placed,  the  fupeiflu'us  edge  of  the  fecuring-canvas 
Ihouid  be  turned  over,  and  nailed  to  that  edge  of  the 
bearer  that  is  next  the  wall  :  This  done,  the  operation 
of  cutting  away  the  plaftering  fliould  be  begun  •,  which 
may  be  done  with  tlie  corner  and  end  >  f  a  fltoit  faw  ; 
fawing  between  the  brick-w.'rk  and  plafteiing,  and  lea- 
ving the  thicknefs,  or  part  of  the  thicknefs,  of  the  plaf- 
tering on  the  p.iin'Jng  fattened  to  the  hearer.  When 
this  edge  of  the  pifluie  is  freed,  the  whole  he'ght,  for 
nine  or  ten  inches  under  the  edge  of  the  bearer  that  is 
fanhelf  from  the  will,  muft  then  be  gentl)  forced  near- 
er; ccnfequently  the  other  edge,  together  with  the 
painting  and  plafter  that  is  freed,  wili  leave  the  wall, 
and  give  an  opportunity  of  introducing  the  faw  behind, 
and  cutting  away  the  fame  to  a  certain  dift.inre  farther 
under  ;  and,  by  repeating  this,  the  wh'ile  of  the  pii^ture 
will  at  length  be  freed,  and  leit  on  the  bearer.  Each 
time  the  bearer  is  removed,  and,  as  it  were,  r.  lied  on 
the  vertical  furface  of  the  wail,  caie  muft  be  taken  to 
turn  and  nail  the  fecuring  canvas  on  the  top  and  bot- 
tom edges  of  the  bearer,  fo  as  to  feeure  the  freed  plaf- 
tering and  pidure  from  mrving  aljout  ;  and,  lallly,  be- 
fore the  be  trer  and  plaftering  de  moved,  to  nail  the 
other  edge  of  the  pifluie  in  the  fame  way,  which  will 
iecure  the  whole  to  the  bearer.  This  done,  the  pic- 
ture and  bearer  are  at  liberty  to  be  jnoved  to  a  proper 
place,  in  order  to  be  treed  fr(;m  the  rem  lining  plaller. 
The  edges  may  then  be  unnailed  ;  the  painting  and  can- 
vas flipped  irom  this  beaier  on  to  a  plain  board;  and 
the  new  c.invas  may  be  then  put  on  ;  which  is  to  re- 
main till  dry,  as  in  other  cafes. 

"  It  may  appear,  that  tlie  bending  of  the  canvas 
and  plaftering  to  the  convex  bearer  will  crack  tlie  plaf- 
ter,  and  damage  il.e  painting  ;  but,  from  experience 
{fays  Mr  Salmon)  I  have  oblerved,  that,  to  a  curve  of 
I'uch  or  even  Ufa  radium,  plaftering  will  bend,  without 
any  vifible  crack,  even  on  the  exterior  part  thereof ;  and 
that  part  next  the  bearer,  not  having  occafion,  in  bend- 
ing, to  extend  its  parts,  will  confequently  be  much  lefs 
liable  to  he  difturbed  by  fuch  bending." 

la  clearing  the  wood  from  the  paintings,  our  au- 
thor never  nude  ufe  of  aquafortis,  or  any  other  liquid  ; 
the  ufe  of  whicli  he  conceives  would  be  very  tedious, 


and  attended  with  danger,  left  it  fliould  get  thro-jgh 
the  paint,  and  wet  or  damp  the  pafte  by  which  the  fe- 
curing canvas  is  fixed.  In  working  olF  the  wood,  he  , 
generally  made  ufe  of  fuch  planes  as  by  the  joiners  are 
called  the  L-velleJ  rabbit  plane,  and  fma/i  rounds.  By  the 
comers  of  the  former,  and  proper  handling  of  the  lat- 
ter, the  wood  is  cleared  off  without  force  or  violence  : 
even  the  fmalleft  particles  miy,  in  general,  be  got  oiF; 
although  in  fome  paintings,  and  in  particular  parts  of 
others,  he  has  met  with  places  on  whicli  he  thought  it 
belt  to  leave  fome  particles,  or  fine  I'plinters,  of  wood, 
but  nothing  more.  Rafps,  and  fumetimes  a  tine  chifel, 
are  ufeful,  to  clear  off  fuch  parts  as  may  be  in  hollow 
places,  or  where  particles  of  wood  are  left,  as  above. 
The  time  required  will  be  various,  according  to  the 
manner  in  which  the  painting  was  originally  done  ; 
lome  being  painted  on  boards  previoully  prepared  with 
a  water  colour  ;  others  jmmediately  painted  with  oil  on 
the  wood.  This  laft  fort  is  by  much  the  moft  dilhcult ; 
the  other  is  more  eafy,  as  the  previous  preparation  pre- 
vents the  wood  from  imbibing  the  oil,  and  confequently 
admits  it  to  be  more  eafily  feparated. 

PAJARO,  Pajaros,  or  Paxaros,  iilands  on  the  coaft 
of  Chili,  on  the  South  Pacific  Ocean.  Thefe  are  3 
or  4  rocks,  the  largeft  of  which  is  called  Pajaro  Ninno, 
or  Paxaro  Ninno,  and  2  miles  M.  W.  by  N.  from  the 
fouthernmoft  point  oi  the  Main,  or  Point  Tortugas, 
that  does  the  port  of  Coquimbo. — Mone. 

PAjAROS,  LES,  or  I/l<wJs  of  Birds,  a  clufter  of 
fmail  Iilands  on  the  coaft  of  Chili,  8  leagues  N.  N.  W. 
of  the  Bay  of  Coquimbo,  and  7  S.  S.  E.  of  the  har- 
bour of  Guafco.  The  ifland  of  Choros  is  4  miles  north 
ot  thefe  iflands,  towards  the  harbour  of  Guafco. — tb. 

PAKANOKIT,  the  feat  of  MafaffAt,  the  famous 
Indian  cliief,  wa;.  fituated  on  Namalket  river,  which 
empties  into  Narraganfet  Bay. — ib. 

Palatine,  or  Palenune,  a  townfliip  in  Mont- 
gomery county.  New  York,  on  the  north  fide  of  Mo- 
hawk liver,  and  weft  of  Caghnawaga.  In  1790,  it 
contained  3,404  inhabitants,  including  192  flaveo.  In 
I  796,  585  of  the  inhabitants  were  eleclors.  The  com- 
pact part  of  it  ftands  on  the  bank  of  the  Mohawk, 
and  contains  a  Reformed  Dutch  church,  and  20  or  30 
houfes.     It  is  36  milss  above  Slienectady. — \b. 

Palatine  To-un,  in  the  ftate  of  New  York,  lies  on 
the  eaft  bank  of  Hiidfon's  river,  and  north  iide  of  the 
mouth  of  Livingfton  river,  which  empties  into  the 
former  ;  1 1  miles  north  of  Rhynbeck,  and  15  foutherly 
of  Hudfan  city. — ib. 

PAI.ILICUM,  the  fame  as  Aldcbaran,  a  fixed  ftar 
of  die  firil  magnitude,  in  the  eye  of  the  bull,  or  fign 
Taurus. 

PALLIFICATION,  or  Piling,  in  architefture, 
denotes  the  piling  of  the  grotind  work,  or  the  ftrength- 
ening  it  with  piles,  or  timber  driven  into  the  ground; 
which  is  praifliftd  when  buildings  are  erected  upon  a 
moill  ■T  ma'lhv  f  il. 

PALLISER's  Ijliwls,  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean, 
are  between  15  and  16  degrees  of  S.  l;:t.  and  from  146 
to  147  degrees  of  W.  long.  From  lat.  14  t"  20  S. 
and  long.  138  to  150  W.  the  ocean  is  ftrewed  with 
low,  h.dl-overflowed  illanj-,  which  renders  it  neciiTiry 
for  navigators  to  proceed  with  much  caution. — Mone. 

PALM,  an  ancient  long  meafure,  taken  from  the 
extent  of  tiic  hand.     See  Palmus,  Encyd. 

PALMA, , 


Pajaro, 

II 
Palm. 


PAL 


[     696    ] 


V    A    U 


PALMA,  a  town  of  Terra  Firma,  in  N.  Amciica, 
50  miles  N.  VV.  of  St  Fe  de  Bagota.  N.  lat.  4  30, 
W.  long.  73  40. — Morse. 

PALMiE,  pnlms.  See  Encyclopaedia.  The  fubjedl 
is  introduced  here  to  notice  a  kind  of  palm,  the  produdl 
of  North  America,  of  which  we  have  the  following  ac- 
count by  Dr  li.trton. 

"  There  i^rows  upon  the  river  Mobile  a  fpecies  of 
palm,  which'^is  but  little  known  to  natui»ali(ls,  but  which 
promifes  to  be  an  important  article  of  food  to  man.  It 
has  no  llalk  or  ftem  above  ground.  The  leaves  fpread 
regularly  all  round,  and  when  fully  expanded  are  flabel- 
liform.  In  the  centre  of  thefe  leaves  is  produced  the 
receptacle  of  the  fruit,  which  is  ot  the  form  and  il/e  of 
a  common  fugar-loaf.  This  receptacle  confilh  of  a  vaft 
number  of  drupes,  or  berries,  of  the  fize  and  Ihape  of 
common  plums :  each  is  covered  with  a  fibrous,  fari- 
naceous, pulpy  coating,  of  confiderable  thicknefs.  This 
fublfance  is  faid  to  refemble  manna  in  texture,  colour, 
and  tafte  ;  or,  perhaps,  it  dill  more  refembles  moift 
brown  fugar,  with  particles  cf  loaf  fugar  mixed  with  it. 
It  is  a  moft  delicious  and  nourifliing  tood,  and  is  dili- 
gently fought  after  in  the  places  where  it  grows.  Upon 
hid  tailing  it,  it  is  fomewhat  bitter  and  pungent." 

PALMAS,  a  large  river  on  the  weft  coal!  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  whofe  mouth  is  in  lat.  25  N.  and  long. 
98  36  W.  Some  of  its  branches  run  in  a  courfe  almoll 
direiflly  eaft  from  the  mountains  to  the  eaftward  of  the 
Gulf  of  California.— ./l/o;n-. 

PALMER,  a  rough  and  hilly  townrtiip  in  Hamp- 
fliire  county,  Maflachufetts,  82  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Bof- 
ton.  It  is  fituated  on  the  fouth  fide  of  Chickopee 
river,  and  bounded  eaftward  by  Wcftern,  in  Worceller 
county.  An  ad  palled  in  laft  feliion,  1796,  to  incor- 
porate a  fociety  to  make  a  turnpike-road  between  thefe 
two  towns.  It  was  incorporated  in  1752,  and  contains 
809  inhabitants. — ib. 

Palmer's  River,  a  water  of  Narraganfet  Bay,  which 
empties  with  another  fmall  river,  and  forms  Warren 
river,  oppofite  the  town  of  Warren. — ih. 

PALMERSTON's  ///^jnJ,  of  which  one  in  particular 
has  been  fo  named,  is  in  lat.  18  S.  and  long.  162  57 
W.  and  is  the  fecond  in  fituation  from  the  S.  E.  of  a 
group  of  9  or  10,  all  known  by  the  fame  general  name. 
It  affords  neither  anchorage  mr  water  ;  but  if  the  wea- 
ther is  moderate,  a  (hip  that  is  palfmg  the  S.  Pacific 
Ocean  in  this  track,  may  be  fupplled  with  grafs  for 
cattle,  cocoa-nuts,  fifti,  and  other  produdions  of  the 
illand.  The  principal  ifland  is  not  above  a  mile  in 
circumference  ;  ntr  is  it  elevated  more  than  3  feet 
above  the  fuiface  of  the  fea. — ib. 

PALMETTO,  the  moft  eafterly  point  of  the  bay 
fo  ciUed,  on  the  fouth-weil  coaft  of  the  idand  of  St 
Chriftoi)het'!.,  in  the  Weft  Indies.  The  fhrre  is  rocky, 
and  a  fort  proteils  the  buy. — Alfo  the  moft  northerly 
point  of  the  iftand  of  Jamaica,  having  Manatee  Bay  on 
the  weft,  and  Ifland  Bay  on  the  eaft. — ib. 

PALMISTE  Po:nt,  on  the  north  fide  of  the  N.  W. 
part  of  the  illand  of  St  Domingo;  three  leagues  fouth 
of  Point  Portugal,  the  eaft  point  of  the  fmall  iQand 
La  Tortue,  and  5  eaft  of  Port  de  Paix, — ib. 

PALMYRA,  a  town,  and  the  only  port  of  entry 
and  delivery,  in  tlie  ftate  of  Tenelfee,  conftituted  a  port 
of  entry  by  law  of  the  United  States,  January  31,1 797. 
— ib. 


Panama. 


PALOMINOS,  fmall  idands  on  the  coaft  of  Peru,  Palommoj, 
South  America;   3  miles  weft  of  St  Lawrence  Ifland, 
or  St  Lorenzo.     They  have  from    13   to   18  fathoms 
water  round  them. — ib. 

PALONQUE,  the  cape  eaft  of  Nifao  Point,  at  the 
mouth  of  Nilao  river,  on  the  fouth  fide  of  the  ifland  of 
St  Domingo,  in  lat.  18  13  N.  and  long.  73  2  W.  of 
Paris. — ib. 

PALTZ,  Nenxi,  a  townfhip  on  the  W.  fide  of  Hud- 
fon's  river,  in  Ulfter  county,  New  York,  about  20  miles 
N.  W.  of  Newburgh,  and  32  north  of  Gofhen.  It 
contains  2,309  inhabitants,  including  302  flaves. — ib. 

PAMBAMACCA,  a  lofty  mountain  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Quito,  being  one  of  the  pikes  of  the  eaftern 
Cordilleras. — ib. 

PAMLICO  Sound,  on  the  eaft  coaft  of  N.  Carolina, 
is  a  kind  of  lake  or  inland  fea,  from  10  to  20  miles  . 
broad,  and  neatly  100  miles  in  length.  It  is  feparated 
from  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  in  its  whole  length,  by  a 
beach  of  fand  hardly  a  mile  wide,  generally  covered 
with  fmall  trees  or  bufhes.  Through  this  bank  are 
feveral  fmall  inlets,  by  which  boats  may  pafs ;  but 
Ocrecock  Inlet  is  the  only  one  that  will  admit  veffels 
of  burden  into  the  diftriifls  of  Edenton  and  Newbern. 
This  inlet  is  in  lat.  35  to  N.  and  opens  between  Ocre- 
cock Ifland  and  Ct)re  Bank.  This  found  communi- 
cates with  Core  and  Albemarle  Sounds ;  and  receives 
Pamlico  or  Tar  river,  the  river  Neus,  befides  other 
fmall  ftreams. — ib. 

PAMPELUNA,  a  town  of  New  Granada,  in  S. 
America.  In  its  vicinity  are  gold  mines.  N.  lat. 
6  30,  W.  long.  71  30.  It  is  150  miles  from  Santa  Fe, 
and  200  from  Maricaibo. — ib. 

PAMUNKY,  the  ancient  name  of  York  river,  in 
Virginia  ;  but  this  name  is  now  confined  to  the  fouthern 
branch,  formed  by  the  confluence  of  the  North  and 
South  Anna.  This  and  the  northern  branch,  Matta- 
pony,  unite  and  form  York  river,  juft  below  the  town 
of  De  La  War.— /i. 

PANA,  an  ifland  on  the  coaft  of  Peru,  7  leagues 
E.  N.  E.  of  Santa  Clara,  and  as  far  from  Guayaquil. 
At  Point  Arena,  which  is  the  wefternmoft  point,  all 
Ih'ps  bound  farther  into  Guayaquil  Bay  ftop  for  pilots, 
as  there  is  good  anchorage  over  againft  the  middle  of 
the  town  in  5  fathoms,  and  a  foft  oozy  ground.  It  is 
alfo  called  Puna. — ib. 

PANACA,  a  burning  mountain  on  the  W.  coaft  of 
New  Mexico,  about  3  leagues  from  the  volcano  of  San- 
fonate.  —  ib. 

PANADOU.  or  Menadou,  a  bay  on  the  coaft  of 
Cape  Breton  Ifland,  near  the  S.  part  of  the  Gulf  of 
St  Lawrence. — ib. 

PANAMA  is  the  capital  of  Terra  Firma  Proper,  S. 
America;  fituated  on  a  capacious  bay  of  its  name,  on 
th>;  fouth  lide  of  the  Ifthmus  of  Panama,  or  Darien, 
oppofi'e  to  Porto  Belln,  on  the  N.  fide  of  the  ifthmus. 
It  is  the  great  receptacle  of  the  vaft  quantities  of  gold 
and  filver,  vvith  other  rich  merchandize  from  all  parts 
of  Peiu  ami  Chili.  Here  they  are  lodged  in  ftore- 
houfes,  till  the  proper  feafon  arrives  to  tranfport  them 
to  Europe.  The  harbour  of  Panama  is  formed  in  its 
road  by  the  fhelter  of  feveral  iflands,  where  fhips  lie 
very  fafe,  at  aboirt  2|-  or  3  leagues  diftant  from  the 
city.  The  tides  are  regular,  and  it  is  high  water  at 
the  ftiU  and  change  at  3  o'clock.     The  water  rifesand 

falls 


P     A     N 


[     ^97     3 


P    A     P 


Panorama. 


Panama,  falls  confideiably  ;  fo  that  the  fiiore,  lying  on  a  gentle  whatever  extent  tliis  inHJc  inclofure  may  be,  there  miif^ 
flope,"  is  at  low  water  left  dry  to  a  great  diftance.  be  over  it  (fupported  from  the  bottom,  cr  fufpended 
Pearls  are  found  here  in  ftich  plenty,  that  there  are  from  the  top)  a  Ihadecr  roof;  which,  in  all  direftionf, 
few  perfims  of  property  near  Panama,  who  do  not  Ihould  projeft  fo  far  beyond  this  inclofure,  as  to  prc- 
employ  all,  or  at  leaft  part  of  their  flaves,  in  this  filh-  vent  an  obferver  from  feeing  above  the  drawing  or  p.iinr- 
ery.  The  Negroes  who  fifli  for  pearls  muft  be  both  ing  when  lo'^king  up;  and  there  mull  be  without  this 
expert  fvvimmers,  and  capable  of  holding  their  breath  inclofure  another  interception,  to  reprefent  a  wall,  pa- 
a  long  time,  the  work  being  performed  at  the  bottom  ling,  or  other  interception,  as  the  natural  objefts  repre- 
of  the  fea.     This  city  is  a  bifliop's  fee,  whofe  bidiop  is     fented,  or  fancy,  m^y  dired,  fo  as  elTcaually  to  prevent 

the  obferver  from  feeing  below  the  bottom  of  the  draw- 
ing or  painting  ;  by  means  of  which  interception,  no- 
thing can  be  seen  on  the  outer  circle  but  the  drawing 
or  painting  intended  to  reprefent  nature.  The  entrance 
to  the  inner  inclofure  muft  be  from  below,  a  pro'per 
building  or  framing  being  erected  for  that  purpofe,  fo 
that  no  door  or  other  interruption  may  dillurb  the 
circle  on  which  the  view  is  to  be  reprefentcd.     And 


the  primate  of  Terra  Firma.  It  was  built  by  the  Spa- 
niards, who,  in  1521,  conftituted  it  a  citV)  vvith  the 
ufual  privileges  In  1670  it  was  taken,  facked  and 
burnt  by  John  Morgan,  an  Englifh  adventurer.  The 
new  town  was  built  in  a  more  convenient  fituation, 
about  a  league  and  a  half  from  the  former.  In  1737, 
•this  new  town  was  almoft  entirely  deftroyed  by  an  ac- 
cidental fire.     It  is  furrounded  with  a  (lone  wall  and 


other  fortifications,  and  tht  public  buildings  are  very     there  (hould  be,  below  the  painting  or  drawing,  proper 
handfome.     N.  lat.  8  57  48,^  W.  long.  82  5  14.— 'Vi.       ventilators  fixed,  fo  as  to  render  a  current  circulation 

of  air  through  the  whole;   and  the  inner  inclofure  may 


PanAiMA,  a  province  of  Terra  Firma,  of  which  the 
city  above-mentioned  is  the  capital.  This  province  is 
called  by  moll  writers  TVr/vj  Firma  Proper.  It  con- 
tains 3  cities,  12  villages,  and  a  great  number  of 
rancherics  or  affemblages  of  Indian  huts  ;  thefe  are  fitu- 
ated  in  fmall  plains  along  the  fhore,  the  reft  of  the 
country  being  covered  with  enormous  and  craggy 
barren  and  uninhabited  mountains.  It  has  feveral 
gold  mines ;  but  the  pearl  filhery  affords  a  more  certain 
profit,  and  at  the  fame  time  is  acquired  with  much 
greater  eafc-^-^i. 

PANAMARIBO,  on  the  coaft  of  Surinam,  in 
Guiana,  in  S.  America,  is  E.  S.  E .  ot  Demarara,  in  lat. 
about  6  N.  and  long.  56  26  "W.—ib. 

PANECILLO,  an  eminence  near  Quito,  which 
fupplies  that  city  with  excellent  water. — ib. 

PANIS.  There  are  two  Indian  nations  fo  named. 
The  White  Panis  inhabit  S.  E.  of  the  Miffouri,  andean 
furnilh  1500  wariors  ;  and  the  Speckled  Panis  S.  of  the 
Milfouri,  1200  warriors. — ib. 

PANORAMA,  a  word  derived  from  Tav  and  ofa,«a  ; 
and  therefore  employed  of  late  to  denote  a  painting, 
whether  in  oil  or  water  colours,  which  reprefents  an 
entire  view  of  any  country,  city,  or  other  natural  ob- 
jeifls,  as  they  appear  to  a  perfon  ftanding  in  any  fitua- 
tion, and  turning  quite  round.  To  produce  thiseffefl, 
the  painter  or  drawer  mull  fix  his  ftaiirn,  and  delineate 
corre<fHy  and  connedledly  every  objcifl  which  prefents 


be  elevated,  at  the  will  oi'  an  artift,  fo  as  to  make  ob- 
fervers,  on  whatever  fituation  he  may  wilh  they  fhould 
imagine  themfelves,  feel  as  if  really  on  the  very  fpot. 

PANSE,  De  La,  a  branch  of  AVabafh  river,  in  the 
N.  W.  Territory.— Tl/or^f. 

PANTON,  a  townfliip  in  Addifon  county,  Vermont, 
fituatcd  on  the  E.  fide  of  Lake  Champlain,  between 
Addifon  and  Ferrifburg,  and  about  87  miles  N.  of 
Bennington.     It  cf^ntains  220  inhabitants ib. 

PANUCO,  or  Guiijlica,  a  province  of  N.  America, 
in  New  Spain,  bounded  E.  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and 
W.  by  the  provinces  of  Mechoacan  and  New  Bifcay. 
The  tropic  of  Cancer  divides  this  province.  It  is 
about  ^^  leagues  each  way.  The  part  neareft  to  Mexi- 
co is  much  the  beft  and  richell,  abounding  with  provi- 
'"■  and  having  fome  veins  of  gold,  and  mines  o£ 


Other  parts  are  wretchedly  poor  and  barren. 


fait. 
—ib 

Panuco,  the  capital  of  the  above-mentioned  pro- 
vince ;  it  is  the  fee  of  a  bifiiop,  and  ft  mds  upon  a  river 
of  its  own  name,  17  leagues  from  its  mouth,  on  the 
W.  fliore  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  60  N.  W.  of  the 
city  of  Mexico.  The  river  is  navigable  for  large  fliips 
a  great  way  above  the  city;  but  the  harbour  has  lo 
large  a  bar  before  it,  that  no  Ihips  of  burden  can 
enter  it.     N.  lat.  23  50.  VV.  long.  59  50 lb. 

PAPAGAYO,  a  gulf  on  the  n'  Pacific  ocean,  and 


tfelf  to  his  view  as  he  turns  round,  crncluding  his  on  the  W.  fide  of  the  Ifthmus  of  Nicaragua,  a  fmall 
drawing  by  a  connection  with  where  he  began.  He  diftance  from  the  wcftcrn  parts  of  the  lake  of  Nicara- 
muft  obfervc  the  lights  and  Ihadows,  how  they  fall,  and    gua,  and  in  lat.  about  1 1   15  N. ib. 


perfect  his  piece  to  the  beft  of  his  abilities.  There 
muft  be  a  circular  building  or  framing  erected,  on  which 
this  drawing  or  painting  may  be  performed  ;  or  the 
fame  may  be  done  on  canvas,  or  other  matcri.rls,  and 
fixed  or  fulpended  on  the  fame  building  or  framing,  to 
anfwer  the  purpofe  complete.  It  muft  be  lighted  en- 
tirely from  the  top,  either  by  a  glazed  dome,  or  other- 
wife  as  the  artift  may  think  proper.  There  muft  be 
an  inclofu.e  within  the  faid  Circular  building  or  fram- 
ing, which  IhiU  prevent  an  obferver  going  too  near  the 
drawing  or  painting,  fo  as  it  may,  from  all  parts  it  can 
be  viewed,  have  its  proper  effeiS.  This  inclofure  may 
reprefent  a  room,  or  platform,  or  any  other  fituation, 
and  may  be  of  any  form  thought  moft  convenient ;  but 
the  circular  form  is  particularly  recommended 
SuiTL.  Vol.  II, 


PAPALOAPAIN,  the  largeft  river  of  Guaxaca,  in 
New  Spain,  called  alfo  Alvarada.  It  rifes  in  the  moun- 
tains Zoncoliucan,  and,  being  enlarged  by  the  accellion 
of  lelfer  rivers,  falls  into  the  North  Pacific  Ocean. — ib. 
PAPER  is  an  article  of  fuch  importance,  and  at 
prefent*  offoen  .rmous  a  price,  that  no  improvement  in 
its  manula^^ure  fliould  pafs  unnoticed  in  a  work  of  this 
nature.  The  difcovery  made  in  France  by  M.  Ber- 
tholct  of  the  efficacy  of  oxy-muriatic  acid  in  expediting 
the  procefs  of  Bllaching  (fee  that  article  in  th;s 
Su/>J>i.),  has  contributed  elfentirfUy  to  facilitate  the  ma- 
nulaaures,  not  only  of  cotton  and  linen  cloths,  but 
alfo  of  paper,  of  which  it  has  even  incre.ifed  the  mate- 
rials. Formerly  writing  paper  could  be  m:ide  of  un- 
Of   /i/nW linen  alone;  but  by  moans  of  the  procefs  of  M. 

4  ^  Ber'.liolet 


Paiiff, 


Pap 


180I. 


P     A     1' 


[     6c,8     ] 


PAR 


r.rc 


Bciiholet  even  piinteJ  linen  may  be  made  into  the  fineft 
'  and  whitcft  piiptr.  In  the  year  1795,  a  patent  was 
gtaiUcJ  to  Mr  Eli  IS  Carpenter,  of  Beiniondlay,  Suirey, 
i'or  a  method  of  bleaching  paper  of  foch  materials  in 
the  -Molcr-kafoTjhe.'l,  and  fizing  it  without  drying. 

In  the  preparation  of  the  pulp,  the  ccrfer  rags  are 
to  be  macerated  for  two  or  three  days  in  a  caullic  al- 
kaline ley,  and  wrought  into  flieets  of  paper  in  the 
iifual  way  ;  a  ftrong  wooden  box  or  trough  is  then  to 
be  procured,  of  a  lize  prcpoitioned  to  that  of  the  pa- 
per, lined  on  the  infide  with  white  paint,  and  furniflied 
with  feveral  ftages  of  crofs  bars  of  glafs  ;  tlie  bottom  of 
the  box  is  to  be  covered  with  a  flraium  about  one  inch 
deep  of  caullic  ley,  and  the  paper  laid  by  quarter  reams, 
or  U-fs,  acrofs  the  glafs  bar.  A  hole  muR  be  made  in 
the  box  to  admit  the  be.^k  of  an  earthen-ware  retort, 
into  which  mufl  be  put  manganefe  and  fea  fait,  in  pow- 
der, fulphuric  acid,  and  an  equal  quantity  of  water  im.- 
pregnated  wiili  the  Reams  of  burning  fulphur  (fulphu- 
reotis  acid).  The  cover  of  the  box  is  to  be  made  air- 
tight by  luting  or  flips  of  paper  dipped  in  parte.  The 
app.iiatus  being  thus  prepared,  the  belly  of  the  retort 
is  to  be  plunged  in  water,  kept  boiling,  and  in  a  fliort 
time  the  oxy-n.uriatic  cas  will  be  diiven  into  the  box, 
will  j)enetrate  the  paper,  and  render  it  of  a  dazzling 
whitenefs,  while  the  alkaline  ley  at  the  bottom  will,  by 
gr:idually  ahfurbing  it,  prevent  its  becoming  fo  concen- 
trati-'d  as  to  dertroy  or  injure  the  texture  of  the  paper. 
Fiom  three  to  four  pounds  of  fulphuric  acid  will  fufFice 
for  one  hundred  weight  of  paper,  and  the  operation 
will  he  completed  in  about  eight  hours.  The  (lieets  as 
they  are  taken  out  of  the  box  are  to  be  fized  with  the 
following  mixture  : 

To  I  cwt.  of  clippings  of  fkin  add  141b.  of  alum,  7 
of  calcined  vitriol,  and  i  ib.  of  gum  arable,  with  a  fuf- 
iicient  quantity  of  water  to  fize  50  reams  of  fools-cap. 

The  fame  method  will  ferve  equally  well  to  clean  en- 
gravings or  printing;  for  though  theoxy-muriatic  acid 
difchi'irges  all  ilaiu',  dirt,  &c.  yet  it  is  incapable  of  aiS- 
iiig  nn  printers  ink. 

Thi;,  however,  is  not  the  only  improvement  in  the 
r.ianufaflure  of  paper  derived  from  modern  chemiftry. 
In  Crell's  Chc:r.i-al  Annals  for  the  year  1797,  W'e  have 
an  account  of  fome  curious  experiments  made  by  M. 
Ij    Brugnatelli,  with  the  view  of  rendering 

Patek.  incombuftiblc,  and  the  writing  on  it,  of 
c,~,urfe,  inds;ftiuflible  by  fire.  Of  all  the  fubftances 
whidi  lie  tiied,  he  found  the  liquor  of  flints  the  moft 
proper  to  fecure  paper  from  dellrucflion  by  fire.  He 
dipped  a  fbeet  of  paper  fevcr.il  limes  in  the  above  li- 
quor frefli  made,  or  daubed  it  feveral  times  over  the 
whole  paper  with  a  hair  brufli,  and  dried  it  in  the  fun 
or  in  an  oven.  Paper  prepared  in  this  manner  loll  fome 
of  its  foftncfs,  became  a  little  rougher  than  before,  and 
acquired  a  lixivious  caurtic  tarte.  In  other  refpefls  it 
was  not  different  from  common  white  paper.  When 
this  paper  was  laid  upon  glowing  coal?,  it  did  not  burn 
I'.l.c  common  paper,  but  became  red,  and  was  converted 
to  a  coal,  which  however  did  net  fall  into  allies  like  the 
coal  of  common  paper,  fo  that  it  m'ght  therefore  be 
confidered  as  petrified  paper.  This  coal,  however,  is 
exceedingly  fri;iUe;  for  when  it  is  taken  between  the 
fingers,  or  preffed  together  in  any  manner  whatever,  it 
drops  to  pieces.  Still  the  difcovery  mud  be  a  valuable 
nr.e,  if  ihcrc  be  any  kind  of  ink  of  fach  a  nature  as  that 


the  charafters  written  with  it  continue  vifible  on  this 
coal.  Such  an  ink  M.  Brugnatelli  made  by  combining 
dill'olved  nitre  of  zinc  with  common  ink  ;  and  found, 
that  the  colour  of  this  mixture,  though  it  appeared 
fomewhat  pale  on  common  paper,  became  fo  dark  on. 
prepared  paper,  that  words  written  with  it  appeared 
more  ci  nfpicuous  than  wcjrds  written  witli  common 
ink.  When  the  paper  v,as  burnt,  or  reduced  to  a  coal, 
thofe  chaiai-lers  were  fo  vilible,  in  a  clear  luhite  colour 
on  a  dark  ground,  that  they  could  be  read  with  as 
much  eafe  as  charaflers  written  with  tlie  beft  ink  on 
white  paper.  If  the  ingenious  autlior  fucceed  in  his 
attempts  to  difcover  a  method  of  rendering  his  prepa- 
red paper  lefs  friable  when  burnt,  his  difcovery  will  be 
one  of  the  moft  important  of  the  prefent  age. 

PAPINACHOIS,  a  bay  on  the  north  Ihore  of  the 
river  St  Lawrence,  in  N.  America,  5  leagues  fouth- 
well  of  St  Margaret's  1  iver.  An  Indian  nation  of  the 
fame  name  nhabii  the  country  fouth  of  Piretibbe  Lake 
in  Lower  Canada. — Morse. 

PAPPA  FORD,  on  Pelefon  or  Clinch  river,  lies  12 
miles  from  Emery's  river,  and  10  from  Campbell's 
Station,  near  Hulfton. — ib. 

PAPUDA,  on  the  coaft  of  Chili,  and  on  the  S. 
Pacific  Ocean,  5  leagues  north  of  the  fhoals  of  Qiiin- 
tero,  and  4  from  Port  Liga  The  water  is  very  deep 
in  Papuda,  but  the  anchorage  is  good,  and  the  entrance 
fafe.-»7i. 

PARA,  the  moft  northern  of  5  colonies  or  govern- 
ments. Para,  Maragnon,  Matlo-Grofib,  Goyas,  and  St 
Paul,  in  S.  America,  at  which  places  the  Indians  have 
been  united  in  117  villages,  over  which  a  white  man 
prefides  with  defpotic  fway.  The  government  of  Para 
comprehends  that  portion  of  Guiana  which  belongs  to 
the  Portuguefe,  the  moft  barren  and  unwholfomc 
country  in  all  thefe  regions. — ib. 

Para  IJland  is  one  of  the  range  of  iflands  to  the 
fouth  ea ft  of  Sypotriba,  to  the  eaftward  of  the  great 
river  Amazon,  which  is  the  north-weft  limit  of  the 
Brazil  coaft  in  S.  Anieiica.  Thefe  iflands  form  the 
great  river  or  bay  of  Para.  About  y  leagues  eaft  by 
fouth  of  this  ifland  is  Cape  Cuma,  the  weftern  boundary 
of  the  great  golf  i>f  Maranhao.  On  the  ifland  is  a  fort 
belonging  to  the  Portuguefe.  There  is  alfo  a  fmall 
river  of  the  fame  name,  at  the  mouth  of  which  is  good 
riding  for  large  (hips,  becaufe  the  ifland  breaks  off  the 
fed,  and  two  high  points  fecure  it  from  the  north  and 
eart  winds. — ib. 

Para  Ri'uer  or  Bay,  near  tlie  N.  W.  part  of  the  coaft 
of  Brazil,  in  S.  America,  has  a  town  of  its  name  at 
the  mouth  of  ir,  with  a  large  fort  and  a  platform  of 
cannon  at  the  water's  edge,  commanding  the  road. 
Above  this  is  the  caft'e  ieated  on  a  high  rock,  fur- 
rounded  by  a  ftrong  ftone  wall  that  is  alfo  mounted 
with  cannon.  The  road,  within  the  mouth  of  the 
liver,  is  good,  having  clean  ground,  and  fecured  by 
high  land  on  both  fides.  The  mouth  of  the  river  is 
about  6  miles  broad  at  the  town  ;  and  fliips  may  ride 
in  15  fathoms,  within  a  cable's  length  of  the  fhore,  and 
in  10  fathoms  clofe  under  the  fort.  This  harbour  is 
much  frequented  for  all  kinds  of  prorifions  which 
abound  here.  Tobacco  is  carried  from  this  to  Per- 
nambuco,  to  be  fhipped  for  Europe.  The  river  is 
about  200  miles  long. — ib. 

PARABOLIC  Conoid  is  a  folid  generated  by  the 

rotation 


Tapina- 

chois, 

II 
Parabolic. 


PAR 


C     699     ] 


PAR 


raranolic,  rotation  of  a  parabola  about  its  axis.  This  folid  is  equal 
tl  to  half  its  circumfcribed  cylinder  ;  and  therefore  if  the 

^^^^^^}^  bafe  be  multiplied  by  the  height,  half  the  product  will 
be  the  folid  content. 

Parabolic  PyramidoiJ,  is  a  folid  figure,  thus  named 
by  Dr  Wallis  from  its  genefis  or  formation,  which  is 
thus:  Let  all  the  fquares  of  the  ordinates  of  a  para- 
bola be  conceived  to  be  fo  placed,  that  the  axis  Ihall 
pafs  perpendicularly  throuijh  all  their  centres  ;  then  the 
aggregate  of  all  thefe  planes  will  form  the  parabolic 
pyramidoid.  This  figure  is  equal  to  half  its  circuni- 
Icribed  parallelopipedon.  And  therefore  the  folid  con- 
tent is  found  by  multiplying  the  bafe  by  the  altitude, 
and  taking  half  the  produifl  j  or  the  one  of  thefe  by 
half  the  other. 

Parabolic  Space,  is  the  fpace  or  area  included  by 
the  curve  line  and  bafe  or  double  ordinate  of  the  para- 
bola. 

Parabolic  Spindle,  is  a  folid  figure  conceived  to  be 
formed  by  the  rotation  of  a  parabola  about  its  bafe  or 
double  ordinate. 

Parabolic  Spiral,  is  a  curve  arifing  from  the  fuppo- 
fition  that  the  common  or  Apollonian  parabola  is  bent 
or  twilled  till  the  axis  come  into  the  periphery  of  a 
circle,  the  ordiuates  dill  retaining  their  places  and  per- 
pendicular pofitions  with  refpeft  to  the  circle,  all  thefe 
lines  llill  remaining  in  the  fame  place.  This  figure  is 
fometimes  called  the  Helkoid parabola. 

PAK.ABOLOIDES,  parabolas  of  the  higher  or- 
ders. The  equation  for  all  curves  of  this  kind  being 
a  """  jc  "  ^  j>  ™,  the  proportion  of  the  area  of  any  one 
to  the  complement  ot  it  to  tlie  circumfcribing  parallelo- 
gram, will  be  as  «  to  n. 

PARACENTRIC  Motion,  denotes  the  fpace  by 
which  a  revolving  planet  approaches  nearer  to,  or  re- 
cedes farther  from,  the  fun,  or  centre  of  attraflion. 

Paracentric  Solicilatian  of  Gravity,  is  the  fame  as 
the  vis  centripeta. 

PARACA,  a  bay  on  the  coad  of  Peru,  40  leagues 
S,  E.  by  S.  of  the  port  of  Callao.  Ships  receive 
Ihelter  here,  when  driven  out  of  the  harbour  of  Ci«n- 
gallan  or  Sangallan,  which  is  3  leagues  S.  E.  of  Carette 
Ifland,  and  N.  N.  W.  of  the  liknd  of  Lobos. — Morse. 

PARACHUTE,  a  kind  of  large  and  ftrong  um- 
brella, contrived  to  break  a  perfon's  fall  iVom  an  air- 
balloon,  Ihould  any  accident  huppen  to  tlie  balloon  at  a 
high  elevation.  This  contrivance  was  firil  thought  of 
by  Blanchard,  who,  at  different  times,  by  means  of  the 
parachute,  let  fall  from  his  balloon  dogs  and  other  ani- 
mals. He  ventured  even  to  dufcend  in  tiiis  manner 
himfelf;  but,  whether  from  the  bad  condriK'lion  of  his 
paracliute,  or  from  falling  among  trees,  he  had  th;  mif- 
fortune  to  break  one  ot  his  legs.  Citizen  Garnerin, 
as  he  choofes  to  be  called,  was  more  fucceUful.  On  the 
z  lit  of  Oflober,  1797,  he  afcended  Ironi  the  garden  de 
Maulfcux  at  half  pafl  five  in  the  evening  ;  between  the 
balloon  and  tiie  car,  in  which  he  fat,  was  placed  the  pa- 
rachute, half  opened,  and  lorming  a  kind  o(  tent  over 
iJie atrial  traveller  ;  and  wlicn  the  whole  apparatus  was 
at  a  confiderable  height,  he  feparated  the  parachute 
and  car  from  the  balloon.  The  parachute  unfolding 
itfelf,  was,  by  his  weight  and  that  ot  the  car,  drawn  of 
courfe  towards  the  earth.  Its  fall  was  at  firll  How  and 
vertical ;  but  foon  afterwards  it  exhibited  a  kind  of  ba- 
lancing or  vibration,  and  a  rotation  gradually  increafing, 


which  might  be  compared  with  that  of  a  leaf  falling 
from  a  tree.  The  aeronaut,  however,  reached  the 
ground  unhurt. 

This  parachute  was  of  cloth,  and  its  diameter,  when 
unfolded,  about  twenty-five  feet.  To  ufc  fuch  InQru- 
ments  with  fucccfs,  it  is  necelfary  that  the  car  be  fuf- 
pended  at  a  confiderable  diliance  from  the  paracl;ute, 
fo  as  that  the  centre  of  gravity  of  the  whole  (hall  be 
vertically  below  the  centre  of  refinance  made  by  tlie 
air  to  the  defcent  of  the  parachute  ;  for  if  the  car  be 
otherwife  placed,  it  is  evident  that  the  par.'.chute  will 
incline  to  one  fide,  defcend  obliquely,  ofcilla'.e,  and  the 
fmallefl  irregularity  in  its  figure  will  caufc  it  to  turn 
round  its  vertical  axis. 

PARADISE,  a  townfliip  of  Pennfylvania,  in  York 
county. — Morse. 

PARAGUATAN,  a  kind  of  wood  which  grows 
in  Guiana,  and  promifes  to  be  of  great  utility  as  a  dye 
(luff.  We  have  feen  no  botanical  dcfcription  of  the 
tree  ;  but  from  the  report  made  to  the  council  of  tradi; 
and  mines,  by  D.  Dominique  Garcia  Fernandez,  in- 
fpector  of  coinage,  we  learn  tliat  its  bark,  boiled  in  wa- 
ter, affords  a  coloured  extraifl  which  refills  the  agency 
of  acids  ior  a  longer  time  than  brazil  or  logwood  ;  that 
the  colour  may  be  revived  by  means  of  alkalies,  after  it 
has  been  deftroycd  by  combination  with  acid» ;  that  vi- 
negar,  lemon-juice  and  tartar,  render  this  colour  more 
brilliant,  while  they  entirely  deflroy  the  colours  of  bra- 
zil and  logwood  ;  that  the  fecnla  of  the  bark  of  para- 
guatan  fixes  and  attaches  itfelf  to  wool,  cotton,  and 
filk  ;  and  that  the  colour  is  brighter  on  filk  than  on 
wool,  and  brighter.on  wool  tlian  on  cotton.  The  fame 
fecula  dried  is  afterwards  foluble  in  alcohol,  to  which 
it  communicates  a  tinge  fimilar  to  that  afforded  by 
cocliineal  ;  but  it  mull  be  confeffed,  that  the  colour  ob- 
tained from  paraguatan  has  not  the  force  of  tliat  of 
cochineal,  though  it  is  fuperior  to  thofe  of  madder> 
brazil  wood,  and  logwood.  From  thefe  fadls  D.  Fer- 
nandez confiders  the  paraguatan  as  one  of  the  moft  va- 
luable produifllons  which  America  futnilhes  to  Spain. 

PARAGUAY,  a  large  river  of  S.  America,  whicii 
failsinto  the  river  La  Plata  thatforms  the  fouthern  boun- 
dary of  Brazil.  At  the  diilance  of  ico  leagues  from 
the  \^i,  where  this  and  Pxrana  river  fall  into  the  chan- 
nel, it  is  at  hall  to  leagues  over. — Morse. 

PARAIBA,  or  Parayia,  the  mod  northern  province 
of  Bi-azil,  in  S.  America,  lying  between  Rio  Grande 
to  the  north,  and  the  river  Tamarack  to  the  fouth,  the 
South  Atlantic  Ocean  to  the  call,  and  Figuares  to  the 
wed.  It  belongs  to  the  Portuguefe,  and  abounds  in 
fugar-canes,  Brazil-wood,  cattle,  tobacco,  cotton,  S:c. 
This  diilrii.^  was  given  by  Jolin  III.  of  Portugal,  to  the 
hidorian  De  Birnis,  but  lie  negl;£led  the  peopling  of 
it.  Some  vagabonds  went  over  in  1560,  and  in  159; 
were  fubdued  by  the  Frcndi,  who  were  foon  obliged  to 
evacuate  it.  Philip  III.  crafed  a  city  to  be  built  upon 
this  royal  domain,  which  is  at  prefcnt  known  by  the 
name  o(  A'oirc  D.inie  de  Neves- — (/'. 

P.\RAiBA,  the  metiopolis  of  the  above  province,  or 
captainfliip,  fituatcd  on  the  fouth  bank  of  a  river  of  its 
nime,  three  leagues  from  the  lea  ;  according  toothers, 
10  leagues;  the  river  being  navigable  tor  ihips  leaded 
with  600  rr  700  hhds.  of  fugar,  a  confiderable  didance 
above  the  city.  The  Dutch  captured  it  in  163J  ;  but 
the  Portuguefe  retook  it  foon  after.  It  lias  many  llately 
4  T  2  houff 


PAR  C 

P.ar.i!bi,  houfes  decorated  with  marble  pillirs,  together  with 
large  warehoufes  and  magazines  belonging  to  the 
merchants.  The  mouth  of  the  river  is  well  fortified. 
S.lat.  6  50,  W.  long.  49  53.— i3. 

PARALLAX   (foe  Encycl.)   is  ufed,  not  only  in 
adronomy,  but  alfo  in  levelling,  for  the  an^le  contained 


700     ]  PAR 

have  only  the  (liuttei  s,   which  are  kept   open  from  fix   Paranur- 
o'clock  in  the  morning  until  fix  at  night.  As  for  chlm-        '^°' 
neys,  there  are  none  in  the  colony;  no  fires  being  light- 
ed except  in  the  kitchens,  which  are  always  built  at 
fonie    diftance    from    the    dwelling-houfe,    where    the 
vidluals  are  drell'ed  upon  the  floor,  and  the  fm^-ke  let 


between  the  line  of  true  level  and  that  of  apparent  le-  out  by  a  hole  made  in  the  roof:  thefe  timber  houfes 

vel      And   in  other  branches  of  fcience,  for  the  differ-  are,  however,  very  dear  in  Surinam,  one  ot  them  ha- 

cnce  between  the  true  and  apparent  places.  ving  coft  above  ;^  15,000  fterhng.     There  is  no  fpring 

PARALLEL    Ruler,    is   a  mathematical  inftru-  water  to  be  met  wuh  ni  Paramaribo  ;  moft  hou(e.s  have 

meat,  conlifting  of  two  equal  rulers,  either  of  wood  or  wells  dug  in  the  rock,  \\hich  afford  but  a  brackilh  kind 

iri-lal,  conneded  together  by  two  llender  crofs  bars  or  of  bever..ge,  only  uled  for  the  negioes,  cattle,  &c.  and 

blades  of  eqinl  leng  h,  moveable  about  the  points  of  the  Europeans  have  refervoirs  or  ciilerns,  in  which  they 

iunaion  with  the  rulers.     There  are  other  forms  of  the  ■  preferve  rain-water  for  their  own  confumption  ;  thofe 

"inflrument;  fonie,  for  inilance,  having  the  two  blades  of  nicer  talle  let  it  firlf  orop  through  a  filtering  Hone 

croirine  in  the  middle,  and  fised  only  at  one  end  of  into  large  jars  or  earthen  pots,  made  by  the  native  In- 

them,  "the  other  two  ends  Hiding  in  grooves  along  the  dians  on  purpofe,  which  they  barter  at  Paramaribo  for 

two  rulers    &c.  o.her  commodities.     The  inhabitants  of  this  country. 

The  ufe'  of'  this  inftrument   is   obvious.       For   the  of  every  denomination,  fleep  in  hammocks,  the  negro 

edge  of  one  of  the  rulers  being  applied  to  any  line,  the  flaves  excepted,  who   moftly   lie  on   the  ground:  the 

other  opened  to  any  extent  will  be  always  parallel  to  hammocks  ufed  by  thofe  in  iuperior  ftations  are  made 
the  former;  anJ  coni'equcntly  any  parallels  to  this  may 
be  drawn  by  the  edge  of  the  ruler,  opened  to  any  ex- 
tent. 

PARALLELS,  or  Flacks  of  Arms,  in  a  Gege, 
are  deep  trendies,   15  or   18  feet  wide,  joining  the  le- 


of  cotton,  ornamented  with  rich  fringe  ;  thefe  are  alfo 
made  by  the  Indians,  and  fometimes  worth  above  twen- 
ty guineas;  neither  bedding  nor  coveiing  is  necefTary, 
except  an  awning  to  keep  off  the  mufquitoes.  Some 
people  indeed  lie  on  bedlteads  ;  in   that  cafe   they  are 


veral  attacks  together  ;  and  ferving  to  place  the  guard  furroundcd,  inllead  of  curtains,  with  gauze  pavilions, 
of  the  trenches  in,  to  be  at  hand  to  fupport  the  work-  which  admit  the  air  freely,  and  at  the  fame  time  keep 
men  when  attacked.  There  are  ufually  three  in  an  at-  off  the  fmalka  i.ifecl.  The  houfes  in  general  at  Para- 
tack  :  the  firft  is  about  5oo  yards  from  the  covert-way,  maribo  are  elegantly  furnilhed  with  paintings,  gilding, 
the  fecond  bet\^een  3  and  400,  and  the  third  near  or  on  cryftal  chandchers,  chma  jars,  &c.;  the  rooms  are  never 
the  glacis.  It  is  faid  they  were  firft  invented  or  ufed  papered  or  plaftered,  but  beautifully  wainfcotted  with 
by  Vauban.  cedar,  and  Brazil,  and  mahogany  wood. 

PARALLELISiM  of  the  Earth's  Axis,  is  that         The  number  of  buildings  m  Paramaribo  is  computed 

invariable  fituation  of  the  axis,  in  the  progrels  of  the  at  about  14CO,  of  which  the  principal  is  the  governor's 

caith  thro'  the  annual  oibit,  by  which  it  always  keeps  palace,  whence  there  is  a  private  paffage  through  the 

parallel  to  itfelf ;  fo  that  if  a  line  be  drawn  parallel  to  garden  which  communicates  with  Port  Zelandia.  This 

its  axis,  while  in  any  one  pofition,  the  axis,  in  all  other  houfe,  and  that  of  the  commandant,  which  has  lately 

pofitions  or  parts  of  the  orbit,  will  always  be  parallel  to  been  burnt,  were  the  only  brick  buildings  in  the  colo 

the  fame  line  ""  "     "     "  *       ' "" 


PARAMETER,  a  certain  conflant  right  line  in 
each  of  the  three  conic  fections ;  otherwife  called  alfo 
liitus  red:im. 

PARAMARIBO,  the  capital  of  the  Dutch  fettle- 
nient  at  Surinam,  is  fituated  on  the  right  fide  of  the 
beautiful  river  Surinam,  at  about   16  or   18  miles  di- 


ny.  The  town-hall  is  an  elegant  new  building,  and  co- 
vered with  tiles ;  here  the  different  courts  are  held,  and 
underneath  are  the  prilons  tor  European  delinquents, 
the  military  excepted,  who  are  confined  in  the  citadel 
of  Foit  Zelandia.  'i'he  Proteilant  church,  where  di- 
vine worlhip  is  performed  both  in  French  and  Low 
Dutch,  has  a  fmall  fpire  with  a  clock  ;  befides  which 


iUnce  from  its  mouth.     It  is  built  upon  a  kind  of  gra-     there  is  a  Lutheran  chapel,  and  two  elegant  Jewifii  {y 

v^Uy  rock,  which  is  level  with  the  rell  of  the  country,     nauioeues,  one  German  the  other  Portu^uefe.     Here  1 

in  the  form  of  an  oblong  fquare ;  its  length  is  about  a 

mile  and  a  half,  and  its  breadth  about  half  as  much. 

•\\\  the  Ilreets,  which  are  perfeiftly  flraight,   are  lined 

with    orange,  fhaddock,    tamarind,  and  lemon    trees, 

which  appear  in  everlalling  bloom  ;  while,  at  the  fame 

time,  their  branches  are  v\'eighed  down  with  the  richeft 

clufters  of  odoriferous  fruit.   Neither  (lone  nor  brick  is 

made  ufe  of  here  for  pavement  ;  the   whole  being  one 


nagogues,  one  German  the  other  Portuguefe.  tlere  is 
alio  a  large  hofpital  tor  the  garrifon,  and  this  manfion 
is  never  empty.  The  military  llores  are  kept  in  the 
fortref-,  where  the  fociety  foldiers  are  alfo  lodged  in 
barracks,  with  proper  apartments  for  fome  odicers. 
The  town  of  Paraiiiaiibo  has  a  noble  road  for  fhipping, 
the  river  before  the  town  being  above  a  mile  in  breadth, 
and  containing  fometimes  above  100  veffels  of  burden, 
moored  within  piftol-ihoi  of  the  lliore.  Before  Hol- 
suntinued  gravel,  not  inferior  to  the  finell  garden  walks     land  became  a  province   of  France,  and   thereby  loft 


in  England,  and  llrewed  on  the  furface  with  fea  fhells 
The  houfes,  which  arc  moftly  of  two  and  fome  of  three 
Uories  high,  are  all  built  of  fine  timber,  a  very  few  ex- 
cepted;  moft  of  the  foundations  are  of  brick,  and  they 
are  roofed  with  thin  fplit  boards,  called  _/Z'/«ct/«,  inftead 
of  dates  or  tiles.  Windows  are  very  feldom  feen  in 
ihis  country,  glafs  being   inconvenient  on  account  of 


her  trade,  there  were  feldom  fewer  than  80  fliips  at  Pa- 
ramaribo, loading  coffee,  fugar,  cocao,  cotton  and  in- 
digo, for  the  mother  country,  including  alfo  the  Gui- 
nea-men that  bring  flaves  from  Africa,  and  the  North 
American  and  Leeward  Ifland  veflels,  which  bring 
flour,  beef,  pork,  fpirits,  herrings,  and  mackarel  falted, 
fpermaceti  candles,  liorfes,  and  lumber  ;  for  which  they 


the  heat ;  inftsad  of  which  they  ufe  gauze  frames :  fome    receive  chiefly  molaffes  to  be  diftiUsd  into  rum.     This 

tOWB 


PAR 


[ 


town  Is  not  fortified,  but  is  bounded  by  the  river  on  the 
fouthealt ;  by  a  huge  favannah  on  tlie  weft  ;  by  an  im- 
penetrable wood  (in  the  north  eaft  ;  and  is  protected  by 
Fort  Zelandia  on  the  ealt.  This  citadel  is  only  feparated 
from  the  town  by  a  large  efpknade,  where  the  troops 
parade  occallonally.  The  fort  is  a  regular  pentngon, 
with  one  gate  fronting  Paramaribo,  and  two  baftions 
which  command  the  river ;  it  is  very  fmall  but  ftrong, 
being  made  cf  rnck  or  hewn  (lone,  furrounded  by  a 
broad  folfe  well  lupplied  with  water,  belides  fome  out- 
works. On  the  eall  fide,  fronting  the  river,  is  a  bat- 
tery of  2  I  pieces  ot  cannon.  On  one  of  the  baftions  is 
a  bell,  which  is  llruck  with  a  hammer  by  the  centinel, 
who  is  dire(5ted  by  an  hour-glafs.  On  the  other  is 
planted  a  large  enfign-llaff,  upon  which  a  flig  is  hoifted 
upon  the  approach  of  (hips  of  war,  or  on  public  rejoi- 
cing  days.  The  walls  are  fix  feet  thick,  with  embra- 
fures,  but  no  parapet. 

P  iramaribo  is  a  very  lively  place,  tlie  ftreets  being  ge- 
nerally crowded  with  planters,  faih'rs,  Ibldiers,  J;ws, 
Indians,  and  Negroes,  while  the  river  is  covered  with 
canoes,  barges,  &c.  conftantly  palTingand  repaffinglike 
the  wherries  on  the  Thames,  often  accompanied  with 
bands  of  mufic  ;  the  fliipping  a!fo  in  the  road  adorned 
with  their  different  flags,  guns  firing,  &c.  not  to  men- 
tion the  many  groupes  of  boys  and  girU  playing  in  the 
water,  altogether  form  a  pleafing  appearance  ;  and  fuch 
gaiety  and  variety  of  objeOls  ferve,  in  fome  mejfure,  to 
conipenfate  lor  the  many  inconveiiiencies  of  the  climate. 
Their  carriages  and  drcfs  are  truiy  magnificent;  filk 
embroidery,  Genoa  velvets,  dian-.ondj,  gold  and  lilver 
lace,  being  daily  woin,  and  even  the  mailers  if  trading 
Hiips  appear  witii  buttons  and  buckles  of  folid  gold. 
They  are  equally  exiitnfive  at  their  tables,  where  every 
thing  that  can  be  called  delicate  is  produced  at  any 
price,  and  ferved  up  in  plate  and  china  ot  the  newell 
lafhion,  and  moft  exquifite  workmanfhip.  But  nothing 
difplays  the  luxury  of  the  inhabitants  of  Suiinam  more 
than  the  number  of  flaves  by  whom  they  aie  attended, 
often  twenty  or  thirty  in  one  tamdy.  White  fcivants 
are  fcldom  to  !)e  met  with  in  this  colony. 

The  current  money  are  ftamped  cards  of  different 
value,  from  five  Ihillings  to  fifty  pouiido  :  gold  and  fil- 
ver  is  fo  fcarce,  that  the  exchange  premium  for  f|> -cie 
is  often  abo\e  lO  per  cent.  A  baie  Dant/.ic  com  called 
a  hit,  value  fomething  lefs  than  fixpence,  is  alio  current 
in  Surinam.  Englilh  and  Porluguefe  coin  are  fome- 
times  met  with,  but  moflly  ufed  as  ornaments  by  the 
Mulatto,  Samboe,  Quaderoon,  and  Negro  girls.  The 
Negro  flaves  never  receive  any  paper  money  ;  for  as 
they  cannot  read,  they  do  not  underdand  its  value ; 
bcfides,  in  their  hands.it  would  be  liable  to  many  acci- 
dents, from  fire  or  children,  and  ptrticularly  fiom  the 
rats,  when  it  becomes  a  little  greafy. 

This  town  is  well  fupplied  with  provifions,  t/'z. 
butchers  meat,  fowls,  fifli,  and  venifon.  Vegetables  in 
particular  tlic  country  abounds  with  ;  befides  the  luxu- 
ries peculiar  to  this  climate,  they  import  wliatevcr  Eu. 
lopc,  Africa,  and  Afia  can  aiford.  Provifions,  how- 
ever, are  excelllvcly  dear  in  general,  cfpccially  thofe  im- 
ported, which  are  moftly  foid  by  the  Jews  and  mailers 
of  (hips.  The  firil  enjoy  extraordinary  piivileges  in 
this  colony  ;  the  latter  ered  temporary  warehoufei  for 
the  purpofe  of  trade,  during  the  time  their  Ihips  are 


oi     ]  PAR 

loading  with  the  produftions  of  the  climate.  Wheat 
flour  is  fold  from  four-pence  to  one  (hilling  per  pound; 
butter,  two  (liilliagi ;  butcher's  meat  never  under  one 
Ihilling,  and  often  at  one  (hilling  and  fix  pence  ;  ducks 
and  fowls  from  three  to  four  fliillings  a  couple.  A 
fingle  turkey  has  fbmetimes  coft  one  guinea  and  a  half; 
eggs  are  fold  at  the  rate  cf  five,  and  European  pota- 
toes twelve,  for  fixpence.  Wine  three  fhi!!;ngs  a  bottle 
Jamaica  rum  a  crown  a  gallon.  Fifh  and  vegetables  are 
cheap,  and  fruit  almoft  for  nothing. 

PARATEE,  a  bay  on  the  fouih-weff  fide  of  the 
illand  ot  Jamaica.  It  is  fouth-eaft  of  Canifter  Bay,  its 
fouth-eaft  point  is  alfo  called  Paralee.— Morse. 

PARAYBA,  a  river  on  the  coaft  of  Brazil,  lo 
leagues  N.  of  Port  Francezes.  The  city  lies  8  leagues 
from  us  mouth.     S.  lat.  6  50,  W.  long.  4.9  si—'b- 

PARDUBA,  a  bay  on  the  coaft  of  Brazil,  10  leagues 
W.  N.  W.  of  Brandihi  Bay.— /'i.  ^ 

PARHAM  To-^n  and  Harbour,  on  the  north  fide  of 
the  ifland  of  An'igua,  in  the  Welt-Indies.  The  har- 
bour IS  defended  by  Byram  Fort,  at  Barnacle  Point,  en 
the  welt  (ide,  and  farther  up  by  another  fort  on  the  E. 
(ide.  The  town  is  regularly  built,  and  lies  at  the  head 
of  the  harbour,  and  in  St  Peter's  parifli.— /A 

PARI  A,  or  A'fTt)  Andalujia,  a  country  ol  S.  America, 
and  in  Terra  Firma,  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  north 
fea,  and  (outh  by  Guiana.  The  fca  coaft  is  moftly  i:>. 
habited,  on  which  there  are  feveral  towns 'ib. 

Paria,  a  juiifdiaion  in  the  archbilhoprick  of  La 
Plata,  in  S.  America,  beginning  70  leagues  N.  W.  of 
that  city,  and  extending  about  40  leagues.  It  h.is 
fome  filver  mines ;  and  the  cheefe  made  here  is  much 
efteemeJ,  and  tent  all  over  Peru.— /3.      - 

Pari.*,  Gulf  of,  a  ftrait  lying  between  the  N.  W. 
part  of  New-Andalufia,  and  the  fouthern  (hore  of  tlie 
rlLud  of  Trinidad.     N.  lat.  9  12,  W.  long.  62  5.— ;i. 

P.iRINA,  a  point  N.  W.  of  the  harbour  of  Payta, 
on  the  coaft  of  Peru.  The  country  within  the  point  is 
high  and  mountainou.-.  Between  Pavta  and  it,  is  a 
large  bay,  having  (hoals.  The  land  i^  low,  and  fome 
whue  hills  all  tlie  way. — ib. 

^  PARINA-COCAS,  a  jurifdidion  in  the  dioce-^e  of 
Guamanga,  in  the  audience  of  Lima,  beginning  about 
20  leagues  fouth  ol  the  city  of  Guamanga.  and  extend- 
tng  above  25  leagues.  It  has  excellent  paftures,  grain, 
and  iruits.  The  mines  of  (liver  and  gold  are  mote 
pvodudtive  than  formerly;  and  thefe  form  the  chief 
branch  of  its  commerce. — ib. 

PARIS  (Francis),  a  man  more  famous  after  his 
death  thin  during  his  life,  by  the  miracles  which  were 
(aid  to  be  perfoimed  at  liis  tomb.  He  is  generally 
known  by  the  n.ime  of  Abbe  Paris  ;  and  his  jfrttendcd 
miiaclcs,  with  others  of  like  manufadure,  have  furn^lli- 
ed  deiltical  writci-s,  and  Mr  Hume  in  particular,  with  a 
kind  ot  argument  againft  tlie  reality  of  the  miracles  of 
which  we  have  an  account  in  the  Gofpel.  It  is  mere- 
ly that  we  may  liate  his  prcttnfi.^ns  fairly,  that  we  hav« 
inir(duced  liim  to  the  notice  of  our  readers;  for  in 
eveiy  other  refped  he  \%  wholly  unworthy  of  their  re- 
gatd.  He  was  the  Ion  of  a  counlellor  in  Parli.m-.cnt, 
and  had  the  proiptd,  if  he  had  chofcn  it,  of  fucceed- 
ing  to  his  father's  appointment  ;  but  he  chofe  rather  to 
become  an  eccleliaftic,  and  he  became  a  very  zeal  us 
one.     lie  gave  up  all  his  pollelfions  10  his  b.'u.her,  re- 

fufed.  1 


PAR 


C    70^    ] 


p 


R 


Pirs.  fufid  prefertrent  intended  tor  bin)  by  tbe  catdinal  de 
^'"'■'""'^  Ncalllss,  devoted  himfclt  entirely  to  retirem:nt,  and 
made  ftccldngs  lor  his  own  fupporr,  .ind  for  the  affill- 
arce  of  the  poor.  He  died,  perhaps  in  confequence  of 
bis  rigorous  mode  of  life,  May  i,  1727,  at  ibc  age  of 
only  37.  His  brother  raifed  a  monument  to  him  in  the 
fmall  churchyard  of  St  Medsrd,  to  which  the  poor  and 
the  pious  focn  begnn  to  flock  ;  and  afier  a  time  it  was 
reported,  that,  in  confeqiience  of  their  prayers  at  that 
tomb,  fome  fick  perfons  had  received  cures.  As  Paris 
had  been  a  rigorous  Janfenift,  this  was  a  fine  opportu- 
nity for  that  fefl  to  gain  credit  to  their  caufe  ;  the  mi- 
racles were  therefore  multiplied,  and  a  variety  of  per- 
fons afFefted  the  mofl  fingular  convulfions. 

The  minds  of  the  people  becoming  inflamed  by  thefe 
c:;travagancies,  the  court  found  it  neceffary  to  fliut  up 
the  churchyard,  which  was  done  on  the  27th  of  Janu- 
ary 1732.  On  this  occafion,  fume  profane  wit  wrote 
upon  the  wall  of  the  place, 

De  par  le  Roy,  defenfe  a  D!eu, 
De  faire  miracles  en  ce  lieu. 

The  convulfions  were  continued,  for  a  little  while,  in 
private  houfes,  but  by  degrees  the  matter  fubfided,  and 
the  Abbe  Paris  was  forgotten. 

The  dillinflion  between  miracles  exhibited  to  ferve 
a  party,  and  attefted  only  by  thofe  who  are  zealous  in 
its  fupport,  and  miracles  performed  in  the  fight  of  un- 
believers, who,  in  fpite  of  their  deep-rooted  prejudice?, 
»v/ere  converted  by  them,  is  too  llriking  to  be  overlook- 
ed by  any,  but  thefc  who  are  defirous  of  drawing  a 
falfc  and  impious  parallel  ;  yet  has  Mr  Hume  dared 
to  reprefent  the  miracks  performed  at  the  tomb  of  this 
faint  as  outvying  in  number,  nature,  and  evidence,  tlie 
miracles  of  Chril\  and  his  apnllles — with  what  truth, 
the  following  obf.rvations  will  fliew : 

ijl.  It  was  often  obje(5led  by  the  enemies  of  the 
faint,  and  the  objeiSion  was  never  confuted  by  his 
friends,  that  the  proflrathns  at  his  fepulchre,  like  ani- 
mal magnecifm  more  lately, /iroj^ucft/ more  difeafes  than 
I  hey  fun</.  Such,  furely,  was  not  the  nature  of  our 
Saviour's  miracles. 

zdl\'.  Though  the  crowds  of  fick  and  infirm  perfons 
•who  tiocked  to  the  tomb  for  relief  were,  by  all  accounts, 
innumerable  ;  yet  all  the  cures,  of  which  the  zealous 
hillorian  of  the  Miracles  could  procure  vouchers,  a- 
mounted  only  to  nine  !  Now,  were  thoufands,  and  ten 
thoufands  of  difeafed  perfons  to  apply  to  fome  clrcum- 
foraneous  qaack,  in  full  affurance  of  his  extraordinary 
abilities  and  fkiU  in  phyfic,  could  it  furprife  any  perfon, 
if  the  diftempers  of  eight  or  nine  of  them  fliould  take  a 
favourable  turn  while  they  were  under  a  courfe  of  his 
ufelefs  medicines  ? 

3a'/v,  We  do  not  read  that  of  thofe  nine  who  were 
cured  by  the  dead  Abbe,  the  greater  part  were  Jefuits 
and  enemies  to  the  Janfenifts  ;  whereas  the  greater  part 
of  our  Savicur's  miracles  were  performed  upon  uncon- 
verted Jews,  and  one  of  them  upon  the  fervant  of  the 
high  pried,  who  was  thirfting  for  his  blood. 

^ihly.  The  cures  reported  to  have  been  performed  at 
the  grave  of  Paiis  were  all  fuch  as  might  have  been  ac- 
complidied  by  natural  means.  Thus,  a  Spaniard  who 
had  loft  one  eye,  and  was  diftrefTed  with  an  inflamma- 
tion in  the  other,  haft  the  inflamed  eye  gradually  cured, 
but  not  the  loft  eye  reftored.     Another  perfon  having 


pricked  his  eye  with  an  awl,  loft  the  fight  of  it  in  con- 
fequence  of  the  aqueous  humour  dropping  out  ;  but 
his  fight  was  reftored  iihiljl  he  was  paying  his  devo- 
tions to  the  Abbe — and  lb  it  would  have  been  while 
he  was  curfing  the  Abbe,  had  he  continued  his  execra- 
tions for  a  fufficient  length  of  lime. 

5//f.{)',  None  of  the  cures  faid  to  have  been  perform- 
ed  were  injlantamous.  AH  the  worfhippers  at  the  tomb 
pei  filled  tor  dap,  feveral  of  them  for  weeks,  and  fome 
for  months,  daily  imploring  the  intercefllon  of  the  Abbe 
before  they  received  relief  from  their  complaints. 

dtkly,  Mnft  of  the  devotees  had  been  ufing  medicines 
before  they  applied  to  the  faint,  and  continued  to  ufe 
them  during  the  ivhole  time  ot  their  application  ;  whilft 
it  is  confeli'ed  that  the  diftempeis  of  others  had  abated 
before  they  determined  to  folicit  his  help. 

"flhly.  Some  of  the  cures  attefted  were  incomplete,  and 
only  of  a  temporary  duration.  Thus,  the  Spaniard  was 
relieved  only  from  the  moft  inconfiderable  part  of  his 
complaint,  and  that  too  but  for  a  veiy  fliort  period  ;  for 
foon  after  his  return  home  he  relapfed  into  his  former 
malady,  as  was  fully  attefted  by  certificates  and  letters 
from  Madrid.  All  this  has  been  completely  proved  by 
the  Archbilhop  of  Sens;  who  in  his  Pajloral  Injlruc- 
tion,  publiflied  at  the  time  the  miracles  were  making  a 
nolle,  has, 

Zthly,  Clearly  detefled  the  deceit  and  little  artifices 
by  which  thofe  pretended  miracles  were  fo  long  fup- 
ported.  To  that  work  we  refer  our  readers  ;  requeft- 
ing  them,  after  they  have  read  it,  to  compare  the  evi- 
dence for  the  miracles  of  Paris  with  the  evidence  which 
in  the  article  Miracle  [Er.cycl.)  we  have  ftated  for 
the  reality  of  the  Gofpel  miracles,  and  to  judge  for 
themfelves  with  the  impartiality  of  phllofophers. 

Paris  wrote  a  few  very  indifferent  books  of  annota- 
tions on  the  Epiftles  to  the  Pv.omans,  to  the  Galatlans, 
and  the  Hebrews;  but  few  have  ever  read  them,  nor 
would  they  have  refcued  the  author  from  oblivion,  with- 
out the  aid  of  his  lying  wonders. 

Paris,  a  thriving  townfhip  of  excellent  land  in  New- 
York  ftate,  Herkemer  county.  It  is  fouth-weft  of 
Whlteftown  6  miles,  from  which  it  was  taken,  and  in- 
corporated in  1793.  In  1795,  4  townftiips  vi'ere  taken 
from  it,  viz.  Hamilton,  Sherburne,  Brookfield,  and  San- 
gersfield.  It  contained,  by  the  ftate  cenfiis  of  1796, 
3.459  inhabitants,  of  whom  564  were  eledlors.  Iron 
ore  IS  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Paris.  Hamilton  acade- 
my is  fituated  in  this  town,  in  Clinton  parifii,  where 
alio  a  Congregational  church  has  lately  been  eredled, 
and  marks  of  rapid  progrefs  in  improvements  and 
wealth  arc  vifible. — Morse. 

PARKER'S  JJland,  in  Lincoln  county,  Diftria  of 
Maine,  is  formed  by  the  waters  of  Kennebeck  river  on 
the  weft,  by  the  fea  on  the  fouth,  by  Jeremyfquam  Bay 
on  the  eaft,  and  by  a  fmall  ftrait,  which  divides  it  fmm 
Arrowfick  Ifland,  on  the  north.  It  derives  its  name 
from  John  Parker,  who  purchafed  it  of  the  natives  in 
1650;  and  a  part  of  it  ftill  remains  to  his  pofterity.  It 
is  in  the  townfiiip  of  Georgeto'Vjri. — ii: 

Parker's  River  takes  its  rife  in  Rowley,  In  ElTex 
county,  Maflachufettf,  and,  after  a  courfe  of  a  few  miles 
palfes  into  the  found  which  feparates  Pliirab-Ifland  from 
the  main  land.  It  is  navigable  about  two  miles  from 
its  mouth,  where  a  bridge  crolfes  it  870  feet  long  and 
26  feet  wide,  confifting  of  follJ  piers  and    8  wooden 

arches. 


I'arU, 


Par'KC 


PAR  [     703     ]  P     A     R 

Parkhurft.  arches.     It  Is  on  ihe  poft-road  from  Bofton  callward,  Grammar,  without  Points,  adapted  to  the  life  of  Learn- Tarkhurft. 

^-^''"'"^-^  and  was  built  in  1  758.  It  is  fiipported  by  a  toll. — ii.  ers,  1762,"  410.  To  attempt  a  vindication  of  all  the  '"'^^'''•'^ 
PARKHURST  (the  Rev.  John),  was  the  fecond  etymological  and  philolophical  difquiruions  which  are 
fon  of  John  Paikhiirft,  Efq  ;  of  Catelby  in  Northarop-  fcaitered  through  this  dldionary,  would  be  very  fruit- 
tonlhirc.  His  mother  was  Ilicarda  Dormer,  daughter  )efs;  but  it  is  not  perhaps  too  much  to  fay,  that  wc 
of  Judge  Dormer.  He  was  born  in  June  1728,  was  have  nothing  of  the  l;ind  equal  to  it  in  the  Enj;lilh  Ian- 
educated  at  the  fchoo!  of  Rugby  in  Warwicklhire,  and  guage.  He  continued,  however,  tocorred  andimprovc 
was  afterwards  of  Clare-l)all,  Cambridge;  B.  A.  1748,  it;  and  in  1778  another  edition  of  it  came  out  much 
M.  A.  1752;  and  many  years  fellow  of  his  college.  enlarged,  and  a  third  in  1792. 

Being  a  younger  brother,  he  was  intended  lor  the  His  philological  lludies  were  not  confined  to  the  He- 
church  ;  but  not  long  afler  his  entering  into  holy  or-  brew  language;  ior  he  publilhed  a  Cieek  and  Ens^lilh 
ders  his  elder  brother  died.  This  event  made  him  the  Lexicon  to  the  New  Tellament;  to  which  is  prefixed, 
heir  of  a  very  confiderabie  eftate  ;  though,  as  his  father  a  plain  and  eafy  Greek  Grammar,  1 769,  410  ;  a  fecond 
was  dill  living,  it  was  fume  time  before  he  came  into  edition,  1 794 :   and  at  his  death  there  was  in  the  prefi  a 


the  full  poifellion  cf  it ;  and  when  he  did  come  into 
tlje  polfeffion  of  it,  the  acquifuion  of  fortune  produ- 
ced no  change  on  his  manners  or  his  purfuits.  He 
continued  to  cultivate  the  fludies  becoming  a  clergy- 
man ;  and   from   his   family   connections,  as    well    as 


new  edition  of  both  thefe  lexicons,  in  a  large  8vo, 
with  his  lad  ccrreflions;  for  he  continued  to  revd'.-, 
correfl,  add  to,  and  improve,  tlicfe  works,  till  within  a 
iew  weeks  of  his  death.  As,  from  their  nature,  there 
cannot  be  fuppofed  to  be  any  thing  in  di^ionarics  that 


irom   his  learning  and  pisty,  he  certainly  had  a  good    is  particulajly  attradive  and  alluring,  this  continued  in- 

"  ""  creafing  demand  for  thefe  two  feenis  to  be  a  fufHcient 

proof  of  their  merit. 

He  publiilied,  "The  Divinity  and  Pre-exiaence  of 
our  Lord  and  Saviour  Jefus  Chrill,  demonftrated  from 
Scripture  ;  in  anAvcr  to  the  firft  oeflion  of  Dr  Prieft- 
ley's  Introduaion  to  the  Hiftory  of  Early  Opinions 
concerning  Jefus  Chrift  ;  together  with  Stridures  on 
feme  other  Partes  of  the  Work,  and  a  Poftfcript  rela- 


ting to  a  late  Publication  of  Mr  Gilbert  WakefidJ, 
1787,"  Svo.  Tliis  work  was  very  generally  regarded 
as  completely  performing  all  that  its  title-pjge  pronjl- 
{ed  i  and  accordingly  the  whole  edition  was  foon  fold 
off.     The  brief,  evafivc,  and  very  unfatisfadoiy  notice 


right  to  look  forward  to  preferment  ia  his  profclTion  ; 
but  betaking  himfelf  to  retirement,  and  to  a  life 
of  clofe  and  intenfe  ftudy,  he  fought  for  no  prefer- 
ment ;  and,  according  to  the  autlior  of  the  biographi- 
cal fkctch  of  liim  publillied  in  the  Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine, he  lived  not  in  an  age  when  merit  was  urged  for- 
ward. Yet,  in  the  capacity  of  a  curate,  but  without 
any  falary,  he  long  did  the  duty,  with  exemplary  dili- 
gence and  zeal,  in  his  own  chapel  at  Catefby,  which, 
afler  the  demolition  of  the  church  of  tlie  nunnery  there, 
ferved  as  a  parifli  church,  of  which  alfo  he  was  the 
patron. 

When,  feveral  years  after,  it  fell  to  his  lot  to  exercife 
the  right  of  prefentation,  he  was  fo  unfaflfionable  as  to    taken  of  this  able  pamphlet  by  Dr  Piicdley,  in  "  A 
confider  church  patronage  as  a  trull  rather  than  a  pro-    Letur  to  Dr  Home,"  &c.  flicwed  only   that  he  was 
pcrty  ;  and,  accordingly,  relifling  the  influence  of  inte-    unable  to  aafwer  it. 

reft,  favour,  and  afTeflion,  prefented  to  the  vicarage  of  Mr  Parkhurft  was  a  man  of  very  extraordinary  inuc- 
Epfom,  in  Surrey,  the  Rev.  Jonathan  Boucher,  who  pendency  of  mind  and  firmnefs  of  principle.  In  earlv 
dill  holds  it.  This  gentleman  was  then  known  to  him  hte,  along  vvlih  many  other  men  ot  didinguilhed  learii- 
tinly  by  charader  ;  but  having  dlftinguilhed  himfelf  in  'ng>  't  was  alfo  objected  10  him,  that  he  was  an  Hut- 
America,  during  the  revolution,  for  hi-  loyalty,  and  by  chinfon  an  ;  and  on  this  account  alone,  in  common  with 
teaching  the  iinfophiflicaietl  dodrines  of  the  church  of  them,  it  has  been  faid  that  he  was  ntgleded  and  (hun- 
England   to  the  pc<^ple  of    America   at   the   peril   of   ned. 

liis  life,  Mr  I'arkhuiil  thought,  and  juflly  thought,  that  There  Is  not,  in  the  hiftory  of  the  times,  fays  the 
lie  could  not  piefent  to  the  vacant  living  a  man  who  biograpiier  already  quoted,  a  circumdance  more  difli- 
had  given  better  proofs  of  his  having  a  due  fenfe  of  the  cult  to  be  accounted  for  than  the  unmerited,  but  increa- 
duties  c(  his  office.  fiug,  difcountenance  Iheun  to  ihofe  perfons  to  wlioni 

In  the  year  1754,  r.[r  Parkluiift  married  Sufanna  Hutchinfonianlfm  was  then  objeeled.  Methodifts,  Pa- 
Mylier,  daughter,  and,  we  tifHeve,  .heirefs  of  John  P'fts,  and  ledaries  of  any  and  of  every  name,  all  ftood 
Myfter,  Efq  ;  of  Epf< 'm.  It  was  thus  thai  he  became  i»  better  chance  of  beir.g  nt)ticed  and  efteemed  than 
patron  of  the  llvlnp  wliich  he  beftowed  on  Mi  Boucher.  Hutchinfonians.  Had  it  even  b;en  jnoved  that  the 
This  lady  died  in  1759,  leaving  him  a  daughter  and  few  peculiar  tenets  by  which  tliey  were  diftinguiP.ied 
two  fons;  both  the  fons  arc  now  dead.  In  the  year  from  other  Chriftians  were  erroneous,  the  cppofitlcr. 
1761,  he  married  again  MUliccnt  Nonhey,  daughter  of  they  experienced  might  have  been  deemed  /jiirJ  me.ijlire, 
Thomas  Northcy,  Ef  j ;   by  whtmi  he  Iiad  one  daugh-    becaufe  even  their  opponents  allowed  their  principles  to 


ler,  now  married  to  the  Rev.  Jofcph  Thomas. 

In  the  year  1753,  he  began  '"^  career  of  autliorfliip, 
by  pubhlhing,  in  Svo,  "A  friendly  Addiefs  to  the  Rev. 
Mr  John  Welley,  in  relation  to  a  principal  Dodrine 
maintained  by  him  and  his  affiftants."  This  work  we 
Iiave  not  feci;\  ;  but  thciigh  we  have  no  doubt  rf  its  va- 
lue, wc  may  faftly  fiy  that  it  was  of  very  little  import- 
ance, when  compared  wiili  his  next  publication,  which 
was  "  An  Hebrew  and  Enghfli  I^exicon,  without 
Points;,  to    which   is    added,  a    meihod!c.il   Hebrew 


be  inoffenfive,  and  ihemfelves  to  be  learned. 

Is  this  a  lair  iiate  of  the  cafe  ?  We  think  not.  The 
early  Hutchinfonians  had  imbibed  all  ih;  j  ecu'.iar  no- 
tions cf  their  mailer,  and  maintained  them  wi;h  a  de-  - 
grce  of  acrimony  which  would  have  difgiaced  any 
caiife.  Being  in  general  very  little  acquainted  with  tie 
higher  i):athemaiies,  as  Mr  Hutchlnlon  himfelf  fecms 
hkewile  to  have  been,  liiey  cenfured  dognialicaiiy 
works  which,  wiihcut  that  knowledge,  they  could  ni.t 
fully  under  ft  and;  whilft  they  maintained,  with  equal 

do-jn.atilm,, 


P     A     R 


Purkhurft.  d-igmalifm,  as  matters  of  fafl,  Iiypothefes,  which  a  mo- 
"-^"""^^  derate  Ihare  of  maihematicMl  fcience  would  have  (hewn 
them  to  he  impofllble.  H:td  they  llopt  here,  no  harm 
would  have  been  done;  they  m^ght  have  enjoyed  their 
favouri'e  notions  in  pence  :  but  unfortunately  they  ac- 
cufcd  of  Ath';ifm,  D-ifm,  or  Socinuinifm,  all  who 
thought  not  exaflly  as  ihiy  thought,  bmh  in  natural  phi- 
lofophy,  and  in  theology.  Becanfe  Newton  and  Clarke 
had  denionftrated  that  the  ni'nions  of  the  planets  can- 
not be  theeffefl  of  tlie  itnpulfion  of  any  material  fluid, 
Il'itchinfon,  with  fome  of  his  fcllovveis,  affirmed,  that 
tlitfe  two  ilkiftrious  men  had  entered  into  a  ferious  de- 
fign  to  overtuin  the  Chrilli.in  religion,  and  elhiblifli  in 
England  the  worfhip  of  the  Heathen  Jupiter,  or  the 
Stoical  a?i:mn  mtindi.  Becanfe  the  Bifhops  Pearfon, 
Bull,  and  other";,  who  had  unifrrmly  been  confidered 
as  the  ahlcft  defenders  of  the  Catholic  faith,  thought 
not  cxaiflly  as  Hutchinfon  thought  of  the  filiation  of 


704 
ed 


P     A     11 


a  pulillanimity  of  which  Mr  Parkhurfl:  was  inca- Parkimrd. 
pable.  What  he  believed  he  was  not  afraid  to  profefs;  ^^''^"^^^ 
and  never  profelfed  to  belisve  any  thing  which  he  did 
not  very  fincerely  believe.  An  earnefl  lover  of  truth, 
he  fought  it  where  only  it  is  to  be  f  und — in  the  Sciip- 
tures  (a).  The  ftudy  of  thefe  was  at  once  the  hufinefs 
and  the  pie  :fure  of  his  life  ;  from  his  earlieft  to  his  la- 
teft  years,  he  was  an  hard  lludent ;  and  had  the  daily 
occupations  of  every  24  hours  of  his  life  been  portioned 
out,  as  it  is  faid  tliofe  of  king  Altered  ^^■ere,  into  three 
equal  parts,  there  is  reafon  to  believe  that  a  deficiency 
would  rarely  have  been  found  in  the  eight  hours  allotted 
to  lludy.  Whit  the  fruits  have  been  of  a  life  fo  conduc- 
ed, few  theolcgians,  it  is  prefumed,  need  to  be  inform- 
ed, it  being  hardly  witliin  the  fcope  of  a  fuppofuion, 
that  any  man  will  now  fit  down  to  the  fludy  of  the 
Scriptures  without  availing  himfelf  of  the  affiftance  to 
be  obtained   from  his  learned  labours.     Thefe  labours 


the  Son  of  God,  they  were  condemned  by  the  pupils  of  ceafed  at  Epfom  in   Surry,  where  this  great  and  good 

liis  fchool  as  Jrians,  or  at  leall  Semi-arians  ,    and  the  Jnan  died,  on  March  the  21ft,  1797.     Befides  the  works 

writer  of  this  ikctch  has  heard  a  living  Hutchinfonian  which  we  have  mentioned,  there  is  in  the  Gentleman's 

pronounce  the  fame  cenfiire,  and  for  the  fame  reafon,  Magazine,  for  Auguft  1797,  a  curious  letter  of  his  on 

on  the  prefent  illuftrious  Bilhop  of  Rochefter,  and  the  the  Confufion  of  Tongues  at  Babel, 
no  lefs  illudrious  Whicaker.  Mr  Parkhurlt's  character  may  be  collefled  with  to- 

That   meji,   who  thus   condemned   all   that    before  lerable  accuracy  even  from  this  imperfeft  fketch  of  his 

them  had  been   deemed  great  and   good   in  phyfical  life.     His  notions  of  church  patronage  do  him  honour; 


fcience  and  Chriftian  theology,  (hould  meet  with  fome 
difcountenance  while  they  continued  of  fuch  a  fpirit, 
needs  not  furely  excite  much  wonder;  but  that  the  dif- 
countenance is  incrcafing,  we  believe  not  be  true. 
The  Hutchinfonians,  as  foon  as  they  became  lefs  vio- 
lent againll  thofe  who  differed  from  them,  had  their 
(hare  of  preferment,  in  proportion  to  their  number, 
with  others ;  and  we  doubt  not  they  will  continue  to 
have  it,  while  they  allow  that  a  man  may  be  no  heretic, 
though  he  believe  not  Mr  Hutchinfon  to  have  been  in- 
fallible. The  late  excellent  Bifhop  Home  was  an  avow- 
ed Hutchinfonian,  though  not  an  outrageous  one  like 
Julius  Bate  ;  and  we  have  been  told,  and  have  reafon 
to  believe,  that  the  Bifhop  of  St  Afaph  is  likewife  a 
moderate  favcurer  of  the  fame  fyftem.     There  may  be 


and  as  a  fai  ther  inftance  of  the  high  fenfe  he  entertain- 
ed of  ftrift  jurtice,  and  the  fteady  refolution  with  which 
he  praiSifed  it  on  all  occafions,  an  incident  which  oc- 
curred between  him  and  one  of  his  tenants,  within 
thefe  ten  years,  may  here  be  mentioned.  This  man 
tailing  behind  hand  in  the  payment  of  his  rent,  which 
was.  L,  5C0 /ff  flH«um,  it  was  reprefented  to  his  land- 
lord that  it  w'as  owing  to  his  being  over  rented.  This 
being  believed  to  be  the  cafe,  a  new  valuation  was 
made  ;  and  it  was  then  agreed  that,  for  the  future,  the 
rent  fhould  not  be  more  than  L.450.  Juftly  inferring, 
moreover,  that  if  the  farm  was  then  too  dear,  it  muft 
neceflarily  have  been  always  too  dear,  unafked,  and  of 
his  own  accord,  he  immediately  ftruck  off  L.50  from 
the  commencement  of  the  leafe  ;  and  inftantly  refunded 


others  on  the  epifcopal  bench  ;  but  perhaps  two  out  of    all  that  he  had  received  more  than  L.450  per  annum. 


twenty-fix  is  the  full  proportion  of  Hutchinfonian  di- 
vines of  eminence  in  England.  It  is  true  that  Mr 
Parkhurfl  was  a  man  of  great  learning  and  great  worth  ; 
but  before  we  attribute  his  want  of  preferment  in  the 
church  to  his  Hutchinfoniafm,  it  i»  incumbent  upon 
us  to  fay  why  Mr  Whitakcr,  who  is  no  Hutchinfonian, 
is  flill  nothing  more  than  the  recflor  of  Ruan-Lanyhorne. 
Mr  Parkhurft,  however,  was  not,  if  his  biographer 
deferves  credit,  a  thorough-paced  Hutchinfonian  ;  for 
though  he  continued  to  read  Hutchinfon's  writings  as 
long  as  he  read  at  all,  he  was  ever  ready  to  allow,  that 
he  was  oftentimes  a  confufed  and  bad  writer,  and  fome- 
times  unbecomingly  violent.  To  have  been  deterred 
from  reading  the  works  of  an  author,  who,  with  all  his 
faults,  certainly  throws  out  many  ufeful  hints,  for  fear 
of  being  thought  a  Hutchinfonian,  would  have  betray- 


Mr  Parl^hurft  was  in  his  perfon  rather  below  the 
middle  fize,  but  remarkably  upright,  and  firm  in  his 
gait.  He  was  all  his  life  of  a  fickly  habit ;  and  his 
leading  {<)  remarkably  fludious  and  fedentary  a  life  (it 
having,  for  many  years,  been  his  conflant  prailice  to 
rife  at  five,  and,  in  winter,  to  light  his  own  fire)  to  the 
very  verge  of  David's  limits  of  the  life  of  man,  is  a 
confolatory  proof  to  men  of  fimilar  habits,  how  much, 
under  many  difadvantages,  may  flill  be  effe£led  by  ftrift 
temperance  and  a  careful  regimen.  He  alfo  gave  lefs 
of  his  time  to  the  ordinary  interruptions  of  life  than  is 
cummon.  In  an  hofpitable,  friendly,  and  pleafant 
neighbourhood,  he  vifited  little  ;  alleging,  that  fuch  a 
courfe  of  life  neither  fuited  his  temper,  his  health,  nor 
his  ftudles.  Yet  he  was  of  fociable  manners  ;  and  his 
converfation  always  inftrudive,  often  delightful :   for 

his 


(a)  This  is  vague  language,  which  is  the  fource  of  much  ufelefs  controverfy,  and  therefore  ought  to  I)e  avoided. 
If  by  truth,  in  this  paffage,  be  meant  religious  truth,  we  admit  the  alfertion  in  the  only  fenfe  in  which  we  think 
it  can  have  been  made.  If  the  author  means  all  truth,  he  vfrites  nonfenfe  ;  for  the  Scriptures  treat  not  of  geo- 
metry or  algebra,  where  truth  is  certainly  to  be  found ;  and  -we  think  that  they  have  a  higher  objeft  than  even 
mechanics  and  ajlrciwmy. 


PAR                     C     705     ]  PAR 

Parkinfon.  his  (lores  of  knowledge  were  Co  l.irge,  that  lie  too  has  PArkiufon's  defcriptions,  in  miny  inflances,  appear  to  be 

^^'^'""^^  often  been  called  a  walking  library.     He  belonged  to  new.     He  is  more  particular  in  pointing  out  the  places 

no  clubs  ;  he  frequented  no  public  places  ;  and  there  are  of  growth.     Johnfon  had  defcribed  about  2850  plants, 

few  men  who,  tow.^rds  the  clofe  of  life,  may  not,  on  a  Parkinfon  has  near  3800.     Thefe  accumulations  ren- 

retrofpeil,  leflecl  with  fhame  and  forrow,  how  much  of  dered   the   Theatrum  Bolanicum  (he  mod  copious  book 

their  precious  time  has  thus  been  thrown  away,  or,  per-  on  the  lubjevft  in  the  Englilh  language  ;  and  it  may  be 

haps,  worfe  than  thrown  aw^ay.  prefumed,   that  it  gained  equally   the  approbation  of 

Like  many  other  men  of  infirm  and  fickly  frames,  medical  people,  and  of  all  thofe  who  were  curious  and 

Mr  Parkhurii  was  alici  irritable,  and  quick,  warm,  and  inquifitive  in  this  kind  of  knowledge." 

earned,  in  his  refentments,  though  never  unforgiving.  PARODICAL    Degrees,   in  an  equation,  a  term 

But  whether  it  be  or  be  not  a  matter  of  reproach  to  that  has  been  fometimes  ufed  to  denote  the  feveral  re- 

poffefs  a  mind  fo  conftituted,  it  certainly  is  much  to  gular  terms  in  a  quadratic,   cubic,    biquadratic,   &c. 

any  man's  credit  to  counteraft  and  fubdue  it  by  an  at-  equation,  when  the  indices  of  the  powers  afcend  or  df- 

tention  to  the  injuiidions  of  religion.     This  Mr  Park-  fcend  orderly  in  an  arithmetical  progrefflon.     Thus,  .v' 

hurft  effeiftually  did  :  and  few  men  have  palfed  through  -f-  m  x'  -f-  «  v  = />  is  a  cubic  equation  where  no  term 

a  long  life  more  at  peace  with  his  neighbours,  more  re-  is  wanting,  but  having  all  its  parodic  degrees ;  the  in- 

fpedled  by  men  of  learning,  more  beloved  by  his  friends,  dices  of  the  terms  regularly  defcending  thus,  3,  2,  i,  c. 

or  more  honoured  by  his  family.  PARRA.MORE,    one  of  the  fmall  iflinds  in   thi 

PARKINSON  (John).     Of  this  ingenious  Englidi  Atlantic  Ocean,  which  line  (he  eaft  coaft  of  North- 

Sio'.  Dia.  botanift,  one  of  the  firll  and  mod  indudrious  cultiva-  ampton  county,  Virginia — Morse. 

tors  of  that  fcience  among  us,  the  memorials  that  re-  PARR's  Point,  is  the  fouth-ead  point  of  Half-Moon 
maia  are  very  fcanty.     He  was  born  in  1567,  was  bred 
an  apothecary,  and  relided  in  London.     He  rofe  to 
fuch  reputation  in  his  prnfeffion  as  to  be  appointed  apo- 
thecary to  King  James  I. ;  and,  on  the  publication  of 


bay,  on  (he  north-ead  fide  of  the  illand  of  St  Clirido- 
pher's,  in  the  Wed-Indles.  The  coaft  here  is  rocky. 
—ib. 

PARSONS  (James),  an  excellent  phyfician  and  po-  5«».  Din. 


his  Theatre  of  Plants,  he  obtained  from  the  unfortu-  lite  fcholar,  was  born  at  Barndaple,  in  Devonfliire,  in 

nate  fucceifor  of  that  prince  the  title  of  £(j;i;«;V«j  Regis  March    1705.      His  father,    who  was  the  youngcft  of 

primarius.     The  time  of  his  de.ith  cannot  be  exaiflly  nine  fons  of  Colonel  Parfons,  and  nearly  related  to  the 

afcertained  ;  but,  as  his  Herbal  was  publilhed  in  1640,  baronet  of  that  name,   being  appointed  barrackmifter 

and  it  appears  that  he  was  living  at  that  time,  he  muft  at  Bolton  in  Ireland,  removed  with  liis  family  into  that 

have  attained  his  73d  year.  kingdom   foon   after   the   birth  of   his   then   only  fon 

Parkinfon's  fird  publication  was,  his  i.  Paradift  in  James,  who  received  at  Dublin  the  early  part  of  his 
Sole  Pdraiiifui  Ufrdjhis,  or,  A  Garden  of  all  Sorts  of  education,  and,  by  the  affidance  of  proper  mafters,  laid 
Pleafant  Flowers  which  our  Englifli  Ay  re  will  permit  a  confiderable  foundation  of  clidlc.tl  and  otlier  nfclul 
to  be  nurfed  up:  with  a  Kitchen-garden  of  all  manner  learning,  which  enabled  him  to  become  tutor  to  Lord 
of  Herbes,  Roots,  and  Fruits,  for  Meat  or  Saufe,  &c.  Kingdon.  Turning  his  attention  to  the  dudy  of  me- 
&c.  CoUefted  by  John  Parkinfon  apothecary,  of  Lon-  dicine,  he  went  afterwards  to  Paris,  where  (to  ufe  his 
don,  1629,  folio,  612  pages.  In  this  work  the  plants  own  words)  "  he  followed  the  mod  eminent  profclFors 
are  arranged  without  any  exad  order:  nearly  tooo  in  the  feveral  fchools,  as  Adruc,  Dubois,  Lem:ry,  and 
plants  are  feparately  defcnbed,  of  which  7S0  are  figu-  others;  attetiJed  the  anatomical  leifluies  of  the  mod 
red  on  129  tables,  which  appear  to  have  bsen  cut  ex-  famous  [Hunaud  and  De  Cat]  ;  and  chemicals  at  the 
pref»ly  for  this  work.  Parkinfon  was,  it  is  conceived,  King's  Garden  at  St  Come.  He  followed  the  pliyfi- 
the  fird  Englifh  author  wiio  feparately  defcribed  and  cians  in  both  hofpitals  of  the  Hotel  Dieu  and  La  Cha- 
figured  the  lubj^ifls  of  the  flower-garden  ;  and  this  book  rite,  and  the  chemical  leiflures  and  demondrations  ot 
is  therefore  a  valuable  cuiiofity,  as  exhibiting  a  com-  Lemery  and  Bouldoc  ;  and  in  botany  Jufheu.  Having 
plete  view  of  the  extent  ol'  the  EngliOi  garden  at  the  finilbed  thele  dudles,  his  profelPirs  gave  him  honour- 
beginning  of  the  17th  century.  It  may,  perhaps,  be  able  atteftations  of  his  having  followed  them  with  dill- 
necelfiry  to  inform  the  reader,  that  Paradlfus  in  Sole,  gence  and  indudry,  which  intitled  him  to  take  tl)e  de- 
ls meant  to  exprefs  the  author's  name,  Parh  in  fun.  grees  of  doiflor  and  pro'e(f>r  of  (he  nrt  ol  medicine,  ia 
2.  In  1640  he  publlllied  his  Theatrum  Bolanicum;  or  any  univerfity  in  the  dominions  of  France.  Intending 
Theatre  cf  Plants,  or  an  Herbal  of  a  large  extent:  to  return  to  England,  he  judged  it  unnecelTary  to  take 
containing  therein,  a  more  ample  and  exiA  Hidory  degrees  in  Paris,  unlefs  he  liad  relolvcd  (o  refide  there  ; 
and  declaration  of  the  Pliyfical  Herbs  and  Plants  tiian  and  as  it  was  more  expenlive,  he  therefore  went  to  the 
arc  in  other  Authors,  &c.  &c.  London,  folio,  1746  univerfity  of  Rheims,  in  Champaign,  where,  by  virtue 
pages.  This  woik  had  been  the  labour  ci  the  author's  of  his  attedation>,  he  was  iram;diatcly  admitted  to 
lite;  and  he  tells  us  that,  owing  to  "  (he  difadrous  three  examinations,  as  if  he  had  finilhed  his  dudles  in 
times,"  ar,d  other  impediments,  the  printing  of  it  was  that  academy;  and  there  was  honoured  with  his  dc- 
long  retarded.  Dr  Pukcney  is  of  opinion,  that,  allow,  grees  June  11.  1736.  In  the  July  following  he  came 
ing  lor  the  defe>.^s  common  to  the  a^e,  Parkinfon  will  to  London,  and  w  is  foon  employed  by  Dr  James  Don- 
appear  "  more  of  an  otiginal  auvhor  than  Gerard  or  glas  to  .iflid  him  in  his  anatomical  works,  wliere  in  f.>me 
Joluifon,  iidcp-iudcnc  (if  the  advantages  he  niit;ht  derive  time  he  btgiu  to  praclife.  He  was  elefled  a  member 
from  being  pofterior  to  them.  His  the  tre  was  carried  oi  (lie  Ro)al  Society  in  I7.^o;  and,  after  due  exanii- 
on  tlirou.'.h  a  long  fcricb  of  years,  and  he  pn.d'.ed  by  nation,  was  admitted  a  licentiate  of  the  college  of  phy- 
the  works  of  fome  late  autlurs,  which  J. 'hnfn,  though  ficians  April  i.  1751;  paying  college  fees  and  bond 
th.ey  were  equally  in  his  power,  had  neglc(5lcd  to  ufe.  damps  of  dlffersnt  denominations   to  the   am  unt  of 

SurpL.  Vol.  II.  4  U  L.41 


P     A     K 


r 


706     ] 


PAR 


Prirfons.     L.  4 1    :    2 


8,  fubjeft  alio  to  quarterage  ot  L.  2 
/>fr  a««»/n.  In  175J  ha  piiid  a  farther  fum  of  L.  7, 
which,  with  the  quariera^^e  money  already  paid,  made 
lip  the  fum  of  L.  16,  in  lieu  of  all  future  payments." 
On  his  arrival  in  London,  by  the  recommendation  of 
his  Palis  fi lends  he  was  introduced  to  the  acquiintance 
of  Dr  Mead,  Sir  Hans  Sbane,  and  Dr  James  Douglas. 
This  great  anatoraid  made  ufe  of  his  afliftance,  not  on- 
ly in  his  anaiomical  preparaiitn?,  but  aUb  in  his  reprc- 
fintations  of  morbid  and  other  appearances ;  a  lift  of  fe- 
vcral  of  which  was  in  ihe  hands  of  his  fiicnd  Dr  Maty, 
who  had  prepared  an  eU^e  on  Dr  Parfon?,  wliich  was 
rcvcr  ufed,  Ijuc  wi:ich,  by  the  favour  of  Mis  Pailbn?, 
Mr  Nichols  has  prtferved  at  large.  Though  Dr  Par- 
fons  cultivated  the  feveral  branches  of  the  prolelfion  of 
pliyfic,  he  was  principally  employed  in  the  oblletrical 
line.  In  173S,  by  the  intered  of  his  friend  Dr  Dou- 
glas, he  was  appointed  phyfician  to  the  public  infir- 
mary in  St  Giles's.  In  1739  ha  married  Mifs  Eliza- 
beth Reynolds,  by  whom  he  had  two  fons  and  a  daugh- 
ter, who  all  died  young.  Dr  Parfons  refided  for  ma- 
ny years  in  Red  Lion  Square,  where  he  frequently  en- 
joyed the  conrpany  and  converfation  of  Dr  Stukcly,  Di- 
"lliop  Lyttlcti  n,  Mr  Henry  Baiter,  Dr  Knight,  and 
ni.Huy  <  ther  of  the  molt  dillinguilhcd  members  of  the 
Royal  and  Antiquarian  Societies,  and  that  of  Arts, 
Manufaftures,  and  Commerce  ;  giving  weekly  an  ele- 
gant dinner  to  a  large  but  felei5t  party.  He  enjoyed  al- 
io the  literary  cnrrefpondence  ot  D'Ar^enville,  BufTon, 
I>e  Cat,  Becc.iria,  An)b.  Bertrand,  Valltravers,  Afca- 
nius,  Tutberville  Necdham,  Dr  Garden,  and  others  of 
the  moft  dilUnguiflied  rank  in  fcience.  As  a  prafti- 
tioiier,  he  was  judicious,  careful,  honeft,  arrd  remarkably 
humane  to  the  poor  ;  as  a  friend,  obliging  and  commu- 
nicative; chearful  and  decent  in  convetfation,  fevere 
and  (Irifl  in  his  moral?,  and  attentive  to  fill  with  pro- 
pi  iety  all  the  various  duties  of  life.  In  1769,  finding 
his  health  impaired,  he  propofed  to  retire  from  bufi- 
ncfs  and  from  London  ;  anil  with  that  view  difpofed  of 
a  confiderable  number  of  his  books  and  foQils,  and 
went  to  Briftrl.  But  he  returned  foon  after  to  his  old 
houfc,  and  died  in  it  after  a  week's  illnefs,  on  the  4th 
of  April,  1770.  By  his  lall  will,  dated  in  0>-T:ober 
I  765,  he  gave  his  whole  property  to  Mrs  Parfons';  and 
in  cafe  of  her  death  before  him,  to  Mifs  Mary  Rey- 
nolds her  only  filler,  "  in  recompeuce  for  her  af- 
fedionate  attention  to  him  and  to  his  wife,  for  a  long 
courfe  of  years,  in  ficknefi  and  in  health."  It  was  his 
puticular  requeft,  that  he  fhould  not  be  buried  till 
Icjme  change  Ihould  appear  in  his  corpfe ;  a  requeft 
which  occalioned  him  to  be  kept  unburied  1 7  days,  and 
even  then  fcarce  the  flighteft  alteiation  was  perceivable. 
He  was  buried  at  Hendon,  in  a  vault  which  he  had 
caufed  to  be  built  on  the  ground  purchafed  on  the 
diath  of  his  fon  James,  where  his  tomb  had  a  very 
commendatory  inlciiption. 

It  wouLl  carry  us  beyond  our  ufual  limits  to  enter 
into  an  enum':ration  of  the  many  curious  articles  at  v.i- 
lious  times  communicated  to  the  public  by  Dr  Parfons, 
which  may  bs  feen  in  the  Anecdotes  of  Bowyer.  We 
(hall  therefore  clofe  this  article  with  an  extradf  from 
Dr  Maty's  Eulo2;ium  :  "  The  furprifing  variety  of 
branches  which  Dr  Parfons  embraced,  and  the  feveral 
living  as  well  as  dead  languages  he  had  a  knowledge  of, 
qualided  him  abundantly  for  the  place  of  afliftant  fe- 


cretary  for  foreign  cnrrefpondences,  which  the  council  Parfons. 
of  the  Royal  Society  beftovved  upon  him  about  ths  ^■^'"^^^^ 
year  1750.  He  acquitted  himfclf  to  the  utmoft  of  his 
power  of  the  tunclions  of  this  place,  til!  a  lew  years 
before  his  death,  when  lie  religned  in  favour  of  his 
friend,  who  nov/  gratelully  pays  this  laft  tribute  to  his 
memory.  Dr  Parfons  joined  to  his  acidemical  honours 
thofe  which  the  Royai  College  of  Phyficians  ff  Lon- 
don beftovved  upon  him,  by  admitting  him,  after  due 
examination,  licentiate,  on  the  tirft  day  of  April  1751. 
The  diftullve  ipirit  of  our  tnend  was  only  equalled  by 
his  defire  of  information.  To  both  thefe  piinciples  ho 
owed  the  intimacies  which  he  formed  with  f  .me  of  the 
greateft  men  of  his  time.  The  names  of  Folkes,  Hales, 
Mead,  Stukely,  Needbam,  Baker,  CoUinfon,  and  Gar- 
den, may  be  .mentioned  on  this  occalion,  and  many 
more  might  be  added.  Weekly  meetings  were  formed, 
where  the  earlieft  intelligence  was  received  and  commu- 
nicated of  any  difcovery  both  here  and  abroad  j  and. 
ncff  trials  were  made,  to  bring  to  the  teft  of  cxperiencj 
the  reality  or  ufefulnefs  ot  thefe  difrovei ie.'.  Here  it 
was  that  the  microfcopical  animals  found  in  feveral  in- 
fufions  were  firlt  produced  ;  the  propagation  of  feveral 
infeifls  by  liiflion  afcertained  ;  the  conltancy  of  Nature 
amidlt  theie  wonderful  changes  eftablilhed.  His  Re- 
mains of  Japhet,  being  Hlftorical  Enquiries  into  the 
Affinity  and  Origin  of  the  European  Languages,  are 
a  moft  laborious  pertoiniance,  tending  to  prove  the  an- 
tiquity of  the  firlt  inhabitants  of  thefe  iflands  as  being 
originally  defeended  from  Gomer  and  Magog,  above 
1000  years  belore  Chiift,  their  primitive  and  ilill  fub- 
fifting  language,  and  its  affinity  with  fome  others.  It; 
cannot  be  denied  but  that  there  h  much  ingenuity,  as 
well  as  true  learning,  in  this  work,  which  helps  con- 
viiaion,  and  often  fupplies  the  want  of  it.  But  we 
cannot  help  thinking  that  our  friend's  warm  feelings 
now  and  then  mifie-^d  his  judgment,  and  that  fome  at 
Icalt  of  his  conje<5lures,  relling  upon  partial  traditions, 
and  poetical  fcrapb  of  Irilli  filids  and  Welfh  bards,  are 
lets  fatiilaflory  than  his  tables  of  affinity  between  the 
feveral  northern  languages,  as  deduced  from  one  com- 
mon llock.     Literature,  however,  is  much  obliired  to 

...  ^ 

him  for  having  in  this,  as  well  as  in  many  of  his  other 

Works,  opened  a  new  field  of  obfervations  and  difcove- 
ries.  In  enumerating  our  learned  friend's  dilfertations, 
we  find  ourfelves  at  a  lofs  whether  we  fhould  follow 
the  order  of  lu'ojei5ls  or  of  time  ;  neither  is  it  eafy  to 
account  for  their  furprifing  variety  and  quick  fuccef- 
fion.  The  truth  i?,  that  his  eagcrnefs  after  knowledge 
was  fuch,  as  to  embrace  almoft  with  equal  facility  ;-.ll 
its  branches,  and  with  equal  zeal  to  afcertain  the  merit 
of  inventions,  and  afcribe  to  their  refpc^ftive,  and  fome-  . 
times  unknown,  authors,  the  glory  of  the  difcovery. 
Many  operations,  which  the  ancients  have  tranfmittcd 
to  us,  have  been  thought  fabulous,  merely  from  our  ig- 
norance of  the  art  by  which  they  were  performed.  Thus 
the  burning  of  the  fhlps  of  the  Romans  at  a  confider- 
ablc  dillance,  during  the  fiege  of  Syracufe,  by  Archi- 
medes, would  pel  hap?  ftill  continue  to  be  exploded,  . 
had  not  the  celebrated  M.  BufFon  in  France  fhev.m  the 
pnffibility  of  it,  by  prefenting  and  defcribing  a  model 
of  a  fpeculum,  or  rather  alicmlilage  of  mirrors,  l^y 
which  he  could  fet  fire  at  the  dillance  of  feveral  hun- 
dred feet.  In  the  contriving,  indeed,  though  not  in 
the  executing  of  fuch  an  apparatus,  he  had  in  feme  .mea- 

fure 


.PAR  [    707    ]  PAS 

Parfoni.    Aire  hecn  foreflnlled  lijr  a  writer  now  very  little  known    much  defpifed  iliofe  additional  graces  whlih  command      Taiiy, 
^'^~'^^'^^  or  read.     This  Dr  Parfons  proved  in  a  very  fitisfac-    attention   when  joined   to   learning,   obferv:ition,  and  U 

lory  manner;    and   he   had   the  pleafure   to   find   the     found  rcafoning.     Let  us  hope  that  his  eiamplc  and  f^^ii^^i^' 
Fiench   philofopher   did   not  refute   to   the   Jefuit   his    fpirit  will  animate  all  his  colleagues;    and  that  iliofe 
(hare  in  t!ie  iiiven;i?n,  and  was  not  at  all  offended  by     pradlitioners  who  are  in  the  fame  circumftances  will  he 
the  liberty  he  had  taken.      Another   French  difcovery,    induced   to  join  tlieir  brethren,  fnre  to  find  amoni'ft 
1  mean  a  new  kind  of  painting  fuhered  upon  the  an-    them  thole  great  bledlngs  of  life,  freedom,  equality,  in- 
cienrs,  was  reduced  to  its  real  value,  in  a  paper  which     formation,  and  friendlhip.     As  long  as  thefe  great  prln- 
fhewed  our  author  was  poffeffed  of  a  good  talle  for  the    ciples  fliall  fubfifl  in  this  fociety,  and  I  trull  they  will 
fine  arts  :  and  I  am  informed  that  his  (kill  in  mufic  was    outlafl  the  longed  liver,  there  is  no  doubt  but  the  mem- 
by  no  means  inferior,  and  that  his  favourite  amufement    bers  will  me;t  with  the  reward  hon^il  men  are  ambi- 
was  the  flute.     Richly,  it  appears  from  thefe  peifnrm-    tious  of,  the  approbation  of  ilieir  confcience,  the  cUeem 
ances,  did  our  author  merit  the  honour  of  being  a  mem-    of  the  virtuous,  the  remembrance  of  pofteriiy." 
ber  of  the  Antiquarian  Society,  which  long  ago  had         PARTY  Arches,  in  architeftuic,  are  arches  built 
aiTociated   him   to   its   labours.      To   another  fociety,     between  fepar.ite  tenures,  where  the  property  is  intcr- 
fonnded  upon  the  great  principles  of  humanity,  patrio-    mixed,  and  apartments  over  each  other  do  not  belonp 
tifm,  and  natural  emulstion,  he  undoubtedly  was  great-    to  the  fame  ellate. 

iy  ufcful(A,\  He  afTifted  at  moll  of  their  general  Party  ll^alis,  are  partitions  of  brick  made  betu-een 
meetings  and  committees,  and  was  for  many  years  buildings  in  feparate  occupations,  for  preventing  the 
chairman  to  that  of  agriculture  ;  always  equally  ready  fpread  of  fire.  Thefe  Ihould  be  thicker  than  the  exter- 
to  point  out  and  to  promote  ufeful  improvements,  and  nal  walls ;  and  their  thicknefs  in  London  is  regulated 
to  oppofc  the  interefted  views  of  fraud  and  ignorance,  by  act  of  parliament  of  the  14th  of  George  III. 
fo  infeparable  from  very  extenfive  affociztions.  No  PARSONSFIELD,  a  townfhip  of  the  Diflrict  of 
fooner  was  this  fociety  (d)  formed,  than  Dr  Parfons  Maine,  in  York  county,  fituated  on  the  New  Flampfhire 
became  a  member  of  it.  Intimately  convinced  of  the  line,  between  great  and  Little  Offipee  rivers  ;  and  is 
noblenefs  of  its  views,  though  from  his  tlation  in  life  118  miles  north  of  Bollon.  It  was  incorporated  in 
lifle  concerned  in  its  fuccef*,  he  grudged  neither  attend-  1785,  and  contains  655  inhabitants. — Morse. 
ance  nor  cxpenfe.  Neither  ambitious  of  taking  the  PARTIDO,  a  fmall  illand,  under  the  high  hill  of 
lead,  nor  fond  of  oppoiiiion,  he  joined  in  any  meafure  St  Martin,  in  the  foutli-well  part  of  Campeachy  Gulf, 
he  thought  right ;  and  fubmitted  cheerfully  to  the  fen-  It  lies  in  the  fair  v/ay  acrofs  the  bay  from  Cape  Ca- 
lim-ents  of  the  majority,  though  againtl  his  own  private    toche  to  ^'era  Cruz.— ;.^. 

opinion.     The  jull  ideas  l:e  had  of  the  dignity  of  our         PARTRIDGEFIELD,   a  towrfh'p   of  Maffachii- 
profetfion,  as  well  as  of  the  common  links  which  ought    fetts,  in  Berkfliire  county,  26  miles  W.  N.  W.  of  Nor- 
to  unite  all  its  members,  notwithflanding  the  differences     thampton,  and   128  wellward   uf  Bollon.     It  was  in- 
of  country,  religion,  or  places  of  education,  made  him     corporated  in  1775,  and  contains  1041  inhabitants.— ii. 
hear  imp.-itiently  the  Ihackles  laid  upon  a  great  number         PASCAGOULA,  a  liver  of  the  Georgia  Wcllern 
of  refpeilable  pracflitioners :  he  wilhed,  fondly  wilhed,     Territory,  which  purfues  a  S.  by  E.  courfe  through 
to  fee  thefe  broken  ;   not  with  a  view  of  empty  honour    Well  Florida,  and  empties  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  by 
and  dangerous  power,  but  as  the  only  means  of  ferving    feveral  mouths,  wliich  together  occupy  a  fpace  of  3  or 
mankind  more   eff.'rtually,    checking   the   progrefs  of    4  miles ;   which  is  one  continued  bed  cf  oyllerfhcll:, 
defigning  men  and  illiterate  praftitioners,  and  ditfufing    with  very  Ihoal  water.     The  welternmoll  branch  has 
through  the  whole  body  a  fpirit  of  emulation.    Though    4  feet  water,  and  is  the  deepell.     After  eroding  the 
by  frequent  difappointments  he  forefaw,  as  well  as  we,    bar,  there  is  from  3  to  6fithoms  water  for  a  great  dif- 
the  little  chance  of  a  fpcedy  redreA,  he  nobly  perfided    tance,  and  the  river  is  fiid  to  be  navigable  more  th^n 
in  the  attempt;  and  had  he  lived   to  the  final  event,     150  mi!;,.     The  foil  on  this  river,  like  that  on  all  the 
would  undoubtedly,  like  Cato,  ftill  have  prefetrcd  the    others  that  pafs  through  Georgia  into  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
conquered  caufc  to  that  fupportcd  by  the  gods.     After    ico,  grows  better  as  y<iu  advance  to  its  fource. — ib. 
having  tried  to  retire  from  bufmefJ!  and  from  London,         Pascagoula,  an  Indian  village  on  the   E.   fide  of 
for  the  fake  of  his  health,  and  having  difpofed  of  moll    the  river  Mi'.liflippi,  which  can  furnilli  aboat  20  w.arriors. 
of  his  books  with  that  view,  lie  found  it  inconfillent    It  is  about  10  miles  above  the  Tonica  village. — Ih. 
with  his  happinefs  to  forfake  all  the  advantages  which         PASCATAQUA,  or  Pifcataqna,  is  the  only  large 
a  long  refidence  in  the  capital,  and  the  many  connec-    river,  whofe  whole  courfe  is  in  New  Hampfhiie.     Its 
tions  he  had  formed,  had  tendered  habitual  to  him.     He    head  is  a   pond  in   the  N.  E.  corner  of  tlie  town  01 
therefore  returned  to  his  old  houfe,  and  died  in  it,  after    Wakefield,  and  its  general  courfe  thence  to  tlie  fea  is 
a  Ihort  iUnefs,  Apiii  4.  I  770.     The  llyle  of  our  friend's    S.  S.  E.  about  40  miles.     It  divides  New  I lamplhirc 
compnfition  was  fufficicntly  clear  in  defcription,  iho'    from  York  county,   in  the  Diftri(fl  of  Maine,   and  is 
in  argument  not  fo  clofe  as  could  have  been  wifiied.    called   Salmon-Fail  river,  from  its  head,  to  the  lo\ver 
Full  of  his  ideas,  he  did  not  always  f)  difpofe  and  con-    falls  at  Berwick,  where  it  adumes  the  name  of  Newi- 
nefl  them  together,  as  to  produce  in  the  minds  of  his    chawannock,  which  it  bears  till   it  meets  with  Coche- 
rcaders  that  conviflion  whi^h  was  in  his  own.     Ho  too     cho  river,  which  comes  from  Dover,  when  both  run 

4  U  2  together 

■  —  "     ■■  ■     -  '  "-'■  ■  ■        ■   ■-  ■  ■      ■-  '  —  ..—  ■        I      — 

(a)  The  Society  for  the  Encouragement  of  Arts,  Maiiufaiflure*.,  and  Commerce.  He  likewife  was  airociaicd 
to  the  Economical  Society  at  Berne,  Dec.  26.  1763. 

(n)  A  Medical  Society  inflituted  by  Dr  Fothcrgill,  and  other  refpcclabic  phyfician',  licentiates,  in  vif.Jicalion 
cf  their  privileges;  where,  it  lliould  icem,  this  eulogy  was  intended  to  be  pronounced. 


PAS 


[     708     ] 


P     A 


Pafpaya,    toge;her  in  one  channel  to  Hilton's  Point,  where  the 
'I  wellern  branch  meets  it :  from  this  juiiiflion  to  the  fea, 

J^JlfJili^,  the  river  is  fo  rapid  that  ii  never  freezes ;  the  diftance 
is  7  miles,  and  the  courfe  generally  from  S.  to  S.  E. 
The  wellern  branch  is  formed  by  Swanfcot  river,  which 
conies  from  Exeter,  Winnicot  river,  which  comes 
through  Greenland,  and  Lamprey  river,  which  divides 
Newmarket  from  Durham  ;  ihefe  empty  into  a  bay,  4 
miles  wide,  called  the  Great  B.iy.  The  water,  in  its 
further  proj^refs,  is  contrafled  into  a  lefier  bay,  and 
then  it  receives  Oyfter  liver,  which  runs  through  Dur- 
iiam,  and  Back  river,  which  comes  from  Dover,  and 
at  len;,'th  meets  with  the  main  llream  at  Hilton's  Point. 
Tiie  tide  lifes  into  all  thefe  bays,  and  branches  as  far 
as  the  lower  falls  in  each  river,  and  forms  a  moft  rapid 
current,  efpecially  at  the  feafon  of  the  frelliets,  when 
the  ebb  continues  about  two  hours  longer  than  the 
Hood  ;  and  were  it  not  for  the  numerous  eddies,  form- 
ed by  the  indentings  of  the  fliore,  the  ferries  would  then 
be  impalfable.  At  the  lower  falls  in  the  feveral 
branches  of  the  river,  are  landing  places,  whence  lum- 
ber and  other  country  produce  is  tranfported,  and 
velTels  or  boats  from  below  difcharge  their  lading  ;  fo 
iliat  in  each  river  there  is  a  convenient  trading  place, 
not  more  than  12  or  15  miles  dillant  from  Portfniouth, 
with  which  there  i'j  conftant  communication  by  every 
tide.  Thus  the  river,  Irom  its  form,  and  the  fituation 
ol  its  branches,  is  extremely  favourable  to  the  purpofes 
of  navigation  and  commerce.  A  lighthoufe,  with  a 
lingle  light,  Hands  at  the  entrance  of  Pifcataqua  har- 
bour, in  lat.  43  4  N.  and  long.  70  41. — ii. 

PASPAYA,  a  jurifdiflion  in  the  archbiflioprick  of 
La  Plata,  about  40  leagues  to  the  S.  of  the  city  of  that 
name.  It  is  mountainous  but  abounds  in  grain,  pulfe, 
and  fruits. — ii. 

PASQLTOTANK,  a  county  of  North  Carolina,  in 
Edenton  dilhiil:,  N.  of  Albemarle  Sound.  It  contains 
5,497  inhabitants,  including  1623  flaves. — ii. 

Pasquot.\nk,  a  fmall  river  of  North  Carolina, 
which  rifes  in  the  Great  Difmal  Swamp,  and,  palling 
by  Hertford,  falls  into  Albemarle  Sound. — ii. 

PASSAGE  Fort,  a  fmall  town  of  the  illand  of  Ja- 
maica, fituated  in  the  road  between  Port  Royal  and 
Spanilh  Town,  7  miles  S.  E.  of  the  latter,  and  at  the 
mouth  of  Cobre  river,  where  is  a  fort  of  10  or  12  guns. 
It  has  a  bride  trade,  and  contains  about  400  houfes, 
the  greatell  part  of  them  houfes  of  entertainment, — ii. 

Passage  /jhnJ  lies  acrofs  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Cobeca,  near  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  iilind  of  Porto 
Rico.  The  harbour  for  ihips  is  at  the  E.  end  of  this 
illanJ. — ii. 

Passage  IJlands,  Great  and  Little,  two  of  the  Virgin 
Iflands,  in  the  Weft  Indies,  near  the  E.  end  of  the 
idand  of  Porto  Rico.  N.  lat.  18  20,  W.  long.  64  5. 
-r-ii. 

Passage  Point,  in  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  lies  at 
the  W.  end  of  Royal  Reach,  and  5  leagues  W.  N.  W. 
of  Fortefcue's  Bay.  S.  lat.  53  45,  W.  long.  73  40. 
— ib. 

PASSAIK,  or  Pafaick,  is  a  very  crooked  river.  It 
rifes  in  a  large  fwamp  in  Morris  county,  New  Jerfey, 
and  its  courfe  is  from  W.  N.  W.  to  E.  S.  E.  until  it 
mingles  with  the  Hackinfak  at  the  head  of  Newark 
Bay.  It  is  navigable  about  10  miles,  and  is  230  yards 
wids  at  the  fetry.    The  cataraa,  or  Great  Falls,  in 


PafTump- 
fick. 


this   river,    is  one   of   the   greateft   natural  curlofities  PalTdma- 
in  the  (late.     The  river  is  about  40  yards  wide,  and    l^oddy, 
moves  in  a  flow,  gentle  current,  until  coming  within  a 
fliort  diftance  of  a  deep  clcit  in  a  rock,  which  crolfes 
the  channel,  it  defcends  and  falls  above  70  feet  perpen-  ' 
dicular,  in  one  entire  flieet,  prefenting  a  moft  beautiful 
and  tremendous  fcene.     The  new  manufiduring  town 
of  Patterfon  is  ereiled  on  the  Great  Falls  of  this  river  ; 
and  its  banks  are  adorned  with  many  elegant  country 
feats.     It  abounds  with  fifli  of  various  kinds.     There 
is  a  bridge  500  feet  long,  over  this  river,  on  the  poft- 
road  from  Philadelphia  to  New  York. — ii. 

PASSAMAQUODDY,  absy  and  river,  near  which 
is  the  divifion  line  between  the  Britilh  province  of  New 
Brunfwick  and  the  United  States  of  America.  The 
ifland  of  Campo  Bello,  in  the  N.  Atlantic  Ocean,  is  ac 
the  middle  or  W.  paffage  of  the  bay,  in  lat.  44  50  N. 
and  long.  66  46  W.  The  dittance  from  Crofs  Ifle, 
Machias,  to  Weft  Paffamaquoddy  Head,  is  9  leagues 
N.  E.  by  E. ;  and  from  the  Head  over  the  bar  to 
Allen's  Ifle,  N.  N.  W.  2  leagues.  When  you  come 
from  the  S.  W.  and  are  bound  into  Weft  Paffama- 
quoddy, you  muft  give  the  Seal  Rocks  a  birth  of  three 
quarters  of  a  mile  before  you  haul  in  from  the  harbour, 
as  there  is  a  whirlpool  to  the  eaft  cf  them.  The  bay 
is  about  a  league  from  this  point.  It  is  high  water 
here  at  full  and  change  of  the  moon,  about  the  fame 
time  as  at  Bofton.  There  are  3  rivers  which  fall  into 
this  bay  ;  the  largeft  is  called  by  the  modern  Indians, 
the  Scoodick  ;  but  by  De  Mons  and  Champlain,  Etche- 
mins.  Its  main  fource  is  near  Penobfcot  river,  and 
the  carrying-place  between  the  two  rivers  is  but  5 
miles.  The  mouth  of  Paffamaquoddy  river  has  25 
fathoms  water. — ii. 

Passamaquoddy  Pojl  Office,  on  the  above  defcribed 
b.iy,  is  kept  at  a  little  village  at  the  mouth  of  Cobf- 
cook  river,  17  miles  this  fide  Brewer's,  the  eafternmolt 
poft-office  in  the  United  States,  20  N.  E.  of  M:^chias, 
378  N.  E.  of  Bofton,  and  728  in  a  like  direflion  from 
Philadelphia. — ii. 

PASSAMAQUODDIES,  a  tribe  of  Indians  who. 
inhabit  near  the  waters  of  Pafflimaquoddy  Bay. — ib. 

PASSAO,  a  cape  on  the  coaft  of  Peru,  on  the  S. 
Pacific  Ocean,  under  the  equator.  Long.  78  50  W. 
-—ii, 

PASSIGRAPHY,  the  art  of  writing  on  any  fob- 
jed  fo  as  to  be  underftood  by  all  nations  (See  Univer- 
fal  Characters  in  this  Supplement).  In  France,  where 
every  thing  is  admired  that  is  new,  and  every  vagary 
of  the  imagination  of  a  pretended  philofopher  thought 
pra<5licable,  a  propofal  has  lately  been  made  to  introduce 
one  univerfal  language  into  the  world,  conftruifled  by  a 
few  metaphyficians  on  the  laws  of  human  thought.  And 
to  this  language,  in  its  written  form,  is  to  be  given  the 
name  of  pajfigraphy.  Such  readers  as  think  this  idle 
dream  worthy  their  attention  (which  is  far  from  being 
the  cafe  with  us),  will  find  fonie  ingenious  thoughts  on 
the  hiftory  of  a  philofophic  language,  in  the  2d  vo- 
lume of  Nidolfon's  journal  of  Natural  Philofophy,  l^c. 

PASSO  MAGNO,  a  river  of  Florida,  in  lat.  16  N.. 
— Morse. 

PASSUMPSICK,  a  fmall  river  of  Ver.iiont,  runs  a, 
fouthern  courfe  and  empties  into  Connefticut  river, 
below  the  Fifteen  Mile  Falls,  in  the  town  of  Barnet. 
—ii. 

PASSYUNIC. 


PAT 


[    7<=9    ] 


PAT 


Pat.-iw- 
mack. 


Paflyunk,        PASSYUNK,   a  townlhip  in  Philadelphia  county, 
Pennlylvania. — ib. 

PASTO,  or  Si  Junn  de  Pajlo,  a  town  nf   Popayan 
_•  in  S.  America.     N.  lat.  i  50,  W.  long.  76  55. — Ih. 

PATAGOA,  a  river  on  the  coaft  ot  Brazil,  which 
enters  the  ocean  S.  W.  of  Rio  Janeira. — ib. 

PATAVIRCA,  a  town  of  Peru,  in  the  juiifdiflion 
of  Santa,  or  Guarmey,  confining  of  about  60  houfes. 
It  lies  on  the  road  leading  from  Paita  to  Lima,  67 
miles  north  ci  that  city.  About  three  quarters  of  a 
league  from  thi?  town,  and  near  the  fea-coaft,  are  dill 
remaining  fome  huge  walK  of  unburnt  bricks,  being 
tlie  ruins  of  a  palace  of  one  <if  the  Indian  princes.  Its 
lituation  correfponds  with  the  tradition ;  having  on 
one  fide,  a  mod  fertile  and  delightful  country,  and  on 
the  other,  the  refrefhing  profpeil  of  the  fea. — ib. 

P.A.'l\-\Z,  a  jurifdidlion  in  the  diocefe  of  Truxillo, 
in  S.  America.  It  is  iltuated  among  the  mountains, 
and  has  a  variety  of  produ<5ls,  of  which  gold  is  the 
chief. — ib. 

PATEHUCA,  or  Palioca,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in 
N.  America,  having  a  filver  mine  in  its  vicinity.  N.  lat. 
21,  W.  long.  99  58. — ib. 

PATH  OF  THE  VERTEX,  a  term  frequently  ufed  by 
Mr  Flamlleed,  in  his  docliine  of  tlie  Sphere,  denoting 
a  circle,  defcribed  by  any  point  of  the  earth's  furface, 
as  the  earth  turns  round  its  axis.  This  point  is  conCi- 
dered  as  vertical  to  the  earth's  centre  ;  and  is  the  fame 
with  what  is  called  the  vertex  or  zenith  in  the  Ptolo- 
maic  prnj-(51ion. 

PATIENCE,  an  Ifland  in  Narraganfet  Bay,  Rhode 
Ifland,  and  lies  fouth-eaft  of  Warwick  Neck,  three- 
fourths  of  a  mile.  It  is  about  2  miles  long,  and  i 
broad. — Morse. 

PATOWMACK,  or  Potomack,  a  large  and  noble 
river  which  rifes  by  two  branches,  the  northern  and  the 
fouthern,  which  originate  in  and  near  the  Alleghany 
Mountains,  and  forms,  through  its  whole  courfe,  part 
ot  the  boundary  between  the  dates  of  Virginia  and 
Maryland.  Its  courfe  is  N.  E.  to  Fort  Cumberland, 
thence  turning  to  the  E.  it  receives  Conecocheague 
Creek  from  Pennfylvania  ;  then  pnrfuing  a  f  ,uth-ead 
courfe,  it  receives  the  Shenandoah  from  the  S.  W.  after 
this  it  runs  a  S.  E.  and  S.  courfe,  till  it  reaches  Mary- 
land Point  ;  thence  to  its  mouth  it  runs  fouth-caderly. 
In  its  courfe  it  receives  feveral  confiJerable  ftreams. 
The  diftance  from  the  Capes  of  Virginia  to  the  termina- 
tion of  the  tide  water  in  this  river  is  above  300  miles  ; 
and  navigable  for  Ihips  of  the  greated  burden,  nearly 
that  diftance.  From  thence  this  river,  obllruifled  by  4 
confiderable  falls,  extends  tlirough  a  vail  traft  of  inha- 
bited country  towards  its  fmirce.  Early  in  the  year 
1785,  the  legiflatures  of  Virginia  and  Maryland  pafTed 
afts  to  encourage  opening  the  navigation  of  this  river. 
It  was  eftiraated  that  the  expenfe  of  the  works  would 
amount  to /"50, 000  fterling,  and  10  years  were  allowed 
ior  their  completion.  Great  pan  is  already  finifljed  ; 
and  the  whole  it  '\%  expeifled  will  be  completed 
W'lthin  a  few  yearc,  according  to  the  report  of 
the  engineers  to  the  Patowmack  Company.  This 
noble  river  pafTes  by  many  flourilliing  towns ;  the  chief 
of  which  are,  Shepherddown,  Georgcd'iwn,  \Va(hing. 
ton  City,  Alexandria,  New  Marlborough,  and  Charlef- 
town,  or  Port  Tobacco.  It  is  7I  miles  wide  at  its 
mouth;    4I  at   Nomouy   Bay;    3  at  Aquiu  ;     it  at 


Hallooing  Point;  and  i^  at  Alexandiia.     Its  found-   Pairic?^, 
ings  are  7  fathoms  at  the  mouih  ;  5  at   St  George's  II 

Ifl.ind;  4t  at  Lower  Matchodic  ;  3  at  Swan's  Point,  ^^X^ 
and  thence  up  to  Alexandria.  "The  tides  in  the  river 
are  not  very  llrong,  excepting  after  great  rains,  when 
the  ebb  is  pretty  Urong  ;  then  there  is  little  or  no  flood, 
and  there  is  never  more  than  4  or  5  hours  flood,  ex- 
cept with  long  and  drong  fouth  winds.  In  order  to 
form  jud  conceptions  of  this  inland  navigation,  it  would 
be  requifite  to  notice  the  long  rivers  which  empty  into 
the  Patowmack,  and  furvey  the  geographical  pofuion 
of  the  wedern  waters.  The  diftance  of  the  waters  cf 
the  Ohio  to  Patowmack,  will  be  from  Jifuen  to  furty 
miles,  according  to  the  trouble  which  will  be  taken  to 
approach  the  new  navigations.  The  upper  part  of  this 
river,  until  it  palTes  the  Blue  Ridge,  is  called,  in  Fiy 
and  Jcfferfon's  map,  Cobongonnto. — ib. 

PATRICK'S,  St,  a  fmall  town,  the  chief  of  Camden 
county,  Georgia,  fituated  on  Great  Satilla  river,  about 
32  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  die  fame  didance  north- 
wederly  of  the  town  of  St  Mary's. — ib. 

PATTERSON,  a  town  in  Bergtn  county,  New 
Jerfey,  called  fo  in  honour  of  tl;e  governor  of  the  ;laie 
of  that  name,  and  now  one  of  the  judges  of  the  fupreme 
federal  court.  It  was  edabliftied  in  confequence  of  aa 
a(5l  of  the  legifljture  of  New  Jerfey,  in  1791,  incorpo- 
rating a  manufaciuring  company  with  peculiar  pri- 
vileges. Its  fituation  on  the  Great  Falls  cf  Palfaic 
river,  is  healthy  and  sgreeaLle.  It  now  conta'ns  about 
50  dwelling-houfes,  independent  of  thofe  appropriated 
tor  the  machinery  ;  and  it  is  certainly  one  cf  the  molt 
convenient  ficuations  for  a  manufav-luring  town  of  anv 
on  the  continent.  This  company  was  incorporated  to 
encourage  all  kinds  of  manufacluies,  and  the  fum  of 
500,oco  dolls,  was  foon  fubfcribed  ;  but  for  want  of 
experience,  and  a  proper  knowledge  of  the  bufinefs, 
much  was  expended  to  little  purpofe  ;  and  they  were 
at  lad  reduced  to  the  neceffity  of  having  reci  urfe  to  a 
lottery  to  alfid  them  in  carrying  their  plan  into  execu. 
tion.  It  is  faid  that  matters  are  now  condu^'ted  more 
judicioufly,  and  that  the  undertaking  promifcs  to  be 
ufcful  to  the  public,  and  beneficial  to  the  proprietors. 
It  is  19  miles  N.  E.  of  Morridown,  10  N.  of  Newark, 
and  100  N.  E.  by  N.  of  Philadelphia.  N.  lat.  40  12, 
W.  long.  7^4  57 — ib. 

PATUCKET,  a  fmall  village  about  four  miles 
N.  E.  of  Providence,  a  bufy  placeof  confiderable  trade, 
and  where  manufadures  of  feveral  kinds  are  carried  on 
with  fpirit.  Tlirough  this  village  runs  Patucket,  or 
Pawtucket  liver,  which  empties  into  Seekhonk  river  at 
this  place.  The  river  Patuckef,  calhd  more  noitherly 
BUckdone's  river,  has  a  beautilul  fall  of  water,  dlre^ly- 
over  which,  a  biidge  has  been  built  on  the  line  which 
divides  the  commonwealth  of  M^ilfachufctis  from  the 
date  of  Rhode  Idand  ;  didant  about  40  miles  S.  by  W. 
of  Bodon.  The  confluent  dream  empties  into  Provi- 
dence river  about  a  mile  below  Wcybolfetr,  or  the 
Great  Bridge.  The  fall,  in  its  whole  length,  is  up- 
wards of  tifty  feet  ;  and  the  water  palfes  through 
feveral  chafnis  in  a  rock,  which,  eitcnding  diametri- 
cally acrofs  the  bed  of  the  itream,  fenes  a'^s  a  dam  to 
the  water.  Several  mills  have  been  erected  upon  thefe 
falls  ;  and  the  fpouts  and  channels  which  have  been 
condrufled  to  condua  the  dieams  to  their  refpeaiva 
wheels,  at;J  the  bridge,  hav«  taken  very  much  from, 

the.- 


Paiilf- 
biirgli. 


r   A   u  [   71 

*itiu(r.t,  the  beauty  and  grandeur  of  the  fcene,  which  would 
ot!>erwirc  have  been  indelcribably  charming  and  ro- 
mantic.— /'/'. 

PATUXENT,  or  F.iiuxri,  a  navigable  river  of 
M.ir)Lind,  whidi  riles  ncir  the  fonrce  of  Patapfco 
tivcr,  an  J  empties  into  the  W.  fide  of  Chefapeak  Bay, 
beiween  Drum  and  Hog  IHand  Points,  15  or  20  miles 
N.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Patowmac.  It  admits  veflels 
cf  2JO  tons  to  Nottingham,  nearly  40  miles  Irnm  its 
mcuth,  and  of  boats  to  Qiieeu  Anne,  12  miles  higher. 
Patiixent  is  as  remarkable  a  river  as  any  in  the  bay, 
having  very  high  land  on  its  north  fide,  with  red  banks 
or  cliffs.  When  you  double  Drum  Point,  you  come 
to  in  2i  and  three  fathoms  water,  where  you  will  be 
fecurs  from  all  winds. — ii. 

PAUCAR-COLLA,  a  jurifdiaion  in  the  bidiopriclv 
cf  La  Paz,  in  South  America,  bordering  on  Chucuito. 
It  is  fituated  in  the  mountains,  and  abounds  in  cattle. 
The  air  is  h:re  very  cold.  The  filver  mine  here  called 
I>aycacota,  was  formerly  fo  rich,  that  the  metal  was 
olten  cut  out  vvidi  a  chlfel  ;  but  the  waters  having  over- 
flowed, the  works,  it  is  abandoned. — 11/. 

PAUCARTAMBO,  a  jurifdiaion  of  the  diocefe  of 
Cufco,  in  S.  America.  It  is  very  fruitful,  and  lies  80 
leagues  ealUvard  of  the  city  of  Cufco. — it'. 

PAUKATUCK,  a  fmall  river  which  empties  into 
Stonington  harbour,  and  forms  a  part  of  the  divifion 
line  between  Conncfticut  and  Rhode  Illand. — i!/. 

PAUL'S  BAY,  Si,  on  the  N.  W.  (licre  of  the  river 
S:  Lawrence,  in  N.  America,  is  about  6  leagues  below 
Cape  Torment,  where  a  chain  of  mountains  of  400 
league;,  in  hngth  terminate  from  the  weftward. — ii. 

Paul's  Bay,  St,  on  the  N.  W.  coaft  of  Newfound- 
land 1(1  ind.      N.lat.  49  5c,  W.  long.  57  55. — ib. 

PAUL'S  ISLAND,  St,  an  ifland  in  the  ftrait  be- 
tween Ncwloundland  and  Cipe  Breton  Iflands.  It  is 
about  15  mUes  north-eaft  of  North  Cape,  in  Cape  Bre- 
ton.    N.  lat.  47  13,  W.  long.  60  2. — 0). 

PAUL,  Si,  a  town  of  Brazil,  S.  America,  in  the 
captainlhip  of  St  Vincent.  It  is  a  kind  of  independent 
re;.'ublic,  cr-mpofed  of  the  banditti  of  feveral  nations. 
However,  they  pay  a  tribute  of  gold  to  the  king  of 
Poitugal.  It  is  furrounded  by  inacceffible  mountains 
and  thick  forefts.       S.  lat.  23   25,  W.  long.  45   52. 

—a. 

Paul,  St,  a  town  of  N.  America,  in  New  Mexico, 
fituated  at  the  confluence  of  the  two  main  head  branches 
of  the  Rio  Bravo. — :b. 

Paul,  St,  the  mod  foutherly  of  th'?  Pearl  Idands,  in 
the  Gulf  of  Panama,  S.  America.  In  the  north  fide  is 
a  f.ife  channel ;  where,  if  neceffary,  there  is  a  place  for 
careening  ftiips. — ib. 

Paul's,  St,  a  paiilh  in  Charlefton  diftri<51,  S.  Caro- 
lina, containing  3  433  inhabitants;  of  whom  276  are 
whites,  and  3,202  (laves ib. 

PAULINGSTOWN,  or  PaiuUng,  a  townfiiip  in 
Dutchefs  cotmty.  New  York,  lying  on  the  wcfiern  boun- 
dary of  Conne5ticut,  and  has  South  and  Eaft  Town  on 
the  fouth.  In  1790,  it  contained  4,330  inhabitants,  of 
wlum  42  were  llaves.  In  1796,  there  were  560  of 
tiie  inhabitants  qualified  electors. — il. 

PAULSBURGH,  a  townOiip  in  Grafton  county, 
New  Hampthire,  on  the  head  waters  cf  Amonoofuck 
river,  and  through  which  pafTes  Aixirofcoggin  liver. 
— ib. 


D     3  PAZ 

PAULUS  Hook,  in  Bergen  county,-NcW  Jerfer,  is 
on  the  weft  bank  of  Hudfon  tiver,  oppofite  New  York 
city,  where  the  river  is  2,000  yards' wide.  Here  is  the 
ferry,  which  is  perhaps  more  ufed  than  any  other  in  the 
United  States.  Tiiis  was  a  fortiaed  poft  in  the  late 
war.  In  1780  the  froft  was  fo  intenfe,  that  the  pafTage 
acrofs  the  river  here  was  pra^icable  for  the  heavieft 
cannon. — ib. 

PAWLET,  a  towtifhip  in  Rutland  county,  Ver- 
mont, having  1,458  inh-ibitants.  It  (lands  on  the 
New  York  line,  has  Wells  on  the  north,  and  Rupert,  in 
Bennington  county,  on  the  fouth,  and  is  watered  by 
Pawlet  river,  which  joins  Wood  creek  and  the  conflu- 
ent dream,  falls  in  South  Bay  at  Fiddler's  Elbow. 
Hayllack  M'untain  is  in  this  towndiin. — ib. 

PAWTUCKET  Falls,  in  Merrimack  river,  are  in 
the  townfhip  of  Dracut. — ib. 

PAWTUXEP,  a  village  in  the  tov.'nfhip  of  Cran- 
fton.  Providence  county,  Rhode  Ifl.ind. — ib. 

PAXAROS,  an  ifl.ind  on  the  coaft  of  California,  in 


Pauluj, 

II 
Paz. 


i,  W.  long.  120  45. 
tv/o  townfiiips   in 


the  N.  Pacific  Ocean.     N.  lat.  30  i  i 
—ib. 

PAXTON,    %Vr   and   Lo-m.',; 
Dauphin  county,  Pennfylvania. — ib. 

Paxton,  a  townlhip  of  Malfachufetts,  fituated  in 
Worcefter  county,  8  miles  weft  of  V/orcefter,  and  55 
fouth- wefterly  of  Bofton.  It  was  incorporated  in  1765, 
and  contains  558  inhabitants. — ib. 

PAYJAN,  a  fmall  town  in  the  jurifdiaion  of  Trux- 
illo,  in  Peru,  8  leagues  S.  of  St  Pedro. — ib. 

PAYR  AB  A,  a  town  and  captainlhip  in  the  northern 
divifion  of  Brazil. — ib. 

PAYTA,  or  Pjila,  a  fmall  fea  port  of  Quito,  on 
the  coaft  of  Peru,  with  an  excellent  hai  hour,  1 1  leagues 
north  of  the  ifland  called  Lobos  de  Payta.  Ships  from 
Acapulco,  Sonfonnate,  Realeijn,  and  Panama,  to  Col- 
lao,  can  only  touch  and  refrelh  here  ;  and  the  length 
of  their  voyages,  by  reafon  of  the  winds  being  moft  of 
the  year  againft  them,  occafions  the  port  to  be  very 
much  frequented.  Yet  fo  parched  is  the  fituation  of 
Payta,  that  it  affords  little  befides  fi(h,  a  few  goats  and 
frelh  water;  their  chief  provilions  being  furnUhed  by 
Colin  and  Piura,  the  one  3,  and  the  other  14  leagues 
diftant.  The  bay  is  defended  by  a  fort,  and  it  is  fo 
fituated  that  even  mulkets  alone  can  hinder  boats  from 
landing,  being  under  a  pretty  high  hill,  on  the  fum- 
mit  of  which  is  another  fort,  that  commands  tlie  town 
and  lower  fort.  It  had  only  a  fort  with  S  guns,  when 
Commodore  Anfon  took  it  in  1741.  He  burnt  the 
town,  in  which  was  merchandize  to  the  value  of  a 
million  and  a  half  of  dollars,  becaufe  the  governor  re- 
fufed  to  ranfom  it.  The  plunder,  in  dollars  and  plate, 
amounted  to  ^30,000  fterling.  It  was  plundered  and 
burnt  by  Capt.  Cavendilh,  in  1587,  and  by  George 
Spilbergin  1615.  I'here  is  anchorage  in  io4  fathoms 
about  a  mile  and  a  half  from  the  tov.n.  S.  lat.  5  15, 
W.  long.  80  ^^. — ib. 

PAZ,  La,  a  fmall  jurifdiaion  of  the  audience  of 
Charcas,  in  Peru,  S.  America.  It  is  fituated  in  the 
mountains,  one  of  which,  calkJ  Illimani,  contains,  in 
all  human  probability,  irr.menfe  riches,  for  a  crag  of 
it  being  broken  off  fome  years  fince  by  a  fiafli  of  ligh"-- 
ning,  fuch  a  quantity  of  gold  was  found  among  the 
fragments,  that  it  was  fold  for  fome  time  at  La  Pa/. 
for  eight  pieces  of  eight  per  ounce.     But  the  fummic 

of 


PEA 


L     7"     1 


PEA 


oi  this  ir.ountiiin  being  perpetually  covered  wiili  ice 
and  Ihow,  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  open  a  mine. 
—.b. 

P.\z,  Ltt,  a  city  of  Pern,  and  capital  of  the  above 
jiirii"di.:tion,  is  fituated  eaftwjrd  of  the  lake  Titicaca,  on 
the  fule  of  a  valley,  among  llie  breaches  of  the  moun- 
tains, through  which  a  pretty  large  ilver  flows.  In 
frelliets,  the  current  of  the  river  forces  along  huge 
maifes  of  rocks,  witli  fume  grains  of  gold.  In  the  year 
1730,  an  Indian,  while  walliing  his  feet  in  the  river, 
found  a  lump  of  gold  of  fuch  a  fize,  that  the  Marquis 
de  CalL'l  Fuer;e  gave  12,000  pieces  of  eight  for  it,  and 
fent  it  to  Spain  as  aprefent  worthy  the  curiolUy  of  his 
fovereigu.  This  city  contains,  befides  the  caihedr.il, 
ni.4ny  public  edifices,  and  about  20,cco  inhabitants. 
It  is  I  So  miles  north  of  La  Plata,  and  350  fonth-eaft  of 
Cufco.     S.  lilt.  15  59,  W.  long.  64  30. — 'w, 

PAZARO,  a  cape  of  N.  America,  on  the  W.  fide 
of  the  peninfula  of  California,  towards  the  fouth  end 
of  it,  in  about  Lit.  24  N.  and  long.  1 13  W. — ib. 

PAZQIJA  RO,  a  lake  in  Mexico,  or  New  Spain.—;*. 

PEACHAM,  a  townlliip  in  Caledonia  county,  Ver- 
mont, lies  W.  of  Barnet  on  Ccnneifticut  river.  It  con- 
tains 365  inhabitants. — ib. 

PEACOCK,  a  lownth'p  in  Buc!;'s  county,  Penn- 
fylvania. — ib. 

PEAKS  OF  OTTER  are  thought  to  be  the  higheft 
part  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  or  perhaps  ai.y  ether  in  Noriji 
AmeiicH,  meafiring  IVom  their  bife.  Tlie  height  is 
4,000  leet  ;  which,  liowever,  io  not  cv.z  fifth  ot  the 
height  of  the  mountains  of  South  America. — ib. 

Pearl  Fish,  is  commonly  confidered  as  an  afcidia 
(fie  My  riLus,  ii«yc-/.);  but  this  is  denied  by  a  late 
author,  who  items  to  have  paid  great  attention  to  the 
pearl-lilhery  at  Ceylon.  It  has  never,  he  fays,  been  ac- 
curately del'cribed.  It  does  not  refenible  the  afcilta  of 
Linnx-us;  and  as  he  thinks  it  may  form  a  new  genus, 
hegives  the  following  account  of  it: 

"  The  (ilh  is  iaflened  to  the  upper  and  lower  (hells 
by  two  white  fiat  pieces  of  mulcular  fubllancs,  which 
have  been  ctilkd  e  '.rs,  and  extend  about  two  inches  from 
the  thick  part  of  the  body,  growing  giadually  thinner. 
The  extremity  of  each  ear  lies  looi'e,  <tx\d  is  furrounded  by 
a  double  bror.-n  fringed  line.  Tlicfe  lie  almofl  the  third 
part  of  an  inch  from  the  outer  put  of  tiie  fhc-U,  and  are 
continually  moved  by  the  anin-.al.  Next  to  thefe  above, 
and  below,  are  fltuated  two  other  double  fringed  move- 
able fiibftances,  like  the  bronchix  tif  a  fifh.  Thefe  ears 
and  fiingcs  are  joined  to  a  cylindrical  piece  of  flelh  of 
the  ilze  of  a  man's  thumb,  which  i-.  harder  and  of  a 
more  muicular .nature  than  the  rcfl  of  the  body.  It 
lies  about  the  centre  of  the  fhells,  and  is  firmly  attach- 
ed 10  the  niiddlc  of  each.  This,  in  faifl,  is  that  part 
of  the  pearl  litli  which  ferves  to  open  and  iliut  the  fhells. 
Where  this  column  is  failed,  we  find  on  the  tleih 
deep  imprefiicns,  and  on  the  flicU  vai  ious  nodes  of  round 
or  oblonz:  forms,  like  impelled  peails.  Between  this 
part  .nnd  the  hinge  (ciir.lo)  lies  the  principal  body  of 
the  animal,  fjp.irated  fioni  the  lell,  and  fhapcd  like  a 
bag.  The  muulh  is  near  the  hinge  of  the  Ihell,  enve- 
loped in  a  veil,  and  has  a  double  flap  or  lip  on  each 
fide  ;  from  thence  we  obfcrve  the  throat  (afophn^us) 
defending  like  a  thread  to  the  ftomach.  Clole  to  the 
moutii  tliere  is  a  curved  brownilh  tongue,  halt  an  inch 
in  length,  w  ith  an  obtufc  poir.t ;  on  the  couc.ive  fide  cf 


tliis  dcfcenJs  a  furrow,  which  the  anin;al  opens  and 
Ihuts,  and  probably  ufes  to  convey  food  to  its  mculh. 
Near  its  middle  are  two  bluifh  fpots,  which  fecm  to  be 
the  eyes.  In  a  pretty  deep  hole,  near  the  bale  of  the 
tongue,  lies  the  beard  {bjjlfui),  faftened  by  two  fleQiy 
roots,  and  confifling  of  almoll  100  fibres,  each  an  inch 
long,  of  a  dark  green  colour,  with  a  metallic  luihe  ;  tliey 
are  undivided,  parallel,  and  flattened.  In  ger.eral,  the 
br/fus  is  m'  re  tlian  three  quarters  of  an  inch  witliout  the 
cleft  {rima);  but  if  the  animal  is  ditlurbed,  it  contrafls 
it  confiderably.  The  top  of  each  cf  thefe  threads  tcr- 
m.inates  in  a  circular  gland  or  head,  like  llie  Jri^i/ia  of 
many  plants.  With  thi>  by/us  they  faflen  themfelves 
to  rocks,  corals,  and  otlier  I'olid  bodies ;  by  it  the  young 
pearl  iifli  cling  to  the  old  ones,  and  with  it  the  animal 
procures  its  toed,  by  extending  and  contrading  it  at 
pleafure.  Small  fliell  filli,  on  which  they  partly  live, 
are  often  found  clinging  to  the  former.  Tlie  ilcmach 
lies  clofc  to  the  root  of  the  beard,  and  has,  on  its  lower 
fide,  a  protraded  obtufe  point.  Above  the  llomach 
are  two  fmall  red  bodies,  like  lungs ;  and  from  the  fto- 
mach  goes  along  channel  or  gut,  which  takes  a  circuit 
round  the  muicular  column  above-mentioned,  and  endj 
in  the  anus,  which  lies  oppofite  to  the  mouth,  and  is 
covered  with  a  fmall  thin  leaf,  like  a  fi.ip.  Though 
the  natives  pretend  to  dlftinguifh  the  fexes  by  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  llicll,  calhng  tlie  t^at  ones  male--,  and 
thole  which  are  thick,  concave,  and  vaulted,  females, 
our  author,  on  a  clcfj  infj.eaicn,  could  not  perceive 
any  vifibie  fcxual  difTerence." 

The  pearls  are  only  in  the  fufier  part  cf  the  animal,  . 
and  never  in  the  firm  mufcular  column  above-mention- 
ed. They  are  found,  in  general,  near  the  earth,  and 
on  both  (ides  of  the  mouth.  From  the  appearance  of 
the  ihell  a  judgment  may  be  formed,  with  greater  or 
lefs  probability,  whether  it  contains  pearls  cr  not.  Thefe 
which  have  a  thick  calcareous  crull  upon  them,  to 
which  ferpu!.e  (iea  tubes)  'Tubuli  marini  Irrc^ulariler  in- 
toiti,  Cr'yJa  gali  Ciamar  la%uras,  Lefas  tiniinabulum, 
Madnpiorei,  Milipore,  Ccllipori,  Gorgoauv,  Spon^ia,  and 
other  Zoophytes,  are  faflened,  have  arrived  at  their  full 
grouth,  and  commonly  contain  the  bell  pearls;  but. 
thofe  that  appear  fmooth,  contain  euher  none,  or  Imall 
ones  only. 

In  the  article  {Encycl.)  intitlcd,  Mannir  0/ Fi/fiins 
fir  Pe.irls  in  the  Eaji  Indies,  we  have  moll  unaccount- 
ably faid,  that  "  the  bell  divers  will  keep  under  water, 
near  half  an  hour,  and  the  rell  not  !ef»  than  a  quarter!" 
This  is  a  very  great  miftake;  iin  M.  I.c  Bid  alfures 
us,  that  the  time  duiing  which  a  diver  is  able  to  re- 
main under  water  iclj..r:  exceeds  two  minutes;  and 
that,  even  after  that  fhoit  period,  he  dilchargcs,  on 
emerging  from  the  fe.<,  a  quantity  of  water,  and  fome- 
tinics  a  httle  bl  )od,  from  his  mouth  and  ni  fe.  We  have 
mentioned  the  danger  which  the  divers  run  of  becoii.ing 
a  prey  to  mcnrtrous  tilhcs.  Thefe  fillies  are  (harks  ;  of 
which  fuch  a  dre.id  is  julily  tntertainej,  that  the  mcll 
expert  divers  will  not  on  any  accoimt,  dcfccnd,  till  the 
conjurer  h.is  performed  his  ceremonies  of  enciiantment. 
Theic  confiil  in  a  number  ot  prayeis,  learned  by  heart, 
that  nobody,  piobably  not  even  the  conjuior  liin)ielf, 
underllands,  which  he,  (landing  on  the  (liorc,  continues 
nuutcrlng  and  gtiimbhng  liom  Inn  lile  until  the  boats 
return.  During  this  period,  he  is  obliged  to  abllaia 
from  food  aiiJ  lleep,  othcrwife  his  prayeis  would  have 

no 


Pearb. 


Pearl, 

II 
Tcilra. 


P    E    D  [71 

no  avail :  he  is,  however,  allowed  to  drink  ;  wliich  pri- 
vilege he  indulges  in  a  high  degree,  and  is  frequently 
,  fo  giddy,  as  to  be  rendered  veiy  unfit  for  devotion. 
Some  of  the  conjurers  accompany  the  divers  in  their 
boats  ;  which  pleafes  them  very  much,  as  they  have 
their  protei^ors  near  at  hand. 

PiARL,  a  fniall  ifle  or  Ihoal  in  the  Weft-Indies,  in  lat. 
14.  53  N.  and  long.  79  13  W. — Morse. 

Pearl,  an  iiland  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  towards 
ihe  mouth  of  the  Mifliflippi,  a  few  leagues  from  Dauphin 
liland  ;  about  6  or  7  miles  in  length,  and  4  in  breadth. 
—ih. 

Pearl  IJlan(!s,\n  the  Bay  of  Panama,  called  alfo 
King  Illands,  fituated  in  the  S.  Pacific  Ocean.  They 
•are  12  leagues  from  the  city  of  Panama.  They  are 
low,  and  produce  wood,  water,  fruit,  fowls  and  hogs ; 
ilicy  alfo  afford  good  harbours  for  fhips.  The  northern- 
moll  is  named  Pachea;  the  fouthernmoft  St  Paul's. 
N.  lat.  7   10,  W.  long.  81  45. — ib. 

Pearl,  a  river  which  rifes  in  the  Chaflaw  country, 
in  the  W.  part  of  Georgia,  has  a  foutherly  courfe  to 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  is  navigable  upwards  of  150 
miles.  Its  principal  mouths  are  near  the  entrance  at 
the  E.  end  of  the  Regolets,  tlirough  which  is  the  paf- 
fage  to  Lake  Ponchartrain.  It  has  7  feet  at  its  entrance, 
and  deep  water  afterwards.  In  1769,  there  were  fome 
iettlements  on  this  river,  where  they  raifed  tobacco,  in- 
digo, cotton,  rice,  Indian  corn,  and  all  forts  of  vegeta- 
bles. The  land  produces  a  variety  of  timber,  fit  for 
pipe  and  hogfliead  (laves,  niafts,  yards,  and  all  kinds  of 
plank  for  fhip-buildirg. 

PE  ARN'S  Poinl,  on  the  W.  fide  of  the  ifiand  of  Anti- 
gua, and  the  W.  fide  of  Mufketo  Cove.  Off  it  are  the 
Five  Iflands. — ib. 

PEDEE,  a  river  which  rifes  in  N.  Carolina,  where 
it  is  called  Yadkin  river.  In  S.  Carolina  it  takes  the 
name  of  Pedee;  and  receiving  the  waters  of  Lyiiche's 
Cieek,  Little  Pedee,  and  Black  river,  it  joins  the  Wak- 
kamaw  river,  near  Genrgetown.  Thefu  united  ftreams, 
with  the  acceffion  of  a  fmall  creek  on  which  Georgetown 
flaiids,  form  Winyaw  Bay,  which  about  12  miles  below 
communicates  with  the  ocean. — ib. 

PEDOMETER  (fee  EncycL),  is  the  name  given 
by  Mr  Lewin  Thugwell  to  an  inftrument,  which  is  ra- 
ther au  improved  perambulator  than  the  inftrument 
which  we  liave  noticed  by  the  name  of  Pedometer.  The 
chief  improvement  made  by  bini  on  tlie  perambulatoii 
(fee  thjt  article,  EncycL)  is  in  the  fize  of  the  wheel, 
of  which  the  circumieience  meafures  164  feet,  or  one 
pole,  adapted  to  Gunter's  concife  method  of  arithmetic, 
and  divided  into  25  equal  parts,  correfponding  to  the 
links  of  his  chain  for  land  meafuring.  There  is  like- 
wife  a  contrivance  in  Mr  Thugwell's  pedometer,  for 
compelling  the  attention  of  the  traveller  to  the  inftru- 
ment at  the  end  of  every  mile.  It  is  very  ingenious, 
and  abundantly  fimple  ;  but  we  hardly  think  it  of  fuffi- 
cient  irr.pcTtance  to  fill  the  fpace  which  a  complete  de- 
fcription  of  it  would  occupy  in  this  Work.  It  is  lully 
del'cribed  in  the  Letters  and  Papei  s  of  the  Bath  and  Wejl 
(f  England  Society,  Jlr  the  Enccuragemeut  of  /Igricul- 
ture  ;  and  likewife  in  the  6th  volume  of  the  Repertory 
of   ylrii  imd  ManufaSures . 

PEDllA  Shoals,  in  the  Weft-Indies,  extend  from 
lat.  17  20  to  30  N.  urid  from  long.  79  9  to  79  17  W. 
■-^AJorse. 


2     ]  PEG 

PEDRAS  Point,  on  the  coaft  of  Brazil,  is  7  leagues 
E.  S.  E.  from  the  ftrait  of  St  John's  Ifland,  and  75 
from  Cape  North.  Alfo  a  point  on  the  fame  coaft  10 
leagues  W.  N.  W.  of  Brandihi  Bay. — ib. 

Pedras,  a  river  on  the  N.  W.  fiJeof  Punta  des  Pe- 
dras,  at  the  fouthern  extremity  of  Amazon  river. — ib. 

PEDRO,  ^/,  a  town  in  the  jurifdidion  of  Lambey- 
que,  in  Peru,  confifting  of  130  houfes,  moftly  inhabited 
by  Indian  families.  It  is  wafhed  by  the  river  Pacaf- 
mayo,  which  renders  the  country  round  very  fertile. 
It  is  feated  near  the  S.  Sea,  20  leagues  from  Lambey- 
que.   S.  lat.  7  25  49,  W.  long.  78  20  15. — ib. 

Pedro,  5/,  one  of  the  Marquefas  Iflands,  in  the  S. 
Pacific  Ocean,  called  by  the  natives  Onateyo  ;  it  is  about 
3  leagues  in  circuit,  and  lies  S.  4i  leagues  from  the  E. 
end  of  La  Dominica.  S.  lat.  9  58,  W.  long.  158  30. 
—ib. 

Pedro,  St,  a  tov^n  of  New-Mexico,  N.  America, 
fituated  on  the  S.  fide  of  Coral  river,  near  the  conflu- 
ence of  that  river  with  the  Colorado.  The  united  ftream 
runs  a  fhort  way  fouthward,  and  falls  into  the  north 
part  of  the  Gulf  of  California. — ib. 

Pf.dro  Point,  Great,  is  on  the  fouth  coaft  of  the  ifland 
of  Jamaica.  From  Portland  Point  to  this  point  the 
courfe  is  W.  by  N.  about  1 1  leagues.  About  S.  i  E. 
diftance  14  leagues  from  Point  Pedro,  lies  the  eaftern- 
moft  Pedro  Key. — ib. 

Pedro,  Little  Point,  on  the  S.  coaft  of  the  fame  ifland, 
lies  E.  of  Great  Pedro  Point,  within  a  flioal  partly  dry  ; 
but  has  5  fathoms  within  and  10  on  the  outer  edge  of 
it. — ib. 

Pedro  Point,  Si,  on  the  coaft  of  Chili,  is  S  leagues 
N.  N.  E.  of  Point  C>udar,  and  14  S.  S.  W.  of  Cape 
Galera.     Port  Si  Pedro  is  contiguous  to  this  point. — ib. 

Pedro,  Port  St,  is  fituated  S.  W.  of  the  Ifland  of 
St  Catherine,  and  on  the  S.  E.  coaft  of  Brazil,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  river  La  Plata. — ib. 

Pedro  River,  St,  runs  weftward  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexi- 
co. Its  mouth  is  in  about  lat.  21  N.  and  long.  98  W. 
—ib. 

PEEK'S-KiLL,  a  fmall  poft-town  in  Weft-Chefter 
county,  New-York,  on  the  E.  fide  of  Hudlon's  river, 
and  N.  fide  of  the  creek  of  its  name,  5  miles  from  its 
mouth.  It  is  20  miles  fouth  of  Fifli-Kill,  and  50  norther- 
ly of  New- York.  In  the  winter  of  17S0,  Gen.  Wafh- 
ington  encamped  on  the  ftrong  grounds  in  this  vicinity. 

-a. 

PEGUE,  the  ancient  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  the 
fame  name  (fee  Pegu,  EncycL),  appears  to  have  been  a 
qu.idrangle,each  fide  meafuring  about  a  mile  and  a  half. 
It  was  furrounded  by  a  ditch  and  wall  ;  which,  before 
the  latter  tumbled  down,  and  the  former  was  filled  up, 
muft  have  furniflied  no  contemptible  defence.  Tlie 
breadth  of  the  ditch  appears  to  be  about  60  yards ;  its 
depth,  where  not  choked  up,  about  ten  or  twelve  feet  ; 
and  there  is  ftill  in  it  water  enough  to  impede  an  eallern 
fiege.  The  wall  has  been  at  leaft  25  feet  high,  and  its 
breadth  at  the  bafe  not  lefs  tliim  40.  It  is  corr'p.ifed 
fjf  brick,  badly  cemented  together  with  clay  mortar, 
and  has  had  on  it  fmall  equidillant  baftions,  about  300 
yards  afunder. 

Nothing  can  exhibit  a  more  ftriklng  pliflure  of  de- 
folalion  than  the  infide  of  this  wall.  We  liaveeircv.-here 
given  an  account  of  the  almoft  inceffant  wars  between 
the  kings  of  Pegue  and  Birma  or  Darma.     In  the  year 

1757 


Pedra 


Pegue. 


PEG 

Pegue.  1757,  the  Birman  fovereign  carried  the  city  of  Pegue 
^''^'"^^  by  aiFault,  razed  every  dwelling  to  the  ground,  and  dif- 
perfed,  or  led  into  captivity,  all  the  inhabitants.  The 
pagodas,  which  are  very  numerous,  were  the  only  build- 
ings that  efcaped  the  fury  of  the  conqueror  ;  and  of 
thefe  the  great  pagoda  of  Shoemadoo  has  alone  been 
attended  to  and  repaired. 

This  extraordinary  edifice  is  built  on  a  double  ter- 
race one  raifed  upon  another.  The  lower  and  greater 
terrace  is  about  ten  feet  above  the  natural  level  of  the 
ground.  It  is  quadrangular.  The  upper  and  lefler  ter- 
race is  of  a  like  fiiape,  raifed  about  20  feet  above  the 
lower  terrace,  or  30  above  the  level  of  the  country. 
Thefe  terraces  are  afcended  by  flights  of  flone  fteps, 
broken  and  ncglefled.  On  each  fide  are  dwellings  of 
the  Rahaans  or  priefts,  raifed  on  timbers  four  or  five 
feet  from  the  ground.  Their  houfes  confift  only  of  a 
fingle  hall.  The  wooden  pillars  that  fupport  them  are 
turned  with  neatnefs.  The  roof  is  of  tile,  and  the 
fides  of  fheathing-boards.  There  area  number  of  bare 
benches  in  every  houfe,  on  which  the  Rahaans  fleep. 
They  appear  to  have  no  furniture. 

Shoemadoo  is  a  pyramid,  compofed  of  brick  and  plaf- 
ter,  with  fine  (hell  mortar,  without  excavation  or  aper- 
ture of  any  fort ;  odlagonal  at  the  bafe,  and  fpiral  at 
the  top.  Six  feet  from  the  ground  there  is  a  wide 
ledge,  which  furrounds  the  bafe  of  the  building  ;  on  the 
plane  of  which  are  57  fmall  fpires,  of  equal  fize,  and 
equidiftant.  One  of  them  meafured  27  feet  in  height, 
and  40  in  circumference  at  the  bottom.  On  a  higher 
ledge  there  is  another  row,  confilUng  of  53  fpires,  of 
fimilar  (hape  and  meafurement.  A  great  variety  of 
mouldings  encircles  the  building ;  and  ornaments,  fome- 
what  refembling  the  fleur  a'e  lys,  furround  what  may  be 
called  the  bafe  of  the  fpire.  Circular  mouldings  like- 
wife  gird  ihis  part  to  a  confiderable  height ;  above 
v.liich  there  are  ornaments  in  ftucco,  not  unlike  the 
leaves  of  a  Corinthian  capital  ;  and  the  whole  is  crown- 
ed by  a  lee,  or  umbrella  of  open  iron-work,  from  which 
rifes  an  iron  rod  with  a  gilded  penant. 

The  extreme  height  of  the  building,  from  the  level 
of  the  country,  is  361  feet  ;  and  above  the  interior  ter- 
race, 331  feet.  On  the  fouth-eaft  angle  of  the  upper 
terrace  there  are  two  handfome  faloons,  or  ieouns,  late- 
ly ereded.  The  roof  is  compofed  of  different  ftages, 
fupported  by  pillars.  Captain  Symes,  from  whofe  me- 
moir in  the  Y\.natic  Refearches  this  account  is  taken, 
judged  the  length  of  each  f.jloon  to  be  about  60  feet, 
and  the  breadth  30.  The  ceiling  of  one  of  them  was 
already  embellilhed  wiih  gold  leaf,  and  the  pillars  lac- 
quered; the  other,  when  he  (nvr  it,  was  not  comple- 
ted. They  are  made  entirely  of  wood.  The  carving 
on  the  outfide  is  very  curious.  He  faw  feveral  unfinlfh- 
ed  figures  intended  to  be  fixed  on  different  parts  of  the 
building  ;  fome  of  them  not  ill  fhapen,  and  many  ex- 
ceedingly grotefque.  Splendid  images  of  Gaudma  (the 
Birman  objefl  of  adoration)  were  preparing,  which  he 
underftood  were  defigned  to  occupy  the  infide  of  thefe 
ifouns. 

At  each  angle  of  the  interior  terrace  is  a  pyramidi- 
cal  pagoda,  67  feet  in  height,  refembling,  in  miniature, 
the  great  pagoda.  In  front  of  the  one  in  the  foulh-wcll 
corner  are  four  gigantic  reprefent.i lions  in  mafonry  of 
.Palloo,  or  the  r/ian  de/lroyer,  half  be;ill,  half  human,  fcat- 
SuppL.  Vol.  IJ. 


s,  each  with  a  large  club  on  the  right     Pv^ut: 


[     713     ]  P     E    G 

ed  on  their  ham 
flioulder. 

Nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  eafl  face  of  the  arej  are 
two  human  figures  in  ftucco  beneath  a  gilded  umbrella. 
One  (landing,  reprefents  a  man  with  a  book  before  him, 
and  a  pen  in  his  hand.  He  is  called  Tha^iamce,  the 
recorder  of  mortal  merits  and  moital  n.irdeeds.  The 
other,  a  female  figure  kneeling,  is  Maha  Sutiiden,  the 
proteftrefs  of  the  univerfe,  as  long  as  the  univerfe  is 
doomed  to  lad  :  but  when  the  time  of  general  dKfolu- 
tion  arrives,  by  her  hand  the  world  is  to  be  overwhelm- 
ed, and  deftroyed  everlaftingly. 

On  the  north  fide  of  the  great  pagoda  are  three  large 
bells,  of  good  workmandiip,  fufpended  near  the  ground 
between  pillars.  Several  deers  horns  are  ftrewed  around. 
Thofe  who  come  to  pay  their  devotions  firlt  take  up 
one  of  the  horns,  and  ftrike  the  bell  three  times,  giving 
an  alternate  ftroke  to  the  ground.  This  aft  is  to  an- 
nounce to  the  fpirit  oi  Gaudma  the  approach  of  a  fup- 
pliant.  There  are  feveial  low  benches  near  the  bottom 
of  the  pagoda,  on  which  the  perfon  who  comes  to  pray 
places  his  offering;  which  generally  confifts  of  boiled 
rice,  a  plate  of  fweetmeats,  or  cocoa  nut  fried  in  oil. 
When  it  is  given,  the  devotee  cares  not  what  becomes 
of  it.  The  crows  and  dogs  commonly  eat  it  up  In  the 
prefence  of  the  donor,  who  never  attempts  to  prevent 
or  moleft  the  animals. 

There  are  many  fmall  pagodas  on  the  areas  of  both 
terraces,  which  are  neglected,  and  fuffcred  to  fall  into  de- 
cay. Numberlefs  images  of  Gaudma  lie  indifcriminate- 
ly  fcattered.  A  pious  Birman  who  purchafes  an  idol, 
firft  procures  the  ceremony  of  confecration  to  be  per- 
formed by  the  Rahaans,  then  takes  his  purchafe  to  what- 
ever facred  building  is  moft  convenient,  and  there  places 
it  either  in  the  fhelter  of  a  keoun,  or  on  the  open  ground 
before  the  temple  :  nor  does  he  ever  after  feem  to  have 
any  anxiety  about  its  prefervation,  but  leaves  the  divi- 
nity to  Ihift  for  itfelf. 

From  the  upper  ledge  that  furrouni!s  the  bafe  of 
Shoemadoo,  the  profpeft  of  the  country  is  eitenfive 
and  plflurefque  ;  but  it  is  a  profpefl  of  Nature  in  her 
rudeft  ftate.  There  are  few  inhabitants,  and  fcarcely 
any  cultivation.  The  hills  of  Martaban  rife  to  the  eaft- 
ward  ;  and  the  Sitang  river,  winding  along  the  plains, 
gives  here  and  there  an  interrupted  view  of  its  waters. 
To  the  north-north-weft,  above  40  mile-,  are  the  Gal- 
ladzet  hills,  whence  the  Pegue  river  lakes  its  rife  ;  hills 
remarkable  only  for  the  noifome  effefts  cf  their  atmcf- 
phere.  In  every  other  direflion  the  eye  looks  over  a 
bouidlefs  plain,  chequered  by  a  wild  intermixture  uf 
wood  and  water. 

The  prefent  king  of  the  BIrmans  has  entirely  alter- 
ed the  fyftem  of  his  preJeceffors.  He  his  turned  his 
attention  to  the  population  and  Improvement,  rather 
than  the  extenfion,  of  his  dominions;  and  feem;  more 
defirous  to  conciliate  l)i»  new  fulijefls  by  raIlJnef<,  than 
to  rule  them  through  terror.  He  has  abrogated  feve- 
rul  fevere  penal  laws  impofed  upon  the  Talhns,  or  Pe- 
giiers  :  juliice  is  now  diftrlbuted  impartially  ;  and  the 
only  diltinftion  at  pcefent  between  a  Birman  and  Ta- 
lien  conlifts  in  the  exclufion  of  the  latter  from  all  pub- 
lic offices  of  truft  and  power. 

No  att  of  the  Birman  government  is  more  likely  to 

recoDcile  the  Taliens  to  the  Birman  yoke  tlian  the  re- 

4  X  lloration 


PEL 


C     7H     ] 


]^     E    L 


!lor.ilion  of  their  ancient  place  ct  abode,  and  the  pre- 
fervation  aud  embelliniment  of  the  pagodi  of  Shoema- 
doo.  So  ienlibls  was  the  king  of  this,  hs  well  as  of  the 
advantages  that  mull  accrue  to  the  Hate  from  an  in- 
creafe  of  culture  and  populuion,  that  feme  years  ago 
he  ilTued  orders  to  rebuild  Pegue,  encouraged  new  fet- 
tlers  by  liberal  gvantf,  and  invited  the  icaltered  fami- 
lies of  former  inhabitants  to  return  aud  repeople  their 
defcrted  city. 

Pegue,  in  its  renovated  (late,  feems  to  be  built  on 
the  plan  of  the  former  city.  It  is  a  fquare,  each  fide 
mcafuring  about  half  a  mde.  It  is  fenced  round  by  a 
Itockade,  from  lo  to  12  feet  high.  There  is  one  main 
ftieet  tunning  eall  and  weft,  which  is  interfered  at 
right  angles  by  two  fmaller  ftreets,  not  yet  fini/hed.  At 
each  extremity  of  the  principal  ftreet  there  is  a  gate  in 
the  llockade,  which  is  Ihut  early  in  the  evening.  Alter 
that  hour,  entrance  during  the  night  is  conhned  to  a 
wicket.  Each  of  thefe  gates  is  defended  by  a  forry 
piece  of  ordnance,  and  a  few  mufqueteers,  who  never 
p.) ft  centinels,  and  are  ufually  afleep.  There  are  alfo 
two  other  gates  on  the  north  and  fouth  fides  of  the 
llockade. 

The  houfes  of  the  inhabitants  of  Pegue  are  far  from 
commodious,  agreeably  to  European  notions  ol  accom- 
modation ;  but  they  are  at  leaft  as  much  fo  as  the  houfes 
of  other  Indian  towns.  There  are  no  brick  buildings 
in  Pegue,  except  fuch  as  belong  to  the  king,  or  are  de- 
dicated to  Gaudma.  The  king  has  prohibited  the  ufe 
of  brick  or  ftone  in  private  buildings,  from  the  appre- 
benfion,  that  if  people  got  leave  to  build  brick  houfes, 
they  might  ereift  brick  fortifications,  dangerous  to  the 
fecurity  of  the  Hate.  The  houfes,  therefore,  are  all 
made  of  mats  or  (heathing-boards,  fupported  on  bam- 
boos or  pofts.  Being  compofed  of  iuch  combuftible 
materials,  the  inhabitants  are  under  continual  dread  of 
fire,  againft  which  they  take  every  precaution.  The 
roofs  are  lightly  covered  ;  and  at  each  door  ftands  a 
long  bamboo,  with  a  hook  at  the  end,  to  pull  down  the 
ihalch  :  alfo  another  pole,  with  a  grating  ot  fpllt  bam- 
boo at  the  extremity,  about  three  feet  fquare,  to  fup- 
prefi  dame  by  prelfure.  Alraoft  every  houfe  has  earthen 
pots  of  water  on  the  roof.  And  there  is  a  particular 
clafs  of  people,  whofe  bufinefs  it  is  to  prevent  and  ex- 
t'nguilli  fires. 

PEGUNNOCK,  a  north-weftern  branch  of  Paffaik 
river,  in  New-Jerfey,  which  rifes  in  Sulfex  county.    The 
town  ('f  its  name  lies  between  it  and  Rockaway,  another 
branch  fouth  of  this  river,  N.  W.  of  Mori  iftown. — Morse. 
PEISHCAR,  in  Bengal,  principal  in  office. 
PEISHCUSH,  a  fine,  tribute,  or  prefent. 
PELHAM,  a  townlhip  of  Malfachufetts,  in  Hamp- 
ftiire  county  12  miles  northeafterly  of  Northampton,  and 
85  weft  of  Bofton.     It  was  incorporated  in  1742,  and 
contains  1040  inhabitants. — Morse. 

Pklham,  a  townlhip  of  Rockingham  county  New- 
Hamplbire,  fituated  on  the  fouth  State  line,  which  fepa- 
rat^s  it  from  Dracut  in  Maflachufetts.  It  lies  on  the  E. 
fide  of  Beaver  river,  30  miles  fouthwefterly  of  Exeter, 
and  36  N.  of  Bofton.  It  was  incorporated  in  1 746,  and 
contains  791  inhabitants. — tb. 

Pelham,  a  townlhip  ofNew-York,  fituated  in  Weft- 
Chsftcr  county,  bounded  foutherly  and  eafterly  by  the 
Sound,  northerly  by  the  north  bounds  of  the  manor  of 
Palham,  including  New-City,  Plart,  and  Appleftjy's 


Illands.    It  contains  199  inhabitants ;  of  whom  27  are 
eleftors,  and  38  flaves. — ib. 

PELICAN,  Great,  an  ifland  a  mile  long  and  very 
narrow,  eaft  cf  the  Bay  of  Mobile  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexi- 
co. Its  concave  fide  is  towards  the  eaft  end  ol  Dauphin 
Ifland.  Hawk's  Bay  lies  between  thefe  two  iflands. 
Little  Pelican  I/land  is  a  fmall  fand  key,  fouth  eall  of 
Great  Pelican.  Its  eallern  curve  meets  a  large  Ihoal 
extending  from  Mobile  Point. — ib. 

Pelicau  I/ItiiiJs,  on  the  fouth  coaft  of  the  ifland  of 
Jamaica,  are  fituated  off  the  point  fo  called,  weftward 
of  Port- Royal  harbour. — ib. 

Pelican,  a  fmall  illand  at  the  fouthweft  point  of  the 
ifland  of  Antigua. — ib. 

Pelican  Rocks,  lie  in  Runaway  Bay,  on  the  weft; 
fide  of  the  ifland  of  Antigua,  towards  the  north-weft. 

They  lie  under  water,  and  are  very  dangerous ib. 

Pelican  Shoals,  fmall  patches  of  land  banks  about 
half  a  mile  from  the  fliorc  of  tlie  fouih-weft  coaft  of  the  ■ 
ifland  of  Barbadoes. — ib. 

PELL  (Dr  John\  an  eminent  Englifh  mathemati- 
cian, defcended  from  an  ancient  family  in  Llncolnlhire, 
was  born  at  Southwick  in  Sulfex,  March  1.  1610, 
where  his  father  was  minifter.  He  received  his  gram- 
mar education  at  the  free  fchool  at  Stennlng  in  that 
county.  At  the  age  of  13  he  was  lent  to  Trinity  col- 
lege in  Cambridge,  being  then  as  good  a  fcholar  as  moft 
mafters  of  arts  in  that  univerfity;  but  though  he  was 
eminently  fkilled  in  the  Greek  and  Hebrew  languages, 
he  never  offered  himfelf  a  candidate  at  the  eledlion  of 
fcholars  or  fellows  of  his  college.  His  perfon  was  hand- 
fome;  and  being  of  a  ftrong  conftitution,  ufing  little 
or  no  recreations,  he  profecuted  his  ftudies  with  the 
more  application  and  intenlenefs. 

In  1629  he  drew  up  the  "  Del'crlption  and  Ufe  of  the 
Quadrant,  written  for  the  Ufe  of  a  friend,"  in  two 
books;  the  original  manufcript  of  which  is  ftill  extant 
among  his  papers  in  the  Royal  Society.  And  the  fame 
year  he  held  a  correfpondence  with  Mr  Briggs  on  the 
lubjeifl  of  logarithms. 

In  1630,  he  wrote  Modus  fupputandi  EphaneriJes 
AJlronomicas,  ^c.  ad  an.  1630  accommodatus ;  and,  A 
Key  to  unlock  the  meaning  of  Johannes  Trithemius,  in 
his  Dlfcourfe  on  Steganography  :  which  Key  he  impart- 
ed to  Mr  Samuel  Hanlib  and  Mr  Jacob  Homedae.  The 
fame  year  he  took  the  degree  of  Mafter  of  Arts  at 
Cambridge.  And  the  year  following  he  was  incorpo- 
rated in  the  univerfity  of  0>;ford.  June  the  7th,  he 
wrote  A  Letter  to  Mr  Edmond  Wingate  on  Loga- 
rithms: and,  0(fl.  5.  1631,  Commentationes  in  Cojmo^- 
graphiam  Alftcdil, 

In  1632  he  married  Ithamaria,  fecond  daughter  of 
Mr  Henry  Reglnolles  of  London,  by  wliom  he  had  four 
fons  and  four  daughters. — M^.rch  6.  1634,  he  finifhed 
his  "  Aftronomical  Hiftory  ot  Obfervations  of  Heavenly 
Motions  and  Appearances;"  and  April  the  loth,  his 
Ecliptica  Prognojlica,  or  Foreknower  of  the  Edipfts,  &c. 
In  1 634  he  tranflated  "  The  Everlafting  Tables  of  Hea- 
venly motions,"  grounded  upon  the  Obfervations  of 
all  Times,  and  agreeing  with  them  all,  by  Philip  Lanf- 
berg,  of  Ghent  in  Flanders.  And  June  the  12th,  the 
fame  year,  he  committed  to  writing  "  The  Manner  of 
Deducing  his  Aftronomical  Tables  out  of  the  Tables 
and  Axioms  of  Philip  Lanftierg." — March  the  9th, 
1625,  he  wrote  "  A  Letter  cf  Remarks  on  Gellibrand's 

Mathematical 


PEL 


C     7^5     ] 


PEL 


PcU.       Mathematical  Difcourfe  on  the  Variation  of  the  Magne- 
'''■'"^'^^  tic  Needle."     And  the  3J  of  June  follovring,  another 
on  ilie  fame  fubjeft. 

His  eminence  in  mathematical  knowledge  was  now 
fo  great,  that  he  was  thought  worthy  of  a  ProlelFir's 
chair  in  that  Icience  ;  and,  upon  the  vacancy  of  one  at 
Amfterdnm  in  1639,  Sir  Wilham  Bofwell,  the  EnglKli 
Refident  with  the  States  General,  nfed  his  incereft,  tliat 
he  might  fuccsed  in  that  Piotelfoilhiii.  It  was  n>H  fill- 
ed up,  however,  till  1642,  when  Pell  uas  cholen  to  it; 
and  he  read  with  great  applaufe  public  Itflures  upon 
Diophantus. — In  1644  he  piinted  at  Anillerdani,  in 
two  pages  4to,  "  A  Refutation  of  Longomontanui's 
Difcourfe,"  De  Vera  Circuit  Menfura. 

In  1646,  on  the  invitation  of  the  Prince  of  Orange, 
be  removed  to  the  new  college  at  Breda,  as  Profelfor 
of  Mathematics,  with  a  falary  of  1000  guilders  a  year. 
His  Idea  Mathefeos,  which  he  had  addrelfed  to  Mr 
Hartlib,  who  in  1639  had  fent  it  ti  Des  Cartes  and 
Merfenne,  was  printed  1650  at  London,  in  izmo,  in 
Engl  (h,  with  the  title  of  jjn  Idea  of  Malhematks,  at 
the  end  of  Mr  John  Durie's  Ref  rnied  Library  keeper. 
It  is  alfo  printed  by  Mr  Hook,  in  his  Pliilofophical 
CoUeft  ons,  N"  5.  p.  127.;  and  is  efteemed  our  au- 
thor's principal  work. 

In  1652  Pell  returned  to  England  ;  and  in  1654  ^^ 
was  fent  by  the  protedlor  Cromwell  agent  to  the  Pro- 
teftant  Cantons  in  Switzerland  ;  where  he  continued 
till  June  23.  1658,  when  he  let  out  for  England,  where 
he  arrived  about  the  time  of  Cromwell's  death.  His 
negociations  abroad  gave  afterwards  a  general  fatisfac- 
tion,  as  it  appeared  he  had  done  no  fniall  fervice  to  the 
intereft  of  King  Charles  II.  and  oi  the  church  of  Eng- 
land ;  fo  that  he  was  encouraged  to  enter  into  holy  or- 
ders:  and  in  the  year  1661  he  was  inlUtuted  to  the 
re>.'l  'ry  of  Fobbing  in  Elfex,  given  him  by  tl;e  king. 
In  December  that  year,  he  biought  into  the  upper 
houfe  of  convocation  the  calendar  reformed  by  him, 
aflifted  by  S.incrolt,  afterwards  nrchbilliop  of  Canter- 
bury. In  1673  he  was  prefented  by  Sheldon,  bilhop 
of  London,  to  the  reiflory  of  Laingdon  in  Eifex  ;  and, 
upon  the  promotion  of  that  bifliop  to  the  fee  ol  C.in- 
teibury  foon  after,  became  one  ot  his  domeftic  chap- 
lains. He  was  then  dotlor  of  divinity,  and  expecfted 
to  be  mads  a  dean  ;  but  his  improvement  in  the  philofo- 
pbical  and  mathematical  fciences  was  fo  mutli  the  bent 
of  his  genius,  that  he  did  not  much  puifue  his  private 
advantage.  The  truth  is,  he  was  a  helplefs  man,  as  to 
woildly  affairs ;  and  his  tenants  and  relations  impofed 
upon  him,  cozened  him  of  the  profits  of  his  parfonage, 
and  kept  him  fo  indigent,  that  he  wanted  necefTtties, 
even  ink  and  paper,  to  his  dying  day.  He  was  for 
fome  time  confined  to  the  King's-bench  prifon  for  debt ; 
but,  in  March  1682,  was  invited  by  Dr  Whitler  to 
live  in  the  college  of  phyficians.  Heie  he  continued 
till  June  following  ;  when  he  was  obliged,  by  liis  ill 
flate  of  health,  to  remove  to  the  houfe  ot  a  grandchild 
of  his  in  St  Margaret's  chiirch-yard,  Wellminllei.  But 
he  died  at  the  houl'e  (  f  Mr  Cothorne,  reader  of  the 
church  of  St  Giles's  in  the  Fields,  December  the  I2tli, 
1685,  in  the  741!!  year  cf  his  age,  and  was  mterrcd  at 
the  exjienfe  of  Dr  Bufby,  mailer  of  Weftniiuller  fchool, 
and  Mr  Sharp,  retflor  of  St  Giles's,  in  the  recloi's 
vault  under  that  church. — Dr  Pell  publilbed  fome  other 


things  not  yet  mentioned  ;  a  lift  of  which  is  as  foilovv;, 

I.  An  Exeic'tation  concerning  Eafter;  1C44,  in  4to. 
2.  A  Table  of  io,oco  fquare  numbers,  5cc. ;  1672, 
folio.  3.  An  Inaugiir,il  Oration  at  his  entering  upon 
the  ProtelForihip  at  BreJa.  4.  He  made  great  altera- 
tions and  additions  to  Rhonius's  Algebra,  printed  at 
London  i668,  410,  under  the  tiile  of  an  Introdu<aion 
to  Algebra,  tranllated  out  of  the  High  Dutch  into 
Englilh  by  Thi-mas  Branker,  much  altered  and  aug- 
mented by  D.  P.  (Dr  Pell;.  Alfo  a  'i'able  of  Odd 
Numbers,  lefs  than  100,000,  (hewing  thofc  that  are  in- 
compi-ifite,  Sec.  fupputated  by  the  fame  Thomas  Bran- 
ker. 5.  His  Controverfy  with  Longom'ntanus  con- 
cerning the  Quadrature  of  the  Circle;  Amllerdam, 
1646,  4to. 

He  hkewife  wrote  a  Demonftration  of  the  zd  and 
loth  books  of  Euclid  ;  which  piece  v/as  in  MS.  in  the 
library  of  Lord  Brereton  in  Chelhire  :  as  alfo  Archi- 
medes's  Arenarius,  and  the  greateft  part  of  Dio|)han- 
tus's  fix  books  of  Arithmetic  ;  of  which  author  he  was 
preparing,  Aaguft  1644,  a  new  edition,  in  which  he 
intended  to  correifl  the  tranflation,  and  make  new 
ilUiftrations.  He  defigned  Hkewife  to  publilli  an  edi- 
tion of  ApoUoniui;  but  laid  it  afide,  in  May  1645,  at 
the  defire  of  Golius,  who  was  engaged  in  an  edition  of 
that  author  from  an  Arabic  manufcript,  given  him  at 
Aleppo  18  years  before.  Letters  cf  Dr  Pell  to  Sir 
Charles  Cavendidi,  in  the  Royal  Society. 

Some  of  his  manufcripts  he  left  at  Brereton  in 
Chefiiire,  where  he  refided  fome  year.s,  being  the  feat  of 
William  Lord  Brereton,  who  had  been  his  pupil  at  Bre- 
da. A  great  many  others  came  into  the  hands  of  Dr 
Bulby  ;  which  Mr  Hook  was  defired  to  ufe  his  endea- 
vouis  to  obtain  for  the  Society.  But  they  continued 
buried  under  duft,  and  mixed  with  the  papers  and  pam- 
phlets of  Dr  Bulby,  in  four  large  boies,  till  1755; 
when  Dr  Birch,  fecretaty  to  the  Royal  Society,  pro- 
cured them  for  that  body,  from  the  trullees  of  Dr 
Bu(by.  The  ccllcdion  contains,  not  only  Ptll's  mathe- 
matical papers,  letters  to  him,  and  copies  of  thofe  from 
him.  Sec.  but  alfo  feveral  manulcripts  of  Walter  War- 
ner, the  matliematician  and  philofopher,  who  lived  in 
the  reigns  of  James  I.  and  Charles  I. 

Dr  Pell  invented  the  method  of  ranging  the  feveral 
fteps  of  an  algebraical  calculus,  in  a  proper  order,  in 
fo  many  dillind  lines,  with  the  number  affixed  to  each 
flep,  and  a  (hurt  defcription  of  the  operation  or  pro- 
eel's  in  the  line.  He  alfo  invented  the  charafler  -;-  for 
divifion,   ©,.  for  involution,   "In  lor  evolution.*  •  Jiutton, 

PELLEriER  (Bertrand),  was  born  at  Bayonne -l/wifj-Ki//- 
in    1761,  and  very  foon  began  to  difplay  an  infatiable  "' ■^"^"^' 
third  of  icience.     It  frequently  happens,  however,  that  '"'^' 
y.'Uiig  men,   fincerely  dcfiious  of  inliruftion,  have  no 
me.ins  or  place  where  tliey  can  be  ailifted  in  the  deve- 
lopcnient  ot   tlicir  natural  talents,  no  mailer  who  may 
point  out  tlie  dirciff  road  to  fcience,  and  that  order  and 
method,  without  wliich  the  efforts  of  the  individual  too 
often  lead  him  from  the  objeifl  of  his  purftiit,  inftead  cf 
bringing  him  nearer  to  it.     This  was  not  the  cafe  with 
young  PtUeiier.     He  found  every  advantange  in  his  fa- 
ther's houfe,  wliere  he  received  tlie  firft  elements  oi  the 
art  of  which  he  was  afierwards  the  ornament ;  and  bis 
I'ubfcquent  progrefs  was  made  under  Darcet,  who  ha- 
4X1  viog 


pils  attached  to  the  chemical  laboratory  of  the  college 
of  France.  Five  years  of  conllant  application  and  ftu- 
dy  under  fuch  a  linafter,  who  was  himfelf  formed  by 
r.atiire,  perfected  by  experience,  and  affeaionately  dif- 
pofed  towards  his  pupil,  afforded  this  young  man  a  ftock 
'     '  ..-..1  ,.-  u:.,  ^gg 


acid.  Macquer,  by  mixing  nitre  with  the  oxyd  of  ar- 
fenic,  had  difcovered  in  the  reiidue  of  this  operation 
afaltfoluble  in  water,  fufceptible  of  cryllallii.ition  in 
titrahcdral  pvifm-i,  which  he  denominated  the  neutral 
urlenical  fait.  It  is  the  arfeniat  of  potaft.  He  was  of 
opinion  that  no  acid  could  decompofe  it ;  but  Pelletier 


Pemige- 
waffct. 


PEL  [     71^     ]  r     E     M 

Wlcticr.   yhfy  remaikcd  In  him  that  fagacity  which  may  be  call-    compofition  of  the  fulphat,  even  though  again  combined   Pelletier, 
^-^-v-^w/  g^i  ^he  inltinft  of  fcience,  admitted  him  among  the  pu-     with  another  acid.  " 

Chemifts  have  given  the  name  of  Jlrontian  to  a  new- 
ly difcovered  earth,  from  the  name  of  the  place  where  y, 
it  was  firft  found.     Pelletier  analyfed  it,  and  difcovered 
it  in  the  fulphat  of  barytes.     He  likewife  analyfed  the 
verditer  of  England,  of  which  painters  and  paper-hang- 
Iif  knowledc^e  very  uiiufual  at  his  age.     He  foon  gave    ers  make  fo  much  ufe.     He  difcovered   a  procefs  for 
a  convincing  pioif  of  this,  by  pnblilhing,  at  the  age  of    preparing  it  in  the  large  way,  by  treating  with  lime  the 
21    a  fet  of  very  excellent  onl'ervations  on  the  arfenical     precipitate  obtained  from  the  decompofuion  of  nitrat  of 

copper  by  lime.  By  this  procefs,  verditer  is  afforded 
equal  in  beauty  to  that  which  comes  from  England. 
He  was  likewife  one  of  the  firft  chemifts  who  ftiewed 
the  portibility  of  refining  bell  metal,  and  feparating  the 
tin.  His  firft  experiments  were  made  at  Paris ;  after 
which  he  repaired  to  the  foundry  at  Romilly,  to  verify 
fhewed,  that  the  fulphuric  acid  diftilled  from  it  does  them  in  the  large  way.  The  following  year  he  was  re- 
ceived a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Paris, 
and  (hortly  afterwards  went  to  La  Fere,  witli  Borda  and 
General  Daboville,  to  aflift  in  experiments  upon  a  new 
gunpowder.  Being  obliged,  in  order  to  render  his  exr 
periments  more  decifive,  to  pafs  great  part  of  the  day 
in  the  open  air  during  a  cold  and  humid  feafon,  his 
healtli,  which  was  naturally  delicate,  became  confider- 
ably  impaired.  He  began  to  recover  his  health,  when  he 
again  became  the  victim  of  his  zeal  for  the  fcience  he  fo 
fuccefsfully  cultivated.  He  had  nearly  perifhed  by  re-  . 
fpiring  the  oxygenated  muriatic  acid  gas.     A  violent 


difengas^e   the   acid  of  arfenic.     He  fbewed  the  true 

caufe  why  the  neutral  arfenical  fait  is  not  decompofable 

in  doled  veiTcls ;  and  particularly  the  order  of  affinity 

by  which  the  fait  itfelf  is  formed  in  the  diftlUation  of 

the  nitrate  of  pntafh,  and  the  white  oxyd  of  arfenic. 

H'.-  expl  lins  in  what  refpects  this  fait  differs  from  what 

Macquer  called  the  liver  of  arfenic.     Pelletier  had  been 

anticipated  in  tiiis  work  by  Scheele,  by  Bergman,  by 

the  academici.ins  of  Dijon,  and  by  Berthollet;  but  he 

polfelfed  at  leaft   the    merit,   in  the   firft   elTay  of  his 

powers,  of  having  clearly  developed  all  the  phenomena 

of  this  operation,  by  retaining  and  even  determining  the    attack  of  convuUive  afthma,  which  returned  during  fe- 

quantity  of  gas  it  was  capable  of  affording.     After  the    vcral  days,  was  the  firft  confequence  of  this  unhappy 

lame  principles  it  was  that  he  decompofed  the  arfenico-     accident.     The  diforder  then  feemed  to  abate  ;  but  it 

ammoniac  il  fait,  by  Ihewing  how,  in  the  decompofition    vvas  incurable.     The  afliftance  of  art  was  infufficient  to 

of  this  laft,  the  pure  arfenical  acid  is  obtained  in  the    favehim;  and  he  died  in  Paris,  on  the  21ft  of  July  I797». 

form  of  a  deliquefcent  glafs.     la  this  work  we  may  ob-    of  a  pulmonary  confumption,  in  the  flower  of  his  age. 


ferve  the  fagacity  with  which  he  vvas  enabled  to  deve 
lope  all  the  phenomena  of  thefe  compofitions  and  de- 
compofitions,  by  tracing  thofe  delicate  threads  of  fcien- 
lific  relation  which  council  the  feries  of  fads,  and 
are  imperceptible  to  ordinary  minds. 

Encouraged  by  the  fuccefs  of  thefe  firft  works,  which 


PEMAQUID,  a  bay  on  the  fea-coaft  of  Lincoln 
county,  Dillrift  of  Maine.  It  lies  eaft  of  Sheepfcot  ri- 
ver, and  contains  a  number  of  iflands,  many  of  which 
are  under  cultivation. — Morse. 

PsMAciyiD  Point,  on  the  weft  fide  of  the  above  bay, 
lies  2  miles  eaft  of   Booth   Bay,  and   about  4  leagues 


he  prefented  with  the  fenfibility  of  grateful  attachment    northweft  of  Menhegan  llland.  N.  lat.  445,  W.  long 
to  his  inftrudlor,  he  communicated  his  obfervations  on    69  — ii. 


the  cryftallization  of  fulphur,  cinnabar,  and  the  deli- 
quefcent fahs ;  the  exammation  of  zeolites,  particularly 
the  falfe  zeolite  of  Fribourg  in  Brifgaw,  which  he 
found  to  be  merely  an  ore  of  zinc  ;  obfervations  on  the 
dephlogifticated  or  oxygenated  muriatic  acid,  relative 
to  the  abforption  of  oxygen;  on  the  formation  of  ethers, 
particularly  the  muriatic  and  the  acetous ;  and  feveral 
memoirs  on  the  operation  of  phofphorus  made  in  the 
large  way  ;  its  converfion  into  phofphoric  acid,  and  its 


PEIVIAGON,  a  fettlement  of  the  Diftrifl  of  Maine, 
7  miles  from  Denney's  river,  and  14  from  Moofe  Ifland. 
—il>. 

PEMBROKE,  a  townftip  of  Maffachufetts,  in  Ply. 
mouth  county,  31  miles  fouth  by  eaft  of  Bofton.  It  was 
incorporated  in  171  2,  and  contains  1954  inhabitants. 
It  lies  18  miles  from  the  mouth  of  North  river  ;  and 
veiFels  of  300  tons  have  been  built  here. — it. 


Pembroke,  the  Suncookoi  the  Indians,  a  townfhip  of 

combination  with  fulphur  and  moft  metallic  fubftances.  New-Hamplhire,  in  Rockingham  county,  on  the  eaft  fide 

It  was  by  his  operations  on  that  moft  aftonilhing  pro-  of  Merrimack  river,  oppofite  to  Concord.     It  lies  upon 

dudion  of  chemiftry,  phofphorus,  that  he  burned  him-  two  fmall  rivers,  Bowcook  and   Suncook,  which  run  a 

feiffo  dangeroudy  as  nearly  to  have  loft  his  life.     After  fouth-by- weft  courfe  into  Mfrrimack  river.  In  1728,11 

the  cure  of  his  wound,  which  confined  him  to  his  bed  was  fettled  and  called  Loveivell's  Toixin.   It  was  incorpo- 

for  fix  montlis,  he  immediately  began  the  analyfis  of  rated  in  1759.  and  contains  956  inhabitants. — ib. 
the  various  plumbagos  of  France,  England,  Germany,         PEMIGEWASSET,   a  river    of  New-Hamplhire,  _ 

Spain,  and  Am.erica,  and  found  means  to  give  novelty  which  fprings  from  the  eaftern  part  of  the  ridge  called  ■ 


and  intereft  to  his  work,  even  after  the  publication  of 
Scheele  on  the  fame  ohjeft.  The  analyfis  of  the  car- 
bonat  of  barytes  led  him  to  make  experiments  on  ani- 
mals ;  which  prove  that  this  earth  is  a  true  poifon, 
whether  it  be  adminlftered  in  the  form  of  the  native  car- 
bonat  of  barytes,  or  whether  it  be  taken  from  the  de- 


the  Height  of  Land.  Moofe-Hillock  Mountain  gives 
it  one  branch ;  another  comes  from  the  S.  W.  extremi- 
ty of  the  White  Mountains,  and  a  third  comes  from 
the  townfhip  of  Franconia.  Its  length  is  about  50  , 
miles  ;  its  courfe  generally  S.  and  it  receives  from  both 
fides  a  number  of  Ureams.    Winipifeogee  river,  comes  , 

fron^sj 


PEN 


[     7^7     ] 


P     E     N 


Pendleton,  from  tlie  lake  of  that  nam?,  and  unites  its  waters  with 
II  .       the   PcmigewafTL-t  at  the  lower  end  of  Sanborntown. 
^^^H^li^  From  this  jurnaion,  the  confluent  ftream  bears  the  name 
of  Merrimack  to  the  fea. — lb. 

PENDLE  PON,  a  county  of  Virglnii,  bounded 
north-well  by  Rand.ilph,  and  fouth  by  Rockingham 
counties  ;  watered  by  the  fouth  branch  of  the  Patow- 
mack.  It  contilns  2,452  inhabitants,  including  73 
flives.    Chief-town,  Frankford. — ib. 

Pendleton,  a  cmnty  of  Wafliington  diftridl,  S.  Ca- 
rolina, on  Kc  iwee  and  Savannah  rivers.  It  contain- 
ed, in  1795,  9  568  inhabitants,  of  whom  834  are  flaves ; 
and  fends  three  reprefentatives  and  I  fenator  to  the 
Stare  l-;;'nattire.  Tlie  court-houfe  in  this  county  is  33 
miles  N.  N.  E.  of  Franklin  court-houfe  in  Georgia,  and 
52  weRward  of  Cambridge.  A  pofl-office  is  kept  at 
this  coiirt-houfe. — ih. 

PENDULUM  (See  EncycL).  Befides  the  effefls 
of  heat  and  cold  on  the  length  of  the  pendulum  rod, 
and  of  coiirl'e  on  its  ifochronifm,  it  may  certainly  be 
worth  while,  in  the  conltruftion  of  clicks  intended  to 
meafure  time  with  the  utmofl  pofEble  exaclnefs  to  take 
into  confidsration  the  refiftance  of  the  air,  which,  by  its 
unequal  denfity,  varying  the  weight  of  the  penJtilum, 
mud  in  a  fmall  degree  accelerate  or  retard  its  motion. 
The  celebrated  David  Rittenhoufe,  who  paid  particu. 
lar  attention  to  this  fuhjeifl,  ellmiates  the  extreme  dif- 
ference ot  velocity,  ariling  tn>m  this  caufe,  at  half  a  fe- 
cond  a  day  ;  an  J  he  obfervo,  that  a  remedy  dependent 
on  the  barometer  will  not  be  llrldtly  accurate,  as  the 
weight  of  the  entire  column  of  air  does  not  precifely 
correfpond  with  the  denlity  of  its  bafe.  He  propofes, 
therefore,  as  a  very  llmple  and  eafy  remedy,  that  the 
pendulum  (liall,  as  ufual,  confift  of  an  inflexible  rod 
carrying  the  ball  beneath,  and  continued  above  the  cen- 
tre of  fiifpenfion  to  an  equal  (or  an  unequal)  diftance 
upw.irds.  At  this  extremity  is  to  be  fixed  another  ball 
ot  the  fame  dimenfions  (or  greater  or  lefs,  according 
as  the  continuation  is  Ihorter  or  longer),  but  made  as 
light  as  pofflble.  The  ofcillations  of  this  upper  ball 
will  be  accelerated  by  its  buoyancy  by  the  fame  quanti- 
ty as  thnfe  of  the  lower  would  be  retarded  ;  and  thus, 
by  a  proper  adjiiftment,  the  two  eflFecSs  might  be  mad? 
to  balance  and  correfl  each  other. 

Our  author  made  a  compound  pendulum  on  thefe 
principles,  of  about  one  foot  in  its  whole  length.  This 
penduhmi,  on  many  trials,  made  in  the  air  57  vibrations 
in  a  miiiu'e.  On  immerfing  the  whole  in  water,  it  made 
59  vibrations  in  the  fame  time  ;  (hewing  evidently,  that 
its  returns  were  quicker  in  fo  denfe  a  medium  as  water 
than  in  the  air.  (This  is  contrary  to  what  takes  place 
with  the  common  pendulum).  When  the  lower  bob 
or  pendulum  only  was  plunged  in  water,  it  made  no 
more  than  44  vibrations  in  a  minute. 

PENGUIN,  an  illand  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  about 
10  miles  N.  E.  of  the  coafl  of  Newfoundland.  It  has 
this  name  from  the  multitude  of  birds  of  tiiat  name 
which  frequent  it.  N.  lat.  ^o  5,  W.  long  50  30.  There 
is  alfo  an  ifland  of  the  fam.c  name,  on  the  coafl  of  Pa- 
tagonia, in  the  S.  Atlantic  Ocean,  3  leagues  fouth-call 
of  Port  Dsfire.  It  is  an  uninhibited  rock,  high  at  the 
ends  and  low  in  the  middle,  and  is  the  largcft  and  outer- 
moft  of  a  number  of  (mall  ifles  or  rocks,  and  is  about 
a  mufket-fhot  from  the  main  land.  It  abounds  in  an 
extraordinary  manner,  with  penguins  and  feals.     It  is 


thres-touiths   oi   a  inlle  in  length,    and   iiulf  a  niile   in     IVnnaut. 
breadth  from  E.  to  W. — Morse.  \.^/-^r->'.j 

PENNANT  (Tiiomas,  Efq.),  fo  well  known  in  the 
republic  of  letters  as  a  writer  of  travels,  and  of  natural 
hiftory,  was  an  ancient  Briton  by  birth,  having  drawn 
his  firll  breath  in  Fllntdiire,  in  1726.  His  family  has 
been  fettled  in  that  county  for  many  centuries ;  we  learn 
from  himfelf  that  he  received  the  rudiments  of  his  edu- 
cation at  Wrexham,  whence  he  was  removed  to  FuU 
ham.  Soon  after  this  he  was  fent  to  Oxford  ;  and  ha- 
ving  made  a  coiifiderable  proficiency  in  the  claffics,  he 
applied  himfelf  within  the  walls  of  that  uiiiverlity  to  at- 
tain a  knowledge  of  jurifprudence  ;  but  we  di  not  find 
that  he  ever  entered  himfelf  of  .my  of  the  inns  of  court, 
or  followed  the  law  as  a  profellion. 

The  ruling  paflions  of  mankind  are  excited,  and  the 
future  current  of  their  lives  frequently  direded,  by  tri- 
vial circumflances.  One  of  the  gre  ite.1  p.tinters  of  our 
age  was  attracted  with  an  inelillible  impulfe  towards 
his  art  by  the  perufal  of  a  trcatife  on  it;  and  we  have 
the  authority  of  the  fubjed  of  this  memoir  for  alf.rt- 
ing,  that  a  prefent  of  Willoughby's  Ornithology,  at  an 
early  period,  firll  gave  him  a  turn  for  natur.ij  hillory, 
wliich  has  never  once  abandoned  him  through  the  courfe 
of  a  very  long  life. 

Mr  P..-nnant  commenced  his  travels  with  great  pro- 
priety at  home,  where  be  made  himfelf  acquainted  with 
the  manners,  produclions,  and  curiofities,  of  his  native 
country,  before  he  fallied  forth  to  infpeift  thofe  of  other 
nations.  He  then  repaired  to  the  continent ;  and  not 
only  acquired  confiderable  additional  knowledge  rela- 
tive to  his  favourite  (ludies,  but  became  acquainted,  and 
ellablifhad  a  conefpondcnce,  with  fome  of  the  greateft 
men  of  the  age. 

On  his  return  he  married,  and  had  two  children,  but 
did  not  come  into  the  family  fortune  until  he  was  thirty- 
feven  years  of  age,  at  which  time  he  was  fettled  a: 
Downing. 

Having  loft  his  .wife,  he  appears  to  have  fet  out  once 
more  for  the  continent,  and  to  have  formed  an  acquain- 
ance  with  Voltaire,  Butfon,  Haller,  Pallas,  &c.  He 
had  by  this  time  acquired  confiderable  reputation  as  a 
fcientific  man,  having  commenced  his  career  as  an  au- 
thor f)  early  as  1750.  His  BritKh  Zoology*  efla-  'Four vols, 
blifhed  his  reputation  as  a  naturalill;  and  this  received  4to. 
a  frefh  acceffion  of  celebrity  in  confequence  of  his  ac- 
quaintance with  Linna;us,  and  his  intercourfe  by  letters 
with  all  the  celebrated  naturalills  in  Europe. 

Early  in  life  he  had  undertaken  a  moll  intereding 
tour  to  Cornwall ;  and  he  now  entertained  an  ardent  de- 
fire  to  furvey  the  works  of  nature  in  the  northern  ex- 
tremities of  the  ifland.  He  accordingly  fet  out  for 
Scotland,  and  in  1771  favoured  the  public  with  an  en- 
tertaining account  ol  his  Tourf,  which  was  fo  well  t  Three 
received  as  to  p.ifs  through  fevcral  editions.  Not  con-  ""''■  4to- 
lent  with  the  main  land  of  Great  Drit.iin,  he  was  am- 
bitious to  furvey  tlie  ill.inds  in  the  vicinity,  and  accord- 
ingly penetrated  to  the  Hehildes,  and  vifucd  Mm. 

It  is  not  to  be  fuppofcd  that  he  would  leave  his  own 
country  unexplored;  en  the  contrary,  lie  minutely  de- 
fcribed  all  its  wonders.  He  did  not  fail  on  this  occa- 
fion  to  prelent  the  world  with  ilie  rcfult  ot  his  enqui. 
lies,  for  in  1778  be  commenced  the  publication  of  his 
AVelch  T  .ur.ji  STwovoJh 

la  four  years  after  this  (178 2  J  appeared  the  account  4to. 

of. 


V    E    N 


[     7^8     ] 


PEN 


?pnnant.  of  tlie  Journey  rrom  Chefter  to  London^,  in  which  he 
refutes  the  vulgar  opcnion  that  it  ib  unincerelling  ;  and 
in  two  years  more  his  Aiilic  Zoology,  an  admirable 
woik,  prea;ly  prized  b  'th  here  and  u\  oiher  countries. 
In  1790  appeared  a  quarto  volume,  finiply  entitled 
Ot'  I^md'ui  ;  in  which  he  obl'ervcs  that  this  work  is 
ci  mp  ifed  from  oblervations,  originally  made  without 
any  view  of  publication.  "  Let  me  requeft  (fays  he  in 
the  preface)  the  good  inhal>itan[s  oi  London  and  Weft- 
minller  not  to  be  offended  at  my  having  Huffed  their 
Ili.id  into  a  nutlliell ;  the  account  of  the  city  of  Lon- 
don and  liberties  <if  Weftminrter  into  a  quarto  vo- 
lume. I  have  condenfed  into  it  all  1  could;  omitted 
nothing  that  fuggcfted  itfelt ;  nor  amplified  anything 
to  make  it  a  guinea  book.  In  a  word,  it  is  done  in 
my  own  manner,  from  which  I  am  grown  too  old  to 
depart. 

"  I  feel  within  myfclf  a  certain  monitor  that  warns 
me  (adds  he)  to  hang  up  my  pen  in  time,  before  its 
powers  are  weakened,  and  lendered  vilibly  impaired. 
I  wait  not  for  the  admonition  of  I'riends.  I  have  tiie 
Archbilh 'p  of  Grenada  in  my  eye  ;  and  fear  the  imbe- 
cility of  human  nature  might  produce  in  long-worn 
age  the  fame  treatment  of  my  kind  advifers  as  poor 
Gil  Bias  had  from  his  molt  reverend  patron.  My  li- 
terary bequells  to  future  times,  and  more  fenous  con- 
cerns, mult  occupy  the  remnant  of  my  days.  Thisclofes 
my  public  labours." 

Nouvithfianding  his  parting  addtefs,  the  example  of 
the  Archbiliii  p  of  Grenadi,  and  the  concluding  fen- 
tence  of  "  ra/ete  'jf  Plamt'ite,"  we  find  Mr  Pennant 
adventuring  once  mfire  in  the  ocean  of  literature,  at  a 
late  period  of  his  lite,  and  trying  his  fortune  again  with 
all  the  eagernefb  of  a  young  author. 

He  accordingly  pubhllied  the  Natural  Hiftory  rf  the 
•One  vol.  parilhes  cf  H  lywell  and  Downing,*  within  the  pre- 
•t'O'  cinfls  of  the  latter  of  whi^h  he  had  refided  about  half 

a  century. 

He  alfo  prefented  the  public,  a  very  fliort  time  be- 
fore his  death,  with  a  fplendid  wnrk,  confiding  of  2 
vols.  4to.  entitled  The  View  of  Hindoollan  ;  in  the 
preface  to  which  he  candidly  (fates  his  motives  f 'r  this 
new  attempt.  "  I  had  many  folicita  ions  from  piivate 
friends  (fays  he),  and  a  few  wilhes  from  perfons  un- 
known, delivered  in  the  public  prints,  to  commit  to  the 
prefs  a  part,  in  the  form  in  which  the  poffhumnus  vo- 
lumes might  hereafter  make  their  appearance.  I  might 
have  pleaded  the  imprudence  of  the  attempt  at  my  time 
of  life,  of  beginning  fo  arduous  an  undertaking  in  my 
7 iff  year. 

«'  I  happily,  till  very  lately,  had  fcarcely  any  admo- 
nition of  the  advanced  feaf  n.  I  plunged  into  the  fea 
of  trouble,  and  with  my  papers  in  one  hand,  made  my 
way  through  the  waves  with  the  other,  and  brought 
them  fecure  toland.  This,  alas!  is  finite  boafting.  I 
mud  fubmit  to  the  judgment  of  the  public,  and  learn 
from  thence  how  far  I  am  t"  be  cenfured  for  fo  grievous 
an  offence  againft  the  maxim  of  Ariftotle,  who  fijtes  the 
decline  of  human  abilities  to  the  49th  year. 

"  I  ought  to  fliudder,  when  I  confider  the  wear  and 
tear  of  22  years  ;  and  feel  (hocked  at  the  remark  (f  the 
elegant  Delanty,  who  obferves,  '  that  it  is  generally 
agreed  among  wife  men,  th^t  few  attempts,  at  leaft  in 
a  learned  way,  have  ever  been  wifely  undertaken  and 
happily  executed  after  that  period  !' 


"  I  cannot  defend  the  wifdom  :   yet  from  the  good    Pennant, 
fortune  of  my  life  I  will  attempt  the  execution."  ^.^''■'^-^^ 

Thefe  valuable  volumes  are  drawn  up  by  Mr  Pennant 
in  the  manner  of  his  introduflion  to  the  Arfllc  Zoology. 
The  plates,  23  in  nuniber,  are  admirably  engraved, 
and  one  (the  N  ipaul  pheafant)  is  beautifully  coloured. 

Tn  addition  to  the  lill  of  literary  1  ibours  already  enu- 
mera'ed,  is  a  letter  en  an  eirthqtiake  felt  at  Downii^g, 
in  Fiintfhire,  in  1753;  another  infeited  in  the  fime 
publication,*  in  1756,  on  cnralloid  bodies  (nofajijiDiveTin)  •  pi;h 
collefted  by  him:  his  Synopliv  of  Quidrupeds,  pubhih-  Tranf, 
ed  in  1771  ;  a  pamphlet  on  the  Militia  ;  a  paper  on  the 
Turkey  ;  and  a  v  'lume  of  Mifcellanies. 

Mr  Pennant  attained  academical  h"ii  urs  of  all  kinds, 
having  had  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  conferred  tn  him  by 
the  univerli'y  in  which  he  was  ediic.ited,  he  was  a  Fel- 
low of  the  Royal  Society,  and  -<  member  of  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries,  a  Fellow  of  the  R-yal  Society  of  Upfal 
in  Sweden,  a  member  of  the  American  P):ilofophical 
Society,  an  honorary  member  of  the  Anglo-Linnaean 
Society,   &c. 

Tlie  ample  fortune  left  him  by  his  father  enabled  Mr 
Pennant  to  keep  an  hofpitable  table,  and  alfo  to  prefcnt 
the  profits  of  feveral  of  his  works  to  public  inffitntions, 
particularly  the  WeKh  charity-fchool  in  Gray's-inn-lane. 
He  encouraged  feveral  engravers  by  his  patronage,  and 
was  not  a  little  ferviceable  to  the  advancement  of  the 
fine  arts. 

\\\  'i-Tld  he  married  a  fecond  time  ;  on  which  occa- 
fion  he  became  united  to  Mifs  Moffyn,  filler  of  his 
neighbour,  the  late  Sir  Roger  Moftyn,  in  Fiintfliire. 
The  litter  part  of  his  life  w<is  cheartul,  and  he  fcarcely 
felt  the  approaches  of  old  age.  He  died  at  his  feat  at 
Downing  in  his  7 2d  year. 

He  has  left  feveral  works  behind  him  in  MS.  under 
the  title  of  Outlines  of  the  Globe;  and  as  a  proof  that 
it  w  11  be  a  very  voluminous  and  interefting  publication, 
it  is  only  necelfary  to  obferve,  that  The  View  of  Hiii- 
do  ftan  compofed  the  xivth  and  xvth  volumes. 

Mr  Pennant  poffelfed  a  well-compaiffed  frame  of 
body,  an  open  and  intelligent  afpeft,  an  aiffive  and 
chearful  dilpofitioii,  and  a  vivacity  which  rendered  him 
always  entertaining,  as  well  in  converfation  as  in  writing. 
Though  not  witiuiut  a  fhare  of  irrafcibility,  his  heart 
was  kind  and  benevolent.  He  was  exemplary  in  the 
relations  of  domeflic  life,  and  fenfibly  felt  for  the  di- 
ftrelfes  of  his  poor  neighbours,  whofe  relief  in  feafons 
of  hardfliip  he  promoted  with  great  zeal  and  liberality. 
His  cand'Ur  and  freedom  from  ordinary  prejudices,  are 
fufficiently  difplayed  in  his  writings;  and  Scotland  was 
forward  to  confefs,  that  he  was  the  firft  traveller  from  the 
fouth  fide  the  Tweed,  who  had  vifited  the  country  with 
no  unfriendly  fpirit,  and  had  fairly  prefented  it  under 
its  favourable  as  well  as  its  lefs  pleafing  afpe(5fs.  As  a 
writer,  his  flyle  is  lively  and  exprefTive,  but  not  perfed- 
ly  correft.  His  principles  of  arrangement  in  zoology 
are  judicious,  and  his  defcriptions  charafleriftic.  If  in 
fome  of  his  later  works  a  little  vanity  appears,  and  a 
propenfity  to  think  that  important  to  the  world  which 
was  fo  to  himiiilf,  it  may  readily  be  pardoned  to  one 
who  has  afforded  fuch  copious  and  valuable  entertain- 
ment to  the  public.  His  name  will  live  with  honour 
in  the  literary  hiftory  of  his  country,  and  his  memory 
will  be  cherifhed  with  rcfpeft  and  affeftion  by  his  fur- 
vivjng  friends. 

PENNA. 


PEN  [     719     ]  P     li     N 

A  fpecies  of  this    in  Ciiinberl-ind  county,  Pennf/lvania.     There  Is  alfo  a 

townfliip  ot' this  name  in  Chcfter  county,  Pennfylvania. 


.Pennatula,       PENNATULA   (See  Encycl.) 

!       II  animal,   hitherto   undefcribed,    was    difcovered  by  La 

iPennlbo-    ^J^rtiniere  near  Nootka.      Its  body  is  of  a  cartila;;in- 
ous  fubftance,  and  a  cylindrical  lorm  ;  its  he. id,  arm- 


rough. 


_;i. 


Pcnniturv, 

II 
I'enolfcct. 


>late  Xi.1.  eJ   with  two  little  horns  of  the  fame  fiiblfance,   pre- 
lents  a  fplierical  figure  flatted  at  its  anterior  extremi- 


PENNSBURY,  a  fmall  tovi-n  of  Pennfylvania,  in 
Buck's  county  on  a  fmall  creek  of  Delaware  river.  It 
was  a  manor  which  the   celebrated   Mr  Penn   referved 


ty.  This  part  is  covered  with  fmal!  papillae,  fome  of  for  himfelf.  Here  he  built  a  houfe,  and  planted  gar- 
which  a're  vifible  at  D,  and  which  ferve  the  piirpofo  of    dens  and  orchards;  which,  with  many  additional  build- ' 

fmall  mouths,  by  means  of  which  this  animal  fucks  the     ings  and  improvements,  llill  continue io. 

blood  of  fiflies,  making  its  way  as  far  as  polTible  into  PENOJBSCO  l\  a  bay  on  the  coafl  of  Hancock 
the  Helh :  the  e.ttrcmity  of  its  body,  which  always  pro-  county,  Dilbi.^  ol'  Maine,  and  called  Non^mle^a  by  the 
jeds  from  the  tilli,  appears  like  the  feathers  of  a  pen  ;  firft  difcoverer,  is  about  16  leagues  wide  from  Naflica? 
thefe  feather-like  fubrtances  ferve  as  excietory  ve/fels  ;  Point  and  Burnt  Co.u  Illand,  on  the  E.  to  the  point 
for  on  making  a  flight  prellute  on  the  animal,  from  the  on  which  Thomaftown  flands,  on  the  weft  fide  of  the 
greater  part  of  thefe  cartilaginous  barbs  ilRied  fmall  bay.  The  chief  iflands  it  enclofes  are  Fox,  Haiit,  Long 
drops  of  a  very  limpid  liquor:  at  the  bafe  of  thefe  and  Deer  lOands  ;  befides  a  number  of  fmall  iflei, 
barbs,  and  beneath  the  body,  are  placed  two  large  car-  rocks  and  ledges.  Through  this  bay  to  the  mouth  of 
tilaginous  thre  ids,  of  which  our  author  could  not  ima-     the  river  of  its  name,  the  weftern  channel  gies  up  by  a 

gine  the  ufe,  for  they  are  not  univerfaliy  met  with  in  headknd  on  the  W.  called  Oa'I's  Head,  and  between 

each  individual.  The  circulation  of  its  bljod  is  readily  Long  Ifland  on  the  \V.  and  Cape  Roller  on  the  E.  to 
obferved,  it  forms  a  complete  revolution  about  once  in  Bagaduce  Point.  Thee.iftern  cliannel  is  between  Hauc 
a  minute.     It  is  probable  that  this  animal  is  only  able     Illand  on  the  weft,  and  Burnt  Coat  Iflind  on  the  ea(t, 

to  make  its  way  into  the  bodies  of  different  filh  when  and  through   a  reach,  called  Long  Reach,  formed  by 

it  is  very  young  ;  and  when  it  has  once  buried  itfelf  the  fhores  of  Nafl;;eag,  or  Sedgwick,  on  the  E.  or  H.  E. 

there,  having  abundance  of  nourithmenr,  its  head  in-  and  Deer  Iflands  on  the  W.  or  S.  W.  till  it  unites  with 

creafes  confiderably,  and  the  two  horns  with  which  it  the  other  channel,   between   Point   Roller   and   Lon'^ 

is  furniftied  necellarily  form  an  obftacle  to  its  regrefs,  Ifland.     On  a  fine  peninfula  on  the  eaft  fide  of  the  bay, 

which  is  a  remarkable  inftance  of  the  forefight  of  Na-  the  Britifli  built  a  fort  and  made  a  fettlemcnt,  which  it, 

ture,  fince  it  is  deftincd  to  be  nouriHied  at  the  expcnfe  now  the  fhire-town  of  the  county  of  Hmcock,  and  is  a 

of  anotiier.     The  pennatifla,  of  which  we  have  given  commodious  place  for  the  lumber  trade.     Haut  [fl  ind, 

from  Martiniere  a  figure,   was  found  by  him  at  the  or  Ifle  of  Holt,  lies  in  lat.  44  23  N.   and  long.  6S   10 

depth  of  more  than  an  inch  and  an  half  in  the  body  of  W.  and  is  the  fouihernmoft  uf  the  large  ifles. — ib. 
a  dindon.               ■  Penobscot,  the  noble  river  which  empties  its  waters 

PENN,  Fort,  ftands  at  the  mouth  of  a  fmall  creek,  on  into  the  above  defcribed  bay,  is  the  moft  confidcrable 

the  weft  fide  of  Del. 1  ware  river,  in  Northampton  county,  in  the  Dillriift  of  Maine,  and  rifes  by  two  branches  in 

about  21  miles  north  of  the  town  of  Eafton,  and  near  the  high  lands.     Between  the  fource  of  the  weft  fork, 

70  noiih  of  Philadelphi.i.     N.  lat.  40  59,  W.  long.  75  and  its  jundlion   with  the  eaft,  is  Moofehead   Lake,  30 

13.    The  road  from  Philadelphia  to  Tioga  Point,  palfes  or  40  miles  long,  and    15  wide.     The  cafterii  brancli 

through  the  opening  in  the  Blue  Mountains,  called  Wmd  palfes  through  feveral  fmaller  lakes.     From  the  forks, 

Gajt,   alout  9  m  les  fouth-weft  of  this  fort — Morse.  as  they  are  called,  the  Penobfcot  Indians  pafs  to  Ca- 

Penn,  Port,  in  New-Caftle  county,  Delaware,  is  fitu-  nada,  up  either  branch,  principally  the  weft,  the  fource 

ated  on  the  W.   bank  of  Delaware  river,  oppcfite  to  of  which,  they  fay,  is  not  more  than   20  mile?  from 

Reedy  Ifland — ih.  the  waters  which  empty  into  the   St  Lawrence.     At 

PENNING  ION,  or /"^Tj/y/oTrw,  a  pleafant  and  fliur-  the  forks  is  a  remarkable  higli  mountain.     From  thence 

iftiing  village  in  Hu!iterdon  county,  New-Jerfev,  9  miles  down  to  Indian  Old  Town,  fituated  on  an   ifland  in 

W.  of  Piintcton,  an  J  36  N.  E.  by  N.  of  Philadelphia,  this  river,  is  about  C-.z>  miles,  40  of  which,  the  water 

It  contains  a  cliurch  for  public  worfhip,  and  about  40  flows  in  a  ftill  fmootJi  ftream,  and  in  the  v.liolc  diftance 

houfes. — //'.  there  are  no  falls  to  interrupt  the  p^tilage  of  boats.     In 

PjENN'S  Rocks,  two  clufters  of  iflands  in  the  broad- 


eft  and  fouth-weft  part  of  Hudfon's  Bay,  N.  .America; 
diftingiiillied  by  the  nimes  of  E.  and  VV.  Penn's. — ib. 

PtNN's,  a  townlhip  ot  Pcnnlylvania,  on  Sufquehan- 
nah  river. — ib. 

Penn's  Keck,  in  Sal>:m  county,  New-Jerfey,  lies  on 


this  diftance  the  river  widens  and  embraces  a  great 
number  of  iflands.  About  60  rods  belnv  Indian  Old 
Town  are  the  Great  Falls,  where  Is  a  carrying-place 
of  ab'iut  20  rods  ;  thence  12  miles  to  the  head  of  the 
tide  there  are  no  falls  to  obftruift  boats.  Velfels  of  30 
tons   come    within   a   mile  of    the   head   of   the   tide. 


Old  Man's  Crctk,  which  is  part  of  the  boundary  between  Tiience  ^^  miles  to  the  head  of  the  bay,  to  the  (cite  of 

Silem  and   Gloucefter  counties.      It  is  12  miles  N.  E.  Old  Ft-rt  Pownal,  the  river  flows  In  a  pretty  ftraight 

by  N.  of  Salem,  3-;  miles  troni  the  Delaware,  and  5  be-  courfc,  and  Is  eafily  navigated.     P:'ffing  by   Majaba- 

low  Swcdeft)  irough. — ib.  gadufe  on  the  eaft  7  miles,  and  Owl'sHead   2Q  miles 

Penn's  Nuk,  the  name  of  a  range  of  farms  of  excel-  further,  on  the  well,   you  enter  the  ocean.      It  is  high 

lent  foil,  fituated  about  a  mile  and  a  h.ilf  foiith  eaft  of  water  here,  at  full  and  change,  45  minutes  paft   10. 

Princeton  in  New-Jerfey,  on  a  point  of  land  formed  by  At   the   entrance   of  the  river   is    10   fatli.  ms   water. 

Mill  ftone  river  and  Stony  brook.     It  derived  Its  name  The  Indians  have  a  communication  from  this  liver  to 

from    the   celebrated   Icgiflator,   William    Pcnn,    who  Scooi.ick  river  by  a  pcrta.e  of  3   miles.     This  river 

formerly  owned  tl^is  ir.ift. — ib.  was  the  weftern  limits  oi  Nov.i-Scotia  or  Acadia,  by 

PENNSDOROUGH,  Eajl  and  H'tJ),  two  townnilps  the  treaty  of  Utrecht— /i. 

PENOB- 


Pt'pperL'l- 


PEP  [    IX 

Ptnobf.oti,  PEN'OBSCO  rS,  a  fmall  tribe  of  Indians  who  live 
in  Indian  Old  Town,  on  an  illand  in  Penobfcot  river. 
They  aver  that  they  have  pnirellvJ  the  ifiand,  on  which 
their  town  (lands,  500  yeais.  It  (lands  juft  above  the 
Great  Falls,  and  condfti  of  about  2co  acres  of  land. 
In  a  former  war,  this  tribe  lod  their  lands  ;  bnt  at  the 
cnmmencement  of  the  lafl  war,  the  Provincial  Congrefs 
forbade  any  perfon  fettling  on  the  lands  from  the  head 
of  the  tide  on  Penobfcot  liver,  included  in  lines  drawn 
iix  miles  from  the  river  on  each  fide;  that  is,  a  tradl 
12  miles  wide,  inti;rfei5>ed  by  the  middle  of  the  river. 
They,  however,  confider  that  they  have  a  right  to 
hunt  and  fifh  as  far  as  the  mouth  of  the  Bay  of  Penob- 
fcot extends.  This  was  their  original  right,  ih  oppo- 
fition  to  any  other  tribe,  and  they  now  occupy  it. — i'o. 

PENSACOLA  Harbour  and  T<min.  The  harbour 
is  on  the  N.  (liore  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  1 1  leagues 
eaft  of  Port  Lewis,  and  Mobile,  and  158  W.  of  the 
iflands  of  Tortuga.  It  is  large,  fale  from  all  winds, 
and  has  4  fathoms  water  at  its  entrance,  deepening 
gradually  to  7  or  8.  The  bar  lies  in  lat.  30  15  N.  and 
long-.  Sy  14  W.  The  town  of  Penfacola,  the  capital 
of  Weft-Florida,  lies  along  the  beach  of  the  bay,  is  of 
an  oblong  form  ;  about  a  mile  in  length,  and  a  quar- 
ter of  a  mile  in  breadth.  It  contains  feveral  hundred 
liabitation? ;  and  many  of  the  public  buildings  and 
houfes  are  fpacious  and  elegant.  The  governor's  pa- 
lace is  a  large  (lone  buildirig,  ornamented  with  a  tower, 
buill  bv  the  Spaniards.  It  is  defended  by  a  fmall  fort 
called  St  Mary  de  Galve.  The  exports  from  this  town, 
confiding  of  flcins,  li)gwood,  dying-ftuff  and  filver  dol- 
lar?, amounted,  while  in  the  pofl'eftion  of  the  Britifh, 
to  j^63,oco  annually.  The  avtrage  value  of  imports, 
'for  3  years,  from  Great  Britain,  was  ^97,000.  The 
town  and  fort  of  Penfacola  furrendered  to  the  arms  of 
Spain,  in  the  year  1781,  and  with  them  the  whole 
province.  Efcambia  river,  or  Shambe,  is  the  largeft 
(Iream  which  falls  into  Penfacola  Bay.  It  admits  fhal- 
lops  fome  miles  up,  and  boats  upwards  of  50  miles. 
^ib. 

PENTECOST,  an  ifland  in  the  ArMpelago  oftL- 
Great  Cyclades.  It  was  difcovered  by  Bouganville, 
May  22,  1768,  and  named  from  the  day,  being  the 
day  of  Pentecoft.  It  is  two  leagues  diftant  from  Au- 
rora lOand,  which  is  in  15  8  S.  lat.  and  165  38  E. 
long,  from  Paris. — ib. 

PENUCO,  a  province  of  Mexico,  feparated  from 
that  of  Angelos,  or  Tlafcala,  on  the  N.  by  Tufpa  ri- 
ver.— ih. 

PEPCHIDIACHICH,  a  point  or  head  land  on  the 
S.  Ihore  of  the  Great  Bay  of  Chaleurs,  near  the  N.  E. 
extremity  of  the  province  of  New-Brunfwick.  It  is  al- 
fo  called  Pepchidichi,  and  lies  W.  S.  W.  of  Port  David. 
— ;•*. 

PEPIN,  a  lake,  or  rither  a  dilatation  of  the  river 
M  (Tidippi,  where  it  receives  the  river  Chippeway  from 
the  N.  E.  in  lat.  44  5  N.  and  long.  93  42  W.  below 
the  Falls  of  St  Anthony. — ib. 

PEPPERELL,  a  townlhip  of  MalTachufetts,  on  the 
E.  branch  of  Nafliaway  river,  and  on  the  N.  line  of 
Middlefex  county.  It  joins  Groton  on  the  fouth-eall- 
ward,  and  is  40  miles  N.  by  W.  of  B.ifton.  It  was  in- 
corporated in  1753,  a"'^  contains  1132  inhabitant?.— i3. 
PEPPERELBO ROUGH,  a  townlhip  in  York  coun- 
ty, Diarift  of  Maine,  on  the  N.  E.  fide  of  Saco  river, 


o    ]  PEP 

near  the  moutb,  and  which  feparates  it  from  Biddeford  Pcpufck, 
to  the  fouthward.  It  is  about  12  miles  S.  W.  of  Port-  ^■'""^'''^j 
land,  and  109  N.  of  Boflon.     It  was  incorporated  in  j 

1772,  and  contains   1,352   inhabitants.^-;i. 

PEPUSCH  (John  Chriftopher),  one  of  the  greateft 
theoretic  muficians  of  modern  times,  as  we  are  told, 
w.is  born  at  Berlin  about  1667  ;  and  became  fo  early  a 
proficient  on  the  harpfichord,  that  at  the  age  of  14  he 
was  fent  for  to  court,  and  appointed  to  teach  the  prince, 
father  of  tlie  late  King  of  Pruflia.  About  1700,  he 
came  over  to  England,  and  was  retained  as  a  performer 
at  Drury  Lane  :  it  is  fuppofed  that  he  adifted  in  com- 
pofing  the  operas  which  were  performed  there.  While 
he  was  thus  employed,  he  forebore  not  to  profecute  his 
private  dudies  ;  and  thefe  led  him  to  enquire  into  the 
mufic  of  the  ancients,  and  the  perufal  of  the  Greek  au-  j] 

thors  upon  that  fubje<5l.  The  abilities  of  Pepufch,  as 
a  praiflical  compofer,  were  not  likely  to  become  a  fource 
of  wealth  to  him  :  his  mufic  was  corredl,  but  it  wanted 
variety  of  modulation,  Befides,  Handel  had  got  pof- 
fedion  of  the  public  ear,  in  the  opinion  of  whole  fupe- 
rior  merit  he  readily  acquiefced  ;  and  chofe  a  track  for 
himfelf,  in  which  he  was  almod  fure  to  meet  with  no 
obdruflion.  He  became  a  teacher  of  mufic,  not  the 
praiSiice  of  any  particular  indrument,  but  mufic  in  the 
abfolute  fenfe  of  the  word,  that  is  to  fay,  the  principles 
of  harmony  and  the  fcience  of  praflical  compofition  ; 
and  this,  not  to  children  or  novices,  bnt  in  very  many 
itidances  to  profe(rors  of  mufic  themfelves. 

In    17  13,  he  was  admitted  to  the  degree  of  Dodlor 
in   Mufic  at  Oxford,   and  continued   to  profecute  his 
dudies  with  great  adlduity.     In  1724,  he  accepted  an 
o(Fer  from  Dr  Berkeley  to  accompany  him  to  the  Ber- 
mudas,  and  to  fettle  as  profelFor  of  mufic  in  his  intend- 
ed college  there;  but  the  (hip  in  which  they  failed  be-  \ 
ing  wrecked,  he  returned   to  London,   and  married               li 
Francefca  Margarita  de  I'Epine.     This  perfon  was  a                | 
native  of  Tufcany,  and  a  celebrated  finger,  who  per-  9 
formed  in  fome  of  the  firft  of  the  Italian  operas  that  ■ 
were  reprefented  in  England.     She  came  hither  with 
one  Greber,  a  German,  and  from  this   connetlion  be- 
came diftinguifhed  by  the  invidious  appellation  of  Grc- 
Icr't  Peg.     Afterwards  fhe  commenced  a  new  connec- 
tion with  Daniel  Earl  of  Nottingham,  who  had  defend- 
ed the  orthodox  notion  of  the  Trinity  againd  the  heretic 
Whidon  ;  and  to  this  connexion  Rowe,  in  imitation  of 
Horace's,  "  Ne  fit  ancillse  tibi  amor  pudori,"  thus  aU 
ludes : 

Did  not  bafe  Greber's  Peg  inflame 
The  fober  earl  of  Nottingham, 

Of  fober  fire  defcended  ? 
That,  carelefsof  his  foul  and  fame, 
To  play-houfes  he  nightly  came 

And  left  church  undefended. 

She  continued  to  fing  on  the  dage  till  about  1718) 
when  having,  at  a  moded  computation,  acquired  above 
ten  thoufand  guineas,  (he  retired  from  the  theatre,  and 
afterwards  married  Dr  Pepufch.  She  was  remarkably 
tall,  and  remarkably  fwarthy  ;  and,  in  general,  fo  delli- 
tute  of  perfonal  charms,  that  Pepufch  feldom  called  her 
by  any  other  name  than  Hecate,  to  which  (lie  is  faid  to 
have  anfwered  very  readily. 

The  change  in  Pepufch's  circumftances  by  Marga- 
rita's fortune   was  no  interruption  to  his  dudies :  he 

loved 


Did.  new 
edi-. 


PER  [72 

loved  mufic,  and  he  purfued  the  knowledge  of  it  with 
ardour.  At  the  inftance  of  Gay  and  Rich,  he  under- 
took to  compofi,  or  rather  to  corredl,  the  niufic  for  the 
Beggar's  Opera.  His  reputation  was  now  at  a  great 
height.  He  Lad  perufed  with  greit  attention  thofe 
Iciferal  ancient  treatifcs  on  Harmonics,  publiflied  by 
Meibomius  and  that  of  Ptolemy  by  Dr  Waliis  j  and 
the  difficultiei  which  occurred  to  him  on  the  perufal, 
were  in  a  great  meafure  removed  by  his  friend  De 
Moivrethe  mathematician,  who  affiled  him  in  malting 
calculationb  lor  demonftrating  thofe  principles  on  which 
the  harmonic  fcience  is  fuunded.  In  confequence  of 
thefe  ftadie?,  he  was  elleemed,  in  matters  of  theory, 
one  of  the  bed  muficians  of  his  time.  In  1 737,  he  was 
chofen  nrganill  of  the  Charler-houfe,  and  retired,  with 
his  wife,  to  that  venerable  manfion.  The  wife  died  in 
1 740,  before  which  he  loll  a  fon,  his  only  child  ;  fo  that 
he  had  no  fourceof  delight  left,  but  the  prufecu;ion  of 
his  lludies,  and  the  teaching  of  a  few  favourite  pupils, 
who  attended  him  at  his  apartments.  Here  he  drew  up 
that  account  of  the  ancient  genera  which  was  read  be- 
fore the  Royal  Society,  and  is  publifhed  in  the  Philo- 
fophical  Tranfaftions  for  October,  November,  and  De- 
cember, 1746;  and,  foon  after  the  publication  of  that 
account,  he  was  chofen  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 
He  died  the  20'h  of  July,  1752,  aged  85;  and  was 
buried  in  the  chapel  of  the  Chaiter-houfe,  where  a  tablet 
with  an  Infcription  is  placed  over  him.* 

PEPY'S  ijaaJs,  the  fame  with  Falkland  Iflands. 
Pepy'i  Ifland,  deicribed  in  C  >mmodore  Anfon's  Voy- 
age, lies  in  lat.  47  S  8  leagues  E.  ot  Cape  Blanco,  on 
the  coalt  of  Patagonia,  and  was  difcovered  by  Capt. 
Cowley  in  1680,  who  reprelents  it  to  be  commodious 
for  taking  in  wood  and  water,  and  providtd  with  a  har- 
bour cipable  of  holding  1000  fad  of  ihips  ;  abound- 
ing with  fowls,  and  promihng  great  plenty  of  filh. — 
JlTorse. 

PEQUANACK,  a  townfliip  of  Morris  county, 
Newjerfey  ;  perhaps  tlie  fame  as  in  fome  maps  is  call- 
ed PegunnocL,  which  is  feparated  from  Bergen  county, 
northward  bv  Pegumock  river. — :b. 

PEQUANNOCK  Point  and  River.  The  river  is  a 
fmail  llream  which  runs  fonthw.ird  through  the  towns 
of  Huntington  anj  Stratford  in  Fairfield  county,  Con- 
necticut, and  empties  into  a  bay  in  the  Sound  where 
velltls  may  anchor.  Tiie  point  forms  the  weftern  ex- 
tremity of  the  bay  near  which  are  I'ome  rocks  ;  from 
thence  the  outer  bar  extends  N.  by  N.  E.  The  point 
is  5  miles  S.  W.  ot  Stratford  river. — ib. 

PERAMUS,  or  P.rames,  in  Bergen  county,  New- 
jerfey, lies  on  the  point  of  land  formed  by  the  branch- 
es of  Saddle  river,  a  north  water  of  Piliaik  ;  about  18 
miles  n'^rthward  of  B.-rgcn,  10  weft  of  Tappan,  and 
21  N-  W.  by  N.  of  New-Y  rk  city.— /i. 

PERCEE,  rifle,  a  fmdl  but  remaikable  ifland  on  the 
well  fide  of  the  Gulf  of  St  Lawrence,  being  a  perpen- 
dicular rock,  pierced  wirii  twonttural  arches,  through 
which  the  fe*  flows.  One  of  thtfe  arches  is  fuflkiently 
high  to  adnjit  a  large  boat  to  pafs  ireely  tliroU',;h  it.  It 
is  15  miles  f  luth  of  Cape  Gifpee.  It  !■;  affertcd  that  it 
was  formerly  joined  to  M  :unt  Joli,  which  lies  oppofite 
to  i'  ontheconti'  ent. — :b. 

PERClPANY.a  villasre  in  Moriii  county,  Nev^-Jor- 
fer,  litna'cd  on  a  branch  of  PalFaik  river,  and  6  miles 
N.  of  Moiiiflown. — ib. 

SuiTL.  Vol..   II. 


I     1  PER 

PERCUSSION,  Force  of  Percussion,  is  the  Percu(r.nn. 
name  by  which  mechanicians  diflinguifh  that  faculty  of  ^^^'^"''-^ 
producing  motion,  or  making  other  fenfible  mccljanical 
imprcfllonson  bodies,  by  means  of  the  ftroke  of  a  body 
in  motion.  It  is  neatly  the  fame  with  imji-ilfe;  only, 
it  would  feem  that  the  very  fcrupulous  and  refined  affeft 
to  limit  the  attention  to  the  immiJiatc  caufe  of  the  mo- 
tion, or  other  efftcl  produced  ;  to  the  fomething  that 
is  different,  both  from  the  force  fuppofed  to  be  inherent 
in  the  moving  body  (a  hammer  for  example),  and  the 
fubfequent  motion  and  penetiation  cf  the  nail  which  is 
driven  by  it.  We  may  venture  to  fay  th  st  it  is  need- 
lefs  to  attempt  any  inveftig  uion  cf  th  s  object.  It  is 
hid,  with  all  other  caufes  ot  all  other  efTefls  m  the  uni- 
verfe,  in  impenetrable  darknefs.  If  we  re  Red  en  the  con- 
flitution  of  our  own  mind,  fj  far  as  we  can  know  it  by 
experience  and  obfervation,  and  on  the  manner  in  which 
we  draw  conclufions,  we  mull  fee  tliat  the  knowledge 
of  the  efficient  caufe  of  any  elTecl  is  unattainable  ;  for 
were  the  intervening  fomething  pointed  out  to  us,  and 
clearly  conceived  by  us,  we  fhould  find  it  juft  as  necel"- 
fary  to  find  out  why  and  how  this  fomething  is  con- 
neefed  with  each  of  the  events  which  we  oblerve  it  in- 
variably to  connefl. 

But  a  knowledge  of  the  force  of  percuflion,  in  as  far 
as  it  may  or  may  not  be  diftinguilTiable  fiom  other 
forces,  is  not  unattainable.  We  can  learn  as  much, 
and  no  more,  concerning  this,  as  concerning  any  other 
force  ;  and  we  can  contemplate  that  ciicuniltance  which, 
in  our  opinion,  is  common  to  it  with  all  other  forces, 
and  may  perhaps  difcover  other  circumftances  in  which  ic 
differs  from  them.  But  in  all  this  dilquifi.ion,  it  is  plain 
that  it  is  only  events,  which  we  conceive  to  be  the  cha- 
raifleriftic  effcds  of  the  caufe,  that  we  contemplate. 

Percuflion,  confidered  as  an  cfFeifl,  charafletiilic  of  a 
particular  faculty  of  moving  bodies,  became  an  objeifl  of 
anxious  refearch,  almoft  as  foon  as  philofophers  began 
to  think  of  motion  and  moving  forces  at  all.  The  an- 
cients (as  has  been  obl'erved  in  the  article  Impvlsion, 
Suppl.)  contented  themfelves  with  ve^-y  vague  I'pecula- 
lions  on  the  fubjefl.  Galileo  was  the  lirll  who  con- 
fidered  it  as  a  meafurable  thing,  theobjcift  of  malh':ma- 
tical  difcufljon  ;  being  encouraged  by  his  precious  difco- 
very  of  the  laws  of  accelerated  motion,  and  the  ve;  y  re- 
fined meafure  which  thefe  gave  him  of  the  power  cf 
giavity.  It  was  a  meafure  of  the  heavinefs,  nm  of  the 
weight,  of  the  body;  and  this  was  me.ifuied  by  it>  acce- 
leration, and  not  by  its  pieilure.  Encouraged  by  this,  he 
lioped  to  find  fome  fuch  meafure  of  the  lorce  of  percul- 
fion,  which  he  law  fu  int  mately  coiintifled  with  motion; 
whereas  its  crnneiflion  with  preifure  was  far  Irom  bei:ig 
obvious.  He  therefore  tried  to  convert  the  terms; 
and  as  he  had  found  a  meafure  of  tlie  preifure  (  f  gra- 
vity in  the  acceleration  of  motion,  he  endeavoured  £0 
find  in  preffure  a  meafure  of  tlie  force  of  percuflion 
ariling  from  this  acceleration.  He  endeaviurcd  to.  find 
the  num!  cr  of  pounds,  whi>fe  pielfure  is  cqj  il  to  the 
blow  if  a  given  body,  moving  with  a  gi^ei  veljci^y. 
The  velocity  was  known  t>)  h.m  with  grca"  precifion, 
by  means  of  the  heiglit  from  which  the  bail  mull  fall 
in  Older  to  acquire  it.  It  fcenis  pretty  clear  th.u  per- 
cullion  may  be  meafurcd  in.  this  way:  for  <i  bjdy  fall- 
ing from  a  height  will  p'cice  an  un  frmly  leiiaci  us 
body  to  a  certain  degree,  and  no  fuither;  and  expeii- 
mcni  lliews  that  this  dcgite  of  penetiation  is  very  pre- 
4  Z  cifr 


PER 


C    722    3 


PER 


rerctinion.  cife  and  condanc.  The  fame  body,  being  merely  laid 
^•^"^''"'*^  on  the  tenacious  body,  will  penetrate  to  a  fmall  depth 
by  its  weight.  Laying  more  weight  on  it,  will  make 
it  penetrate  deeper;  and  a  certain  weight  will  malie  it 
penetrate  as  deep  as  the  fall  did,  and  no  deeper.  Thus, 
pcrciillion  feems  very  eafily  meafurable  by  weight,  or 
by  any  prelfure  fimilar  to  that  of  weight.  It  appears 
that  G.ilileo  made  experiments  with  this  view,  and  that 
l:e  was  dif.ippointed,  and  obliged  to  acquiefce  in  the 
opinion  of  Arillotle,  that  percuffion  and  weight  are  in- 
comparable. He  propofes,  therefore,  another  experi- 
ment, namely,  to  drop  a  body  into  the  fcale  ct  a  ba- 
lance  from  greater  and  greater  heightf,  till  at  lad  the 
blow  on  the  fcale  raifes  a  weight  that  lies  in  the  other 
fcale.  This  ofters  itfelf  fo  plaufibly,  that  we  are  per- 
fuaded  that  Galileo  tried  it  :  but  as  he  makes  no  men- 
tion of  the  refults,  we  prefume  that  they  were  unfatis- 
faflory. 

Neither  of  thefe  experiments  could  give  us  a  meafure 
of  the  force  of  percullion,  if  this  force  be  any  thing 
different  from  the  forces  which  are  exci:ed  or  brought 
into  aiftion  by  percuffion,  in  the  manner  defcribed  in  the 
article  Impulsion,  Stippl.  When  the  ball  comes  into 
phyfical  contact  with  the  fcale,  it  begins  to  comprefs  it. 
This  comprefTion  begins  to  llretch  the  ftrings  by  which 
the  fcale  is  fupported.  Thefe  pull  at  the  arm  of  the 
balance,  and  caufe  it  to  prefs  the  centre-pin  a  little 
harder  on  its  fupport,  and  to  bend  the  balance  a  little, 
and  caufe  it  to  pull  at  the  cords  which  fupport  the 
other  fcali.  That  fcale  is  pulled  upwards,  diminifhing  a 
little  its  prelfure  on  the  ground,  and  preffing  it  harder 
to  the  incumbent  weight.  Thefe  forces  are  excited  in 
fuccejjion  from  the  one  fcale  to  the  other,  and  a  fmall 
moment  of  time  elapfes.  The  readlion  of  the  fcale  di- 
nilniflies,  but  does  not  inflantaneoufly  ar.nihilate,  the 
velocity  of  the  falling  ball.  It  therefore  compreffes  the 
fcale  ftiU  more,  ftretches  the  threads,  prefles  the  ful- 
crum, and  bends  the  balance  llill  more  (becaufe  the 
weight  in  the  other  fcale  keeps  it  down).  The  velo- 
city of  the  falling  ball  is  rapidly  diminilhtd  ;  the  ba- 
lance is  more  bent,  and  pulls  more  llrongly  upwards  at 
tlie  threads  of  the  other  fcale;  and  thus  preffes  that 
fcale  more  llrongly  againfl  the  incumbent  weight,  gra- 
dually communicating  more  and  more  motion  to  it,  re- 
moving it  farther  from  the  ground,  till,  at  lad,  the  mo- 
tion bscomes  fenfible,  or  fo  confiderable  as  to  difengage 
fome  delicate  catch  as  a  fignal.  The  experiment  is  now 
finillied  ;  and  the  mechanician  fondly  thinks  that,  at  this 
indant,  the  prelfure  excited  by  the  percuffion,  between 
the  oppofite  fcale  and  the  under  fide  of  the  incumbent 
■weight,  is  juft  equal,  or  but  a  very  little  fuperior,  to  the 
prelfure  of  the  incumbent  weight  :  and,  fmce  the  arms 
of  the  balance  are  equal,  and  therefore  the  prelTures  on 
the  twofcales  are  equal,  he  imagines  that  that  weight 
exerts  a  prelfure  equal  to  the  percuffion  of  the  falling 
ball. 

But  all  this  is  mifconceptlon,  and  alfo  falfe  reafon- 
Ing.  It  is  n(  t  percuffion  that  we  are  meafuring,  but 
the  prelfures,  excited  by  percuffion,  on  the  two  fcales. 
And  thefe  prelfures  are  the  forces  of  elafticity  or  expan- 
fivenei',  belonging  to,  or  inherent  in,  the  particles  of 
the  balls  and  the  Icales  ;  forces  which  are  brought  into 
aaion  by  the  approach  of  thofe  bodies  to  each  other. 
This  reafoning  is  ilfs  erroneons;  and  we  feould  beinif- 


taken  if  we  think  that  the  preflTure  ai^ually  exerted  is  Percuflioii, 

equal  to  that  of  the  weight  in  the  oppofite  fcale.     It  is  '-^"^'''^^ 

greater  than  the  mere  prelfure  of  that  weight.    The  re- 

adion  of  the  oppofite  fcale   on  its  load   was   prccifely 

equal  to  that  weight  before  the  ball  was  dropped  from 

the  hand  ;  and,  had  the  ball  been  equal  to  that  weight, 

and  fimply  laid  into  the  fcale  on  which  it  falls,  it  would 

have  made  no  change  on  the  mutual  prelfures  of  the 

fcale  and  thexither  weight ;  it  would  only  have  relieved 

the  ground  from  the  prelfure  of  that  weight,  and  would 

have  brought  it  on  the  threads  which  fupport  its  fcale. 

The  prelfure  of  this  fcale  upwards  mull  be  increafed, 

before  it  can  ftart  the  weight  fenfibly  fiom  the  ground. 

How  much  it  muft  be  increafed  depends  on  the  ipringi- 

nefs  of  the  fcales,  cords,  and  beam.      By  a  proper  ad>- 

juftment  of  thefe  particulars,  the  apparatus  will  give  us 

almoll  any  meafure  of  percuffion  that  we  choofe.     For 

this  reafon,  the  improvements  made  on  it  by  Gravefande 

are  of  no  value.     The  fame  reafoning,  nearly,  may  be 

applied  to  the  meafurements  of  the  force  of  percuffion 

by  means  of  the  penetration  of  folt  bodies. 

Galileo  mentions  another  very  curious  experiment, 
by  which  he  thought  that  he  had  obtained  a  jull  mea- 
fure of  percuffion.  A  velfel,  filled  with  water,  was 
ful'pended  on  the  arm  of  a  balance,  with  another  velfel 
hanging  from  it,  a  great  way  below.  All  was  exadly 
balanced  by  a  weight  in  the  oppofite  fcale.  By  means 
of  a  fuitable  contrivance,  a  hole  was  opened  in  the 
bottom  of  the  upper  veffel,  without  difturbing  the 
equilibrium.  As  foon  as  the  water  ilfued,  and  while  it 
was  falling  through  the  air,  that  end  of  the  balance  rofe  ; 
but  when  the  water  ftruck  the  lower  velfel,  the  equili- 
brium was  reftored,  and  continued  during  the  whole 
time  of  the  efflux.  Hence  Galileo  concluded,  that  the 
force  of  the  llroke  was  equal  to  the  weight  of  the  fall- 
ing water.  But  we  apprehend  that  the  obfervations 
made  on  this  in  the  article  Impulsion,  Suppl.  will  con- 
vince the  reader  that  this  conclufion  is  far  from  being 
legitimate.  Befides,  the  (Iroke,  in  any  one  inftant,  is 
made  by  thofe  particles  only  which  ftiike  in  that  in- 
ftant, while  the  whole  vein  of  water  between  the  veflels 
is  neither  ading  by  its  v/eight  on  the  upper  velfel,  nor 
by  its  llroke  on  the  lower  ;  and  we  fliould  conclude 
from  the  experiment,  that  the  force  of  percuffion  is  in- 
finitely greater  than  the  weight  of  the  ftriking  body. 
Indeed  this  is  the  inference  made  by  Galileo.  But  if 
we  have  recourfe  to  the  experiments  and  reafonings  o£ 
Daniel  Bernoulli,  in  the  article  Resistance  of  Fluids, 
Eucycl.  we  fhall  find  that  the  feeming  impulfe  on  the 
lower  velfel  is  really  a  moft  complicated  pure  prelfure, 
and  of  moft  uncertain  determination.  The  experiment 
is  valuable,  and  gives  room  for  curious  refleiflions.  We 
have  repeated  it,  in  a  great  variety  of  forms,  and  with 
greatchangesof  impulfe,  and  fomeiimes  infuchamanner 
that  no  impulfe  whatever  can  obtain,  while  at  the  fame  ■ 
time  a  quantity  of  water  was  falling,  unfupported  by 
either  velfel.  In  all  the  trials  the  equdibrium  remained 
undifturbed.  We  were  obliged  to  conclude,  therefore,, 
that  the  expeiiment  afforded  no  meafure  of  percuffion,  . 
Indeed  we  were  of  this  opinion  before  making  the  trial,  , 
for  the  reafons  juft  now  given. 

We  cannot  fay  that  the  fubfequent  labours  of  philo- 
fophers  have  added  much  to  our  knowledge  of  this  mat- 
ter.    Mr  Leibnitz  had  contrived  his  whimQcal  dodirae 


PER 


C    723    ] 


PER 


»w«<fi^  of  living  and  aVarf forces.  Theaftionnf  gravity,  or  of  the  method  of  indivifibles.  We  look  upon  the  firange  PercuffioE. 
a  fpriDg,  is  a  T;/t>;'j'i7,  when  it  aftualljr  produced  motion  things  which  have  been  inculcated,  with  pertinacious  *"'"''~*^ 
in  ihe  body  on  which  it  adls;  but  when  a  ftcne  lies  on  zeal  in  tliis  doflrine  of  percuffion  and  vir.-s  viva,  as  the 
A  table,  and  prefFcs  on  it,  this  preflure  is  a  i<is  mortua.  moft  remarkable  example  of  tlje  errors  into  which  the 
Its  exertion  \s  made,  and  in  the  fame  inflant  dellroyed,  unguarded  ufe  of  Calvaleriui's  Indivifibles,  and  of  the 
by  an  oppolite  vii  mortua.  Each  of  thefe  exertions  Leibnitzian  notion  of  the  infinitefimal  calculus,  have 
would  have  produced  a  ^c^iiniwj  of  motion  (fomething  led  eminent  mathematicians.  It  is  not  true  that  the 
different  from  any  the  fm.illeft  local  motion);  and  the  prefTure,  and  the  ultimate  force  of  percuffion,  have  this 
fum  of  all  would,  after  a  certain  time,  have  amounted  relation  ;  nor  has  the  preffure  and  the  refultin-T  motion, 
to  a  fenfible  motion  and  velocity.  There  feems  no  di-  which  is  miftaken  for  the  meafure  of  this  ultiniate  force, 
l>infl  conception  to  accompany,  or  that  can  accompa-  any  mathematical  relation  whatever.  The  relation  is 
ny,  this  language.  And  as  a  proof  that  Leibnitz  had  purely  phyfical  ;  it  is  the  relation  of  pure  caufe  and  ef- 
no  diftinft  conceptions  of  the  matter,  he  has  recourfe  feft  ;  and  all  that  we  know  of  it  is  their  conftant 
to  this  very  experiment  of  Galileo  in  fupportof  his  ge-  conjunftion.  The  relation  of  fluxion  and  fluent  is  not 
nefis  of  a  fenfible  motion  from  the  continual  exertions  of  a  mathematical  or  meafurable  relation,  but  a  connec- 
ihe  vis  mortua;  and  he  concludes  that  the  force  of  per-  tion  in  thought;  which  is  fufficient  for  making  the 
cuflion  is  infinitely,  or  incomparably,  greater  than  pref-  one  an  indication  oi  the  other,  and  the  mealures  of  the 
fure,  becaufe  it  is  the  fum  total  of  an  infinity  of  indivi-  proportions  of  the  one  a  mean  for  obtaining  a  meafure 
dual  exertions  of  vis  mortua.  Nothing  but  the  autho-  of  the  proportions  of  the  other.  In  this  point  of  view, 
rity  which  Leibnitz  has  acquired  on  the  continent,  by  the  relation  of  prelfure  to  motion,  as  the  meafure  of  the 
the  zealous  efforts  of  his  partizans,  could  excufe  our  ta-  force  of  percuffion,  rcfembles  that  of  fluxion  and  fluent, 
king  up  any  time  in  confidering  this  unintelligible  dif-    but  is  not  the  fame. 

courfe.  Surely,  if  there  is  fuch  a  thing  as  a  vis  viva,  Much  has  been  faid  by  the  partizans  of  Mr  Leib- 
it  exifts  in  the  moving  water,  and  its  impulfions  are  not  nitz  about  the  incomparablenefs  of  preffure  and  percuf- 
eontinual  exertions  of  a  vis  mortua.  Nor  is  it  poffible  fl  >n,  and  many  experimental  proofs  have  been  adJucid 
to  conceive  continual  impulfe,  nor  a  beginning  of  mo-  of  the  incomparable  fuperiority  of  the  latter.  Buliin- 
tion  that  is  not  motion,  Sec.  &c.  It  is  paradoxical  (and  ger  fays,  that  the  preffure  of  many  tons  will  not  caufe 
Leibnitz  loved  to  raife  the  wonder  of  his  followers  by  a  fpike  to  penetrate  a  block  of  hard  oak  half  fj  far  as 
paradoxes)  to  fiy  that  percuffion  is  infinirely  greater  it  may  be  driven  by  a  weak  man  w^  one  blow  of  a 
than  preffure,  when  we  fee  that  preffure  can  do  every  mallet ;  and  that  a  moderate  blow  ■^Bi  a  fmall  hammer 
thing  that  can  be  done  by  percuffion.  Nay,  Euler,  by  will  ftiiver  to  powder  a  diamond,  winch  would  carry  a 
far  the  moft  able  fupporter  of  the  doftrines  of  Leibnitz  mountain  without  being  hurt  by  its  preffure.  Nay,  eVen 
about  the  force  of  bodies  in  motion,  adually  compares  Mr  Camus,  of  the  Academy  of  Paris,  a  ftaunch  Garte- 
thefe  two  forces  ;  and,  in  his  commentary  on  Robins's  fian, and  aneminent  mechanician, fays  that  he  beatalead- 
Artillery,  demonftrates,  in  his  way,  that  when  a  muf-  en  bullet  quite  flat  with  a  hammer  of  one  pouni^'cight, 
ket  ball,  m  iving  with  the  velocity  of  1700  feet  per  fe-  without  much  force  ;  and  that  he  found  that  200  pounds 
cond,  penetrates  five  inches  into  a  block  of  elm,  the  weii;ht  would  not  have  flattened  it  more  than  this  blow  : 
force  of  its  percuffiin  is  107,760  times  its  weight.  John  and  he  concludes  from  thence,  that  the  force  of  the 
Bernoulli  leftrids  the  inriiiite  ma<;nitude  of  perculliun  blow  exceeded  200  pounds.  Tnele,  to  be  fure,  are  re- 
markable fadls,  and  juliify  a  more  minute  conlideration 
ol  a  power  of  producing  certain  effects,  wliich  is  fo  fre- 
quently and  fo  ufelully  employed.  But,  at  the  fame 
time,  thefe  are  all  very  vaijue  expreilions,  and  they 
do  not  authorife  any  preclfe  conclufions  from  ihcm. 
Mr  Camus  fa)ing  "  wihout  much  force,"  makes  his 
pound  weight,  and  his  200  pound  weight,  of  no  ufe  for 
determining  the  force  ci  the  blow.  He  would  have  gi- 
ven more  precife  and  applicable  data  for  his  decifion, 
had  he  told  us  frcmi  wliat  height  tiie  hammer  fli -uld 


to  the  cafe  of  perfeflly  hard  bodies  ;  and,  fir  this  rea- 
fon  alone,  fays,  that  there  can  be  none  fuch  in  the  uni- 
verfe.  But,  as  ihi^  julUy  celebrated  mathematician 
fcouts  with  fciirn  the  nntion  ot  atiraflions  and  repul- 
fi'/ns,  he  mull  allow,  that  an  nhimate  atom  of  matter 
is  unchangeable  in  its  form  ;  whi^-h  we  take  to  be  fyno. 
rymoiis  wicii  faying  that  it  is  perfciflly  hard.  What 
mull  be  the  reftilt  of  one  atom  in  motion  hitting  ano- 
ther at  reft?  Here  muH  be  an  indanraiic^iis  produc- 
tion of  a  finite  velocity,  and  an  infinite  pcrcufli'-n.     A 


doftrine  which  reduces  its  abettors  to  luch  fuliterfuges,  fall  in  order  to  flatten  the  bullet  to  this  degree.     But 

and  engages  the  mind  in  fuch  puz/ling  contempl.itions,  even  then  we  Ihould  not  h  ive  obtained  anr  notion  of 

cannot   (to  fay   the  hell  of  it)   be  (hied  an   kxplana-  the  tnrce  in  ai.1ual  exertion  during  the  flattening  of  the 

TION  of  the  laws  of  Nature.     The  wlvle  language  un  bullet;  for  the  blow  which  could  flatten  the  bullet  in  a 

the  fubjedl  is  full  of  paradoxes  and  obfrnrities.      In  or-  longer  or  a  fhorter  lime, would  unqneftionably  have  been 

der  to  reconcile  this  infinite  macnitude  ot   percuffion  lefa  or  greater. 


with  the  obferved  finite  nngniiude  of  its  effe(^ts,  they 
■fay  that  the  preffure,  or  inllantaneous  etlort.  has  the 
fame  relation  to  the  force  of  [lercnflion  that  an  element 
has  to  its  integral  ;  and  in  maintaining  this  aiferlion, 
they  continually  conlkler  this  integral  uiijtr  the  erprels 
denomination  of  a  fum  total,  robhin.;  Leibi.iir.'s  great 
difcovcry  ol  the  infinitefimtl  ra'culu- of  every  fuperinr- 
ity  that   it   poffeffed  over  VValli^'s    Ariliimc'ic  <il    Infi- 


All  \hi  par'doxes,  obfcuriiics,  and  puzzling  dilTicuI- 
ties,  in  this  fubjt-ifl  difappear,  if  we  leave  out  of  our 
conlideration  that  unintelligible  foice,  which  is  fuppo- 
fed  to  preferve  a  body  in  motion  or  at  reft  ;  and  if  we 
confider  both  of  thefe  llates  of  body  as  conditions  wliirh 
will  continue,  unlefs  fom;  adevjuaic  caufe  operate  x 
charge  ;  and  if  we  larther  grant,  that  fuv;h  caufes  do 
really  exift  in  the  univerle,  however  unknown  their  na- 


aites,  and  really  employing  all  the  erroneous  pi  aifliccs  of   ture  maybe  by  us;  and,  laftly,  if  we  acknowledge, 

4 '^  2  <)m> 


PER 


C    724    ] 


PER 


Pcrcumon.  that  the  phenomena  of  ebflicity,  expnnfivenefs,  cohe- 
""^'"'''^'^  fion,  gravity,  magnstifni,  ek-aricity,  are  indicatinns  of 
the  agency  of  fuch  caul'es,  and  tlnit  their  aftual  exer- 
tinns,  and  the  motions  and  changes  conlequent  on  thefe 
eicitidns,  are  fo  invariably  conne(fted  whh  particular 
bodies,  that  they  always  accompany  their  appearance 
in  certain  miitUrtl  relatinns  of  dillance  and  pofition  : — it 
we  proceed  thus,  all  the  phenomena  of  collifion  will  be 
exp'aiiied  by  thtfe  caufes  alone,  without  (uppofuig  the 
exiftuice  and  agency  of  a  caufe  dillini.'t  from  them  all, 
and  incomparaLile  vsilh  them,  called  the  force  of  pf.r- 

CUSSiON. 

For  it  has  been  fufficiently  demonltrated  in  the  article 
Impulsion  (SuJ^f'l.J,  that  that  property  of  tangible  co- 
herent matter,  which  we  cMperfia  f/a^.V/Vj', operates  as  a 
picll'ure  during  a  certain  fmall  portion  of  time  on  both 
bodies,  diminilhing  more  and  more  the  motion  of  the 
one,  and  augmenting  tliut  of  the  other,  as  the  compref- 
fion  of  one  or  both  mcreafes,  till  at  laft  they  feparate 
with  fenfible  velocities.  In  fome  very  fimple  or  per- 
fpicuous  cafes,  we  know  what  this  prelTure  is  in  every 
inftaiit  of  the  action.  We  can  tell  how  many  pounds 
weight,  at  rell,  will  exert  the  fame  prelfure.  We  can 
tell  the  whole  duration  of  tliis  prelfure,  and  the  fpace 
along  which  it  is  exeited  ;  and,  in  fuch  a  cafe,  we  can 
fay  with  precifion  what  moiion  will  be  generated  by 
this  continued  and  varied  prelfure  on  the  body  which 
was  at  reft,  and  what  diminution  will  be  made  in  the 
motion  of  the  other.  All  this  can  be  done  in  the  cafe 
of  a  ball  A  (tig.  i.),  moving  like  a  pendulum  with  a 
Plate  XLI.  fimll  velocity,  and  ftriking  a  flender  elaftic  hoop  B, 
alfo  fufpended  like  a  pendulum.  We  can  afcertain 
by'  experiment,  before  the  collifion,  what  preffure  is 
neced'ary  for  compreffing  it  one  inch,  one-half,  one- 
tourih,  &c.  Knowing  this,  and  the  weight  of  the 
hoop,  and  the  weight  and  velocity  of  the  ball,  we 
can  tell  every  circunidance  of  the  collifion — how  long 
the  comprellion  continues — what  is  the  greateft  coni- 
preihon — how  far  the  bodies  have  moved  while  they 
were  aiSting  on  each  other — and  what  will  be  the  final 
motion  of  each  : — in  fliort,  every  thing  that  affords  any 
mark  or  meafure  of  a  force  of  percuffion.  And  we 
know  that  all  this  is  produced  by  a  force,  familiarly 
known  to  us  by  the  name  of  elaflicity.  Which  of  all 
thefe  circumRances  Ihall  be  called  the  perculhon,  or  the 
force  of  percuQ'ion?  Ij  it  tlie  ul'imate  or  greateft  pref- 
fure occafioned  by  the  coniprcffion  ?  This  cannot  be, 
becaufe  this  a/one  will  not  be  proportional  to  the  final 
change  of  motion,  which  is  generally  taken  as  a  mea- 
fure of  the  percuffion  when  a  change  of  motion  is  its 
onlv  obferved  efl'efl. 

We  kiiOw  that  another  petfeflly  ehiRic  body,  of  the 
fame  weight,  and.ftruck  by  the  lame  blow,  and  acqui- 
ring the  fame  final  velocity  by  the  firoke,  may  not  have 
fullained  (he  tenth  part  of  the  prelfure,  in  .any  one  in- 
ilant  of  the  collifion,  if  it  has  only  been  much  more 
compielfible.  The  greateft  mutual  preffure  in  the  col- 
lifion of  a  billiard  ball  is  perhaps  1000  times  greater 
than  it  is  in  a  fimilar  coUilion  of  a  foot-ball  of  the  lame 
weitrht. 

We  alfo  know  what  degree  of  comprefiion  will  break 
this  hoop,  and  what  prelfure  will  produce  this  com- 
prelfion.  Thercfur.e,  Ihould  the  fraflure  of  the  body 
be  confidered  ^s  the  mark  an^. meafure  of  the  percuf. 
fion,  we,  kcow  what  blow  will  jull  ptoduce  it,    and 


be  exhaufttd  by  fo  doing.  In  fhort,  we  know  every  Percuffion. 
mi<rk  and  meafure  of  percuffion  which  this  hoop  can  ex-  *>-'"^^^^-^ 
hibit. 

We  can  increafe  the  (Irength  of  this  hoop  till  it  be- 
comes a  folid  difk  ;  and  we  fee  clearly,  that  in  all  thefe 
forms  the  mode  of  a<5ling  is  the  fame.  We  fee  clearly 
that  it  is  the  fame  when,  iiiftead  of  the  folid  dilTc,  it  is 
an  elallic  ball ;  therefore  every  thing  that  can  indicate 
or  meafure  tiie  percuflion  of  an  elaftic  ball,  is  explained 
without  the  operation  ot  a  peculiar  force  of  percufiion, 
even  when  the  ball  is  Ihivered  to  pieces  by  the  blow. 

Nor  is  the  cafe  materially  different  when  the  bodies 
are  foft,  or  imperfeiftly  elallic.     When  the  Rruck  body 
is  uniformly  tenacious,  it  oppofes  a  uniform  refiftance 
to  penetration,  and  its  motion  will  be  uniformly  acce- 
lerated by   the  adion  of  its  own  tenacity  during  the 
whole  time  of  mutual  aftion,  except  a  trifling  variation 
occafioned  by  the  mere  motion  of  the  internal  parts, 
independent  of  their  tenacity.     If  we  knew  the  weight 
necelfary   for  merely   penetrating   this   mafs,  and  the 
weight  and  velocity  of  the  penetrating  body,  we  can 
tell  how  long  it  muit  be  relilteJ   by  this  force  before 
it.s    initial  velocity  will  be  annihilated,  and  therefore 
how  far  it  will  penetrate.     We   have  tried  this  with 
deal,  birch,  willow,  and  other  foft  woods  of  uniform 
texture,  and   with   nails   having   the    body   fomewhat 
llenderer  than  the  end,  that  there  might  not  be  an  irre- 
gularity occafioned   by  a  friiflion   on   the   fides  of  the 
nail,  continually  increafing  as  the  penetration  advanced. 
We  made  the  hammer  fall  from  a  confiderable  height, 
and  hit  the  nail  with  great  accuracy  in  the  diredtion  of 
its  length,  by  fixing  it  to  the  end  of  a  long  latli,  move- 
able round  an  axis.     The  refults  correfponded  with  the 
calculation  with  all  the  precifion  that  could  be  defired. 
Eut  it  does  not  refult  from  all  this  agreement,  that 
the  force,  exertion,  or  effefl,  of  a  blow  with  a  hamm.er 
is  equal  to  the  prelfure  of  any  number  of  pounds  what- 
ever.    They  are  things  that  cannot  be  compared  ;  and 
yet  the  force  opeiating  in  the  penetration  by  a  blow  is 
no  way  different    from   a  prelfure       It  is  a  phyfical 
blunder  to  compare  the  area   of  the  curve,  whofe  ab- 
fcilfa  is  the  depth  of  penetration,  and  the  ordinates  are 
as  the  refifiances,  with  any  prelfure  whatever.     This 
area  exprefl'es  the  fquare  of  a  velocity,  and  its  flips, 
bounded  by  parallel  ordinates    indefinitely  near  each 
other,  are  as  the  decrements  of  this  fquare  of  a  velo- 
city, occrtfioned  by  a  prelfure,  aifling  almoft  uniformly 
along  a  very  I'mall  fpace,  or  during  a  very  fmall  time. 
It  is  an  abfurdity  therefore  to  fura  up  thefe  flips  as  fo 
many  preflures,  and  to  confiJer  the  fum  total  as  capa- 
ble of  exprelfmg  any  weight  whatever.   Such  a  parallo- 
gifm  is  peculiar  to  Leibnitz's  way  of  conceiving  his  infi- 
nitefinial  method,  and  it  could  have  no  place  in  the  ge- 
nuine method  of    fluxions.      It  is  this   mifconceplicn 
that  has  made  Mr  Leibnitz  and  his  followers  fuppofe 
that  a  body,  accelerated  by  gravity,  retains  in  it  a  lum 
total  of  aJl  the  preli'ures  of  gravity  accumulated  during 
its  fall,  and  now  forming  a  "vis  i-iva.     Suppofing  that 
it  requires  a  preffure  of  twenty  pounds  to  prefs  a  fix 
pound  Oiot  flowly  through  a  mafs  of  uniforntly  refill- 
ing clay  ;    this  preffure  would  carry   it  from  the  top 
to  the  bottom  of  a  mountain  ot  fuch  clay.     Yet  this 
ball,  if  difcharged  horizontally  from  a  cannon,  would 
penetrate  only  a  few  yards,  even  though  the  clay  (houKl 
refill  by  tenacity  only,  independent  of  the  motion  loll  by 

giving 


PER  C     725     ]  PER 

rercufiiou.  giving  OT7/;'>«  to  its  internal  parts.  In  this  experiment,  the  elude  an  almo.1  infinite  power  of  percuffion,  from  ob-  PercufTion, 

^^"^^^^^  uinidlt  preiluie  exerted  during  the  motion  ot  the  ball  did  ferving,  that  a  particle  of  fand,  diopped  into  a  thick  II. 

not  much  exceed  the  prellure  of  twenty  pounds.  In  this  giafs  bottle  which  has  not  been  annealed,  will  Ihiver  it  to  T'^'''^"^^. 
comparifon,  therefore,  percuflion,  fofartroin  appearing  pieces.  When  Mr  Bui  finger  fays  that  a  modeiate  blow 
inliiiiiely  greater  than  prelfure,  would  appear  much  will  brenk  a  diamond  which  could  carry  a  mountain, 
lels.  But  there  is  peihapi  no  body  that  refills  pt;ne-  he  not  only  fays  a  thing  of  which  he  cannot  demon- 
tration  with  perfe<5>  uniformity,  even  though  uniformly  Urate  the  truth,  and  which,  in  all  probability,  is  net 
tenacious.  When  the  ball  has  penetrated  to  feme  tiue;  but  he  omits  noticing  a  circumllance  which  he 
depth,  the  panicles  which  are  before  it  cannot  be  fo  was  mechanician  enough  to  know  would  have  a  confi- 
eafily  dlfplaccd,  even  although  they  had  no  tenacity,  derable  Ihare  in  the  effe>5l.  W^e  mean  the  rapidity  with 
becaufe  the  particles  adjoining  are  more  hemmed  in  by  which  the  e.xcited  prellure  increafes  to  its  maximum  in 
thofe  beyond  them.  W^e  have  always  obferved, that  a  ball  the  cafe  of  a  blow.  In  the  experiment  in  quellion,  tlilt 
impelled  by  gunpowder  through  water  lifes  toward  the  happens  in  lefs  than  the  millionth  part  of  a  fecond,  if  the 
furface  (havmg  entered  horizontally  through  the  fide  veloci'y  of  the  hammer  has  been  fuch  as  a  man  would 
of  the  veli'd  at  fome  depth),  and  this  fo  much  the  more  generate  in  it  by  a  very  moderate  exertion.  For  the 
rapidly  as  it  entered  nearer  10  the  furtace.  The  reafon  blow  which  will  drive  a  good  lath  nail  to  the  head  in  a 
is  plain.  The  particles  which  mull  be  difplaced  before  piece  ot  foft  deal  with  an  ordinary  carpenter's  hammer, 
the  ball,  efcape  more  ealily  upwards  than  in  any  other  murt  be  accounted  moderate.  This  we  have  learned  by 
diiedtion.  It  is  for  this  reafon  chiefly  that  a  greater  experiment  to  be  above  25  feet  per  fecond.  The  con- 
weight  laid  on  the  head  of  a  nail  will  caufe  it  to  fink  r.eif^ing  forces  exerted  between  the  particles  of  the  din- 
deeper  into  the  wood  ;  and  thus  a  great  weight  appears  mond  may  not  have  time  fufllcient  for  their  excitation 
to  be  commenfurable  with  a  great  force  of  percullion..  in  the  remote  parts,  fo  as  to  (hare  the  derangement 
^\lfo,  while  a  bullet  is  flattening  more  and  more  under  among  them  all,  in  fuch  a  manner  that  it  may  be  fo 
a  hammer  during  the  progrefs  of  a  blow,  it  is  fpread-  moderate  in  each  as  not  to  amount  to  a  difunion  in  any- 
ing  under  the  hammer  ;  more  particles  are  refilling  at  part  of  the  diamond.  We  fee  many  initauces  of  this 
once,  and  they  find  more  diihculty  in  effeding  their  in  the  abrupt  handling  of  bodies  of  tender  and  friable 
efcape,  being  harder  fqueezed  between  the  hammer  and  texture.  It  is  paitly  owing  to  this  that  a  ball  difchar- 
tlje  anvil.  The  fame  increafed  refiftance  mull  obtain  ged  from  a  piflol  will  go  through  a  flieet  of  paper  lland- 
vshile  it  is  flattening  more  and  more  under  the  quiet  ing  on  edge  without  throwing  it  down,  v>hich  it  would 
prelfure  of  a  weight ;  and  thus,  too,  a  greater  weight  certainly  do  if  thrown  at  it  by  the  hand.  The  con- 
appears  to  be  commenfurable  with  a  greater  blow.  necting  forces,  having  time  to  aift  in  this  lad  cafe,  drag 
After  all,  however,  a  blow  given  by  a  falling  body  the  other  parts  cf  the  paper  along  with  them,  and  their 
mull  excite  a  prelfure  greater  than  its  mere  weight  can  union  is  preferved.  Alio,  when  a  great  weight  is  laid 
do,  and  this  in  any  degree.  Thus,  fuppofe  AB  (fig.  on  the  diamond,  it  is  gradually  dimpled  by  it ;  and  thus 
2.)  to  reprefent  a  fpiral  fprliig  in  its  natural  uncon-  inclollng  many  parts  together  in  the  dimple,  it  obliges 
Itrained  dimenficns,  (landing  upright  on  a  table.  Let  them  to  adl  in  conceit,  and  the  derangement  of  each  is  . 
a  b   he  the   ablciifa  of  a  line  adhk,  whofe  ordinates  thus  diminilhed. 

c  J,  g  />,  a,  S:c.  are  as  tlie  elafiic  reatftion  of  the  fpring         We  flatter  ourfelves  thst  the  preceding  obfervations 

when  it  is  comprclfed  into  the  lengths  cb,  gb,  i  b.  Sec.  and  refle>nions  will  contribute  fomew  hat  towards  remo- 

Suppofe  that,  when  it  is  comprefled  into  the  form  CD,  ving   the  paradoxes  and  myfleries  which  difcredit,  in 

it  will  jull  fupport  the  weight  of  a  ball  lying  on  C.  fome  de;.;ree,  our  mechanical  fcience.     If  we  will  not 

Then  cJ  will  be  a  reatSion   equal  to  the  weight  of  the  peitinacioufly  conjuie  up  ideal  phantom?,  which,  per- 

ball,  and  the  rcflangle  ac  ilfv!\\\  exprefs  the  fquare  of  haps,  ciiimol  exili,  but  content  ourfelves  with  the  ftudy 

the  velocity  which  this  ball  would  acquire  by   falling  of  that  tangible  matter  which   the  Author  of  Nature 

freely  through  nc.     It  therefore  the  ball  be  gently  laid  has  prefcnted  to  our  view,  we  (hall  have  abundant  em- 

on  the  top  of  the  fpring  at  A,  and  then  let  go,  it  will  plo)ment,  and  (hall  perceive  a  beautiful  h;trmony  thro' 

defcend,  comprefljng  the  fpring.     It  will  not  llop  when  the  whole  of  natural  operations  ;  and  we  (lull  gradually 

the  ipring  has  acquired  the  form  CD,  which  enabled  it  dil"c(>ver  more  and  more  of  thofe  mutual  adaptations 

to  carry  the  weight  of  the  ball  gently  laid  on  it.     For  which  enable  an  atom  of  matter,  although  of  the  fiinie 

in  this  I'.iuation  it  has  acquired  a  velocity,  of  which  the  precite  natuie  wherever  it  is  found,  to  act  fuch  an  uii- 

fquare  is  reprefented   by   the   figure  <j<// (See  Dyn a-  i'peakable  v.iriety  of  parts,  according  to  the  diveifity  of 

Mies,  Sttppl.  n"  95.)-     It  ^^''1  comprefs  the  fpring  into  its  fituations  and  the  fcene  on  which  it  is  placed.     If  a 

the  length  g  b,  fuch  that  the  area  eg  h  d  is  equal  to  the  mind  be  "  not  captivated  by  the  harmony  of  fuch  fwcet 

area  a  ^//.   If  the  ball,  indead  of  being  gently  laid  on  A,  founds"  we  may  pronounce  it  "  dark  as  Erebus,  and 

be  dropped  from  M,  it   will  comprels  the  fpiing  into  not  to  be  trulled." 

fuch  a  length /i,  that  the  aiea  aih\i  equal  to  the  reft-  PERDIDO,  a  river  and  bay  on  the  coafl  (.f  Wefl- 
angle  mcdn;  and,  if  the  fpiing  cannot  bear  fo  great  Florida.  The  mouth  <.f  the  river  is  about  10  leagues 
comprcfiion,  it  will  be  broken  by  this  very  moderate  fall,  eaftward  of  Mobile  Point,  and  4  weftward  of  tlie  bar 
Thus  we  fee  that  a  blow  may  do  things  which  a  of  Penfacola.  The  entrance  is  narrow,  with  a  bar  of 
confidei able  prelfure  cannot  accomplKh.  The  accounts  fix  feet,  but  afteiwaids  it  widens  confiderably.  This 
vhich  are  given  of  ihefe  remaikable  effeifls  ot  pcrcui-  was  tormcily  the  boundary  between  Florida  and  Loui- 
lion,  with  the  view  ot  imprciTing  notions  of  its  great  fiana,  dividing  the  Frencii  and  Spanifli  dominions. 
e(ricacy,  are  generally  in  very  indefinite  terms,  and  The  river  (lietclics  in  one  place  north-eall,  where  it 
often  without  mentioning  circumftanccs  which  are  ac-  goes  within  a  mile  of  the  gieat  lagoon  weft  cf  the  en- 
ctiLry  to  the  cfTcft.     It  would  be  very  ur.fair  to  con-    trance  ot"  Penfaccla  luibour. — £Urii, 

PERES  . 


PER  1:72s]  PER 

PERES  IJl-.nil,  or  Conft.mtlne  Pats,  on  the  coaft  of   a  tooth  previous  to  extraaing  it;  and  in  the  fame  year  PerkinUni. 
Ciiili,  S.  Ameiica.     It  is  nppDiiie  to  Port  C'iral.     On    he  difcovered,  that  momentary  t^k  was  given,  in  a  few  ^•^■^''^*^' 
this  iflnnd  is  a  f.rt  called  Mnnfera,  and  "n  the  back  of    inftances,  by  the  accidental  application  of  a  metallic  in- 
the  illnnd  there  is  an  entrance  for  boats  into  the  har-    ftrument  to  inflamed  and  painful  tumours  previous  to 
bour  of  D  ildivia.— /^.  any  incifion. 

PERFECT  Number,  is  one  that  is  equal  to  the        Thefe  are  the  judicious  reafonings  and  aflertions  of 
fum  of  all  its  aliquot    parts,    when    added  together,    a  dutiful  child,  who,  having  probably  heard  of  Leib- 
nitz's claims  to  fome  of  Newton's  difcoveries,   was  de. 
lermined  to  put  in  a  fimilar  claim  for  his  father,  to  a 


Eucl.  lib.  7, 

I    +2    +   i 


def  22.     As  the  number  6,  which  is  = 
the  fum  of  all  its  aliqnnt  parts  ;  alfo  28, 


for  28  =  I   +  2  +  4  +  7  +  14.  the  fum  of  all  its  ali-  Jhare,  at  leaft,  of  the  difcovery  made  by  the  celebrated 

quot  parts.     It  is  proved  by  Euclid,  in  the  lall  prop.  prnfelFor  at  Bologna,     fie  has  not,  however,  copied 

of  book  the  c/h,  th.it  if  the  common  geome'rical  feries  with  fervility  the  condudl  of  the  Lelbnitzianf.     We  do 

of  numbers  i,  2,  4,  8,  16,  32,  &c.  be  continued  to  fuch  not  remember  an  inftance  where  any  of  them  attempted 

a  number  of  terms,  as  that  the  fum  of  the  faid  feries  to  elevate  the  fame  or  the  merits  of  their  matter  abate 

of  term>  Ih.iU  be  a  prime  number,  then  the  produft  of  the  lame  and  merits  of  Newton  ;   but,  according  to  our 

this  fum  by  the  lift  term  of  the  feries  will  be  a  perfefl  author,  the  purfuits  of  Galvani  and  his  European  pu- 

number.  pils  fink  into  inlignificance,  when  compared  with  thofc 

PERGUNNA,  in  Bengal,  the  fubdivifion  of  a  di»  of^he  tranfatlantic  phyfician. 


This  is  evident;  for  when  the  phyfiologifls  of  Europe 
were  engaged  in  experimenting  on  the  denuded  nerves 
and  mufcles  of  the  fmaller  animals,  with  a  view  to  af- 
certain  the  agency  of  this  incomprehenfible  property  in 


flr.a 

PERICA,  three  idands  in  the  bay  of  Panama,  S. 
America  ;  which  give  fhelter  to  fhips  out  of  the  com- 
mand of  the  town  of  Panama — Mine. 

PERIPAS  IJlands,  on  the  Spanilh  Main,  coaft  of  them,  Dr    Perkins  was  profecuting  a  feries  of  experi- 

S.  America,  3  leagues  weftwaid  nf  Cumana  Bay.—;'*,  ments,  which  confilled  in  applying  externally,  to  parts 

PERKINISM,  the  proper  name  of  what  we  muft  affe^ed  with  difeafe,  metals,  and  compounds  of  metals 
think  an  inipofitinn  attempted  t  >  be  put  upon  the  world  of  every  defcription  which  occurred  to  him,  and  con- 
by  Dr  Perkins  ol  North  America.  ftrufted  into  various  forms  and  fizes.     The  refult  pro- 

Though  the  phenomera  of  eleftticity  had  been  long  ved,  that  on  drawing  lightly  over  the  parts  affedled  cer- 

familiar  to  tlie  philofophers  of  Europe,  it  is  well  known  tain  inftruments,  termed  traaors,  which  he  formed  from 

that  a    philofophical  theory  of  thele  phenomena  was  metallic  fubftances  into   pointed  (hapes,  he  could  re- 

firft  formed  by  a  tranfailantic    pliilofopher.      In  like  move  moll  of  thofe  topical  difeafes  of  the  human  body, 

manner,  though  the  difcovery  of  Galvani,  under  the  where  an  extra  degree  of  nervous  energy  or  vital  heat 

name  of  unh/iai  ekaricity  (fee  Galvanism  in  this  Sup'  was  prefent ;  unlefs  fuch  difeafe  was  fituated  in  fome  of 

figment  J,  had  occupied  tiie  attention  of  many  of  tlie  firll  the  imernal  vifcera,  too  remote  from  the  part  where 

phyficians  and  philolophers  of  the  old  world,  it  was  re-  the  inftruments  could  be  applied. 

lerved  for  a  phyfician  of  the  new,  to  apply  it   to  the         The  dileafes  which  have  been  found  moft  fufceptible 

cure  of  a  number  of  difeafes.     Every  phih'fpher  of  of  the  influence  of  the  traders  are,  rheumatifm,  fome 

America,  however,  has  not  the  fagaciiy  of  the  Phila-  gouty  affeiflions,  pleurify,  ophthalmias,  eryfipelas,  vio- 

delphian  fage;  nor  mull  Dr  Pei  kins  or  his  admirers  be  lent    fpafmodic    convulfions,  as  epileptic  fits  and  the 

furprifed,  it  we  treat  not  incomprehenfiiile  myfticifm  locked  jiw,  the  pain  and  fvvelling  attending  contufions, 

with  the  refpefl  due  to  a  theory  founded  on  faifls.  inflanim  itory  tumors,  the  pains  from  a  recent  fprain. 

We  are  tcld  by  the  fon  (a)  of  this  rival  of  Franklin,  the  painful  efFeifls  of  a  burn  or  fcald,  pains  in  the  head, 

'that  before  the  news  of  Galvain's  difcovery  had  reach-  teeth,  and  indeed  moft  kinds  of  painful  topical  aflFec- 


ed  America,  he  had  obferved  fevcral  phenomena  point- 
ing out  the  influence  of  metals  in  cnfes  of  pain.  The 
firU  remarkable  incident  that  prefented  itfelf  to  his  no- 
tice was  the  fudden  contradion  of  a  mufcle  when  he 
■was  performing  a  chiiurgical  operation.  This,  he  ob- 
ferved, regularly  took  place  whenever  the  point  of  the 
metallic  inllrument  was  put  in  contafl  with  the  mufcle. 


tions,  excepting  where  the  organic  ftrudture  of  the  part 
is  deftroyed,  as  in  wounds,  ulcers,  &c.  and  excepting 
alfo  where  oils  or  fome  other  non-condufting  fubftances 
are  prefent. 

But  we  have  other  teftimonies  than  thofe  of  Dr  Per- 
kins and  his  fon  for  the  influence  of  the  tr.idlirs.  Mr 
Meigs,  profelfor  of  natural  philofophy  at  Newhaven,  in 


Srruck  with  the  novelty  of  the  appearance  (Is  Mr  Per-    a  letter  on  Dr  Perkins's  difcovery,  conceives  the  prin- 
kinsfure  that  the  appearance  was  new  ?),  he  was  iudu-    ciples  of  metallic  irri  ability  as  fo  little  underftood,  that 


ced  to  try  the  points  of  wood  and  other  fubftances  ; 
and  no  contraiflion  taking  place  on  thcfe  experiments, 
he  thence  inferred  that  the  phenomena  could  be  alcribed 
only  to  the  influence  of  the  metal.  About  the  fame 
time,  he  obferved  that,  in  one  or  two  cafes  (and  if  his 
pradice  had  been  great  he  might  have  obferved  that  in  a 


he  will  not  pretend  to  explain  how  the  tradors  produce 
their  effeds  ;  but  feems  tatislied  in  finding  that  the  ef- 
feds  are  produced.  After  ftating  an  experiment  orv 
his  own  child,  eigiit  years  of  ai(e,  very  dangeroufly  ill 
with  a  peripneumonic  corriplaint,  arid  to  which  the 
tradors  gave  almoft  inftantaneous  relief,  he  (ays,  "  I 


thoufand  cafes),  a  celfation  of  pain  had   enfued  when    have  ufed  the  tradors  with  fuocels  in  feveral  other  cafe* 
a  knife  or  lancet  was  applied  to  feparate  the  gum  fio.-n    in  my  own  family  ;  and  although,  like  Naaman  the  Sy-- 

rian, 


(a)  See  a  pamphlet,  entitled  The  Influence  of  Metallic  Tradors  on  the  Humin  Body,  &c.  by  B'njimia 
Douglas  Perkins,  A.  M.  fon  to  the  difcovereri  or  a  very  good  abridgement  of  it  in  the  firft  volume  of  the  Phil(»- 
fophical  Magazine. 


PER 


C    727    ] 


PER 


jPcrkinifci.  rian,  I  cannot  tell  why  the  waters  of  Jordan  flioald  be 
^^~^''^**^  better  than  Abana  and  Pharpar,  rivers  of  Darnafcus  ; 
yet,  fince  experience  has  proved  them  in,  no  reafoning 
can  change  the  opinion.  Indeed,  the  caufes  of  all 
common  fafts  are,  nxie  lliink,  perfeftly  wdl  known  to 
us;  and  it  is  very  probable,  fifty  or  an  hundied  years 
hence,  we  fliall  as  vi-ell  know  why  the  metallic  traflors 
fhould  in  a  few  minutes  remove  violent  pains,  as  we 
now  know  why  cantharides  and  opium  will  produce  op- 
pofite  efFeifls :  viz.  we  Ihall  know  but  very  liitle  about 
either,  exceptingyac7j-." 

Mr.  Woodward,  profeflbr  of  natural  philofophy  at 
Dartmouth,  in  a  letter  alfo  on  the  fame  fubjeift,  has  Ita- 
ted  a  number  of  fuccefsful  experiments  in  pains  of  the 
head,  face,  teeth,  and  in  one  cafe  of  a  fprain. 

Dr  Vaiighan,  a  member  of  the  Philadelphia  medical 
fociety,  has  lately  publilhed  an  ingenious  trad  on  Cal- 
vanifm,  the  objcifl  of  which  is  to  account  for  the  in- 
fluence of  the  traftors  in  removing  difeafes.  After  a 
citation  of  numerous  experiments  made  on  the  nerves 
and  mufcles  of  animals,  he  obferve?,  "  If  we  only  take 
an  impartial  view  of  the  operations  of  Nature  herfelf, 
and  attend  diligently  to  the  analytical  inveftigations 
of  the  aforementioned  experimentalills  on  this  fublime 
lubjefl,  I  think  the  fceptic  muft  admit  that  the  prin- 
ciple of  nervous  energy  is  a  modification  of  eleiflri- 
city.  As  fenfation  is  dependant  on  this  energy,  a  plea- 
furable  fenfation,  or  what  may  be  termed  a  natural  or 
healthy  degree  thereof;  then  certainly  pain,  or  fupeifen- 
I'ation,  can  only  depend  on  an  accumulation  of  the  elec- 
tric fluid,  or  extra  degree  of  energy  in  the  part  afFeft- 
ed.  On  this  principle  the  problem  admits  of  eafy  fo- 
lution;  namely,  that  the  metals,  being  fufceptible  of 
this  fluid,  conduifl  the  extra  degree  of  energy  to  parts 
where  it  is  diminithed,  or  out  of  the  fyflem  altogether, 
rtHoring  the  native  lav?  of  eledlric  equilibrium." 

We  truft  we  are  not  fceptics  ;  and  yet  we  feel  not 
ourfelves  inclined  to  admit  any  part  of  this  theory.  We 
have  feen  no  proof  that  nervous  energy  is  a  modification 
of  eleftricity  ;  and  we  think  that  we  have  ourfelves 
proved,  that  galvanifm  and  e/ednclty  are  in  many  refpecfts 
different ;  but  we  Ihall  not  be  much  furprifed  if  we 
foon  fee  a  demonjiration  by  fome  American  or  German 
philofopher,  that  the  foul  of  man  is  a  compofition  of 
filver  and  zinc.  One  of  thefe  fages  has  lately  difcover- 
cd,  that  the  fyroptoms  oi piitrefadion  do  not  conftitute 
an  Infallible  evidence  of  death,  but  that  the  application 
of  metals  will  in  all  cafes  afcertain  ic  beyond  the  poffi- 
bility  of  doubt!  A  proper  application  certainly  will; 
for  when  the  Perkinill  is  doubt! ul  whether  his  patient 
be  dead  or  alive,  he  has  only  to  apply  the  muzzle  ot  a 
loaded  piftol  to  his  temple,  iind  blow  out  his  brains  ;  af- 
ter which  he  may  fafely  fwear  that  the  man  is  dead.  . 

From  the  Philofopkical  Magazine,  we  learn  that  Pro- 
felTor  Schumacher  at  Copenhagen  made  experiments 
with  tradors  of  biafs  and  iron  on  ten  patients  in  Fre- 
derick's hofpltal  at  Copenliagen.  He  tried  alfo  trac- 
tors of  ebony  and  ivory,  vihlch  are  fald  to  have  cured  a 
pain  in  the  knee  ;  with  otlieis  of  filver  and  zinc  ;  and 
fomc  of  copper  and  lead.  By  the  two  laft,  pains  in 
the  knee,  arm,  and  face,  are  fald  to  have  been  mitiga- 
ted. According  to  M.  KJingberg's  experiments,  this 
remedy  was  of  ufcin  malum  ifchiatuum ;  and  according 
to  thole  of  M.  Stcffcns,  in  malum  ijchuiticum  and  me- 
jjrira.    According  to  M.  Dang,  tlie  pains  in  fomc  cafes 


were  increafed,  and  in  others  alhyed.  According  to  Pcrklnlfu). 
M.  Blech,  the  tractors  were  of  ufe  in  hemicrar,ia  and  ^-^"^^^^^ 
gouty  pains  in  the  head  ;  and,  according  to  M.  Hahn, 
in  rheumatic  pains  in  both  ihoulders.  The  prmcipal 
document  in  the  Danilh  collection  relating  to  Perkin- 
ifm,  appears  to  be  a  letter  of  Profelfor  Abilgaard,  in 
whofe  opinion  Perkins's  tradors  will  never  acquire 
much  value  in  medicine,  and  fcarcely  even  have  the 
merit  ot  being  a  palliative  ;  but,  in  a  phyfical  point  of 
view,  he  thinks  they  deferve  the  attention  of  pliyficians, 
and  particularly  of  phyfiologiflis.  Mankind  (he  fays) 
hitheito  have  paid  too  little  attention  to  tlie  influence 
which  ekaricity  has  on  the  human  body  ;  otherwlfe 
they  would  know  that  the  efFeas  produced  on  it  by 
our  beds  is  no  matter  of  indifference.  If  the  feather 
beds  and  hair  matrelfes,  &c.  are  perfeflly  dry,  the  per- 
fon  who  fleeps  on  them  is  in  an  infulated  flate ;  but  the 
contrary  is  the  cafe  If  they  are  moift.  He  three  times 
lemoved  a  pain  in  the  knee,  by  Ricking  the  traflors, 
one  on  each  fide  of  the  knee,  fo  deep  through  tile- 
dockings  that  the  points  touched  the  Ikin.  He  remo- 
ved a  rheumatic  pain  in  the  head  from  a  lady  by  the 
lame  means.  M.  Kafn,  by  the  tradors,  relieved,  in 
others,  gouty  pains  of  the  head  and  megrim  ;  and  in 
lumfelf,  a  rheumatic  pain  of  the  back,  which,  accord- 
ing to  his  fenfation?,  was  like  a  conllriaion  in  the  eel- 
lular  tiliue.  M.  Herholdt,  from  his  experiments,  con- 
fidersthe  elFea  of  the  traflors  as  indefinite  and  relative 
as  that  of  other  remedies.  He,  however,  faw  relief 
given  by  them  in  the  ftrangury  in  a  cafe  of  fyphilis. 
M.  Bang  alfo,  at  Soroe,  ireed  a  man  iVom  a  violent 
gouty  pain  in  the  thigh,  by  drawing  the  traflors  2CO 
times  over  the  afFefled  part.  M.  Jacobfen  likewife 
found  benefit  derived  from  thefe  tradors  feveral  times 
in  the  common  hofpltal  at  Copenhagen.  M.  Tode 
tried  them  alfo  in  rheumatic  pains,  tooth-ache,  and  m- 
flammation  of  the  eyes  ;  and  obferved  that  they  neither 
did  good  nor  harm. 

On  fome  of  the  attefted  eures  mentioned  in  Mr  Per- 
kins's pamphlet,  an  able  writer  in  the  Monthly  Review 
has  made  remarks  fo  very  pertinent,  that  we  cannot  rc- 
fufe  ourfelves  the  pleafure  of  tranfcribing  them. 

"  At  page  54  of  the  pamphlet,  we  meet  (fays  the 
reviewer)  with  a  ftrcng  proof  of  the  confidence  placed 
in  this  remedy  by  feveral  tranfatlantic  philofophers.  Dr 
Willard,  it  feems,  applied  a  red-hot  piece  of  iron  to  ?. 
wart  on  his  finger,  and  burnt  hlmfelt  very  feverely,  in 
order  that  he  might  be  relieved  liy  the  traiflors ;  which 
are  faid  to  have  given  him  eafe  in  two  fucccflive  expe- 
riments. The  author  adds,  «  many  have  fubmltted  to 
fimilar  meafiires,  in  order  to  e:<perience  the  effeds.  I 
once  formed  one  of  five,  who  burned  ourfelves  fo  that 
bllfters  were  ralfed,  to  make  the  experiment ;  we  all  ob- 
tained relief  in  a  lew  minutes.' 

"  This  zeal  for  knowledge  is  truly  edll"ying  ;  efpe- 
cially  as  the  traitors  are  generoully  prefcnl.d  to  the 
public  at  only  five  guineas  a  pair  ;  and  it  is  clear  that 
one  pair  would  fuffice  to  cure  all  the  burns  and  fcalds 
of  a  large  parilh.  Why  are  not  fuch  luculent  experi- 
ments repeated  heie?  If  Mr  Peikins,  cr  any  admirer 
of  the  dlfcovery,  would  fubmit  to  have  a  red  hot  poker 
run  into  fome  part  of  his  body  not  nccertary  to  life 
(into  that  part  nvheri  lunour^i  lodged,  according  to  But- 
ler, for  example),  in  any  public  ccflVe-houle  within  the 
bills  of  mortality,  and  would  afterward  heal  the  wound  . 


PER 


C    728    ] 


PER 


Peiklu'ifm.  in  predncs  of  the  company,  in  ten  minutes,  or  in  half    tlons  urged  by  Dr  Haygarth  and  others  againfl  the  in-  Pcrti; 
^"""""""^  as  injny  hmirs,  by  means  oi  the  traiflors,  the  moft  flony-    fluence   of  the  metallic   traitors.     Had  we   not  been  ^-^~^ 
h;arted'  iiifijcl  could  not  refill  fuch  a  demoiiftration.    previoufly  convinced   of  the  falfity  of  Perkinifm,  the 
Why  tride  with  internal  inflammations,  when  fuch  an    penifal  of  this  pamphlet  would  have  removed  from  our 
outw.ud  and  vifible  (ign  might  be  afforded  f  minds  every  doubt  ;  for  we  will  venture  to  fay,  that  it 

"  Mr  I'erkins  lias  taken  fomc  pains,  in  the  fird  parr,  is  not  in  the  power  of  Dr  flaygarth,  and  the  whole  fa- 
cf  his  pamphlet,  to  fliL-w  that  the  (ipcralion  of  his  rods  culty  united,  to  bring  more  complete  proof  than  Mr 
is  not  deiivcd  from  animal  magnctifm.  In  our  opinion,  Perkins  has  here  brought,  that  what  he  calls  his  fa- 
this  is  an  unneceir.iry  piece  of  trouble  in  England,  ther's  difcovery  has  no  claim  to  rank  otherwife  than 
where  there  is  a  conllant  fuccefflon  of  fimilar  preten-  with  the  difcoveiy  of  Mefmer.  See  Animal  Magne- 
fions.     The  vir^ula  i.'ivimitori,!,  and  the  biiguette  of  the    t;sm,  Encycl. 

juggler,  are  the  genuine  prototypes  of  this  myftery.  lie  gives  indeed  250  cafes,  wliich  are  attefted  to 
We  were,  indeed,  rejoice.!,  on  Dr  Peikins's  account,  to  have  been  fucccfsfully  treated  by  the  traftors ;  but  at 
find  that  the  Connecticut  Society  had  only  denounced  leall  an  equal  number  of  cafes  were  atteRed  to  have 
him  as  a  Mefmerift :  we  trembled  left  he  Ihould  have  been  been  fuccefbfuUy  treated  by  Mefmer  and  his  partif  ms  ; 
put  into  the  iiiquifi:oiial  hands  of  the  old  women  as  a  and  fix  times  that  number  of  cures  were  faid  to  hive 
white  witch."  been  miraculoufly  performed  at  the  tomb  of  tlie  Abbe 

This  may  be  thought  too  ludicrous  a  treatment  of  a  Paris  (See  Paris  in  this  Suppl  )  We  would  willingly 
difcovery  which  profelfes  to  benefit  mankind  ;  but  to  allow,  however,  that  thefe  atteftations  ought  to  draw 
have  treated  this  difcovery  with  ferioufuefs,  would  have  the  attention  of  men  of  fcience  to  the  fubjeift,  did  not 
degraded  the  prolefiion  of  a  fcientific  critic.  As  if  the  author  himfelf  betray  a  want  of  confidence  in  the 
the  very  cures  pretended  to  have  been  performed  did  traiftor';,  by  his  own  arguments  in  their  favour,  and  by 
rot  of  themftlves  throw  fufficient  ridicule  over  the  dif-  his  cauiion  to  the  public  againft  counterfeits.  He  feems 
covery,  Mr  Peikins  informs  us,  "  that  in  feme  inftan-  indeed  to  confider  their  fanative  influence  as  refulting 
ces  the  metallic  influence,  when  excited  by  different  per-    entirely  from  his  patsnt. 

Tons,  produces  different  efieifls.     Experiments  made  to         Dr  Hjygarth  having  faid  that  he  performed  cures  of 

afcertain  the  point,  proved  that  there  were  perfons  who    the  fame  kind  with  thofe  of  which  ISIr  Peikins  boafts, 

might  ufe  the  tractors  for  any  length  of  time,  in  dif-    by  the  proper  application  of  tradors  made  of  •wood ; 

eafes  which  were  fuitable  for  the  operation,  and  pro-    and  having  added,  that  "  if  any  perfon  would  repeat 

duce  no  perceptible  eflcfl ;  when  by  placing  them  in    thefe  experiments,  it  fhould   be  done  with  due  folem- 

the  hands  of  another  perfon,  who  fliould  peiforrn  the    nity,"  in   order  to   work  upon  the  imagination;  our 

operation   precifely   in  the  fame  manner  as  before,  the    author  replies,  by  putting  the  following  queUion  :  "  Is 

pain  or  inllammalion   would    be    removed    dire^ly."    there  a  fingle  pofielfor  of  the  paltnt  rmtalWc  traiftors  in 

Hence  he  endeavours  to  prove  that  the  influence  of  the    England,  who  has  frequently  ufed  them,   and  will  fay 

tracliirs  is  Galvanic,  by  an  argument  as  abfutd  as  the    that    this    fraud    is    neceffary  to   make    tkem  perform 

pretended  fjft  on  wh.ich  it  is  founded.  cures  ?"  Inftead  of  anfwering  for  the  Englilh  piireifors 

"  On  the  application  (fays  he)  of  zinc  and  filver  to    of  thefe  valuable  inflruments,  we  beg  leave,  in  our  turn, 

the  toao;ue,  the  fenfation  of  talfe  is  very  flight  to  fome,    to  afli,  if  there  be  a  fingle  expert  chemifl  in  Great  Bri- 

while  wiili  others  it  is  very  flrong  : — when  the  experi-    tain  who  can  underftand    this   queflion  in  any  other 

ment  i>  applied  to  the  fenfe  of  fight,  fome  are  hardly    fenfe,  than  as  implying  that  the  virtue  of  the  traiflors 

fenfib'e  of  ir,  while  others  obferve  a  flrong  flafli."    But,    refides  in  the  ptitent  P  This,  however,  appears  flill  more 

not  to  mention  that  neidier  ebony  nor  ivory  can  form    palpable  in  the  caution  to  the  public. 

part  of  the  excitatory  arc   in   Calvai^ifm,  though   we        "  Among   the  various  artifices   (fays   Mr  Perkins) 

have  feen   them   both  employed  yac<rif/>/a'/)i  as  traiftors    which  have  been  employed  by  certain  interefled  perfons, 

by  a  Danifh  Perkinifl,  it  is  enough  to  obferve,  that  the    I  have  to  mention   the  mean  attempt  to  circulate/a^ 

different  efFefts  of  the  Galvanic  metals  on  different  per-    trailors,  and  from  the  failure  of  thefe  to  throw  dilcre- 

fons  depend  upon  the  difference  of  fliuiflure  of  the  or-    dit  upon  the  difcovery.     Three  inflances  of  this  kind 

gans  ot  fenfation  in  the /la/iiv;?^;  whereas  the  different    have  occurred  lately.  Complaints  having  been  made  to 

effefls  Cif  the  metallic  tradlors  relulr,  according  to  this    me  that  my  tradlors  would  not  cure  the  difeafes  for 

account,  from  the  diffiience  of  rtrucfure  In  the.  organs    vv-hich  they  are  reconsmended,   I  was  led  to  make  in- 

ct  fenfe  of  the  various  operators!  N.iy,  what  is    flill    quiry  refpedting  the  cafes  alluded  to;  and  conceiving 

more  extraordinary,  if  any  thing  can  be  more  extraor-    ihem  fit  fubjedi  for  the  tradlors,  I  called  on  the  pa- 

dinary  than  this,  is,  that  the  value  of  the  traflors  de-    tierits  to  apply  them  myfelf.     In  both  inflances   (it  was 

psnds,  not  upon  the  rnater'ials  of  which  they  are  made,    juil  now  in  three  inflances)  I  found  they  had  been  ufing 

or  \.\\ijiill  of  the  manufafturcr,  but  upon  fome  incon-    counlerfeit  traflors.     Had  not  this  been  difcovered,  the 

celvable  vi:tue  conveyed  by  Mr  Perkins  to  the  perfon    merit  oi  {.hi  patent  traitors  mull  have  fuffered  extreroe- 

of  him  by  whom  they  zxe  fold.     This  we  learn  froin  a    ly  !" 

pamphlet    publiflied    by   Charles   Cunningham  Long-        This   is  very  extraordinary.     The  cLaraHer  or  fame 
worthy,  furgeon  in  Ba'.h  ;  who  informs  us,  that  he  fells    of  any  thing  may  indeed   be  injured  by  a  counierf'eit ; 
Ti.-  r.J/1-  trailers  by  co>>w:iJfion  from  Mr  Perkins  the  original  ma-    but  we  believe  this   is  the  firtl  inflance  of  the  tnerit  or 
'"^^  °f ^""^^'^^^^'^^'^  IT  London."  d  merit  of  one  inanimate  fubftance  being  increafed  or 

<«i  AW-  ■^'^t^''.  jhis  article  was  fent  to  the  pref«,  and  thus  dim.iiiifhed  by  another  at  a  dillance  from  it,  of  the 
Ik  tree-  "'^'^^  °'  't  printed,  we  received,  from  a  friend  in  L^n-  hardnefs  of  fteel,  for  inflance,  being  diminifiied  by  the 
/orj,  t^-j.  Jon,  a  copy  of  Mr  Perkins's  lall  publication  on  the  foltnefs  of  lead!  But  we  beg  Mr  Peikins's  pndon. 
jSoo.  fuhjed  *  ;  in  which  he  endeavours  to  repel  the  ohjec-    The  merit  of  his  traclors  confills  in  their  putting  mo- 

ney 


lifm. 


p   E   k 


L   729    ] 


PER 


Tcrkir.u'm, 

.        II 
Peroufe. 


rcy  into  his  pocl^et ;  and  that  merit  might  certainly  be 
injured  by  the  ufe  of  counterfeits.  Hence,  with  great 
propriety,  he  informs  the  pubhc,  that  evsxy  genuine  fet 
is  Ramped  wiih  the  words  Perkins's  patent  trac- 
tors, accompanied  wirh  a  receipt  for  the  five  guineas, 
numbered  and  figned  in  the  handwriting  of  the  paten- 
tee. From  thefe  faifls  we  infer  (and  he  muft  acknow- 
ledge the  inference  to  bejuft),  iliat  the  virtue  of  the 
traftors  refides  in  the  patent,  rellriifling  the  making  of 
them  to  Benjamin  Douglas  Perkins.,  and  not  to  the  me- 
tal oi  which  they  are  made.  This  is  indeed  mnft  ob- 
vious ;  for  he  cannot  be  fuch  a  ftranger  to  the  ftate  of 
chemical  fcience  in  this  country,  as  to  iuppofe  that  his 
traflors  may  not  be  analyfed  into  their  component  prin- 
ciples, and,  of  courfe,  that  others  may  not  be  made 
pofleffing  all  their  virtues  except  fuch  as  refult  from  the 
patent. 

We  fhall  conclude  this  article  in  the  words  of  the  re- 
viewer already  quoted  :  "  To  trace  the  relations  and 
dependencies  of  projeds  fimilar  to  that  of  Dr  Perkins, 
would  now  be  a  work  of  more  labour  than  utility.  The 
fund  of  public  credulity  is  an  inexliauftible  refource  for 
thofe  who  can  refolve  to  levy  contributions  on  it.  In 
vain  is  the  fpirit  of  quackery  exorcifed  in  one  form  ;  it 
rifes  again  immediately,  *  with  twenty  ghaftly  murders 
on  its  head,  to  pufh  us  from  our  ftools.'  We,  who 
have  contemplated  the  progrefs  of  real  knowledge  du- 
ring a  long  courfe  of  years,  have  feen  many  biibliles  like 
this  glitter  for  a  moment,  and  then  difappear  tor  ever. 
People  may  talk  of  Mefmerifm,  or  Perkinifm,  but  we 
con(ider  all  fucli  varieties  as  belonging  to  the  old  and 
extenfive  clafs  of  Charlatanifm." 

PERKINS,  Port,  lies  on  the  S.  W.  of  Wafhlng- 
ton's  Ifle,  on  the  N.  W.  coall  of  N.  America. — Mone. 

PERKIOMIN,  a  townlhip  of  Pennfylvania,  in 
Montgomery  county. — ib. 

PERLICAN,  Old,  an  indifferent  (lilp  road  with 
rocky  ground  on  the  E.  coall  of  Newfoundland  Ifland, 
2  leagues  S.  W.  by  S.  of  Break  Heart  Point.  Sher- 
wick  is  the  name  of  its  N.  point. — ib. 

Perlican,  Neiu,  a  noted  li.irbour  on  the  E.  coafl 
of  Newfoundland  Illand,  8  leagues  W.  S.  W.  of  Old 
Perlican,  and  j  leagues  from  Rdndom  Head.  It  has 
a  wide  and  fafe  entrance,  and  Ih  ps  may  ride  in  it  land- 
locked from  all  winds  in  from  10  to  5  fathoms  water. 
—ib. 

PERNAMBUCO,  a  captaindilp  in  the  northern  di- 
vifion  of  Brazil,  whofe  chief  town  ib  Olinda. — ib. 

Pbrnambuco,  or  Phemamluco,  (-therwife  called 
Panambuco,  a  place  of  conliderable  trade  on  the  E. 
coaft  ot  Brazil,  having  a  bay  or  h.iib'iiir  of  the  fame 
name;  fiiuated  between  P.iraiba  on  the  N.  and  Cape 
St  Augulline  on  the  S.  in  hit.  8  S.  and  Ion;.;.  35  W. 
Provifiuns  and  other  articles  are  bioujihi  hitlicr  from 
Para,  and  from  hence  gieat  quaniiues  of  tobacco  are 
fent  oiF  to  Europe. — ib. 

Pernamuuco,  a  river  on  the  coafl  of  Bra7.ii,  S.  Ame- 
rica, foiuhward  of  Tameiica  Iflind.  It  is  blocked  up 
with  fand  ;  and  (hips  enter  it  from  the  northward,  at 
the  entrance  cf  the  Rcccif  harbour,  j  leagues  irom  it. 
S.  lat.  8  30,  W.  long.  35  7. — ib, 

PEROUSE  (John  Francis  GJoiip  de  la),  the  cele- 
brated, though  unfortunate,  French  u.ivigator,  was  botn 
at  Albi  in  I74l.  Of  the  rank  or  condition  cf  his  fa- 
ther, M.  Alilii-ATureau  has  given  us  no  ialornuuion  in 

SuppL.  Vol.  II. 


that  meagre  eulogy  of  Peroufe  which  he  has  inferted  Peroufe. 
in  the  introdniftion  to  his  Lift  voyage.  It  appears,  how-  ^-^'^^'*— ' 
ever,  that  he  intended  to  make  his  fon  a  leaman,  and 
fent  him,  at  a  very  early  period  of  life,  to  the  marine 
fchool,  where  the  young  man  became  enthuri.ifticaliy 
fond  of  his  profefflon,  and  laudably  ambitious  to  emu- 
late the  fame  of  the  moll  celebrated  navigators. 

Being  appointed  a  midlhipman  on  the  icjlh  of  No- 
vember 1756,  he  behaved,  we  are  told,  witli  great  bra- 
very in  that  llation,  and  was  fevcrely  wounded  in  the 
engagement  between  the  admirals  Haivke  and  Con- 
flans,  on  the  joth  of  November,  1759.  The  Formida- 
ble, in  which  he  ferved,  was  taken,  after  a  vigorous  re- 
fiftance  ;  and  it  is  probable  that  Peroufe  reaped  feme 
advantage  from  his  acquaintance  with  Britilh  officers. 

On  the  ill  of  Oiflober  1764  he  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  lieutenant ;  and  defpiling  a  life  of  enk  and  idk- 
nefs,  he  contrived  to  be  employed  in  fix  different  fliips 
of  war  during  the  peace  that  fublifted  between  Great  Br'- 
tain  and  France.  In  1767  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank 
ot  what,  in  the  Britdh  navy,  is  called  majler  and  comm.tnd- 
er.  In  1779  he  commanded  the  Amazone,  belonging 
to  the  fquadron  of  Vice-admiral  Count  d'Eltairg  ;  and 
when  that  officer  engaged  Admiral  Byron,  the  poft  of 
La  Peroufe  was  to  carry  his  admiral's  orders  to  tlie 
whole  of  the  line.  He  afterwards  took  the  (loop  Arid, 
and  contributed  to  the  capture  of  the  Experiment^-s%. 
ploits  which  his  eulogift  feems  to  confider  as  inflances 
of  very  uncommon  heroifm ;  but  he  foon  after  per- 
formed a  greater. 

Being,  on  the  4th  of  April  1780,  appointed  captain 
of  the  trigaie  AJlrea,  and  being  on  a  cruife  with  the 
Hennione,  thefe  two  frigates  attacked  fix  Engli(h  vclTels 
of  war,  of  from  28  to  14  guns  each,  and  took  two  of 
them.  The  French  certainly  reaped  more  laurels  about 
that  period  than  they  have  been  accullomed  to  do  in 
naval  wars  with  Great  Britain  ;  but  as  we  have  com- 
pletely forgotte.i  the  particulars  of  this  fight,  we  fuf- 
peift  that  it  was  not  altogether  fo  very  brilliant  a  bufi- 
nefs  as  M.  Milet-Mureau  is  pleafed  to  reprefent  it. 

In  the  year  1782,  La  Peroufe  was  difpatched  with 
the  Sceptre  of  74  guns,  and  two  frigates  of  36  guns 
each,  Iiaving  fome  troops  and  field  pieces  on  board,  to 
dellroy  the  Englifh  fettlements  in  Hudfon's  Bay.  This 
talk  was  eafily  accomplilhed  ;  for  when  he  had  fur- 
mounted  the  difficulties  of  navigation  in  a  frozen  fea, 
he  found  nothing  on  fhore  to  oppofe  the  fmalleft  force. 
Having  dellroyed  the  lettlements,  he  learned  that  fome 
of  the  Englilh  had  fled  at  his  approach  into  the  woods; 
and  his  euh  gill  confiders  it  Ifuch  are  the  difpofitinns  of 
Freni:h  republicans)  as  a  molt  wondeiful  inltance  ol  hu- 
m.iuity,  that  he  left  to  tliefe  unfortunate  men  proviUons 
to  pielerve  them  from  periflviig  by  hunger,  and  arms 
to  proteft  them  Irt  m  ihe  fury  of  the  lavages  !  Pel  mile, 
we  dare  anfwer  for  him,  was  confcious  of  nothing  he- 
roic or  extraord'iiary  in  this  aift  of  beneficence,  wliich 
lie  ccrtauily  could  not  have  omitted,  without  incurring 
both  intamy  and  guilt. 

In  the  year  i  785,  he  was  appointed  to  the  command 
of  a  voyage  round  the  world  ;  wliich  was  untoituuate- 
ly  dcllined  to  be  his  laft.  Of  tliis  voyage,  as  far  as  it 
was  accomplilhed,  there  is  a  lull  account  in  the  hands 
of  every  Fiench  and  Englilh  reader  ;  and  from  that  ac- 
count it  appears,  that  Ptriuife  was  admirably  qual  i^tdt. 
to  dilcharge  fuch  a  trull.  He  feeins  to  have  been  an 
*  4  Z  cxpeiienccd 


PER 


[     730     ] 


PET 


Perpendi- 
cular, 


experienced  and  (k\\M  feainan;  a  man  of  confiderable 
matbtniuical  and  phylical  fcience,  uncnrruptad  by  that 
phllofonhifrn  which  dii'ijraced  many  of  his  attendants  ; 
,  and  capable  of  the  utrnoft  perfeverance  in  every  laud- 
able puifuit.  To  (hcfe  qualities  he  united  a  proper 
combination  of  caution  and  courage,  vviih  a  dilpofuion 
truly  benevolent  to  thevaiious  tribes  of  favages  whom 
lie  vifited.  The  difallers  which  occurred  on  the  voy- 
age were  all,  except  the  laft,  of  which  nothing  is  known, 
occafioned  by  the  difobedience  of  his  ofBcers,  or  their 
neglecling  to  fuUow  his  advice. 

The  lall  difpatches  of  this  great  and  good  man  were 


incorporated  in  1792.  It  is  an  excellent  trafl  of  land, 
and  fettling  faft.  In  1796,  there  were,  of  the  inhabi- 
tants,  120  qualified  eleftors. — ib. 

PERWANNAH,  in  the  language  of  Bengal,  an 
order  of  government,  or  a  letter  from  a  perfon  in  au- 
thority. 

PETAGUEL,  a  territory  of  S.  America,  in  Brazil, 
bounded  N.  by  Dele  ;  E.  by  the  S.  Atlantic  Ocean  ; 
S.  by  the  captainfhip  of  Rio  Grande  ;  and  W.  by  Tu- 
puy.     It  contains  mines  of  filver. — Morse. 

PETAPA,  one  of  the  pleafanteft  towns  of  Guati- 
mala,  in  New  Spain.     It  is  fituated  at  the  wellern  ex- 


Alureau  has  indeed  given  us,  at  fome  length,  the  child- 
ilh  conjeiflures  of  the  Society  of  Natural  Hiftory  re- 
fpeifting  his  fate,  which,  in  language  equally  childifh, 
■were  delivered  at  the  bar  of  the  National  Aliembly  ; 
and  he  has  added  the  ridiculous  decree  which  that  body 
of  legiflative  fciolifts  pafTed  in  confequence  of  fo  extra- 
ordinary a  fpeech.  We  will  not  difgrace  our  pages, 
or  infult  the  memory  of  Peroufe,  by  contributing  to  the 


contains  5,440  inhabitants,  of  whom  1878  are  flaves. 
—ib. 

PERSIAN  or  PtRMC,  in  architefiure,  a  name  com- 
mon to  all  ftatues  of  men,  ferving  inftead  of  columns 
to  fuppnrt  entablature?. 

PERSON,  a  new  county  in  HllKborongh  dlfirifl, 
N.  Carolina.  Tiie  court  houfe,  where  a  poft-ofKce  is 
kept,  is  26  miles  N.  of  HilKborough,  and  34  E.  of 
Cafwell  New  Court-lioufe. — Morse. 

PERTH-AMBOY,  a  city  of  New  Jerfey,  pleafantly 
fituated  in  Middlesex  county,  at  the  head  ot  Rariton 


Bay,  and   ftands  on  a  neck  of  land  included  betv/een    long  56  17. — ib. 


Rariton  river  and  Arthur  KuU  Sound.  Its  fcite  is 
high  and  healthy.  It  lies  open  to  Sandy  Hook,  and 
has  one  of  the  bed  harbours  on  the  continent.  Velfels 
irom  fea  may  enter  it  In  one  tide,  in  almoft  any  weaiher. 
It  is  a  port  of  entry  and  poft  town  ;  but  although  it  is 
admirably  fituated  for  trade,  and  the  legiflature  has 
given  every  encouragement  to  induce  merchants  to 
lettle  here,  it  is  far  from  being  in  a  flourilliing  (late. 
It  contains  about  60  houfes,  and  carries  on  a  fmall 
trade  to  the  W.  Indies.  Its  exports  for  a  year,  ending 
30th  Sept.  1794,  were  to  the  value  of  58,159  dolls. 
It  is  35  miles  foiuh-weft  of  New  York,  and  74  north- 
eall  of  Philadelphia.  N.  lat.  40  35,  W.  long.  74  50. 
— ib. 


Pcrwan- 
rah, 

« 
Peter. 


dated  from  Botany  Bay,  February  the  7th  1788;  and  tremity  of  the  valley  of  Mexico,  25  miles  S.  E.  of 
fince  that  period,  no  account  of  him  has  been  received  Guatimala.  There  is  a  rich  fugar  plantation  in  its 
which  is  intitled  to  the  fmalleft  confidence.     M.  Milet-    vicinity.— /*. 


PETAWONTAKAS,  an  Indian  nation  formerly  in 
alliance  with  the  Hurons. — ib. 

PETER'S  Bank,  St,  a  large  filLing  ground  off  the 
8.  end  of  Newfoundland  Ifland,  and  extends  from  Cape 
Race  to  St  Peter's  Ifland,  oppofite  Placentia,  St  Mary 
and  TrepalTy  Bays.  It  is  i-^  degrees  of  latitude  in 
breadth  on  the  W.  fide.  From  St  Peter's  Ifland  it 
decreafes  as  it  approaches  Race  Point.     It  lies  W.  of 


circulationofnonfenfe,  which,  we  are  perfuaded,  would  the  Great  B.ank,  and  has  on  the  S.   at  a  confiderable 

have  made  him  blulh  for  his  country.  dillance.  Green  and  Whale  Banks,  which  are  among 

PERPENDICULAR,   in  gunnery,  is  a  fmall  in-  the  fmallefl  on  the  coaft.    It  has  from  45  to  30  fathoms 

flrument,  ufed  for  finding  the  centre  line  of  a  piece  in  water  on  it. — ib. 
the  operation  of  pointing  it  to  a  given  obje<ff.  Peter's  Bay,  St,  on  the  S.  coaft  of  Cape  Breton 

PERPETUA,  Cape,  on  the  north  weft  coaft  of  N.  Ifland,  having  St  Peter's  Ifland  at  its  mouth. — ib. 
America.     N.  lat.  44  6,  W.  long.  124  8.     Variation         Peter's  Fort,  St,  on  the  ifland  of  Martinico,  in  the 

of  the  compafs  in  the  year  1779,  17  50  E. — Morse.  Weft  Indies.     N.  lat.  14  44,  W.  long.  61  21. — ib. 

PERQUIMONS,  a  county  of  Edenton  dlftrift,  N.        Peter's  Harbour,  St,  on  the  N.  coaft  of  the  ifland  of 

Carolina,  houndtd  W.  by  Cliowan  county,  and  E.  by  St  John's,  in  the  Gulf  cf  St  Lawrence,  about  8  leagues 

Pafqufitank,   from    which   laft  it   is   feparated  by  the  W.  of  Eaft  Point.     Weft  of  it  are  Anguille  Bay  and 

river  Pafquotank,  a   water  of  Albemarle  Sound.     It  Port  Chimene. — ih: 


Peter's  Haven,  St,.on  the  E.  coaft  of  Labrador, lies 
round  the  S.  E.  point  of  Sadel  Bay.  N.  lat.  56  30, 
W.  long.  60  42. — ib. 

Peter's  IJland,  a  fmall  ifle  on  the  W.  coaft  of  St 
John's  Ifland,  near  to,  and  N.  by  W.  of.  Governor's 
(fland,  in  the  narroweft  part  of  the  ftrait  between  New 
Brunfwick  and  St  John's  Ifland. — ib. 

Peter's  IJland,  St,  or  St  Pierres,  on  the  fcuthem 
coaft  of  Newf  lundland  Ifland,  lies  S.  S.  W.  of  the 
S.  E.  point  of  Fortune  Bay,  and  near  to,  and  S.  E.  of, 
the  S.  point  of  Miquelon  Ifland.     N.  lat.  4646,  W. 


Peter's,  ^9/,  one  of  the  Virgin  Ifles,  in  the  Weft 
Indies,  dependent  on  Virgin  Gorda. — ib. 

Peter's,  St,  a  harbour  at  the  W.  end  of  Sydney  or 
Cape  Breton  Ifland,  is  a  very  commodious  place  for 
carrying  on  the  filhery. — ib. 

Peter's,  St,  a  town  at  the  fouthern  extremity  of 
Cape  Breton  Ifland.  It  ftands  on  an  ifthmiis  about 
half  a  mile  broad,  which  feparates  the  liarbour  of  St 
Peter  from  the  great  lake  of  that  name,  alfo  called  Lake 
Labrador.  It  is  about  10  miles  N.  E.  of  Point  Tou- 
loufe.  To  this  harbour  veflels  of  the  greateft  burden 
can  come  with  fafety.  Before  the  American  revolu- 
tion, a  great  filhery  was  carried  on  liere. — ib. 


Peter,  Lake  St,  a  part  of  St  Lawrence  river,  into 

PERU,  a  new  townfliip  of  New  York,  in  Clinton    which  empty  from  the  S.  and  E.  Sorel  river  from  Lake 

county,  on  the  weft  fide  of  Lake  Champlain.     It  was    Champlain,   the  river   St   Francis,  and   fome   fmaller 

taken  from  the  towns  of  Plattfburg  and  WiUfljurg,  and    rivers,  from  the  N.  W.     The  Mafquinonge,  Omachis, 

Sic.. 


PET 


[     73'     ] 


PET 


Peter's,     &c.  enter  the  lake.     The  centre  of  ihe  lake  is  68  miles    fides  the  value  of  peach  and  apple  brand/,  wliilkcy. 


above   Quebec,  and   205    N.  E.  of    Kingfton,   at  the  S;c.  not  included.     The   Indian  pi incefs,   Pocahontas 

mouth  of  Lake  Ontario. — ib.  the  daughter  of  king  Powljatan,  from  whom  dcfLei.deJ 

,       Peter's  Mou/iluin,  in  Pennfylvania,  lies  on  Sufque-  the  Randolph  and  13owhng  families,  fnrmeily  relided 

hannah    river,    between   Halifax    and   Harrifbjrg,   in  at   this  place.     It  is  So  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Njtfolk, 

Dauphin  county. — ii.  159  S.  by  W.  of  Alexandria,  and   303  fouth-weil  by 

Peti;r  St  and  St  Paul,  a  river  at  the  bottom  of  the  fouth  of  Philadelphia.     N.  lat.  37  14,  W.  Ion".  7^  8, 

gulf  of  Campeachy.    Its.  branches  form  an  ifland  called  — ib. 

Tabafco.     The  bar  at  the  mouth  of  the  eaftern  branch  Petersburg,  a  veiy  flonrilhing  pofl  town  of  Geor- 

admits  fmall  velfeh.     At  flood  there  is  from  2\  to  3  gia,  in  Elbert  county,  in  a  pleafant  and  healthful  fitua- 

fathoms  water,  and   very  good  anchorage  within  the  tion,  on  the  point  of  land  formed  by  the  confluence  of 

bar. — ib.  Broad  with  Savannah  river.     Several  refpeiftable  mer- 

Peter's,  Sl,2i  parifh  of  S.  Carolina,  in  Beaufort  dif-  chants  are  fettled   in  this  town.     It  is   15   miles  from 

trift. — i'l).  Elberton,  20  N.  by  E.  of  Walhington,  50  above  Au- 

Peter's,  St,  one  of  the  north-wedern  branches  of  pufta,  73  N.  of  Louifville,  and  S36  from  Philadelphia. 

Milliliippi  river,  which  it  joins  in  l.u.  about  45   6  N.     N.  lat.  33  46,  W.  long.  Si  32 ib. 

and  long.  94  22  W.— ;i.  PETERSBURGH  (St),  the  capital  of  Ruffia,  is 

Peters,   a  townlhip   of  Franklin  county,  Pennfyl-  a  city,  of  which  a  pretty  full  hiftorical  detail  has  been 

vania — ib.  given  in  the  Encyclopedia.     It  is  introduced  here  mere- 

PETERDOROUGH,  a  pod  town  In  HilKborough  ly  on  account  of  its  police,  which,  according  to  the 

county.  New  Hamplhire.    It  was  incorporated  in  1760,  anonymous  author  of  tlie  life  of  Catharine  II.  has  a 

and  contains  861   inhabitants.     It  is  73   miles  W.  by  very  limple  and  competent  organization,  and  deferves  to 

S.  of  Ponfmoulh,   18  wefterly  of  Amherll,   16  E.  of  be  adopted  in  other  great  capitals.     Excepting  the  go- 

Keene,  and  366  from  Philadelphia.     N.  lat.  42  51,  W.  vernor,  whofe  office  naturally  extends  to  all  ol  j.ds  of 

long.  71  52. — ib.  public   welfare,    the  head   police-mafter  is  the  proper 

PETERSBURG,  a  townlhip  of  New  York,  in  chief  of  the  whole  fyftem  of  police.  His  office  takes  in 
RenlTelaer  county,  E.  of  the  village  of  Troy,  incorpo-  the  great  compafs  of  this  department,  but  confined  to 
rated  in  1793.  1"  '79^  ihz'ti  were  512  of  the  inhabi-  the  general  objedls  of  public  fecurlty  and  order.  He 
tants  qualilied  eleflors. — ib.  is  not  here,  as  in  fome  large  towns,  the  formidable  co- 
Petersburg,  a  pofl  town  of  Pennfylvania,  in  York  partner  of  family  fecrets,  and  the  invifible  witnefs  of 
county,  2  miles  north  of  the  Maryland  line.  It  con-  the  aftions  of  the  private  man.  Under  the  head  po- 
tains  a  Roman  Catholic  church,  and  about  80  houfes.  lice-mafter  is  the  police  office,  where  fit  a  police-mafter. 
It  is  25  miles  fouth-weft  of  York  Town,  59  northerly  two  prefidents,  the  one  for  criminal,  the  other  for  civil 
of  the  Federal  City,  and  113  weft  by  fouth  of  Phila-  cafes,  and  two  confulters,cholen  from  the  burgher  clafs. 
delphia.     N.  lat.  39  42  30,  W.  long.  77  4. — ib.  To  this  is  committed  the  care  to  maintain  decorum, 

Petersburg,  a  fmall  town  ol  Kentucky,  fituated  in  good  order,  and  morals;  alfo  it  is  its  bufinefs  to  fee  to 

Woodford  county,  on  the  E.   fide  ot   Kentucky  river,  the  obfeivance  of  the  laws,  that  the  orders  iflued  by  gc- 

19  miles  W.  S.  W.  of  Lexington,  and  15  fouth  fuuth-  vernmenf,  and  the  decifions  of  the  courts  of  julUce, 

eaft.  of  Frankfort.     It  has  a  tobacco  warehoufe,  and  a  are  put  in  force.     The  attainment  of  thsfe  purpofes  is 

few  dwelling  houfes. — ib.  efleeled  by  the  following  mechanifm  : 

Petersburg,  a  pod  town  of  Virginia,  and  a  place  The  refidence  is  divided  into  ten  departments.   Each 

of  confiderable  trade;   fiiuated  in  Dinwiddle  county,  of  thefe  has  a  prefident,  appointed  to   watch  over  the 

on  the  fouth-eaft  bank  of  Appamatox  river,  juft  below  laws,  the  fecurity,  and  the  order  of  his  dillrifl.     The 

the  falls,  about  25   miles  fouth  of  Richmond.     It  con-  duties  and  rights  of  this  office  are  not  lefs  eitenfive 

tains  about   300  houfes,  built  irregularly.     The  Free  than  important.      A  prefident  mull  have  exaift  know- 

Mafon's  Hall  is  a  handlom  ■  buildmg  ;  there  are  feveral  ledge  cl  the  inhabitants  of  his  departnient,  over  which 

tobacco  warehoufes,  Itores  of  dry  goods,  and  fome  few  a  tort  of  parental  authoiity  is  committed  to  him  ;  he  is 

neat  and  commodi.'us  dwelling  houfes.     This  town  is  the  cenfor  morum  of  his  department ;  his  houfe  muft  not 

a  corporation,  and  comprehends  the  village  of  Bland-  be  bolted  or  barred  by  night  or  day,  but  muft  be  a  place 

ford,    in   Prince  George's  county,   and   Pawhatan,   in  ol  retuge,  continually  open  to  all  that  are  in  danger  or 

Chellerfield  county,  on  the  oppofite  fide  ot   the  river,  diltrels ;  he  himfell  may  not  quit  the  town  for  the  fpace 

It  contains   2,828  inhabitants,   including  1,265  Ih'ves.  of  two  hours,  without  committing  the  difcharge  of  his 

The  fituation  of  the  town  is  low  and  rather  unhealthy,  office  to  fome  other  pcifon.     The  police  commando 

From    the   infpedor's   books   it   appears,    that   on   an  (conftables),  and  the  vvarchmcn  of  his  department,  are 

average  for    the   laft    10  years,   the    quantity    ot    to-  under  liis  orders  ;    and  he  is  attended  on  all  affairs  of 

hacco  received  here  has  conliderably  exceeded   20,000  his  office  by  two  ferj^ants.     Complaints  againft  unjuft 

hhds.  per  annum  ;  and  for  the  laft  thrie  years  the  quan  behaviour  ia  the  prefident  may   be  brought  to  the  po- 

tity  i>f  flour  made  in  this  town  and  within  an  hundied  lice  office. 

yards   of  it,  has   exceeded    38,000   barrels;    at  other  Each  department  is  again  divided  into  three,  four,  or 

mills  within  a  few  miles,    16,000  barrels  per  annum  ;  five  fubdivilions,  called  qua- ter;-,  of  which,  in  the  whole 

to  this  add  the  flour  made  at  the  feveral  country  mills  refidence,  are  42.      Eacii  of  tliefe  has  a  quaitcr-infpec- 

and  bioughl  to  this  place  for  fal^,  the  whole  quantity  tor,  in  fubordination  to  whom  is  a  quarter-lieutenant, 

may   fafely    be    dated   to   exceed    6c, coo   barrels    per  The  duty  of  thefe   policc-othcers  is  in  harmony  with 

annum.     The  whole  exports  of  this  town,  valued  at  that  of  the  prefident,  only  that  their  aftivity  is  confin- 

the  ufual  peace  prices,  amount  to  1,389,300  dolls,  be-  ed  to  a  fmallcr  circle.  They  fettle  low  alVaiis  and  llighc 

*  4  Z  2  altercations 


Pc.crf- 
burj, 

I 
Pet£rf- 
burgh. 


PET  C     732    ]  PET 

Peurf-  altercations  on  the  fpot,  and  keep  a  watchful  eye  on  nations  may  be  called,  have  always  been  attended  with 
Lurgh.  all  that  palfei.  the  fame  bad  fuccefs  on  this  ftage. 
""^  ^^^  Tlic  number  of  the  nigluly  watch  in  the  city  amounts  From  this  (ketch  it  will  be  readily  imagined,  that  the 
to  500.  Tliey  have  their  llations  affigned  them  in  number  of  impoltors  and  dillurbets  of  the  public  peace 
watchhoufes  at  the  corners  of  llreets :  and,  befides  tlieir  can  be  but  fm.ill.  Quarrels  and  affrays  in  the  ftreet  or 
proper  dellination,  are  to  aliift  in  the  taking  up  of  of-  iu  the  cabaks  but  fcldom  happen.  The  perfo.i  attack- 
lenders,  and  in  any  fervice,  by  day  or  night,  as  their  cj  calls  the  neareft  watchman  ;  and  in  a  moment  bo;h 
commanders  Ihall  require.  Befides  thefe,  for  the  exe-  the  aggrcffor  and  the  aggrieved  are  taken  into  cuftody, 
cution  iif  the  police  orders,  and  to  aifl  as  patroles,  there  and  led  to  tjie  next  fieja  (police-watch-houle),  where 
is  alfo  a  commando  of  i  20  men,  who,  in  caft;s  of  emer-  the  caufe  of  their  quarrel  is  inquired  into,  and  the  ag- 
gcncy,  are  fupported  by  a  company  of  kofaks,  or  a  re-  grelTor  is  punifhed.  For  matters  of  fome  defcriptions, 
ijiment  of  huliars.  there  is  a  peculiar  tribunal,  under  the  denomination  of 

This   machine,   confifling   of  fo   many  fubordinate  the  oral  court,  which,  on  account  of  its  Angularity,  de- 

parts,  preferves  in  its  oide.-ly  courfe  that  fecurity  and  ferves  to  be  briefly  noticed. 

peace  which  excite  the  admiration  of  all  foreigners.  In  each  quarter  of  the  town  are  one  or  more  judges 
Theadivity  of  every  individual  member  is  unobferved  in  of  the  oral  court,  who  are  chofen  from  the  clafs  cf 
the  operation  of  the  whole;  and  by  fuch  a  diftribution  burghers,  and  with  whom  are  allociated  a  few  jurats, 
alone  is  the  attainment  of  fo  complicated  an  aim  pradli-  This  court  fits  daily  in  the  forenoon,  and  proceeds  oral- 
cable. — All  the  quarter-infpedors  of  a  department  re-  ly  in  all  the  differences  that  come  before  it.  It,  how- 
pair  every  morning,  at  feven  o'clock,  to  their  infpec-  ever,  keeps  a  day-book,  in  which  are  entered  all  the 
tor's  houfe,  to  lay  before  him  the  report  of  all  that  has  caufes  and  decifit  ns  of  the  court,  and  which  muft  be 
happened  in  their  quarters  during  the  laft  24  hours  ;  every  week  laid  before  the  magiftrate.  When  a  charge 
and  at  eight  o'clock,  all  the  infpeftors  bring  together  is  brought,  the  court  declares  it  orally  to  the  prefident, 
thefe  feveral  reports  into  the  police-office,  wheteuptjn  of  the  quarter :  whereupon  the  accufed  muR  not  delay 
they  firlt  and  immediately  take  into  examination  the  his  appearance  before  the  police  longer  than  one  day 
cafes  of  perfons  taken  into  cullody  during  the  night,  alter  he  has  received  the  fununons.  Every  caufe  mull 
On  urgent  cccafions,  the  police-office  aiTembles  at  all  be  determined  in  one  day,  or,  if  the  examinations  require 
hours.  more  time  in  coUefling,  in  three  days.     Theoralcourt 

This  organization,  and  the  extraordinary  vigilance  of  communicates  the  decidon  to  the  prefident  of  the  quar- 

the  police,  which  is  found  competent  to  the  bufinefsof  ter  by  means  of  his  day-book,  in  order  to  its  ratifica- 

a  numerous  and  refllcfs  people,  render  all  fecret  inqui-  tion.     If  either  party  is  not  iatisfied  with  the  fentence, 

fitions  unnecelTary.     The  police  has  knowledge  of  all  he  may  appeal  to  the  court  as  appointed  in  the  regula- 

perfons  in  the  refidence  ;    travellers  who  come  and  go  tions. 

are  lubjefl  to  certain  formalities,  which  render  it  ex-        This  is  a  very  favourable  account  of  the  police  of  Gt 

tiemely  difficult  to  conceal  their  place  of  abode,  or  their  Peterfburgh  ;  but  it  is  differently  reprefented  in  Beau- 

departure  irom  the  city.     To  this  end,  every  houfe-  joiin's    Travels    of  tiuo    Frcmhmen    through    RuJJla,    in 

liclder  and  innkeeper  is  obliged  to  declare  to  the  police,  1790 — 1792,      According  to  him,  the  police  of  the 

who  lodges  with  him,  or  what  fti angers  have  put  up  at  capital  of  that  empire  is  far  from  being  on  the  moft  re- 

his  houfe.     If  a  ftranger  or  lodger  llays  out  all  night,  fpecftable  fooling.     There  liappen,   indeed,  but  few  ac- 

the  landlord  mull  inform  the  police  of  it  at  lateftonthe  cideuts  in  the  night;  yet  fometimes  murders  are  com- 

third  day  of  his  abfence  from  his  houfe.     The  cautiona-  mitted,  and  efpecially  thefts  ;  for  which,  according  to 

ry  rules,  in  regard  to  travellers  quitting  the  town,  are  our  author,  it   is  exceedingly    rare   to  obtain  jnftice. 

iliU  more  flrift.     Thefe  muft  publiili  in  the  newfpapers  When  a  perfon  has  been  alfaffinated  in  fiime  place  of 

their  name,  their  quality,  and  their  place  of  abode,  three  bad  repute,  the  police-officer  is  eiignged  to  iecrecy   by 

feveial  times,  and  produce  thenewfpaj-.ers  containing  the  means  of  a  few  rubles  ;  fo  that  the  affair  is  fiion  hufhed 

advenifement,  as  a  credential  in  tiie  government  from  up,  unlefs  the  deceafed  belonged  to  fome  powerful  fa- 

which  they  then  receive  their  paffport ;  without  which,  mily,  whofe  interelf  makes  it  neceifary  that  inquiries 

it  is  next  to  impollible  to  get  out  of  the  empire.     This  fhould  be  inlliluted.     When  two  perfons  quarrel,  either 

regulation  not  only  fecures  the  creditor  of  the  perfon  in  the  flieet  or  in  a  public-houfe,  he  who  pays  the  in- 

about  to  depart,  but  alio  enables  the  police  to  keep  a  quirer  is  always  in  the  right:  the  inferior  police-officers 

clofer  infpedion  over  all  fufpecled  inhabitants.  are  never  proof  againft  money;  and  the/oj/- individual. 

It  individuals  may  be  fjrpe(5led  by  ihe  government,  whether  he  be  in  the  right  or  wrong,  is  almoft  fure  of  a 

becaufe  their  means  of  fupport,  the  company  they  keep,  beating. 

and  their  whole  courfe  of  aflion,  ate  clofely  wrapped         PETERSHAM,  a  flouriftiing  and  pleafant  townfhip 

up  in  myllery  ;  fo  likewife  may  whole  focieties  be  lefs  in  Worcelter  county,  Maifachufetts,  formerly  called  by 

indifferent  to  it,  if  they  carefully  conceal  the  obje(fl  of  the  Indians  Nichewaug  ;  fituated   28 miles  N.  W.  of 

their  conneiftion,  or  their  very  exiftence,  from  the  eye  Woicefter,   and   66   W.   of  Bollon.       Swift   river,   a 

of  the  public.     The  police  watches  here,  with  laudable  branch  of  Chickopee  river,  pafTes  through  this  town. 

attention,  over  fecret  focieties  of  all  kinds ;    and  fre-  The  foil  is  rich  and  fertile,  and  here  arc  large  and  ex- 

quently  as. the  fanatical  fpirit  of  religious  or  political  cellent  orchards. — Morse. 

fedaries,  or  the  enthufiafm  of  pretended  myllagogues,  PETIT  ANSE,  a  village  on  the  north  fide  of  the 
have  attempted  to  neftle  here,  they  have  never  been  ifland  of  St  Domingo,  2|  leagues  fouth  of  Cape  Fran- 
able  to  proceed,  or  only  for  a  very  fhort  time.     Ani-  cois. — U>. 

Rial   magnetifm,   Martinifm,    Rofycruiianifm,   and  by         PETITCODIAK,  a  river  which  falls  into  an  arm 

\vhatever  other  name  th;  conceits  of  diftempered  imagi-  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  called  Chegnefto  Channel.    The 

Indians 


Peterf- 
burgh, 


Petit-Gou- 

fre, 

II 
Petivcr. 


VET  C     733 

Indians  have  a  communication  from  the  head  of  it  with 
St  John's  liver,  by  a  poitage  acrofs  lo  the  head  of  Ken- 
nebecfius. — ii. 

PE  ri  r-GOUFRE,  or  the  Little  Whirlpoo!,  in  Mifllf- 
fippi  river,  is  3 1  miles  from  Fort  Rcfalie,  and  4  miles 
from  liaycuk  Pierre,  or  Siony  river. — ib. 

PETIT  GUAVES,  or  Coart-,  a  jurifdiaion,  town, 
and  bay,  on  the  N.  coaft  of  the  S.  peninfula  of  the  ifland 
of  St  Domingo,  and  near  the  head  of  the  Bay  or  Bite 
of  Leogane.  The  jurifdlflion  contains  5  parifhes,  and 
is  the  unheahhiefl  place  in  the  colony,  the  inhabitants 
being  conRantly  fubjeft  to  fevers,  occafioned  by  the 
badnefs  of  the  waters.  Its  dependencies,  however,  are 
healthy,  and  are  remarkable  for  the  cuhure  of  ccfFee. 
Its  exports  from  January  i.  1789,  to  December  31,  of 
the  fame  year,  were  37,090  lb.  white  fogar — 655,187 
lb.  brown  fugar — 807,865  lb.  coffee — 50.053  lb.  cotton, 
and  210  lb.  indigo.  1'he  value  of  duties  on  expcrta- 
ttoii  of  the  above,  was  4,127  dollars  97  cents,  'i'he 
town  lies  on  the  E.  fide  of  the  bay,  2-\  leagues  weflward 
of  Grand  Gnave,  and  14I  W.  by  S.  of  Port-auPrince  : 
N.  lat.  18  27,  W.  long,  from  Paris,  75  14.  Some 
writeiscall  the  great  bay,  which  is  commonly  called  the 
Bay,  Bight,  or  Bite  of  Leogane,  by  the  name  of  Petit 
Guave<. — ib. 

PETIT  PORT,  on  the  W.  fide  of  Newfoundland 


] 


P    H    A 


fiderable  bufinefs,  and  after  a  time  became  apothecary  Pctiver, 
to  the  charter  houfe.     After  the  Tradefcants,  he  ap-  1 

pears  to  have  been  the  only  perfon,  except  Mr  Courten  ^^J^^^Jf!^ 
and  Sir  Hans  Shane,  who  made  any  confiderable  eel- 
leflion  in  natural  hiftory,  previous  to  thofe  of  the  pre- 
fent  day.  He  engaged  the  captains  and  furceons  of 
lliips  to  bring  him  home  fpecimens,  and  enabled  them 
to  icleift  proper  objecfls,  by  printed  dire.aions  which  l.e 
diftributed  among  them.  By  thefe  means  his  collec- 
tion became  fo  valual>le,  that  fome  time  before  his  death, 
Sir  Hans  Sloane  offered  him  L.  4000  for  it.  After 
his  death,  it  was  purchafed  by  the  fame  coUeflor.  His 
mufeum  extended  his  fame  both  at  home  and  abroad. 
He  was  eleifled  into  the  Royal  Society  ;  and  becoming 
acquainted  with  Ray,  affiled  him  in  arranging  the  fe- 
cond  volume  ot  his  Hiffory  of  Plants.  He  died  April 
20.  1718  ;  and  much  honour  was  fiiewn  to  him  at  his 
funeral,  by  the  attendance  of  Sir  Hans  Sloane,  and 
other  eminent  men,  as  pall  bearers,  &c.  By  future  bo- 
tanifts,  his  name  was  given  to  a  plant.  See  Pltivb- 
RiA,  Encycl. 

He  gave  the  world  fcverol  publications  on  various 
fubjects  of  natural  hiftory:  I.  M:ffii  Pdiveriam  Centu- 
ria  Jecnii,  1692 — 1703,  8vo.  2.  Cazo/'tjlaci:  AWutf, 
it  y.'r/i!,   DecaJts  ihccm,  folio,   J  702,   with    100  plates 

A  Catalogue  of  Mr  Ray's  Englifh  Herbal,  illuftra- 


Ifland,  towards  llie  S.  end;    is  about  5-5  leagues  N.  of    ted  with  figures,  folio,   1713,  and  continued  in    171 


Cape  Ray,  and  one  S.  of  Anguille  Cape.  N.  lat.  47  52 
JO,  W.  long.  59  15. — ib. 

Petit  Port,  on  the  coaft  of  Peru,  otherwife  called 
Porlete,  or  Link  Port,  lies  a  flioit  way  noilhward  of  the 
equator,  and  about  5  leagues  to  the  S.  E.  within  the 
bay  from  Cape  Francis  to  Cape  Palfado  on  the  S.  by 
W.  There  is  anchorage  in  5  fathoms,  and  plenty  of 
frefh  water  near  the  head  land,  which  is  high.  It  is 
neceffdry  to  found,  on  account  of  the  fand-banks,  call. 
ed  the  Porleics. — ib. 

PETIT  TERRE  IJIanJ,  near  Defeada,  in  the  Weft- 
Indies.     N.  lat.  16  I.).,  W.  long.  61  1 1 . — ib. 

PETITE  RIVIERE,  a  fmall  lown  in  the  French 
part  of  the  ifland  of  St  Domingo,  clofe  to  the  Spanilh 
divifion  line  1^  leagues  N.  by  N.  W.  of  Varettes,  and 
feparated  Irom  it  by  tlie  river  Artibonite  ;  10  leigues 
E.  by  N.  of  St  Marc,  and  as  far  N.  W.  of  Mirebalais. 
N.  lat.  19  8,  W.  long,  from  Paris,  74  48. — ii. 

PETIT  TROU,  is  on  the   north  fide  of  the  fouth 


4.  Many  fmall  publications,  which  may  be  found  enu- 
merated in  Dr  Pultney's  book.  5.  Many  papers  in 
the  Philofophical  Tranfaclions,  and  a  material  article  in 
the  third  volume  of  Ray's  work,  entitled,  P/anta  Ra- 
rioret  Chiiunfes  Madrafpalancf,  el  Africans,  a  'Jaali 
Pet:v:ro  ad  opus  Confummandum  Collatx,  S:c.  Many 
of  his  fmaller  tra^s  having  become  very  fcarce,  his 
works  were  collected  and  publifhed,  exclufive  of  his  pa- 
pers in  the  Tranfadtions,  in  2  vols  folio,  and  one  iivo. 
in  the  year  1764. 

PETTQUOTTING,  a  tiver  of  the  N.  W.  Territo- 
ry,  which  empties  into  Lake  Erie,  fiom  the  foulh,  near 
Huron  river. — Morse. 

PHASIANUS  (See  Encycl.).  A  fpecies  of  this 
genus  of  birds,  foimerly  not  defciibed,  was  ft.nt  from 
Batavia  to  England  by  Lord  Macartney,  or  {ovaz  of 
his  attendant;,  when  they  were  on  their  voyage  to  Chi- 
na. The  fpecies  to  wliich  it  feemed  to  be  moft  neatly 
allied,  in  point  of  general  habit  or  appearance,  was  the 


peninfula  of  the  ifland  of  St  Donjingo,  on  the  point  of    fhafianus  curvirojlris,   or   Impeyan    plieafant;   an  Ea If- 


land which  forms  the  eaft  fide  of  the  entrance  into  the 
Bay  of  Baradaites;  44  leagues  weftward  of  Anfe  a 
Vcau,  and  igcallerly  of  Jereinie. — ib. 

Petit  Troo,  a  fmall  cove  on  the  fouth  fide  of  the 
ifland  of  St  Domingo,  S.  by  W.  nf  the  mouth  of  Ney- 
be  river,  and  about  5  leagues  N.  E.  of  Beate  Ifland. 
Small  balks  come  to  this  place  irom  St  Domingo  city, 
to  fetch  the  meat,  lard,  and  fowls  derived  from  the 
chafe. — ib. 

PETIV'ER  (James),  a  Hmf^us  Englifn  botaniff,  was 
contemporary  with  Plukenet :  but  the  exaft  time  of 
his  birth  is  not  known,  nor  is  much  intelligence  con- 
cerning him  at  prcient  to  be  obtained.  His  profeflion 
was  that  of  an  apothecary,  to  which  he  was  ;<pprenticcd 
under  Mr  Filtham  then  apothecary  to  St  Bartholo- 
■  mew's  hofpit.il*.  When  he  entered  into  bufinefs  for 
"liimfelf,  lie  fettled  in  Alderfgate-flreer,  and  there  con- 
tinued for  the  remaiader  of  his  life.     He  obtained  con- 


Indian  bird,  defcribed  and  figured  both  in  Mr  Latham's 
Ornithology,  and  in  the  Mufeum  Leverianum.  From 
that  bird,  however,  it  differs  very  confiderably.  The 
tail  of  the  latter  being  in  a  mutilated  llaie,  it  was  fcarce 
pofllble  to  determine,  with  abfolute  preclfion,  whether 
it  Ihould  be  referitd  to  that  fubdivifion  of  pheafants, 
which  contains  thofe  with  hmg  or  cuneiform  tails,  or 
thofe  with  rounded  ones,  as  in  the  Impeyan  pheafant. 
The  i;eneral  colour  of  this  moft  elegant  bird  was  black, 
with  a  glofs  of  blue,  or  wliat,  in  the  l.inguige  of  natu- 
ral hiftory,  may  be  termed  chul)  bean  black,  or  black 
accompanied  by  a  fteel  blue  luftrc.  The  loA'er  part  of 
the  b.tck  was  of  a  peculiarly  rich  colour,  which  ac- 
cording to  the  different  dire^ions  tf  the  light,  ap- 
peared cither  of  a  deep  ferruginous  or  oi  the  bright- 
eft  fiery  orange-red.  This  beautiful  colour  palled  in 
the  manner   of  a  broad   /.one  round  the  whole   body; 


but  on  the  abdomen  was  of  a 


much  more  obfcure 
appearance- 


P     H     I 


C     734    ] 


P     H     I 


appearance  than  on  the  back,  as  well  as  fomewhat 
broken  or  irregular,  efpecially  on  the  fides.  The 
throat  was  furniflied  with  a  large,  and  I'omewhat  an- 
gular, pair  of  wattles  uniting  with  the  bare  ("paces  on 
the  c'leeks.  The  feathers  on  the  top  of  the  head,  which 
was  of  a  lengthened  form,  ran  a  little  backward,  fo  as 
to  give  the  appearance  of  an  indillinft  occipital  creft. 
The  bealc  was  remarkable  for  a  more  lengthened  and 
curved  afpefl  than  in  any  other  bird  of  this  genus,  ex- 
cept the  Inipeyan  pheafant.  The  feathers  on  the  neck, 
back,  and  breall,  were  rounded,  and  of  the  fame  (hell- 
like or  fcaly  habit  as  thofe  of  the  turkey.  The  legs 
very  llout,  and  were  armed  with  a  pair  of  extremely 
ftrong,  large,  and  (harp  fpurs.  Both  legs  and  beak  were 
of  a  pale  colour.  Whether  this  bird  be  really  new  or 
not  to  the  ornithologifts  of  Europe,  it  may  at  leall  be 
affirmed  with  fafety,  that  it  had  never  been  properly 
defcrlbcd  ;  nor  can  the  charafler  of  any  fpecies,  hither- 
to introduced  into  the  books  of  any  fyftematic  natural- 
ift,  be  confidered  as  ajuft  or  competent  fpecific  charac- 
ter of  the  prefent  bird.  It  may  be  called  ihejire  back- 
ed pheafant;  and  its  eflential  charafter  may  be  delinea- 
ted in  the  following  terms  :  Black  pheafant  with  a  (leel- 
blue  glofs:  the  fides  of  the  body  rufous;  the  lower 
part  of  the  back  fiery  ferruginous ;  the  tail  rounded  ; 
the  two  middle  feathers  pale  yellow  brown. — Sir  George 
Staunton's  Account  of  an  Ettibajfy  to  China,  i^c. 

PHILADELPHIA,  a  townftip  in  Rutland  coun- 
ty, Vermont,  about  15  miles  E.  of  OrweU.  It  con- 
tains 39  inhabitants.— ilf(?r/f. 

PHILIP,  a  large  ifland  in  Lake  Superior,  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  the  United  States.  It  lies  towards  the  fouth 
fide  of  the  lake,  and  fouth-eaft  of  Ifle  Royal. — ib. 

Philip's,  St,  a  parilh  of  S.  Carolina,  fituated  in 
Charlefton  diftria.— /*. 


Philip,  St,  a  fort  which  commands  the  entrance  of 
Maranhao  harbour,  on  the  coall  of  Brazil. — ib. 

Philip,  St,  a  point  within  the  harbour  of  Port- 
Ri  yal.   S.  Carolina. — ib.  . 

PHILIPPE AU,  an  ifl.inJ  on  the  north  fide  of  Lake 
Superior  ;  N.  of  Ille  Royal. — ib. 

Philippeau,  a  bay  on  the  north  (!iore  of  the 
gulf  ut  St  Lawrence,  near  the  Straits  of  Bellifle,  and 
partly  formed  by  illands  which  project  fouthward  on 
its  eall  part,  and  extend  towards  the  weft.  The  eaft 
part  of  the  bay  lies  in  lat.  5  i  20  north,  and  long.  55  40 
weft. — ib. 

PHILIPPINA,  a  fmall  town  of  the  province  of 
Guatimala,  in  New-Spain,  fituated  on  a  bay  of  the  N. 
Pacific  Ocean.     N.  lat.  12  50,  weft  long.  91  30. — ib. 

PHILIPSBURG,  a  town  of  New-Jerfey,  fituated  in 
Sulfex  county,  on  the  eaft  bank  of  Delaware  river,  op- 
pofite  to  Ealton  in  Pennfylvania.  It  is  41  miles  north- 
weft  of  Trentfn. — ib. 

PHILIPSBURGH,  or  Philipp'wn,  a  townfliip  of 
New- York,  in  Dutchefs  county  on  the  eaft  fide  of  Hud- 
fon's  river,  28  miles  above  New- York,  near  the  fouth 
end  of  Tappan  Bay.  It  contains  2,079  inhabitants,  in- 
cluding 25  flaves.  In  1796,  there  were  347  of  the  in- 
habitants electors.  In  this  townfhip  is  a  filver  mine, 
which  yields  virgin  filver. — ib, 

PHILOPOLIS,  a  fettlement  in  Luzerne  county, 
Pennfylvania,  1 2  or  14  miles  weflward  of  Mount  Ara- 
rat, and  at  the  head  of  the  weftern  branch  of  Tunk- 
hanock  Creek,  about  45  miles  fouth-eaft  of  Athens,  or 
Tioga  Point.     N.  lat.  41  40,  weft  long.  75  33. — ib. 

PHILOSOPHIST,  a  lover  of  fophiftry  orfalfe  rea. 
foning,  in  contradiftinflion  to  philofopher,  who  is  a  lover 
of  found  reafoning,  true  fcience,  and  praftical  wifdoin. 


Philip, 

II 

Pliilofo- 
philh 


END  OF  THE  SECOND  VOLUME- 


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»         •         • 

48 

29    . 

»         • 

242 

3°7 

31^ 

•         «         • 

278 

3O 

33^ 

•         •         • 

316 

34? 
35  5 

•         • 

426 

36? 
375 

•         •         • 

546 

38? 
395 

•         » 

670 

i 
4 


University  of  California 

SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 

Return  this  material  to  the  library 

from  which  it  was  borrowed. 


UNIVERSITY  o.. 

AT 


'itNiA 


D     000  162  055     8 


